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3j1rAP f/JOP
OllAJlA TlOprO 12 MaJl1776 z.
Edgar Faure La Disgrace
de Turgot
12.mai 1776
Paris 1973
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3 rap <Pop
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B. M. I{ aJtuna
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Pe aK HH JIHTepaTypLI no UCTOPUB
@ Librairie Gallimard, 1961
@ ITepeBo}J; Ha PYCCKHH H3LIK
«TIporpecc», 1979
@ ITpe}J;HCJIOBHe (Tropro Hero
HOBeHmHH 6Horpa<l»)
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M ero HOBeMIlIMH
6Morpa<J;>
MaJIo 0 KOM H3 BIJI)J;arom;HXCH )J;eHTeJIeH XVIII B. COXpaHHJIHCL
TalKHe 1I01)jTH e)J;HHQI)J;ymHLIe 1I0JIOmHTeJI:bH:bIe OT3:bffi:bI H COiBpe-
MeHHHKOB, H HCTOplIKOB, KaK 0 Tropro (1727-1781). ROHeqHO,
H y Hero 6:bIJIH 'lIpomBHHKH, IB TOM qHCJIe C8JMa KOpOJIeBa MapHH
AHTyaHeTTa, )J;06HBaBmaHCH OT JIro)J;oBHKa XVI (no aBTopIlTeTHO-
MY CBH)J;eTeJI:bCTBY CTOJI:b 6HH3Koro eH aBCTpHHCKoro nOCJIa MepCH-
ApmaHTO) He TOJI:bKO OTCTpaHeHlIH Tropro, HO Hero 3aKHroqeHHH
B EaCTHJIHro. Ho )J;ame CaM:bIe KpaHHHe He)J;PyrH Tropro He pema-
JIHC:b 06BHHHT:b ero B KaKOM-JIH60 HapymeHHH HpaBCTBeHHLIX
npHHD;HIIOB HJIH B He)J;OCTaTOtIHOH KOMneTeHTHOCTH. EMY CTaBHJIH
B BHHY JIHm:b qpe3MepHYro BepHOCT:b npHHD;HllaM, B03Be)J;eHHLIM
B «CHCTeMY», H «1I0MemaTeJI:bCTBO Ha 06m;eCTBeHHOM 6JIare» (rage
du bien public), YllpeKaJIH B TOM, qTO OH «qpe3MepHO )J;06po)J;eTe-
neH» H «CJIHillKOM <pIIJIOC0<P», KaK IIHCaJI 0 HeM a66aT raJIHaHH.
BJIeCTHm;He TeOpeTHQeCKHe clIoc06i3:oCTH Tropro, KaK Hero BLI-
COKHe HpaBCTBeHH:bIe )J;OCTOHHCTBa, IIpOHBHJIHCL OqeH:b paHO. CeMLH
npe)J;Ha3HaqaJIa Tropro K peJIHrH03HoH )J;eHTeJI:bHOCTH, r)J;e ero, KaK
BITOCJIe)J;CTBHH 1I0QTH Bcex ero CBepCTHHKOB, omH)J;aJIO caMoe 6JIe-
CTHm;ee 6y y ee. Ho TYT cpa3Y CKa3aJIaC:b HCKpeHHOCT:b' Tropro,
6:bIBmaH, 110 MHeHHro pYCCKoro HCTopHKa r. E. A<paHac:beBa, aB-
Topa )J;BYX Cep:be3H:bIX HCCJIe)J;oBaHHH 0 Tropro, «OCHOBH:bIM CBOH-
CTROM ero HaTyp:bI» 1. OH KaTerOpHQeCKH OTKa3aJICH OT TeOJIOrHQe-
-
1 A <p a Hac L e B r. E. rJIaBHLIe MOMeHTLI MHHHCTepCKOH eHTeJlLHO"
CTII TlOpro II IIX iHa'leHlle. O ecca, 1884, c. 29.
6
OIIAJIA TIOprO
CKoro npH3BaHHH: «.ff He Mory 06peq:b ce6H HOCHT:b MaCKY B Telle-
HHe BlceH iKH3HH» 1.
«Yme B MOJIO,u;OCTH, - rrlICaJI 0 HeM B. II. BOJIrHH, rrpeBOCXO,u;-
H:bIH 3HaTOK HCTOpHH 06:rn;ecTBeHIIoH M:bICJIH BO <DpaHD;HH
XVIII B., - :Tropro 06paTIIJI Ha ce6H BHHMaHHe cBoeH nayqHoH
o,n:apeBHOCT:bro» 2. B JJlBYX 3aMeqaTeJIbH:bIX JIeKD;HHX, rrpOtIHTaH'H:bIX
B Cop60HHe ,u;Ba,n;D;aTHTpeXJIeTHHM Tropro (Ha JIaTHHCKOM H3M-
Ke), rro MHeHHro B. n. BOJIrHHa, 6:bIJI B:bICRa3aH PH)]; BaiKH:bIX
«<pHJIOC0«pCKO-HCTOpRqeCKHX H,u;eH, pa3BHT:bIX BIIOCJIe)];CTBHH ROH-
Aopce H ROHTOM». B HHX 6:bIJI )];aH «O,u;HH H3 IIepB:bIX na6pOCROB
J])po,u;Y:MaHHOH 6Y1Pmya3HoH TeopHH IIporpe1oca» 3. TlOpro «coeAHHHJI
B ce6e TOHKYro Ha6JIro)];aTeJI:bHOCT:b H 60JI:bmOH IIpaKTHtIeCKlIH OII:bIT
e )];apOM mHpORHX HaYQH:bIX 0606 eHIfH» 4. Pe)];KO 0 ROM H3 M:bIC-
JIlITeJIeH XVIII B. B. IT. BOJIrHH OT3:bIBaJICH C TaKOH TeIIJIOTOH II
YBameHIIeM.
Tropro, B oc06eHHOCTH: KaK 9ROHOMHCTa, B:bICOKO D;eHHJIli
R. MapRc H <D. 8HreJI:bc. YiKe B «HeMeD;RoH II)];eOJIOrHH», HarrH-
caHHOll elQe B 1845 r., eCT:b OtIeH:b IIHTepeCHoe YIIOMHHaHHe 0
Tropro, CBH)];eTeJI:bCTByrolQee 0 TOM, tITO yme B 9TO BpeMH R. MapKC
pa3 {D:DmJIHJI 0 pOJm Tropro H 13:bICOR'O ero D;'eHHJI 5.
Ror,n;a B HeMeD;ROM «CoD;HaJI-)];eMOKpaTe» B 1881 r. IIOHBHJIaC:b
CTaT:bH, rrpHpaBHHBmaH Tropro K HeKKepy, 8HreJI:bC B03My:rn;eHHO
rrHCaJI: «RaK MOiKHO CTaBHT:b Tropro, OOl-toeo U3 nepeb X anol-tO-
MUCT06 XVIII 6ena (KYPCHB Ham. - B. /1,.), Ha O)];HY ,u;OCHY C
BeC:bMa rrpaKTH:tIeCI{HM IIpe)];CTaBHTeJIeM <pHHaHCOBOH apHCTOKpa
THH HeRRepOM, npe,n:me'CTlBeHHH O { JIa<p<PHTOB H ITepeHpOB» 6.
MapKc C nOXBaJIOH OT3:bIBaJICH 0 rJIaBHOM 9ROHOMHtIeCROM TPY'"
Ae Tropro «Pa3M:bImJIeHHH 06 06pa30BaHHH H pacrrpe,u;eJIeHHH 60-
raTCTB». E:rn;e B «RaIIHTaJIe» OH rrHCaJI 0 Tropro HaK 06 O)];HOM
H3 aBTopOB «IIepBoH CHCTeMaTHqeCKOH ROHD;eIID;HH KarrHTaJIHCTH-
tIelCROro rrpOH3IBO)];C1lBa » 7. B «T eopHHX rrpIl16a1301IlHOH CTOHMOCTH »
OH yrrpeRaJI A)];aMa CMHTa 3a «)];O HeCKpOMHOCTH» CKPOMHYro OD;eH-
RY «TaRoro... tIeJIOBeKa, KaK Tropro, KOTOp:bIH - B CM:bICJIe rrpHMoro
BJIIIHHHH - HIBJIHeT,CH OAHHM HI3 OTD;O <ppaIHD;Y3IC'ROH 'peIBOJIroD;H'H» 8.
Tropro 6:bIJI aBTOpOM pf.LAa CTaTeH B «8!HD;IfKJIOne)];HH». Ero
HHTepeCOBaJIH H B'OIIlpOC:bI JIHHnBH'CTHKH, H reorpa<pHH, IIJIaH IIO-
CTpOe'HHH IKOTOpOH OH Ha6pocaJI. OH )];eH'CTBHTeJI:bHO OTJIHtIaJICH B
1 A «P a Hac L e B r. E. rJIaBH:ble MOMeHT:bI MHHHCTepCKOH }J;eHTeJILHOCTII
Tlopro II HX 3Ha t leHHe. O}J;ecca, 1884, c. 29.
2 B 0 JI r H H B. II. Pa3BHTHe 06m;ecTBeHHoH M:bICJIH BO Cl>paHD;HH
XVIII BeI{a. M., 1958, c. 88.
3 TaM joKe, C. 88 H 92.
4 TaM me, c. 80.
5 CM.: Map K C It H :3 H r e JI b C <P. COq" T. 3, c. 529.
6 MapKc It H :3HreJiLC <P. COq., T. 35, c.139.
7 1 a p I{ C R. n :3 H r e JI L C <P. COq., T. 24, c. 405.
8 Map I{ C It II :3 H r e JI b C <P. COq., T. 26, q. I, c. 346.
TWpro HErO HOBEHmHH BHorPA
7
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n;eJI'OM pH'Ae OTpa'CJIeH HaYK'H Heo6:bIJKHOBeHHOH «OAape'HHOCT:bIO».
Ho TIOpro - H B 8TOM ero OTJlHqHe OT rrOAaBJIHIOm;erO 60JI:b-
rnHHCTBa TaJlaHTJlHB:bIX TeopeTHKOB - 6:b11l H rrpeBOCXO)J;H:bIM rrpaK-
THROM, OTJIlIqH:bIM a,n;MHHHCTpaTopOM H 3aMeqaTeJl:bH:bIM rocY)J;ap-
CTBeHH:bIM ,n;eHTeJIeM. Ero xapaRTepHCTHKY KaR a)J;MHHHCTpaTopa
f(aJ1 He KTO HHOH, KaR TOKBHJI:b, qeJlOBeK )J;OCTaTOqHO C)J;epmaHH:bIH
H KpHTH:qeCRHH B CBOHX OT3MBax. 3HaKOMHC:b C a)J;MHHHCTpa neH
CTaporo rropH)J;Ka, OH BHHMaTeJl:bHO npOROHcrreRTHpOBaJl «OEuvres»
TIOpro (8TH 3aMeTKH 3aHHMaIOT 55 IIeqaTH:bIX cTpaHH ) H ,n;aJI
eMY TaRYIO JII060II:bITHYIO On;eHKY: «B 06 eM, TIOpro rrpH Bcex
B:bI,n;aIO HxcH oc06eHHocTHX ero YMa H cep]]; a rrpe]];CTaBJIHeTCH
MlHe O OM xopomo IHalM H3.BeCTHOH a MDHHc aTHBHoH pacLI
(TOJI:bKO oTe 6:b11l HecpaBHeHHo B:blme CBOHX )J;eTeH): npHBH3aH-
HOC :b K rropH! Y, 'el HHoo6pa3HIO, parneHCm3Y rro,n; orreRoH aAMHHH-
cTpan;HH; Bpam)J;e6HOCT:b KO BceM rrpHBHJIerHHM II Bo06 e KO Bce-
MY, qTO MemaeT ]];06pOmeJIaTeJI:bHOH a)J;MHHHCTpa HH; 06 eCTBeH-
HaH ,n;06pO)J;eTeJI:b C ee CTpeMJIeHHeM K C03)J;aHHIO crrpaBeJJ;JlIJBOrO
rrpaBHTeJl:bCTBa, paBHoro RO BceM, )J;eHTeJI:bHOrO, npe,n;YCMOTpHTeJI:b-
Horo, )J;06pOmeJIaTeJI:bHOrO, BMemHBaIO erOCH BO Bce, HO He CRJlOH-
Horo K C03)J;aHHIO CB060]];HOrO npaBHTeJI:bCTBa. M)J;eaJl qlIHOBHHKa
(fonctionnaire) B ):(eMOKpaTHqeCROM 06 eCTBe, nO }lHeHHOM a6-
COJIIOTHOMY rrpaBHTeJI:bCTBY. Ho 60JI:bme HnqerO (rien de plus) »).
M:bI He COrJIaCHJIHC:b 6:bI C 8THMH rrOCJle]];HHMH CTpORaMH: TlOpro
6:bIJl He npOCTO u ne TO./tbno «H)J;eaJI:bH:bIM» a]];MHHHCTpaTopOM.
MapKc rOpa3]];0 mHpe H rrpaBHJI:bHee OIIpe]];eJIHJI TlOpro. Ho CO
BceMH OCTaJI:bH:bIMH CBOHMH TaJIaHTaMH TlOpro COe]];HHHJI II )J;o-
CTOIIHCTBa rrpeBocxo)J;Horo a]];MHHHCTpaTopa - iii 8TO TORBHJI:b orrpe-
]];eJIHJI cOBepmeHHo TOqHO. 06aBHM K 3TOMY, qTO H aBTop HaH-
60JIee <PYH)J;aMeHTaJI:bHOrO Tpy]];a 0 npe)J;peBOJIIO HOHH:bIX <ppaH Y3-
CRHX HHTeH)J;aHTax (npaB)J;a, OTHocHBmHiicH K HIiIM BeC:bMa )J;06po-
meJIaTeJI:bHo) TI. H. Ap,n;ameB B:bI)J;eJIHJI TlOpro RaR O]];HOrO H3
HeMHorHX mITeH)J;aHToB, xapaKTep ROToporo 6:blJI OTMeqeH «ne-
lIaT:bIO '8HTY3Ii1a3Ma». «MHe He HpaBHTCH, - npHBeJI OH CJIOBa TlOp-
ro, - 8TO BCer]];amHee 6JIarOpa3YMHe II HerrpHH3H:b KO BCHKOMY
8HTY3Ha3MY... He HpaBHTCH MHe... nOCTOHHHoe COrJIaCHe... co Bce-
MH 8THMH rOCrrO]];aMH, HaCJIamAaIO HMHCH HaCTOH HM II if\eJlalO
IT(HMH TOJI:bKO, qT06:b1 Bce mJIO rrO-CTapOMY, rrOTOMY qTO TaR OHn
QYBCTBYIOT ce6H npeBOCXO]];HO »2.
3TH oc06eHHOCTH TIOpro - HHTeH]];aHTa RpynHeiimeii rrpOBHH'"
n;HH JIHMY3eH (OH 3a'HHMaJI 8TOT nOCT :B TeqOOH,e TpHHalAJ];aTlI ;JeT,
C 1761 1]0 1774 r.) - HJCHO npOCJIeiImBaIOTCH ]];ame rro He60JIbmoii
I i Toe que v i II e A I e xis. CEuvres completes. L'Ancien Regime et
a Revolution, t. II, 1953. Appendice, p. 383. -
2 A p }J; 3 m e B IT. H. ITpoBHHD;H3JlbHaH 3,1IMHHHCfpaD;BH BO ct>panD:DF\
B nOCJIeJJ;HIOIO nopy CTaporo nopHJJ;I{3. 1774-1789. IIpoBBHD;HaJIbHbIe HHTen-
aHTbI. RHeB, 1906, c. 441.
8
OnAJ1A TlOprO
ROJlJIeHD;lIlI JIlI"tlHbIX nlICeM Tropro K ,Z:(eMape (lIHCneKTOPY MaHY-
cpaHTYP B JII1MY3eHe, n03)J;Hee BH,n;HOMY yqellOMY H "tlJIeHY AKa-
JJ;eMHH), XpaHHm;eHCH B QeHTpaJIbHOM napTlIHHOM apXlIBe MHCTH-
TYTa MapHCH3Ma-JleHHHlI3Ma nplI QR Knce B MocKBe!. B HHX
nopamaeT mMBOH YM Tropro, pa3Ho06pa3lIe ero lIHTepeCOB, D;enKas
npaHTHQeCRaH XBaTKa. Ero OqeHb 3aHlIMaroT TeXHlI"tleCKHe HOBO-
BBe)J;eHHH, CBH3aHHbIe, B qaCTHOCTlI, co 3HaMeHlITOH JIIIMOiRCROH
cpap<popoBoM MaHycpaRTYPOH. B 1762 r. 011 c006m;aeT AeMape
(Des Maretz) 0 npHMeHeHlIlI RBaCU;OB, lI3rOTOBJIHeMbIX H3 rJlII H:bI,
II npOH3Bo,n;CTBe KpeMHeii (formation du silex) 2. B ,n;PyrOl\tI nlICb...
Me OH npOCHT nplICJIaT:b nJIaH rre"tllI, co06:rn;aeT, "tlTO HeKlIH <DypHepo
06HapYiKHJI KROJIlIH H HYiR,n;aeTCH B rrpHCbIJlKe KYCKOB caKCOHCKO...
ro cpap<popa3. B 1771 r. OH nlImeT 0 ne"tlH ,n;JIH 06iRHraHHH cpap...
<pOpOBOH MaCC:bI, a B HOH6pe 1773 r. C Y)J;OBJIeTBOpeHHeM co06m;a..
eT 0 TOM, "tlTO Mally<paKTypa <pap<popa ,n;06lIJIaCb OqeHb 60JIbIDHX
ycnexoB H np01I3Bo,n;HT CeH"tlaC «npeBOCXO,IJ;Hble H3)J;eJIlIH», B "tlaCT-
HOCTH 3aMe"tlaTeJIbHYro rJIa3ypb (Ie blanc) 4. Ero 3aHHMaroT H 60JIee
o6m;ne eCTeCTBeHHOHaY"tlH:ble np06JIeMbI. B ,n;BYX nHCbMax OH co..
06m;aeT 06 aJIe/Kl1pHl1!e ' C'DBe (ele'ctricite revendicative), 0 )J;BOHHOM
npeJI01\fJIeH H (double refraction) U B C'BH3H C aTHM 0 B03MOiRIHO.M
rrpH1\f ' eIHeHHH RtpHICTaJIJI013 ,IJ;JIH ,IJ;H.oIlITpHH. OH c06upaeTcH H3JIOiRHT:b
CBOlI H}];eR no aTOMY IIOBO,n;y ,[(' AJIaM6epy, 3HaMeHHTOMY cppaHD;ya-
CKOlVlY MaTepnaJIHCTY Hero JIHqHOMY }];pyry5. B TO me BpeMH OH
npOCI1T npIICJIaTb eMY KHIIry 0 BeRI{apHa - BH}];HeHmeM lITaJlbHH-
CROM ropHcTe 6 .
TlOpro HlITepecyroT II BonpOCbI BHeIDHeH nOJIHTHKH. OH npOCIIT
,Z:(eMape pa3Y3HaTb y ero cnYTHHKa no He,n;aBHeMY nYTemeCTBHIO
o npOI1CXO)J;HBmeH Tor,n;a PYCCKo-TypeD; oH BOHHe (nHCbMO OT
1771 r. ), 0 peJIbe<pe MeCTHOCTH, r,n;e H,n;YT BoeHHbIe ,n;eHcTBHH, H
o MeCTOnOJIOiReHHH BeH}];ep - HaXO}];HTCH JlH ropo}]; Ha TeppHTopHB
HOBOpOC'OHH 1.
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C06bITHHMH. B 1771 r. B JIHMOiR npHXO}];HT CJlYXH 06 YCTpaHeHHB
Mony, nO-BH)J;lIMOMY, B CABH3H C pe<I>opMoH rra'pJIaMeHTOB. B HO-
H6pe 1773 r. OH He pemaeTCH Ha 60JI:bmoe nYTemeCTBHe no JIH-
MY3eHY: Oll }];OJImeH lIMeTb B03MomHOCTb yexaT:b B IIapHm, «KYA8
ero {OrYT BbI3BaTb C MUHYT:bI Ha M'HHYTY» 8.
1 U;IIA I1MJI, <p. 320, OIl. 1, B HOJIJIeKD;HIO BXOAHT BoceMb nHceM - aB-
Torpa<poB Tropro - c 1762 no 1773 f.
2 I IIA liMJI, <1>. 320, CII. 1, 37.
3 TaM iI{O, eM 38.
4 TaM iRe.. J\'2 40 II 43.
5 TaM me, .M 39.
6 TaM me, .M 40.
7 TaM iRe, eM 40.
8 TaM me, M 38 II 43.
'1'lOpro HErO HOBEHmHH BHorPAq>
9
nO-liTH B KamAoM IIHCbMe BHAeH 3a60TJIHBblB: II A.eHTeJIbHbIH-
BcnOMHHM TOKBHJIeBCKYro xapaKTepHCTHKY - a;a;MHHHCTpaTOp.
B 1763 r. OH B:bIpamaeT COmaJIeHHe, 'liTO AO CHX nop He HaMeqeHO
sanpaBJleHHe HOBOH AoporH Ha Bop;a;o. B aBrYCTe 1771 r. OIl co-
o6m;aeT C TpeBoroH 06 OqeH:b IIJlOXHX BH]J;ax Ha ypomaH: «POiRb
DO BceM JIHMY3eHe OqeHb IIJlOXa; 3acyxa comrJla rpeqHXY... IIoH8
xopomH TOJlbRO RamTaHbI». OH He 3HaeT, 38 qTO IIpHHHTblCH 1.
H3BeCTHO, Ral\Oe BHHMaHHe y;a;eJIHJI Tlopro C03;a;aHHIo 6J1arOTBOpH-
TeJIbHbIX MatCTepORHX B rOAbI Heypomaern. OH C03;a;aJI HX B JIII IY-
seHe B HeypomaHH:bIH 1771/72 r. Ii C pa;a;OCTbIO co06 aJI ,n:eMape,
'liTO OHB « eHcTByroT IIpe!BOICXOfJ:HO» 2. B 1775 r. OH 6y;a;eT HaCTaII-
BaTb Ha IIpHMeHeHHH aTo'ro OII:bITa B MaCmT8J6e Biceu CTpaU:bI.
B TO me BpeMH aTOT Bce 60JIee IIOIIYJIHpHbIH I1HTeH]J;aHT, 0 HO-
TOpOM C BOCToprOM nHrneT yme Tor;a;a BOJIbTep l\aR 0 "tleJlOBeI\e,
KOTOp:bIH MomeT IIpHHeCTI1 6JIarO;a;eHcTBHe MHJIJIHOHaM <ppaHn;Y30B,
qYBCTByeT 3a C060H nOCTOHHHoe Ha6JIIO;a;eHHe, YBepeH B TOlVI, qTO
ero 1\0ppeCIIOH;a;eHn;HH nO;a;BepraeTCH rrpOCMOTPy, H H eT IIYTen
AJIH Toro, qT06bI ero H36emaTb. M B aTOM OTHorneHHH rrpHMeqa-
TeJIbHO ero IIHCbMO OT 19 MapTa 1771 r.: «(rOCIIO;a;HH ;a;e MHpa60
6y;a;eT IIpeBoCXO;a;HOH oRa3HeH, 1\0TOpOH B:bI MOiKeTe BOCIIOJIb30BaTb-
CH )J;JIH ne,pHCbIJLRH MIle MHOrOrO» 3. Rone Ho, MHpa6o-oTen; 6bI.TI
CJIIIlliROM cTap ;a;JIH TaRoH MHCCHH. MAeT JlH peqb 06 OHope ra6-
pHeJIe MHpa60? HeymeJIH Tropro 3HaJI ero H 06paTHJI Ha Hero
BHHMaHHe? BOT BOIIpOC, HOTOpbIH 6bIJIO 6bI tIpe3BbIqa: :HO HIITe-
peCHO BbIHCHHTb.
IIocJIe;a;Hee nHCbMO (OT 7 HOH6pH 1773 r.), B ROTOpOM TIopro
co06m;aJI, "tlTO mAeT C MHHYT:bI Ha MHHYTY BbI30Ba B IIaplIiR, OI{a-
SaJIOCb AeHCTBIITeJIbHO npopOqeCI\HM. HeCROJILRO MeCHn;eB CIIYCTH
HaCTYIIHJI ero «3Be3;a;HbIH qac», H OH 6bIJI npH3BaH B CTOJlH:U;Y.
10 MaH 1774 r. CROHqaJICH nOCJIe IIHTH;a;eCHTH ;a;eBHTM JleT 6eCCJIaB-
Boro n;apCTBOBaHHH JIro;a;oBHI\ XV. BpeMH r-mH I06appII II ee
4>aBopHToB ROH"tIHJIOCb. Ha IIpeCTOJI BCTYIIHJI ;a;BaAn;aTHJIeTHIIH JI IO-
)J;OBHK XVI; H HHROMY em;e B rOJIOBY He MOrJIO IIPHHTH, RaR 6ec-
CJIaBHO H TparHtIeCRH 3aROHtIHTCH II aT0 HOBoe n;apCTBOBaHHe.
Ha050poT, IIapHm H BCH CTpaHa 6bIJIH npeHCIIOJIBeH:bI caMbIX pa-
mrffiHbIX HaAem,n;. TIocJle «Bap<pOJIOMeeBCI\OH HOqH MHHUCTPOB,»,
npeRpacHo onHcaHHoii 8ArapoM <1>OPOM, nOCJIe YCTpaHeHHH HCRJIIO-
'IJITeJIbHO HeIIonYJIHpH:bIX MHHHCTpOB Mony II a66aTa Teppa Ba-
qaJIH'CL IIOHCKH HOB:bIX «A06po;a;eTeJI:bHbIX» JIIO;a;eH. BLI60p, eCTeCT-
Benno, naJI Ha TlOpro. 20 HIOJIH OB 6:bI.1I Ba3P1aqeH MOpCI\HM MH-
HUCTPOM, a MeCHD; CIIYCTJI, 24 aBrYCTa, eMY 6:bIJI IIopyqeH BamHeii-
v
mUll nOCT rocy;a;apcTBeBHoro KOHTpOJIepa «pHHaHCOB.
1 TaM me, M 37 H 41.
2 TaM me, M 38.
3 . TaM e,. ((M-r e Mirabeau sera UDe occasi6D precieuse dont vous
pourrlez proflter pour m envoyer bien des choses»).
10
OllAJ1A TIOprO
«HHRor,n;a em;e, - nHCaJI BOJI:bTepy B 8TH ,n;HH H3BeCTH:bIH <j>paH-
Y3CRHH npOCBeTHTeJI:b, 6y,n;ym;HH BH,n;H:bIH mHpOH,n;HCT MapRH3
ROH)J;opce, 6JIH3RHH ,n;pyr TlOpro H BnOCJIe,n;CTBHH ero 6Horpa<j>,-
B ROpOJIeBCRHH COBeT He BCTynaJI lIeJIOBeR, KOTOp:bIH coe,n;HHHJI
6LI B ce6e B TaROH CTeneHH ,n;06po,n;eTeJI:b, MymecTBo, 6eCKopbIC-
THe, npB1BH3aHHOCTb R 06m;eCTlBeHHOMY 6JIary, 06paaosa'HHe 11
CTpeMJIeHHe R ero pacnpOCTpaHeHHIO. C 8TOH MHHYT:bI (Ha3HalIeHHH
TlOpro) H cnJIIO. TaR cnOROHHO, RaR 6y,n;TO H HaxomYC:b no,n; no-
RpOBHTeJI:bCTBOM Bcex 3aROHOB AHrJIHH» 1.
CaM BOJIbTep OT03BaJICH lIa 8TO H3BeCTlIe BOCTOpmeHH:bIM nHC:b-
MOM TlOpro: «ROH,n;opce rrnmeT MHe, lITO OH nOJIaraeT HalIaJIO
CBoeMY ClIaCT:b1O JIHm:b C Toro ,n;HH, RaK TlOpro Ha3HalIeH rocy,n;ap-
CTBeHH:bIM ceRpeTapeM. A H ,n;OJImeH BaM CRa3aTb, lITO CqHTaIO
ce6H BeC:bMa HeCqaCTH:bIM, H60 c06HpalOC:b YMHpaT:b B TO BpeMH,
KorAa ,n;06po,n;eTeJI:b H BbI,n;alOm;HHCH YM Ha MeCTe. B:bI 6y,n;eTe 3a-
BaJIeH:bI ROMnJIHMeHTaMH npaB,n;HB:bIMH, H B:bI 6y,n;eTe nO"tITH eAHH-
CTBeHH:bIM lIeJIOBeROM, C ROTOp:bIM 8TO CJIyqHJIOC:b»2.
IIpem,n;e lIeM npHHHT:b Ha3HalIeHHe reHepaJI:bH:bIM ROHTpOJIepOM,
TlOpro nOnpOCHJI ay,n;HeHD;HH y ROpOJIH. Y TlOpro 6:bIJIa CBOH 06-
mHpHaH nporpaMMa ,n;eHcTBHH, H eMY HymHo 6:bIJIO 3apYlIHT:bCH
nOJIHOH no,n;,n;epmKoH ,n;JIH ee ocym;eCTBJIeHHH. JIIO,n;OBHR XVI ee
TBep,n;o 06em;aJI. He npomJIO H MeCHD;a, KaR TlOpro npe,n;CTaBHJI
CBOH nepB:bIH op,n;OHaHC 0 cB060,n;e XJIe6HOH TOprOBJIH. 0 3HalIeHHH
BTOH Mep:bI C 8HTY3H 3MOM nHCaJI np3,n;Hee MHmJIe: «TlOpro, CTaB
MHHHCTpOM, ceJI 3a CTOJI H no,n;rOTOBHJI nopa3HTeJI:bHOe npOH3Be-
AeHHe - ceHTH6p:bCRHH op,n;OHaHC, 6JIaropo,n;H:bIH, HCHbIH, RpaCHope-
lIHB:bIH. 8TO - Mapce'JI:be3a xJIet6a!» 3.
8Ta «MapCeJI:be3a xJIe6a» 6:bIJIa, npaB,n;a, no,n;,n;epmaHa ;D;aJIeRO
He BceMH. Y6em,n;eHH:bIH npOTHBHHR cB060,n;:bI XJIe6HOH TOprOBJIH,
a66aT raJIHaHH npe,n;cRa3aJI Tor,n;a me HeH36emHOCT:b nopameHHH
TIOpro: «AOBepHe R HeMY YMeH:bmHTCH, K HeMY HalIHYT IICn:bIT:bI-
DaT:b HenpHH3H:b, CRamYT, lITO OH He CnpaBJIHeTCH CO CBOHMH 06H-
aaHHOCTHMH, 8HTY3Ha3M OXJIa,n;IITCH, OH YH,n;eT caM HJIH OT Hero
H36aBHTCH H TeM HcnpaBHT OIDH6RY - Ha TaROH nOCT He CTaHYT
Ha3lHaqaT:b CJIHillROM ,n;o6poAe'TeJI:bHOI'0 -qeJIOBeRa...»4. "YiB:bI, raJIHaHH
OKa3aJICH npopORoM. Ho OCeH:bIO 1774 r. 8HTY3Ha3M 6:bIJI em;e -qpe3-
BLIlIaHHO CHJIeH, H caM CRenTHR BOJI:bTep ClIHTaJI, lITO <DpaHD;HH
BCTynaeT B «30JIOTOH BeR».
BecHoH 1775 r. 8TOT 8HTY3Ha3M CTaJI OXJIa,n;eBaT:b. CnepBa
17 anpeJIH B AHmoHe, 3aTeM 2 MaH B BepcaJIe II 3 MaH B IIapHme
1. CM.: A «p a B a C b e '8 r. E. D;IIT. COq., c. 22-23.
2 TaM me, c. 23. CM. TaKme: C 11 B 0 JI a n M. M. CO lIaJlbBble 1Ip;ell
BOJlbTepa. M., 1978, c. 147.
3 M i c h e 1 e t J. Histoire de la France. Louis XVI, p. 206-207.
4 CM.: A «P a B a C b e B r. E. QIIT. COq., c. 229.
TIDFro HEro HOBEHillHR BHorPA
11
BCTI:bIXHYJIH npO OBOJI:bCTBeHH:bIe BOJIHeHHH C Tpe6oBaHHel\I YCTa-
HOBJIeHHH TIOHHiKeHH:bIX n;eH Ha xJle6. Pa3pa3HJIaC:b TaK Ha3:bIBae-
MaH «MYtJHaH BOH'Ha». TIOIpro B:bICTY1nHJI B HeIC'BOHCTIBeHHOH eMY
pOJIH - <paKTHqeCKOrO MJIHHCTpa BHYTpeHHHX eJl H rJIaB:bI IIOJIH-
II;HH. TlOpro eHCTBOBaJI - He 3a6y eM Bce me, lITO OH 6:bIJI y6em-
JJ;eHIHeHmH'M aTIOJlOreTOiM lIaCT'HOH, 6ypmyaaHoH c0i6ICT eH'HOCTH,-
CO BceH pemHTeJI:bHOCT:bIO H aiKe meCTOKOCT:bIO, npaB a HCXO H
H3 y6eiK eHIIH, lITO «MYlIHaH BOHHa» - aTO He BHiKeHIIe HeHMY-
m;HX, a pe3YJI:bTaT «3arOBopa» ero 3J1eHmnX npOTHBHHKOB. IIoMH-
MO MHOrOlIHCJIeHH:bIX apeCTOB, BYX lIeJlOBeK, OJIH BHH:bI KOTOp:bIX
He 6:bIJIa ame YCTaHOBJIeHa, nOBeCHJlH « JIH npHMepa». )];BHme-
HHe 6:bIJIO nO aBJIeHO, H Ka3aJIOC:b, lITO OBepHe KOpOJIH K TIOpro
Bce em;e He 6:bIJIO nOKoJIe6JIeHO. B HalIaJle 1776 r. Tropro BHec
npoeKT meCTII a HKTOB, B TOM lIHCJIe 0 nOJIHOH JIHKBH an;HlI n;eXOB
H YHHqTOiKeHHH opomHoi'I nOBHHHOCTH, THiKeJI:bIM 6peMeHel\I JIO-
iKlIBmeHC Ha KpeCT:bHH. 3HalIeHHe aTHX a HKTOB CO BceH CHJlOH
nO qepKHYJI R. MapKC, ClIHTaH HX «BBe eHIIeM K <ppaHn;Y3CKOH
penOJIIOD;RH... (/JeepaJtbcnuJrt a HKTOM 1776 eooa OH yrrpa3]:{:HHJI
n;eXII. (STOT a HKT 6:bIJI OTMeHeH lIepe3 TPH MeCHn;a nocJle ero
ony6JIHKOBaHHH.) TOlIHO TaK iKe Tropro oCBo6o HJI KpeCT:bHH OT
opomHoH nOBHHHOCTH II n:bITaJlCH BBeCTII e IIH:bIH HaJlOr Ha 3e-
MeJI:bHYIO peHTY» 1. IIapHiKcKHH napJIaMeHT OKa3aJI 6emeHoe COTIpO-
TIIBJleHHe aTHM a HKTaM. .n:JIH IIX YTB piK eHHH 12 MapTa 1776 r.
6:bIJIO npOBe eHO KOpOJIeBCKOe 3ace aHHe napJIaMeHTa (lit de
justice). TlOpro, Ka3aJIOC:b, B:bImeJI no6e HTeJIeM. Ho ero BparH
OKa3:bIBaJIH Ha KOpOJIH Bce 6oJI:bmee aBJleHlIe, H OH B KOHn;e KOH-
IJ;on YCTaJl CorrpOT:mBJlHTbCH. POBHO lIepe3 TPH MeICHn;a, OTKaaaB
rrIOpro ame B JIHlIHOH BCTpeqe, JIIO OBHK XVI 12 MaH 1776 r.
aJI TlOpro OTCTaBKY.
«HHKOr a He 3a6:bIBaHTe, rocy ap:b, - nHCaJI TlOpro KOpOJIro
He3a OJIrO O CBoeH OTCTaBKH, - lITO TOJI:bKO CJIa6ocT:Q npHBeJIa
rOJIOBY RapJIa I Ha TIJlaxy». MomeT 6:bIT:b, OeM.'Ha n;aT:b JIeT cnYCTH,
21 HHBapH 1793 r., JIIO OBIIK H BCnOMHHJI aTO 3J10Bem;ee npe}:(-
cKaaaHHe!
«<PpaHn;HH 6:bIJIa CJIHIDKOM CqaCTJIHBa... .H cpaiKeH II B OTlIaH-
HHH», - nHCaJI BOJl:bTep 17 MaH e BaHY. «...M:bI HHKor a He YTe-
IDHMCH, - C THiKeJl:bIM lIYBCTBOM nllcaJi OH MeCHn; cnYCTH JIarap-
ny, - ymllJ,I(eB 3apomAeHHe 11 rH,6eJlb 3Toro 30JIOTO:DO iBe'Ka, KOTOpDIB
TlOpro HaM no rOTOBJIHJI... IIepe}:(o MHOH O Ha TOJILKO CMepT:b,
IIOCJle Toro KaK Tropro nOKIIHYJI CBOH nOCT. Bce 9TO CJIOBHO rpo-
MOBOH y,n;ap rropaallJIO l\IOH Moar II Moe cep,n;u;e» 2. ITHT:b JleT nYCTH,
20 MapTa 1781 r., TlOpro CKOHlIaJICH.
1 Map K C K. 11 3 H r e J[ b C $. COq., T. 26, q. I, c. 38-39.
2 Voltaire's Correspondance, vol. XCIV, p. 136. 06 OTHomeHHH BOJlb-
Tepa K Tropro CM.:. C H B 0 Jl a n M. H. QHT. COq., c. 147-150.
12
OllAJIA TlOprO
BCJI 9Ta ApaMaTHqeCKaJl IICTOpHJI, npOJ(OJImaBmaHCH 20 MeCg-
eB, C 24 aBrYCTa 1774 r. II J(O 12 MaR 1776 r., HBJIHeTCH TeMOR
npeBOCXOJ(Horo HCCJIeJ(OBaHIIH 8J(rapa <1>opa, BLImeJ(mero B 1961 r.
B cepHH «TpllJ( aTL J(Heii, C03J(aBmHX <1>paH HIO», KOTopoe npeJ(Jla-
raeTCH ceiiqac BHHMaHHIO COBeTCIrnX qHTaTeJIeii. Ho npem e, qeM
oxapaKTepH30BaTL BKpaT e 9TY KHHry, HaM HymHo CKa3aTL He-
CROJILRO CJlOB 0 ee aBTope H npe ynpeJ(HTL, 'qTO OH BOBce He HCTO-
pHK, XOTJI ero .HCCJle OBaHHe II 6e3ynpeqHO C TOqKH apeHHR ca-
MLIX cTporllx npo<peCCHOHaJILHLIX Tpe6oBaHHii.
* * *
8 rap <1>op (pOJ(. B 1908 r.) - ypOiKeHe BHHOJ(eJILqeCKOrO
IOra ,<1>paH HH. Ero e 6LIJI yqHTeJleM, a n03 Hee J(HpeKTopOM
IllKOJlLI B Hap60HHe, ero OTle 6LIJI BlpaqOM, TaR me KaK III ero l eA
no MaTepHHCKoii JIHHHH 1. 8. <Pop nOJly'tlHJI IOpH HqeCKOe 06pa30-
Ba'HRe, no OH HM He A0a30JlLCTBOBaJlCH. lIo COBeTY ClBoelro npe1no)J;a-
BaTeJlH <pHJIOCO<pHH BpaiiJca lIHpeHa I}I .B CUJlY 'o06CTBe ' HHoro HHTepe-
ca R POCCHH II OKTH6pLCKOH peBOJIro HH 8 rap <I>op II3yqHJI pyc-
CKuii H3LIK B HOpMaJILHOii mKOJle iKlIIBLIX BOCT01IHLIX H3LIKOB II CTaJJ
ee HnJlOMaHTOM. .n:JIH cyp;e6 ero 6y ym;eii KHHrH 9TO 6LIJlO cym;ecT-
BeRHO - <1>op, RaK Y16ep;HTCH 'tJ:HTaTeJlL, BH1JJMaTeJIImO H3YQHJI B
TPYALI r. E. A<paHa'CLe13a, JlYQmelro pYCCKoro «TIOtprOBep;a», H pa-
60TLI COBeTCKODO 3HaTOKa 9Toro n'epHop;a B. C. JIro6J1HH,OKoro. Ho
nopa3 0 60JILmee 3HaqeHHe 9TO 3Hanne pyccKoro H3LIKa HMeJlO
JlH orrpep;eJle'HHH n03H HH <Dopa no OTHomeHHIO K nameH CTpaHe:
OR nce'Ilp;a Mor qepnaTL CBOIO HH<popMa Hro H3 nlepBOE)CTOQHHKa.
RaK TaJlaHTJIHBLIH IOpHCT, 8 rap <1>op 6LICTPO 3aBOeBaJI CBO:n
nepBLIe JIaBpLI. Ero rrOJlHTHqeCKaH eHTeJILHOCTL HaqaJIaCL IIe-
CKOJILKO n03 Hee. PemHTeJlLHLlii Bpar Han;H3Ma, OH nOCJlep;OBaJI 3a
illapJIeM J(e rOJlJleM B AJliKHp II C 1943 r. CTaJl COTpY HHqaTL crrep-
Ba BO <I>paH Y3cROM KOMHTeTe Han;IIOHaJILHOrO oCB060iK eHHJI, a
aaTeM II BO BpeMeHHoM npaBHTeJILCTBe, r e 6LIJI 6J1HiKanmHM co-
TpY HIIKOM IILepa MeH,n;ec-<1>paHca, HaqaJILHHKOM.... Ka6HHeTa RO-
Toporo OH CTaJl B 1945 r., Kor a MeH ec-<1>paHc B03rJlaBHJI MJiIHH-
CTepCTBO 9KOHOMIIKH. B KOH e ro a <1>op BOmeJl B COCTaB <ppaH-
Y3CKOii ;a;eJleran;IIH Ha HIOpH6eprcKoM rrpo ecce. B 1946 r. OB
BnepBLIe 6LIJI 36paH ;a;errYTaTOM. B 1949 f. 8. <1>op 3aHHMaeT
caMOCTOHTeJILHLIii nOCT B COCTaBe npaBHTeJlLCTBa. B IIHTH;lJ;eCH-
TLIX rop;ax OH CTaHOBHTCH BH HeHmIIM nOJlHTHqeCKHM eHTeJIeM
qeTBepToH pecny6JIIIKH. OH BXOJ(IIT B COCTaB eBHTH rrpaBHTeJILCTB
H J(BaiK;a;LI (B 1952 H 1955 rr.) B03rJIaBJlHeT Ka6IIHeT. <1>op 3a-
HHMaJI nOCTLI MHHHCTpa <pHHaHcoB, 6ro;lJ;iKeTa, IIHOCTpaHHLIX )J;eJI,
IOCTH HH. Ero nO;a;nUCL 3HatIHTCH no iKeHeBcKHMH cOrJIameHHs....
1 CM.: B a lot tiP. Portrait d'Edgar-Faure. Paris, 1978.
r-lOpro K Ef10 HOBERmHR BHOrPAfZ)
MH, nOJIOmHBIDHMH ROHe BOHHe B IIH):(oRHTae. OH BXO,n;HJI H B Ka-
l)HHeT II<pJIHMJIeHa - nOCJIe,n;HHH Ka6HHeT qeTBepTOH pecrry6J1HKH.
XOTH e e B arrpeJIe 1958 r. OH B:bICKaaaJICH sa Heo6xo,n;HMOCTb
npHBJleqeHH,H ;D;e rOJIJIH K BJIaCTH, nocJle MaH 1958 r. ero npaBH-
TeJIbCTBeHHaa AeHTeJlbHOCTb o6pLIBaeTcH. RaK OH nHmeT caM B
«OrraJIe Tropro», «JII06oBb K BJlaCTH - TaKaH CTpaCTb, KOTopaH He
B CHJIaX CHeCTII 60JIee o,n;Horo paapbIBa» (8. <l>op omH6cH - B ero
£o6cTBeHHoH AeHTeJIbHOCTH HX OKaaaJIOCb ):(Ba) , HO «rrepBYIO OT
.cTaBKY MomHO nepeHeCTH».
,r(JIH 8. <l>opa aTa «rrepBaH OTCTaBKa» OKaaaJIaCb BeCbMa IIJIO-
OTBOpHOH. OH BepHYJICH K pHMCKOMY IIpaBY, KOTOpbIM aaHHMan-
CH B MOJIO,n;OCTH, aam;HTHJI ,n;HccepTa HIO 0 <pHHaHcoBon rrOJIHTHKe
HMilepaTopa ,IJ:HOKJIeTHaHa, aaHHJI Ka<I>e,n;py rro aTOH me crre H-
aJIbHOCTij B ,IJ:RmoHcKoM YHHBepCHTeTe. TaJIaHTJIIIBbIH lIeJIOBeR,
.aBTOp, Mem,n;y npOllHM, BbIIIYCKaBIDHXCH 110):( nceB,n;OHHMOM ,n;eTeK-
TIIBH:bIX pOMaHOB (B aTOM HarrpaBJIeHHH Ha Hero MOrJIa rrOBJIHHTL
11 ero meHa JIroCH MeHep-<I>op, OqeHb nJIo)J;oBHTaH II crroco6Haa
nHCaTeJIbHH a), OH nOrrbITaJICH BaTH me ro,n;bI BLICTYIIIITb II KaK
.HCTOpHK. TaK IIOHBHJIaCb B 1961 r. «OnaJIa TIOprO». qTO IIPH-
BJleKJIO <l>opa K aTOH TeMe? MHTepec K cy,n;b6e o,n;Horo H3 CaM:bIX
,()JIeCTsIIJ;HX CBOHX npe,n;meCTBeHHHKOB Ha rrOCTY PYKoBo,n;HTeJlll
4>HHaHcoB? IIoJlHaH rrpeBpaTHocTeH cYAb6a 1IeJIOBeKa, KOTOpDIH
Mor 6LI OKaaaTb CHJlbHeHmee BJIHHHHe Ha cy,n;b6bI <l>paH HH?
HaM Tpy,n;HO cy;a;HTb 0 MOTHBax, rro6Y;D;HBmHx 8. <l>opa HarrH-
ca Tb aTY KHHry 1. RaK 6bI TO HH 6:bIJIO, orrDIT 6bIJI c,n;eJIaH If OKa
aaJICH YAaqHbIM. Pa60Ta HarrHcaHa secundo artem - c C06JIIO,n;e-
,HHeM Bcex aaKOHOB HCTOpHqeCKOrO peMeCJIa. <l>op Tm;aTeJlbHO HC-
-cJIe,n;OBaJI eJIbIH pH,n; apXHBOB, B TOM 1I11CJle JlH1IHbIH <pOH,n; TIOpro
,B ero IIMeHHH, JIaHTenJle, <pOH,n; reHepaJIbHOrO rrpoKypopa mOJIH
)J;e <l>JIepH, ):(oKYMeHTbI Han;HOHaJIbHOrO apxHBa II npoBHH HaJIL-
HbIX apxHBoB, B TOM lIHCJIe ,n;errapTaMeHTOB COMMbI II CeHbI H Ya3DI,
,<pOH;a;bI BaCTHJIHH, 6H6JIHOTeKH ApCeHaJIa, rocy,n;apCTBeHHOH 6H6-
JIHOTeKH HM. CaJITbIKOBa- e;a;pHHa B JIeHHHrpa,n;e, OTKy;a;a OH 113-
BJIeK rrepelleHb JIH , apeCTOBaHHLIX rro ,n;eJIY «MyqHOH BOHHbI», B
BrrepBLIe ero orry6JIHKOBaJI. OH HaYllHJI caMbIM BHH:Ma TeJIbHbIM 06-
,pa30M Bce MeMOpHaJIbHbIe 3arrHCH, ,n;HeBHHKH, XpOHHKH, COCTaB-
JIeHHbIe yqaCTHHKaMlI C06bITHH H nx COBpeMeHHHKaMH. OH HC-
nOJIb30BaJI BCIO 06mHpHYIO JIHTepaTYPY - ero MomHO yrrpeKHYTL,
nOiHaJIyn, JIHllib B TOM, lITO OH He y,n;eJIHJI ;a;OCTaTOqHOrO BHRMa-
JIHH 3anHCHM TOKBHJIH 0 TIopro H MHOrOllHCJIeHHLIM BbICKa3bIBa-
1 CaM 8. cDop TaR OTBeTHJI Ha nOCTaBJIeHHLIH eMY Bonpoc: «H }J;YMaIO,
tITO nOJIHTHqeCRHH p;eHTeJIb MomeT 6LITb B TO me caMoe BpeMH IICTOpIIKOM.
"BOT nOqeMY qaCTb CBoero BpeMeHH H nOCBHTHJI lIaYQeHIlIO IICTOpHII, a }J;PYrylO
acTb - TOMY, qTo6LI ee TBOpHTb. MayqeHlle np06JIeM npomJIoro BOBce Be
eCnOJIeaHO p;nH npaBUJIbHOrO 1I0HHMaHHH np06JIeM cOBpeMeBHOCTH»). (II.
taucbMa 8. <Dopa aBTopy OT 3 anpeJIH 1979 r.)
J4
OllAJIA TlOPTO
HHHM 0 HeM K. MapRca. HaROHe , IICCJIe,n;OBaHHIO <Dopa IIOMOraJl)
OrpOMH:bIH IIOJIHTHqeCRHH OII:bIT, II03BOJIHBmHH eMY HCHee IIOHII-
MaT:b qeJIOBeqeCRHe B3aHMOOTHomeHHH «BepmHTeJIeH cy,n;e6», llX
maXMaTH:bIe XO,n;:bI Ha 06mHpHOH HCTOpHqeCROH ,n;OCRe. KHHra <Dopa'
HMeJIa He TOJI:bRO 60JI:bmOH YCIIex y qHTaTeJIeii, OHa BHHMaTeJI:bHO
06cym,n;aJIac:b H B Rpyrax HCTOpHROB-Cne HaJIHCTOB.
rOpH"tJO peR'OMeH)J;YH ee 11 HalIDI1M lInTaTeJIHM, ,M:bI co CBoen CTO-
pOH:bI XOTeJIH 6:bI Boce me C eJIaTb H'eCROJIbRO 3aMerqaHIIH. !{aR Ha}}
KameTCH, oc06eHHocTH nOJIHTH"tJeCROH )J;eHTeJI:bHOCTH 8)J;rapa <Dopa
aaJIOmHJIH KaRon-To OTneqaTOR H Ha OCBe eHHe Hl\I HCTOpnqe-
CRIIX C06:bITHH. qeJIOBeR qnpe,n;eJIeHH:bIX npHH HnOB, ROTOp:bIe OB
OTCTaHBaeT, <Dop BMeCTe C TeM OTJIHqaeTCH YMeHHeM COJIHmaT:b
pa3H:bIe n03II HH, CMHrqa T:b rrpOTIIBOpetIIIH, IICRa T:b II HaXO)J;HT:b.
KaRYIO-TO 06 yIO JIHHIIIO. He,n;aBHO Ha orpOMHOM c06paHHH., r,n;e
rrpe3H)J;eHT BaJIepH iRHcRap ,n;'8CT8H (pa60TaBmHH Ror,n;a-TO B
MHHHCTepCTBe <pHHaHCOB no,n; PYROBO,n;CTBOM 8,n;rapa <Dopa) npe-
IIo,n;Hec eMY aRa,n;eMHqeCRYIO llIIIary, npe,n;CTaBHTeJI:b IOHECRO
M'Boy O"tJeH:b TOHRO no,n;MeTIIJI aTY oc06eHHOCT:b <Dopa - ero YMe-
HIIe Haxo,n;IIT:bCH B «reOMeTpHqeCROM eHTpe, TaM, r,n;e rrpHMHpH-
IOTCH rrpOTIIBOpeqHH» 1. He)J;apoM Ha TOM me 3ace,n;aHIIIl <Dopa Ha-
3:bIBaJIH «CTaBllIIIM iKH3Hepa,n;OCTH:bIM TIOpro» (Turgot enjoue}
HJIH «06pa3YMIIBmHMCH H CTaBmHM peaJIHCTOM JIoy» (3HaMeHII-
T:bIH <pBJHaHICOIB:bIH aR>CJIepDMe'H,TaTop, repoH pyroH, HOlBeHmeii
KHHrH 8. -<Dopa). 8TO CTpeMJIeHHe R CMfIrqeHHIO npoTHBOpetIHll,
oc06eHHo pe3RHX xapaRTepHCTHR, npIIcy ee <Dopy-nOJIHTHRY, CRa-
3:bIBaeTCH II B <Dope-HcTopHRe.
TaR, 8. <Dop C"tJIITaeT, "tJTO ,n;OXO,n;:bI oTRyrrrr:r;HROB He 6:bIJIH: «HliI
CTOJI:b BeJIHRII, HH CTOJI:b CRaH,n;aJI:bH:bI», RaR npHHHTO ,n;YMa T:b Ha
OCHOBaHHII pOCROlliHOH mH3HH HeROTOp:bIX H3 HHX. Ho Ta BOJIHa
rHeBHoro npOTeCTa npOTHB «COJIfIHOi no,n;aTH» (gabelle), npOTHB
KOCBeHH:bIX HaJIOrOB, c,n;aBaBlliHXCH Ha oTRyn, KOTopaH B 1789-
1790 rr. 6YRBaJI:bHO CMeJIa BCIO 8TY CHCTeMY, rOBopHT 06 06paT-
HOM. II Bce IICCJIe,n;OBaHIIfI, CTap:bIe II HOB:bIe, cpHHaHcoBoH CHCTe-
M:bI ,n;opeBOJIIO J2LOHHOii <DpaH HH, BIIJIOT:b )];0 )];OBOJI:bHO OCTopom-
Horo MapCeJIH MapHoHa, ,n;OCTaTOtIHO pe3RO xapaRTepII3YIOT CRaH-
J aJI:bHY1:0 pOJI:b reHepaJI:bH:bIX oTKynm;HROB, a 06 HX ,n;oxo,n;ax
BeC:bMa y6e,n;HT ' eJI:bHO CBH,n;eTeJIhC'TBYIOT BeJIHKOJIeIIH:bIe OC06HHR'H,.
YRpamaBlliHe CTOOIH Y.
Err:r;e MeHee y6e,n;HTeJI:bHOH npe,n;CTaBJIfIeTCfI HaM aam;HTa 8,n;ra-
pOM ,<DOpOM npe,n;meCTBeHHHRa Tropro Ha IIOCTY reHepaJI:bHOrO
ROHTpOJIepa a66aTa Teppa, CTOpOHHHRa perJIaMeHTan;HH XJIe6HOH
TOprOBJIH. <Dop 3am;Hrr:r;aeT ero OT 06BHHeHHH B CJIe)J;OBaHHH «py-
THHe», B ROP:bICTOJII06HH, HCIIOJI:b30BaHHH CBoero rrOCTa B CBOHX
'1JaCTH:bIX HHTepecax II HHTepecax KyqRH MOHOIIOJIHCTOB TOprOBJIB
1 CM.: eLe Monde», 28 decemb e 1978.
TlOpro HEro HOBEHillHH BHOrPAC1>
15
XJIe60M. Ho cy ecTByeT y6HHcTBeHHLlii OKYMeHT, llHCLMO KaHn;-
Jlepa Mony naKaHYHe Ha3HalIeHHH Teppa. «r -H a66aT, - nlIcaJI
()H, - nOCT rJIaBLI <pHHaHCOBoro Be OMCTBa IIYCTyeT; aTO xopomee
MeCTO, r e MomHO 3apa60TaTL 60JILmHe eHLrH; H XOqy, lIT06LI
.ero aJIH Te6e»l. ITo rJIy60Ko 060CHOBaHHOMY y6em,n;eHHIO II CO-
BpeMeHHIIKOB, II TaKHX cepLe3HLIX, KOMneTeHTHLIX HCCJIe OBaTe-
JleH anOXH TIOpro, KaK r. E. A<j>aHaCLeB II <POHceH 2 , a66aT Teppa
nOJIHOCTbIO BOCn'OJIL30.BaJIICH aTHlM COBeTOM Mony, H npelli)J;e Bcero
KaK pa3 B OOJIaICTB: XJIe6HOH TO;PllOBJIH. 8):(r,ap <Pop CKJIO'HeH )J;ame J311-
p:eTL B aTOM nOJIHTHKe Teppa «dirigisme planifie», CTpeMJIeHHe
K nJIaHOBoMY X03HHCTBeHHOMY PYKOBO CTBY. O HaKO r. E. A<I>a-
aaCLeB, B TelIeHB:e pH a JIeT pa60TaBmHH BO <ppaH Y3CKHX apXB:BaX,
npHmeJI K COBepmeHHO npOTHBOIIOJIOmHOH On;eHKe eHTeJILHOCTH
'Teppa. OH nIIcaJI 0 «repKYJIeCOBLIX cToJI6ax 6e306pa3HfI», )];0 KO-
TOpLIX ,n;omJIO «ynpaBJIeHHe a66aTa Teppa»3. TaKoro iRe MHeHB:H
OLIJI II ,n;pyroH cepLe3HLIH HCCJIe OBaTeJIL - <POHceH. MLI HHKaK
He MomeM noaTOMY COrJlaCB:TbCfI C TOH On;eHKOH, KOTOpylO aeT
3. I<POP IIOJIHTHKe Teppa, KaK «rJIy60Ko nOCJIe OBaTeJILHOM II a-
iRe 3a I Me"tIaTeJlb!HOH», «HaB: , 60JIee pa3YMHoH 11 'HaH60JIee eHcTBeH-
HOH». HaM npe CTaJBJIHeTCH, lITO 6JIaDO apH Tep 3 nplIBB:JIe-
n :p()(8aHHLle areHTbl IIIpamITeJlb l CTBa 11 CKYJITI B:'KB: npoCTo CJIel)J;OBa-
JIB: H.MeHHJO «PYTHHHOH» nOJI'HTHKe perJIaMeHTa:I 1UI B:, !HHMaJIO He
cMy aHicL, nCTIOJIb30BaJIH 3aTpY HeHHH, IBLI3Ba ' HHLI ' e nJIOXB:M ypo-
maeM 1771/72 r., B CBOB:X JIB:lJ.HbIX, KOpLIiCTHLIX n;eJIHX.
OqeHL CIIJIbHOH CTOpOHOH IICCJIe,n;OBaHHH 8. <Popa HBJIHeTCfI
()npOBepmeHHe JlereH,n;M 0 cy ecTBOBaHHB: B KOHn;e n;apCTBOBaH:JiIfI
JIIO)J;aBB1Ka XV TaR Ha3LDBaeMoro «lllaKTa rOJIo,n;O!BKB:» (pa1cte de
famine) - C03 aHB:II npB: co eHCTBB:B: npaBHTeJIbCTBa KaMnaHIIH,
IiOTopaH ,n;OJImHa 6LIJIa BLI3BaTb rOJIo,n; H nOBLlmeHHe n;eH Ha xJIe6
B KOpLICTHbIX n;eJIHX.
8 rap <Dop BnOJIHe y6e HTeJIbHO nOKa3aJ1, 'lITO «naKT rOJIO-
JJ;OBKH» - aTO MH<p, B03HHKmB:H B 60Jle3HeHHOM Bo06paiReHB:H
IIpeBo e BOMOHa, npOCH,n;eBmero Ba n;aTb Ba ro,n;a B BaCTB:JIB:H
aa nonLITKY II306JIHqeHHH aT oro MHHMoro «IIaKTa».
B aTOM Bonpoce aprYMeHTan;B:fI 8. <Dopa 6e3ynpe'IIHa, CJIOiR-
Hee 06CTOHT C BonpOCOM 0 npOB:CXOiR eHHII «MyqHOH BOHHLI».
CaM Tropro, ero PY3bH II e)J;HHOMLlmJIeHHHKH, KOH,n;opce, AIOnoB
]l;e HeMYP, BOJIbTep, CqHTaJIH C nepBoro iRe HH Bce aTH BOJIHeHHH
pe3YJlbTaTOM «3arOBopa» npOTIIBHIIKOB TIOpro. AOJIroe BpeMH aTY
1. A <p a Hac L e B r. E. ¥ CJIOBHS XJIe6HOH TOprOBJIII BO Cl>paHD;HB
B XVIII BeKe. O)J;ecca, 1892, c. 278.
2 CM.: A <p a Hac L e B r. E. rJIaBH:&Ie MOMeBTLI MHHIICTepCKOH ,n;eH-
TeJILHOCTB Tropro; F 0 n c i n E. Essai sur Ie ministere de Turgot. Paris
1877. '
3 A «p a Hac L e B r. E. ¥ CJIOBIIS XJle6BOH TOprOBJlII BO <PpaHD;IIH
B XVIII BeKe, c. 315.
16
OnA.JIA TIOprO
BepCHIO nO epmHBaJIH H HCTOpHRH. O HaRO B HOBeimHX HCCJIe-
p;OBaHHHX COBeTCKOrO yqeHOrO B. C. JIIOOJlHHCKOrO H npOrpeCCHB-
HOrO aHrJIHBCKOrO HCTOpHKa J1.. PIO el O:&IJIa B:&ICKaaaHa npOTHBo-
nOJlOa\HaH TOqKa speHHH, qTO «MyqHaH BOBHa» 6:&IJIa CTHXHHH:&IM,
MaCCOBbIM HapO H:&IM )J;BHmeHHeM. TaKoro me THna npO OBOJIb-
CTBeHH:&le BOJlHeHHH <1>paHD;HH aHaJIa H paH:&me II noame - )];OCTa-
TOqHO HarrOMHHTb OKTH6pbCKHe HH 1789 r. 8 rap <Pop rrOJIHo-
CTblO paa)];eJIHeT aTY' TO't!KY speHHH, H B aTOM OH, KOHeqHO, CO-
BepmeHHO npaB.
OCTaeTCH, o,n;HaKO, Borrpoc, O KOHD;a He B:&IHCHeHH:&Iii. «Myq-
RaH BOHHa» 6:&IJla B OCHOBHOM CTHXHHHbIM Hapo,n;H:&IM ;D;BHmeHHeM,
ao He n:&ITaJIHCb JIH ee HCrrOJlL30BaTb H BparH TlOpro, CTpeMHBIDHe-
CH ,n;OOHTbCH ero OTCTpaHeHMH? 8TY TOlIKY 3peHMH OTCTaHBaJJ
r. E. AcpaHaCbeB 2. OH Tome Cq'HTaJI «MytfHYIO BOM'HY» «IIpoo6pa-
80M nYTemeCTBHB napHa\aH B BepCaJIL» B oKTHope 1789 r. Ho
BMeCTe C TeM OH, KaK H <POHceH, nOJIaraJI, qTO B aTOM ,n;BHmeHHlJ
IIrpaJIH pOJIb H «JIIO H, aaHHTe,peCO:Ba'HHLIe B XJIe6HLIX orrepan;HHX
npaBHTeJILCTBa», Bce aa eTLIe «npeKpam;eHHeM npaBHTeJIbCTBeH-
HOH XJIeOHOH TOprOBJIII... 8TO nO 03pe'HHe OCTaeTCH B CJ2IJIe» 3.
«MyqHaH BOMHa»... - no ero MHeHHIO, - ObIJla lIY OBIIm;HLIM CO-
e)];HHeHHeM npOTHBOnOJIOmH:&IX aJIeMeHTOB: areHTLI H a\epTBbJ
«Pacte de famine» no,n;aJIH ;D;pyr ;D;pyry PYKH; CTpaCTH HapO HbIe
CMemaJIH'C:& C no6ym eHIIBJMH caMLIMH peTporpa,n;HLIMH» 4. 8TO
rrpe)];IIOJIOmeHHe, qTO BeceHHHe C06bITHH 1775 r. OLIJIH He TOJIbKO
CTHXHBH:&IM ;D;BHmeHHeM, HO .B KaKOB-TO Mepe H «peaKD;neii MOHO-
rrOJIH'OTOB rrpOTILB HOBOB CHCTeMbl XJIe6HOH TOprOBJIH» 5, KaK HaM
KameTCH, IIOJIHOCTblO OTopaCLIBaTb He CJle)];yeT.
HaM XC>TeJIOCb ObI OCTaHOBHTLCH em;e Ha '"O,n;HOM BamHOM BO-
npoce, aaTparHBaeMOM B KHHre. XOTH 8. C1>op HHr,n;e aTO npHMO
He rOBopHT, HO BCH ero KHMra, D;eJI:&Iii PH)]; OCTOpOa\HO C<POPMYJIH-
pOBaHH:&IX nOJIOmeHHH n03BOJIHIOT npe IIOJIOmHTL, lITO, no ero
MHeHMIO, ycrrex pe<j>opM TlOpro Mor 6LI rrpe,n;oTBpaTHTb «BeJIHKYIo
1 CM.: JI IO 6 31 H H C R 11 ii B. C. HOBLle }J;aHH:bIe 0 MaucKHx BOJIHeHHHX
1775 r. B IIapHme. - «BOnpOCLI HCTOp UI», 1955, J'J2 11; e r 0 11( e. BOJIbTep
11 «MyqHaH BOHHa». - B c6.: «Ha IfCTOpHH o6 ecTBeHHLIx ABllmeHuH D
1dem}J;YBapOJJ;HLIX oTHOmeUHH». M., 1957; R u d e G. La taxation populaire de
mai 1775 a Paris et dans la region parisienne. - «Annales historiques de
la Revolution fran aise5), 1956, .M 143. <Pop CqHTaeT 9TY CTaTLIO «Ha:R60JIee
BamHoH 11 Ball60JIee o6ocHonaBHOH».
2 0 r. E. AcPaHacheBe, KOTOpLIH ua-aa «He6JIarOH8}J;emBOCTH» Be 6LUI
JJ;ony eH K npocPeccopCKOH }J;eHTeJIbHOCTH If CTaJI yrrpaBJIHIOII(HM oTJJ;eJIe-
IIHeM rOCYJJ;apCTBeHBOrO 6aHRa, CM.: B y a e C K Y 31 B. Bceo6 aH HCTOpHlI
I[ ee rrpeJJ;cTaBHTCJIH B POCCHH B XIX H HatJaJIe XX BeKa, 11. II. JI., 1931,
c. 2-6. CM. TaKiKe: K ape e B H. HCTOpllKH <11paHD;ysCKOH peBOJIIOl'(HII, T. 3.
JI., 1925, c. 168.
3 A cP a Hac h e B r. E. ¥CJIOBHH xJIeoHoi TOprOBJlH...,J c. 334-335.
4 A cP a Hac h e:s r. E. rJIaBH:ble MOMeHTLI.... 0. 88.
i TaM me.
'liOPTO 14 ErO HOBEl1illHl1 BHOrPACl>
17
6ypIO» 1789 r. «MYlIHTeJIbHbIe YCTynKH, mepTBbI... MorYT C3KOHO-
MHTb BeJIHKHe 6e,n;cTBHH», «KOpeHHbIe pe<I>opMbI MorYT npe,IJ;OT-
BpaTHTb peBOJIIOD;HIO» - 3Ta M:bICJIb npOCKaJIb3:bIBaeT Ha MHor:n:x
CTpaHHn;ax KHHrH. Ho MOrJIH JIB: pe<poPMbI TIopro B caMOM ,n;eJIe'
C:bIrpaT:b TaKYIO pOJIb? He 6y,n;b 12 MaH 1776 r., He nomJIa JIH 6:b}
HCTOpHH <l>paHI.J;HH ,n;pyrIIMH nYTHMH? RpynHeiImIIH COBpeMeHHbIH
HCTOpHR <l>panI.J;Y3CKOH peBOJIIO HH AJI:b6ep Co6YJI:b ocrrapHBaeT 3TO
npe,n;nOJIOmeHHe.
ROHetiHO, TeopeTHlIeCKH: B03MOmHOCT:b ycnemHoro «nepeBOpo-
Ta cBepxy», KOTOp:bIH npe,n;OTBpam;aeT, «3KOHOMHT» peBOJIIO HIO,
HHKor,n;a He OTpH aJIaCb - ee npH3HaBaJI B. M. JIeHHH. B rO,IJ;bl.
nOCJIe nopaiI-teHHH nepBOH PYCCKOH peBOJIIOn;HH He TOJI:bKO MeHbme-
BHKH-«JIIIKBH,n;aTOp:bI», HO II TaKHe rrpeKpaCH:bIe 60JI:bmeBHKH, KaH.
II. M. CKBOpI.J;OB-CTenaHoB, c-q:HTaJIH, liTO npOBe,n;eHHe CTOJI:bInHH-
CKOH pe<pOpM:.r.I IICKJIIOlIaeT B03MomHOCTb HOBoro nO,IJ;'beMa 6ypmy-
a3Ho-,n;eMOKpaTHtIeCKOH peBOJIIOn;B:H, liTO pa3BHTIIe POCCHH yme
II,n;eT no «npYCCKOMY nYTH» H CTOJI:bInIIHY cym,n;eHa pOJI:b BHCMap-
Ra. JIeHlI BHHMaTeJIbHO H TepneJIHBO pa3'bHCHHJI omH6otIHOCTb.
TaKoro cpaBHeIIHH. «.fl He OTpHn;aIO B03MomHOCTH «npYCCKoro»
nYTH, - nIIcaJI OR B ,n;eKa6pe 1909 f. CKBOpn;OBy-CTenaHoBY, -
H npII3HaIO.., liTO nOJIHTIIKa CTOJI:bInH:Ha ,n;eJIaeT eUfe mar Brrepe;r.t
no «npYCCKOMY» nYTH, II liTO Ha 3TOM nYTH Ha H3BeCTHoiI cTyneHB
Mo er HacTynIITb ,n;HaJIeKTIIqeCKHH nepeJIOM, Cl-tU.Ma1OUfUU C oqe-
pe)J;H Bce Ha,n;em,n;:bI H BH,n;:bI Ha « aMepHKaHCKHH» nYTb. Ho H YT-
Bepm)J;aIO, liTO ceUllac 3TOT nepeJIOM, l-ta8epl-tOe, em;e, He HaCTY-
nHJI». II JIeRHH C HCKJIIOllHTeJIbHOH HCHOCT:bIO 06'bHCIIHJI Bce pa3-
JIUqHe HCTOpHqeCKOH cHTyan;HH: «...lIT06bI He BnaCTb B omH6o'qHoe
(MexaHHtIeCKoe) nepeHeceHIIe K HaM BO MHorOM BepHoro H BO
Bcex OTHomeHHHX KpaHHe n;eHHoro HeMen;Koro 06pa3n;a, Ha)J;O HC-
HO ce6e npe,n;CTaBHTb, liTO Han;HOHaJIbHbIM BonpOCOM 8nO./Ll-te
YTBep;rqrBmeroCH 6ypmya3Horo pa3BHTHH repMaHHH 6:bIJIO 06'be,n;H-
HeHRe H T. n., HO He arpapH:bIH Bonpoc, a l-taq,UOl-ta./Lbl-tbl.M Bonpo-
COM OKOHqaTeJIbHOro YTBepm)J;eHIIH B POCCIIH 6ypmya3Horo pa3-
BHTHH Jl8./LflerCfl HMeHHO arpapHbIH (,n;ame yme: KpeCTbHHCKHii)
BOrrpOC» I.
3TH M:bICJIH' B. M. JIeHHHa D;eJIHKOM npHMeHHM:bI K <l>paHD;HH
XVIII B. IJ;apcKaH POCCHH B KOHI.J;e XIX - HaqaJIe XX B. pacrro-
JIaraJIa JJ;BYMH KpynH:bIMH pe<popMaTopaMH - C. 10. BHTTe II
II. A. CTOJI:bIrrHH:bIM. ROHellHo, B OTJIIIlIHe OT TIOpro OHH 6:bIJIH-
oco6eHHO CTOJI:bInIIH - KOHcepBaTopaMH, nparMaTHKaMII, a He Teo-
peTHKaMH H BOBce He o6JIa,n;aJIH ero B:bICOKHMH HpaBcTBeHHbIMII
RaqeCTBaMH. Ho H OHH nOHHMaJIII Heo6xoJJ;HMOCT:b YCTpaHeHHH He-
ROTOp:bIX nOM:ex, MemaBmHX KanHTaJIHCTHlIecKoMY pa3BHTHIO Poc-
CBB. ECJlB 6LI H He rrp03BYlIaJI B 1911 F. B:bICTpeJI BorpoBa B RH-
f JI e H 11 H B. II. IIOJIH. co6p. COq., T. 47, c. 226, 229.
2 3. <l>op
18
OllAJIA TIOprO
eBCROM OilepHOM TeaTpe, «12 MaH» II. A. CTOJI:blIIHHa Bce paBHo
6blJIO yme npeApemeHo. TaR me RaR BHTTe H CTOJI:blIIHH He Mor-
JIB cnaCTH POMaHOB:bIX, TIOpro He Mor cnaCTH Byp6oHOB. «Ha-
II;MOHaJIbH:bIM» BorrpocoM YTBepm,n;eHHH BO <DpaHD;HH 6ypmya3Horo
pa3BHTHH 6:bIJI arpapH:bIK Bonpoc, HO ,n;06HT:bCH ero pa3pemen HH
TIOpro HHKaK He Mor. .n:ame npOBe,n;eHMe B mH3H:b TaKMX BamH:bIX,
ao cpaBHHTeJIbHO BTopOCTeneHH:bIX 6ypmya3H:bIX pe<POPM, KaK OT-
MeHa perJlaMeHTaD;HH XJIe6HOii TOprOBJIH, JllIKBH,n;aD;HH n;eXOB H
YHHtITOmeHHe ,n;opomHOH nOBHHHOCTH, HaTOJIKHYJIOCb Ha 6ecnom;a,n;-
Hoe conpOTIIBJIeHHe MOHapXHH, napJIaMeHTCKOH apIICTOKpaTIIH, Bep-
xymKII <pHHaHCHCTOB II T. ,n;. TeM 60Jlee MOHapxHfI ,n;06pOBOJlbHO
HH aa tITO He nomJla 6:b1 Ha CJlOM BceH CHCTeM:b1 <peo,n;aJl:bHO-CeHb-
OpHaJlbH:bIX OTHomeHHH, Ha 6eaBDIKynHYIO HX JIHKBH,n;an;HIO. «Co6-
CTBeHHOCT:b 6e3 KaRIIX-JlH60 HCKJIIOtIeHHH,- 3aHBHJI JIIO,n;OBHK XVI
na 3ace,n;aHHH reHepaJlbHDIX illTaTOB 23 HIOHH \1789 r., - ,n;OJliHHa
nOCTOHHHO YBaa aTbCfI, HEro BeJIIItIeCTBO nOHHMaeT no,n; C06CT-
BeHHOCTbIO ,n;ecHTHHY, tIHHm, peHTY, <peo,n;aJIbH:ble II CeH:bOpHaJlb-
fible npaBa H 06HaaHHOCTH II Boo6m;e Bce npaBa II npeHMym;ecTBa,
nOJIe3H:ble HJIII nOqeTH:ble, KaR CBHaaHH:ble C aeMJlHMII H <p:be<pa:MH,
TaR II JIHqH:ble» 1. CJlOMHTb aTY CTeHY TIOpro 6:blJIO He no,n; CIIJlY.
Be,n;:b ,n;ame 6pomropa BOHcep<pa, tIeJIOBeKa, 6J1H3KOrO K oKpyme-
HH]() Tropro, co,n;epmaBmaH cpaBHIITeJI:bHO CKPOMHYIO KPHTHKY
«l>eo,n;aJlbH:bIX npaB, 6:blJIa no,n;BeprHYTa napJlaMeHTOM B 1775 r.
ny6JIHtIHOMY commeHHIO, H aTO Tor,n;a, Kor,n;a TIOpro CTOHJI em;e y
BJIaCTII. Aame nOJlYMep:b1 4 aBrYCTa 1789 r. He MOrJIH cnaCTH
<l>paHD;HIO OT 1793 r. «CaKoHOMHT:b» peBOJIIOD;IIIO Tropro He 6:blJIO
p;ano!
* * *
B CBH3H C pa36opOM KHHrH «OnaJIa TIOprO» M:bI 060pBaJlB
H3JIOmeHIIe 6IIOrpa<pHH 8,n;rapa <l>opa Ha 1962 r. «IIepepbIB» B ero
ITOJIHTHtIeCKOH ,n;eHTeJI:bHOCTH OKaaaJICH XOTH npO)J;OJlmHTeJlbH:bIM,
HO )J;aJIeKO ne OKOHtIa TeJIbH:bIM. IDapJl:b )J;e rOJIJIb ero He aa6:bIBaJI,
Ii, Ror)J;a B 1963 r. B03HHR Bonpoc 0 noe3,D;Ke B KIITaH B CBH3H C
HaMetIaBmHMCH ero npH3HaHHeM, )J;e rOJlJIb nopYtIHJI aTY MHCCHIO
3)J;rapy <l>opy. tJeTblpe ro,n;a cnYCTH OH npII3BaJI ero II B_ COCTaB
npaBHTeJI:bCTBa, nopYtIIIB Be,D;OMCTBO CeJlbCROrO X03fIHCTBa. Ho Ha
aTOM nOCTY <l>op 3a,n;epmaJICfI He Ha,n;OJIro. B Mae 1968 r. ,n;eroJl-
JIeBCKaH l<I>paHD;HH nepemHJIa cepbe3Heiimee IICn:bITaHHe: KpynHeii-
myIO B HCTOpHH CTpaH:bI MHorOMHJlJlHOHHYIO CTatIRY npOJleTapHaTa
II HeBH,n;aHHoe no pa3Maxy cTy,n;eHtIeCROe ,n;BHmeHHe. Pe<popMa B:bIe-
men IDROJI:bI, CTpYKTypa KOTOpoii nOtITH He MeHHJIaC:b c HanOJIeO-
HOBCKHX BpeMeH, CTaJIa HeH36emHoii. II B nOHCKax RaH,D;H,n;aTa Ha
TPY,D;HeHmHn nOCT MHHHCTpa, KOTOp:bIH )J;OJImeH 6y,n;eT npOBo,n;HT:b
t Seance tenue par Ie Roi aux Etat5 Generaux Ie 23 juin 1789.-
Declaration des intentions du Roi. Pari-5, p. XII.
TIOpro 11 Ero HOBEl1illHl1 BIIOrPAtlJ
1
3TY 60JIe3HeHHYIO pe<POPMY, )];e rOJIJIL OCTaHOBIIJI CBOH BLI60p Ha
8 rape <Dope.
IIomaJIYH, 9TO 6LIJI OTBeTCTBeHHeimHi MOMeHT BO Bcei nOJIM-
THQeCKOH 6Horpa<pHH <Dopa. Ho OH JIIIJICH He;D;OJIro - MeHLme ro-
a. B anpeJIe 1969 r. e rOJIJIL nOTepneJI nopameHHe Ha pe<I>epeH-
YMe. OH OTBeTIIJI HeMe JIeHHOH OTCTaBKoi - «meCT, He JIHmeH-
HLIH BeJIHQHH», KaK CKa3aJI MOpHC Tope3 rrOCJIe nepBoi OTCTaBKH
e rOJIJIH, B 1946 r. HOBLIH npe3H eHT iR. IIOMIIII;D;Y He rrpH6er
K YCJIyraM 8. <Dopa.
HacTynHJI BTOpOH rrepepLIB B rocY;D;apcTBeHHoH ;D;eHTeJIbHOCTJlI
<Dopa. OH rrpO;D;OJImaJICH TPH ro;a;a, H B 9TO BpeMH 8. <Dop, rrpo;a;y-
MaB ypOKH MaHCKoro KpII3HCa 1968 r., B03rJIaBHJI )];BHmeHHe 3a
«HOBLIH 06m;eCTBeHH:bIH ;a;orOBOp». TeHb iRaH-iRaKa CHOBa BCTa-
JIa Ha;a; <DpaHD;HeH.
B 1972 r. iR. IIoMnH)];Y rrpH3BaJI <Dopa K BJIaCTH. He 6e3 He-
KOTOp:bIX KOJIe6aHHH OH npHHHJI npe;a;JIOmeHHLIH eMY nopT<peJIb
MHHHCTpa Tpy)];a H COD;HaJIbHbIX )];eJI. Hai,n;eT JIll B caMOM )J;eJIe
«06m;eCTBeHHbIH )];OrOBOp» npaKTIItIeCKOe npHMeHeHHe? Ho IIJIaHaM
«O,n;IIHOKOrO MetITaTeJIH» HIIKOr;a;a He cym,n;eHO 6bIJIO c6LIBaTLCH.
iR. IIOMIIII,n;y HeOmII;a;aHHO CKOHtIaJICH, II B HOBOM Ka6HHeTe ,n;JIa
8;a;rapa <Dopa He HamJIOCb MeCTa. Bce me nOCJIe nepeB:bI6opOB Ha-
D;HOHaJILHOrO co6paHHH 8. <Dop B KaqeCTBe npe,n;ce,n;aTeJIH co6paHHH
CTaJI tIeTBepT:bIM tIeJIOBeKOM B CTpaHe. OH IIOKHHYJI 9TOT IIOCT
TOJILKO B 1978 f. B 9TH ro,n;bI HJIH B «nepep:bIBe» Mem,n;y 1969 II
1972 rf. OH HaIIHcaJI II CBOH BTOpOH HCTOpH"tIeCKHH TPYA - 0
JJ:m. JIoyl.
KaK BH,n;IIM, IIOJIHTIIqeCKaH 6Horpa<pHH 8,n;rapa <Dopa ;D;OCTaTOq-
no CJIOmHa. Ho KaKHe 6:bI nepHneTHH Hil nepemHBaJI 9TOT BH,n;HbIH
}J;eHTeJI:b <DpaHD;HH, B O,n;HOM OTHomeHHH OH OCTaBaJICH HeH3MeHH().
BepeH ce6e II nOCTOHHeH. C Toro MOMeHTa KaK <Dop, ,n;BIImHM:bIH
mHBeHmllM IIHTepeCOM K POCCHH H OKTH6p:bCKOH peBOJIIOD;HH, H3Y-
qHJI PYCCKHH H3:bIK, II 6YKBaJIbHO )];0 CaM:bIX IIOCJIe,n;HIIX ,n;Heii OR
OCTaeTCH TBep,n;:bIM CTOpOHHHKOM <ppaHKO-COBeTCKoro C6JIHmeHHH,
;n;pym6:bI HamIIX HapO;a;OB - H B 9TOM OH He OTCTYIIaeT HH Ha mar.
C 1977 r. OH B03rJIaBJIHeT rpynIIY <ppaHKo-coBeTcKoH ,n;pym6I>I B.
Han;HOHaJILHOM c06paHHH. COBeTcKHe JIIO;a;1I ;a;aBHO 3HaIOT II BbICOKO
eHHT 8,n;rapa <Dopa KaK CBoero ,n;Pyra, nYCT:b me OHM Y3HaIOT II
ou;eHHT ero II KaK TaJIaHTJIHBOrO, HpKoro, B,D;yMtIHBOrO HCTopHKa.
B. M. 1(a.!tUl-l.
1 F a u r e E. La banqueroute de Low. 17 juillet 1720. Ed. Gallimard..
Paris, 1977.
2*
o
onAJ1A TIOprO
OT aBTOpa
MHHHCTepCKHH OrrbIT 'l'ropro rrpeJI;CTaBJUleT C060R rrpemJI;e BCe-
O Orr:bIT 8KOHOMHqeCKOR rrOJIHTHKH H rrOTOMY HBJIHeTCH HCKJIro"fle-
BHeM B HCTOplIII <PpaHD;uH. B HamH JI;HH MHHHCTpOB cpHHaHCOB
qaCTO yrrpeKaIOT B TOl\I, "fITO OHH 60JIee <pHHaHCHCT:bI, "fIeM 8KOHO-
'MHCT:bI, JIu60 IIO CKJIOHHOCTH, JIH60 qaCTO IIO Heo6xOAHMOCTH. Trop-
ro me, HarrpOTHB, 60JI:bllie 8KOHOMHCT, "fIeM <pHHaHCHCT, H MomHO
'CKa3aT:b, "fITO 8TO OJI;HOBpeMeHHO H IIO CKJIOHHOCTH, II IIO B03MOiK-
HOCTH, H60 B TeqeHHe JI;BaJI; aTH MeCH eB ero yrrpaBJIeHHH IIOJIome-
BHe rOCYJI;apCTBeHH:bIX <pHHaHCOB He JI;OCTaBJIHJIO eMY oco6L1X
XJIOrrOT.
Pa3YMeeTcH, reHepaJIbHbIH KOHTpOJIep He OCTaBJIHeT 6e3 BHII-
MaHHH 6roJI;meT, HaJIOrH, KpeJI;HT H Boo6 e Bce "fIHCTO <pHHaHcoBLle
np06JIeMM, no OH paccMaTpHBaeT HX C TOqKH 3peHHH BceR 8KO
HOMHKH B eJIOM: 03JI;OpOBJIeH1Ie 6roJI;meTa, <pHCKaJIbHYro pe<poPMY,
BOCCTaHOBJIeHHe rocYJI;apcTBeHHoro KpeJI;HTa OH paccMaTpHBaeT KaR
.cpeJI;CTBa )J;JIH JI;ocTHiKeHHH oCHoBrroH eJIII - 8KOHOMHQeCKOR 8KC-
naHCHH. B 8TOH 8KOHOMUQeCKOH 8KcrraHCHH pa3BHTHe CeJIbCKOrO
X03HHcTBa HrppeT ne IlCKJIroQIITeJI:bHYro, no OCHOBHYIO pOJI:b, a B
pa3BHTHH CeJIbCKOrO X03HHcTBa TaKme He HCKJIroQHTeJI:bHYro, no OC-
HOBHYro pOJIL IIrpaeT 3epHOBOH ceKTOp. MMeHHO B c<pepe 8KOHOMH
"fIeCKIIX IIpo6JIeM Tropro 6YJI;eT BeCTH CBOro Hrpy H IIpOHrpaeT ee
ft>e3 BCHKoro <pHHaHCOBoro KpH3Hca. OHa 6YJI;eT IIpOHrpaHa HM B
.)J;Ba IIplleMa: CHaQaJIa - H 60JIee "fIeM HarrOJIOBHHY - BO BpeMlI
,«MyqnOH BOHHLI» \B Mae 1775 r., a 3aTeM, IIOCJIe meCTII 3AHKTOB,
'l()T ABTOP A
21
rB MapTe 1776 r. MeiKJ];Y TeM TIopro B:bImeJI IIo6e;r(HTeJIeM H3 060HX
iIcIILITaBllu; BO aTO OKa3aJIaC:b IIHppOBa II06eJ];a. TIoCJIe BToporo IIC-
,J.ILITaBHH MHBHCTp yme HBHO 06pe't{eH, MaJIeiimHii npOMax MOiKeT
.ero nory611TL, HO yme IIOCJIe nepBoro HCIILITaHHH CaM:bIii OII:bIT ero
MomBO CqHTaTL IIpOBaJIHBmHMCH.
TaRHM o6pa30M, 8TOT ;r(BaJ]; aTHMeCHqHLIi IIepHO , ROTOp:bIM Ba-
qaJIOC:b apCTBOBaHHe JIroJ];oBHKa XVI H KOTOpLIii B CHJIY caMoro
9Toro cpaRTa Mor CTaTL pemaro HM, TeM< 60JIee eCJIH yqeCTL
.cTpel\IJIeHHC HOB oro MHBHCTpa R pe<popMaM H, TaR CKa3aTL, R
n.!tauupoeanu1O, -MomBO H306pa3HT:b B BHJ];e IIapa60JI:bI, BepmHHoii
1\OTopoii CTaJIa «MyqHaH BORHa». Ao 8Toro BpeMeHII KpHBaH IIOJ];LI-
MaeTCH BBepx. OIIII03H HH, BeCOMHeHHO, cy ecTByeT, HO pa3p03-
HeHHaH, HepemnTeJI:bHaH, 9TO, CKopee, HeJ];OBepHe H aHTHIIaTHH B
1\JIaBe epKOBHHKOB, B napTnn mya3eJIHCTOB, B IIapJIaMeHTCKOH
i\aCTe, cpeJ];H IIpHBHJIerHpOBaHHbIX II reHepaJI:bH:bIX oTKyn HKOB.
Ho IIpOCBe eHHaH 't{aCT:b 06 eCTBa 0;r(06pHeT 8KCIIepHMeHT, H 06-
' eCTBeBHoe MHeHue HaCTpoeHO B IIOJIb3Y MHHHCTpa. Tropro IIOJIL-
3yeTcH J];OBepHeM KOpOJIH, II caMa KOpOJIeBa OqeHL MHJIOCTHBa R
1fleMY. RaR M:bI YBHJ];HM J];aJIee, 6:bIJIO 6:bI Cep:be3HOR omH6Koii IIO-
JIaraT:b, 't{'TO BO BpeMH MHHHCTepCTBa Tropro TO H ;r(eJIO B03HHKaJIH
KOHcpJIHKT:bI MemJ];Y CypOBbIM MHHHCTpOM II JIerKOMLICJIeHHOii II
paCTO't{HTeJILHOH HOpOJIeBoii. «Eii HpaBHJICH r-H Tropro, H OHa IIpO-
OJIm.aJIa YBamaTb ero, J];ame Kor,n;a OH eii pa30HpaBHJICH», - 3a-
MeqaeT a66aT ;r(e Bepn l . 3a KYJIHCaMH o ym;aeTcH TaHHCTBeHHaH
nOJ];J];epiKKa, OKa3:bI)3aeMaH MIIHHCTPY. «Y MeHH eCT:b BamH:bIe CO-
06pam HHH no nOBO,IJ;Y npe06JIa,IJ;aro ero BJIHHHHH, KOTopoe IIPH-
06peTaeT reHepaJIbH:bIH KOHTpOJIep», - nI1:meT MapHH Tepe3HH IIO-
COJI MepCH-ApmaHTO. B TO me BpeMH -- H, 6:bITh MomeT, BCJIe,n;-
'CTBHe 8THX. 06CTOHTeJI:bCTB - Tropro J];eHcTByeT OCTopomHO H OqeHL
JIOBKO He TOJI:bKO B paMKax CBOHX npHM:bIX 06H3aHHOCTeii, HO II
B JIlIqH:bIX OTHomeHHHX II B ;r(eJIax 06m;eH nOJIHTHKH. Ram,IJ;bIH H3
ero paCC't{HTaHH:bIX marOB Be,IJ;eT ero Bnepe,IJ; no 3apaHee HaMeqeH-
'UOMY IIYTH. Bce Kal\ 6YJ];TO IIpeJ];Be aeT eMY ,IJ;OJIroe H IIJIO,n;O-
TBopHoe MHHHCTepCTBO.
IIocJIe MaHCKHX 6eCnopH,IJ;KoB 1775 r. I\pHBaH KaH 6YJ];TO CHa-
'qa a 3aMHpaeT B HepemHTeJI:bHOCTH, 3aTeM OTKJIOHHeTCH, H3rH6a-
-eTCH H, Bce YCKOPHH CBoe ,IJ;BHmeHHe, naJ];aeT BepTHKaJIbHO BHH3.
CerO,IJ;HH HaM KameTCH, qTO npOHH a TeJI:bH:bIH Ha6JIIOJ];a TeJIb Mor
-6LI JIerKO yraJ];aTb 8TOT nOBopOT cYJ];b6:bI. Tropro, HeCOMHeHHO,
B:bIHrpaJI: OH COXpaHHJI J];OBepHe KOpOJIH, OH CnpaBHJICH C MHTeiROM.
Ho 8TO He YCIIex MHHHCTpa <pHHaHCOB, 8TO YCIIex MHHHCTpa BHYT"
IpeHHHX J];eJI, HaCTOJI:bKO HBH:bIH, 't{TO MomHO npeJ];IIOJIOmHT:b, qTO
Tropro Mor 6:bI CTaTb HaXOJ];KOH ,IJ;JIH CTaporo IIOpH,IJ;Ka He CTOJIbKO
UJIarOJ];apH CBOHM 8KOHOMHqeCKHM pecpopMaM, CKOJILKO Hs-sa pemll...
1. Ve r i. Journal, T. I, p. 13. <dI BH}J;eJI, KaK oHa BOCXH aJIaCL TlOpro,
°AuaKo C Bee me BaqaJIHCL H Hana}J;KH Ba HerO». (Ibid., p. 417.)
22
OIlAJ1A TIoprO
TeJlbHOCTH XapaRTepa 1. Ho ero 6YJI;YT He CTOJI:bKO XBaJIHTL 3a TO,.
tITO OH BOCCTaHOBHJI I10pHJI;OR 6JIarOJI;apH cBoeiI pemHTeJI:bHOCTH,.
CROJILKO PyraTb 3a TO, 'tITO OH HapymHJI ero CBoeH I10JIHTIIROH.
Post hoc, ergo propter hoc *. ECJIH HeJI;OBOJILCTBO CJIeJI;yeT 3a pe-
<popMoii, pa3Be He HCHO, tITO OHa 6:bIJIa ero I1pHqIIHOH?
Bo BCHROM CJIyqae, Bce ee ocymJI;aIOT.
He cOJI;epmHT JIH B ce6e TaKOH YIIpo eHH:bIH B3rJIHJI; Ha Bem;:a
BeROTOpyIO JI;OJIIO I1paBJI;LI? 3aCT:bIBmaH TpaJI;HD;HOHHaH perJIaMeH-
Tan;HH, I1oJIHD;eiicRaH pYTHHa H TO, tITO MomHO Ha3BaTL «JI;eJIaMa-
PH3MOM»2, CTOJIL JIerRO 06'LHBJIHBmHeCH a6CYPJI;HLIMH H BpeJI;HLIMH,
Be OTBeqaIOT JIH OHH rJIy60KoH MYJI;pOCTH HHCTHHKTa caMocoxpa-
HeHHH? Pa3Be 6bIJIO 6LI TaR yme 6e3paCCY HO rrOiKepTBOBaTL JI;ame'
3JI;paBLIM CMbICJIOM paJI;H «I1pOmOpJIHBOrO arOH3Ma CTOJIHD;bI», paJI;K
CiiOROiicTBHH IIapHmaH, pa,n;H XOTH 6bI I1CHXOJIOrHtIeCROrO Yl\'IHpO-
TBopeHHH npOCTOHapOJI;LH 60JIbmHX n;eHTpOB? M3BeqHaH JI;paMa H'
Hepa3pemIIMaH I1p06JIeMa JI;pHXJIeIO HX pemHMOB. Bo BpeMH Rpy- .
meHHH OCHOBOIIOJIaraIO Hx CTPYRTYP, OCeJI;aHIIH fJIaBHbIX OIlOp'
JIH HHX naHxYJI;maH I10JIHTHRa Ta, ROTopaH enOCUT 6ecnopRf)o .
06petJ:eHHbIii opraHH3M, RameTCH, JIerqe I1epeHOCHT arOHHIO, tIeM
rrOTpHceHHe. HerroJI;BHmHocTL He MomeT y6epetIL OT HeH36emHoro
Konn;a, HO 'caMoe 6JIarOTBOpHoe B03JI;eHCTBHe RaR 6YJJ;TO ero YCRO-
pHeT. BOT rrOqeMY Ha pecpopMaTopOB BCerJI;a 6y,n;YT B03JIaraTL JI;O..
JIIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a RaTaCTpocpLI, KOTopbIe, OAHaKO, OHH OJI;HD
IIMeJIH maHc, XOTH H OqeHL c la6blii:, I1pe OTBpaTHTb.
ECJIH TIOpro IIOTepHJI OTtIaCTH I10JI;JI;epmRY 06II(eCTBeHHoro
MHeHHH, TO OH, I10-BH,IJ;HMOMY, I10TepHJI H rro,n;JI;epmKY JIIO)J;OBH-.
Ra XVI, a 8TO rOpa3JI;0 cepLe3Hee. ,ROpOJIL I10CJIeJI;OBaJI 3a HHM,
HO OB COMHeBaJICH, H 8TH COMHeHHH He 3a6bIJIHCL. ROpOJIb Ha Bpe-
MH IIpeO,IJ;OJIeJI HepemHTeJILHOCTL H neHL, CBoHcTBeHHbIe ero xapaK-
Tepy, HO OH He Mor He 3aTaUTL rJIyxoe He,IJ;OBOJIbCTBO TeM, KTO
rrpHHYJI;HJI ero CJI;eJIa TL 8TO YCHJlHe, HaBH3aJl 8TY pa60TY H 3aCTa-
BHJI, XOTH. H R ero me I10JIL3e, HaCHJIOBaTL CBOIO HaTYPY. HaKoHen;,
pa3HbIe 06CTOHTeJIbCTBa 8IIH30 H1IeCKOH HCTOpHH, MaHeBpbI RJIaHOB
H pacrrpH MemJI;Y oTJ];eJILHbIMH JIHn;aMH B CKOpOM BpeMeHH BbI30BYT
ccopy TIOpro C KOpOJIeBoH. O HaKo HMeHHO oCJIa6JIeHHe I10JIome...
HHH MHHHcTpa, HecoMHeHHo, I10CJlymHJIO O HOH H3 rrpHQHH, HJIB
I10 MeHLmeii Mepe O HHM H3 YCJIOBHH, caMoro pa3pbIBa, H60 8TOT
pa3p:&IB YRa3aJl Ha Hero KaR na JllML JIH CTpaTerHH HHTpHraHOB,
a OTBeTHLIe ,n;eiiCTBHH TIOpro 6LIJIH I1JIOXO paCCqHTaHbI, qT06LI I1pe -
OTBpaTHTL HJIH aiRe 3aMe JIHTL 8TOT pa3p:bIB.
1 S c hum pet e r. History of economical analysis. New Y or k, 1954,.
p. 247.
* IIocJIe 3Toro - CJIe}J;oBaTeJILHO, BCJIe CTBlle 3Toro (JIaT.). - IIpIIM.
pe .
2 .[{eJIaMapll3M OT HMeHII .[{eJIaMapa, KOTOpLIH B CBoeM «TpaKTaTe 0 na-
plliRCKOH nOJIIID;III1» «<Traite de la Police de Paris») npe}J;cTaeT 3aHAJILIM
AOKTpHHepoM, CTOpOHHHKOl\1 perJIaMeHTUpoBaHHoH 3KOHO:MJUUI.
OT ABTOPA
23
R TOMY iRe, rro Mepe Toro RaK BJIHHHHe Tropro CJIa6eeT, rra-
paJIJIeJIbHO, C TOqHOCT:bro qaCOBOro MexaHHSMa YMeH:bmaeTCH ero
OCMOTpHTeJIbHOCTb, ero JIOBKOCtb H XJIa;a;HOKpOBHe. IT peO;a;OJleHHe
KpHSHca C,n;BHHYJIO ero rrJIaH:bI. iReJIaH HaBepCTaTL ynym;eHHoe Bpe-
MH, BepHYT:b YTpaqeHH:bIH aBTopHTeT, OH H;a;eT Ha pHCK H em;e
60JI:bme TepHeT H TO H ,n;pyroe. 8TO 6er OT OrraJILI, KOTOp:bIH Be;a;eT
npHMo R HeH. ITo Mepe Toro KaR ero rrpoTHBHHKH Bce CHJILHee
qYBCTByroT HaBHcmyro Ha;a; HHMM yrpo3Y, OHH CTaHOBHTCH pemH-
TeJI:bHeH II 06 e;a;HHHroTCH. BCTpeqaH 60JIee TBep;a;oe corrpOTHBJIe-
HHe, Tropro pemaeTcH Ha 60JIee pe3Koe Harra,n;eHHe. OH rreperpy-
maeT CBOH «noes,n;» pe<popMaMH B TY MHHYTY, Kor;a;a HarrpaBJIHeT
ero Ha maTKHH MOCT. OH 6pocaeT B aTaKy meCTb 3;a;IIKTOB, ero
«nOMemaTeJI:bCTBO Ha 06m;eCTBeHHoM 6JIare», ROTopoe ocym;a;aroT
ame ero ;a;pY3bH, He qTO MHoe, RaK crremKa, 3TO II BrrpaB,n;y
6eSYMHoe YCHJIHe rrpOBeCTH RaK MomHO CKopee II KaR MomHO nOJI-
Ree CBOro rrporpaMMY, OCBo60,n;HTLCH OT CBoero TBopeHIIH, qTo6:bI He
YBJIeqL ero 3a C060H B CBoeM na,n;eHHH. Ha 3TOT pas OH em;e o;a;ep-
iKHBaeT n06e,n;y. 8;a;HKT:bI BLIXO,1];HT B CBeT. Ho MaJIL3ep6 oTcTyrra-
eTCH, BepH y,n;aJIHeTCH, Mopena npe,n;aeT, H M:bI BM,n;HM Tropro, no-
KHHYToro Ha nOJIe 60H, nO;a;06HO HeKoeMY ROpOJIro PHqap;a;y, KO-
TOp:bIH - 0 HaCMemKa cy;a;:b6:bI! - KaR 6y;a;To o;a;epmaJi n06e;a;y, HO
):(ame D;eHoH CBoero KOpOJIeBCTBa He MomeT paS;a;06:bITL ce6e KOHH.
M TaK, ,n;Ba rrepHO;a;a npaBJIeHHH Tropro npe;a;CTaBJIHroTcH HaM
BeCLMa pa3JIHqHLIMH He TOJI:bRO no npOTHBOrrOJIOmHOMY xapaKTepy
cBoerq ;lJ;HHaMHSMa, HO H no YCJIOBHHM II MeTO;a;aM MHHHCTepCKOH
.n;eHTeJILHOCTH. B nepBOM nepHO;lJ;e npe06JIa,n;aroT Crren;HaJILHLIe, Tex-
HHqeCKHe np06JIeM:bI, MliIHHCTp Be,n;eT ce6H KaK JIOBKHH II ;a;aJlLHO-
BH,IJ;H:bIH nOJIHTHK, OH KOHTpOJIHpyeT HJIH C;a;epmHBaeT OrraCH:bIe
CKJIOHHOCTH CBoero xapaKTepa. Bo BTOpOM nepHO;a;e, HanpoTHB, Ha
nepe;a;HHH rrJIaH BLIcTyrraroT BonpoCLI JIHqHLIX BsaHMooTHomeHHH,
BHYTpeHHHH H ,n;ame BHeillHHH nOJIHTHKa neperrJIeTaroTcH C Bonpo-
caMH ynpaBJIeHHH II pe<popMaMH, a Tropro, nepecTaB c,n;epiRHBaT:b-
CH, rrpH6eraeT K rpy60H TaKTHKe, KOTopaH, nO,IJ;qepKHBaH npHcy-
,rqyro eMY nopOH CKJIOHHOCT:b K pesKocTH II npHMOJlHHeHHOcTH, 6y-
J(eT co,n;eHcTBOBaT:b COS;a;aHHro onpe;a;eJIeHHOrO 06pa3a 3Toro 'tIeJIO-
.BeKa B rJIasax ero cOBpeMeHHHKoB II B npe;a;CTaBJIeHHH nOTOMKOB.
B nOCJIe;a;HHe He;a;eJIH HeJIOBKOCTb MHHHcTpa CTaHOBHTCH qYTb
.JIH He BLIS:bIBarom;eH H rroqTH qTO HenpHJIH1IHOH. B KpyrrH:bIX rro-
JIMTHqeCKHx npOBaJIaX nOqTH Bcer;a;a eCT:b 'tITO-TO HanoMHHarom;ee
caMoy6HHCTBO.
qacTb rrepBaSI HAL( E)KL(A
26 TJ:ACTb IIEPBAH. HAJ{EiRJ{A
r .!taea I illaHTJIY
11 IToHmapTpeH
J{o.tteoe 'ij,apCT606anue nO'H,.'1taeTCJl, nopou
ue0060Jt'bCT60JK u necnpa6eoJtU60CT'b1O 'Ha-
pooa. Haeua'Hue CTap'bLX napJtaJrteUT06,
YCTaU06Jteuue nap.ttaMe'HTa ony, aCTU -
noe 6aU11,pOTCT60, YCTpoeuuoe a66aTO
Teppa, 63uJrtauue npe uux uaJtoe06 u
pOCT eocyoapcT6euuoeo ooJtea, pQ,CTO U-
TeJt'bCT60 tjJa60pUT06 nopoJtst, 6036'bI.'l,u,euue
uec11,oJt'b11,UX tjJa60puTo11" U oc06eu'Ho no-
cJteoueu, npu6eJtO 11, TOJrty, 1.£TO 'Hapof)
o uoa.tt JK'Hoeux 6.ttae OT u060eo npa6Jte-
uun. u CYP060 ocymoa.tt npemuee.
MoppeJIJIe. Me.Myap'b&
JIro;IJ:OBHK XV rrocJle CMepTH, HaCTHrmeii ero 10 MaH 1774 r.,
na meCTH;IJ:eCHTOM rO;IJ:Y n;apCTBOBaHHH, OCTaBHJI CBoeMY BHYKY ;IJ:O-
HHY JIro;IJ:OBHKY OrrocTY BMeCTe C caMOKpHTHqHOH HCIIOBe)J;:bro B
CBoeM 3aBe aHHH «<H 11JIOXO rrpaBIIJI cTpaHoM H IIJIOXO paCIIopH-
maJICH, lITO 06':bHCHHeTcH Moeii 6eCTaJIaHHOCT:bro II IIJIOXHMH 110-
MOID;HIIKaMH») II «60raTCTBOM» B 50 T:bIC. JIHBpOB B cBoeii JIllqHOH
mKaTYJlKe l (BMecTo OiRH;n;aeM:bIX 400 MJIH.!) TaKiRe 6peMH npaB-
rreHHH CaM:bIM MHOrOqHCJIeHH:bIM II K TOMY iRe CaM:bIM He;IJ:OBOJI:bH:bI 1
Ha pO;IJ:OM BO BceR EBporre.
1 MapHH Tepe3luI, aBcTpnMcKaH HMlIepaTplI:o;a, TpeBOiKHTCR: 0 3HaMe-
HHTOH mKaTYJIKe KOpOJIH, KOTOpyIO Ha3LIBaIQlr «}J;pa3HHJIKOH» (la chatouille),
II rOBoplIT 0 40 MJIII. <ppaHKoB. rpacp }J;e Rpein;, mBe)];CKHH IIOCJIaHHHR, )];0-
XO)];HT )];0 360 MJIlI. II ncepbe3 co06m;aeT. CBoeMY )J;BOpy: «ECJIH 3TO TaK, TO
Morym;ecTBo <DpaHn;IIH CTaHeT rp03HLIM )J;JIH Bcex ee nparOB». A66aT )];e
BepH HaCTpoeH 60JIee CKeIITH"tJeCKH, O}J;HaKO OH Bce iRe BepHT B cym;ecTBo-
BaHHe 12-15 MJIH. Kor}J;:l 6LIJIH CHHTJ>I ne'tJaTH, B mKaTYJIKe C TPY)];OM HaC1IH-
THJIII 50 T:bIC. <ppaHKoB. O;n;HaKo KOpOJI:b }J;OBepHJI repn;ory )J;'8rHHoHY 2 MJIH.
JIHBpOB B n;eHHLIX 6YMarax, KOTopLIe TOT BepHYJI II nOJIyqlIJI 500 TLIC. JIHB-
pOB, Kor)];a YXO}J;IIJI B oTcTaBKY (CM. )];aJIee). HaRoHen;, no CJIOBaM r-ffiH
KaMlIaH, KOpOJIb HMeJI BRJIa)];LI B cpIIHaHCOB:bIX KOMnaH]JHX, 11 JIIO}J;OBIII\ XVI
IIO)J;apllJI IIX CBoeMY rrepBOMY KaMep)];IIHepy - T:beppH )];e BHJIJIb-}J;' ABpe.
(CM.: Mme C amp aD. Memoires sur la vie privee de Marie-Antoinette'. Pa-
ris, 1822, t. II, p. 108.) 8TO YKa3aHlle KaR 6Y}J;TO OTHOCIITCH K yqaCTllIO B npll-
OLIJIHX oTKynOB. (CM.: IVI e r C y - A r g e n tea u. Correspondance secrete
entre Marie-Therese et Ie comte de Mercy-Argenteau. Paris, 1874, t. II,.
p. 128, 181 et 182;. V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 108.)
L'JIABA I. mAHTJ1Y H llOHmAPTPEH
27
MomBO JIH em;e crraCTH MOHapXHlIeCKHM CTpOM BO <PpaBD;HH?
'1IMeeT JIH e e maHC:bI Ha ycrrex 8HeprHqHaH KOHcepBaTHBHaH rro-
.JlHTH:Ka? He rrpHillJIO JIH BpeMH ;a;JIH CHCTeMaTHqeCKOrO rrpOBe;a;eHHH
Rn6epaJI:bHOH rrOJIMTHKH?
CerO;a;HH HaM KaiKeTCH, tITO B HatIaJIe 8Toro pernaIOID;ero rrpaB-
neHHH 06CTOHTeJI:bCTBa, 6J1arorrpHHTcTByroID;He eMY" H 06CTOHTeJl:b-
.CTBa BpaiR;a;e6H:bIe ;a;OBOJl:bHO xopomo KOMrreHCHpOBaJlH ,n;pyr ;a;pyra,
TaK lITO B03MOiKHOCTII II pHCK Haxo,n;HJlHC:b KaR 6:bI B paBHOBeCHH.
«STOT ,n;BOp H 8Ta MOHapXHH B n;eJIOM, - OTMetIaeT MepCH-Ap-
'maHTO, - rrpe,n;CTaBJlHIOT C060H OqeH:b rrecTpYlo :KapTHHY ,n;06pa
qII 3J1a».
HecoMHeHHo, HerrorrYJlHpHOCT:b nORoHHoro KOpOJlH 6:bIJla TaR
.BeJIHKa, tITO rroHoJle6aJIa ;a;OBepHe K caMHM HHcTHTYTaM. Ho 06 8TOM
'Tpy,n;HO cy;a;UTb, n60 Bce 03apeHO HOBOM BCrr:bIIDKOH HeHcTpe6HM:bIX
MOHapXHtIeCKHX tIYBCTB.
Y me pacrrpOCTpaHHIOTCH HOB:bIe CJIOBa.: «paBeHCTBO», «pecrry6-
.JIHRa» - 06 aTOM: CBH,n;eTeJl:bCTByeT a66aT ;a;e BepH I , - HO OHH He
3aTMeBaIOT CTap:bIM KYJlbT. B 3TH ,n;HH TOHKaH pa3HHn;a, KOTopaH
IIOCTOHHHO cyrn;ecTByeT Mem;a;y pe:JICUMOM II CUCTeMOU, e e He HC-
qe3J1a. MOHapXHH ern;e MOiKeT OTKa3aT:bCH OT YCTapeBIDHX oypnb"lX
npU8bP.tel'i-. OT JIIOJJ;oBHKa XVI iR,n;YT o6no8.aenuR. OKpYiKaIOrn;ee
ero 6J1aropacrrOJIOmeHHe 06J1erlIHT eMY Bce HaqHHaHHH. Ho 8TO
()rraCHaH rrO;a;JJ;epiKKa, H60 Bce, lITO B036YiK,n;aeT Ha;a;em,n;y, YCHJlH-
BaeT HeTeprreHHe H OqeH:b 6:bICTpO rropO ;a;aeT pa30QapOBaHHe.
MOJlO;a;OH KOpOJl:b rroJlyqaeT 6e;a;Hoe rocy;a;apcTBO B 60raToM CTpa-
ne. If 8TO nOJlOmeHne He e;a;HHHlIH:bIM cJlyqaii B HCTOpHH <PpaH HH.
'<PIIHaHC:bI H3pH,n;HO paCCTpOeH:bI, HO OHn II paH:bIDe 6:bIJlH B TaKOM
-cOCTOHHHH II 6YJJ;YT pacCTpOeH:bI ern;e ropa3;a;0 60Jl:bIDe. M 3aTeM,
r;a;e 8TO BH;a;aHO, QT06:bI CTpOM pa3BaJlHJlCH H3-3a tIHCTO 6IO;a;meTH:bIX
'II <pHcKaJl:bH:bIX rrpHlIHH? SKoHoMHKa rrOJIHOKpOBHa, B HeM 3aMeTH:b1
npH3HaKH rrpoD;BeTaHHH II ;a;aiRe - rro;a; BJlHHHHeM aHrJlHHCKOH
'IIpOM:bIIDJleHHOM peBOJIIO HH - 3alIaTKH Toro, lITO M:bI Terrepb Ha-
3BaJlH 6:bI «3KcrraHCHeM».
ECTL MHoro 3J1oyrroTpe6J1eHHH, HO TaKiKe II MHoro pecypcoB,
'He ClIHTaH, KaK rOBopHT MapHH Tepe3HH, Tex peCYPQoB, KOTopLIe
RaK pa3 H COCTOHT B YCTpaHeHHH 3J1oyrroTpe6J1eHHM. If HaKoHen;,
-caMoe rJla:QHoe: n;apHT MHp, a B MupHoe BpeMH B 8TOM CTpaHe
MomBo Bcero ;a;oCTHrHYT:b.
B BalliH ,n;HH JlerKO 3aMeTHT:b - a MHOrJIe nOHHMaJlH 8TO YiKe H
B TO BpeMH, - tITO ;a;JlH TOM 8IIoxn xapaHTepHa Hey;a;epmHMaH 8BO-
JIIOD;HH n;a;eM II IIHTepecoB. IIo;a;06HLIH Harrop ;a;OJlmeH 6:bIJI IIpHBeCTH
JIH60 K HaCHJI:bCTBeHHoMY cBepmeHHIO MOHapxHH, JIH60 K D;eJlOH
1 . «M)];SH paneHCTna 11 pecny6JIIUnI nO)];CnY)];HO 6pO)];HT B YMaX)>. (Ve-
r 1. Ope cit., t. I, p. 238.) 3Ta aaIHlCb C CJIalla B CJIS,rr;yrom;eM rO)J;Y (IlIOIIb
1775 r.).
28
TIACTb llEPBAH. HAlfEiRJ{AA
,
CHCTeMe MHpH:bIX npe06pa30BaHHU. TaKOB pa3pbIB MeiKJ(y peBOJIIO-
[(HeU H pe<pOpMaMH.
O,D;HaKO 9TO 06'LHCHeHHe, XOTR, KQHelIHO, II He omH6olIHOe,.
6LIJIO 6LI HenOJlH:bIM. rJly60KIIM nopOKOM CTaporo nOpH,D;Ka B KOHn;C
XVIII B. 6:bIJIa npoTu80pettu80CTb eeo OUna.MU8.Ma. Kor,n;a cyn:(e-
cTByeT e,D;HHOe, 1I0CTOJlHHOe ,n;BHiKeHHe B Ollpe,n;eJIeHHOM HallpaB-
neHIIII, MomHO Ha B:bI6op IIpoTHBo,n;eHcTBOBaT:b eMY, YCTYIIHT:b, 3a-
TOpM03HTL ero, OTKJIOHHTL B CTOPOHY HJIH llJI:bITL 110 TelIeHHIO. HO'
3AeCL M:bI BH,n;HM pH,n; IIpOTHBOpelIHBLIX ,n;BHiKeHHU.
B CBeTe HOBLIX H,n;eH OTKp:bIJIaCL B:bICOKOMepHaH HeCIIpaBe,n;JIH-
BOCTL npHBHJIerHH: ,n;eJIO He B TOM, lITO OHH cyn:(eCTBYIOT HJIH qTO'
HX ,n;ame 3an:(Hn:(aroT C rJIYIILIM YIIOPCTBOM, - aTO B nOpJl,n;Ke Be-
m;eii; ,n;eJIO B TOM, qTO OHH 06peTalOT HOB:bIH ,n;HHaMH3M, OHH OT-'
BoeBLIBaIOT IIOTepHHH:bIe 1I03HD;HH II 3aXBaT:bIBaIOT HOB:bIe.
B 06JIaCTH 9KOHOMHKH, lITO KaiKeTCH HaM en:(e 60JIee BamH:bIM,.
o6n:(ee npOn;BeTaHHe COllpOBOiK,n;aeTCH 06paTH:bIM HBJIeHHeM - co-
Kpan:(eHHeM IIoKYllaTeJIbHOH cIIoco6HOCTH; COOTHomeHHe Mem,n;y
peaJILHOH 3apa6oTHoH nJIaTOH (BO BCHKOM CJIyqae, ,n;JlH CaM:bIX HH3-
KOOllJIaqHBaeMLIx) H n;eHaMH Hapyma TcH. POCT Han;HOHaJILHOro-
60raTCTBa ,n;eJIaeT 6e,n;HHROB e e 6e,n;Hee. PemeHlIe TaKOH npo6JIe-
M:bI He BOmJIO B 1I0JIe 3peHHH HCTOpHH aHeK,n;OTIftleCKOH H ,n;aiK&
HCTOpIIH, 1I3yqaIOm;eH HBJIOHHH (histoire phenomenale). Ha,n;o 6:bIJIOI
BHOBL COQJIeHHTL tIaCTH pa3JIameHHOro MexaHH3Ma. ITo,n;o6HaH 3a-
]J;aQa Tpe6yeT HMeHHO TaKoro po,n;a TaJIaHTa, KaKIIM B 1I0JlHOH Me-
pe 06JIa,n;aJl Tropro, IIo,n;roTOBJIeHH:bIH R HeH ,n;OJlrHM H llJIO,n;OTBOp-
HLIM OII:bITOM a,n;MHHHcTpaTHBHoH H TeOpeTHQeCKOH pa60TLI H OIIH-
paBmHHCH Ha aHaJIH3 8KOHOMHQeCKHX HBJIeHHH, He BIIOJIHe Bep
HLIH, KOHeQHO, HO TaKOH BepHLIH, KaKOH MOiKHO 6LIJIO C,n; eJI a T:b
cpe,D;CTBaMII Toro BpeMeHH, H Hame,nmHH CBoe JIyqmee BLIpaiKeHH&
B ero H3peQeHHH: «II pe,n;BH,n;eTb HaCTOJlm;ee» 1.
«BecL ,n;BOp, - rrHmeT RHR3L ,n;e MOH6apa, - m,n;aJl CO CTpaXOM
II TpeIIeTOM, KaKoe pemeHHe IIpHMeT JIIO,p;OBHK XVI, a B aTO Bpe-
MH, 6LITL MomeT, MOJIO,n;OH KOpOJlL 6:bIJI aM:bIM pacTepHHH:bIM tIe-
JIOBeKOM BO BceM KOpOJleBCTBe, KaK BIIOCJIe,n;CTBHH CTaJI CaM:bIM
HeCqaCTH:bIM... »2
8Ta paCTepHHHOCTL 06'LHCHHJIaCL KaK xapaKTepOM KOpOJIH, TaR
II C03,n;aBmeHCH o6CTaHOBKOH. ITo BLIpameHHIO a66aTa ,n;e BepH t
JIIO,D;OBHK XVI «B CBOH ,n;Ba,n;n;aTL JIeT - aTO KOpOJIL-pe6eHoK, y
KOToporo ,n;o CHX nop He o6HapymHJIOCL HH O,n;HOH qepT:bI, rOBO-
pJlIQeH 0 ero crroco6HOCTH YllpaBJIHTL». 8TO caMaH OCTopomHaa
On;eHKa, KaKYIO TOJILKO MomHO 6:bIJIO eMY ,n;aTL. «ITPH ero rpy6oBa-
1 «TaKIIM 06 pa30M, MLI Bcer}J;a YSHaeM 0 C06LITHHX CJIllmKOM n03}J;HO.
a nOJIIITHKe He06xoAIIMO, TaK CKaaaTb, npe}J;BII eTL HaCTOHII(ee».
.2 Prince de M 0 n t bar e y. Memoires. Paris, 1826-1827, t. II" p. 9t.
rJIABA I. mAHTJ1Y H nOHmAPTPEH
29.
TOB BHemHOCTH, - OTMeqaeT MepCH-ApmaHTO, - OH CKJIOHeH K OT-
gpOBeHHOCTH, He JIHmeH xapaKTepa, C06J1IO,n;aeT npaBHJIa HpaBCT-
BenHOCTH II rOTOB ,n;eJIaTL ,n;06po B npe,n;eJIax CBOHX BoaMomRO.
CTeH». 8TO CaMalI onTHMHCTlPIeCKaH On;eHKa.
C paHHHX neT OB OCTaJICII CHpOTOH, nOTepHB OTn;a, 6LIBmer(}.
e,1(HHCTBeHHOH ero npHBHaaHHOCT:bro; ero BOCnHT:bIBaJI HeHaBHCT-
BLIi HaCTaBHHK, KOToporo OH He YBamaJI; 6paT:bJl eMY aaBH,n;OBaJIU,
11 !\HqHJlHCL CBOIIM npeBocxo,n;CTBOM; OH 6:bIJI O,n;HHOK cpe,n;H Bpam..
.;a;e6Horo eMY 11 paaBpam;eHHoro ,n;Bopa; BOT yme qeT:bIpe ro,n;a, KaK
OB 6LIJI meHaT Ha IOHOH ,n;eBymKe, MymeM KOTOpOH em;e He CTa
,1(0 CIIX nop; Tllxoe npH6emHm;e II ,n;ymeBHoe TeIIJIO OH .Haxo,n;HJ1\
nllm:b B Kpyry Tpex CTap:bIX ,n;eB, Tpex CBHTom II CIIJIeTHIIn; - CBOHX
TeTOK l . Bcero aToro 6LIJlO 60Jlee qeM ,n;OCTaTOqHO, qTo6LI y Toro,
KTO OKaaaJICII Ha BepmHHe BJIaCTII, aapo,n;HJlOCL qYBCTBO, KOTopoe"
B TY IIOPy em;e He HaaLIBaJIII «KOMnJIeKCOM HenOJIHOn;eHHOCTII».
RaKOB:bI 6DI HH 6LIJIH IIpo6eJlLI B ero BocnHTaHHII II B ero 06pa-
BOBaHHH, JIro,n;OBHK XVI 6LIJI, HeCOMHeHHO, OCBe OMJleH 0 TOM, qTo-
1QTMaJlH 0 ero e;a;e II qero m,n;aJlII OT Hero caMoro.
Bo BCHKOM cJlyqae, eMY Ha;a;O 6LIJlO npaBIITL CTpaHoi. 1JTO OB
6y,n;eT ,n;eJlaT:b? C qero HaqHeT?
IIepBLIM ;a;eJlOM eMY CJle;a;OBaJlO 6LI nOCOBeTOBaT:bCJI c npaBH-
nJ;HMII MHHHCTpaMII. 1-10 OHH IIOCem;aJlII nOKOHHoro KOpOJIII BO Bpe--
Mil ero 60JleaHH II HaXO;a;HJIHCL TenepL B CBoero po,n;a KapaHTHHe,
npaB,n;a Bcero Ha ;a;eBHTL ;a;HeH. JIro;a;oBHI{y XVI y,n;aJlOC:b nOBH aTL
TOJl:bKO reHepaJl-JleHTeHaHTa nOJlHD;HH* CapTHBa, H TO JIHmL Ha"l
HeCKOJl:bRO MHHYT.
R TOMY me HOBLIH KOpOJI:b ,n;OJlmeH 6LIJI npem,n;e Bcero pemHTb
OCHOBHOH Borrpoc: KaKHM IIMeHHO 6y;a;eT COCTaB npaBHTeJlLCTBa.
CJle;a;OBaJlO JlH OCTaBHT:b MHHHCTpOB Ha HX nOCTax HJlH CMeCTHT:b,.
a MomeT, qaCTL OCTaBHT:b, a OCTaJl:bH:bIX CMeCTHT:b?
B nOJl:bay CMem;eHHH MHHHCTpOB 6LIJI O,n;HH BeCKHH ;a;OBO,n; - HX.
HCKJIroqHTeJl:bHaH HerrorrYJlHpHOCT:b. B IIOJl:bay coxpaHeHHH-Hx aHa-
HMe TeRym;HX ;a;eJI II 60JIbmaH HOMneTeHTHOCTL. CBepx aTHX ypaB-
HOBemHBaroIIJ;HX ;a;pyr ,n;pyra coo6pameHIIH 6:bIJlO eIIJ;e O,n;HO, II OHO
JIHm:b YBeJIHqHBaJlO aaMemaTeJIbCTBO: np06J1eMa aaMeH:bI.
3a HeHMeHHeM nepBoro MHHHCTpa rJIaBHYIO pOJI:b B npaBHTeJl:b-
CTBe MrpaJI repD;or ,n;'8rHHOH, KOTOp:bIH COBMem;aJl cPYHKD;HII MH-
HHCTpa HHOCTpaHHLIX ;a;eJI II BoeHHoro MHHHCTpa. ,ZJ:pyrHMH rocy-
,n;apCTBeHH:bIMH MymaMII 6:bIJIH KaHD;Jlep Morry, xpaHHTeJl:b rreqaTM
(MMHMCTP roCTHD;HH), H a66aT Teppa, reHepaJl:bHLIH KOHTpOJIep,'
1 Ma}J;aM BIIKTOPUH, Ma}J;aM COcpHll 11 Ma}J;aM A eJIaH}J;a. qeTBepTaH-
JIYHaa - 6LIJIa KapMeJIHTKoii, HO He }KIIJIa B}J;aJIII OT CBeTa, qero KaK 6Y)];TO-
Tp 6yeT 9TOT caB. [Ma}J;:lM - THTYJI oqepei 11 BeBeCTOR cppaHl'(yacKllx KOpO-
eH. - npHM. pe}J;.]
reuepaJI-JIeiiTCHaHT nOJIIIl'(lIH - BLIcmee }J;OJIiRHOC'THOe JIIIl'(O, B03r:rraB-
JIHBmee nOJIHD;HIO B IIapllme 11 B KpynHLIx ropo)];ax <I>paHD;III1. IIocT, yqpeiR--
1I;euuLlH npll JIIO}J;oBIII{e XIV. - II plIM. pe .
:30
tJACTb nEPBAH. HAl1.EJRl1.A
......
'<pHHaHCOB. IIx KOJIJIerH BepTeH, repIJ;Or e JIa BpHiep (JIaBpHi-
ep), e ByaH, 60JIee HJIH MeHee HeHaBH HM:&Ie H rrpe3HpaeM:&Ie,
HrpaJIH JIHllIb BTopOCTerreHHMe pOJIH B ynpaBJIeHHH rocy apcTBOM
II B:&I3:&IBaJIH MeHbllIee 06 eCTBeHHoe He OBOJIbCTBO.
Ha 9TOM «TPHYMBHpaTe» [ '8rHHOH, Morry, Tepp9], rro BL1pa-
meHUIO rrpe3H eHTa [rrapJIaMeHTa] e Bpocca, cocpe OTO'tlHJIaCb
Bce06 aH HeHaBHCT:&, C HeKOTopL1M OTTeHROM rrOqTHTeJI:&HOCTH. Ha
HerO B03JIaraJIH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a Bce rropOKH H Bce Heco06pa3-
HOCTH «CHCTeM:&1», XOTH 9TH JIro H He 6:&1JIH ee C03 aTeJIHMH H,
HaBepHO, He 6L1JIH B )J;yme ee rrpHBepmeHIJ;aMII.
TIpem)J;e Bcero, HX yrrpeKaJIH B TOM, tITO OHH CTaBJIeHHHHH H CO-
06 HHRH <p3BOpHTKH KOpOJIH, rpa<pHHII JJ:ro6appH (Aro BappH),
o lIeM CBH)J;eTeJIbCTByeT TO, 'tITO Be3aHBaJIb rOBoplIT 0 rrapTHH
«6apPHCTOB» HJIH «9rHHOHHCTOB», C'tIHTaH 9TH Ha3BaHHH CHHOHH-
MaMH 1 .
MM rrpe)J;1>HBJIHJIII TaKme II MeHee 060CHOBaHHLIe yrrpeKH. Hx
ocym)J;aJIII 3a Mepb1, rrpHHHT:&1e IIO ;a;OJIry CJIym6:&1, KOTop:&1e 6L1JIH
COBepllIeHHO He06xo;a;HM:&1 HJIH CJIYiKHJIII 06 HM HHTepecaM H HB-
JIHJIHCb TeXHlPleCKHMH, ;a;ame nOJIHTHtIeCKHMH, y;a;aqaMH.
8TH TPH qeJIOBeKa HMeJIH 06II(He 'tIepTL1, CKa3:&1BaBlllHeCH ;n;a-
me B HX BHelllHeM 06JIHKe. ML1 BH,I(HM HX KaK 6:&1 HaIIHcaHH:&1MH
B TeMH:&IX TOHax, rrpH CkY)J;HOl\tI cBeTe, KaK Ha KapTHHe ,n;e JIaTypa.
BOT rep or ;a;'8rHHOH - «C iKeJIT:&1M JIHIJ;OM», «xapaKTep CYXOH
If CKJIOHH:&1H: K llIrrHoHcTBY», rro CJIOBaM a66aTa ,n;e -BepH, KOTOpL1H,
O;a;HaKo, K neMY cKopee 6JIarOBOJIHJI. RaH JIep Morry - «MaJIeHb-
KHH qepHHB:&1H QeJIOBelIeK C KYCTHCTb1MH 6pOBHMH», TOiRe C iKeJIlI-
H:&1M JIIIIJ;OM II 60JILllIHMH rJIa3aMH HaBb1KaTe 2 , «caMaH OTTaJIKH-
\Baro aH <pH3H0HOMHH, Ha KOTOpyro MomHO TOJI:&KO rrJIIOHYTb»:
A66aT Teppa 6:&1JI, HarrpoTHB, BL1COKoro pOCTa, HO CYTYJI:&1H H Kpac-
HOJIHIJ;:&IH, «3JIOBe HH: H CTpallIHL1H:, C MpalIH:&1M JIHIJ;OM II 6JIYiK-
p;aro HM B3rJIH;a;OM». «BoT a66aT 3aCMeHJICH. Pa3Be C KeM-HH6y;a;:&
CJIyqHJIOCb HeClIaCTbe?» 3 .
HH O;a;HH H3 HHX He cIIoc06eH pa;a;OBa TbCH mH3HH, paCRpL1Tb
ROMY-HH6y,n;b ,n;ymy, Hcrr:&1TL1BaTL lIeJIOBeqeCKYro npHBH3aHHOCTb.
3aTO Bce Tpoe HeYToMHMble TpymeHHKH; OHH 06JIa;a;aIOT 6eCIJ;eH-
H:&IM OTI:&ITOM pa60T:&1 B Be;a;OMCTBax, K TOPLIMH ynpaBJIHIOT C ;a;aB-
lIIIX nop, - YCToiilIHBOCTb MHHHCTepCTB BeJIHKOe 6JIaro ;a;JIH Bcex
1 CM.: B e s e n val P.-V. Memoires. Paris, au XIII-1805, t. I, p. 291.
rOBOpHJIH, 1JTO repo;or }J;'3r12IHOH COCTOHT B HacToH eH CBHaH c <I>aBopHTKOH.
«r-H }J;'8rIIHoH OKOHQaTeJIbHO nOKOplIJI r-my ,1J;ro6apPII c nOMoID;bro cpep;-
CTBa, cpamalOm;ero iReHID;HR oea npoMaxa, BbI MeHH nOHHMaeTe». (Ibid.,
p. 368.) lIo eJIOBaM MOHTHHoHa, r-ma ,IJ;ro6appH n03BOJIHJIa ce6e TaKme He-
60JIbmyro npHxoTb C KaH .ilepOM :J\1Iorry. (Ibid., p. 152.) HH1JerO nO}J;o6Horo lIe
rOBOpl1JIII 0 Tepp3, XOTH OH II CJIbUI paCTIYTHHKOM.
2 CM.: M a u p e 0 u. La famille Maupeou, p. 83.
3 M 0 n t y 9 n A. Particularites et observations sur les ministres de
finances de France. Paris, 1812, p. 155.
rJ1ABA 1. IlIAHTJIY H nOHmAPTPEH
3t
peat][MOB; OHH llpeJJ;eJl:bHO JJ;HCD;HllJlHHHpOBaHH:bI H 6eCllOm;aJJ;HO
TOTlHbI.
repn;or '8rHHOH B y ep6 Ha HOHaJI:bHOH rOp;a;OCTH II' C06CT-
BeHHOMY npecTHmy H36emaJI BOHH:bI. A66aT Teppa, mepTBYH 06-
m;eCTBeHH:bIM OBepHeM H c06cTBeHHoH penYTa HeH, He onYCTHJI
«pHHaHCOBOH RaTaCTpocp:bI. RaHn;JIep Mony, 3aCJIymHB HeHaBHCTb
n;eJIoro RJIaCCa - CBoero c06cTBeHHoro,- pa30pymHJI napJIaMeHT-
CKYIO CPpOH Y. MCTOpHH npH3HaJIa 3aCJIyrH HX npaBJleHHH, H MHO-
rHe aBTopDI onYCRaIOT, qTO rrOCJIe Hee lIpaBHTeJI:bCTBO JIIO OBH-
Ka XV npO JIHJIO iKH3H:b CTapOMY rropH Ry Ha Ba aT:b JIeT t .
M ame caM JIIO OBHR XVI ycneJI On;eHHT:b HX 3aCJIyrH, rrpem;a;e
qeM pemHJICH OTRa3aT:bCH OT HHX. rOBOpH 0 '8rHHoHe HJIH Tep-
p9, OH He pa3 rrOBTOpHJI: «H 3HalO, qTO OH xopomo ,n;eJIaeT CBoe ,n;e-
JIO, HO...»
HeCMOTpH Ha 9TH co06pameHHH, TPH MHHHCTpa 6:bIJIH yme 06-
pelIeH:bI II OJImH:&I 6:bIJIH B 60JIee HJIH MeHee CROp OM BpeMeHH YHTH
113 rrpaBHTeJI:bCTBa: '8rHHOH BCJIe CTBHe ero CJIHmROM mHpORO
H3BeCTH:bIX CBH3eH C r-mOH AlO6appH, O,n;HO HMH ROTOpOH 6:bIJIO
JIH ROpOJIH, a e e 60JI:bme ;a;JIH MapHH AHTyaHeTT:bI HanOMHHa-
HHeM 06 YHHmeHHH H CHMBOJIOM BCHROH Mep30CTH; Mony, IIOTOMY
qTO He nOJIL30BaJICH JIHlIHOH CHMnaTHeH JIIO oBHRa XVI; Tepp3'-
H3-3a CBoeH penYTa H:H 6eCtIeCTHOro lIeJIOBeRa.
O HaRo -HeJI:b3H 6:bIJIO ;a;YMaT:b 06 HX CMe eHHH, He no rOTOBHB
HM 3aMeH:bI. M 3 eC:b Bonpoc 0 JIH aX OCJIOmHHJICH BorrpOCOM ()
napTHHX.
ECJIH 6LIJIa O Ha rra pTHH Y BJIaCTH, TO 6:bIJIa H ,n;pyraH, B onno-
3H HH.
rJIaBOH ee 6:bIJI rep or ;a;e illya3eJI:b, npe meCTBeHHHR rep or8'
;a;'8rHHOHa Ha 060HX ero nocTax, lIeJIOBeR, B03rJIaBJIHBmHH rrpaBH-
TeJI:bCTBO (DpaH HH B TelIeHHe 60JIee BeHa aTH JIeT (c 1757 no
1770 r.) H mam;a;aBmHH BepHYT:bCH K rocy apcTBeHH:bIM eJIaM.
JIerRoM:&ICJIeHH:bIH II cppHBOJI:bH:bIH B lIaCTHOH iKH3HH ;a;o 6ec-
CT:bI CTBa, HCRymeHH:bIH B nJIeTeHHH HHTpHr o HHH3Ma, OH coeJ];H-
UHJI B:bI aIOrqHecH cnoco6HoCTH rocy apcTBeHHoro eHTeJIH C 6JIec-
ROM rJIaB:bI napTHH H 6JIarO apH TaROMY COlIeTaHHIO BJIaCTBOBaJl
B nOJIHTHqeCROH mH3HH CBoero BpeMeHH. Ero aMOpaJI:bHOCT:b B JIIO-
60BH:bIX H nOJIHTliItIeCRHX eJIax, ROTOp:bIe 3a BpeMH ero Ra pbep:bl
CIIJIeJIHC:b B Hepa3p:bIBH:bIH RJIy60R, He nOMemaJIa eMY B OTJIHqHe'
OT MHorHX ero correpHHROB HMeT:b c06CTBeHBYIO Cep:be3HYIO TOlIRY
3peHHH ua rrOJIHTHqeCRHe 3a atIH. BOJI:bHO;a;YMen; H JIH6epaJI-
nORJIOHHHK aHrJIHHCROH CHCTeM:bI, - OH, RameTCH, HHRor a He 6bIJf
rOpHtIHM npHBepmeH eM npoeRTa rocy;a;apcTBeHH:bIX pecpopM, XOTH
II rrpH3HaBaJI HX He06xo;a;HMOCT:b. M3JII06JIeHHOH ero 06JIaCT:b1O 6:bIJIa
--
1" «He 6y}J;:b Teppa, CTapbIH nopH}J;OK, HeCOMHeHHO, norn6 61>1 Torp;a
:,-e. RaK ou norn6 B 1789 r., BCJIep;CTBlle cBoefI HeiRII3UeCnoc06HOCTII». (M a-
10 D. Histoire financiere, t. I, p. 247.)
..32
qACTb llEPBAFI. HAP'EiRP.A
BHemUHH nOJIHTHRa, r;a;e OH npOHBJIHJI Tpe60Ba TeJI:bHOCT:b, XO-
"TH OTHIO;a;:b He 6e3paccy;a;HYIO, HO H He JIHmeHHYIO Ha HOHaJI:bHOii
IfOPJJ;OCTH H npHTH3aHHH Ha «JIH;a;epCTBO» <DpaH HH. OH ocna pHBaJI
y RaYHH a 3BaHHe nepBoro «Ryqepa EBpOn:bI»*. A66aT e BepH
4CypOBO ynpeRaJI ero 3a 3aXBaT ABHH:bOHa H ROpCHRH (MLI CRJIOH-
"aLl OTHeCTHC:b 60JIee CHHCXO;a;HTeJI:bHO K 9THM npocTynRaM).
Hepe;a;KO CJIyqaeTCH, TO nOJIHTH eCRHe ;a;eHTeJIH, nonaB B He-
:MIIJIOCT:b, coxpaHHIOT CBOHX rrpIlBepmeH eB. BLIBaeT ;a;ame, TO OHII
\lIpHo6peTalOT HOB:bIX. illya3eJI:b B aTOM OTHomeHHH 6LIJI Heo6LIK-
HOBeHHO y;a;a JIHB.
«rep or ;a;e II1ya3eJI:b, H3rHaHH:bIH B ,IDaHTJIY, npHHHMaJI y ce-
"OH BCIO <DpaH HIO», - nHCaJI a66aT MopeJIJIe B 1773 r., B TY nopy,
Kor;a;a e e HeJI:b3H 6LIJIO npe;a;BH;a;eT:b CROPYIO CMepT:b JIIO;a;oBII-
Ka XV. B yro;a;y CBoeMY BKYCY R n:bImHOCTH H 6JIecRY rep or Be-
JIeJI LrOCTpOHT:b B CBoeM napRe ceMH9TamHYlO naro;a;y, Ha KOTOpOH
DlJIH HaqepTaHLI HMeHa ABYXCOT ;a;eCHTH B:bICOKOrrOCTaBJIeBHLIX
nepCOH, noceTHBmHX ero B H3rHaHHH. 8TH npHBepmeH :b1 OTJIH a..
..JIHCL He TOJI:bKO CBoeH pO;a;OBHTOCT:bIO. rJIaBH:bIe H3 HHX nHTaJIH,
KaK H OB caM, rrpHCTpaCTlle K HHTpHre, HO OHH B;a;o6aBOK rrpHBHO
HJIH B Hee yrropcTBO, omeCTo eHHe H CTpaCTHOCTL, qym;a;LIe xa
tpaRTepy illya3eJIH, CKJIOHHOrO R BLICOROMepHOH HenpHHym;a;eH-
HOCTH H 6ecne HOCTH, YTL ORpameHBOH <paTaJIH3MOM C AOJIeH
.cBeTCKoro CTOH H3Ma.
HeJIL3H CRa3a T:b C YBepeHHOCT:bIO, TO mya3eJI:b 6LIJI B;a;OXHO-
BIITeJIeM Bcex 3arOBopOB, KOTopLIe eMY npHrrHCLIBaIOT; a TaK RaK
JIH O;a;HH H3 HHX He y;a;aJICH, eMY HHRor;a;a Be npe CTaBJIHJIOCL
B03MomHOCTH npU3HaT:b CBOIO POJI:b.
A B OCTaJI:bHOM ero cnO;a;BHmHHRH OTJIH aJIHCL orpaHH eHHLI-
Mil H KOHcepBaTHBBLIMII BSrJIlIJ(aMH. 'tJaCTLIO 113 y6em;a;eHHH,
qaCT:bIO H3 TaKTHqeCRHX coo6pameHHH OHH nOCTOHHHO 60pOJIHCL
"HJIH HHTpHrOBaJIH rrpOTHB Bcex pecpopM. JIH6epaJI:bH:bIH HaqaJI:bHHR
.peaR HOHHoro OTpH;a;a - B Ram;a;OM BeRe MomHO HaHTH no o6HLle
npHMep:bl.
8TH xapaKTepH:bIe lIepT:b1 «mya3e Jl3Ma» IIMeJIH pemaIO He
.nOCJIe;a;CTBHH B nepBLIH nepHO;a; HOBOrt> a pCTBOBaHHH. 8TO O;a;HB
113 Tex MOMeHTOB, Kor;a;a BTopOCTeneHHLIH HCTopH eCRHH 9nH3op.
J311JIeTaeTClI B OCHOBHOH Xo;a; HCTOpHH H MomeT ORa3aT:b BJIHHHHe
aa ee rJIy6HHH:bIe TeqeHHH.
B ;a;aHHLIH MOMeHT 06CTOHTeJI:bCTBa, Ra3aJIOC:b, 6JIarOnpHHTCT-
lBOBaJIH B03Bpa eHHIO II1ya3eJlH, HO TO 6LIJIO JIHm:b BHemHee Brre..
rqaTJIeHlle. CMepT:b JIIO;a;OBHRa XV, H3rHaHHe r-mH .D:106appH YCTpa..
.HHJIH OCHOBHDle npenHTCTBHH Ha ero nYTII. IIpH H3MeHeHHH pemH-
.Ma Bcer;a;a HaxO;a;HTCH RaRoH-HH6y;a;:b OCTaBaBmHHCH He y ;a;eJl
.I\PYIIHLIH ;a;eHTeJI:b, HO pe;a;RO HX 6:bIBaeT BeCROJI:bRO. HH O;a;HH H3
* TaR Ha3bIBaJIa era B HacMemKY EKaTepllHa II. - IIpIIM. peIl.
I'JIABA I. mAHTJIY H nOHmAPTPEH
33
COBpeMeHHIIROB mya3eJIH He 06JIa aJI TaRHMH OCTOHHCTBaMH, RaR
os: rpOMa HbIM onbITOM, ROMneTeHTHOCTLIO H aBTopHTeTOM. B H3r-
BaHBH OH He TOJILRO COXpaHHJI npe aHHOCTL BLIcmei 3BaTII, HO
npu06peJI TaKme nonYJIHpHOCTL cpe,n;1I 60JIee CKpOMHLIX CJIOeB 06
ecTBa. Ero npHBepmeHIJ;:&I 6LIJIH TenepL paHHe B036ym eBLI, a
CTOpOBHHRII BLImH,n;aTeJILHOH nOJIHTHKH rOTOBHJIHCL R HeMY IIPHMR-
SYTL. QeHTpaJILHaH aJIJIeJI B maHTJIY, Ra3aJIOCL, yme CJIIIJIaCL C
TpUYM<paJILHOH ,n;oporoH R RJIaCTH.
BOJIee TOro, mya3eJIL 6:&IJI CTOpOHHHKOM COI03a C ABcTplleii,
opraHII3aTopoM KOpOJIeBCKOro 6paRa. Pa3Be BJIHHBHe MapHH Te-
pe3HH Qepe3 MaplllO AHTyaHeTTY He ,n;OJImHO 6:bIJIO eicTBoBaTL
B ero nOJIL3Y? IIocJIe Hee npe,n;nOJIOmeHlle, RaK BLIHCHHTCH noame,
Be HMeJIO OCHOBaHHH. Y MapHH Tepe3HH YM nOJIHTHKa. MeBee
Bcerq OHa meJIaeT B03Bpa eHHH IDya3eJIH, ROToporo Bce ClIHTaIOT
«ee lIeJIOBeKOM». Ee BnOJIHe YCTpallBaeT npOTHBHHK COI03a C AB-
cTpneii, «aHTH-lliyaaeJIL», repn;or '8rUHOH, no TOH npOCTOH npH-
qHHe, QTO OHa ClIHTaeT ero «6eCTaJIaHHLIM H MaJIocnoc06HLIM; OR
He nOJIL3yeTcH .n;OBepHeM, Hero nOCTOHHHO H3BO HT pa3BLIe rpyn-
IIIIPOBKH» 1; OH CJIHmKOM nOrJIOID;eH c06CTBeHHLIMH HenpHHTHOCTH-
MH, lIT06LI IIPHlIHHHTL HenpHHTHOCTH ,n;pyrHM. OHa 3HaeT, lITO OB
He CKJIOHeH K npOBe,n;eHHIO nOJIHTHKH BeJIHlIHH cDpaHD;HH. OHa
On;eHIIJIa ero B03,n;epmaHHe OT yqacTHH B pa3 eJIe IIoJILmH. MapHH
Tepe3HH coxpaIfIlJIa HeKOTOpylO 6JIarO apHocTL K illya3eJIIO H me-
JIaeT ROHn;a ero H3rHaHHH, HO OTHIO,n;L He BO BopeHHH Ha CTapOM
KeCTe: «IIpH3HaTLcH, H 6LI ero onaCaJIacL...»2
tITO KacaeTCH MapHII AHTyaHeTTLI, OHa nHTaJIa K myaaeJIIO
MeBee paClIeTJIHBYIO CHMnaTHIO H HCKpeBHe meJIaJIa ero B03Bpa-
eHHH. ,D:aBJIeHHe ee oKpymeHHH eIU;e yRpenHJIO aTO meJIaHHe. Mid
YBH)];HM, QTO OHa npOHBHJIa 60JIbmyIO H306peTaTeJIbHOCTb, lIT061d
YAOBJIeTBOpHTL CaMOJII06He mya3eJIH, a 3aTeM, H B em;e 60JILmeH
CTeneHH, CBoe c06CTBeBHoe. MbI YBII HM, KaR OHa 6y eT IIJIeCTH
HCKYCHLIe H ry6HTeJILBLIe HHTpHrH. O HaKO OHa, KameTCH, BHRor a
He C06HpaJIaCb ,n;06HBaTbCH aToro B03Bpa eHHJI BonpeRH BOJIe CBO-
ei MaTepH OTBpam;eHHIO CBoero cynpyra. 1160 HMeHHO B aTOM
SaRJIlOqaJIaCb CYTb JJ;eJIa. JIIOJJ;OBHK XVI OqeHb nJIOXO OTHOCIIJICH R
H3rnaHHHKY 113 IDaHTJIY.
OH He Mor npOCTHTb - H HIIKor,n;a He npOCTHJI - mya3eJIIO,
tITO TOT pe3KO BbIcTynHJI npOTHB ero OTn;a, npemHero ,n;O<pIIHa, BO
BpeMH TeMHOH HHTpllrH, B 1:\OTOpylO 6LIJIH aaMemaHbI ueaYUT:bI.j.
Mer c y - A r g e n tea u. Correspondance, t. I I, p. 15.
Ibid., p. 15 et 153.
3 MMeHHo Torp;a IDya3eJIL npOll3Hec CBOIO 3HaMeHIITYIO «ppa3Y: «MOCbe,
BLI MeHH nOKII}J;aeTe, HO 11 p;OJJmeH em;e CKa3aTb BaM, lITO, XOTH 11 HMero
eCqaCTLe 6bITL BarnHM nop;p;aHH:&IM, .CJIyroH BarnllM H HIIKor}J;a He 6Y}J;y».
JIOBa illya3eJIH 6:&1JIH 6LI HeM:&ICJIBMOH p;ep30CT:&IO, eCJIH 6:&1 AO«pIIH yme He
nOBepUYJICH K HeMY cnllHoH.
3 9. 4>op
34
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HHMaJi BCep:be3 B:bI,n;YMKY 06 OTpaBJIeHHH. Ho OH He 3a6:bIJl oCKop6-
JleHHH, Hal!.eceHHoro ero OTD;Y, H aToro 6:blJIO ,n;ocTaTOtIHO, tITo6:b1
BHymHTb eMY HenpeO OJIHMOe npe,n;y6em,n;eHHe.
lITaK, HHTpHra B IIOJI:b3Y IIIya3eJlH C caMoro HatIaJIa HaTOJIK-
nYJIaCL Ha neo,n;OJlH¥Oe nperrHTCTBHe, H60 OHO OO'".bHCHHJIOC:b YMO-
HaCTpoeHHeM Toro, OT Koro 3aBHCeJIO pemeHHe. RopOJI:b, KOTOPOMY
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IIMeJl CBoe MHeHHe Ha aTOT CtIeT. Ero xapaKTep, npOCJlaBHBmHHca
BIIOCJIe,D;CTBHII CBoeR CJIa60CT:bIO, HMeJI Ha aTOT pa3 TBep yIO TOtIKY
onopDI: KYJl:bT rraMHTII oTD;a.
Tenepb M:DI 3HaeM, lITO OH pemHJI HII B KoeM CJIyqae He B03-
BpaII:(aT:b IDya3eJIH. lloaTOMY C YCIIJIHBmHMCH IIHCTnHKTHBH:bI 1 He-
AOBepHeM paccMaTpHBaJi OH BCHKoe pemeHHe, KOTopoe IIPH BHem-
HeH 6e306H,D;HOCTH MOrJIO YBJIetI:b ro B TOM HarrpaBJIeHHH, KOTopoe
OH ocym,n;aJI. OCJla6JIeHHe TPHYMBHpaTa OJIiRHO 6:bIJIO HeH36emHO
CKJlOHIiIT:b lIamy BeCOB II YCHJIHT:b rrapTHIO IlIya3eJIH. JIH JIro,n;o-
BHKa XVI aTO 6DIJla e e o,n;Ha IIpIItIHHa ,n;JIH KOJIe6aHHH H B:bl-
mH aHHH.
CeiAac HeBOJI:bHO 3a,n;aem:b ce6e BOIIpOC: KaKHM Mor 6DI 6blTb
]J;aJl:bHeHmHH Xo,n; C06:bITHH, eCJIH 6:bI «mya3eJIHCT:DI» C caMora Ha-
qaJIa (HJIH XOTH 6:DI nOCJIe nepB:bIX Hey,n;atI) nOHHJIH, tITO 3aTeH HX
Heocym;ecTBHMa; KaKHX K03HeH, HHTpHr, 3arOBopOB MomHO 6:blJIO
6DI H36emaTb... 11, 6b1T:b MomeT, onDIT Tropro He nOTepneJI 6:b1 rrpo-
BaJIa. lIJln eCJIH 6:b1, Ha060pOT, KOpOJIb 6:blJI MeHee 3JIOrraMHTHbIM,
MapHH AHTyaHeTTa - MeHee MaJIo,n;ymHoR, a MapHH Tepe3MH-
Menee OCTopomHOH II KOBapHOH? ECJIII 6:bI IIIya3eJI:b ,D;06HJIC9
ycnexa?
OH, HeCOMHeHHO, npaBHJI 6:bI CTpaHOH 60JIee pemHTeJI:bHO 11
C 60JI:blliHM 6J1eCKOM, lIeM BCHKHH pyroH. OH Mor BHeCTII B yrrpaB-
JleHHe rocy,n;apCTBOM HeKOTOpyro OJlro JIH6epaJIH3Ma, HO, ROHetIHO,.
aTO He 6:bIJI 6:bI KOHCTPYRTHBH:bIH JIH6epaJIH3M. MaJIOBepOHTHO, tITO-
6:bI 8KOHOMliItIeCKHe H COD;HaJI:bH:ble np06JIeM:bI, Tpe60BaBmHe Ha-
CTOHrn;nx pe<POPM, npHBJIeKJIH ero BHHMaHHe. JIH aToro CJIe,n;OBaJIO
npe,n;CTaBHTb ce6e B03Bpa enHe ya3eJIH B COtIeTaHHH C B03BDI-
meHHeM Tropro - 06'be,n;HHeHHe 3THX CTOJIb paaH:bIX TaJIaHTOB, TaR
npeKpaCHO ,n;orrOJIHHIO HX ,n;pyr ,n;pyra. IDyaaeJI:b, e HHCTBeHH:bIH
8 CBoeM KJIaHe, 0,n;o6PHJI BeJIHKHe aaM:bICJI:bI Tropro: cB060,n;y xJIe6-
HOH TOprOBJI1I, ynpa3,n;HeHlle exOBoH CHTeM:bI. O,n;HaKo OH Be
OtIeH:b eHHJI TroprO-tIeJIOBeKa H yme O Ham,n;:bI OTBeJI ero KaH,n;H,n;a-
TYPY Ha nOCT MHHHCTpa. lI eaJIbH:bIM reHepaJI:bHbIM KOHTpOJIepOM
4>HHaHcoB, no y6em,n;eHHIO IlIayaeJIH, 6:blJI He TIOpro, a Teppa, 0
rJ1ADA I. WAHTJ1Y H llOHlllAPTPEH
35
-
ftOTOpOM OH rOBOpHJI: «Ha MeCTe ROpOJIH H COXpaHHJI 6:bI ero II:
eeJIeJl BO PY3HT:b Ha ero CTOJIe Rap;a;HHaJI:bCKYro mJIHrry II BHCeJIHD;Y.
fl YBepeH, qTO, ORa3aBmHC:b Mem,n;y HIIMH, OH pa60TaJI 6:bI XOpO-
aIO». qYBCTByeTcH, 'liTO OH XOTeJI CKa3aT:b: «A HHTeH,n;aHTCTBO rrpH-'
JIOiKHTCH» ·
BbI;a;alO HxcH ro cy,n; a pCTBeHHDIX ;a;eHTeJIeH MomHO pa3,n;eJIHT:b Ha
.ABa npOTHBOrrOJIOmHbIX THna (c HeROTOp:bIMH rrpOMemYTOqH:bIMH
101'TeHRaMH): THrr rrpOBH,n;eHD;HaJI:bH:bIU, HJIH MaRHaBeJIJIliIeBCRHH,
«ap:bepa }J;eHTeJIeH aToro THna nO;a;Bepmena BeJIHRHM y,n;apaM cy,n;:b-
(iLl, a ,n;yx HX THrOTeeT R np06JIeMaM Mory ecTBa - K BOHHe, ,n;Hrr-
nOMaTHH, Ha HOHaJI:bHOMY rocnO;a;CTBY; II ;a;pyroH THII - peaJIHCTH-
qeCRHH H JIOrHqeCRH MbICJIH HH, CRJIOHH:bIH R rrOCTeneHHOMY IIpO-
BHiKeHHIO, IIHTepeCYIO HHCH aKOHOMHROH, <pHHaHcaMH, }J;HHaMH-
.qeCRHMliI np06JIeMaMH mH3HH 06 eCTBa. MCTOpHH nORa3:bIBaeT, qTO'
:STH ,n;Ba THIIa pe,n;RO BCTpeqaIOTCH BMeCTe. M HHKor,n;a ,n;pyr ,n;pyra
He IIOHHMaIOT.
3a OTCYTCTBHeM MHHHCTpOB y KOpOJIH OCTaBaJIaC:b B03Mom-
HOCT:b rrOCOBeTOBaT:bCH C TeTKaMII. BnpO'lleM, OHH 6DIJIII B TOM me
nOJIOmeHHH, qTO H MHHHCTpbI, TaR KaR rrOCe aJIH KOpOJIH BO Bpe-
MH ero 60JIe3HH*. CHaqaJIa 6:bIJIO pemeHO, qTO OHII OTnpaBHTCH
11 TpHaHOH, r;a;e IIM C;a;eJIaIOT npHBHBKH. O,n;HaKO HM y,n;aJIOC:b YRJIO-
BHT:bCH OT aToR rrpoD;e,n;yp:bI, Tp JIH H3 60H3HH JIeqeHHH, TO JIH B3
.meJIaHBH HCnOJI:b30BaT:b nepB:bIR ;a;eHL ueYCTOHqHBOrO nOJIOmeHHH,
qTo6LI YKpenHT:b CBoe BJIHHHHe.
IIo,n;oJI:bcTHBmHc:b K MapllH AHTyaHeTTe, OHH nOJIyqllJIH pa3pe-
UIeHHe npHcoe;a;nHHT:bCH R MOJIO,n;OH KOpOJIeBCROR qeTe B ee HOBOB
pe3H,n;eHD;HH H BO,n;BOpHJIHC:b B MaJIOM ,D;Bop e illya3H.
II paB,n;a, Me}J;HD;HHa HM 3a aTO OTIIJIaTHJIa, II Bce TPH Cep:be3HO
:aa60JIeJIH, Tor,n;a RaR MHHHCTpLI B KapaHTHHe 'tIYBCTBOBaJIH ce6H
()TJIliIqHO.
O,n;HaKo TeTRH ROpOJIH ycneJIII CDIrpaT:b CBOro I1CTOpHQeCKYIO'
pOJII>. IIpoH30mJIO HMeHHO TO, 't!TO MomHO 6:bIJIO npe,D;BH,D;eT:b. «He'
pemaHC:b HHKOMY npH3HaT:bCH B CBoeH TpeBore, aBrycTeHmaH 'tIeTa
6POCHJIaCh B 06'".bHTHH Ma;a;aM A,n;eJIaH,D;:bI, YMOJIHH ee IIOMO't!:b HM
CBOHMIl COBeTal\fH» 1. 06 aTOM c eHe, npoHcme,n;men 12 MaH,
J epe3 ,n;eH:b nOCJIe CMepTH JIro,D;OBHRa XV, COXpaHHJIOCL MHO.,.
3\eCTBO paCCRa30B, II Bce ORB pa3HHTCH HeROTOp:bIMH no,n;po6-
UOCTHMII.
CeiiQac HeB03MomHO CRaaaT:b, 6:bIJIH JIH TaM Bce TPH TeTRH HJIH
'TOJII>RO Ma aM A,n;eJIaH}J;a H conpOBOiI\}J;aJIa JIll MapHH AHTyaneTTa
CBoero Mya\a. COrJIaCHO BepCHH" BOCCTaHOBJIeHHOH ,n;e CerropoM H8
.
t
2*
JIIOAOBHK XV YMep OT OCITbI. - II pUM. pea.
1\1 0 n t bar e y. Menloires, t. II, p. 91.
36
qACTb IIEPBAH. HAJ{EJRl{A
OCHOBaHHH HeCROJI:bKIIX HCTOqHHROB 1 , Y TeTOK :xpaHHJICH OKY-
MeHT, HanHCaHHbIH HX 6paTOM JIH OcpHHa, B KOTOpOM 61?IJIH ne-
pellHCJIeH:&I HMeHa rocy apcTBeHHbIX eHTeJIeH, OCTOHHbIX, no ero
MHeHHIO, ,IJ;OBepHH 2. ECJIH aTa BepCHH npaBHJIbHa, nO,IJ;06HOe YKa..
saHBe C Toro CBeTa HMeJIO JIH JIIO,IJ;OBHKa XVI pemalO ee SHa1Je-
Bile. B aTOM cnHCKe HaXO,IJ;HJICH ,IJ;'8fHHOH. Ero BbI1JepKHYJIH H3-3a
npOllcme mHX TeM BpeMeHeM C06:&ITHH. 3aTeM 6bIJI TaKme OTBepr-
BYT Kap HHaJl-nOaT BepHH, TaK KaK OH CJlbIJI lIeJlOBeKOM JlerKO-
MbICJleHHbIM. OCTaBaJIHCb Mamo H Mopena, HMeBmHe HeCKOJlbKO /
CXO,IJ;HbIX lIepT: o6a O;z:(Horo B03paCTa (060HM no ceML;n;eCHT 1JeTbIpe
ro a), o6a 6:bIBmHe MHHHCTp:bI, o6a H3fHaHHHKH, npOil-\HBmne MHO-
file rO;n;:&I B;n;aJIH OT ,D;BOpa.
MomeT nORa3aTLCH Y,D;HBHTeJlbH:bIM, 1JTO ;n;JlH 06HOBJleHHH nOJlII-
TIIKH npHmJlOCb B:bI6HpaTb JIIO,n;eH cpe;n;H cTapeHmHx. O HaKo H8
AeJIe 9TO BnOJIHe eCTeCTBeBHO. TOJl:bRO JIIO H, aBHo oTome,n;mB9
OT ;n;eJl, HMeJlH ,n;BoHHoe npeHMym;ecTBo: HX He KOCHYJlOC:b pasJlo-
meHHe 06m;eCTBa B KOHn;e n;apCTBOBaHPI'H H OHH OCTaJlHCb B CTopOBe
OT 60pL6bI napTIIH.
IIOCKOJIbKY TerrepL He ,n;OBepHJJH HH cerO;n;HHmHHM rrpaBHTeJIHM
(,n;'8rHHOH), HH BlIepamHHM (mya3eJlb), rrpHmJIOCL 06paTliITbCH K
n03aBlIepamHHM.
M36aBHTbCH OT npH3paKOB «mya3eJIH3Ma» MomHO 6:bIJIO JIHmh
C nOMOm;LIO CBepxnpH3paKOB, e e ,n;OJlLme npe6bIBaBmHX B onaJIe.
ITo paCCKa3Y r-mH RaMnaH, CCbIJIaBmeHCH Ha JIHlIHbIe BocrrOMH-
aaHIIH CBoero Myma (HO ocnapHBaeMY OmapOM 3 ), JIIO,n;OBHK XVI
CHa1laJia OCTaHOBHJI CBOH BbI60p Ha Mamo, KOTOpbIH, 6y,n;Y1JH pa-
Bee reHepaJIbHbIM KOHTpOJIepOM cpHHaHCOB, C06HpaJICH rrpOBeCTJJ
pecpopMbI H npOHBHJI TBep,n;bIH xapaKTep; ero np03BaJIH «cTaJIbHOi
yqTHBen;»4. MMeHHO eMY KOpOJIb HarrHCaJI CBoeH PYKOH II B CBOH-
CTBeHHOM eMY CTHJIe, KCTaTH He JIHmeHHOM ,n;OCTOHHCTB, 3HaMeHH-
TYIO 3arrHCKY: «H KOpOJIL... MHe Bcero JIHmb ,n;Ba,n;n;aTb JleT...»5.
1 CM.: Mis de S e g u r. Au couchant de la monarchie: Louis XVI et
Turgot. Paris, 1910, p. 36 et suiv. rJIaBHbIM HCTOqHIIKOM rrOCJIymHJUI:
Sou 1 a vie. Memoires historiques et politiques du regne de Louis XVI.
Paris, 1801, t. II, p. 143; CYJIaBII yr;rBepm}J;aeT, lITO co6paJI MHoro p;OBepu-
TeJILHbIX paCCKaaOB, HO qaII1;e Bcero OHH rrOJIyqeHbI He 113 nepBbIX pYRe
2 CYJIaBII ony6JIIIROBaJI }J;OBOJILHO P;JIIIHH:bIH cnIlCOR, C ROMMeHTapIlHMH,
JlK06LI npIlHa}J;JIema HMII ,1J.O<pHHY. (8 0 U 1 a vie. Ope cit., t. I, p. 282.)
3 CM.: Mme C amp a D. Memoires, p. 80, 81 et note. «BOaMOmHo, aTOT
Bonpoc 06cymp;aJICH B nOKOHX TeTOR, HO OHII HIIKor}J;a He 06MOJIBHJIHCb HD
CJIOBOM CBOHM nJIeMHHHHKaM; TaK CRaaaJIa MHe KOpOJIeBa H rrOTOM nOBTopH-
JIa He paa» (A u g ear d I.-M. Memoires secrets. Paris, 1866, p. 777.)
4: BonpeRII Bce06 eMY MHeHllIO illyaaeJIb onllCbIBaeT Mamo KaR «'tJe-
JIOBeRa HeYMHoro, yrrpHMoro, T eCJIaBJIOrO, cyxoro H lIOnOpHOro, 06JIap;alO-
ero MaJIeHLROH rOJIOBI{OH». (l\lemoires, p. 139.)
5 Bepll, ROTOpbIH Bcer}J;a aaCJIymllBaeT }J;OBepIlH, rOBopHT no 3TOMY no
BO}J;Y: «8TO nllCLMO KOpOJIb HanllCaJI CaMOJIlllIHO, XOTJI B 06II(ecTBe p;OJIro
YBepHJIII, 6Y}J;TO OHO HaUIIcaHO nop; lIymllM BJIHHHlleM 11 6LIJIO CJIe}J;cTBHeM
IIHTpllrll». (V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 94.)
rJI ABA 1. mAHTJIY H nOHmAPTPEH
37
-
lluTpHra, COCTpHnaHHaH B nOCJIe)];HIOIO MHHYTY, 3aMeHHJIa Ha-
MeqeHHYro KaH)];H)];aTYPY. To JIH no)]; BJIHHHHeM rpa<pHHH )];e Hap-
60HH, XJIOnOTaBmeH B HHTepecax rpa<p a )];'8rMHOHa (OH )];OBO;rI;HJICJI
nJleMHHHHKOM meHe Mopena) 1, TO JIM nO;rI; BJIHHHHeM 6:&1Bmero
aacTaBHHKa KOpOJIH a66aTa Pa)];OHBHJILe 2, B:&Ipa3HBmero He;rI;OBepHe
AyxoBeHCTBa K Mamo (KOTOp:&IH XOTeJI 06JIOmMTb ;rI;YXOBeHCTBO
ABa;rI;n;aTHHOH), HO Ma)];aM A)];eJIaH)];a nOBeJIa Ha KOpOJIH MOJIHHeHOC-
ayro a TaKY II o)];epmaJIa no6e)];y. IIocJIaHHe, yme OTrrpaBJIeHHOe c
KypbepOM, 6bIJIO B03Bpam;eHO. B HeM CJIe;rI;OBaJIO TOJIbKO HcrrpaBHTb
aApec H 3aMeHHTb HMH Mamo Ha Mopena 3.
l\aKoBa 6bI HH 6bIJIa JIereH a H ee nO;rI;p06HOCTH, O;rI;HO Heco-
MHeHHO: Ma;z:(aM A;z:(eJIaH;rI;a, qeH 3;rI;paBbIH CMbICJI He 6hIJI, rrO-BH-
):(HMOMY, ee rJIaBHbIM )];OCTOHHCTBOM, H MOJIO)J;OH KOpOJIh npH BceM
eBoeM HeBe)];eHHH H HaHBHOCTH npHHHJIH OqeHb TOHKoe nOJIHTHq
CKoe pemeHHe. Ha3HaqeHHe CBoero pO;rI;a MHHHCTpa-COBeTHHKa,
BDl6paHHoro Cpe)];H «He BTHHYTbIX B CXBaTKY» JIHn;, rr03BOJIHJIO Ka:K
6:&1 «OTTHHYTb» KpH3HC. B03;rI;epmHBaHcb OT CMem;eHHH cym;eCTBYIO-
ero MHHHCTepCTBa, ero B TO me BpeMH H He YTBepiR)];aJIH.
ECJIH HCXO)J;IiITb H3 TaKoro npHHI'(Hna, TO BhI60p 8Toro qeJIOBeK3
npeKpaCHO OTBeqaJI nOCTaBJIeHHOH 3a)];aqe.
C Tex nop He pa3 rOBOpHJIH, qTO Mamo 6bIJI 6bI 60JIee no)];XO-
.n;HIQHM qeJIOBeKOM, qeM Moperra. ShIJI JIH CJIyqaH C nOTepHHHoH
mrropoH pOKOBhIM ;z:(JIH MOHapxHH? Ha 8TO, KOHeqHO, HeB031\IOmHO
o,TBeTHTb. B CBeTe HaqHHarom;erocH n;apCTBOBaHHH Mopena MomHO
6LIJIO CqHTaTh HaHJIyqmHM KaH)J;H;rI;aTOM. OH 6hIJI OTJIyqeH OT BJIa-
CTH em;e paHbme, qeM ero conepHHK. «OH BH)];eJI, KaK H3 KOpOJIeB-
CKoro ,r(Bopa HCqe3JIH Bce JIHn;a, Ha KOTOpbIX OH Mor 6LI nomaJIO-
BaTLCH» 4. OH He 3aCTaJI TaM HH BparOB, HH 3aBe)];OMhIX CTOPOHHH-
KOB, qTO 6LIJIO )J;JIH Hero, a em;e 60JIbme ;rI;JIH ero X03HHHa orpOMHbIM
npeHMy ecTBOM.
Mamo CJILIJI qeJIOBeKOM C TBepALIM xapaKTepOM (nOTOMY ero
II ynpeKaJIlI, 'liTO OH CMeHHJI TpY)];HHii nOCT B MHHHCTepCTBe <pH-
aaHCOB Ha 60JIee cnOKOHHoe MeCTO MopCKoro MHHHcTpa), HO OB
nopoH py6HJI C nJIella. Ero HMH cpasy BLI3LIBaJIO MbICJIL 0 BamHOM
nOCTe. Moperra, HanpoTHB, 6hIJI caMa XHTpOCTL. B o6cTaHoBKe, nOJI-
HOB JIOBymeK, Kor.n;a CJIe;rI;OBaJIO Bce npe)J;BII)J;eTL, pa3Be 8TO 6LIJI He
JIyq:omii BLI6op?
XUTPOCTL II CJIa60CTL, npOHHn;aTeJILHLIH YM H HHKaKOH, HJIB
t 1774 e tr a F. Correspondance secrete... Londres, 1787-1790. (15 jui1-
Sou 1 a vie. Ope cit., t. II, p. 145-146.
n II ( OCJIep;HHH nO}J;po6HOCT:b: aTOT Kypbep 3ap;epmaJICH, TaK KaK nOTepHJI
RB. PY no YCTHOMY npep;aHHIO, COO6II1;eHHoMY MapKII30M }J;e Borroa, nOCJIe}J;-
4 BUYKOM Mamo). (8 e g u f. Op. cit., p. 41.)
c 1740 1\1 0 n t bar e y. Ope cit., t. II, p. 93. Mopena HaXOp;HJICH B onaJIe
r., a Mamo c 1757 r.
38
flACTb nEPBAFI. HAl{EiRt{A
rroqTH HHRaRoi1:, TBep,n;OCTH xapaRTepa - TaROBO 06:bIQHOe cym,n;e-
HHe 0 Mopena. Pe,n;RO CJIyqaeTCH, qT06:bI COBpeMeHHHRH HJIH HCTO-
pHRH Mem,n;y C060H HJIH H Te H ,n;pyrHe BMeCTe TaR JIerRO CXO,n;H-
JIHC:b B 06m;eM MHeHHH. HaM RameTCH 60JIee BepH:bIM oxapaRTepll-
30Ba Tb ero cJIe,n;YIOm;ei <POPMYJIOH: arOll3M rrJIIOC JIOBROCTb. OH Mor
6:bI rrpe,n;cTaBHTbcH rro,n; ,n;eBH30M, ROTOpbIi <l>paHcya MopHaR npH-
IIIIC:bIBaeT O,n;HOMY H3 CBOHX repoeB: «HHlIero 3HaqHTeJI:DHOrO He
CJIYQaeTCH C ,n;pyrHMH».
Ero BHemHOCT:b OnHC:bIBaIOT TaR: aTO lIeJIOBeR «C }J;OBOJIbHO
06:bPIH:bIM, MaJIOB:bIpa3HTeJIbH:bIM JIH OM H npOCT:bIMH MaHepaMH»,
naKOHen;, «OH HHme caMoro MaJIeHbROro pOCTa». HaR QaCTO 6:bIBa-
eT C JIIO,n;bMII B ero nOJIOmeHHH, oc06eHHO Ror,n;a OHH B:bICTyrraIOT
Ha 06:rn;eCTBeHHOM nonplI:rn;e, OH CTapaeTCH B03MeCTHTL. 9TOT He-
60JIbmOH He,n;OCTaTOR 3a60TOH 0 CBoeH BHemHOCTH H ,n;epmllTCH C
no,n;qepRHYTOH CYXOCTbIO II «C BaiRHOCTbIO, COOTBeTCTBYIO:rn;eH ero
nOJIOmeHIIIO » 1. OH eCbMa BLICORO n;eHHJI HaCMemRY; ero BHemHHH
XOJIO,n;HOCTL H QOnOpHOCTb ,n;eJIaJIII, RaR rOBopHT, ero HpOHHIO e:rn;e
60JIee eAKOH. «OH He 6bIJI, qTO Ha3LIBaeTCH, 3JIbIM, - OTMeQaeT Be- .
3aBBaJI:b, ROTOpbIH ero He,n;OJII06JIHBaJI. - OT Hero rrpHxo,n;HJIOCL
TeprreTL JIHillL capRa3M:bI ,n;a HaCMemRH. .IJ:aJILme aToro ,1];eJIO He
mJIo»2. II09TOMY MHOrOQHCJIeHH:bIe iRepTB:bI ero H3BHTeJILHLIX
myTOK He TallJIH Ha Hero aJIa, a caM OH CBOHM nOBe,n;eHHeM
He HarrOMHHaJi HM 0 iReCTOKHX CTpeJIaX, ROTOpLIMH TaR MeTRo HX
pa3HJI.
OTa mYTJIHBaH H HpOHHqeCRaH MaHepa 6:bIJIa, BrrpOlleM, O,1];HOH
H3 rpaHeH iRlIBOrO H OCTporo YMa, ROTOpLIH ;1J.eJIaJI ero HerrpeB30H-
,n;eHHLIM MaCTepOM BeCTH 6ece,n;y. He 06JIa,n;aH rJIy60RoH KYJIbTypoii,
OH IIMeJI nopa3IITeJIbnyIO naMHTb. «rOJIOBa y Hero - HaCTOHm;aH
9nD;HKJIOrre,n;IIH», - 3aMeQaeT a66aT ,n;e BepH 3 , ROTOpbIH cOmaJIeJI,
lITO He Mor BeCTH 3arrHCH CBOHX 6ece,n; C HHM. On pe,1];RO omH6aJICH
B CBOHX HHTYHTHBHbIX On;eHRax JIIO,n;eif H C06LITHH, HO He Bcer,n;a
n:bITaJICH HX OTCTaHBaTb. OH 6:bIJI BOCnpHHMqHB R H,n;eHM, HO He
,n;OXO,n;HJI ,1];0 60pL6bI 3a HHX, BepeH CBOHM QYBCTBaM, HO He )];0 ca-
MonomepTBOBaHHH.
8TH lIepT:bI Mopena 06'".bHCHHIOT, nOlleMY OH C 66JIbmHM 6JIec-
ROM rrpOHBHJI ce6H B onaJIe, lIeM 6y,n;yqH y BJIaCTH: B ,1];BYX nOJIome-
HHHX, Ha ROTOp:bIe ,1];0 Tex nop 6:bIJIa nplIMepHo nopoBIIY pa3)J;eJIeHa
ero C03HaTeJIbHaH mH3HL.
rpa<I> ,1];e Moperra npHHa,n;,lIemaJI K 3Ha THOH ceMbe, ,n;aBmeH CTpa-
He HeMaJIO MHHHCTpOB. OHa rop,n;HJIaCL TeM, qTO HB Hee BbImJIO
,n;eBHTL rocy,n;apCTBeHH:bIX ceRpeTapei. OH caM rr06HJI Ha aTOM
}IOJIiI\HOCTH ,n;BOHHOH peROp,n;: CHaQaJIa KaR CaM:bIH MJIa,n;mHH, a
nOTOM RaR caMLIH CTapmHH no BoapaCTY.
1 Due de Lev i s. Souvenirs et portraits. Paris, 1815, p. 49.
2 B e s e n val P.- V. Memoires, p. 39 et 383.
3 V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 4.
rJIABA 1. IDAHTJ1Y H nOHillAPTPEH
39
B qeT:&lpHa;a; a Tb C nOJIOBHHOH JleT OH 6:&IJI Ha3Ha'IeH rocy;a;a p-
CTBeHH:&IM ceRpeTapeM no MOpCKHM ;a;eJIaM BMeCTO CBoero OTn;a
jf\epoMa ;a;e IIoHmapTpeHa, KOToporo 3aCTaBHJIH yftTH B OTCTaBKY
B nOJl:&3Y CblHa. CeH-CHMOH nO;a;CKa3aJI pereHTY 8TOT H3HIIJ;Hblii'
cnoc06 H36aBHTbCH OT HemeJIaTeJl:&Horo caHOBHHKa 1. repn;or ;a;e
JIaBpHiiep B3HJICH ynpaBJIHTb Be;a;OMCTBOM H 3aHHMaTbCH 06pa30-
BaHHeM MOJIO;a;Oro MHHHCTpa, KOTOpLlff CTaJl ero 3HTeM.
J\or;a;a Mopena CTaJi caMOCTOHTeJIbHO BblnOJIHHTb CBOH 06H3aH-
nOCTH, OB BOCnOJlL30BaJiCH CBOHM YMOM H YMeHHeM 3a6aBJIHT:b,
tlT06:&1 nOHpaBHTbcH KOpOJlIO, KOTOPOMY ;a;oKyqaJIH MHHllcTepcRHe
p;eJla. Ho B OCTaJlbHOM, HecMoTpH Ha xBaJle6H:ble OT3D1BbI CeH-CH-
MOHa H mya3eJIH, H3 Hero B:&lmeJl BeCbMa nocpe;a;CTBeHH:&I:iI MH-
HF.1CTp. Ero ;a;OJIraH Kapbepa HH'IeM He 03HaMeHOBaJlaCb, KpOMe
CXBaTOK C <f>aBopHTKaMH. II 3TH CTOJIKHOBeHHH He MOrJIH 6bITb He-
npHHTH:b1 JIro;a;OBHKY XVI2.
IIepBaH TaKaH CT:&I'IRa Mopena npOH30mJIa C r-iI\OH ;a;e IlIaTo..
py, KOTOPYro OH HeHaBH;a;eJl; OHa OTBe'IaJla eMY TeM me H Ha3:bI-
BaJia «rpa<f> IIycT03BOH» «de comte Faquinet») 3. JIIO;a;OBIIK XV
B nop:&IBe ;a;06pO eTeJlH, BLI3BaHHOH ero 60Jle3Hbro B Men;e, OTCTa-
BHJI 3TY JII060BHun;y. BbI3;a;OpOBeB u ycnoKoHBmHCb, OH npH3BaJ],
ee 06paTHO. rpacpy Mopena 6bIJlO nopyqeHO nepe;a;aTb eii nHCbMO
KOPQJlH: TO JlH nOTOMY, 'ITO 3TO BXO;a;HJlO B ero 06H3aHHOCTH KaR
MHHHCTpa, Be,n;aBmero napHiI\CKHM ,n;enapTaMeHTOM, TO Jill, 'ITO
60Jlee BepOHTHO, no Tpe60BaHHIO caMOH rpacpHHH, meJlaBmeii no-
TemllTL CBoe caMoJIro6ue 4 . OHa pemHJIa npo ce6H, tITO 3aCTaBHT
B:blrHaTb ero B 6J1HiI\aiimHe AHH. Ho He ycrreJla. E,n;Ba rrOJlY'IHB
nHCbMO, HJlH Ha cJle;a;YIOID;Hii ,n;eHb, OHa THmeJlO 3a60JleJia H BCKope
YMepJla. RaK 06:bI'IHO B TY 3rroxy, KpyroM cpa3Y 3arOBOpHJlH 06
OTpaBJIeHHH: ym He BCDlrraJI JIH Moperra B rrHC:bMO OTpaBJIeHH:bIH
nopomoR?
Cy;a;H no TOMY, 'ITO 6:bIJlO H3BeCTHO 0 xapaRTepe MHHIICTpa,
HHRTO He npHHHJI 3Toro 06BIIHeHHH BCep:be3. «He rOBopH 0 TOM,
'ITO, 6J1arO;a;apeHHe He6y, OTpaBJleHHe He B HamHX 06:brQaHX,-
rOBopHT Be3aHBaJl:b, - OHO COBceM He BHiI\eTCH C xapaKTepOM ;a;e
Moperra, CJIHmKOM JIerKOBeCH:bIM ;a;JlH nO;a;06H:bIX nocTyrrKOB» 5 .
Mopena He nyq:me nOJIa,n;HJI H C MapKH30H ;a;e IIoMIIa;a;yp.
B aTOM CJIyqae ero HaCMemJlHBbIH YM He TOJIbKO He nOCJIymHJI
eMy K03:&IpeM, HO CTaJi npHqHHOH ero nopameHHH. O-e: JII06HJI CJlY-
CM.: S e g u r. Ope cit., p. 45 et citations.
T «OR YMeJI omHBHTL BeCeJIOH: mY1'KoH CKYQHYro MHHHCTepCI{YIO pa6o-
nY, Bce <popMaJlbHOCTH ROTOpOM JJ;OJIiRH:bI 6:bIJIH HeH36eiHHO YTOMJUIT:b I\OpOJIH
p. ) BoapacTe, KorJJ;a KIIIIHT CTpaCTH}>. (M 0 n t bar e y. Ope cit., t. I,
3 . ,
ditio S e n a c d e M e i I h a n. Le Gouvernement, les moeurs et les con-
4 ns... (IIol?TpeT Mopena).
5 h 0 1 S e u 1. Memoires. Paris, 1904, p. 23.
e s e n val. Ope cit., t. I, p. 39.
40
qACTb nEPBAFI. HAt{EJRt{A
maTb H CaM nOBTOpHJI pa3Hble naCKBHJlH, XO}];HBmHe npo cpaBopHT-
RY. A TaK KaK B ero 06H3aHHocTH BXO}J;HJlO HX npeceKaTb, TO ero
06BIIHHJIIl KaK 3a CJIHmKOM MHrRHe Mep:bI HaKa3aHHH, TaK H 3a
coyqaCTHe B C03}];aHHH aTHX BHpmeH. HenOCpe));CTBeHHOH l1pHtIIIHOH
ero OnaJIbl nOCJIymllJIO He60JlbmOe CTIIXOTBopeHlle a66aTa BOHa,
pyra TlOpro (TaKOBa rrepBaH, e e OtIeHb TOHKaH CBH3L Mem)J;Y
J];BYMH 6Y)J;Y HMH MHHHCTpaMH JIIO));OBHKa XVI). Tropro rrp0));HK-
TOBaJI no naMHTH aTO CTIIXOTBopeHHe H crroc06cTBoBaJl ero pac-
npOCTpaHeHHIO. qTO }];O Moperra, TO OH 6blJl HeBHHOBeH, BO BCHKOM
cJlyqae Ha aTOT pa3.
lIo aTOMY IIOBO}];Y Tome rOBOpHJlH 0 rrpecTynH:bIX 3aM:bICJlax.
mYTmIKH, a MomeT 6LITb, H BparH MHHHCTpa, CTpeMHBmHeCH ero
nory6HTb, nOCJIaJIH, no paCCKa3aM, cpaBopHTRe B3p:bIBalO YIOCH, HO
6e30naCHYIO mKaTYJlKY. Tor,n;a r-iRa ));e I1oMna;D;YP BCrrOMHHJIa 0
CMepTH r-mH ));e illaTopy l .
Ha aTOT pa3 MHHHCTp ymeJl nepBblM.
CynpyrH Moperra 6LIJIH CHaqaJla B:bICJlaHDI 3a COpOR JIbe OT
IIapHma H B:b16paJlH ropo,n; Bypm, r));e mHJI HX po,n;CTBeHHHK, Kap-
)J;HHaJl-apXHerrHCKorr MOHceHLOp ;D;e JIapomcpYRO. TaM OHH nO)J;py-
iKHJIHCL C a66aToM ,n;e Bepu, KOTOpLIH npH6LIJI B Bypm B O)J;HO
BpeMH C HHMH, Ha MeCTO cTapmero BHRapHH 9Toro npeJlaTa. OHH
IIpOmHJIH TaM ceML JIeT, nOTOM 060CHOBaJlHCL B CBoeH yca)J;b6e
8 IIOHmapTpeHe II no)); KOHen; }J;eJlHJlH CBoe BpeMH Mem,n;y ));epeBHeH
II IIapllmeM, TaK KaK Tenepb 3arrpeT KaCaJICH TOJlbKO noce eHHH
ABopa.
nOJIOmeHHe MHHHCTpa B onaJle ;D;aBaJlO Mopena npeKpaCHYro
B03MOiKHOCTb pa3BepHYTb CBOH pa3HOCTopOHHHe KaqeCTBa. Ha aTOM
norrpHm;e OH c));eJlaJI 6JIeCTHID;Yro Kapbepy. TOT, KTO, nonaB B 6e)J;y,
coxpaHHeT mH3Hepa,n;ocTHoCTL (a OH tIYBCTB01JaJl ce6s: YH3BJleHHbIM,
[[0 ero CJIOBaM, Bcero JlHmb O}];HH }];eHL), 6J1arO));apH TaKoMY KOH-
'ltpacTY 06JIa)J;aeT 60JlbmOH npHTHraTeJILHOH CHJlOH. JIro)J;H JIro6HT
C060Jle3HOBaTb, He nepeCTaBaH pa3BJleKaTLCH. qeTa Mopena, HMeB-
maH 60JIbmOe COcToHHHe 2 , npHHHMaJIa C Jlro6eaHoH npocToTOH MHO-
rOqHCJIeHHLIX po,n;CTBeHHHKOB H 6eCqHCJIeHH:bIX CTap:bIX H HOBblX
JJ;pY3en. E e B Bypme CqHTaJlOCb xopomHM TOHOM HX HaBe aTb,
II HM npHXO,D;HJIOCL nopoH aam;Um;aTbcH OT U3JIUmHero pBeHuH CBO-
ux npHBepmeHn;eB. «JIeToM }];OM B IIoHma pTpeHe 6:&IJI Bcer)J;a ne-
penOJIHeH» .
Moperra JII06HJI rOBopllTb, YMeJI CJiymaTb, Jlro6HJI COBeTOBaTb
H 1JepenHCbIBaTbcH. OH no,n;,n;epmHBaJI CBH3H He TOJILKO C a)J;MHHH-
t CM.: C h 0 i s e u 1. Ope cit., p. 59.
2 IIo CJIOBaM a66aTa }J;e Bepu, OBII IIMeJIII 120 TLIC. JIIIBpOB ro,u;OBoro
}J;OXOAa, tITO COCTaBJIHeT 240 MJIB. no HameMY IIH}J;eRcy eB ( CM. J(aJIee) .
C}'npyr:a Mopena Bcer}J;a npOHBJIHJIII nOJIBOe 6ecKopLIcTlle.
rJ1 ABA 1. WAHTJIY H nOHmAPTPEH
41
--
TpaTopaMH H nOJIHTHqeCKHMH )];eHTeJIHMH, HO TaKiKe C yqeHLIMH H
IICaTeJlHMH. «Ero Ka6HHeT 6LIJI )];JIH aTOrO pO)];a JIIO)];eH KaK 6b1
CyAOM, 0)];06peHHH KOTopOrO OHH )];06HBaJIHCb». CTOHBIDHe Y BJIaCTH
MHBHCTpDl nOCLIJIaJIH eMY naMHTHbIe 3anHCKH H COBeTOBaJIHCh C
BHM. «EMY co06rqaJIII 060 BceM, qTO npOHCXO)];HJIO nplI )];BOpe H
B caMOM IIapHiKe, 6Y)];b TO 6paKOCOQeTaHHe HJIH KaKOe-JIH60 BaiK-
HOe ,n;eJIO, H cnpamHBaJIH ero MHeHHH» 1.
r -iKa )];e Mopena C JIerKOCTblO ynpaBJIHJIa He TOJIbKO CBOHM
AOMOM, HO H MymeM. OH 6bIJI BCe eJIO no)]; ee"BJIUS:BHeM, 'qTO 06'L-
HCHHJIOCb OTHIO)];b He HemHhIMH qYBCTBaMH, Ha KOTopLle ero C1I1I-
TaJIH Hecnoc06HbIM OT npHpO)];bI 2 . r -iKa )];e Mopena JII06uJIa urpaTb
B KapTLI, B JIOTO, a TaKme, KaK H ee cynpyr, JII06HJIa BeCTH 6eCe)];bl
H nepenHcKY C PY3LHMH. OHa caMa HaXO)];HJIaCL no)]; BJIHHHHeM
6JIU3KHX eH JIIO)];eH: CBoeH KY3HHbI r-iKH )];e MOH6apa H CBoero
OOJlbmOrO )];pyra a66aTa )];e BepH. Ee KY3eH MHpOMeHHJIb, Tome
H3rHaHHLIH H3 CBoero napJIaMeHTa, mHJI no)]; ceHLIO ee MHJIOCTei.
M3rHaHHe Mopena 6blJIO COBceM HenOXOiKe Ha H3rHaHHe IDya-
3eJIH. IDya3eJIb B onaJIe OCTaJICH TaKHM, KaKHM H 6bIJI, a Mopena
06peJI HOBoe JIH O. IDya3eJIb 6bIJI no-npeiKHeMY JIHmb KpynHbIY
BeJIbMOmei, a cynpyrH Mopena npH06peJIH qepTLI 06pbIX 6yp-
mya. IIOHmapTpeH OTHIO)];L He illaHTJIY. B HeM He rHe3)];HJIac:o,
HHTpHra. 3TO c06paHHe YMOB B qeTbIpex JIbe OT BepCaJIH, 06HTeJJ!:&.
HCKpeHHHx npHBH3aHHocTei Ha cKperqeHHH npoBHH HaJILHLIX )];0-
por H nopoi CBoero po)];a IIop-PyaHJIb* )];JIH CBeTCKHX O)];HHOtIeK,
qym)];bIX TeOJIOrHH H B03)];epmaHHH.
3)];eCb 3aCTaJIO rpa«pa Mopena nOCJIaHHe KOpOJIH OT 12 Mas
1774 r. IIo OT3bIBaM ero )];pY3ei, OH nOJIyqHJI ero C BeJIHKHM y HB-
JIeHHeM H )];ame C qYBCTBOM HeKoTopoH )];OCa)];bI.
ECJIU BepHTb KHH310 MOH6apa, qei paCCKa3 )];OXO)];HT )];0 YMH-
JIeHHH BceM, qTO KacaeTCH cynpyroB Mopena, nepBLIM )];BHmeHHeM
<l>HJIeMOHa H EaBKH)];bI** (KaK HX np03BaJIH) 6bIJIO YKPbITbCH OT
1 M 0 n t bar e y. Ope cit., t. I, p. 293, 319.
2 «ECJIII BepllTL MOJIBe, MeiKAY HIIMR HIIKorAa He 6LIJIO II AaiKe HH-
60rAa He MOrJIO 6LITb HHKaKHX HHhIX CBH3ei, KpOMe rrpRBLI'tJKII H APYiKeCKOH
JIII30CTII». (L e vis. Ope cit., p. 4.) «B 06m;eCTBe 3JIOCJIOBHJIH, 'tJTO ero <p1I311-
'tJeCKlIe CBJILI He COOTBeTCTBOBaJIH HII ero BoapaCTY, HII ero crrOCOOHOCTHM
AOBJIeTBOpHTL CBOH iKeJIaHIIH». (M 0 n t bar e y. Ope cit., t. I, p. 290.)
MOHaCTLIpL, CTaBmBH B 30-x rO}J;ax XVII B. n;eHTpOM HHceHH3Ma.
C MOHaCTLIpeM 6LIJIlI TeCHO CBHaaHLI KpyrrHDle <pHJIOCO<pLI, yqeHLIe, rrllca..
TeJIH (A. ApHO, B. IIacKaJIL, iR. PaCIIH II }J;p.). BJIHaOK K HeMY 6LIJI II P. Ae-
RapT. "4JIeHLI KpymKa, rpyrrrrHpoBaBmerOCH BOKpyr MOHaCTLIpH, rrpHHHJIB
::THBHoe Y'tJaCTlIe B 60pL6e C HeaYIITaMH. - IIpUM. pea.
III B aHTII'tJHoH MII<pOJIorHR cKpoMHaH cyrrpYiKecKaH 'tJeTa, rrpHIOTIIB-
1[ aH y ce6H' 60roB 3eBca II repMeca, KOTopLIe HBBJIIICL K HHM B BHAe rrYT-
II BrO B . ,lJ;oMa coce}J;eii: <1>IIJIeMOHa II BaBKIIALI, OTKa3aBmllXCH rrpHHHTL 3eBca
np epMec.a, 6LIJIlI aaTOrrJIeHLI paarHeBaHHLIM 3eBcoM, a XHiKHHa cyrrpyr([)B
BP::pam;eHa B xpaM, r}J;e OHII CTaJIH iKpen;aMII. 3eBc AapOBaJI BM TaHiKe OAHO-
cYn eHHYIO MepTL. «I>IIJIeMOH H BaBKHAa - CIIMBOJI rrpe}J;aHHo JI106H eii
PYiRecKoH 'tJeTbI H rocTerrpllHMcTBa. - IIpuM. pea.
42
tlACTb llEPBAH. HAl:{EJRl:{A
aToro MOJIHHeHOCHOrO B03BpaTa ROpOJIeBCROi MHJIOCTH. OHB no
On:bITY 8HaJIII ee HeHaAemHOCT:b. IT peRJIOHH:bli B03paCT, no arpa
aBaJIH BM xopomHH nOBO JIH OTRa3a. IIpHmJIoc:b nOCJIaT:b BTOpO-
ro Ryp:bepa, Ha aTOT pa3 OT Ma aM A eJIaH :bI, 'lITo6:bI HX y6e HT:b.
HaR 6:bI TO HH: 6:bIJIO, CTpeMJIeHHe R nOROIO HeHa OJIrO nepeBe-
CHJIO ero CTpeMJIeHHe R CJIaBe.
Ha pyroH ,n;eHh Mopena yme npe,n;CTaBIIJICH ROpOJIIO, ROTOp:bIH
ero He 3HaJI, a H caM OH BH eJI ROpOJIH Bcero O HH pa3, H TO
1I3,n;aJIH, «B ORHe», BO BpeMH CJIyqaHHOH (a MomeT 6MT:b, II HaMe-
peHHOM) nporYJIRH. On YMeJI OqapOB:bIBaT:b - H OqapOBaJI. 3Ta
nepBaH BCTpeqa, JIHBmaHCH qac C qeTBepThlO, npOlI30mJIa B Ra-
6HHeTe Ma,n;aM A,n;eJIaH :bI: HBHaH YJIOBRa nOKa3HOM 6JIH30CTH, a
rJIaBHOe, HOB:bIM AeHh TPHYM«Pa JIH TeTOR. 3TO BTOpOM TPHYM«P, OH
me 6y,n;eT H nOCJIe HHM. IToCJIe aY HeH BH Y KOpOJIH H npHeMa
y ROpOJIeB:bI ceMH,n;ecHTHJIeTHHH «coming man» «(BOCXO,n;Hm;aH
3Be3 a») He npeMHHeT norOBOplIT:b B CO CBOBMII nORpOBHTeJI:bHH-
n;aMII. IToCJIe qero TeTRH HCqe3HYT C OOJI:bmOH nOJIHTHqeCROH c e-
H:bI II 'yme HHRor,n;a Ha Hee He BepHYTCH. ORa3aBmHC:b He y eJI,
OHH CTaHOBHTCH Bce 60JIee meJIqH:bIMB B B ROH e KOH OB o3JIo6JIH-
IOTCH. OHH nOHBJIHIOTCH JIllmL Ha 3a BopRax HCTOpHH, npHHHMaH
yqaCTHe B R03HHX npOTHB ROpOJIeB:bI II 3aHBJIHH pa3H:ble eHemH:bIe
npeTeH3lIH. Mopena, XOTH OB MHorHM IIM o6H3aH, a BepHee, IIMeH-
ao no aTOH nplIqHHe, B AaJILHeMmeM OCTeperaeTCH ,n;aBaTL HM Ma-
JIeMmylO B03MOmHOCT:b OKa3LIBa TL CBoe BJIHHHHe. C aTOH nHTHHD;:bI,
13 MaH 1774 r., ROpOJIIO yme 6:bIJIO OCTaTOqBO caMoro Mopena 11
MapHH AHTyaHeTT:bI, QTo6:bI nOBepHT:b HM CBOB COMHeHHH.
Ha aTOH nepBOM BCTpeqe yme, HaBepHo, 6:bIJIO pemeHo, qTO
Mopena 6y,n;eT rocy,n;apcTBeHH:bIM MHHHCTpOM; HOBOCT:b aTa 6:bIJIa
ocpHD;HaJI:bHO 06':bHBJIeHa 'lIepe3 Ba HH. ROpOJIL npHRa3aJI OTBeCTH
eMY He60JIbmHe nOROII Ha CBOHMH arrapTaMeHTaMH, C ROTOp:bIMH
OHII Henocpe,n;CTBeHHO coe,n;HHHJIIICh BHYTpeHaei JIeCTHH ei: 6MB-
mHe nOROII AI06appH! RaRoe TopmeCTBO JIH Bpara «paBOpIITOR!
ITo paCCRa3Y IDaM<popa, Mopena JIOBRO «B:bIMaHHJI» CBOH nOCT.
«HopOJI:b XOTeJI TOJI:bI{O norOBopUTh C HHM», a y Mopena XBaTHJIO
CMeJIOCTH CRa3aT:b B ROHD;e 6ece,n;:bI: «.fI pa30BhlO CBOH H,n;eH B Co-
BeTe». 3Ta 3a6aBHaH BepCHH, COOTBeTCTBYIOm;aH xapaRTepy eiiCT-
BYIOm;ero JIIID;a, onpoBepraeTCH BceM TOHOM 3anlICRII ROpOJIH: «B:bI
nOMomeTe MHe CBOHMH COBeTaMH II CBOHMH 3HaHIIHMII»; nplI CTOJIL
Cep:be3HldX 06CTOHTeJI:bCTBaX aTO He MOrJIO OTHOCHT:bCH R nYCTOMY
pa3roBopyl.
C ,n;PyroM CTOpOH:bI, Moperra ynpeKaJIH, 'lITO OH He IIOnpOCHJI,
.BepHee, He rroTpe6oBaJI, 3BaHHH nepBoro MHHIICTpa. O HaRO aToro
nOCTa eMY He npe JIaraJIH. HeCOMHeHHO, eMY 6:bI ero H He aJIB.
1 PaccKaa IllaM<popa IIpHBO)J.HTCH B: Mme C amp a n. Ope cit., t. I,
p. 81, note.
rJI ABA 1. mAHTJ1Y H nOHillAPTPEH
43
-
MepCH-ApmaHTO H MapHH Tepe3HH C):(eJIaJIH MapHH AHTyaHeTTe
IIO aTOMY nOBO):(Y CTporoe BHymeHlIe. «HHRaRHX nepB:bIX MHHHCT-
pOB, - nHCaJIa HMrrepaTpHrr;a f];O'IeplI, - aTO CJIlImKOM OrOp'IHT ):(PY-
rax paBH:bIX eMY MHHHCTpOB H BeCh Hapo):(». A C rrOCJlOM OHa ro-
BOpHT 60JIee oTRpoBeHHo: «AeHTeJlbHOCTh rrepB:bIX MHHIICTpOB BO
<I>paH HH Bcer):(a CBO):(HJIaCh K npeCe'IeHHIO H pa3pymeHHIO BJlHH-
1
H:BJI RopOJleB» ·
M:bI 3HaeM CO CJlOB a66aTa ):(e BepH CYTh pa3rOBopa Mopena
C ROpOJleM. Moperra O'IeHh IICRYCHO paCXBaJlIIBaJl nepHO , Ror):(a
Y BJIaCTH HaXO):(HJlCH Rap):(IIHaJI ):(e <DJIepH - nOCJle):(HIIH «rrepBldH
MHHHCTp», HMeBillHH aTO 3BaHHe. To 6:bIJI ):(OBOJlhHO np03paQHldH
HaMeR. 3aTeM OH npe JIOiKHJI rrOMOQh KOpOJIIO CTaTh caMOMY CBOHM
nepB:bIM MHHHCTpOM; HO, «eCJlH B:bI He 3aXOTHTe HJIH He CMomeTe,
BaM HeH36eiKHO npH eTCH Bld6paTh RorO-HH6Y b na 3TOT rrOCT».
«B:bI OTra aJIH Moe HaMepeHHe, - OTBeTHJI KOpOJlh, - aTO J2[MeHHO
TO, qero H OiKH):(aJI OT Bac» 2 .
Mopena TaR H He CTaJI rrepBhIM MHHHCTpOM, XOTH 6:bIBaJlH MII-
HYTLI, Kor):(a OH, HeCOMHeHHO, JleJleHJI TaRHe "IeCTOJII06HB:bIe 3a-
M:bICJlId. Ho JIIO OBHK XVI HHKor):(a He corJlamaJlCH YQpe):(HTh aTOT
nOCT. O):(HaRO, H He HMeH TaKoro 3BaHHH, Moperra no B03paCTY Bce-
r):(a 3aHHMaJl nepBoe MeCTO B COBeTe. CTapmHHcTBo, B caMOM eJle,
HeJlh3H YTpaTHTh 3 . TaR KaK Mopena 6:bIJI Ha3HaqeH Ha f];OJliKHOCTh
mecTh ecHT JleT Ha3a):(, eMY He npIIXO):(HJlOCb orracaThCH HHRaRoro
conepHHRa.
E:bIJI JlH MHHHCTp 6e3 rropT<peJlH cTapeiimHM HJlH BeT, o6J1a):(a-
TeJlh aToro 3BaHHH Mor npH Bcex pemHMax npaKTH'IeCKH BLlnOJI-
HHTh CaM:bIe pa3Hoo6pa3H:bIe o6H3aHBocTH. B03pacT Mopena, ero
penyxarr;HH ):(HJleTaHTa, npeAHa3Ha'IeHHaH eMY BeChMa paCrrJlldB'Ia-
TaR pOJlh nOJlIITHQeCKOrO HaCTaBHHRa, ROHTpaCT MeiK):(Y ero 6ec-
D;BeTHOH JlH'IHOCThIO H CHJlhHldMH xapaRTepaMH MHHHCTPOB-TPJI-
YMBHpOB - Bce aTO npHBeJlO K TOMY, "ITO "IaCTh 06m;eCTBa C'IHTaJIa
ero TIeJIOBeROM He3Ha'IHTeJlhH:bIM. OH H306pamaJl JI3 ce6H MeHTO-
pa* (a O<pHrr;HaJlhHaH n033HH cpaBHIIBaJla JIIO):(oBHKa XVI C TeJle-
MaKoM). Ero Ha3hIBaJlH H MeHee 6J1arOpO Ho - «KypaTopoM Ba-
RaHTHOH OJliKHOCTH». «8TO 'IeJlOBeK 6e3):(eHTeJIhH:bIH, - rrHCaJI
«iRYPHaJlh HCTOPHK», - HymH:bIH JIHillh JlH rrpo<popM:bI, Bce eJIa-
eTCH OT ero HMeHH, HO caM OH HE: BO tITO He BMemHBaeTCH» 4 .
u Ha ):( HHM CMeHJIHCh, H OBOJlhHO 3J10, H3-3a ero rrpe):(rroJlarae-
MOB HenOJIHOrr;eHHOCTH J2[ C'IHTaJlH, 'ITO B aTOM on CXOAeH C KOpO-
r y- A r g e n tea u. Gp. cit., t. II, p. 155, 147.
3 Mer 1. Ope cit., t. I, p. 96.
* M 0 n t bar e y. Ope cit., t. II, p. 117.
I!Ma eHTOp - APyr OAlIcceH II BocnlITaTeJIL ero C:&IHa TeJIeMaKa. Ero.
COBeT CTaJIO CIIHOHHMOM naAeiRnoro naCTaBHIIKa, My poro II OCTopOiKHOro.
4 BUKa. - IIpuM. pea.
«Journal historique», t. VI, p. 53, 9 juin 1776.
44
QACTb IlEPBAIl. HAl1.EJRl1.A
JleM I. MHOrllX 6eCnOROIlJIO, qTO on COCTOIIT B po,u;CTBe C repn;orOM
Jj;'8rIlHOHOM II repn;orOM ,u;e JIaBpuHepOM.
n pOIlIJIO HeMHoro BpeMeHII, H Bce y6e,u;IIJIllc:b, qTO ,u;yx ceMeHCT..
BeHHOCTH y Mopena OTHIO,u;b He ,u;OXO,u;IIT ,u;o <panaTIiI3Ma. 3HaqH-
TeJIbHO 60JIbllIe BpeMeHH nOHa,u;o6HJIOC:b, lIT06:bI oRpymalO lIe no-
HHJIII, tITO 3a ero BHelliHOCT:b1O OCTpOCJlOBa II <pIiIJIoco<pa CRpbIBa-
eTCH CTpaCTHaH JII060Bb K BJIaCTH.
«fpa<p ,u;e Mopena, - rOBopHT MOH6apa, - tIepe3 lIeTBepTb qa-
ca nOCJIe CBoero Bo,u;BopeHIiIH BMrJIH,u;eJI KaK qeJIOBeK, HHRor,u;a He
IIOKII,u;aBIIIIIH aToro MeCTa»2.
JJ:a, HeCOMHeHHO, C aTOH MHHYT:bI OH pemHJI, qTO HHRor,u;a ero
He nOKIiIHeT. II KaK M:bI 3HaeM, OH He nOKHHYJI ero O caMOH
CMepTII. Bce ero nOBe eHHe 6y eT OTH:bIHe 3aBHCeT:b OT aToro rJlaB-
Horo pemeHIiIH. fOBOPHT, CJIa6bIH H JlerKOBecHLIH? Bo BceM OCTaJIb-
HOM - B03MomHO, HO TOJIbKO He B aTOM. OH KameTCH 6eCCTpaCT-
HbIM, TaR RaR JIM BJIa):(eeT' JIllmb O):(Ha CTpaCTb. OH 6y):(eT YCTynaT:b
BO BceM, qT06bI He YCTYIIHT:b B rJIaBHOM.
IIo-BH):(HMOMY, HCKpeHHe IIpIlBH3aHH:bIH R MOJIO):(OMY KOpOJIIO
(<<:H HaqliIHalO ero JII06HT:b»), HaCKOJI:bKO aTO n03BOJIHJI ero TeMIIe-
paMeHT, HecIIoco6HbIH Ha rOpf.l1lHe lIYBCTBa IiI, BO BCHKOM CJIyqae,
HCRpeHHe y6em):(eHH:bIH, lITO ero YXO):( nOBJIeqeT 3a C060H KaTaCTpo-
«p bI , BO 1136emaHHe KOTOp:bIX JIyqme nOHTH Ha JII06bIe YCTynKH,
OH 6:bIJI cepbe3HO 03a601ieH ):(eJIaMIiI KOpOJIeBCTBa H cY):(b60H MOHap-
XHII, qTO npeKpaCHO ymHBaJIOCb C arOHCTliIqeCKOH pa):(OCTblO nOJIY-
tIHBIIIero BJIaCT:b CTaporo qecToJII06n;a. IICTOpHH ):(aeT HaM pa3HO-
06pa3H:bIe rrpHMep:bI no):(06H:bIX qYBCTB Y nOJIHTHtIeCKHX ):(eHTeJIeH.
HeCOMHeHHO, B nepB:blif pa3 Mopena JIerRO nepeHec OTCTpaHe-
HHe OT BJIaCTII. JJ:OlIYCTIIM ):(ame, qTO B ero <pHJIOCO<pCROM cnOKOH-
CTBMM He 6bIJIO HIiI MaJIeHmerO lIpHTBopCTBa, qT OH He 3aTaliIJI B
p;yme rJIyxoro 03JI06JIeHHH. qacTo CJIyqaeTCH, qTO rocy,u;apCTBeHHbIe
)1(eHTeJIH JIerKO nepeHOCHT nepBYIO OTCTaBKY, no BTOPYIO - HHKor):(a.
JII060Bb K BJIaCTII - TaKaH CTpaCTb, ROTopaH He B CHJIaX CHe-
CTH 60JIee O):(Horo pa3pbIBa.
B CJIyqae C Mopena Ha):(o K TOMY me CqHTaT:bCH CO CJIe):(OM,
OCTaBJIeHHbIM ero Heo6:bIKHOBeHHblM Ha3HaqeHHeM em;e B ):(eTCKHe
rO):(:b!. Ero 6Horpa<pbI He):(OOn;eHIiIBaJiH lIC XOJIOrHqeCKOe, MomHO
):(ame CKa3aTb, nCHXOaHaJIHTUqeCKOe 3HaqeHHe TaKoro pe):(Koro OlIbI-
Ta. HOBoe nepeBOnJIO eHHe B rocy):(apCTBeHHoro Myma OmHBHJIO
caMbIe ):(aBHIiIIIIHHe IIJIaCTbI ero naMHTH, mIiI3HeHH:bIH TOK BHOBb
t q ac l\rlopella OllHTb HaCTaJI,
If CHOBa OH MIIHIICTpOM CTaJI.
Tor;n;a ROpOJIb ero 06HHJI:
«BeCCHJIbeM MbI C T060IO cxomlI,
H 6bITb HaM Bp03b Tenepb Herome...»
(M e t r a. Correspondance, t. 1, p. 4, 4 juin 1774.)
2 M 0 n t bar e y. Ope cit., t. II, p. 95.
fi'JIABA 1. illAHTJ1Y 11 nOHillAPTPEH
45
OpOHHK B rJly6HH:b1 ero C03HaHI1JI. B:blpBaTb Y Hero BJIaCTb Te-
.lIepb - 3HaQHJIO 6:b1 B:blpBaTb Y Hero ;n;ymy.
3aM:blmJIHJI JIH Moperra C rrepB:bIX marOB OTCTaBKY MMHHCTpOB
JIIO,D;OBIIKa XV? 8TO RameTCH BeC:bMa BepOHTH:bIM. OHM 6:blJIII ;n;JIa
Hero correpHHKaMH H nOCTOHHHOH yrp030H.
O;n;HaKO no OTHomeHHIO K rep ory JJ;'8rHHOHY y Hero BpH;n; JIll
t6bIJIO TaI{Oe HaMepeHHe. r -ma ;n;e Moperra rrHTaJIa CJla60CTb K
aCBoeMY nJleMHHHHKY. RameTcH, B O;n;HOH H3 nepB:bIX 6ece;n; C KO-
pOJIeM Mopena IIOIT:bITaJICH «TYMaHHO» B03;n;aT:b ;n;OJImHOe HCTHH..
H:bIM AOCTOHHCTBaM 3Toro MHHHCTpa. Ho BCKope pemHJI 6oJl:bme
ro He 110JJ;p;epmHBaT:b, «rrOTOMY QTO CtIHTaJl ero He110JJ;XOJJ;Hm;HM
JI.JIH COBMeCTH:bIX JJ;eHCTBHH», HHatIe rOBopH, Hecrroc06H:bIM HrpaTb
BTOpyIO pOJl:b B 06m;eH Hrpe.
Moperra He rrpHmJIOC:b 60JIbme rroJJ;aBJlHT:b CBOH pO;n;CTBeHH:ble
IrrpHBH3aHHocTH. IIaccHBHoro rroBeJJ;eHHH C ero CTOpOH:b1 6:bIJlo JJ;o-
CTaTOtIHO, qT06:b1 rrOKOHqHT:b C p;'8rHHOHOM. Orrepa Hro B3HJla Ha
.ce6H KOpOJIeBa. OHa He rrpOCTHJIa rep ory JJ;': rHHOHY ero CBH3eii
C HeHaBHCTHOH eH }];ro6apPM II TeM 60JIee JJ;('p30CTeH, B KOTOp:bIX
()Ha ero 06BHHHJI2. rOBOpHT, OH CqHTaJl ee «KoKeTKoi» H rrp03BaJI
,«p:blmeiii ;n;eBtIOHKOH». MMeHHO B 3TY rropy CJlOmliIJICH rrOJlHTHtIeCKHH
:xapaRTep MapHH AHTyaHeTT:b1 H yme HHRorp;a He MeHHJICH: OHa
HTepeCOBaJIaCb TOJI:bRO MeJIOqaMH II JJ;eiiCTBOBaJIa IICRJllOqIlTeJIL...
1I0 113 CaMOJII06uH. aHa Tpe60BaJIa Bceo6m;ero ITORJIOHeHIIH II XOTe-
JIa, qTo6:b1 rrOCJle,u;Hee CJIOBO Bcer,u;a OCTaBaJIOCL 3a Hei. E,u;UHCTBeH-
H])IMII rocy,n;apCTBeHH:bIMH ,n;eJlaMII, ,u;OCTYIIH:bIMII ee rrOHHM:aHHIO, 6:b1-
JIll HarpaJJ;:bI, HeMHJIOCTliI II pacxo,u;])I. q To6])1 JJ;06MTbCH Y ROpOJlH OT-
oCTaBKH MHHHCTpa HHOCTpaHH])IX JJ;eJI, OHa rrpeJJ;YCMOTpHTeJI:bHO
cCKp:bIBaJIa CBOII HaMepeHHH OT MaTeplI, ROTopaH XOTeJla 6:b1 ero
<coxpaHHTb. Ho, rrOCTaBIIB Ha CBoeM, OHa HHtIYT:b He HHTepeCOBa-
.JIaCb rrOCJle,n;CTBHHMliI. MapMH Tepe3MH II MepCH rrpHmJIliI B OTtIaH-
Hne: Ha ero MeCTe OH:U XOTeJlH 6])1 BH,n;eTb r-Ha ,n;e BpeTeH, HO
BMeCTO Hero «6:bIJl Ha3HatIeH meBaJI:be ;n;e BepmeHH, 6e3 Be,n;OMa
KOpOJIeBbI II 6e3 BCHKoro ee YtIaCTHH».
rep or JJ;'8rlIioH He 6blJl <popMaJlbHO YBOJleH. IIpeJJ;yrrpemp;eH-
:aLIH Moperra H, BepOHTHO, rro ero cOBeTyl, OH eJJ;Ba ycrreJl crraCTH
CBoe JIIID;O, nOJJ;aB 2 IIIOHH B OTCTaBKY. (IIoToM OH maJleJl 0 CBoe:n
nocrremHocTH, BHP;H, tITO Mony If Tepp3 ero rrepecMJJ;eJlII.)
ITo 3TOMY CJIYtIaIO KOpOJIb nO;n;qepKHYJl CBoe pemeHIIe OTKa3aTb-
OCR: OT BapBapcKoro 06bIQaH OTnpa8.1tRTb .MunUCrp08 8 uaenanue
{tITO J];eJIaeTCH TOJl:bKO BO <DpaHIJ;MM M B TYP IIH, OTMeqaeT MaplIs
't Mopena, BnpOqeM, y6eAHJT A'8rJlIHOHa, qTO OIl caM He lIMeeT BJHUI-
'fIltH ITa ROpOJHI. «CaMoro Moperra c.rrymalOT He 60JIbme, qeM Bcex npOqlIX», -
Hr aJI A'SrHHoH r-llY Mopo. (lYI 0 rea u. J.-N. Mes Souvenirs. Paris, 1898
. I, p. 10.)
46
lJACTb llEPBAIl. HAnEiRl{A
Tepe3HH). reprr;or COXpaHHJI CBoe 3BaHHe rrOJIKOBHHKa JIerKOM Ka-
BaJIepHH, eMY Ha3HallHJIH rreHCHIO, H OH IIOJIYlIHJI B nOJJ;apOK
.500 T:bIC. «ppaHKOB, lITO B03MYTHJIO 06 eCTBeHHoe MHeHHe, B:bIpa-
maBmee Bceo6 ee CTpeMJIeHHe K aKOHOMHH 1 .
opelIa OCTaBaJIOCb TOJIbKO BCTynHTb B Hrpy, KorJJ;a KOpOJleBa
YJJ;OBJIeTBOpeHHaH CBoeH MeCT:bIO, OT Hee OTCTpaHHJIaCb. CJIeJJ;OBaJIO
B:bI6paTb '3rHiIoHY IIpeeMHHKa, HJIH, BepHee, JJ;BYX npeeMHHROB,.
BeJJ;b reprr;or 3aHHMaJi ,n;Ba nOCTa. BepH yroBapHBaJI opena caMO-
MY 3aHHTb MeCTO MHHHc'rpa HHOCTpaHHbIX eJI, HO TOT He nOCJIe-
AOBaJi ero COBeTY. MeHTOp He JII06HJI aJJ;MHHHCTpaTHBHOM B03HH.
OH IIOJJ;YMaJI 0 6apoHe JJ;e EpeTee (ROTOp:bIH 6:bIJI 6bI aBcTpHHCKHM
KaHJJ;H,n;aToM). Ho BepH CHOBa BMemaJlCH H JJ;06HJICH Ha3HalleHHIi
BepmeHHa. IIMeHHo TaRoif lIeJIOBeR 6:bIJI HymeH Moperra, H60
BepmeHH, KaK rOBOpHJlH B TO BpeMH, He HMeJI «QRpymenHH».
Y Hero He 6:bIJIO JJ;pyroro IIOKpOBHTeJIH, 11 OH 6:bIJI BceM 06H3aB
Mopena; TaKHM o6pa30M, HMeJIHCb Koe-RaKHe maHC:bI, tITO OH eMY
He H3MeHHT. BepmeHH, lIeJIOBeR HH3Koro npOHCXOiKJJ;eHHH, C 3a-
ypHJJ;HOH BHemHOCTblO, 6e3 BCHKoro 6JIeCKa, ClIHTaJICH CKopee CTa...
paTeJIbH:bIM, lIeM OJJ;apeHH:bIM pa60THHROM. XOTH BepH II peKOMeH...
AonaJI ero, on 6:bIJI 0 HeM HeB:bICOKOro MHeHHH (B lIeM, 6e3 COMHe..
HHH, 6:bIJI HecnpaBeJJ;JIHB). R TOMY me Kapbepe BepmeHHa OTlIaCTD
MemaJla ero meHHTb6a Ha TypllaHKe, 6bIBmeif pa6:bIne, KaK rOBO-
pHJIH 3J1:bIe H3bIRH, na CaMOl\f me JJ;eJIe BJJ;OBe CTaM6YJIbCKOrO Bpaqa.
AJIH BoeHHoro MHHHCTepCTBa Mopena B:bI6paJl MeHee CIIoco6...
Horo, HO BIIOJIHe TepIIHMoro RaHJJ;IIJJ;aTa, IIpHmeJJ;merOCH IIO cep;a;rr;y
KOpOJlIO: rpacpa e MIOH, OrpaHlItIeHHOrO peaKrr;HOHepa, lIeJlOBeKa
,n;OJIra, tIym,n;oro HHTpHraM, 6bIBmero BOCIIHTaTeJIH ,n;ocpHHa, K KOTO-
POMY Oll 6:bIJI TaR npHBH3aH, tITO nOrrpOCHJI, lIT06:bI ero nOXOpOHBJIB
R CaRce, B Horax y ero nOKOHHoro X03HHHa,-rrpOCb6a :3Ta 6:bIJIa B:bI-
IIOJIneHa ro,n; CIIYCTH. «Ero Ha3HatIalOT B TaRoe MHHHCTepCTBO,- IIH-
caJI TlOpro, - r,n;e ero npe;a;paccy,n;KH 6y,n;YT MeHee Bcero OnaCHbI».
ECJIH B JJ;eJle ,n;'8rHHOHa Mopena tIYBCTBOBaJI ce6H HeMHoro
HeJIOBKO, TO C MOIIY H Teppa ero YiI e HlIqTO He CTeCHHJIO. O,n;HaRO
OH He XOTeJI YCKOPHTb XO;a; C06:bITIIM. Bo- IIepB:bIX, IIOTOMY, "CJTO pe3..
KOCTb 6bIJIa He B ero xapaRTepe. BO-BTOpbIX, IIOTOMY, tITO He me-
JIaJI 6e3 HYII\A:bI namHBaTb ce6e BparOB. II HaKOHerr;, IIOTO fY, tITO
OH IIpeRpaCHO IIOHHJI xapaRTep KOpOJlH. ROpOJIb He JIro6MJI Haxo-
AIITb pemeHHH, HO JlI06HJI IIpHHHMaTb pemeHHH CaM. ECJlH: 3aHM....
CTBOBaTb JJ;OBOJIbHO TOHROe OlIpeJJ;eJleHHe reHepaJIa JJ;e rOJIJIH, JIIO....
AOBHK XVI He IIHTaJi CTpaCTl-tOU .!t1068U 1't 8.!taCTU, HO pe8l-tU80 OT--
l-tOCU.!tCR n npa8Y npUl-tUMaTb peZUel-tUR.
3HatIMT, Ha,n;o 6bIJlO IIo,n;CRa3:bIBaTb JIIO;a;oBHKY XVI pemeHHH,.
ao TaR, tITo6:bI eMY Ka3aJlOCb, 6YJJ;TO OH rrpHHHMaeT JiIX CaM. B CY -
HOCTI1, HMeHHO TaR H IIOCTYIIHJla MaJJ;aM AJJ;eJIaH,n;a B pemalOID;HD.
p;eHh 12 MaH. 3TO II 6:bIJI cOKpaToBcKHH IIpHHrr;HII, Ha OCHOBe KOTO-
1 3Ta e)J;pocTb, o)J;HaKo, IIMeJIa oc06LIe npHqJIHbI. CM. ;a;aJIee.
FJIABA 1. WAHTJ1Y If nOHillAPTPEH
47
poro Mopena nOCTpOIIJI BCro CBOIO nOJlYBocnlITaTeJlbHYIO ,n;eHTeJIb-
BOCT!> npH KOpOJIe.
II TaR, rrepBoe BpeMH OH rro,n;qepRHBaJI, qTO B:blrrOJIHHeT TOJI:bRO
'TaKYIO pOJI:b. OH CTaJI rrpliIyqaTL ROpOJlH perYJIHpHO rrOCe aT:b paa-
fible COBeT:bI: focy,n;apCTBeHH:bIH COBeT, COBeT ,n;enem (COBeT no
BHYTpeHHHM ,n;eJIaM) - 11 ,n;ame pemHJI Boapo,n;HT:b COBeT <pIIHaHCOB.
.on IIo6ym,n;aJI ROpOJlH 6ece,n;OBaT:b C ero MIiIHHCTpaMH IiI C0611paT:b
He6oJl:bIDlIe Mem,n;YBe,n;OMCTBeHH:bIe cOBe:r.n;aHIIH MUHIICTpOB.
«B:bl MomeTe npOBo,n;HTh HX 'y ce6H B anapTaMeHTax, - rOBOpHJ1
'OB ROpOJIIO, - a Ror,n;a BaM CTaHeT CRyqHO, B:bIXO,n;HT:b H BoaBpa-
m;aT:bCH nonoame».
IIoCJIe yxo,n;a ,n;'3rHHoHa HIOH:b 6:blJI aarrOJlHeH pH,n;OM paaHoo6-
paaHbIx C06bITIIH. 12 IIIOHH nplI ,n;Bope BHOB:b rrOHBHJlCH IDyaaeJI:b.
KopoJI:b no HaCTOHHHIO MapHH AHTyaHeTT:bI COrJlaCHJICH y,n;OBJIe-
TBOpHTh TaKHM o6paaoM ero CaMOJII06He, HO ,n;aTa ero BoaBpam;eHHH
(5MJIa YMbImJIeHHO HaaHaqeRa nOCJIa YTBepm,n;eHHH Ha ,n;OJlmHOCTB
BepmeHRa, lITO 6bIJlO 60JI:bmHM paaOqapOBaHHeM ,n;JIH napTIIH
IDaHTJIY. H caMOMY illyaaeJIIO JIIO,n;OBHR XVI, paa,n;pameHHblif R
'TOMY me 6ypH:bIMIiI MaHH<pecTaU:HHMH, ORaaaJI caMblif HeJII06eaH:bIH
nplIe:M 1. illyaaeJIb He aaXOTeJI HaCTaUBaT:b, 11 HaaaBTpa B nOJlOBH-
He cep;b Ioro YTpa yme BoaBpam;aJICH no TypeH:bCROH ,n;opore.
Cpaay BCJIe,n; aa TeM ,n;pyroe Co6blTHe aaBJIa,n;eJIO YMaMH H aa-
'TOpMOaIIJlO rocy,n;apCTBeHH:bIe ,n;eJla. B:bIJlO pemeHO c,n;eJIaTb npHBHB-
KH ROpOJIIO II ero 6paT:bHM, 11 aTa nporr;e,u;ypa BMeCTe C rro,n;rOTOBROH
'1\ HeH ,n;Be He,n;eJIH aaHIIMaJIa BHHMaHHe 06m;eCTBa. BOJIbTep JIIIRO-
BaJI lIO lIOBO,n;y ROpOJIeBCROro npHaHaHIiIH HOBeHmlIx ,n;OCTHmeHHH
aaYRII. B TO BpeMH 6:bIJIa Mo,n;a Ha aJIJIerOpH1leCKHe npHqeCRH, II B
3TH P;HH nOHBIiIJIHC:b npHqeCRH B qeCT:b «IIHOKYJIHrr;HH»: CO aMeeu,
«c 6YJlaBoH, COJlHu:eM H OJIHBOH - CHMBOJI 3TOT 6bIJIO Tpy,n;HO paa-
ra;rJ;a TI) 2.
TeM BpeMeHeM Mony IiI Teppa 6LIJIII CqaCTJIHB:bI, qTO IIX OCTaBII-
.JIH Ha MeCTe, IiI yme nplIBbIRaJIIiI R CBoeMY rrOJlOmeHIiIIO. Mx IIO,n;O-
apeBaJIR B TOM, qTO OHR no,n;CHmHBaIOT ,n;pyr ,n;pyra. rreppa, lIYBCT-
BYH, qTO OR lIpOrOpeJI Ha <pIiIHaHcax, BcnOMIiIHaJI CBoe npe6bIBaHHe
B rrapJIaMeHTe II OXOTHO CTaJI 6LI xpaHIiITeJleM neqaTIiI. Morry He
'Co6HpaJICH aaHHMaT:b MeCTO Teppa, HO He 6:bIJI 6:b1 OrOpqeH, eCJlH
6:b1 Toro y6paJIH; OR ,n;YMaJI, qTO TlOpro Mor 6:b1 ero aaMeHH:Tb, IiI,
6:bITb MomeT, nepBLlif ynoMHHYJI aTO HMH.
RaK TOHKIiIH CTpaTer, Moperra cqeJI rrpaBHJI:bHbIM, npem,n;e lIeM
'Ocam,n;aT:b rJIaBHYIO RpenOCT:b, CHallaJIa OBJla,n;eT:b BTopocTeneHHoH
n03HD;Heu.
1 ToproBKII PLI60H nOmJIH BCTpelIaTb IIIya3eJIH. B ero RapeTY 6pOCaJIH
iU eTLI II npHBeTcTBeHHLIe CTHXH. ROpOJIb me TOJIbKO CKa3aJI eMY: «f-H }J;e
p 1 3eJIL, BaIDU BOJIOCLI 3aMeTHO nOpe eJIH». (M 0 rea u. Ope cit., t. II,
2. ; CM.: Met r a. Correspondance, t. I, p. 48. 15 janvier 1774.)
CM.: Mer c y - A r g e n tea u. Ope cit., t. II, p. 298 et note.
48
t.lACTb nEPBAH. HA1{Emp,A
Ero IIpemHIiIH ,n;enapTaMeHT, MopCKoe MMHHCTepCTBO, B03rJlaB-
JlHJI Bypmya ,n;e Byan, C006m;HHR TPMYMBHpaTa, CTOJIb me Henony-
JIHpHbIH, KaK Hero 31IaMeHliITbIe KOJlJlerliI, HO He 06J1a,n;aBllinH HII
CMJlOH IiIX xapaKTepa, HIl KOMneTeHTHOCTblO. rOBOpIiIJlIiI, qTO OH pac-
CTpOMJI ,n;eJla B CBoeM Be,n;OMCTBe, IiI ero ,n;ame 06BliIHHJlIiI B paCTpa-
Tax, XOTH H He npHBo,n;HJlH OKa3aTeJIbCTB. O,n;HaKO ,n;e ByaH He
6bIJI JIHIIIeH nOJlOmHTeJlbHbIX KaqeCTB: CYJlaBH CqMTaeT ero «cno-
C06HbIM, 06pa30BaHHbIM IiI Tpy,n;OJlI06HBbIM: 3TO nepBbli1: B rocy,n;ap-
CTBe 3HaTOK KaBep3HbIX IOplI,n;HqeCKIiIX BonpOCOB» 1. Be3aHBaJih ,n;aeT
aHaJlOrHqHbIH OT3bIB: IIMeHHO ,n;e ByaH npliI,n;YMaJl 3aMeHliITb napJla-
MeHT BOJIblliHM COBeTOM II nOMor Mony HaRTH OTnpaBHYIO TOqKY
,n;JlH ero pe«POPMbI2. B03MomHO, 3TOT ,rr;aJlbHOBM,n;HbIH 3aKOHHMR He
HHTepeCOBaJlCH MOpCKIiIM MIiIHIICTepCTBOM, Ry,n;a 6bIJI HaaHa"tJeH ,n;o..
BOJlbHO CJIyqaHHO. lIo CBH,n;eTeJIbCTBY Toro me CYJlaBH, ,n;' 8rliIHoD
6bIJI He npOqb HMeTb rro,n; PYKOH aanaCHoro KaHD;JIepa, qTo6bI aa..
MeHHTb Mony B cJlyqae ero HaMeHbI II K TOMY me ,n;aTb eMY IIOHHTb,
({TO He CtIIITaeT ero HeaaMeHIIMLIM.
BbITb MomeT TaKme, ,n;e ByaH, no paCCKaaaM qeJlOBeK TOJI..
CTbIH, 60JlbmOH JII06MTeJIb IIHBa II no npIIpo,n;e HeMHoro ,n;HKOBa TbIH,
qYBCTBOBaJl ce6H MeHee YBepeHHO B CJIOBeCHLIX ,n;IICKYCCIIHX, qeM
3a pa60TOH y ce6H B Ka6HHeTe. Bo BCHKOM cJlyqae, OH He 6JIMCTaJl
B COBeTe. B,n;o6aBOK, K ero HeCqaCTblO, ,n;Ba HOBbIX 'tleJlOBeRa, c
KOTOpbIMH OH TaM CTOJIKHYJlCH, Mopena H JIIO,n;OBIiIR XVI, rrpOHB-
JlHJIIiI o6a mHBOH HHTepec K BOIIpocaM MOpenJlaBaHIIH. Moperra, IIO-
TOMY qTO OHH 6y,n;IiIJlIiI ero BocrrOMIiIHaHHH 0 ,n;OJIrOM yrrpaBJIeHHH,
a KOpOJlb, nOTOMY qTO BH,n;eJl a,n;eCb 6J1aropo,n;Hoe nonpliIm;e ,n;JIB
CBOHX MeXaHliIqeCKHX YBJleqeHIiIH. OTcTaBKa ,n;e ByaHa 6bIJla, no-
BH,n;HMOMY, pemeHa em;e B HaqaJle IiIIOJlH. Ho C nepBoro me ,n;eJl8'
ROpOJIb npOHBHJI CBOH HepemIITeJlbHbIH xapaKTep. «OH XOTeJI CMe..
CTMTb ,n;e ByaHa, HO He ,n;OBO,n;HJI ,n;eJIO ,n;o KOHrr;a». Ha,n;o 6bIJlO
TaKme BbI6paTb eMY rrpeeMHIIRa. Moperra CHaqaJla npe,n;JIOmHJI ,n;e
KJlIOHbH, HHTeH,n;aHTa MopCKoro Be,n;OMCTBa B nopTax IiI KOJIOHHHX;
3TOMY ,n;e RJIIOHbII, CMeHIiIBmeMY BnOCJIe,n;CTBHIiI TlOpro B MHHH..
CTepCTBe cPlIHaHooB, rrpIIIIIJla B rOJIOBY CqaCTJlIIBaH MbICJIb - yxa-
iRHBaTb 3a Mopena BO BpeMH ero liIarHaHHH IiI f(ame COBeTOBaTbCD
C HIiIM no nOBO,n;y HeKOTopbIX naMHTHbIX aanHCOK, MeMyapoB no
TeXHliIqeCRIiIM BorrpocaM. Ho KOpOJlb OTBepr 3Toro KaH,n;H,n;aTa, KO-
Toporo 06BliIHHJIH B ,n;BOHHOM Hrpe B ,n;eJle Mony-,n;'8rIiIHoHa. Tor,n;a
II rrpe,n;CTaBHJICH CqaCTJIHBbIH CJIyqaH ,n;JlH TlOpro.
lIMH TlOpro 6bIJIO O,n;HHM H3 Tex, ROTopbIe, eCTeCTBeHHO, npnxo-
,n;HJlII B rOJlOBY, Kor,n;a ,n;YMaJlIiI 0 TOM, Roro HaaHalIHTb H8 OCBo6om--
,n;alOID;HeCH MHHMCTepCRHe rrOCT:bI.
1 Sou 1 a vie. Ope eit., t. II, p. 231.
2 CM.: B e s e n val. Ope cit., t. I, p. 373.
rJiABA I. mAHTJ1Y H nOHillAPTPEH
49
-
Ou npHHa,I(JIemaJI R He6oJIbmOMY qHCJIY KpyrrHbIx a,I(MHHIICTpa..
TOPOB, qei orr:bIT II 06pa30BaHHe rrpe Ha3HaqaJIH HX JIH caMbIX
BbICORHX rrOCTOB.
Ero npe,nJIaraJIH Ha3HaqHT:b MMHMCTpOM e e BO BpeMeHa lUya..
3 eJlS.
R TOMY me ero «BbI BHHYJIH» cyrrpyrH Moperra, a66aT ,I(e Bepu
JiI repn;orHHH ' AHBHJI:b. Ero, CKopee, l1pOqHJIH B MHHHCTpbI <p HHaH ..
COB, a a66aT ,I(e BepH ,I(YMaJI npe,I(JIOmHT:b ero RaR xpaHHTeJIH rre-
qaTH l . ROpOJIh OTHOCHJICH K HeMY 6JIarOCKJIOHHO, eCJIH CY,I(HTb IIO
pa3rOBOpy C Moperra, rrepeJJ;aHHOMY ,I(e BepH: «B:bI xopomo OT3LI..
BaJIHC:b 0 r-He TlOpro, B03:bMHTe me ero B MopCRoe MHHHCTepCTBO
pa3 B:bI em;e He IIpHHHJIH pemeHHH 06 a66aTe Teppa»2.
.IJ:eJIo IIpOHCXO,I(HT BO BTOpHHK 19 HIOJIH.
ROpOJIL IIO CBoeMY 06DIKHoBeHHIO HHqerO He OTBeqaeT. Beqe..
pOM nOCJIe nporYJIKII, KaK paCCKa3LIBaeT ,I(e BepH, on rrHmeT roc...
nO)J;IIHY ;a;e JIaBpuHepy, qTo61d TOT BeJIeJl ,I(e EyaHY rro,n;aTb B OT-
CTaBKY H HeMe,I(JleHHO npHBe3 TlOpro B MapJIH. TOJILKO Ha ,I(Pyroe
YTPO KOpOJI:b rOBopHT MopelIa: «H C,I(eJIaJl TO, qTO B:bI MHe CRa..
3aJlU» .
IIepBDIH pa3 C HaqaJla CBoero n;apCTBOBaHHH ROpOJI:b npHHHJ1.
«CaMOCTOHTeJI:bHOe» perneHHe.
PaaYMeeTCH, COBpeMeHHHKH (H ,I(ame HeROTopLIe HCTOpHKH) OT",
3bIBalOTCH HpOHHqeCKH, XOTH H 6J1arOmeJIaTeJl:bHO, 0 Ha3HaqenHB
TlOpro Ha IIOCT, Tpe60BaBmHH ClIen;HaJl:bHLIX 3HaHHH, K KOTOPOMY(
OH RameTCH HM MaJIO IIO,I(rOTOBJIeHH:bIM. «H He )J;yMalO, qTO on JIyq-.
mHH MOpenJIaBaTeJI:b, qeM 11, - TIHmeT BOJl:bTep r-me )]:1O,I(e<paH,-
HO Ha aeMJIe OH IIOKa3aJICH MHe IIpeKpaCH:bIM qeJlOBeKOM»; a Mep-
cM-ApmaHTO coo6 aeT: «STOT BLI60p B:bI3:bIBaeT Bceo6 ee o,I(06pe-
HHe He IIOTOMY, qTO TIOJlaraIOT, 6Y,I(TO Y TlOpro 60JlbmOH ra.ltanT'
K MOPCKOMY ,I(eJlY, HO H3BeCTHO, qTO Y Hero 60JILillOH 3anac qeCT -
HOCTII 11 6JIaropO,I(CTBa»3.
.
1 V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 128.
2 ITo paccKasy CYJIaBII (t. III, p. 134), JIIO,n;OBIIK XVI IIMeJI CJIyqaIJ'
BCTpeTHTbCH C Tropro .n;o ero rrpHxOlJ;a B MIIHHcTepcTBo. TIOpro, B TO BpeMR.
npOCTOH IIHTeH}J;aHT, OTKaaa.rrc.H BbInOJIHHTb npe,n;nIIC8}IHH a66aTa Teppa.
«OH OTKJIaHHJICH KOpOJIIO II no.n;aJI B OTCTaBKY. 1\0pOJIb He OTBeTIIJI HIl CJIOBa g
O BCKope BCnOMUIIJI 0 HeM II TOflJ;a Ha3HaqlIJl ero MOpCKHM MIIHHCTPOM».
TOT cJIYlIaii, XOTH 0 HeM II yrroMHHaIOT HeCKOJIbKO aBTopOB, He rrOlJ;TBep-
il\AaeTCH HII O,n;HIIM ,n;OCTOBepHbIM IICTOlIHIIKOM II KaiKeTCH HenpaBlJ;01I0lJ;o6-
IlLIM. TlOpro, HeCOMHeUHO, He npeMIIHYJI 6bI ynoMHHYTb 0 TaHOM rrpHMeqa-
TenbHOM arrlI30.n;e B CBoeH }J;OBOJIbHO 06DIHpHOH rreperrlICKe Toro BpeMeHfl,
H, C APyroH CTOpOHLI, MbI HaillJIII 6bI KaKoe-HH6y.n;b ynoMIIHaHIle 0 TOM, qTo.
I\OPonb C03bIBaJI HHTeHf);a:nTOB, eCJIH 6bI aTO rrpOll30DIJIO B caMOM HaqaJle ero
a PCTBOBaHIIH.
r RaK Bcer.n;a Me TO.n;lIlIHLIii, Mepcu-ApmaHTO ,n;06aBJIHeT: «KopOJIeB
C BOPHJIa ,n;06pOmeJIaTeJIbHO 0 rpa<l>e ,n;e BepmeHHe, a TaKiKe 0 HOBOM MOP'"
II l\OM MHHHCTpe. KOCBeHHbIM nYTeM H nOrrbITaJICH JIM BHYDIIITb, lITO lJ;0 liIX
1\ a3UaQeHIIH Ee BeJIH1IeCTBO 6bIJIa 1I3Be eHa 06 aTOM BbI60pe II OTHeCJIaC1i
UeMy C 60JIbDIHM 0,n;06peHlIeM».
4 a. <l>op
50
tlACTb nEPBAIl. HAl:{EJRl:{A
8Ta HpOHHH 6:bIJIa HeYMeCTHa He TOJI:bRO nOTOMY, 'liTO npeHe6pe...
iRHTeJl:bHOe OTHomeHHe K MHHHCTpaM, 3aHIIMaIOID;HM nOCT:bI, Tpe6y-
IOIIJ;He CneU;HaJI:bH:bIX 3HaHHH, HecnpaBeJJ;JlIIBO npH JII060M peiKHMe,
ao oc06eHHO nOTOMY, 'liTO MopCKoe MHHIICTepCTBO B TY anoxy HMe-
JIO 60Jl:bmOH Bec B 61OJJ;iKeTe II aKOHOMHKe. B:bIJlO 6:bI Hepa3YMHo
CY;!(HT:b 0 HeM, IICXOJJ;H H3 HailllIX COBpeMeHH:bIX rrpeJJ;CTaBJIeHHH IIJlI1
TeM 60Jlee C HaCMemJlHBOH TO'IKII 3peHHH P06epa JJ;e <PJIepa *: «qTO
BaM yrOJJ;HO, MopcKoe JJ;eJlo HJlII CeJl:bCKOe X03HHCTBO?» B XVIII B.
KaH eJlHpHH MopCKoro MHHHCTepCTBa ynpaBJIHJla KOJlOHHHMII II
MopcKoH TOprOBJIeiI. OHO HMeJlO He TOJI:bKO RPYIIH:bIH co6CTBeHH:bIiI
61OJJ;iKeT, HO H pacnOpHiKaJIOCb TaKme OCHOBH:bIM, IIJlH JJ;aiKe eOUl-t-
CTeel-tl-tbL.M, Toeoa, 6100JICeTOM nanUTa.!toe.!tOJICel-tuu. B TO BpeMH Kor-
.n;a rrpOM:bIillJleHHOCT:b 6:bIJla em;e B 3a'IaTO'IHOM COCTOHHHH, nepe-
B03KH OrpaHII'IHBaJlHC:b KOHH:bIM TpaHcnopTOM, a apMHH ynoTpe6.t£H-
JIa JlHIII:b OTHOCHTeJl:bHO JlerKOe BoeHHoe CHapHiKeHHe, rrOCTpOHKa
CYJJ;OB npeJJ;CTaBJlHJla C060H CaM:bIll: 3HaqHTeJl:bH:bIH pacxoJJ; KanHTaJIa
B rocy;!(apCTBeHHOH II qaCTHOH aKOHOMHKe B cOBoKynHoCTII. Mop-
CKoe MHHHCTepCTBO 06:bI'IHO IIoJlyqaJIO AOIIOJlHIITeJI:bHO OT Ka3HatIen-
CTBa He nOJJ;JIeiKaBilllIe Y'IeTY cpeJJ;CTBa, HC'IHCJIHBmlIeCH BO BpeMeHa
TlOpro 15 MJIH. JlHBpOB, 'ITO nOCJlYiKHJIO npH'IHHOH HaCTOH ero
CHaHJJ;aJla B JJ;HH OTCTaBKH CapTHHa.
IIIHpoHaH ny6J1HKa B TaKoro pOJJ;a JJ;eJlax nplIJJ;aeT ropa3JJ;0
MeH:bme 3HatIeHHH TOMY, 'ITO npHXOJJ;HT, qeM TOMY, TITO YXOJJ;HT.
PaCnOJlOiKeHHe K HOBOMY, npHXOJJ;Hm;eMY, OCHOB:bIBaeTCH npem,n;e
Bcero Ha HeHaBHCTH K CTapOMY, YXOJJ;Hm;eMY. Bce pa,n;OBaJlHC:b
yxo,n;y ,n;e ByaHa, oc06eHHo 6pecTcKHe pa60qHe, KOTOp:bIM He B:bI...
nJlaTIIJIH maJIOBaHbe 3a BoceMHaJJ; aTb MecH eB: '\mH C rHKaH:beM
BO,n;IIJIH no YJIHn;aM KaHOHHpa, HapHmeHHoro MHHIICTpOM. Ho pa...
JJ;OCT:b no nOBO,n;y yxo;!(a ,n;e ByaHa 6MJIa OMpa'IeHa 3a npeJJ;eJlaMH
BoeHHoro nopTa TeM, tITO Ha MeCTe OCTaBaJICH Teppa, ropa3J];0 60Jlee
H3BeCTH:bIH H BCCMH HeHaBHJJ;IIMbIH. A66aT EOJJ;o IIHmeT B CBoeM
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Ka pOII eT, 'liTO JJ;o6pbIH TlOpro norraJi B MopCKoe MIIHHCTepCTBO.
Ha,n;eHJlHC:b, tITO OH 6y,n;eT B03rJlaBJlHTb cpHHaHC:b ; Bce JJ;pomaT OT
CTpaxa, 'liTO TaM OCTaHeTCH a66aT... HO HeKOTOp:bIe JJ;YMaIOT, 'liTO
MopCKoe BeJJ;OMCTBO ,n;JIH TlOpro TOJI:bKO nepB:bIH mar, a BTOp:bIM 6y
JJ;eT reHepaJIJ.)Hoe yrrpaBJIeHHe <pHHaHCOB».
TOJl:bKO <pHJIOCO<p:bI - JJ;PY3:bH TlOpro npeJJ;BH)J;HT nOJlHTIPleCKoe
3Ha'IeHHe aToro C06:bITHH 11 IIOHHMaIOT, 'liTO pe'Ib lIJJ;eT He TOJl:bKO
o 3aMeHe 'IeJIOBeKa YCTapeBmero MOJIO)J;:bIM, MHHHCTpa JIerKOBec...
Horo, eCWI He npOJJ;aiKHoro, Cep:be3H:bIM H HenOJJ;KynH:bIM a,n;MIIHliI'"
CTpaTopOM. BOJl:bTep B:bIpamaeT TaKoH 3HTY3Ha3M, TITO TlOpro B:bI..
* <I>JIep P06ep, MapKH3 e (1872-1927) - cPpaHIQT3CKHB: ApaMaTypr,
aBTOp JIerKHX KOMe H. - IIpuM. pea.
rJIABA 1. mAHTJIY H nOHmAPTPEH
51
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:ay eH nOnpOCHTL ero YMepHTL CBOH BOCTOprH. «HaneBaH ce6e
rJIYXBM 6acoM "De profundis", H nolO ,n;JIH Bac "Te Deum lauda-
mUS"» *. A I\oH opce C ,n;pYiReCKOH TenJIOTOH ,n;aeT caMoe npaBHJIL-
Boe onpe eJIeHHe: «C Tex nop KaK npOH30mJIO 3TO Co6LITHe, H CnJIIO
B npocLlnarocL TaK me cnoKoHHo, KaK eCJIH 6LI iRHJI no nOKpo-
BBTeJlbCTBOM Bcex 3aKOHOB AHrJIHH». B caMOM ;n:eJIe, 3TO ycnex JIH-
6epaJILHOH ROH en HH Ha aHrJIHHCKHH MaHep. 8TO TO, 'liTO cero,n;HR
lIa3BaJIH 6LI pacmHpeHHeM 60JILmHHCTBa. RJIHH MeiRIQT peiRHMOM B
cnCTeMoi. Ho JIro OBHK XVI H Mopena He 3arJIH LIBaJIH TaR ;n:a-
JleRO, Ror,n;a eJIaJIH CBOH BLI6op.
lie
«Te De «De profundis» - «Co CBHTLIMII ynoKoih), MOJIHTBa 06 yconmllx.
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..", . p e {) . 2
2 QACTb llEPBAH. HA Emp'A
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eT: «Ho OTHIO)];:b He H36HeHHe HeBHHHbIX». CJIyqHJIOCb TaRme, qTO
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HMeHHTCTBa KOpOJIH, H napHiI\aHe COqJIH, qTO aTO KaK pa3 no)];...
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Boo6pa3HJIII, qTO MOJIO)];OH ROpOJIb rrpenO)];HeCeT HM B BH)];e «npa3)];-
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--
J1ABA 11. BAP4JOJIOMEEBCRAH HOQb, HJIH H8BHEHHE MHHHCTPOB 53
ne,nCTBHH He IIpHmJIOC:b paCKaHBaTbCH, qTO He 6bIJIO nOJIOiKeHO
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all ep;eJla aTOH qpe3MepHOH BOJI:bHOCTI1 TOJIn:bI»
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OAHHaRoBoH IIpe;n:aHHOCT:bIO. EMY qaCTO ;n:OBO;n:HTCH BMcTynaT:b B
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Be JIHmeHHaH HeKOTopOH 3ara,n;OqHOCTH (M:bI B aTOM y6e HMcH
.AaJlbme). MOCbe*, 6paT ROpOJIH, rpa<I> II pOBaHCKHH, B aHOHHMHOM
naM<p JIeTe «COH Mopena» «<Le songe de Maurepas») 2 ,n;aeT HaM
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"IeT:bIpeX KapTHHax.
CHaQaJIa 3aHaBec IIo;n:HHMaeTCH, nORa3bIBaH HaM Ra6HHeT a66a-
Ta )J;e BepH. X03HHH ;n:OMa COBem;aeTCH C TlOpro H a66aToM )J;e
BepMOHOM, em;e OAHHM nepcoHaiKeM, ;n:eHCTBYIOm;HM 3a KYJIHCaMH,
ao IIMelOm;HM HeMaJIOe 3HaQeHHe. illya3eJI:b B CBoe BpeMH oTIIpaBHJI
oero B BeHY Ha pOJI:b KaR 6bI HaCTaBHHKa apn;repn;orHHH MapHH
AHTyaHeTT:bI; TeIIep:b OH QTen; KOpOJIeB:bI. IIo npHMepy CDpH;n:pH-
Xa II, ROTOpbIH, IIpe]J;CTaBJIHH a66aTa MopeJIJIe, CKa3aJI: «BoT QeCT-
:RLIM CBHm;eHHHK, HO, no IIpaB)J;e CRa3aT:b, OH CJIymHT OQeHb MaJIO
o6e,n;eH», - M:bI MOrJIH 6:b1 CRa3aTb IIpO BepMOHa: BOT QeCTHLIH
'tJ:Te:o:, HO OH OtJeH:b MaJIO QHTaeT, H60 KOpOJIeBa COBceM He n;eHHT
-
1 «Corr secr.», LXXIV. ([(HT. no: Go m e I Ch. Les Causes finan-
iere& de la Revolution fraut;aise. Paris, 1892-1893, t. I, p. 53.)
· Moche (Monsieur) - TaR TIITYJIOBaJIH co BTOpOH nOJIOBHHLI XVI B.
Tapmero 113 6paTheB ROpOJIH. - n pUM. pea.
2 Ero aBTopCTBO ocnapHBaeTCH.
54
QACTb HEPBAH. HAI{EJRI{A
TaKoe BpeMHnpenpOBOm)];eHHe. O)];HaKO OHa Bcer;n:a MHJIOCTHBa K
HeMY; OB npOBO)];HT Y Hee ac Kam)];Oe YTPO H BCTpe aeTCH C Hei
Ha HeCKOJI:bKO MHHYT rrOCJIe ooe)];a. TaR RaR MepcH-Ap'KaHTO B
TOT me nepHOJ]; H caM Kam)];:bIH )];eH:b rrOJIy aJI y I{OpOJIeB:bI aYAu-
eHD;HIO Ha rrOJI aca, TO MomHO CKa3a T:b, tITO 3TO AOBOJI:bHO COJIH;r(HaJl
)];03a nOJIHTHlleCKOrO RaTeXH3Hca AJIH AeBHTHa;n:n;aTHJIeTHeH npUH-
n;eCCLI, <ppHBOJI:bHOH ;n:o cYMac6po;n:CTBa. TaRHM oopa30M, ROpOJIeBa
MapHH AHTyaHeTTa ORa3LIBaeTCH B cepe;n:HHe HeRoero TpeyrOJI:bHU-
Ra H no;n: BJIHHHHeM Tpex ero BepmHH: HMrrepaTpHD;LI, rrOCJIa H a6-
6aTa. BYJ{yllH rJIaBHOH ero BepmHBoii, MapHH Tepe3HH H3;r(aJID
PYKOBO;n:HT ;n:pyrHMH, rrOJIyqaeT HH<popMaD;HIO, o;n:oopHeT HX AeiicT'"
BHH H mJIeT YKa3aHHH. Ha MeCTe me MepCH H BepMOH CMeHHIOT
APyr ;n:pyra rro;r(JIe l\opOJIeB:bI, H, Kor;n:a OAHH H3 HHX OTCYTCTByeT
HJIH AOJImeB OTJIyqHT:bCH, ,n;pyroii: ero 3aMeHHeT. CJIyqaeTcH, qTO
OHIl C rrOMO :bIO pa3HLIX YJIOBOR 3aCTaBJIHIOT KOpOJIeBY 3ayqHBaTb
3apallee Te pellH, KOTOp:bIe eM CJIe;r(yeT rrpOH3HeCTH. BepMoH co06-
:m;aeT 060 BceM MepcH, a HHorAa rrllmeT H Henocpe;n:CTBeHHO Ma-
pHH Tepe3HH; MepcH, rrOMHMO o<pHD;HaJI:bH:bIX ;r(oKJIaAOB, mJIeT
HMnepaTpHn;e MHOrOllUCJIeHH:bIe ceKpeTH:bIe nOCJIaBHH, He rro;n:JIema-
He nO TOBOMY ;n:OCMOTPy H HROO:bI 6e3 Be;n:OMa RaHD;JIepa RaYHH-
n;a, ROTOPOMY, O)];BaKO, no APyrOMY ceKpeTHOMY KaHaJIY H KaR 6LI
no BTOPOMY 3axo;n:y nepeAaeT KpaTKoe H3JIOmeHHe CBOHX nepBMX
cooo:m;eHHM.
8Ta ;n:JIHTeJIbHaH H TepneJIHBaH HHTpHra - CJIe)];CTBHe HCHO B:bI-
pameHHoro 3aKJIIOlleHHH MepCH, c;n:eJIaHHOrO nepe;r( caMoii CMepT:b1O
JIIO;r(OBHKa XV: «"Y MOC:be ;n:o<pHHa HHKOr]];a He XBaTIlT HH CHJIId,
HH BOJIH rrpaBHT:b caMOMY. ECJIH Ma]J;aM 3pn;repn;orHHH He 6YAeT
HM yrrpaBJIHTb, HM OY)];YT ynpaBJIHTb ;n:pyrHe». OHa CYMeJIa ]];0-
6HTbCH JIHmb 01leH:b HeOOJIbnIOrO ycrrexa, OTllaCTH H3-3a Toro, TO
JIIO;n:OBHK XVI OTHOCHJICH C HeKOTopLIM He]];OBepHeM K ABCTPHU t
a rJIaBHLIM oopa30M H3-3a He no,n;;n:aIo erOCH HHKaKOMY B03)];eHCT-
BHIO xapaKTepa MapHH AHTyaHeTTbI. A06aBHM, tITO aooaT ;n:e Bep-
MOH 6:bIJI qeJIOBeKOM qeCTH:bIM H cepbe3H:bIM, OH BepHJI, tITO ;n:eii-
cTByeT Ha 6JIaro (H tIaCTO TaR OHO H O:blJIO), omHOKoii O:bIJIO ObI
npHHHMaT:b ero 3a mnHOHa.
Bepu, BepMoH, TIOpro.
8TH c06paBmHeCH 3)];eC:b TPH qeJIOBeKa 3HaIOT ;n:pyr ;n:pyra c
;n;aBHHX nope ABOe H3 HHX HOCHT o;n:em,I{y CBH eHHOCJIymHTeJIeii,
TpeTHM HOCHJI ee B MOJIO;n:OCTH. OHn 6LIJIH mROJILH:bIMH TOBapH:m;a-
MH; HX ;n:aBHHH ;n:pymoa BId;n:epmaJIa HCnLITaHHH, H 3TO 06CTOHTeJI:b-
CTBO C:bIrpaJIO HeKOTOpyIO pOJI:b B He)];aBHeM ycnexe Tropro. MLI
3Hae , tITO HM HHO ao6aT )];e BepH onpe)];eJIHJI B:bI60p TlOpro 6JIa-
rO)];apH CBoeMY BJIHHHHIO Ha cynpyroB Mopena, TaR me KaK IIPH
Ha3HalleHHH MHHHCTpa HHOCTpaHHbIX ]];eJI OH CRJIOHHJI llamy BeCOB
B rrOJI:b3Y BepmeHHa BMeCTO oapoHa )];e BpeTeii. rOBOpHJIH TaRme,
6y;n:TO a66aT ;n:e BepMoH B:bICTyrrHJI B 3TOM CJIyqae rrOCpe)];HHKOM
rrepe;n: KOpOJIeBOii, HO 3TO rrpe;n:nOJIOmeHHe HeJI:b3H CllHTaT:b npa-
l'J1ABA II. BAPCPOJIOMEEBCRAH HOqb, HJIH H8BHEHHE MHHHCTPOB 55
-
BBJILHLIM 1 . JIlimb 1I03me B CBOHX 6ece ax C KOpOJleBOH OH 1I01I:bI-
1'aeTcH, II TO nO"tITH 6e3YClIemHO, HaCTpOHT:b ee 6JIarOmeJIaTe.1IbHO
J( HOBOMY MHHHCTPY.
Tpoe PY3eH 06cym alOT rOTOBH eeCH C06:bITJIe. TIOprO C06Hpa.-
IOTCH npep;JIOmHT:b Bep;OMCTBO cpHHaHCOB. Hap;o JIH ero rrpHHHMaTb?
IIJIB, BepHee, Ha RaKHX YCJIOBHHX OH rOTOB ero npHHHTb? 1I60
TlOpro He paCCMaTpHBaeT BcepLe3 B03MomHOCTH OTKa3a.
.n:pyrne Ha ero MeCTe CTaJIH 6:bI KOJIe6aT:bCH. B MOpCKOM MHHH-
CTepCTBe OH 3aHHMaeT 3Ha"tIHTeJIbHbIH H 60JIee cnOKOHII:bIH nOCT,
D paHr ero 3p;eCb no 3aKOHY p;ame BbIme (KOHTpOJIep <pHHaHCOB
Be HBJIHeTCH rocyp;apcTBeHH:bIM ceKpeTapeM, CJIep;OBaTeJILHO, ero
J(OJIiKHLI Ha3Ha"tIUT:b rocy apcTBeHRbIM MHHIICTpOM, "tIT 0 6:bI OH co-
xpaHHJI CBOH paHr). Bep;b 3TO npOHCXOP;HT B TaKYIO 91I0XY, Kor a
01leHb MaJIO OXOTHHKOB ynpaBJIHTb rocy apcTBeHH:bIMH cpHHaHca-
MD. AaJI:bIIOBH H:bIe nOJIHTHKH OT 3Toro YKJIOHHIOTCH; CJIyqaeTCH.
J(ame, "tITO C nOMO blO pa3H:bIX YXH peHHH OHH CTapaIOTCH' cnHX-
BYTL 3TOT nOCT COlIepHHKY, "tIT06LI ero CKOMnpOMeTHpOBaTL. B pac-
CKa3e MOHTHHOHa 2 , ROTOpLIH, KCTaTH, CJIe,I{yeT npHHHMaT:b C oro-
BopKaMH, M:bI BII HM, RaK B Kpyry JIrop;eH, 3aHHMaroITJ;HX MHHHCTep-
CRne nOCTLI, nOp;KH :bIBaIOT p;pyr pyry KOpOJIeBCRYro Ra3HY, 6yp;-
TO B RapTO"tIHOH Hrpe MHCTHrpH TpecpOBoro BaJIeTa.
JIOBKHH H He aJIeRHH BepTeH, HOB:bIH KOJIJIera Tropro, ROToporo
OH nepeiKHBeT, RaK H MHorHX pyrlIx, nOCTOHHHO HCnOJlHHBillHH
06H3aHHOCTH MHHHCTpOB, nepexop;HBmHH C O Horo nOCTa Ha py-
rOR II rOTOB:bIH B3HTL Ha ce6H JII06:bIe THrOT:bI, ame OH corJIa-
CHJICH 3aHHT:b 3TOT lIOCT B 1759 r. JIHmb B CHJIY opHrHHaJIbHOrO
co06pameHHH II npH OC060M YCJIOBHH. B TO BpeMH mJIa BORHa, H
OR ClIHTaJI, "tITO ynpaBJIHTL cpHHaHcaMH B BoeHHoe BpeMH JIer"tIe,
1160 B TaRHe nepIIOp;:bI Bce cpep;CTBa p;03BOJIeHbI. Ho OH npep;ynpe-
lJ;HJI JIIOp;oBHKa XV, "tITO YHp;eT, KaK TOJIbKO HacTynHT MHp, - "tITO
OR II cp;eJIaJI. OH CMeHHJI nOCT reHepaJIbHOrO KOHTpOJIepa Ha MeCTO
CTpaHHoro rocyp;apcTBeHHoro ceKpeTapH, OJImHOCT:b, KaR pa3 no
1 Mer c Y - A r g e n tea u. Correspondance, t. II, p. 402. B AaHIIOM
cnytIae npe}J;nOJIOiI\eHHe 0 nocpeAHIiI'tJ:ecTBe BepMoHa, rrO-BIiI}J;HMOMY, pOP;IIJIOCb
lIa XHTporo MaHeBpa MepcliI, cTapaBmerocH y6ep;IiITb }J;BYX HOBLIX MIiIHR-
CTPOB, 'tJ:TO KOpOJIeBa He OCTaJIaCb B CTopone OT HX na3Ha'tJ:eHHH (CM. rrpe-
LIJJ;Y ylO rJIaBY). MLI He HaxOAHM HHI{aKOrO CJIep;a TaKoro nocpe}J;HIiI'tJ:eCTB3
epMOHa, H OHO nJIOXO BHmeTc.H c ero xapaKTepOM, 0 'lIeM MomBO CYAIiITb
no TOMy, KaK OH BeJI ce6H, Korp;a pacnpoCTpaHHJICH CJIYx 0 Ha3Ha'tJ:eHHH
BpTenna, KOTOpbI:H 6bI eMY TaRHM me ;D;pyroM II no TeM me nplI'IIIHaM, '1TO
R IOI!ro. MepclI llHmeT lIO 3TOMY JlOBO}J;Y (H MLI BRP;HM TYT aHaJIOrliI'tJ:HbIH
CJIyqa ): «fl YMOJIHJI KOpOJIeBY BeCTH ce6H TaK, 'tJ:To6I>I apxlIenliIcKoII Ty-
:yaCRlIH nop;YMaJI, 6YP;TO OB o6H3aH CBOlIM MeCTOM JIRmI> MHJIOCTH Ee BeJIH-
6 eCTBa, H OHa COH3BOJIHJIa YCTynliITb MoeH rrpocb6e. 3TOT npeJIaT TaKme
c JIII3RHH APyr a66aTa p;e BepMOHa, HO TOT TaK p;eJIHKaTeH, 'lITO HIIRor}J;a He
'III. aHeT rOBopHTL C ROpOJIeBOH 0 'lIeJIOBeKe, B rrplICTpaCTlIH K ROTOPOMY ero
2 rYT 3ano,n;03pHTb».
M 0 n t yon. Ope cit.
56
QACTb llEPBAH. HAI{EiK1{A.
ero BKycy, H60 B ero Be,n;eHHe BXO,D;HJIO 3eMJIe,D;eJIHe, KOHeBO,D;CTBO
apXHB:bI, JIOTepeH, yrrpaBJIeHHe HeKOTOp:bIMH rrpOBHHD;HHMH H crre-
D;HaJI:bHLIe <pOH,D;:bI KOpOJIH. IIocJIe BepTeHa <pHHaHcaMH Be;a;aJl
JI' ABep,n;H, KOToporo YBOJIHJIH, 3aTeM MaHoH ;a;'SHBO, yme;a;mHB
B OTCTaBKY, H B KOHD;e KOHD;OB aCTa<peTa ,n;OBOJI:bHO HeOiKH,n;aHHO-
nepemJIa 1\ a66aTY Teppa, nOCJIe XHTpO CrrJIeTeHHOH HHTpHrll.
repD;or illY33eJIb XOTeJI nepe,n;aTb <pHHaHCLI KaHD;JIepy Morry, KO-
Toporo B'I'aHHe 3a,n;YMaJI rrory6IITb. O,n;HaKO KaHD;JIep, He BH)J;H HHoro.
BLIXO)J;a, pemHJI yroBopHTb Teppa, B TY rropy COBeTHHKa rrapJIaMeH-
Ta, H 06paTHJICH K HeMY, KaK nepe)J;aIOT, co CJIe)J;YIOID;HMH CJIOBaMU:
«A66aT, rrOCT rJIaBLI <pHHaHCOBoro Be,n;OMCTBa rrYCTyeT; 3TO xopomee
MeCTO, r)J;e MomBO 3apa60TaTb 60JIbmHe ,n;eHbrH; H XOqy, qT06LI ero.
)J;aJIH Te6e». MOHTHHOH, KOTOp:bIH nepe)J;aeT 3TOT CJIyqaH, H, KOHeq-
HO, He COBceM 6ecrrpHCTpaCTHO, 3aKJIlOqaeT: «IIeperOBOp:bI ;r(JIHJIBCb.
He;r(OJIro. AOBO;r( OKa3aJICH y6e,n;HTeJIbHLIM, H npe)J;JIOmeHHe 6LIJIO'
rrpHHHTO».
Tropro He 06JIa)J;aeT HH D;HHH3MOM Tepp3, HH H3BOpOTJlHBOCTLD
BepTeHa. ,n:JIH Hero ;r(eJIO 06CTOHT COBceM HHaqe. MomHo CKa3aTL,.
trTO rrOCT reHepaJI:bHOrO KOHTpOJlepa <pHHaHCOB - -nonettnaR 'leAl>
TlOpeo. He TOJI:bKO rrOTOMY, qTO K 3TOMY ero CKJIOHHIOT paHO npo-
CHYBillHHCH IIHTepec, nOJIyqeHHoe 06pa30BaHHe, ;r(OJIrOJIeTHHH pa60-
Ta, rrpaKTlf1IeCKHH On:bIT, HO H rrOTOMY, qTO 3TO OTBeqaeT er()
rJIy60KHM y6eiK)J;eHHHM, a TaKme nOTOMY, qTO 3TOT nOCT )J;aeT eMY
B PYKH KOMaH;r(H:bIe p:bIqarH yrrpaBJleHHH rocy,n;apCTBOM. STO He
TOJIbKO 3aBepmeHHe ero KapbepbI, HO nOHCTHHe rrYTb, rrpe;a;Haqep-
TaHHbIH eMY cY;r(L60H, B03MomnOCTb ocym;ecTBIITb CBOH BeJIHKU&
IIJIaHbI, OXBaTbIBalOm;lIe Bce np06JIeMbI nOJIHTHqeCKOH mH3HII 06-
eCTBa. reHepaJIbHbIH KOHTpOJIep, no cym;eCTBY, rJIaB cTByeT HaA
BceMH MHHHCTepCTBaMH: «Ero BJIHHHHe rrpOHHKaeT nOBCIO;a;y, o
CaM:bIX KopHeH; OT Hero 3aBHCIIT BCH BHYTpeHHHH mH3Hb, BHemHJlB
Tome eMY rrOp;qHHHeTCH; HII o,n;HH ,n;errapTaMeHT He MomeT pa60TaTL t
eCJIH OH eMY npOTHBO;r(eHcTByeT; TOprOBJIH, 3eMJIe;r(eJIHe, peMeCJIa-
Bce 3aBHCHT OT Hero...» 1
Bonpoc He B TOM, qT06bI OTKa3aTbCH OT 3Toro pHCKOBaHHoro
rnara. Peqb H,n;eT 0 TOM, qT06bI yqeCT:b Bce onaCHOCTH. TlOpro xo-
qeT 06eCrreqlIT:b ce6e HaHJIyqmHe HCXO;r(HbIe n03HD;HH. Bece,n;a C Be-
pH II BepMOHOM KacaeTCH rJIaBH:bIM 06pa30M rrp06JIeM 6IO;r(meTa,.
XOTH 3TO JIHm:b O;r(Ha H3 CTOpOH ero ;r(eHTeJIbHOCTH II O)J;HH H3 pa3-
eJIOB ero rrporpaMMbI. Ho TYT peqb H;r(eT 0 HeOTJIOmHOM Bonpoce,.
r;a;e OIl 60JIbme Bcero 60HTCH norraCTb B 3aTpY;r(HHTeJlbHoe nOJIome-
HlIe. OH y6e;a;II &H B He06xo;r(HMOCTH 3KOHOMHH, HJIH, KaK rOBOpu-
JIM B .TY rropy, «ype3:bIBaHHH». STOT qeJIOBeK, KOToporo CqHTaIOT
a6CTpaKTHbIM TeopeTlIKOM, Kal\ BH HO, HerrJIOXOH nCHXOJIOr. 3a
TpH,n; aTb nHTb HeH OH ycrreJI y6e MTbCH B pe KOM CJIa60BOJIHD
't V e r i. Op. cit., t. I, p. 157.
rJ1ABA II. BAP4J0J10MEEBCRAH HOTlb, HJIH H8BHEHHE MHHHCTPOB 57
-
pf(OpOJlH, Hero yme 6ecrrOKOHT paCTOTIHTeJI:bHOCT:b 11 YIIPHMCTBO
I\OpOJleB:bI. A66aT e BepMOH eT eMY COBeT: «.fI 3HalO JIHmL O;a;HO
cpe CTBO, KOTopoe rrOMOiKeT CJIa60CTH KOpOJIH npOTHBOCTOHTb Ha-
aOBJIHBOCTH ero oKpymeHHH. Ha o 3apyqHTbcH ero CJIOBOM... MTaK,
rocnO;a;HH TlOpro, eCJIH B:bI OK iKeTeC:b BO rJIaBe <pHHaHCOB, 3apYTIH-
TeCb 3apaHee ero CJIOBOM BO Bcex cepbe3H:bIX ;n;eJIax».
HaBepHO, nOCJIe 3Toro COBeTa (eCJIH OH H caM He ;n;O YMaJICH
AO 3Toro paH:bme) TlOpro nepe]J;aJI Mopena, TITO meJIaJI 6bI noro-
BOpHT:b C KOpOJIeM npem]J;e, TIeM rrpHMeT ynpaBJIeHHe <pHHaHcaMH.
Pa3YMeeTCH, He 6:bIJIO H peTIH 0 TOM, TITO BO BpeMH 3Toro pa3rOBO-
pa TlOpro Ior 6:bI YKJIORHTbCH OT KOpOJIeBCKOro npe;n;JIOmeHHH,
BO OB Ha;n;eHJICH nOJIYQIlTb OT KOpOJIH KaK MomBO 60JIee TopmeCT-
BeHHbIe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, Ha KOTOp:bIe Mor 6bI OIIHpaTbCH BIIOCJIe;n;-
CTBHH 1 .
KapTHHa BTopaH. .IJ:ecHTb TIaCOB YTpa. .IJ:eiicTBHe nepeBOCHTCH
B Ka6HBeT KOpOJIH. Mopena, CBemeBbI6pHTbIH, Tm;aTeJI:bHO Harry,n-
peHH:bIH H nOMOJIO eBmHii C npHXO OM K BJIaCTH, BXOALT, KaK.Bcer-
l{a, C cepbe3H:bIM H BamHbIM BH;n;OM. CerO HH cpe a, eH:b, Kor,n;a
BeT HH 3ace;n;aHHH COBeTa, HH 3aHHTHii, KOTOp:bIe MeHTOp C He-
. aBHHx nop npOBO HT ;n;Ba pa3a B Re eJIIO, qT06:bI 3aCTaBHT:b pa60-
TaT:b CBoero aBrYCTeHmero YTIeHHKa (rro BTopHHKaM H nHTHH aM).
TaK KaK y Moperra HeT B pYKax nopT<peJIH, KOpOJIIJ ;n;YMaeT - llJIH
npHTBopHeTCH, 6y;n;TO ;n;YMaeT, - TITO OR 6bICTpO H JIerKO OT;n;eJIaeTCH
'OT Hero. Ha BCHKHii cJIyqaii OH ;n;eJIaeT BH,n;, 6Y TO He IIO;n;03peBa-
-aT, qero OT Hero m;n;YT.
- B:bI 6e3 nopT<peJIH, - rOBopHT OH, - CTaJIO 6:bITb, Y Bac HeT
cepbe3H:bIX ;n;eJI?
- I1pomy rrpOm;eHHH, CHP, - OTBeqaeT Mopena. - .IJ:eJIo, 0 KO-
"TOpOM MBe Ha o C BaMH norOBopHTb, He Tpe6yeT 6YMar, HO TeM
,Be MeHee OHO H3 CaM:bIX BamH:bIX...
ITo IIpaB;n;e CKa3aTb, KOpOJIIJ npeKpaCHO 3HaeT, 0 TIeM nOH;a;eT
peqb, H eCTb Bce OCHOBaHHH ;n;YMaTb, TITO Tenepb OH pemHJICH,
IIJIn, CRopee, CMHpHJICH, C He06xo HMOCTblO npHHHT:b pemeHHe.
,CaallaJIa OH 06e:m;aJI, QTO 3TO npOH30ii;n;eT BO BpeMH rrpe6:bIBaHHH
B ROMllbeHe, a OHO yme no,n;XO;n;HT K KOHn;y. OH 06e:m;aJI npHHHTb
emeHHe BO BTOpHHR (HaRaHYHe), a TaR RaR YTPOM OH npHHHMan
IOpro, Bce TOTTIaC 3aKJIIOQHJIH, QTO OHH BCTpeTHJIHCb, tIT06:bI pe-
IIInTb BOllpOC 0 Be;n;OMCTBe <pHHaHCOB. HaKOHen;, cerO HH M:bI 3HaeM,
no CBH,n;eTeJIbCTBY MepCH-ApmaHTO, QTO 23 aBrYCTa nOCJIe 06e,na
oa ,n;OJIro COBeTOBaJICH C MapHeH AHTyaHeTToH 0 rrpe]J;CTOHIJ HX
uepeMeBax. Ha 3TOT pa3 KOpOJIeBa B:bIrrOJIHHJIa HHCTpYKn;HH CBOHX
-
e 6IIoAo6HLIe XJIOIIOTLI II IIpeAoCTopomHOCTIi He BLIIDJIII 113 MO]J;LI III IIPB
y JIHKaHCKOM peiKBMe. B HamH P;HB CTaJIO nOlITB pBTyaJIOM, liTO 6yp;y-
: Il MHHHCTp B THiKeJILIH MOMeHT BCTynJIeHHH B P;OJIiKHOCTb HBJIHeTCH K
8 :aH}J;eHTY H Tpe6yeT aaRJIIDlIeHHH YCTHoro p;orOBopa 0 COJIB apHOCTB R
pocax 61O}J;iReTa.
58
qACTb llEPBAH. HAl{EiRJT.A
orreRYHOB. «RopOJIeBa BCe B:bICJIymaJIa, HO He rr03BOJIHJIa ce6e c));e-
JIaT:b HH O));HOrO 3aMeqaHHH»1.
XOTH eJIa yme 3amJIH J(aJIeRO, ROpOJI:b TaR JIIO 6 H'l' OTJI:bIHII-
BaT:b, qTO ll:bITaeTCH rrOJIyqHT:b e e O HY «nOCJIe));HIOIO OTCPOqRY».
-- M:bI c,n;eJIaeM 3TO B cy660TY rrOCJIe 3ace)J;aHHH COBeTa no
BHYTpeHHHM eJIaM.
Ho Mopena yrropcTByeT II 60JIee HaCTOHqHB, qeM 06:bIqHO. OH,
RameTCH, ,n;ame paccep,n;IIJICH If nepe YXO,n;OM H3BIIHHJICH 3a 3TO;
OH, BH,n;IIl\fO, rrOqYBCTBOBaJI, qTO pemeHHe YiRe Ha3peJIO, II 3THM
06 HCHHeTcH TaROH nplIJIHB 3HeprHH. OH CHOBa TBepAHT CTO pas
nOBTOpeHH:bIH ypOR. Ha,n;o pemHT:b Borrpoc 0 JIIO HX, qTo6bI HMeTL
B03MOmHOCT:b rrepeHTH R np06JIeMaM. RaR ynopH));OqHT:b Bonpoc c
napJIaMeHTOM 6e3 xpaHHTe H neqaTH (MHHHCTpa roCTH HIf)? eJIa
$HHaHCOBoro Be,n;OMCTBa -- 6e3 reHepaJI:bHOrO ROHTpOJIepa? Ha));o
JIH60 coxpaHHTb MHHHCTpOB -- J2I B TaROM CJIyqae YTBep));HT:b HX Ha
rrpeiRHHX nOCTax, qTo6:bI BepHYT:b HM Heo6xo,n;HM:bIH aBTopHTeT,-
JIH60 YBOJIHT:b -- H B TaROM CJIyqae C));eJIaTb 3TO HeMe JIeHHO It
Ha3BaT:b HX apeeMHHROB.
«BpeMH He TO 60raTCTBO, ROTopoe B:bI MomeTe TpaTHTb, RaG
BaM B3,n;YMaeTCH... HepemHTeJI:bHOCT:b B COCTaBJIeHHII nJIaHOB Ha-
HOCHT Bpe)); ));eJIaM H nopOm));aeT HHTpHrH...»
8TH_ qeTRO B:bICRa3aHH:bIe M:bICJIH npOH3BeJIH 6:bI Ha Hac 60JIee
CHJI:bHOe BrreqaTJIeHHe, eCJIH 6:bI M:bI He 3HaJIH 1I3 Toro me HCToqHH-
Ka, liTO HX nOBTOpHJIII YiKe MHoro pa3 H OHH He ORa3aJIH 3aMeT-
Horo ,n;eHCTBHH.
Ha ,n;eJIe, eCJIH Cy,n;IITb He TOJI:bRO no 3TOMY J];lIaJIory, HO H no
APyrHM, ROTOp:bIe eMY rrpe));meCTBOBaJIII, TPY)];HOCTH C 3aMem;eHHeM
3THX ,n;BYX rrOCTO'8 6.bIJIH pa3H:bIe. q TO HaCaeTc.H RaH JIepa, TO BO-
npoc He B TOM, CHHTb JIH ero, a B TOM, ReM ero 3aMeHHTb. qTO ));0
$IIHaHCOBoro BeJ];OMCTBa, TO Tpy,n;HOCTb He B B:bI6ope rrpeeMHHRa,
a B OTCTaBRe a66aTa TepP3.
ROpOJIH He OrOpqHJI 6bI yxo,n; RaHD;JIepa Mony, ROToporo OH He
JIro6IIT H HaXO));HT B:bICOROMepH:bIM (<OH eABa y,n;OCTaHBaeT 3aMe-
TIITb MeHH H ,n;ame He CHHCXO,n;HT O pa3rOBopa CO MHOH...»). Ho
Bonpoc 0 3aMeHe pemHTb Tpy,n;HO. 06m;ee MHeHIIe BbI,n;BHraeT
MaJIb3ep6a, H Moperra BHaqaJIe rro,n;J];epmIifBaeT 3TOT BbI6op, ROTO-
p:bIH RameTCH HaHJIyqmIIM II3 B03MomHbIX. Ho ROpOJI:b HaCTpoea
npOTHB MaJIb3ep6a lI3-3a «$HJIOCO$HqeCROrO CRJIa,n;a YMa», ROTO-
pbIH eMY npHnHCbIBaIOT. FlaR rJIaBH:bIH ,n;HpeRTop HHHi-KHOH ToprOB-
JIH, OH BbI3BaJI no,n;03peHHH B JIH6epaJIH3Me. C J];pyroH CTOpOHLI,
MaJJb3ep6 - tIeJIOB'eR eIIeTHJI:bHbIH, OTBeTCTBeHHOCT"b MHHHCTep-
CHoro nOCTa ero He rrpHBJIeHaeT, II DB rrOC:bIJIaeT IVIopena MeMyap,
.
1 Mer c y - A r g e n tea u. Ope cit., t. II, p. 237. O}J;HaI\O OHa npeA-
u.otIJIa 6LI, tITo6 CapTHH ynpaBJIHJI ROpOJIeBCl\liIM P;BOpOM [TO eCTb BCeM )J;BOP'"
n;OBbIM nepCOHaJIOM BbICmHX H HH3mHX CJIyma HX. - PeB.], a He MOpCI\HM
MHHHCTepCTBOM. OHa npH3HaJIaCb B 3TOM MepCH.
l'J1ABA 11. BAP4JO.1J.OMEEBCRAH HOTlb, HJ1H H8BHEHHE MHHHCTPOB 59
rAe aapaHee 06'DHCHHeT npH I]IHbI CBoero OTKa3a OT aToH P;OJIiRHO-
CTR, eCJIH ee eMY npe,n;JIOiRaT.
IIoaToMY Mopena pemaeT BbI,7J;BHHYTIJ KaH,7J;H,7J;aTYPY MHpoMeHH-
JIfI, 6bIBmero npe3H,n;eHTa PyaHcKoro napJIaMeHTa, CTponTHBoro
IOpscTa H CBoero p;aJIbHerO pO,7J;CTBeHHHKa, 6JIII3KOrO ,7J;Pyra ,7J;OMa,
nOCTOHHHoro COTparre3HHKa H nOqTH HaxJIe6HHKa, TaK KaK OH pa-
80pSJICH. «YrO,7J;HIIK X03HHKH ,n;OMa», KaR rOBopHT H3BHTeJIIJHLIH
BeaaHBaJIb, npeKpaCHO pa3IJIrp:bIBaeT CBeTCKYro KOMep;1I1O B ee ca-
Jlone. STOT KaH,7J;H,7J;aT Ka3aJICH B TO BpeMH JIHmb HHlITOmeCTBOM,
SO rrOKa3aJI ce6H B p;aJIbHenmeM npocTo Mep3aB eM. MHpoMe-
BHJlb - THll OrpaHHqeHHOrO peaK HoHepa, 3a H aIO ero Bce
npe,7J;paccY,7J;KH II npHBHJIerHH cBoeH RaCT:DI, cnoco6Horo B,7J;06aBoK
sa BceB03MOmH:bIe nJIYTHB; pa3 3aHHB cBon nocT, OH rOTOB Ha
JlI06yro HH30CTb, JIHmb 6bI ero coxpaHHTb. BnoCJIe,7J;C'PBHH Be3aH-
BaJl:D onHmeT ero B KpaCOQHOH c eHe, KOr,7J;a lIYTb JIB He YMHpalO-
II(HH MHpOMeHHJIb 3aCTaBJIHJI HeCTH ce6H B BepcaJI:D, HeCMOTpH Ha
opOTeCTDI BpaqeH H 6JIH3KHX, 11 npHTaJI neqaTIJ B CBoeH rrOCTeJIH.
qTO RacaeTCH «pHHaHCOB, TO BbI60p Tropro RaK 6Y,7J;TO He BbI-
8LIBaeT 60JIbme cnopoB. O,7J;HaKO MbI 3HaeM 113 «MeMyapOB» Oma-
pa, TJ:TO Mopena B aTO BpeMH P;YMaJI 0 r-He e BeJI:D-MJIe, KaH JIepe
rep ora OpJIeaHCKOro, H rrpeAynpe HJI 06 aTOM TJ:epe3 caMoro Oma-
pa. C PyroH CTOpOH:DI, KOpOJI:D e e paH:Dme BLICKa3:DIBaJI rrpOTHB
KaH,7J;H,7J;aTypbI Tropro HeKOTOp:DIe B03pameHHH:
«Ym OqeH:b OH qeJIOBeK CHCTeM:bI, Aa K TOMY me CBH3aH C aH-
qHKJIOne,7J;HCTaMII» 1.
Moperra npHmJIOC:D ero 3am;H aT}'. A66aT Ae BepH JJ;YMaeT, lITO
8TO 6ecnoKoHcTBO KOpOJIH 6bIJIO BbI3BaHO KaRHM-JIH60 RCTaTH rre-
peXBaqeHHbIM rrHCbMOM. «ECJIH 6:bI KJIHKa xaHmeH npeJJ;B1'I,7J;eJIa Ha-
3UalleBHe Tropro B MopCKoe MHBHCTepCTBO, B03MomHO, OHH Hanpa-
BIIJIH 6bI KOpOJIIO AOHOC, qT06bI aTOMY rrOMemaTb». l\aR 6bI TO HH
6L1JIO, HO ROpOJIb He HaCTaHBaJI Ha CBoeM npe,7J;y6em,7J;eHHH, lIT6 Ha
8TOT pa3 rOBopMT B ero nOJIb3Y. Ho OH o KOH a TaK H He MomeT
pemUT:DCH paCCTaTbCH C a66aToM Teppa 2 . B nOCJIe,n;HIOIO MHHYTY
nepeJ]; Bro oTcTaBKoH OH Bce em;e KOJIe6JIeTCH H YiKe COmaJIeeT 0
CBoeM pemeHHM. JII060n:bITHaH «pHrypa aTOT a66aT Teppa. HH O,7J;HB
M1IHnCTp HHRor,n;a He 3aCJIymHBaJI TaKOH JJ;JIMTeJIbHOH H eJ];HHOJ];ym-
Hoii HeHaBHcTH IDHpOROH ny6JIHRH. Ho C ,7J;pyroH CTOpOHbI, Y Bcex,
RTO C HIIM 06m;aeTCH, OH B:bI3:bIBaeT HeqTO BpoJ];e YBameHHH. 1\0-
pOJI}, Tome no,n;,n;aeTCH ero qapaM, MJIII no MeHbmeH Mepe ero BJIHH-
B1I1O, BepOHTHO em;e YCHJIeHHOMY 6JIaroJJ;apH ROBTpacTY HX xapaR-
TepoB.
Teppa 06JIa,n;aeT TeM, lITO B TY anoxy Ha3bIBaJIH «pemIITeJIb-
aLIM xapaRTepOM». OH M:acTepcKII BJIaJ];eeT p:bIqaraMH ynpaBJIeHllH
-
1 V'. O . I
2 e r 1. p. CIt., t. I, p. 160.
JI «fl SHam, lITO OH xopomo AeJIaeT CBoe AeJIO, - B3 bIxaeT OH,-
01IeHb XOTeJI 6:bI ero oCTaBHTb, no OH Tal\OH ITJIYT...»
60
QACTb llEPBAR. HA Em A
CBoero MHHHCTepCTBa, Y Hero HCHLIH YM, OCTpLIU, KaR CTaJILHOB
KJIHHOK, H TaJIaHT )J;OKJIa,[(1lIIKa. OH He XBaJIHT, OB He y6emAaeT, OB
He B03pamaeT. IIepeA BHM CTaBHT 3aAaqy, H OH )J;aeT pemeHH&
C TOqHOCTLIO MexaHH3Ma. OT 3Toro XOJIOAHOrO paCCY)J;Ra HCXOJJ;HT
HeKHH neAHHOH MarHeTH3M.
OAHaKO npHmJIO BpeMH pemaTb. A66aT Teppa COBepmHJI He-
OCTopomHOCTL, 6LITb MomeT He 6e3 paCqeTa, OTnpaBHBmHCb Ha ABa
,n;HH B IIHKapAHIO, qT06:bI OCMOTpeT:b nOJJ;3eMH:bIH KaHaJI Ha MaHY-
<l>aRType 3epKaJIbHOrO CTeKna B CeH-r06eHe. STOT OT'be3A TaR YCII-
JIHJI cnYXH 06 ero onaJIe, qTO yme HeJI:b3H 6LIJIO oTcTyrraTb. OD
COBepmHJI e e OABY HeOCTopomHOCTL HJIH, B03MomHO, rrorrp060BaJl'
C)J;e.rraTb XHTpLIH XOA: CrrpOCHJI KOpOJIH, AOBOJIeH JIB OB ero pa60Toi.
ROpOJIL HlAerO He CKa3aJI eMY B OTBeT. «.ff He rrOCMeJI». TorAa
Moperra OCMeneJI H CTaJI mypHT:b KOpOJIH H JJ;ame BLICKa3aJI eMy
JIIIQHYIO rrpeTeH3HIO.
«A66aT Tepp3 rrpHmeJI KO MHe, - CKa3aJI OB, - H C006m;HJI ()
cBoeH HeYBepeHHocTH H 0 BameM MOJIqaHHH. .H caM OKa3aJICH B
3aTpYAHeHHH. RamALIH AeHb H HBnHIOCb K BameMY YTpeHHeMY BLI-
xO)J;Y... MHe npHxoAHTCH B:bITHrHBaTb Y Bac KamAoe CJIOBO. iKeJIae-
Te B:bI HJIH Be meJIaeTe CMeHHT:b 3THX }J;BYX MHHHCTpOB? - ,[J:a, me-
JIaIO. - TorAa rrycTb 3TO 6Y}J;eT CeHqaC».
BorrpeKH cBoeMY 06MKHoBeHHIO KOpOJIb He rrpOHBHJI meJIaHHB
Y)J;aJIHTbCH, QT06:bI rrpHHTH K 3aKJIIOqeHHIO H rrpHHHTb B O}J;HHOqe-
CTBe pemeBHe, KOTopoe 6:bIJIO YiRe rrpHBJITo. OH BbICRa3aJI ero BO
BpeMH 3Toro pa3roBopa.
JII060rr:bITHaH Cn;eHa, eCJIH rrpe}J;cTaBHT:b ce6e 3TOT 3aKJIlOqH-
TeJIbHLIH AHaJIOr: e}J;IIH060pCTBO }J;BYX HaTYP, O}J;WlaKOBO H3BeCT
HbIX cBoe:u CJIa60CT:bIO. MIIBHCTp, KOTOp:bIU HJ2IKor,l);a He ToponHT-
CfT, ToporrHT rOCY}J;apH, KOTOpLIH HHKor}J;a He rOTOB. Be33am;HTHaa
RperrOCTb, n06em}J;eHHaH BHJIbIM HarraAalO HM. Ha 3TOT pa3 Mope-
na A06HJICH n06eALI B:bIiRHAaHIIH Ha}J; «OTJIbIHHBaHHeM» 1. B 9TY
IVIIiHYTY OH COpBaJI rrJIo}J; CTO}J;HeBHOH OCTopomHOCTH, TeprreHHH D
JIOBROCTH. OH aAHJI CaMOJII06He 06H}J;tIHBoro KoponH, rrpe,n;OCTaB-
JIHH eMY 6paTb Ha ce6H OTBeTCTBeHHOCT:b 3a Bce rrpHHHTLIe peme-
HHH. Ho TaKHM 06pa30M OH caM H36emaJI Bpaa\Ae6HOCTH Tex, RTO
OKa3aJICH B orraJIe (M:bI BH;r(eJIH, "({TO a66aT TepP3, qeJIOBeK )J;aJIeKO
He HaHBH:bIH, crrpamHBaJI Y Hero COB eTa II KaK 6LI }J;OBepHJI eMY
CBOH HHTepeC:bI). 3a HCTeKmHe TPH MeCHn;a Moperra Y)J;aJIOCb H36a-
BUTbCH OT BC 'llJIeHOB rrapTHH «3rH:UOHHCTOB», He CAeJIaB rrpHTOM
HII MaJIeHmeH YCTyrrKH napTHH «mya3eJIHCTOB», H Bce 3TO He na-
mHB ce6e BparOB HH C TO:U, HH C ,n;PyroH CTOpOHbI. Tenepb MHHH-
'cTepcKHe KJIIO'IIeBbIe nOCTLI HaXO}J;HTCH B PYKax JIH60 HH"({TomHLIX,
HO 6JIH3KHX eMY nIOAe:u (ero myplIH JIaBpH:uep, KY3eH MHpOMe-
HHJIL), JIH60 JIIO;r(eH BLI}J;alOID;HXCH, HO HaH}J;eHH:bIX HM caMHM (Bep-
.1 STO BldpameHlle }J;e Depu. (V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 244.)
rJIABA 11. BAPt1J0J10MEEBCRAR HOTlb, HJ1H H8BHEHHE MHHHCTPOB 611.
,"eBU, TlOpro). OH HMeeT Bce B03MOiKHOCTII BbIIIOJlHHTb CBOIO MHC-
CHIO. OJlmHO 6bITb, eMY He XBaTaeT TOJlbKO BepbI B Hee.
CeHqaC me eMY CJle}J;yeT BbIrrOJlHHTb rrOCJle}J;HIOIO <popMaJlb"
aOCTb: rroJlyqHTb Y KOpOJlH aY}J;lIeHn;IIIO, KOTOpyIO rrpOCHT m;erre..
THJlbHbIH TIOpro. CJle}J;yeT CqHTaTbCH C xapaKTepOM Ka»\}J;oro lIe..
JIOBeKa - reHepaJlbHbIX KOHTpOJlepOB TaR me, KaK 11 KOpOJleH. Bea
COMHeHHH, JIIO}J;oBHKa XVI OTHIO)J;b He pa}J;yeT rrepcrreKTHBa TaKOU'
aeCHOCHOH }J;OIIOJlHHTeJlbHOH pa60TM!
«- O}J;HaKO, - B03pamaeT KOpOJlb, - H }J;aJl eMY rrOJlHYIO B03..
MOiI\HOCTb BbICKa3aTbCH, Be)J;b MbI MaJlO 6ece}J;OBaJlII 0 MOpCROM
,n;eJle. .f.[ rOBOpHJI eMY 0 MHorHX Bem;ax, RacaIOnJ;HXCH pa60TbI re-
aepaJlbHOrO KOHTpOJlepa, H m}J;aJl, qTO OH OTKpoeTCH MHe.
- .f.[ }J;YMalO, OH m}J;aJl em;e 60Jlbme, qeM BbI, H aTa OTKpOBeH-
HOCTb MOrJla HCXO}J;HTb TOJlbKO OT Bac».
MTaR, TIOpro H KOpOJlb HaqaJIH em;e HaKaHYHe pa3bIrpbIBaTb
II:becy «JJ:Boe 3aCTeHqHBbIX». OHH OqeHb CROpO CMorYT rrpO}J;OJlmHTb
aTY Cn;eHY.
BbIH}J;H OT KOpOJlH, Moperra, eCTeCTBeHHO, OTIIpaBHJlCH 1\ TIOP-
rOe A y TIOpro, eCTeCTBeHHO, HaXO}J;HJlCH a66aT }J;e BepH. MeHTOp
paCCKa3bIBaeT HM TO, lITO rrpOH30mJlO, a a66aT Bce aTO 3arrHCbIBaer
C BeJlHKOH nOJlbaOH }J;JlH Hac. IIocJle qero TIOpro OTrrpaBJJHeTCH H
KOpOJlIO, a Moperra H,n;eT K a66aTY Teppa. B TO BpeMH RaK K Cap...
THHY H MHpOMeHHJlIO IIOCbIJlaIOT KypbepOB, a repn;or }J;e JIaBpHHep
H,n;eT oT6HpaTb rre-qaTH Y Morry, Mopena caM 6epeT Ha ce6H rro-
CJle}J;HIOIO MHCCHIO K a66aTY Teppa. BbIJlO JlH aTO ,IJ;JlH Hero THm..
KUM 6peMeHeM? MbI rrO}J;03peBaeM, qTO OH, CKopee, cMaRyeT aTY
OTMeCTKY cY,IJ;b6bI KaK O}J;HY H3 MHomeCTBa MeJlKH 4 YCJla)J; o6pe...
v
TeRROR BJlaCTH.
62 'lACTb llEPBAR. HAJ{E/RJ{A
r .!taea III ,Unoe
SaCTeH"tIIIBLIX
JlIO oBHKY XVI Ba aT:b JleT. 9TO MOJlO OH lIeJlOBeK B cepOM
YTpeHHeM KOCTIOMe, cpe Hero pOCTa (OT IIHTH CPYTOB H Tpex O
fiHTH CPYTOB H meCTH IOHMOB, 110 OlIpe eJleHHIO MOH6apa), «HO
MaCCHBHoro CJlOmeHHH» II yme CKJlOHH:bIH K IIOJlHOTe. «XapaKTep
MHrKIIH H He3J106HB:bIH 3aMeHHJI B HeM mHBOCT:b, KOTopaH B ero
B03paCTe npe,n;Bem;aeT npOHH aTeJl:bH:bIH YM», - 06aBJlHeT aTOT
OqeHb CHHCXO HTeJl:bHO HaCTpoeHHbIH 6Horpacpl. Ha ,n;eJle BbIpame..
HHe JlH a Y JIIO oBHKa XVI CKopee Ha,I(yToe: 06.bIqHO OH epmHT'"
CH TaK, CJlOBHO qeM-TO He OBOJleH, a B BeCeJl:bIe MHHYT:bI OTIIYCKaeT
rpy6LIe mYTKH, HO He YMeeT BeCTH ce6H C no o6aIOm;HM eMY O-
CTOHHCTBOM 2 . OH maraeT CTeneHHO, a Kor a CTOHT, «nepeMHHaeTCH
C HorH Ha Hory». JIH O Y Hero IIOJlHOe, KpynH:bIH HOC C rop6HHKOH,
HPKHH PYMHHe , ry6:bI MHCHCTbIe, 3y6:bI HepOBH:bIe; « ero rJla3a,
C IIOB'OJlOKOn, KaK Y Bcex 6J1H30PYKIIX JlIO eH, He JlHmeHbI MHr-
I OCTH»3, HO OR He JlI06IIT CMOTpeTb JlIO,I(HM B rJla3a. B HeM eCTb
lITO-TO HenpOHH aeMoe, HaK OTMeqaeT MepCH-ApmaHTO, lITO MomHO
06'bHCHHTb «60JlbmOH CKpbITHOCT:bIO IIJlH 60JlbmOH 3aCTeHqIIBO-
CTbIO»4. OH CKaqeT Ha JlOma H nOHCTHHe CJlOMH rOJlOBY, OXOTHTCH
'1 M 0 n t bar e y. Ope cit., t. II, p. 28.
2 CM.: V 6 r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 205.
J S e g u r. Ope cit., p. 13.
4 Mer c y - A r g e n tea u. Ope cit., t. II, p. 200.
rJlABA 111. J{BOE 8ACTEHQHBbIX
63
-
Cp CTpaCT:bI0 1 . OH JlI06HT CaMYIO rpy6yIO <pH3Ht:J:eCKYIO pa60TY, Ha-
I1pHMep pa60TY co CTpOHTeJlbHblMH pa60t:J:HMH. MapMH AHTyaHeTTa
B H3BeCTHOM rrHCbMe CBOeMY KY3eHY P03eH6epry BblCMellBaeT ero
B:KYC K MeXaHHt:J:eCKHM pa60TaM ((COrJlaCHTeCb, t:J:TO B03J1e KY3HHD;bl
f[ BDlrJlHJ{eJla 6bl COBCeM HerrpHBJIeKaTeJlbHO»). Ho BblpameHHe
«MeXaHHt:J:eCKHe pa60TM» rrpe)J;rroJlaraJlo eIQe OBOJlbHO 6J1aropo -
Hble 3a6aBbI. ,[(ame TO, "flTO B Harne BpeMH Ha3bIBaIOT peMeCJleHHII-
qeCTBOM: CJleCapHO"e, CTOJlHpHOO p;eJlO, - em;e ca:rvlaH H3LICKaHHaR
qaCTb ero pa3BJlelIeHlIH. OR OXOTHO 3aHHMaeTCH CaMblMlI rpy6bIMB
X03HUCTneHH:bIMH )];eJlaMH: 3aKOJlaqHBaeT H BbI eprHBaeT rB03 H,
nO MeTaeT. ECJl1I MomHO CKa3aTb, QTO MOJlO OH KOpOJlb B 06pa39
HpocTHoro OXOTHHRa HMeeT )];OCTORH:bIH BH , TO CJle)J;yeT 06aBHTb,
QTO OH B:bIXOAlIJI rro HOlIaM Ha Teppacy BepCaJl:bCKOrO BopD;a HKO-
6:bI «rrO :blmaTb B03)J;yXOM», KaK CHlICXO HTeJlbHO rOBopHT a66aT
e BepH, a Ha caMOM eJle, QT06:bI rrOOXOTHT:bCH Ha KomeK, B }J;ame
O HaiE :b1 y6HJI JlI06HMOro KOTa r-mH }J;e Moperra, B QeM rrpHHec
eu HCKpeHHHe COmaJleHHH; a HeHcrrpaBHM:bIH Moperra, KaK rOBO-
pHJlH, HarrHCaJI rro aTOMY CJlYlIaIO OBOJI:bHO H3BIITeJl:bHOe CTHXO-
TBopeHHe 2 .
HCTOpHKH CTapou mKOJlDI 3 P;OBOJlbHO 3a6aBHO 06'LHCHHIOT BKYC
KOpOJlH K TaKoro po a yrrpaiEHeHHHM H K pyqHOMY TPY Y iEe,rra-
HHeM 1I36emaT:b rp03HBIlIero eMY HaCJle CTBeHHoro OiEHpeHHH,
rrp1l3HaRH KOToporo y Hero yme rrOHBHJllIC:b. O HaKO, eCJlH 6bI eJlo
6:bIJlO B aTOM, MOJlO OMY rrpHHD;Y 6blJlO 6bl ropa3 0 rrpoIQe c epmH-
BaTb CBOR HerroMepHblu arrrreTHT, KOTOpbIH OXO HJI )];0 HacTOHm;ero
06mopCTBa. MepCH-ApmaHTO B rrlICLMe OT 4 anrYCTa 1770 r. onH-
CbIBaeT TaKoif cJlyqaH: «HeCKOJIbKO HeH HaaafJ; npHHD; 3a60JleJl
HeCBapeHHeM meJlY)];Ka, 06'beBIlIHCb rrHpOiEH:bIMH; BeQepOM 3a YiI\H-
HOM Ma aM o<pHHa BeJleJla y6paTb co CTOJla Bce KOH HTepCKHe H3-
AeJlHH 11 3arrpeTHJla Brrpe :b rrO}J;aBaT:b IIX o HOBoro pacrropH-
iK eHHH » .
B To'r Qac, Kor a JIIO OBHK XVI HalIaJl rrpaBHTb cTpaHoii, Oll
KaK 6Y TO em;e He C03peJl JlH YMCTBeHHOH iEH3HH. OH He YMeJI
06IQaTbCH C JlIO bMH HII B 6ece e, HH B neperrHCRe. «OH He 6aJIY-
eT MeHH CBOHMH nOmJl:bIMH JlI06e3HOCTHMH», - rrHmeT MapHH AH-
TyaHeTTa CBoeR MaTepH. O HaKO HeJlb3H CRa3aTb, lITO OH Hecno-
c06eH aTL pe3KHu oTnop. 06:bIt:J:HO TaKHe B:blrra bl B:bI3:bIBaeT ero
6paT, rpacp IIpoBaHcKHH, KaR eCJlH 6 TOJl:bKO BpaiE)J;a H aaBHCT:b
cnOC06H:b1 B:bIBeCTH KOpOJlH 113 CIIHqKH. TaKOB ero OTBeT 6eCTaKT-
HOMY Ilpe CTaBHTeJlIO npOBHHD;HaJlbHOH eJlera:IJ;HH, KOTOpLIH pac-
XBaJlHBaJI ero YM: «fl BaM OQeHb 6J1arO apeH, cy ap:b, HO B:bI OIlIH-
Ibid., p. 33.
3 Duc. de Lev i s. Ope cit., p. 18.
A HMeHHO Rappe B «I1CTOpHH <I>paH HH» nO}J; pep;aK Hell: JIaBIIcca
(T. XVIII, nepBan -qac'rb).
64
qACTb HEPBAH. HAl{EiKl{A
oaeTeCb: OqeHb YMeH He H, a MOH IIpoBaHcKHH 6paT»*. MJIH ero
3aMeqaHHe no IIOBO}J;Y rrpe}J;CTaBJIeHHH «TapTIO<f>a», pOJlb KOToporo
arpaJI rpa<f>, ero 6paT: «Bce 6bIJIO nepe}J;aHO npeBOCXO}J;HO, nepco-
BamH BbIpamaJIH BOH nO}J;JIHHHble qYBCTBa».
MeHee 6JIarOnpHHTHoe BlIeqaTJIeHHe npOH3BO}J;HT ero Henpll-
aym}J;eHHOCTb H OCTpOYMHe, eCJIH CY}J;HTb no ero IIHCbMaM R MapHB
Tepe3HH. BOT npHnHcKa KOpOJIH B HeCKOJIbKO CTpOK K IIHCbMY Ma...
pHH AHTyaHeTTbI, OHa MomeT CJIymHTb 06pa3qHKOM ero CTHJIH:
«H 6y,n;y OqeHb CqaCTJIHB, eCJIH cMory Bac nopa,n;OBa Tb H TeM no-
l\a3aTb BCIO CBOIO npHBH3aHHOCTb H 6JIarO}J;apHOCTb, qTO BbI nome-
JIaJIH ,n;apOBaTb MHe Barny }J;Oqb, qeMY it nan ne.ltb3it 60.ltee ao-
'6O.llen» .
MOJIO}J;OMY KOpOJIIO CTaBHT B 3aCJIyry JII060Bb K nopH,n;KY, Me-
TO}J;HQHOCTb H TOlIHOCTb. R TOMY me 3TO e,n;HHcTBeHHbIH qeJIOBeK
B KOpOJIeBCKOM ,u;OMe, 3aMeqaeT MepcH, KOTOp:bIH HHKor,n;a He }J;O'"
HyqaeT MHHHCTp8,Ml.
Bce npH3HaIOT Y Hero CKJIOHHOCTb K aKOHOMHH (OH 3anllCbIBaeT
CBOH JIHqHbIe paCXO}J;bI B }J;emeBOH 3anHCHOH KHHmKe, KaKHMII
nOJIb3YIOTCH KyxapKH), PIO, K HeCqaCTbIO, OH He ,n;aeT pa3BHTbCH
aTOll CKJIOHHOCTH; OTMe-qaIOT TaKme ero HCKpeHHee meJIaHHe ,n;o6-
pa CBoeMY Hapo;n;y. IIo,n; PYKOBOJJ:CTBOM MopelIa OH KaR 6y,n;TO
}J;06pocoBecTHo CTapaeTCH BHHKHYT B rOCY}J;apCTBeHHbIe }J;eJla. O}J;-
HaKO OH 3eBaeT B COBeTe H nopoH BHe3anHO YXO}J;PIT C 3ace}J;aHHH.
11 paB,IJ;a, B ero onp.aB}J;aHHe CJIe}J;yeT npH3HaTb, qTO npH Bcex pe-
mIIMax MHHHCTepCKHe }J;e6aTbI -qaCTO BbI3bIBaIOT ymaCHYIO CKYKY.
PaCCKa3bIBaJIH, 'tITO BepmeHH Ha rOCy}J;apCTBeHHOM COBeTe 3a'tlHTbI-
BaJI caMbIM MOHOTOHHbIM rOJIOCOM }J;eIIemH, B KOTOpbIX rOBOpHJIOCT
Bce TO me, 'tITO H B ra3eTax. (RameTCH, TaKOBa }J;aBHo YCTaH(
BIIBmaHCH Tpa,n;HD;HH PYKoBo,n;HTeJIeH <f>paHD;Y3cKOH ,n;HnJIOMaTHH.
«Ae BepmeHH 11 JIaBpHHep TaK BHJlO H MOHOTOHHO q.uTaIOT CBOH
.l(oKJIa,n;bI, qTO YCbInJIHIOT ,n;ame }J;PyrHx MHHHCTPOB}), - IIHmeT a6-
6aT ,n;e BepH. r -H }J;e CapTHH nOJIaraeT, 'tITO CJle,n;OBaJlO 6bI IIOIIbI-
TaTbCH «npo6Y}J;HTb}) KOpOJIH, co6HpaHCb JIH o6cym,n;eHHH caMbIX
HHTepeCHLIx ;n;eJI, HO OH He CTpOH'P ce6e HJIJII03HH:
«.ff ,IG'MaJl, qTO, nOCbIJIaH eMY 6YMarH, Tpe6YIO He pemeHHH,
M:bI nplly'tlHM ero HHTepeCOBaTbCH }J;eJIaMH. OH OTBeqaeT Ha HHX
BeCbMa aKKypaTHo, HO He 6bIJIO CJIyqaH, lITo6bI OH npOHBIIJI IIO-
MHMO 3Toro KaKoe-HH6y,n;b JII06onbITCTBO».
ECTb JIHmb o,n;Ha 06JIaCTb }J;eHTeJIbHOCTH, KOTOpOH KOpOJIb 3aHlI-
MaeTCH OXOTHO H r,n;e He npHXO}J;HTCH IIo,n;CTerHBaTb ero IIHTepec.
MbI yme OTMe'tlaJIH 3TY 'tIepTY, H OHa BbI3LIBaeT TpeBory, Bo-nep-
BbIX, nOTOMY, qTO CBH,n;eTeJIbCTByeT 0 CKJIa,n;e xapaKTepa, H, BO-BTO
· CTapmllH HS 6paT.beB KOpOJIH, 6YJJ;YII(HH JIIOJJ;OBHK XVIII, 61>,
<j)OM ITpoBaHcKHM. - IlpuM. pea.
1 Mer C y - A r g e n tea u. Ope cit., t. I I, p. 80.
r.TIABA 111. p'BOE 3ACTEHTlHBbIZ
65
-
pbIX, 113-3a nOCJIe,n;CTBHU, K KOTOpLIM OHa MomeT npHBeCTH B ,n;aJIL-
aeumeM. B peMeCJIe KOpOJIlI ero CTpaCTHO YBJleKaIOT CnJIeTHH, ne-
pecy,n;:bI, OHOCnI II 3JIOCJIOBIIe. EMY ,n;OCTaBJIHeT 60JI:bIDOe YJ(OBOJlL-
(iTBUe qTeHHe nepeXBalIeHHOH nOlITLI, KOTOpyIO r-H JJ.'YaHLH npu:-
SOCHT eMY, COrJIaCHO 06LPraIO, Kam,n;oe BOCKpeceHLe, a HHor,n;a B
sHe pacnHcaHHH. HHlITO HHKor,n;a He MOrJIO OTBpaTHT:b KOpOJlll OT
STOR npHBLIqKII, Ha OIIaCHOCT:b H HH30CTL ROTOpOH eMY MHoro pas
AfIQeTHO YKa3:bIBaJIH. Pa3YMeeTCH, HeT HHqerO JIerlIe, qeM oTo6paTL
IIJIH IIO eJIaT:b IIHC:bMO: TaKHM 06pa30M HH3KHe HHTpHraHLI (Ha-
npHMep, caM 'Y aHLH) CMorYT C03,n;aBaTL Y KOpOJIH JIOmHOe IIpe,n;-
CTaBJleHHe 06 06ru;ecTBeHHoM MHeHIIH. IIa,n;eHHe TIOpro 6y,n;eT BDI-
3BaHO, HJIH IIO KpaHHeH Mepe YCKopeHO, MaxHHa HeH B aTOM po e.
OT ROpOJlH He y,n;aeTCH ,n;ame 06HT:bCH, lIT06:bI OH OrpaHIftIHJI
CBoe JlI060IILITCTBO TOJl:bKO TeM, lITO CBH3aHO C rocy apcTBeHHLIMH
eJlaMH. «OTH:bIHe HeT 6oJl:bme ceMeHHLIX HJlH pymecKHx TaHH,
eCJlH BLI ,n;OBepHeTe HX IIOlITe».
O HaKo ROpOJIL He OrpaHHqHBaeTCH MaTepHaJIaMH, XOTH u:
OlIeHL 06mHpH:bIMH, HO Bce me B KaKOH-TO Mepe o<pH HaJILHLIMH,
KOTopLIe eMY npHHOCHT l1.'¥ aHLH. ¥ Hero eCTL H lIaCTHLIe Koppec-
nOH eHTLI. «M3BeCTHLI TeMHLIe JIHlIHOCTH, KOTopLIe nHmYT eMY
Bce, lITO rOBopHT BOKpyr». CaMLIH ycep HLIii 113 HHX - HeKTO r-H
e ne3a, MeJIKIIH noaT H OCTpOCJIOB, CBOH "IeJIOBeK B JJ.OMe r-)KU:
Ae MOH6apa. STOT ne3a B3 YMaJl XBaJIHTLClI TeM, "ITO 6Y TO 6:bI
('BeJI nocToHHHYIO nepenHcKY C nOKoHHLIM KOpOJleM JIIO OBHKOM XV.
:TOT me ne3a npel1.JIaraJI CBOH YCJIyrH H MHorHM APyrHM BJIaCTH-
. reJIHM, B lIaCTHOCTH <I>pH PHXY II, HO 6LIJI pemHTeJIbHO oTBeprHYT.
" ";t ....JIIOJ(OBHKOM XVI eMY 60JIbIDe nOBeaJIO. «r -H IIe3a, - nHIDeT
: :U' ,haHBaJIb, - Ha ynaJI Y KOpOJIlI cJla60e MeCTO H npHHHJIClI "Iep-
I :diT:b B ero rJlaaax MHorHX JIIOJ(eH».
.,
I MTaK, MbI YBHJ(HM, lITO <ppaH Y3CKHii KOpOJIb He TOJlbKO qHTaJi
nOCJIaHHH aToro HIIlITOmHOro HHTpHraHa, HO OTCLIJIaJl IIX eMY co
CBOHMH nOMeTRaMH 11 nHCaJI eMY B CBOIO 01Iepe L; Mopena C no
MOID;bIO JIOBRO:U: HHTpHrH ,n;06LIJI aTY 6ec eHHYIO nepeIIHCKY. no
Ao6HLIMH nYTHMH IIe3a CYMeJI 06HTLCH peaJIb OrO nOJIHTHqeCKOrO
8J1HHHHH, KCTaTH B OJ(HO 11 TO me BpeMH, qTO H ,n;Pyro:u:, 60JIee
3HaMeHHTLIH HHTpHraH - BOMapme. STO ,n;aJlo nOBOJ( TIOpro HanH..
caTh llepe3 HeCKOJl:bKO MeCH eB nOCJIe ero OnaJILI: «BoMapme B
I lle3a - BOT Be PYRH MHHHCTepCTBa, KOTopoe B ,n;aHHOM CJIYlIae
MomHO CpaBHIITb C Mo aMH CBHToro OBH HH, HMeBmero, RaK BLI
I I 3BaeTe, J(Be .ae6bze PY11,U» 1.
e nOMO LIO ne3a, J('YaH:bH H HM no o6HLIX JIIOJ(OBHK XVI
I 'TfXo HJI B 06J1aCTH nOJIHTHRH paaBJIelIeHHe, CXO Hoe C TeM, RaRHM
',,' '1'"i1 AJIH Hero B ,n;pyroH 06JIaCTH peMeCJIeHHHlIeCTBO HJlH OXOTa
". ".-,.-
\ ,J't Il-1,u r got. CEuvres. Ed. Schelle, t. V, p. 504. [AaJIee aBTOp }J;aeT CCLlJI-
's 'I, ) 0 H3)J;aHo:e COKp, aII(eHHO YKa3LIB811 IIS}J;aTeJIH (Schelle), TOM 11 CTpa-
. I J7 a ]
, L P UM. P e . .
66
TlACTb llEPBAFl. HAJ{EiRJ{A
Ha KomeK, II IIoJlyqaJI B O,IJ;lIHOqKY HeRoe Y,IJ;OBOJlbCTBlIe, IIJlH, KaR
CKa3aJlII 6bl cerO,IJ;HH, «paspH,IJ;KY».
KOHetIHO, 6LIJlO 6bl 01IeHb 3aMaHtIIIBO 06'bHCHHTb JllIlIHOCTL JIIO
,n;OBIIKa XVI C IIOMOfqbIO <ppeH,IJ;lIcTCKOro aHaJlHSa ,IJ;paMbl ero lIH..,
THMHOH iRII3HH, 11, neCOMHeHHO, aToH CTOpOHOH HeJIL3H npeHe6pe-
raTb. .PaSBe YBJleqeHIIe rpy6blMH <p1I31I1IeCKHMII YIIpamHeHHHMB
He MomeT B KaKOM-TO Mepe B03MeCTHTh He,n;OCTaIOIqyIO MymCKYro
CHJlY? II plICTpaCTlIe K saiIHTIIHM, KOTopLle, Ka3aJIOCL, B TOM HJlH
HHOH Mepe IIOSOpHT ero KOpOJleBCKHH caH, IIOCTOHHHoe CTpeMJleHHe
IIpHIIHcLIBaTb ,n;PyrHM ,D;ypHLIe IIo6ym,IJ;eHHH - He 06'bHCHHeTCH JIB
Bce 3TO TeM, tITO OH tIYBcTBoBaJl ce6H rJly6oKo YHHmeHHhIM CBOIIM
JlOjI\HbIM IIOJlOmeHlIeM Myma? CeHT-BeB B CBoeM 3HaMeHHTOM OT..,
pDIBKe liS «HOBLIX 6ece,n; no IIOHe,n;eJIhHHKaM» CqHTaeT, tITO HBJIe-
HIIH 3TH CKopee COBIIa,n;aIOT, tIeM Haxo,n;HTCH B rrpHqHHHOM 3aBHCIl..,
MOCTII. (II paB,IJ;a, OH IIIICaJl AO IIOHBJleHHH <l>peH,IJ;a.) «JIIO,IJ;O
BilK XVI He 6DIJI 6eCCHJlbHDlM, TaK iRe KaK salIKY HeJlhSH Ha3BaTb
HeMDIM, HO KaK MyrI\ II KaK KOpOJlL OH OCTaBaJICH Bce TeM me: QLIJI
JIeJIOBOK, CTLI,n;JlHB II CKOBaH». CJlyqaH JIIO,D;OBIIKa XVI IIpe,n;CTaB
JIJIJI B TY 3IIOXY Hayq:HDIH IIHTepeC JIllmL ,IJ;JIH Me,n;HKOB. COBpeMeH
HHRH me BII,IJ;eJlH B HeM JIHillh CMemHOH aHeK,D;OT II IIOBO,n; ,D;JlH He
nplICTOHHLIX mYTOR. CerO,IJ;HJI OH MomeT IIpe,IJ;CTaBJlHTh HaYlIHLIH
HHTepec ,n;JlH caMOH 1ICTOplIlI. STOT )J;Ba,IJ; a TIIJleTHHH qeJlOBeK, KO-
TOpLIH BepmlIT CY,D;h6LI eJloro rocy,n;apCTBa, HaXO,IJ;HTCH B TetIeHlIe
qeTLIpex JIeT B caMOM CMemHOM IIOJlOmeHIIH IIepe,n; meH HHOH, KO-
TOpyIO 060maeT; OH He MomeT He SHaTh, tITO MaplIH AHTyaHeTTe
IIpIIXO,IJ;HTCH OTBeqaTh Ha HaCTOHqlIBLle paCCIIpOCLI MaplIlI Tepe-
SHII: « Y BepHIO Bac, 'lITO IIpeHe6pemeHlIe IICXO,IJ;HT He OT MeHH».
ELITh MomeT, OH no,n;ospeBaeT, qTO OHa caMa IIpH3HaJlaCh B aTOM
H 6apoHY ,IJ;e BesaHBaJlIO. Ero HeCqaCTLe cJlymHT TeMoH cephes
HLIX ,IJ;oHeceHIIH IIHOCTpaHHLlx IIOCJIOB, oco6eHHo npe,n;cTaBHTeJleii
ABCTpHHcKoro H Cap,IJ;IIHCKOrO KOpOJleBCKIIX ,D;OMOB, KOTopLIe paBHo
HHTepecYIOTcH 3THM BOIIpOCOM IIO ,n;HHaCTlIqeCKHM, XOTH H IIpOTH'"
BOnOJIOmHLIM, npJITIIIHaM. Bce 3TO BLI3LIBaeT IIepecy,n;LI BO ,IJ;BOpe 11
Haxo,IJ;HT oTpameHlIe B naCKBHJlHX, KOTopDle eMY nepe,n;aIOT. q To6Ll
H36aBIIThCH OT 3Toro HeCqaCThH, KOpOJIIO npIIXO,IJ;IITCH IIOIIpOCIITL
COB eTa y CBoero myplIHa Mocll<pa II, Kor,n;a TOT IIoce aeT <DpaH-
IIIO B HIOHe 1777 r. MOCII<p II 6epeTcH caM IIPHHHTh IIepBoro Bpa-
qa II rrOCOBeTOBaThCH C HHM. «ROPOJlh, - IIHmeT MepcH-ApmaH-
TO, - HecMoTpH Ha CBOIO Bpom,IJ;eHHYro MOJI'laJlIIBOCTh H 3aCTeHtIH-
BLIH xapaKTep, rOBOplIJi CO CBOHM aBrYCTeHmlIM myplIHoM 60Jlee
oTKpoBeHHo, 'leM MomHO 61?IJIO omH,n;aTL» 1. HeTpY,D;HO ce6e IIpe,n;.
CTaBIITL, KaK YHHSHTeJILHLI 6LIJIH ,IJ;JIH KOpOJlH TaKaH OTKpOBeHHOCT:b
C HMIIepaTopOM H IIplIHHTLle IlM OT Hero ,n;o6pLIe YCJlyrlI. IIpolIso-
mJIO JlH 3aTeM xHpyprlIqeCKOe BMemaTeJILCTBO IIJlII HeT (aTa II<r
1 Mer c y - A r g e n tea u. Ope cit., t. II, p. 35.
a'JlABA III. l{BOE 3ACTEHQHBbIX
67
.APo6HOCT:b He YCTaHOBJIeHa C nOJlHOH OCTOBepHOCTLIO), HO 25 aB...
,rycTa 1777 r., B eH:b CB. JIIO oBHKa, npH )J;Bope pa3HeccH CJlYX,
QTO 6paQHaH HOq:b HaKOHe COCTOHJlaC:b (HOBOCTb 3TY rro;n;TBep;D;H-
JIB Mopena H BepmeHH). CJlyqHJlOCb 3TO Qepe3 TPR rO)J;a, }J;eH:b D
p;eH:b nOCJIe Bap<pOJlOMeeBCKOH HOQH MHHHCTpOB; 8TH p;Ba xpaMO-
BbIX rrpa3)J;HHKa HMeJlH rronCTHHe 60Jl:bIDOe 3HaqeHHe B iRH3HH JIIO-
.u;OBHKa XVI.
Kor)J;a KOpOJleBa B rrepBbIH pa3 3a6epeMeHeJla, JlIO)J;1I KaK 6y,r(-
TO 3aMeTHJIH, "LITO KOpOJl:b CTaJl rOBOpHT:b 60Jlee YBepeHH:bIM TOHOM.
A66aT ;n;e BepH, 60Jl:bmHH rjJpeU{)UCT, QeM CeHT-BeB, II11.1IIeT no
.STOMY nOBO,IG': «II pHpO,r(a BJlOiRHJla neKOTOpyIO ;D;OJlIO CT:bI,r(a II pO-
60CTH BO Bcex MymeH, KOTOp:bIe HeCIIoco6HDI B:bIIIOJlHHT:b CBOH CY-
npYiKeCItHH ,r(OJIr... J opOJl:b npOBeJI neCKOJI:bKO JleT B TaKOH HeYBe-
peHHOCTH... »
ECJlH He MomeT 6:bIT:b COMHeHHH, lITO nO,r(06H:bIe IICII:bITaHHR
naJlOiKHJlH HeKOTOp:bIH OTIIeqaTOK Ha npaB 11 rrOBe,r(eHlIe JIIO,r(OBH-
xa XVI, TO CJleAYeT Bce iRe IIO,r(qepKHYT:b, qTO OCHOBH:bIe QepT:bI
xapaKTepa 6:bIJIII AaH:bI eMY OT IIpnpO}J;:bI; OHH HeCYT Ha ce6e CJle,r(:bI
IICKJlIOlIMTeJl:bHO CTOHKOH HaCJle;D;CTBeHHOCTH, H,r(ym;eH OT ,r(e;n;a K
IBHYKY. CBoHCTBeHH:bIe eMY 3aCTeHQIIBOCT:b H IIO,n;03pMTeJl:bHOCTb
QbIJlM npHcym;H H JIIO)J;OBHKY XV II IIpOHBJlHJlHCb O;D;lIHaKOB:bIM 06-
pa30l\I. BHYH Mor 6:bI CKa3a T:b, ItaH II ero ,r(e)J;: «.fl HenOCTHiRHM:bIH
rqeJIOBeH» 1. TaK, JIIO,r(OBHK XV HMeJl yate 06:bIKHOBeHHe lIaCTO OT-
SetIaTb Ha BOIIpOC:bI MOJIqaHHeM. MOJltIaHHe JIIO,r(OBMKa XV YTBep....
.)J;HJIO na,r(eHHe illya3eJIH. MOJIlIaHHe JIIO,r(oBHKa XVI IIpe,r(pemHT
na,r(eHue Tlopro. PaBH:bIM o6pa30M JIIo;D;oBHK XVI, HeCOMHeHHO,
YHaCJIe)J;OBaJI OT )J;ep;a CKJIOHHOCTb BH,r(eT:b BOKpyr ce6H O;D;HO JIHlIIb
3JIO, a TaKate BKYC K TaHHOH rrepeIIHcn:e, KOTopDIe, KaK Y O,r(Horo,
TaR H y p;pyroro, YCHJIHBaJIH II OIIpaB,r(:bIBaJIH 3TY CKJIOHHOCTb YMa,
O;D;HaRO He OHH ee nopo,r(IIJIII. ¥ JIIO;D;oBHKa XVI OHa IIpOHBHJIaCb
c nepB:bIX MeCH eB ero IIpaBJIeHIIH. «r -H ;D;e MopeIIa, - IIHmeT a6....
oaT ,I(e Bepn B IIIOJIe 1774 r., - 3a ABa MeCH a He MomeT nplIHTB
B ce6H, Y3HaB, KaK IIpIIH OTHOCHTCH K JlIO;D;HM II KaKlIe nJIOXlIe
OT3:bIB:bI eMY ;D;aIOT 0 HIIX». M HeMHoro AaJI:bme: «¥ 3Toro nplIH a
()TKpLIJIII lIepTY, CBOHCTBeHHYIO ero ;D;eAY: ;D;ypHoe MHeHlIe 060
Bcex Ha CBeTe II BCJIe;D;CTBHe 8Toro IIOCTOHHHYIO IIOA03pIITeJlL....
BOCTb» 2.
rOCIIO,r(IlHY ABBY P06epy iKaKY TIOpro COpOK ceMb JIeT. On
8 nOJIBOM paC BeTe CIIJI H K TOMY me B caMOM .M,UnUCTepCnO.M,
60apaCTe.
«TIOprO B:bICOKOro pOCTa II xopomo CJIOmeH», HO OH «npOTIIB-
BRK BCHROH a<p<p'eKTa HH II ;D;epiKHTCH He CJIHmKOM npHMO» (II OH
;LI C h 0 i s e u 1. Memoires, p. 174. BJIII8KHe Ha8bIBaJIH ero «HenOHHT"
2 M:» D: «He06r:bHC-HHM.bIM».
V e r i. Ope cit., t. 1. p. 126 et 149.
5*
68
qACTb nEPBAFl. HA}:tEm}:tA
TOiRe) 1. Ero CTaTHaH 1Irypa ,n;OBOJILHO MaCC1IBHa; Y HerO Tome
eCTL CKJIOHHOCTb K nOJlHOTe, 'ITO MeHee aaMeTHO, -qeM Y KOpOJIH,
TaR KaK OH B:bICOKOro pOCTa 11 K TOMY j!\e 3HalIHTeJILHO CTapme.
Ho eMy 6:bIJIO Bcero ,n;Ba,n; aTb ,n;Ba ro,n;a, Ror,n;a ero ,n;Pyr a66aT
<I>apmec TI1IcaJI eMY: «MOH TOJICTbIH a66aT»2. B 6hITHOCTL Tropro
MIIH1ICTpOM He1I3BeCTHLIH naM JIeTIICT CJlOiRHJI B1Ipmll: «Ham MH-
HHCTp TOJICT H mHpeH, OH CJIOmeHHeM MorYlI...» HeMHoro II03m
a66aT MopeJlJle HanHCaJl JlOp,n;y illeJI6epHY: «Ham reHepaJILHLIB
KOHTpOJlep B J{06pOM 3,n;paBHH. OH J{ame nOTOJICTeJl, H n: rOBopro
eMY, 'ITO OH, KaK BH,n;HO, coceT Hapo,n;HYro KPOBL» 3. B TO BpeM.f.I
Kor,n;a Tropro, He3a,IJ;OJIrO J{O ero naJ{eHHH, 6LIJI YJ{pyqeH THmKHMB
HCn:bITaHHHMH H aa60TaMH, nJloxo oCBe,n;OMJIeHHaH ny6JIHRa, BHAH,
KaK THmeJIeeT STOT KpaCHB:bIH, J{OpOJ{HhIH lIeJIOBeK, ClIUTaJIa STO
Ao6p:bIM npH3HaROM ero MOpaJILHOH H H3HlIeCKOH CTOHKOCTH, TO..
rJ{a KaR M:bI, CKopee, COlIJIH 6LI 8TO CJleJ{CTBHeM IIepeYTOMJIeHHlI II
rrpH3HaKOM no,n;opBaHHoro aJ{opOBbH. Ero JIH O, cy,n;n: no IIopTpe 1
TaM 11 onHcaHlIHM, C npaB1IJI:bHLIMH 'IepTaMH, rapMOH 'IH:bIMH npo-
nop HHMH, nOCTOHHHO coxpaHHeT BbIpameHHe cnOKOHHoro )J;OCTo..
HHCTBa H 6JIaropo,n;CTBa. rOJly6:bIe rJla3a, B:bIIIYKJlLIH H B:bICOKHH
JIo6, «aJI:bIH H HaHBHLIH POT», «6eJl:DIe H pOBH:bIe 3y6LI», «BOJlOCL)
TeMHLIe, O'IeHb rYCT:bIe, pe,IJ;ROH KpaCOTbI». Ero COBpeMeHHHKD
e,IJ;HHO;n;YIlIH:bI B TaKOH o eHKe, KaK ;n;pY3bH, TaK H XYJIHTeJIH. «JIH
o r-Ha Tropro 6LIJlO KpaCHBO, BeJIHqeCTBeHHO II B:DIpamaJlO EaKoe-
TO oco6oe )J;OCTOHHCTBO, OTJIHlIarom;ee rOJIOB:bI aHTH'IHDIX CTa..
TYH», - rOBopHT MOHTHHOH, ROTOp:DIH He 6LIJI ero ,n;o6pOmeJIaTeJIeM.
IIpaB,u;a, OH TYT me ,n;o6aBJIHeT: «O;n;HaKO ero H3HOHOMHH He 61>1..,
JIa HII MHrKoii, HH npHHTHoH, B Heft He XBaTaJlO oTI 1elIeJleHHocT:M
BLIpameHIIH II CKB031iIJla KRKaH-TO pacTepHHHOCTb»4. BapoH ,n;e Be-
aaHBaJlb, He Jlro6HBlliHH Tropro H HHqerO He nOHHBIlIHH HH B ero
rrOJlHTHKe, HH B HeM caMOM KaK qeJlOBeKe ('ITO ,IJ;OBOJlbHO CTpaHHo,
TaR KaR H3BeCTHO, qTO 6apOH OTHro,IJ;b He 6:DIJI JlHilieH IIpOHH a-
TeJlbHOCTH, H, nOMHMO nJleTeHHH lIHTplIr, CTaBIlIIIX ero CneD;HaJlL-
HOCTbIO, OH, KaK M:bI YBII,IJ;HM, CXBaTLIBaJl MHorHe IIOJlHTJItleCKHe II
t D u Po n t deN em 0 u r s P.-S. Memoires sur 1a vie, l'admini..
stration et les ouvrages de M. Turgot. Philadelphie, 1782, p. 419. (AaJIee
6y eT }J;aBaTLCH COKpa eHHO: D u Po n t. Memoires.) QIITaTbI, Be CHaomeu-
HMe CCblJIKaMII, B3HTbI JIII60 Y 3Toro aBTopa, 31:060 H3 «Mel\lyapoB» a66aTa
MopeJIJIe.
2 S C hell e, t. I, p. 153.
3 M 0 r e 11 e t. Lettres a Lord Shelburne, p. 95.
4 8TO 3aMeqaHHe Be 6bIJIO nO)J;TBepm}J;eHO HH O}J;HHM HaOJIIO)J;aTeJIeM,
B Mbl 6bIJIH CHa'tJaJIa CKJIOHHbI npHIIHCa1'b ero npHCTpaCTHIO MOHTBHOHa,
Ho BeCbMa BepOHTHO, ero CJIe}J;yeT 06'LHCHHTL CJIaObIM speHHeM Tropro, Ko-
Topoe npOHBHJIOCL Y Hero c paHHero B03paCTa, 6JIarO apH 'tJeMY ero ai.Ke
OCB060}J;HJIH OT sanHCbIBaHHH JIeIn Hii (S c hell e, I). STY ocooeBBOCTJ)
140mHO cpaBHHTL C 6JIH30PYKOCTblO JIro}J;oBHKa XVI; H B Te BpeMeHa, Kor a
se YMeJIH HCnpaBJIHTb apeHHe, 6JIHSOPYKOCTL MOrJIa cLIrpa TL Bai.KHYro pOJI:&
B CBoHcTBeHHOB: 060HM JaCTeH'tJHBOCTH. (CM.: M 6 n t yon. Ope cit., p. 175.)
rJ1ABA III. J{BOE 8ACTEHQHBbIX
69
a,t{MHHHCTpaTHBH:ble TOHKOCTH), - HTaK, Be3aHBaJlL Tome npH3Ha-
BaJl, qTO Y TIOpro Ji,paCU80e .ltUlfO: «r -H TIOpro CTaJI rJlaBOH rpYII-
nDI SKOHOMHCTOB; OH B:blIIOJl.I:IHeT STY pOJlb OlIeH:b xopomo 6J1aro-
AapH KpaCOTe CBoero JlHn;a, JlaKOHH3MY, ;n;ail e CypOBOCTH CBOHX
OTBeTOB II "lIpe3MepHOH rop;n;OCTH...» 1 To, llTO MOHTHHOH Ha3:bIBaJI
aeoIIpeJ];eJleHHOCT:bIO BDIpameHHH, a Ee3aHBaJl:b lIpe3MepHoH ropJ];o-
CT:bIO, Ha caMOM JJ;eJle, HeCOMHeHHO, JIHll:b IIpH3HaKH 3aCTeHlIHBO-
CTH, KOTOp:ble M:bl HaXOJ];HM B 60Jlee HpKHX OIIHcaHHHX JJ:IOIIoHa
11 a66aTa MopeJlJle: «Ha ero OqeHb 6eJIOH Kome lIaCTO BCII:bIXHBaJI
J];OBOJl:bHO HPKHH PYMHHen;, KOTOp:bIB: B:bIJ];aBaJI MaJleHmHe JJ;BHmeHHH
ero J];ymH». «Ero CRpOMHOCTb II cJ];epmaHHocTb C;n;eJlaJlH 6:&1 lIeCTb
MOJIoJ];eHbKoH J];eBymKe». «CaM:bIH 6e306H;n;H:bIH J];BycMblcJleHHblH
saMeR Ha OIIpe;n;eJIeHHble TeMbl 3aCTaBJlHJI ero KpaCHeTb J];O KopHeH
BOJIOC II npHBO;n;HJI B nOJlHOe 3aMemaTeJlbCTBO». Ho OH COBceM He
MpalIeH H He BbICOKOMepeH. «8Ta C;n;epmaHHOCTb, - rOBopHT ;n;aJIee
MopeJIJIe, - He MemaeT eMY HCKpenHe pa;n;OBaTbCH lleMY-HH6y,n;L
C HaHBHOCTbIO pe6eHKa MJlH rpOMKO XOXOTaTb Ha,n; mYTROH, OCTpO-
TOB: lIJIlI aa6aBHOH BDIJJ;YMKOH». O;n;HaKO «HPOHHH Y Hero CKopee
paCCY OlIHaH, lIeM BeCeJIaH». 8TO HMeHHO TO, 'lITO Ha3:bIBaeTCJI IOMO-
pOM; M:bl HaXOJ];HM MHoro TOMY npHMepOB B ero JIIflIHOH IIepeIIHCRe.
B OCHOBe ero xapaKTepa JIemHT pa3YMH:bIH onTHMH3M, KOTOp:bIH
rrpeO;n;OJleeT HCII:bITaHHH OIIaJI:bt H 60Jle3HH, n60 22 HIOHJI 1780 r.,
He3aJ];OJIrO ;n;o dMepTH, OH nHmeT MYJ];pble 11 Tpe3Bble CJlOBa, Heco-
MHeHHO He JIHmeHHble IOMopa: «ECJlII 6paTL B eJIOM, TO B iRH3HB
60JIbme xopomero, 'qeM nJloxoro; HO B KaKoH npoIIop HH HaxoJ];HT-
CJI STlI ABa HHrpe,n;HeHTa, eCJIH cpaBHHBa Tb o,n;Horo HHJ];HBH,n;a c
J];pyrHM, onpe,n;eJIHTb TaK me TPYJ];HO, KaK HCCJle,n;OBaTL HX BHYT-
peHHOCTH». BblTb MomeT, na aTOM «6J1aropOJ];HOM H ,n;06pomeJla-
TeJIbHOM» JIHn;e MomHO TaKme npOqeCTb .oco6oe BbIpameHHe, IIPH-
;n;aBaeMoe eMY npHBbllIKOH R H3HqeCKHM CTpaJ];aHHHM, C03HaHH-
eM OTMepeHHoro eMY BpeMeHH, IIpe,n;qYBCTBHeM HecnpaBeJ];JlHBO CKO-
pOH KOHlIHHLI. «B HarneH ceMbe,- rOBOpHJI OH,- YMlIpaIOT B IIHTb-
JJ;eCHT JIeT». 'Yme C 1760 r. OH IIo,n;BepmeH IIpHCTYIIaM HaCJIeJ];CT-
BeHHOH 60JIe3HH - IIo,n;arpbl, KOTopaH 3aCTaBJlJIeT ero meCTOKO
CTpaJ];aTL B TelIeHHe BceH ero MHHHcTepcKoH J];eHTeJIbHOCTH (BDI-
ClIHTaJIH, lITO OH HaXOJJ;HJICH B COCTOHHHH IIOJIHOH HHBaJlHJ];HOCTH B
TeqemIe nHTH - ceMH MeCH eB 113 ,n;Ba,n; aTH MeCH eB CBoero yn-
paBJIeHHJI) It 8Ta 60JIe3HL, KOTOpyIO MLI cerOJ];HH ClIHTaeM nOqTH
6e306HJ];HOi, IIpHKOBaJIa ero K nOCTeJlH B CaM:ble pemaIO He J];JlJI
nero J];HH; OH npOCHJI, 'qTo6:b1 era IIepeHOCHJlH B KpeCJIe B nOKOH
MOJIoJ];oro KOpOJIH, rJ];e OH pa60TaJI no TPH lIaca II 0 J];pJl,n;, OCTaBa-
BCL C HlIM Hae,n;HHe. B OTCTaBKe OH TaK meCTOKO cTpa,n;aJI, qTO He
Mor J];ame lIrpaTb B maXMaT:bI, a nYTemeCTBOBaJI TOJIbKO JIema B
-
1
B e s e n val. Ope cit., t. I, p. 327.
70
'lACTb llEPBAR. HAl:{EiRl1,A
opomHOH KapeTe. OH YMep He B nHTL,n;eCHT JIeT, a B nHTb eCHT
qeTLIpe, B 1781 r., II He OT no arpLI, a OT KaMHeiI B netleHH.
II paBO, BeCLMa BepOHTHO, 'lITO, npOiRHBI1 OH AOJIhllIe, era CHOBa
rrpH3BaJIH 6LI, KaK npH3BaJIH HeKKepa. ECJIH 6:bI B TO YTPO 24 aB-
rYCTa 1774 r. TIopro Mor npe BH eTb, CKOJI:bKO BpeMOHH eMY c:rn;e
{)CTaJIOCL mHT:b (lITO 01IeHh MaJIOBepOHTHO, H60 eMY 6I>I.JI qY}I\
MHp Hppan;HOHaJILHoro) , OH Mor 6:bI 3aKJIIOtIHTL, 1JTO npHpo a
TOlIHO OTMeplIJIa eMY rO I>I, Heo6xo HM:bIe, tIT06bI nponeCTH ero
OCHOBHI>Ie pe<POPMI>I H nOJIyqHTb nepBDIe pe3YJILTaTbI - CJIOBOM,
BI>InOJIHHTL ,n;eJIO CBoeH iRH3HH; ceMH JIeT 6bIJIO He CJlHIDKOM M:aJIO
H He CJIHIDKOM MHoro. 4 ceHTH6pH 1775 r. MopeJIJIe HaIIHCaJI JIOp
TJ,Y illeJI6epHY: «HaKOHeD;-To M:bI ,n;BHraeMCH B cTopony o6pa, H,
eCJIH Y Hac 6y,n;eT Bcero ITHTb HJIH meCTL JIeT TaKoro npaBJIeHHH,
J];eJlo HaCTOJI:bKO npo,n;BHHeTCH Bnepe,n;, tITO M:bI 6y,n;eM BI>IIIym,n;eH:bI
rrpo,n;OJImaT:b...» STOT paCtIeT MopeJIJIe COBna aeT C HaIDHM. HYiHHO
6DIJIO llHTL HJIH meCTh JIeT nOCJIe 1775 r., H HMeHHO CTOJIhKO OCTa-
BaJIOCh mHT:b TIopro. Ho JIIO,IJ;H paCCY HJIH IIHaqe, a rJIaBHOe, TOT
COBceM MOJIO OH qeJIOBeK, KOTOpl>IH B 3TOT ,n;eH:b TaK rOpHlIO no-
mIIMaJI eMY PYI H.
ECJlH B ,n;Ba n;aTL JleT KOpOJIh JIro,n;OBHK XVI BbI eJIHJICH TOJlL-
HO CBOHM YBJIelIeHI1eM <pH3Irr.recKHM TPY OM, TO Tropro B COpOR
ceML, KaK H B ,n;Ba,n;n;a Th JIeT, B:bI,n;eJIHJICH HCKJIIOlIHTeJIbHO 60ra TOB
HHTeJIJIeI\TyaJIhHOH mH3HbIO. HHKor a OH He 6LIJI HH CTOJIHpOM, HB
'OXOTHIIKOM:.
B TOM B03paCTe, B Ha\{OM 6:bIJI Terrep:b KOpOJIb, B 1749 r. Trop
TO H36paJIII npHopOM 60rOCJIOBCROro <PaKYJILTeTa COp60HH:bI, tITO
:paBHOCHJIbHO KaD;H:t\y n B:bInYCKe 8KOJIb HOpMaJIL (B:bICilierO ne-
AarOrI1tIeCKOrO HHCTHTYTa). Ou Mor npOH3HeCTH Ha JIaT:bIHH naHe-
1fHpHK CB. YpcYJIe, HO B TOT me ro,n; B nHCLMe CBoeMY coyqeHHKY
.a66aTY CHce nOCLIJIaeT KplITHlIeCKHH pa360p CHCTeM:bI JIoy* B
aHaJIH3HpyeT npHHD;HnLI ,n;eHemHoro 06pa eHHH. C Tex nop OB
HHKor,n;a He nepeCTaBaJI o60ram;aT:b CBOH n03HaHHH, pa3BHBaTL CBOB
cIIoc06HOCTH, ;n;ame B Tex HaYKax, KOTOpl>Ie ;n;aBaJIHCL eMY C 60Jlb-
fIIHM Tpy,n;OM (HanpHMep, B MaTeMaTHKe, no CBH,n;eTeJI:bCTBY MopeJI-
JIe), HO B TO me BpeMH ,n;eHTeJILHOCT:b B napJIaMeHTe II ;D;BeHa,n;n;aTL
JIeT rrpe6:bIBaHHH Ha nOCTY HHTeH;D;aHTa B JIHMoiKe 3HaKOMHT ero
c peaJI:bHOH J{eHCTBHTeJI:bHOCTLIO H ,n;aroT eMY onLIT H HaB.bIKH B
pa60Te.
· JIoy, AmoB (1671-1729) - aBrJIUHCKIIH <pIIHaBcHcT, OCHOBaJI BO
<I>paHD;HH qaCTHLIH 6aHK C npaBOM BLInYCKa 6aHKHoToB. «CHCTeMa JIoy», oc-
HOBaHHaH Ha BLInYCKe B 06pam;eHHe Be06ecrreQeHHLIX 6aBKHoToB, BbISBaBma.H
BeCJILIXaHHLIH 6upmeBoH amUOTam H crreKYJIHD;HIO, npHBeJIa 6aHK JIoy K
6aHKpoTcTBY, a caM OH BLIHym)];eH 6LIJI 6emaTb lIS <PpanD;HH. K. MapKc npH-
'lHCJIHJI JIoy It «rJIaBHbIM rrpOB03BeCTHHKaM Kpe)];HTa». - IIpUM. pea.
rJIABA 111. ;l{BOE 3ACTEHQHBbIX
71
-
HeCMOTpH Ba CBOH BpOm eHH:&Ie CIIoco6HOCTH, HeCMOTpH B8
npHo6peTeHH:&Ie 3HaHHH II OII:&IT, TIOprO CTpa aeT OT OTCYTCTBHH
Y Hero O Horo apa - RpaCHOpeqHH, OH ame IIOqTH JIHmeH cno-
C06HOCTH y6eiK aTb. Cpe CTBa B:&IpameHHH Y Hero ropa3 O cJIa6ee
l\onn;enD;HH. OH HH YMeJII>IH )J;ORJIa qHR, HH IIy6JIH HCT. 3aTO ero
AOBOJI:&HO MHOrOqHCJIeIIH:bIe npOJI3Be enIJH MomHO qIJTaT:& H B Ba...
nIH HH, H, eCJIH B HHX BqHTaT:&cH, OHH Bce e e He JIHmeH:&I BB-
Tepeca; OHH HHqYT:b He noxomH na HeB:&IHOCIJMYIO raJIHMaTI>IO
HeRRepa. Ho HM He XBaTaeT mHBOCTH (3a HCKJIIOqeHHeM ero nB-
reM), TeMIIepaMeHTa H HCHOH, )J;IJHaMHqHOH <pOpM:&I. 8TO apxHTeK...
Typa 6e3 6ameH, 6e3 mIIHJIeH, cTporaH, HO THmeJIOBeCHaH, MpaMop,
Ha ROTOpOM He rrpocTyrraIOT IIpOmHJIRII 1 .
If Bce me Y Hero eCT:b BRYC R 06pa3HOMY H3:&IRY, RaK OTMella...
eT r-H BHrpe, HO OH npH6eraeT R HeMY BHe CBOHX CJIyme6BLIx
3aHHTHH. O Ha:KO HeROTOpl>Ie ero COqHHeHHH IIopamaIOT Hac CBoe-
06pa3H:&IM RpaCHOpeqHeM, HO RpaCBOpeqHe 3TO RaK 6:&1 BHemBee,
OHO HCXO HT OT caMHX C06:&ITHH; cerO)J;HH M:&I, ROHeqRO, MomeH
JIyqme, -qeM B TY 3noxy, OD;eHHT:b neo6DIRBOBeHHoe COOTBeTCTBBe
Mem;n;y pa3BHBaIOm;HMHCH C06:&ITHHMH H Ramy eHcH Beno BHmHoi:
M:&ICJI:&IO. TaRoBo, HaIIpHMep, IIHC:bMO OT 24 aBrYCTa H npopolle-
CEHe IIIJC:&Ma, rrpe meCTBYIOm;IJe ero OIIaJIe. CBOH Cep"be3H:&Ie B TS-
meJIOBeCH:bIe pa60T:&I TIOpro C03 aBaJI nOCJIe MHorOTpY HOH II RpO-
rrOTJIMBOH pa60T:&I, «o6TeCLIBaH» H nepeHOCH TeRCT C O Horo qep'"
HOBHRa Ha ,n;pyroii, 06 YM:&IBaH JIyqmHe 06<iPOT:&I II OTTaqHBaH CBoe
rrepo, 3a qTO ero Ha3:&IBaJIH «Me JIHTeJIeM», TaR RaK OH eJIe BB'"
raJICH BIIepe . Co BceMII 3THMJI orOBOpRaMIJ, Bce me nepOM OB
BJIa,n;eeT JIyqme, -qeM CJIOBOM. OH He YMeeT y6em,n;aT:& B CJIOBeCHOH
TypHIJpe. «HCHOCT:b He 6:&IJIa ero JIyqmlIM RalleCTBOM», - rOBopBT
MopeJIJIe, ROTOpl>IH OqeH:b ero JII061IT. «Ero 3aTpY)J;HHeT YCTBas
HCRYCCHH», - 3aMelIaeT ero )J;pyr a66aT )J;e Bepii. A MOHTHHOB,
KOTOp:bIH ero He JII06HT, 3aHBJIHeT: «rOBOpHJI OH THmeJIOBeCBO,
MHOrOCJIOBHO, HeHCHO». O HaRO eJIO He B TOM, qTO OB rrpOB3BO-
CHJI JIHHB:&Ie peqlI; BanpOTHB, Ror,n;a OH BLIcTyrraJI B napJIaMeBTe,
ero HaXO IiIJIH 60JIee RpaTRHM Tor,n;a, Ror,n;a OH 6:&IJI MHOrOCJIOBeB,
H60 B 3TOM CJIyqae eMY y aBaJIOC:b 6:&IT:b JIyqme IIOHHTLIM. «IIBmB-
Te 6oJI:&me, - COBeTOBaJI eMY a66aT ,n;e BepIJ, - BLI IIlImeTe 01leB:b
xopomo, Tor a RaR MeHee CHJI:bH:&I B CJIOBeCHOM CIIOpe».
O,n;HaRO OTCYTCTBHe CRJIOHHOCTH R RpaCHOpeqIJIO H opaTopCKO-
ro )J;apa He MomeT B IIOJIHOH Mepe 06'DHCHHT:& ero CROBaHHOCTII ne-
1 !J aTOM OTHomeHHH nopamaeT TeI\CT, IIOMerneHHLIll B co6paHHH co-
tIHHeHHII Tropro nop; Ha3BaHHeM «IIpHMHpHTeJIb» «<Le Cpnciliateur»), IIPH-
tIeM lIe YCTaHOBJIeHO, npHHap;JIemHT JIH OH Tropro llJIII Bp:o:eHHY. OCHoBa
;omeT npHHap;JIe}I\aTL Tropro, HO <popMa npe.D;CTaBJI.HOT TaKoii KOHTpaCT II,
a,n;o cKa3aTb, Hac.TOJIb..KO npeBOCXOAllT <POp IY IIpenmecTBYIO HX II IIOCJIe-
YIO HX npoH3BeneHHH, tITO aTO cpaBHeHHe p;aeT HeonpoBepmllMLlH OTBeT.
a3YMeeTcH, aTO He MemaeT TIopro 6bITL BeJIHKHM MIIHHCTpOM a BpHeHHY
OTBpaTHTeJILHbIM rOCYAapCTBeHHLIM neHTeJIeM. '
72
QACTb llEPBAII. HA1{EHr1{A
pe,n; c06eCe,n;HHROM, XapaRTepBOrO ,n;JIH BerO IIpe,n;IIO'flTeBBH Bid..
pamaT:bCH IIBC:bMeHHO H ,n;ame ero CJIHmROM pemHTeJI:bHOrO TOHa,
«KOTOPbIH, Ra3aJIOC:b, HCXO,n;HT OT lIeJIOBeRa, meJIaIO erO CaMOBJIa-
CTBO pemaTb ,n;eJIa ,n;pyrHX». TYT Hago HMeT:b B BH,n;y em;e «,IJ;ap
3JIOH <PeH», He06'DHCHHMyIO qepTY xapaRTepa - 3aCTeHlIBBOCT:b.
Ero YBepeHHOCT:b HHRor,n;a He HMeeT MHCTHqeCROrO OTTeBKa, OHa
OCHOBaHa Ha OC03HaHHOH npaBHJIbHOCTB JIOrHqeCRHX YM03aRJIIO-
qeHBH H qeCTHOCTH MOpaJI:bH:bIX n06ym,n;eHBH.
O,n;ymeBJIeHH:bIH e,n;HHCTBeHHO 3a60TOH 0 Bce06m;eM 6JIare, nogro-
TOBJlHH CBOH pemeHHH nOCJIe Tm;aTeJI:bHOrO H3YlleHHH Bcex gaBBblx,
aHaJIH3HpYH II onpOBepraH B03pameHHH, TIOpro He MomeT ,n;ony...
CTBT:b, qT06:b1 ,n;pyrBe YM:b1 Be CRJIOHHJIHC:b nepe,n; OqeBHgHoCT:bIO,
CTOJI:b HCHOB: ,n;JIH Hero caMoro. OH He nOHHMaeT, KaK MomBO npo-
THBHT:bCH TOMY, qTO HeB03MomHO onpOBeprHYT:b. Ror,n;a OH OC03-
HaeT aTY HeJIOrHqBOCT:b, OBa He B:b13:bIBaeT B HeM BH rop,n;OCTB, BB
npe3peHHH, HO, CRopee, y,n;HBJIeHHe, 3aMemaTeJI:bCTBO II CBoero pO-
,n;a CTOJI6BHR. « OH XOTeJI ynpaBJIHT:b C nOMOm;:bIO HarJIHgHoro y6em-
,n;eHHH» .
BepOHTHO, 0 HeM MomHO CRa3aT:b TO me, 'fITO CRa3aJl CTeH,n;aJIb
o mIOJI:beHe CopeJIe: «OH 06bIqHO omH6aJICH, npe,n;nOJIaraH y JIIO-
JJ;en CJIHmROM MHoro yMa».
MDI 3HaeM CJIHmROM MaJIO no,n;p06HOCTeH HHTHMHOH mB3H
TlOpro, B OTJIHQHe OT CJIyqaH C JIIO,n;OBBROM XVI, H noaTOMY He
MomeM HCRaT:b B BeH Te me npnqHHHDIe CBH3H HJIH COOTBeTCTBHH.
OHa OCTaJIaC:b ,n;JIH Hac H no ceH ,n;eH:b «CRPbITOH 3a CeM:bIO neqa-
THMB». B TO BpeMH TOJI:bRO y,n;HBJIHJIHC:b, H y,n;HBJIHIOTCH ]:(0 CBX
nop, lITO lIeJIOBeR C ero xapaRTepOM He meHHJICH H He C03,n;aJl
ce6e ,n;OMamHero OQara.
«ECT:b OCHOBaHHe npe,n;nOJIaraT:b,- nHmeT MOHTHHOH,- qTO OH
He lIym,n;aJICH qYBCTBeHH:bIX pa,n;OCTeH, HO 06 06'beRTaX no,n;06HDIX
CBH3eB: MomHO 6blJIO TOJIbKO ,n;ora,n;:bIBaT:bCH».
ECJIH B aTOM HeT HHqerO noxomero Ha KOMnJIeRC JIIO)J;OBH-
Ka XVI, Bce me TPy,n;HO He 3ano,n;03pHT:b B TaROM nOBe,n;eHHH HeRO-
TOpOH ,n;OJIH HepemHTeJIbHOCTliI H P060CTH nepe,n; peaJI:bHOH mH3HbIO.
Bo BCHKOM CJIyqae, CJIe,n;yeT OTMeTHT:b, qTO, RaKOBa 6DI BH 6:bIJIa
pa3HH a B HX nOJIOmeHHH, H TOT H ,n;pyroH - H MHHHCTp H RO-
pOJI:b - 6D1JIB JlHmeH:b1 HOpMaJI:bHOH, ynopH,n;OlleHHOH ceRcyaJI:bHOH
iHH3HH.
ECJIH BCIIOMHHTL 0 TOM, lITO ClIHTaeTCH 06 eH3BeCTHbIM ,n;JIH
Mopena, TO IIOCJIe,n;Hee co06pameHHe MomHO'OTHeCTH RO BceM TpeM
HCTOpHlIeCRHM JIHn;aM, ROTopbIe BeKOTopoe BpeMH ,n;epmaJIH B py-
Kax cY,D;:b6:b1 KOpOJIeBCTBa. He Bce TaHHble npymHHbl HCTOpHH co-
RpbIT:b1 B aROHOMHqeCRHX H3MeHeBHHX.
Mem,n;y ,n;Ba,n; aTHJIeTHHM ROpOJIeM H copORaCeMHJIeTHHM MHHH-
CTpOM, Mem)J;y 3THMH ,n;BYMH JlIOg:bMH, CTOJI:b pa3HLIMH BO MBorHX
rJIABA 111. lI.BOE 3ACTEHTlHBbIX
73
OTBomeHHHX, eCTb Bce me, KaK M:&I BH eJIII, <pH3HlIeCKOe CXO CTBO:
CKJIOBBOCTb K nOJIHOTe, 6JIH30PYKOCTL H, rJIaBHOe, BamBaH o6IIJ;as
AYXOBBaH 'tIepTa - 3aCTeHlIHBOCTb. HaM He a3 onHCbIBaJIH, KaR
npH pa3HMX 06CTOHTeJIbCTBaX II TOT H pyroH npOHBJIHJIH HeJIOB-
KOCTb H CTeCHHTeJIbHOCTb. «CTeCHHTeJIbHOCTb - HeOT'DeMJIeMaS
qepTa ero xapaKTepa», - rOBopHT 0 Tropro a66aT e BepH. MbI
YBH HM, KaK TOT II ,D;pyrou, a 'fIaCTO O HH B pa3rOBope C PyrHM,
HcnDlTbIBaIOT 3aTPYAHeHHe, meJIaH 06'DHCHHTbCH HCHeu, 3aCTaBHTb
ce6H nOHHT:b, npOTHHYTb HHTH QeJIOBelIeCKOrO AOBepHH. O,n;HaKO
BTa 3aCTeHlIHBOCTb pa3Horo nopH,n;Ka. ROpOJIb B CBoeH 3a-
CTeH1IHBOCTH HeAOBepllHB, no,n;03pHTeJIeH, CKpbITeH, HeAo6pOiKeJIa-
TeJIeH. HHqero no,n;o6Horo HeT y TIOpro. MbI YBHAHM, qTO HHKor,n;a
OH He TIHTaeT HecnpaBe,n;JIHB:bIX nOA03peHHU, HHKor,n;a He OCYiR-
AaeT 6e3 OCHOBaHHH, HHKorAa He npH,n;HpaeTCH K MeJIOqaM, He
BCKp:bIBaeT lIymHx nHceM, He nOJIb3yeTcH n030pH HMH «CBe,n;e-
HBHMH» .
BLIJIO 6bI eCTeCTBeHHO npHnncaTL xapaKTepy KOpOJIH KOMIIJIeKC
HenOJIHOrr;eHHOCTH, a TIOpro - KOMIIJIeKC npeBOCXO CTBa. ROpOJIb
He MomeT He C03HaBaTb CBoero KpaHHero HeBemeCTBa H
HHqTOmHbIX cnoc06HOCTeH. Tropro He MomeT He nOHHMaTb, KaH
BeJIHR 06'DeM ero 3HaHHH 11 KaHHM BbIAaIO HMcH YMOM OH 06-
JIa aeT .
A OKa3:&IBaeTCH KaK pa3 Ha060poT. ROpOJIb OqeHb BbICOKoro
MHeHHH 0 CBOeH: oco6e. Bce CBOH: He,[{OCTaTKH Oll 06'bHCHHeT JIJIllib
MOJIO OCTLro. HaCTOHqHBOCTb, C KOTOpOU OH nOCTOHHHO nanO:MHHa-
eT 0 neft, KameTCH nO,D;qac ,D;ame TpOraTeJII>HOH, HO Ha AeJIe 9TO
1'OJIbKO cnoco6 C03,n;a Tb ce6e y,n;o6Hoe aJIH6H, "tITO cBII,n;eTeJIbCTByeT'
o CHHcxo,n;IITeJIbHOCTH K ce6e.
ROpOJIb COMHeBaeTCH B ,D;pyrHx, a TlOpro, KaR 3TO HH rrapa-
,n;oKCaJIbHO, B ce6e caMOM. Pa3YMeeTCH, He B CBOHX npHHIJ;Ilrrax,
He B CBOHX ,D;OBo,n;ax H no6ym,n;eHHHX; ero ame He cMy aIOT nJIO-
XHe opaTopCKHe CIIoc06HOCTH - H60 3TO JIHmb CJIeACTBHe, a He
npHlIHHa, - OR pOOOK B rJIy6HHe CBoero «H», CBoero «ego», 3TO
3aCTeH1IHBOCT:b CKpOMHoro H nOHCTHHe «lIHCTOrO» lIeJIOBeKa - Ka-
qeCTBO, npHcy ee TIOpro KaK B YMCTBeHHOH mH3HH, TaK II B c<I>e-
pe 'tJYBCTB.
8THM 06'bHCHHeTCH Hero OTBpaID;eHHe KO BCHKOH caMOpeKJIa-
Me, K TOMY, lITO cerOAHH Ha3LIBaIOT public-relations*, H3-3a -qero
ero nonYHHpHOCTb HHKor a HeJIL3H 6:bIJIO cpaBHHTb co CJIaBOH
HeKKepa, XOTH y Tropro OHa HMeJIa 6LI 3HalIHTeJIbHO 60JIee BeCKHe
ocnOBanHH. II HaKoHerr;, ero c epmaHHOCTb B BbIpa eHHH QYBCTB,
C03,n;aBmaH eMY He3aCJIymeHHYIO penYTarr;HIO qeJIOBeKa XOJIO HOrO,
cyxoro, B TO BpeMH KaK no HaType OH 6:&IJI COBepmeHHO HH:&Il\I.
* n Public-relations (anrJI.) - o6 ecTBeHHa HHcpopMan;HH, peKJIaMa.-
PUM. peo.
74
TIACTb nEPBAH. HAlJ.EiRlJ.A
OH AOBepqHBO paCKpbIBaeTCH TOJIbKO B APymoe; B nepenHCKe,
8 IIOAPoonOCTHX ero iRH3HH MbI HaXOAHM MHoro OqapOBaTeJlbHbIX
0: TOHKHX qepTOqeK. 8TH «CKp:&IT:&Ie CHJIbI» B ,I{yme TIopro He orpa-
BHlIHBaIOTCH JIHqH:&IMH OTHomeHHHMH. Ero OKp:&IJIHeT COqYBCTBHe
K lIeJIOBeqeCTBY, C03HaHHe opaTcTBa JIIOAeH. OH peAKO B:&IpaiKaeT
9TH lIYBCTBa B 3MOD;HOHaJI:bHOH cpopMe, HO, KorAa eMY CJIyqaeTCH
BLICKa3aT:b HX (KaK OYATO HeHapOKOM), HeB03MOiRHO COMHeBaT:&-
ClI B ero rJIYOOKOH HCHpeHHOCTH. B3HT:b XO'fH O:&I TaKYIO cppa3Y H3
ero nHC:bMa AIOnOHY: « ymH OOm;aIOTCH H JIIO,n;H npHBH3:bIBaIOTCH
APyr K ,n;pyry OTHIOA:b He nOTOMY, qTO HX CBH3:&IBaIOT BHemHHe-
II qYT:b He CKa3aJI, rrapa3HTHqeCKHe - OTHomeHHH. TOJI:bKO qepe3
TO, lITO TporaeT cepAD;e, qTO AeJIaeT JIIo,n;eH CqaCTJIHB:&IMH IiIJIH He-
CqaCTH:bIMH, n03HaIOT oHH ,n;pyr APyra KaK JIIO,n;eH H KaK OpaT:beB».
II HecoMHeHHo, TIOpro BonpeKH cBoeMY OOJIHKY XOJIOAHOrO Teope-
THKa H OlibITHoro npaBHTeJIH BKJIa)J;:bIBaJI B CBOH nOJIHTHqeCKHe 3a-
aqll BeC:b nbIJI oJIarOpOAHoH cTpacTH. «O! - nHCaJI OH M-JI:b ,n;e
JIecnHHac, rOBopH 0 CBOHX npoTHBHHKax. - BceM 3THM JIIOAHM,
AOJImBO ObIT:b, npeTHT 3HTY3Ha3M!» lIMeHHo BHYTpeHHHH OrOH:b,
a He ynpHMcTBO neAaHTa HJIH (ORamAa BJIaCTH» aAMHHHCTpaTopa
BnymaeT TIOpro TO, lITO ero BparH Ha3:bIBaIOT « oe3paCCY,D;H:bIH
IILIJI», ,n;PY3:bH me rOBopHT, qTO OH «nOMemaJICH Ha OOm;eCTBeHHOM
6nare» 1.
Ho BO BceM CKa3aHHOM BbIme He CJIe,n;yeT JIH OTMeTHT:b IiI Koe-
KaKHe CXO)J;HbIe 'fIepT:bI y TIOpro H JIIO)J;oBHKa XVI? HecoMHeHHo,
HOO eCJIH KOpOJI:b IIO,n;03pHTeJIeH H He,n;oopOiKeJIaTeJIeH HJIH, TOq-
Bee, JIerKO BepHT 3JIY, TO OR Bce me qeJIOBeK He nJIOXOH H He
8noi; Y Hero OTMellaIOT qepTbI cep,n;ellHOH ,n;OOpOTbI. CaM:bIe pa3-
Bye HCCJIe,n;OBaTeJIH CXO,n;HTCH BO MHeHHH, qTO OH HCKpeHHe meJIa,J1
oopa CBoeMY HapOAY, XOTH 3TO 'fIYBCTBO H Tpy,n;HO OTJIHqHT:b OT
meJIaBHH CHHCKaT:b nonYJIHpHOCTL II B:bI3BaT:b BOCXHm;eHHe. II 3Ta
8aOOTa [0 Hapo,n;e] B HeKOTopLIX CJIyqaHx OOJIee Bcero COJIH3HT
8THX ,lJ;BYX JIIO,n;en.
RopOJI:b He JIHmeB HeKOTopOH 3MOD;HOHaJIbHOCTH, KaK He JIHmeH
OB H YMa. Ho OH TaK me He rOpHq B nepBOH, KaK He CHJIeH H BO
BTOpOM. B OAHOH H3 CBOHX TOHKHX nCHXOJIOrIiIqeCKHX 3aMeTOK
MepCH-ApmaHTO - II B TOM ero 3aCJIyra - YCTaHOBHJI npHqHHHYIO
CBH3 Mem)J;Y 3THMH ABYMH BHAaMH HenOJIHOn;eHHOCTH:
«HeJI:b3H npe,n;nOJIaraT:b, qTO KOpOJIL 06JIa,n;aeT AOCTaTOqHO CJIO-
t KycaeT, JIHraeT, nllxaeT, KpymllT,
KTO aTO - MYJI, HJIII KOHL, IlJIII 6LIK?
BeaYMHbIe Olll:I, neHMeTCH eMY,
Ho BeCL aTOT nbIJI, YBLI, HII K lIeMY!
(8 c hell e, t. IV, p. 27.)
«BLI B006pamaeTe, liTO JII0611Te 06m;eCTBeHBoe 6JIaro: Hl:IlIYTL Be 6bl-
oanol BbI npocTO nOMemaJIBCL Ha 06m;eCTBeHHOM 6nare». (V e r i. Ope C t.1
t. I. p. 449.)
r JIABA 111. l{BOE 8ACTEHtlHBbIX
75
iltHBIllHMCH H pelllHTeJIbHbIM XapaRTepOM, lIT06bI ClIHTaTb ero cno-
C06HbIM Ha rJIy6oKoe YBameHHe HJIJI CJIJILHYIO npHBH3aH OCTL:
9TH qYBCTBa Tpe6YIOT 60Jlb1llerO HepBHoro YCHJIHH, 60Jlb1lleH rl16-
ROCTH H YMeHHH pa3M:bIIllJlHTb, lIeM MbI MOrJlH 6:bI OiltHAaTb OT
nero» ·
CYTL eJIa B TOM, lITO KOpOJIL He cIIoco6eH HJI Ha JIHTeJILHbe
lIanpHmeHHe YMa, HJI Ha HacToHm;yro Cep eqHYIO npHB 3aH OCTL.
TYMau 3aCTeHlIJIBOCTH cKpbIBaeT 3 ecb 01leHL CKYAHLIH ne 3am.
IIIya3eJIL rOBOpHJI em;e 0 JIIOAoBHKe XV: «Ero 3aCTenqHBLIH BH
1
OqeHL xopomo rrpHKpbIBaeT ero rJIynoCT:&» · u
Tropro oillJI6aJICH B KOpOJIe, TO JIH 113-3a AOBepllHBOCTJI, CBOH-
CTBeHHO H YMY, BepH eMY B )J;o6po, TO JIH HaXO)J;HCL nOA
BneqaTJIeHHeM KOpOJIeBCKOro BeJIHlIHH, TO JIH, HaKOHe , IIOTOMY,
qTO OH cy;a;HJI 0 nOBe;a;eHHH JIIogoBHKa XVI no CBoeMY co6cTBen-
HOMY.
11 TOT H APyroH 3aCTeU'fI1IB:&I II HeJIOBI{II, II 8TO TaR, HO, C O -
HOH CTOpOHLI, MbI BH)J;HM HaTYPY 6oraTYro 11 m;eJ];PYIO, KOTopas
XOqeT B:&Ipa3HTL ce6H 11 )J;aBaTL H cTpaJ];aeT OT CBoero
HeYMeHHH 06m;aTLCH, a C )J;pyroH - HaTYPY 6e)J;HYIO 11 He)J;oBepqH
BYIO, KOTopaH He TOJILKO He CTapaeTCH gaBaTL, HO )J;aiKe onaCaeTCJl
6paTL.
B 3TOT )J;eHL npHcym;aH 0601IM HeJIOBKOCTb B CO'fleTaHIIH C Be-
ROTOp:&IMH 06 HMH AJIH HJIX CKJIOHHOCTHMH, C03HaHHeM HeRoero
;l(oJIra II meJIaHHeM Bceo6 ero 6JIara YCHJIHJIa npo6eiKaBmHH Mem-
l1.Y HHMH JIerKJIH TOK C!ilMnaTHH.
HeYMeHHe BbICKa3aTL Bce B CJIOBaX IIpH)J;aJIO BOJIHYroIqyIO CHJIY
HX PYKonomaTHIO.
«H 3HaIO, lITO BLI 3aCTeH1lJIBLI».
Ho Ha3aBTpa HeYMeHHe oCTaHeTcH, a BOJlHeHHe 6YAeT sa6LITo.
RaiKAbIH 6Y)J;eT THHYTL B CBOIO CTOPOHY II omH6aTbcH Ha CBOH
JIaA: TIOpro TI3 ;l(06pOmeJIaTeJIbIIOCTJI, a JIIOJ];OBHK XVI H3-3a no o-
3pliITeJILHOCT1I; OAHH, IIOTOMY "[{TO YBepeH, "[{TO eMY 6YAeT JIerRO
y6egHTL, a APyroi, nOToMY qTO He JII06HT, lIT06LI ero y6emAaJIH.
TOT, KTO )J;aeT, OillH6aeTCH, nOTOMY "[{TO He )J;YMaeT, lITO ero OTBepr-
HYT, a TOT, KTO rrOJIyqaeT, rrOTOMY lITO )J;YMaeT npem;a;e Bcero, RaK
6bI ero He 06MaHYJIJI. TOT, RTO rOBopHT, omH6aeTCH, TaR KaK ro-
BOpHT He OqeHb xopomo, a TOT, RTO MOJIq1lT, TaK RaK MOJI1I1IT He
npOCTO, a C TaHHOH n;eJIbIO. TIOpro npHHHMaeT MOJPIaHHe KOpOJlB
sa aHaK COrJIaCHH.
«r -H )J;e MaJIb3ep6 H r-H J];e Mopena, - B3)J;blxa.e1' a66aT ;n;e Be...
PH, - HHRor)J;a He npHHHJIH 6bl, KaK TIOpro, 6e3MOJIB1Ie KOpOJIH 38
npHSHaR Toro, 'tfTO OHH ero y6egHJI1I, HO pemHJIH Old, 'tfTO npHB&-
JI.H ero B 3aMema TeJILCTBO» .
1
C h 0 i s e u l. Memoires, p. 220.
76
TlACTb IIEPBAH.. HA Eil(l{A
A KOpOJIb 601iITCH, HaK 6:&1 He npOH30mJIO YCTpaHeH1?IH oro JIHlI-
HOCTH: «r-H Tropro XOqeT 6:bITI> MHOH, a H He XOqy tITo6:&I OD
U I '
CTaJI MHOH» .
Ho CeHtIaC rOBOpHT:b 06 aTOM e:r.n;e paHO. CerO,D;HH Bce em;e B03-
MomHO, cerO)J;HH Bce yme TPY)J;HO. HaMeqaeTCH BeJIHHaH B03MOiK-
HOCT:b. rOTOBHTCH )J;JIHTeJI:bHOe He,n;opa3YMeHHe 2.
1 V e r i. Ope cit., p. 448.
2 0 CBHAaHHH TIopro C KOpOJIeM B aTOT AeHL, B TO CaMOe YTPO, coxpa-
HHJIHCb Ba pac.CKa3a, 3anHCaHHbIe B BHAe HaJIOra H cOBnaAalOm;He B OCHOB-
UbIX 'IepTax. O}J;IIB OCTaBHJI a66aT }J;e BepH, APyroii - M-JIL Ae JIecnllHac, 06a
6bIJIH nOJIyqeHbl BMII 113 nepBbIX PYK, OT caMoro TlOpro.
lIo sanucu Bepu (po 187).
«T1O peo: Bee, 'liTO H rOBopro BaM, BeMHoro C6I1B'IHBO, no TO MY 'ITO
1I 'I TBCTBYro ce6H em;e B3BOJIHOBaHHbIM.
JIroB08U1i, XVI: .H 3Haro, lITO BbI 3aCTeH'IHBbI, HO BBaro TaKme, 'liTO BLI
qeJIonex TBepAbIH H lIeCTHbIii, 11 H He Mor CAeJIaTb JIyqmero BbI6opa. H na-
snatJIIJI Bac B MopCHoe MHHHCTepCTBO TOJIbKO Ha BpeMH, 'IT06bI HMeT.b B03-
MOiKHOCTb Bac Y3HaTb.
Tropea: MHe HymHo, CHP, 'IT06bI BbI pa3pemHJIII MHe H3JIOmHTL nHCb-
MeHBO MOH OCHOBHbIe HAell H, eCJIII BbI COH3BOJIHTe, YCJIOBIIH OTHOCHTeJIbHO
Toro, RaK BLI AOJImHbI nO}J;AepiHHBaTL MeliH B aTOM ynpaBJIeHHII, 1160, npH-
anarocb BaM, H }J;pOi!{Y npll MbICJIH 0 TOM, CKOJIb IIOBepXHOCTHbI MOil nosna-
I-IHH B aToii 06JIa.cTH.
JIrooa8un XVI: Aa, .J];a, KaK BbI XOTHTe. Ho H sapanee }J;aro BaM 'IIeCT-
Hoe CJIOBO BHIIRaTb BO Bce BamH naMepeHHH 11 BcerAa nOA}J;epIKHBaTb Bac
B CMeJIbIX Ha'IHHaHIIHX, KOTopbIe BbI npeAnpHMeTe».
II a sanucu )RroAU 8e JI ecnunac.
(M 0 r e 11 e t. Ope cit., t. II, p. 305. Lettre 48, 29 aoiit 1774.)
«BbI snaeTe, lITO r-H Tropro c.TaJI renepaJIbBLIM ROHTpOJIepOM; BO BLI
lJe sBaeTe, lITO OH IIMCJI pa3rOBOp na aTY TeMY C KOPQJIeM. KorAa f-H }J;e
Mopena IIpe JIOiKHJI eMY OT HMeBII KOpOJIH aTY AOJIiKHOCTL, on Be cpa3Y CO-
fJIaCHJICH ee saHHTb. OH OTnpaBHJICH no6JIarOAapHTb KOpOJIH, H KOpOJIb eMY
CKaSaJI: «Pa3Be BbI Be XOTHTe 6bITb reHepaJIbHbIM KOHTpOJIepOM?»
«CliP, - OTBeTIIJI eMY Tropro, - H npll3HalOCb BameMY BeJIH1IeCTBY,
'qTO npe no'IeJI 6LI MopCKoe MHHHCTepCTBO, 1160 aTO 60JIee BaAeiKHoe MeCTO,
rAe H 6bIJI 6LI 60JIee YBepeH, 'ITO npHHecy nOJIb Y, BO B aTY MHUYTY JI OT
Aaro ce6H B PYKII Be ROpOJIro, a 6JIarOpOAHOMY qeJIOBeKY».
KOpOJIL cmaJI eMY PYKB 11 CKaaaJI: «BLI He 06MaBeTeCL». r-H Tropro
p;06aBHJI: «CliP, H }J;OJIiKeB npeAynpeAHTb" Bame BeJIH'IeCTBO 0 Be06xOAHMO-
CTII 9KOHOMHH, 11 BaM BaAJIemHT IIOKa3aTL TOMY npHMep. r-u a66aT Teppa.
BaBepHO, yme rOBOpllJI 06 aTOM BameMY eJIJIqeCTBY». «Aa, - OTBeTHJI KO-
\
pOJIb, - OR MHe rOBOpHJI, HO rOBOpHJI He TaK, :KaK BLD).
trJiABA IV. BCTynJIEHHE B 1{OJIHlHOCTb rEHEPAJ1bHOrO ROHTPOJIEPA 77
r .ttaea IV BCTyTIJIeHlIe
B OJImHOCTD
reHepaJI:bHOrO
ROHTpOJIepa
MTaR, Tropro npHcTynHJI R paooTe B TOl\1 caMOM Be OMCTBe,
1i\OTOpOe OH Ror a-TO cpaBHHBaJI mYTH C BaCTRJIHei 1 . Ero Ha3Ha-
qeHlIe nO}J;nHcaHO JIro,IJ;OBHROM XVI 24 aBrYCTa; OH cooo aeT 06
3TOM na3HatIeHIIII HHTeH aHTaM B nliICbMax OT Toro me lIHCJIa HB
ROMnbeHa 2 . 26-ro ROpOJIb Ha3HatIaeT Tropro rocy apcTBeHHbIM MH-
'HHCTpOM, HOO renepaJIbHbIH ROHTpOJIep <pHHaHcoB no CBoeMY CTaTY-
cy He BXO)J;I1:T B rocy apcTBeHHblii COBeT. Toro me 26-ro Tropro
AaeT npHcHry, rrpHHHTYIO MliIpOMeHHJIeM; 31-ro ero IIOJIHOMOlllIH
perHCTpHpYIOTCH ClIeTHOH naJIaTOn II, COrJIaCHO o 0:&111 aIO, OB BBO-
J];HTCH B OJImHOCTb aTOH HHCTaHIJ;Hen, nOCJIe lIero oOMeHHBaeTCH
pellaMH C nepB:bIM npe3H}J;eHToM p:e HliIROJIaH 3 . Pe,n;aKTOp «iKyp-
HaJib HCTOPHH» nHmeT, liTO Tropro BbI3BaJI rOpHtIHe anJIO,IJ;HCMeHTbI,
8 rrpe3H}J;eHT rrpOH3BeJi rrOQTH ceHca Hro, «BHymaH HOBOMY MH-
HHCTPy, CROJIb onaceH }J;YX CHCTeM:bI B ynpaBJIeHHH <pHHaHCaMH»4.
1 «MHe C006 HJIH, 'ITO HeRTO iReHII }J;e Bpomo 6bIJI OTrrpaBJIeH B
BaCTHJIHIO 3a TO, tITO COCTaBJIJIJI «pIIHaHCOBLIe npoeKTLI 11 npe}J;JIaraJI ce611
Ha MeCTO reHepa.rrbIIoro ROlITpOJIepa. MHe 0611}J;HO sa r-Ha e JI..., 1150 eCJIH
'6LI MHe 6LIJIO ;n;eJIO }J;O r-Ha B porno, TO H C TaKHM me Y}J;OBOJIbCTBlleM YBII eJI
-6LI ero Ha TOM MeCTe, ROToporo OR OMoraeTCH, KaK 11 B BaCTIIJIIIU).
(r-me }J;'AHBHJIb, 29 ceHTn5pH 1769 r.) ,
2 CM.: N e y mar c k, t. II, p. 384. ITHCbMO BHTeH;n;aHTY maMnaHH.
'3 8TOT cy;n;eiicKliIH 'IHHOBHHJ{ He O;n;06pHJI lI;n;eH Tropro. (F 0 n C i n E.
'Essai sur ministere de Turgot. Paris, 1877, p. 77 et les citations.)
«Journal historique», 3 septembre.
78
llACTb llEPBAH. HAJI.EiRlI.A
Pell:b nepBOrO npe3H,n;eHTa, HaneqaTaHHaH HeMHOrO n03iKe B TOW
me ra3eTe, KaR 6y,n;TO He nO}.1;TBepm,n;aeT 3Toro 3aMeqaHHH, pa3Be
lITO HaMepeHHe aBTopa 6bIJIO OqeH:b YMeJIO CRp:&ITO BO <ppa3e: «Bo
Bcex STHX onepan;HHX CJIe,n;yeT nOJIb30Ba TbCH npOCT:&IMH cpe,n;CTB3-
MH», KOTOPYro MomHO caMoe 60JIbmee CtIeCTI> 3a OqeH:b C)J;epmaHHoe-
npe,n;OCTepemeHH npOTHB 3KOHOMeTpHH. Ho 6y,n;:b STO ,n;ame TaR"
IIJIH 6y,n;:b nepBaH 3aMeTRa HeTOqHOH, HJIK peq:b npe3H,n;eHTa CO-
Rpa eHHOH, STOT CJIyqaH HaM RameTCH HHTepeCHbIM, H60 nOI\a3bI-
BaeT, RaK )J;ame B pa)J;OCTHO npHno,n;HHTOH aTMoc<pepe nepB:&IX ,n;HeM
<pHHaHCHCTbI, «6pOCaHCI> B 06'bHTHH reHepaJIbHOrO ROHTpOJIepa»
yme Ha ynbIBaJiH cJIa60e MeCTO y HOBoro MHHHcTpa.
qTO me RacaeTCH CYTH ,n;eJIa, TO OCTaBmHeCH y Hac 3aIIHCH'
,n;BYX pelleH nOKa3bIBaroT, qTO OHH COBna,n;aroT B e,n;HHCTBeHHOM cY-
eCTBeHHOM Bonpoce, KOTOpbIH 6bIJI Tm;aTeJI:bHO paCCMOTpeH, a
HMeHHO: SROHOMHH, YCTOHqHBOCTb, CHHmeHHe HaJIOrOB.
¥nopH,n;OqHBaH co6CTBeHHoe [<pHHaHCOBoe] nOJIOmeHHe, Tropr07
cpa3Y me ,n;ORa3aJI CBoe 6eCKopbICTHe H no,n;aJI npHMep SKOHOMHH.
aJIOBaH:be reHepaJIbHOrO ROHTpOJIepa COCTanJIHJIO 142 TMC. JIHB-
pOB, OH COKpaTHJI ero ,n;o 80 TbIC. H OTRa3aJICH OT CYMMbI, }.1;aBae-
MOH Ha o63aBe,n;eHHe npH BCTynJIeHBH B ,n;OJImHOCT:b; STa CYMMa.
,IJ;JIH ,n;pyrHx MHHHCTpOB ,n;oxo,n;HJIa ,n;o 60 TbIC. JIHBpOB Y caM:&IX
CKpOMHbIX (Mopena). H ,n;o 344 TbIC. Y caMbIX ,n;oporOCTOH HX
(CeH- epMeH). Tropro OTRa3aJICH TaKme nOJI:b30BaTbCH Y3aROHeH-
HOH e8RTKou, ,n;aBaeMoH reHepaJI:bHoMY KOHTpOJIepy reHepaJI:bH:bIMJ2It
oTKyn HRaMH 3a Ram,n;bIH apeHJJ;H:&IH ,n;orOBOp JIn60 B BH,n;e e,n;HHO-
BpeMeHHoro JJ;apa B 100 TbIC. SKID npH ero nOJJ;nHcaHHH, JIH60
BHJJ;e meCTH emeroJJ;HbIx B3HOCOB no 50 TbIC. <ppaHRoB (B TelleHHe.
JJ;eHcTBHH JJ;oroBopa). TaRaH npaKTHRa, no nOHHTHHM Toro BpeMe-
HH, He ClIHTaJIaCb HH He3aKOHHOH, HH 6eClIeCTHOH, H, no CJIOBaM
JJ;e BepH, a66aT Tepps, ClIHTaH nOJIyqeHHe TaROH B3HTKH CBOHM
npaBOM, CCbIJIaJICH Ha cnpaBeJJ;JIHBOCT:b H lIaCTHYro co6CTBeHHOCT:b.
TorJJ;a He cy ecTBOBaJIO YCTaHOBJIeHHbIX npaBHJI ,n;JIH OnJIaTbI BLI-
CORHX }.1;OJImHOCTeH. MCTOlIHHKH rOCYJJ;apCTBeHHLIX JJ;OXO,n;OB 6LIJIII
e e HeJJ;OCTaTOllHO OT)J;eJIeHLI OT co6CTBeHHOCTH, npHHa,n;JIemair(eii
KOpOJIro II TaK KaR OH maJIOBaJI ,n;OJImHOCTH TaR me, RaK pa3JJ;a-
BaJi MH OCTH, TO Ra3aJIOCL BnOJIHe eCTeCTBeHHLIM CTapaT:bCH H3-
BJIelIL n060JILme BLIroJJ;LI RaR H3 Tex, TaR 11 H3 ,n;pyrHX. Pa60T&
MHHHcTpa, RaR H 6e3JJ;eJI:be npHJJ;BopHoro MOrJIH. paBHo ClIHTaT:bCJI
3aROHHbIM npe,n;JIOrOM )J;JIH nOJIyqeHHH HeorpaHlflleHHoro ,n;oxoJJ;a.
Be3MepHLIH anneTHT caM no ce6e He ClIHTaJICH CRau,n;aJI:bHLIM, nORa-
OH He npHBOJJ;HJI K npo,n;amHOCTH HJIH 06MaHY, B lIeM, KCTaTH rOBO-
pH, 06 eCTBeHHoe MHeHHe, He pa36HpaBmeeCH B STHX TOHKOCTHX,
lIaCTO nOJJ;03peBaJIO MHHHCTpOB. TaR 6LIJIO C a66aToM Teppa, XOTlJ
HH pa3Y He 6LIJIO npHBe,n;eHO )J;ORa3aTeJI:bCTB RaKOH-JIH60 ero BHHLI,.
KpOMe OTCYTCTBHH ,n;eJlHRaTHOCTH, TaR 6bIJIO H C ,n;e ByaHoM, XOT9
I'JIABA IV. BCTynJ1EHHE B l{OJIiRHOCTb rEIIEPAJ1bHOrO ROHTPOJIEPA 79
no OTHomeHHIO K HeMY aTO YTBepm eHHe, nO-BH IIMOMY, OKa3a-
JIOCb B:&I,D;YMKOH.
fIpJiI TaKHX B3rJIH,n;ax II UPHB:blqKaX He TOJIbKO Ha3HaqeHHe
rocy,n;apCTBeHHoro eHTeJIH, HO Hero OTCTaBKa CTaHOBHJIHCL npe,n;-
MeTOM CBoero po a Topra HJIH nOJIIo6oBHOH c,n;eJIKH, II MomHO 6:&IJIO
aa6J1IO,n;aT:b, KaK Ha onaJIax CTpOHJIHCb rr;eJIble COCTOHHHH. Qpe3-
BbItlaHHO THnHqH:&IH nO CqeT COCTaBHJI IIPH aHaJIOrHqH:bIX 06CTOH-
TeJlbCTBaX co CBOHCTBeHH:bIM eMY ca IO OBOJIbCTBOM (Bnp01:Ie:M, Ha
aTOT pa3 BIIOJIHe onpaB,n;aHH:bIM) KHH3b ,n;e MOH6apa: 06m;HH ce-
MeHH:bIH ,n;oxo)J; KHH3H, COCTOHBIDHH H3 nenCllH, maJIOBaHbH H MH-
JlOCTeH, npeB:&IIDaJI 100 TbIC. <ppaHKoB B rO)J;, He CqliITaH IIOiKaJIO-
BaHBoro eMY B 6eCCpOqHOe nOJI:b30naHHe pOcKoillHoro ;z:J;BOpn;a 1.
fIo 6:&IJIO 6bl OillII6KOH paCCMaTpHBaTL aTY <pliIHaHcoBYIO npo6JIe-
,MY O)J;HOCTopOHHe. BblnOJIHeHliIe rOCY)J;apCTBeHHbIX OOH3aHHOCTeH
npHHOCHT pa3JIHQH:bIe ,B;OXO,IJ;bI, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KOPbICTOJII06HH,
1 «JIIO,n;ORHK XV B 1773 r., IIOCJIe Boerrlloro COB eTa
B JIUJIJIO, 1Ha3HaqHJI MHe maJIOnaHbe B pa3Mepe 3 TbIC.
q,panKoB H MeCHD;, HToro B rop;. . . . . . . . . .
1 TOCJIC pe<poPMbI, KocHynmcHcH nOJIOmeHHH reHe-
paJIbHbIX HHCrreI{TOpOB, Korp;a MHHHcTepcTBo B03rJIaBJIHJI
irpa<f> p;e Ceu-iRepMen, Kamp;OMY 113 ll1lX COXpaHHJI1I iKa-
.JlODa.a:I)C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ITeHC1IH rocyp;apcTBCHlIoro MHHHc'Tpa . . . . .
IIeHcHH RaBaJIepa pa3HbIx opp;eHoB . . . .
36 OOC l paHKoB
8 000 <pPCtHKOB
20 000 <ppaHKoB
3 000 <ppallHoB
67 000 <ppaHRoB
CBepx Toro, y MeHH 6hIJI caMbIM o6mHpHbIH H caMbIH KpaclIBbTH P;OM
80 BceM ApCeHaJle [aHcaM6JIb 3,D;aIIHH, HBJIHBmHXCH pe3H,D;CHD;HeII rJIaBHOrO
HaqaJIbHHKa M:aTepHaJIbHOH qaCTU apTHJIJIepHII. - Pea.], C BeJIHKOJIerrHbIMII
Ca)];aMI'I, a IIOJIb30BaHHe 9THMH BJIa eII:HHMH nOCJIe MoeH CMCpTH 6bIJIO 3al\perr-
JIeHO 3a r-mon ,n;e Mon6apJ II 3a MOHMR eTbMII, TaK 1JTO 9TOT ,D;Bopel , pa3Be
lITO H B3,n;YMaJI 6bI OT Hero OTKa3aTbCH, 6bIJI HaCTOHm;eH co6CTBeHHOCTbIO.
noaTOMY H 06CTaBIljJ: CBoe a{1IJIHm;e ne 6e3 pOCKomll II, rJIaBIIOC, co Bce-
B03MomHLIMH Y)];06CTBaMH KaK P;JIlI ce6H, TaK II P;JIH MoeH meHhI 11 p;eTeii
It Bcex, RTO p;OJImen 6.bIJI Bac oKpymaTb. 3a r-mOH )J;e MOH6ap9, KorJ);a OHa
UOKHHYJIa CBoe MeCTO y Map;aM Ap;CJIaH,n;bI, COXpaHIIJIH
ee maJIOBaHbe . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.bIXO}J;H 3aMym, OHa IIMeJIa neHCHIO. . . . . .
A nOCJIe cMepTII OTn;a nOJIyqllJIa em;e OP;HY neHCHIO
4 000 <ppaHKoB
2 000 <p paHKoB
2 000 <ppallKoB
r -H )];e CeH-MopHC" Moil ChIH, nOJIyq:llJI OT Mocbe,
6paTa KOpOJIH, J);OJImHOCTL KarrHTaH-nOJIKOBHHKa ero
DIBeiin;apCKOH rBap}J;HH, OT KOTOpoii: MHe pa3pemHJIH OT-
uaaaTbCH D nOJIb3Y cbIHa, C maJIOBaHbeM . . . . . .
Ero maJIOBaHbe COOTBeTCTBeHHO . . . ' . . . .
E JIIOJ);OBHR XV }J;apOBaJI eMY MeCTO cTapmero 6aJIbH
eaaucoHa, nplIHOCHm;ee ............
II )J;OJImHOCTL CeHemaJIH B rpa<pCTBe Ba6p 11 PO}J;,
-AaIo yIO .. ................
8 000 <ppaHKOB
16 000 <ppaBKoB
16 000 <ppaHKoB
3 000 <p paHKOB
4 000 <ppaHRoB
23 000 <ppaHKoB
80
'lACTb llEPBAR. HAlI.E)RJ:{A
HO BJIeqeT 3a c060H H pa3JIHqUDIe paCXO LI, B 3aBHCHMOCTI'I OT
lI(e pOCTH, H BO BCHKOM CJIyqae Tpe6yeT Hell36emHOrO MHHHMYMa
aaTpaT H paCXO OB Ha IIpe CTaBHTeJI:bCTBO. TaK, KOr a HeKKep
nOCJIe OrraJILI TlOpro B03rJIaBHJI reHepaJILHLIH KOHTpOJIL II c,n;eJIaJJ
mHpOKHH iReCT, OTKa3aBmHC:b OT BCHKoro iRaJIOBaH:bH (lITO 06'bHC-
HHJIOCL rrpeiK,n;e Bcero OCOOLIMH 06CTOHTeJILCTBaMH: OR OLIJI HHO-
CTpauen;, IIMeJI 60JILmOe COCTOHHHe H ODIJI oaHKHpOM), TlOpro rro-
nLITaJICH ,t(OKa3aT:b, pa3YMeeTCH He oe3 HeKOToporo rrpHCTpaCTliIH,
liTO TaKoe oeCKopLICTHe 06'LHCHHJIOCL, CKopee, meJIaHHeM 1130emaTb
paCXO,t(OB 1 .
B03Bpa aHC:b K HaqaJIY Hamero paCCKa3a, MLI He MOiReM TOtIHO
BOCCTaHOBHT:b Bce 06CTOHTeJILCTBa, npH KOTOpLIX TlOpro OTKa3aJI-
CH OT aToro rrooopa. O H1I rOBopHT, tITO Teppa yme IIOJIYtIHJI aTY
B3HTKY, HOO orOBOp (,n;orOBOp AaBH,n;a) OLIJI He,n;aBHO 3aKJIIOtIea
no,t( ero rrOKpOBHTeJILCTBOM, 11 tITO ero 3aCTaBHJIH BepUYTb B3HTKY
oopaTUO; ,n;pyrHe - qTO Teppa e e HHlIerO He nOJlytIHJI, HO y Hero
XBaTHJIO HarJIOCTH ee rrOTpeOOBaT:b 2 .
TaK KaK He OLIJIO HHKaKoro CM:&ICJIa ,n;aBaT:b reHepaJILHLIM OT-
Kyrr JlKaM ,n;orrOJIHHTeJI:bHLIH ,n;OXO,n; B 100 TLIC. <ppaHKoB, aTH ,n;eHL-
fH OLIJIH HeceHLI B Ka3HY 11 rrepe aHLI rrapHiRCKHM npHxo,n;CRHM
CBH eHHHKaM Ha opraHH3an;HIO IIpH HJI:bHLIX paooT ,n;JIH oe,n;HHRoB 3 .
RaKoBLI OLI HH OLIJIH IIo,n;p06HOCTH, oeccrropeu <paKT, tITO lIOpro
OTKa3aJICH OT Toro, tlTO He TOJI:bKO a60aT Teppa, HO H JII060M
reHepaJILH:bIH KOHTpOJIep rrpHHHMaJI I£1IH npHHHJI O:bI KaK caMYIO
eCTeCTBeHHYIO Be :b Ha CBeTe, H 3TOT IIocTynoK, TaK iRe KaK YMe-
peHHOCT:b B orrpe,n;eJIeHHH CBoero maJIOBaH:bH, YKa3:bIBaeT, tITO 11
8 aTHX Borrpocax Tropro TOiRe orrepegHJI CBoe BpeMH, npHOJIH3HB-
mHC:b K HamHM COBpeMeHHLIM B3rJIH,n;aM.
MLI MOiReM rrOJIIOOOnLITCTBOBaT:b H IIOIIbITaT:bCH onpe,n;eJIMTb,
KaKHM OLIJIO O:bI B HamH. HH MaTepHaJILHOe nOJIOmeHHe MHHHCTpa,
eCJIII OLI OH pacnOJIaraJI cpe CTBaMH, COOTBeTCTBYIO HMH maJIO-
BaHLIO TIOpro. IIo,n;06HLIe COIIOCTaBJIeHHH, KOHetIHO, ,n;OBOJI"bHO npH-
6JIH3HTeJI:bHDI. O,n;HaKO, IIOCKOJI:bKY aTOT Borrpoc oy,n;eT B03HliIRaTL
B TelleHHe Bcero Harrrero HCCJIe OBaHliIH no IIOBO,n;y OOJIee 3HaqH-
TeJI:bH:&IX HBJIeHHH, B qaCTHOCTH no rrOBO,n;y 6IO,n;meTa, M:&I OTBa-
iKHMCH,' He OTKJIa,n;bIBaH, YCTaHOBHTL, C He06xo,n;HMLIMH orOBopRa-
MH, HeKOTop:&Ie C01iI3MepHM:&Ie IIOKa3aTeJIH.
IIpeiR e Bcero MOiRHO no,n;YMaT:b 06 HH,n;eKce }.1;BHmeHHH eu.
CTaTHCTHqeCKHe pa60TLI rr03BOJIHIOT c,n;eJIaTL no,n;C"tIeT:&I, B n;eJIOM,
1 IIHcbMo r-me ;U;'AHBIIJIb OT 3 HIOJIH 1777 r.
2 ITepBaa: BepcHH }J;8Ha y: Met P a. Correspondance (9 HOH6pH)
II B TIHCbMe M-JIb ;u;e JIecrrllHac (30 COHT 6pH); BTOpyIO AaOT a66aT Ae
BepIl, 60JIee IIo;u;p06HbIi paCCKa3 KOToporo KameTCH nan60JIee AOCTonepIIbIM.
3 V e r i. Ope cit.; D u Po n t. Ope cit., p. 177.
rJIABA IV. BCTynJ1EllHE B 11.0J1JRHOCTb rEHEPAJlbHOrO ROHTPOJ1EPA 8 j'I
:KOBeqBO, AOBOJI:bBO npOH3BOJI:bB:&Ie. B caMOM AeJIe, KOJIHqeCTBO He-
:KOTop:&IX TOBapoB YBeJIHqHJIOC:b, a APyrHx YMeB:bmHJIOc:&, HeKOTO--
p:&I e TOBapld H YCJIyrH HClIe3JIH H3 aKOBOMHlIeCKOH iRH3HH, APyrHe
noJIBHJlHC:&. ECJIH paCClIHT:&IBaT:b B3BemeHH:bIe HHJJ;eKc:&1 J]:JIH 1958
U J1.JlII 1789 rr., TO MOiRBO OqeH:b npH6JIH3HTeJI:bBO YCTaHOBHTb"
QTO c06CTBeHHO J]:BHiReHHe eH B J]:BYX HanpaBJIeHHHX B3aH)IHO
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TOBapOB KOMneHcHpyeT lIaCTHqHOe HJIH nOJIHOe HClIe3HOBeHH8--
npeiKHHX TOBapOB H lITO nOJIYQeHHaH TaKHM 06pa30M cpeJ(HHH Bbl-
JIBJlHeT nOqTH HCKJlIOlIHTeJI:bHO JJ;eHeiRHOe COOTHomeHHe. IIpH TaKOMI
HeTOJ1.e paClIeTa BeJIHlIHHa Koa<P<PH HeHTa 6YJJ;eT B npeJJ;eJIax 205-
220. ECJIH M:&I npHMeHHM ero K iRaJIOBaH:&IO 80 T:&IC. JIHBpOB, Bbl-
J1.aBaeMoMY TIOpro, M:&I nOJIyqHM JJ;OXOJJ;, aKBHBaJIeHTHldH CYMMe OT
16 400 TldC. AO 17 600 TldC. <ppaHKoB. Ho aTOT nOJJ;xoJ]: He MOiI\eT
HCnOJI:b30BaT:bCH JJ;JIH npOBeJJ;eHHH peaJI:&H:&IX conOCTaBJIeHHH. 3TO
03HaqaeT TOJI:bKO, lITO C JJ;OXOJJ;OM npH6J1H3HTeJI:bHO 17 MJIH. MomHO
6:bIJlO 6:&1 npH Bcex npOllHX paBH:bIX YCJIOBHHX npH06pecTH cerO,D;HH
TOqHO TaKoe iKe KOJIHQeCTBO TOBapOB H YCJIyr, KaKoe Mor nOJIytlUTh
Tropro ua CBOH 80 T:bIC. JIHBpOB. Ho TYT He npHHHMaeTCH B paCqeT
3HallHTeJI:bHOe nOB:&ImeHlIe ypOBHH iRH3HH, pOCT Ha HOHaJIbHOrO
AoxoJJ;a H nOKynaTeJI:bHOH cIIoco6HOCTH MeiKJJ;Y 1789 H 1958 rr.
ECJIH 61d lIeJIOBeK Mor iKHT:b BO BpeMH 06eHx aTHX ailOX II nOKynaJI
HJIH nOTpe6JIHJI 6:b1 TO iRe caMoe, 'tfTO II JJ;O peBOJIIOD;HH, ypOBeHb
ero iKH3HH 6:bIJI 6bl OTHOCHTeJI:bHO HH3KHM, H60, no npeJJ;IIOJIOme-
BHIO, ero He KOCHYJICH 6:b1 npoD;ecc 06 ero nOBbIilleHHH 6JIaroco-
CTOHHHH Bcero <ppaHD;Y3CKoro HapoJJ;a Ha npoTHmeHHH nOqTH
175 JIeT.
QTo6:&I no B03MomHOCTH JJ;06HT:bCH naH60JIee peaJI:bHOrO cono...
CTaBJIeHHH, He06xoJJ;HMO, CJIeJJ;OBaTeJI:bHO, paCClIHTaT:b nepB:bIH nOKa...
3aTeJIh - HHJJ;eKC eH H BTOpOH - nOKa3aTeJI:b 06 ero nOB:blmeHJ1Jl
iRH3HeHHoro ypOBHH, :UJIII, QTO OJJ;HO II TO iRe, cpeJJ;Hero YBeJIPIlIe-
BHH JJ;oxoJJ;a B paClIeTe Ha JJ;ymy HaCeJIeHHH.
ITPH npOBeJJ;eHHH nOJJ;06H:bIX paClIeTOB He06xoJJ;HMO IIMeTh JJ;aH..
H:ble 0 HaD;HOHaJl:bHOM JJ;oxoJJ;e <PpaHD;HH B XVI I I B. OJJ;HaKo aTa
np06JIeMa nOTpe6oBaJIa 6:bt ,D;OJIroro H3YQeHHH. Ha OCHOBaHHH CBe..
AeHHH, c06paHHbIx f-HOM MOJIHH:be 1 , Hero YKa3aHHH M:bI CQHTaeM
B03MOiKH:bIM OCTaHOBHT:bCH Ha D;1:I<ppe B 5,5 MJIPJJ;., KOTopaH OTHO..
CUTeJIbHO B:bICOKa. B03MomHO, lITO O'EKJIOHeHHe OT peaJI:bHOrO no..
Ra3aTeJIH B TY IIJIH HHYIO CTOPOHY He npeB:bICHT 1 MJIPJJ;.
Pa3YMeeTcH, eCJIH ytIIIT:bIBaT:b pa3HHD;Y B lIHCJIeHHOCTH HaCeJIe-
BUH B paCCMaTpHBaeM:bIe anOXH, TO CJIeJJ;yeT ClIHTaT:b, lITO ,D;OXO
Ba Aymy HaCeJIeHHH B03pOC nplIMepHO B 9 pa3. B pe3YJI:bTaTe Mbl
nOJIytIaeM COOTHomeHHe MemJJ;y JIHBpOM H <ppaHKoM, paBHoe npH-
6JIH3HTeJI:bHO 1 : 2000.
-
! I 0 Ii n i e. Les calcul d'agregats en France anterieurement
a 1850. - «Revue d'Economie politiquc», 1957, p. 875.
6 8. <l>op
82
llACTb nEPBAH. HAJ{EJ.RJ{A
MH:bIMH CJIOBaMH, M:bI npeJ];nOJIaraeM, lITO CpeJJ;HHH J];OXOJ]; Ha
RaiKJ];OrO lIeJlOBeKa J];O 1789 r. paBHHJlCH 210 JIHBpaM, a cerOJ];HfI
(lITO ropa3J];0 JIerlle npOBepHT:b) OH paBeH 405 T:bIC. <ppaHKoB. II pn
cpeJ];HeH OnJlaTe lIeJlOBeK, 3apa6aTbIBaBmHH npH JIIOJ];oBHKe XVI
210 JIHBpOB, cerOJ];HH 3apa6aT:bIBaJI 6:bI 405 T:bIC. <ppaHKoB. CJIeJ];o-
BaTeJl:bHO, MHHnCTp, nOJlYlIaBmHH 80 T:bIC. JIHBpOB, J];OJliKeH 6:bIJI
O:bI nOJIYtIaT:b OKOJlO 152 MJIH. <ppaHKoB.
MOiKHo 6bIJlO 6:bl 3aKJIlOlIHT:b, lITO nOJlOiKeHHe reHepaJl:bHOrO
KOHTpOJIepa H 6e3 BCHKHX B3RTOK 6:bIJIO npeI\paCHO 06eCnetIeHo.
OJ];HaKo pacxoJ];:bI, CBH3aHH:bIe C ero J];OJIiKHOCT:bIO, 6:bIJlH 3HallHTeJl:b
ao B:bIme, lIeM B HamH J];HH.
RaHn;eJlHpHH reHepaJI:bHOrO KOHTpOJlepa 6:bIJla pacnOJIOmeHa BO
BOpn;e Ma3apnHH, Ha YJIHn;e HeB-J];e-TI TH-illaH, rJ(e B HamH J];HB
pa3MeCTHJICH <pHJIHaJl Ha HoHaJI:bHoH 6H6JIHOTeRH. He CJIeJQTeT
npeJ];CTaBJIHTh ce6e ero KaHn;eJIHpHIO B BHJ];e HaCTOH ero MHHH
CTepCTBa B COBpeMeHHOM nOHHMaHHH. He rOBopH 0 TOM, tITO aJ];-
MHHHCTpaTHBH:bIe CJIYiK6:bI B TY nopy 6:bIJIH HecpaBHeHHO MeHee
06mHpH:bI, lIeM B HamH J];HH, OHH He 6:bIJlH cocpeJ];OTOlleHLI B OJ];HOM
MeCTe, HO pacnpeJ];eJIeH:bI MeiKJ];Y meCT:b1O HHTeHJ];aHTaMH <pHHaB-
COB 1 , H Bce OHH pa60TaJIH Y ce6H Ha J];OMY, 3a HCKJIlOlIeHHeM By-
nOHH. M caMH HHTeHJ];aHT:bI He HMeJIH KaHn;eJIHpHH H 06XOJ];H HCL
TOJI:bKO OJ];HHM ceKpeTapeM H CJIyma HM. RamJ];bIH nOJ];lIHHeHHDIH
HallaJI:bHHK OTJ];eJIeHHH YCTpaHBaeT B CBoeM J];OMe MaJIeH:bKHH KY-
COlleK MHHHCTepCTBa. JIHtIH:bIe COTPYJ];HHKH MHHHCTpa, COBeTHHKH,
ROHTpOJIep:bI, KOTOp:bIe cerOJ];HH BXOJ];HJlH 6:bl B COCTaB «n:a6HHeTa»,
J];aiKe He Bce HaXOJ];HTCH npH CBoeM MHHHCTpe. B ero HenocpeJ];-
GTBeHHOM pacnopHiKeHHH B 3J];aHHH reHepaJI:bHOrO KOHTpOJIH Haxo-
J];HTCH TOJI:bKO ero nepB:bIH nOMO HHK (premier commis), KOTOpLIH
aaHHMaeT nOCT, npeJ];cTaBJIHIO HH HetITO cpeJ];Hee MeiKJ];Y TOBapH-
eM MHHHcTpa H HallaJI:bHHKOM Ka6HHeTa, H nOJ];BeJ];OMCTBeHH:bIe
eMY OTJJ;eJIeHHH nOJ]; ynpaBJIeHHeM lIeT:bIpeX 1IHHOBHHKOB (nHTMH
1 A'OpMeccoH, Mopo}J;e BOMoH, TplO}J;eH, BYJIOHL, AMeJIO, BypeH.
o paCITpe eJIeHHH HX 06H3aHHocTeH CMOTpn o eHL nO}J;p06Hoe H3JIOmeHHe
y cDoHceHa (F 0 n C i n. Ope cit., chap. III et suiv.) H H3 aHHe llleJIJIJI
(8 C h e II e, IV, p. 21 et 120). B HX KOlVIneTeHn;HIO, no onpe}J;eJIeHHIO Kopo-
neBCKoro aJILMaHaXa (1774 r.), BXO}J;HT: «KopOJIeBCKaH Ka3Ha. CJIyqaHHLIe
}J;OXO}J;LI. rJIaBHOe ynpaBJIeHHe BceMH oTKyrraMH. AyxoBeHcTBo. BHYTpeHHHH
TOprOBJIH. BHemHHH TOprOBJIH no cTpanaM. q pe3BLI1IaH!ILIe pacxo}J;LI Ha
BOHHY. ApTHJIJIepHH H HHiKeaepHLIe BOHcKa. Ra3eHHLIH xJIe6 H npo}J;oBOJIL-
CTBHe. COJI}J;aTcKHH noxo}J;HLIH naeK. ROpOJIeBCKHe S}J;aHHH H }J;BOpn;LI. PeHTLI.
06JIaCTH, HMenIDHe MeCTH.bIe mTa'fLI. 3BoHKaH MOHeTa. IIapJIaMeHT'DI H BLIe-
mHe CY}J;LI. MOCT'DI H ,n;oporH. IIJIOTHHLI H HaCLIITH. !3acTanLI H MOCTOBLIe
IIapHiKa. MaHy<paKTYPLI. rOpO}J;CRHe BB03HLIe nOmJIHHLI. AOJIrH 06 HH.
.D:na}J;n;aTHHLI. .D:onOJIHHTeJILHLIH HaJIOr H3 paClIeTa 4 cy Ha KaiK}J;LIH JlHBp
uepBOHaqaJILHOH na n;aTHHLI. Racca norameHHH }J;OJIrOB H He}J;OHMOK. HaBH-
ran;HH BHYTPH CTpaHDI. KaHaxLD.
rJIABA IV. BCTynJIEHHE B l1.0JIiRHOCTb rEHEPAJIbI-IOrO ROHTPOJIEPA 83
-
aaXO,IJ;HTCH B BepcaJIe): OT eJIeHHe enem (Bpoa), OT eJIeHIIe no
)];eJIaM peRT (AlonIOH) H O HO CMemaHHoe OT eJIeHHe, PYROBO H-
Moe eTymeM, a saTeM JIaRpya. HeCKOJI:bKO OT eJIeHHH paSMe e-
.81,1 II B IIapHme, H B BepcaJIe (BIIJI:be, Bap6a), pyrHe B caMOM
BepcaJIe, 06:DftIHOM MeCTOHaxom,n;eHHH Bopa H, CJIe OBaTeJI:bHO,
rocy apcTBeHHoro COBeTa (MeHap ,n;e ,RoHHmap).
reHepaJI:bH:bIH KOHTpOJIep epmHT no CBOHM HaqaJIOM J:I nHTb
lIHTeH aHTOB TOprOBJIH, TaKme pas6pOCaHH:DIX B paSH:bIX MecTax l .
HanoMHHM, HaH:OHen;, tITO OH PYKOBO HT BceMH HHTeH aHTaMII
npoBHHn;HH, a B 06JIaCTHX, JIHmeHHbIX MeCTHoro caMoynpaBJIeHIIH,
eMY HaAJIeiKHT IIX HaSHatIaT:b (HHTeH}];aHT:bI 06JIaCTeii, HMeIO IIX
MeCTH:bIe mTaT:bI, nOAtIHHeH:bI BoeHHOMY MHHHCTPY). TaKHM o6pa-
30M, OH CTOHT B eHTpe ynpaBJIeHHH AeHTeJI:bHOH CeT:bIO a}];MHHH-
CTpan;HH CTpaHbI; II TYT MbI BR}];HM, HaCKOJI:bKO ero nOJIHOMOtIHH
npeBOCXO HT nOJIHOMOqHH COBpeMeHHoro MHHHCTpa <pHHaHCOB. Ero
)];OnOJIHHTeJI:bH:bIe eJIa o6H3aHHocTH: «MOCTbI H OpOrH» (OH HO-
CHT TIITYJI reHepaJI:bHOrO HpeKTopa MOCTOB H }];opor <t>paHn;HH,
saCTaB H MOCTOB:bIX IIapHiKa, nJIOTHH H HaC:bIneH, Kopo.lIeBCRHX
nHTOMHHKOB II TOprOB:bIX nopToB), «ToprOBJIH H MaHy<paKTYPbI»,
HO B 060HX CJIyqaHX TpIOAeH BeAaeT «BceMH AeTaJIHMH» :3TOrO
ynpaBJIeHHH, saHHMaH nOJIOmeHHe, COOTBeTCTBYIO e cerOAHH noc-
TY rOCYAapCTBeHHoro ceKpeTapH no o6 ecTBeHHbIM pa6oTaM, npo-
M:bImJIeHHOCTH H TOprOBJIe npH MHHHCTpe <pHHaHcoB. YnoMHHeM
)J;JIH naMHTH «KaSHatIeeB MYHH HnaJIbHldX peHT», «MOHeTHbIH }];BOP»,
«KopOJIeBCKYIO KaSHY», nOCTaBJIeHHYIO rroA orreRY KaSHatIeH KOpO-
JIeBCKHX AeHer, C60p HKa TaJI:bH H ABaAn;aTHHId, ynpaBJIeHHe OTKY-
rraMH- «TaKOBO MHomeCTBO oT,n;eJI:bHldX cJIym6, Haxo,n;H HXCH B no-
CTOHHHOH npHHy,n;HTeJI:bHOH CBHSH» C reHepaJI:bHbIM KOHTpOJIepOM .
Bec:b :3TOT anna pa T yrrpaBJIeHHH B n;eJIOM, cos,n;aHHldH He no"
onpe,n;eJIeHHOMY nJIaHY, a B peaYJI:bTaTe MHOrOqHCJIeHH:DIX npHCTpo-
eK H nonpaBOK, npe,n;CTaBJIHeT C060H CJIOmH:bIH MexaHH3M, KOTOp:bIR.
e e YTHmeJIHeTCH MeTo,n;oM pa60T:DI B KOMHCCHHX, cKopee TeopeTH-
qeCKHM, qeM peaJI:bHbIM. PemeHHH MHHHcTpa npHHHMaIOTcH B co-
BeTax: COBeTe <pHHaHCOB HJIH COBeTe TOprOBJIH, KOTOp:bIe JIHm:b
OpMaJI:bHO YTBepm}];aIOT aTH pemeHHH, - H 't{a e Bcero CBO,n;HTCH
R. aace aHHIO reHepaJI:bHOrO KOHTpOJIepa C O,n;HHM TOJI:bKO HHTeu-
aHToM, a nopoH ,n;ame o,n;Horo HHTeH,n;aHTa C caMHM C060H, KaK 0
TOM paCCKa3:bIBaeTCH B aHaMeHHTbIX peMOHCTpa HHX B:bICmerO no-
;D;aTHoro cy,n;a 3 . TaKHM 06pa30M, BCH pa60Ta rro,n;rOTOBJIHeTCH qe-
-
BYJJa p;e RaBcII, MOHTapaB, KOTT, Bpome e CeH-ITpe, BllpJIeBO.
F 0 n c i n. Ope cit., p. 76.
3 B KOPOTKHH nepllo}J;t rrpe}J;meCTBOBaBmHH HaSBa'lleBHIO TlOpro, Mo--
pena ]J;06I1JICH pemeHIIH, 'liTO COBeT «pIIRaHCOB 6yp;eT C06IIpaTI>CH Ha CaMOM
n;eJIe. 8TO 6:bIJI JIllml> nOJIHTII'IIeCKIIH XO}J;, KOTOpl>IH Moperra BrrOCJIep;CTBIIB
B:CnOJIb30BaJI B CBOIIX BHTepecax.
II pll TlOpro K 9TOMY Cpe CTBY rrpu6eraJIII JIHIlII> }J;JIH pemeHllfI cnop-
6*
e4
tJACTb llEPBAH. HAl{EH\l{A
T:bIp:bMH 06:bItIHLIMH II OJJ;HHHaf(n;aTLIO tIpe3B:bItIaUH:bIMH KOMIICCIIH-
MIl, llJIH 6IOpO; B KamJJ;Yro 113 HHX BXOJJ;HT nHTHaJJ;n;aTL - JJ;BaJJ;n;aTh
'tIeJIOBeK, 1136paHH:bIX H3 meCTIIJJ;eCHTH COTPYJJ;HHKOB MHHHCTepCTBa:
rOCYJJ;apCTBeHHMX COBeTHHKOB llJIII JJ;OKJIaJJ;tIHKOB B rOCYJJ;apCTBeH-
HOM COBeTe, BCe Tex me JIIOJJ;eu, nepeXOJJ;H HX H3 OJJ;HOE: KOMHCCHH
B JJ;PyryIO, - MHOrOJIHKHH CHHOJJ;, KOTOpMH coxpaHHeTCH TOJIhKO JJ;JIH
wonpaBJJ;aHHH <pHKTHBHLIX MHCCHH II 6eCnOJIe3H:bIX AOJIiKHOCTeH.
HOBLIH MHHHCTp BHatIaJIe BLI3:bIBaeT OC06LIH IIHTepec, KorAa
.4pemaeT Bonpoc 0 nOJJ;6ope COTPYJJ;HHKOB. TeM 60JIee MHHHCTp-HO-
'Ba TOp. OmHJJ;aJIH, tITO Tropro meCTOKO pacnpaBHTCH C arrrra pa TOM
aa MeCTax, CJIymHBmHM rroJJ; HatIaJIOM a66aTa Teppa. Ho Ha JJ;eJIe
TIOpro JJ;eHcTBOBaJI CIIpaBeJJ;JIHBO H YMepeHHO. OH YCTpaHHJI JIHmL
JIIO,n;eH 3aBe,n;OMO CKOMIIpOMeTllpOBaHHLIX, crrpaBeJJ;JIHBO IIOJJ;03pe-
BaeMLIX HJUI OT npHpo,n;:bI HecIIoc06HLIX. Mx 3aMeHa He npeJJ;CTaB-
.JIHJIa HHn:aKHX rrp06JIeM. II PHJJ;H BO JJ;Bopen; Ma3apHHH, Tropro rrpI1-
Hec C C060H He TOJILKO OII:bIT pa60TLI H rrporpaMMY JJ;eHCTBHH, HO
ff rrpHBeJI CBOH OTpH,n;: COBeTHHROB II COTpy;a;IIHKOB, KOTOp:bIX OH
OMeJI CtIaCTbe HaHTH, IIMeJI B03MOiKHOCTb IICllbITaTb M cYMeJI 061>-
-eJJ;HHHTb. Ho HHKorJJ;a OH He oCB060m;a;aJI MecTa, tIT06:bI «rrpMcTpo-
IITb» CBoero npoTellie - B TaKOM cJIyqae OH rrpeJJ;IlOqMTaJI rro;a;o-
-mJJ;aTb, KorJJ;a MeCTO oCBo6oJJ;HTCH IIJIH oTRpoeTcH HOBaH )J;OJIlli-
HOCTL, - H aTa m;eneTHJIbHOCTb Tome He npeMHHYJIa BLI3BaTL
KPHTHKY.
II pemJJ;e Bcero CJIeJJ;OBaJIO Ha3HatIHTb ce6e nepBoro nOMO HII-
Ra. ECTecTBeHHo, tITO Ha TaKOM nOCTY BCHKHH MHHHCTp XOqeT
HMeTb tIeJIOBeKa, H:OTOPOMY OH nOJIHOCTLIO JJ;OBepHeT, a HaR paa
'3aHHMaBmHH aTY JJ;OJImHOCTb JIeRJIepR He BbI3LIBaJI HHKaKoro JJ;O-
BepHH. MTaK, TIOpro 3aMeHHJI ero JJ;e BaHoM.
COIIOCTaBJIeHHe aTH JJ;BYX JIIOAeii: B MeMyapHoH JIHTepaType
Toro BpeMeHH nOCHT Ha3HJJ;aTeJILHLIH xapaKTep, HanOMHHaH Rap-
THHKH K 6JIarOtIeCTHBOH JIHTepaType. C oJJ;Hoi CTOpOH:bI, JIeKJIepK,
CTaBJIeHHHK Teppa, 3epKaJIbHOe OTpameHHe CBoero X03HHHa. «Ero
BLI3LIBaIOm;aH pOCHomb B03My aJIa ny6JIHKY». Ero OTnpaBIIJIH B
OTCTaBKY 6e3 rreHCHH: «OH 6LIJI CJIlImKOM 6oraT, a rOCYJJ;apCTBO
o6peMeHeHo AOJIral\IH». CLIH JIeKJIepI\a, ero nOMO HHK, He HMeJI
npaBa npeeMCTBeHHOCTH TIH Ha JJ;eJIO OTn;a, HH Ha ero nOCT: «On
6LIJI CJIlImKOM Ha6HT AypHLIMH nplilHD;lIrraMH, 'tfTo6LI ero coxpa-
HIITh» 1, - HO neHCHIO OR nOJIyqHT. C ,n;PyroH CTOpOH:bI, iRan JJ;e
BaH (ypOmJJ;eHHLIH AenaH), 6LIBillHH yrrpaBJIHIOID;HH rOCYJJ;apCTBeH-
-BbJX }J;eJI. B COBeT BXO}J;I:IJIH, KpOMe reHepaJILHLIX KOHTpOJIepOB, XpaBI:ITeJIh
nellaTH, BepTeH, IiIHTea,u;aHTLI «pI:IHaHCOB ,u;'OpMeCCOH, Mopo p;e BOMOH, TpIO-
eH, BYJIOHL 11 rocy,u;apCTBeHHLIii COBeTHI:IK cI>eiiAo Ae MapBHJIL. (8 C hell e.
tt. IV, p. 16.)
1 L'abbe T err a y. Memoires, p. 232.
,rJ1ABA IV. BCTynJIEHHE B l{OJ1iRHOCTb rEHEPAJ1bHOrO ROHTPOJIEPA 85
--
iI:&IX BJIa eHHH ( OMeHOB) B JI:RMome, <peHHKC, OTKp:bIT:bIH Tropro,
I\or,na OB IICKaJI nepBoro ceKpeTapH ,I:(JIH JIHMoma, 3aTeM B 1771 r.
cTaBmHH no MHJIOCTII Teppa ynpaBJIHIO HM rocyp;apcTBeHH:bIMB
BJla,neHHHMH B BpeTaHH. Ero He ynpeKaJIH B pOCKomH: «HHKaROH
seqeCTHOH :n:rp:bI, HHKaKHX JIaKeeB, HHKaKHX npHeMOB». «<PHJIOCO-
,tP UJI , KOTOPYIO OH lICIIOBe,I:(yeT, C eJIaeT ero CHHCXO,I:(IITeJI:bHbIM ;H
..cKpOMH:bIM» 1. EMY npHCYIJ:(a «)J;eHTeJILHaH ,n;o6po eTeJIL», no OB
B3HJI Ha ce6H «HeIIOCHJI:bHYIO 3a,I:(aqy», «OH pa3,I:(aBJIeB THmeJIOH
pa60TOH II TaeT Ha rJIa3aX». OH XY)J;eeT, II ero nO,I:( epmHBaeT
1fOJlbKO COH. 0 ero rrpO<peCCHOHaJI:bH:bIX cnoco6HOCTHX M:bI MomeM
tCYP;HT:b, JIHm:b nOJIaraHCL Ha B:bI60p, C,I:(eJIaHHbIH TIOpro, KOTOpbIH
Bcer,n;a coxpaHHeT K HeMY npHBH3aHHOCT:b II HpOCTHO ero 3am;H-
f aeT, Kor)J;a BparH MHHHCTpa, CJIe YH HCIIbITaHHOH TaKTIIKe, CTa-
palOTCH nopa3HTL TIOpro, Harrap;aH Ha caMoro 6JIH3KOrO eMY CO-
4fpY,I:(HHKa. Mx ,I:(pymecKHe CBH3H He OrpaHH1IHBaJIHC:b <pHHaHCOBbI-
MH ,I:(eJIaMH. IIepenHcKa p;e BaHa C TIOpro, HaXO,I:(H aHCH B apXUBe
JIaHTeHJIH, CO,I:(epmHT IIeqTO BpO,I:(e XpOHHKH C06:bITHH JIHTepaTYP-
HOH, TeaTpaJI:bHOH II xY,I:(OiKeCTBeHHoH iKH3HH Toro BpeMeHH. Mom-
BO 6bIJIO 6bI IIO YMaT:b, qTO TYT He o60mJIOCb 6e3 HeKoToporo rrpe-
YBeJI:rrqeHHH, nOCKOJIbKY H3BecTHo, TITO BeI{OBaH MY POCT:b npH-
BOpHMX cOBeTyeT XBaJIHTL BeJIHKHX JIro eH 3a nx ,I:(HJIeTaHTCKHe
BKYC:bI 6oJI:bme, qeM 3a HX npo<peccHOHaJIbH:ble P;OCToHHcTBa. Ho
.J];e BaH Hl\IeeT TaKoe me npaBo C1IHTaTbCH JIHTepaTopoM, RaK II
YIIpaBJIHIO HM rocy apcTBeHHbIMH BJIa eHHHMH. Be b aTO OH Ha-
nllcaJI «TIoxBaJIbHOe CJIOBO nocpe cTBeHHOCTH». Ha3BaHHe 8TO
MomHO 6bIJIO 6bI rrpHHHTb 3a HaMeR, O)J;HaRO, eCJIH ycrrexH f);e Ba-
Ha H 6bIJIH rrocpe)J;CTBeHHbIMH, HH iKH3Hb ero, HH xapaKTep He
JIHilleHbI opHrHHaJIbHOlJ'rH.
B TY MHHYTY, Ror)J;a B HameM paCCRa3e nOHBJIHeTCH 1Ie.rrOBeK,
ROTOpbliI 6bI.rr TaR TeCHO CBH3aH C eHTeJIbHOCT:bIO TIOpro H Haxo-
.AHJICH npII 3apom)J;eHHH MHorHX Co6LITHH, HaM XOTIeTCH paCCMOT-
peTb ero rr06JIHme.
8Toro CRpbITHoro tIeJIOBeRa BbI,n;aeT ero 6norpa<I>HH. On 6LIJI
()tIeHb CKpoMHoro, a MomeT 6:bITb, H COBceM HH3Koro rrpoHcxoiKJJ;e-
BIIH, HaK 0 HeM rOBOpHJIII (CbIH JIaKeH, nHCaJIH rraM<p.rreTH:CTbI).
EMY npHIIHC:bIBaJiH 6ypnyIO MO.rrO)J;OCT:b: OR HR06bI HrpaJI B TpYIIIIe
1\0Me,I:(HaHTOB, BbIcTyrraBmeH B illa:Q..aHTORe. OR OCTerrelIHJICH II
BbI)J;BHHYJICH nOCJIe BblrO;n;Horo 6paRa, 3aTeM 06JIaropO)J;HJICH II TaR
06TeCaJICH, 1ITO ,IJ:H;n;po Mor HanHcaTb 0 HeM: «Ero JIerKHH II oqa-
pOBaTeJILHbIH TOB, 3aHMCTBOBaHHbIH Y BbIcmero CBeTa».
M:bI He f);OJIiI\H.bI npHHHMaT:b Ha Bepy CJIOBa mIOJIII ;n;e JIecrrHHac
- II npep;CTaBJIHTL ero ce6e qeJIOBeROM CypOB:bIM B o6XOiI\p;eHHJ.iI B
cnapTaH eM B iKH3HH. lIo cpe;n;aM OH aBaJI o6e)J;bI )J;JIH JIHTepa-
--
t
11774.
B a c h a u m 0 n t. Memoires secrets, t. VII, p. 211, 6 septembre
86
'lACTb llEPBAH. HAlfBiRl{A
TOpOB H 6:bIJI HeH3MeHH:bIM pyroM r-mH e JIaBaJI:b H RHHrHHH &
BOBe. lIo 3aKOHY npHTHmeHHH npOTHBOnOJIOmHOCTeH, ROTOp:bliI MDJ
Ha6JIJO aeM B OTHOmeHUHX Mem y KpynH:bIMH eHTeJIHMH II HX
JIro6HM:bIMH COTpY HHKaMH, p;e B:3H 6:bIJI MHrOK, YCTYIITIHB H BCer a
rOTOB YJIa HTb CJIOmHOe eJIo. Ero npOTHBHHRH YBepHJIII, He IIPH-
BOAH, OJ];BaRO, J];ORa3a TeJI:bCTB, lITO OB nopOH Y31amHBaJI HX C31Hm-
ROM xopomo. .IJ:ame J];PY3LH Be CqHTa31H, tITO OB YCTOHT nepe}!
JII06:bIM HCKymeHHeM. ROH opco nHmeT 0 HeM no nOBOJJ;Y J];e31&
o nOTITOBDIX nepeB03Rax: «JI OTIeHL OB031eH, qTO r-H JJ;e B:3B BH-
qero He II031yqHJI. Ero lIeCT:b B:bIHrpa31a ropa3J];0 60JI:bme, qeM
rrOTepH310 ero COCTOHHHe, a TO, tITO B ero nOBe eHHH 6:bIJIO 31Hmb
C31a60CTbIO, nOKa3aJIOC:b 6:bI BH30CT:bIO, eC31H 6:bI OH npeycrre31».
.IJ: e B:3H nOKa3a31 He06:bIKHOBeBHYro rH6KOCT:b, OCTaBaHC:b Ha Me-
CTe B TeqeHHe Bcero npaB31eBHH HeRKepa, H B TO me BpeMH OB,.
Ra3aJIOC:b, BllqeM He HapymHJI CBoeH BepHOCTH Tropro. T031:bKO He-
IIcIIpaBHM:bIH ROBJJ;opce H Ha :3TOT pa3 B:bIpa3H31 HeKOTOp:bIe COMBe-
HHH: «BoIOc:b, KaI{ 6:bI e B:3Ha Be 3aCTaBH31H COXpaBIIT:b MeCTO,.
r,I(e OB Be CMomeT OCTaBaTbCH qeCTH:bIM nOJ]; Haqa310M HeKKepa» 1.
IIocJIe na.n;eHHH HeKKepa J];e B:3B paCCYJ];H31, qTO Tpy;a;BO nepe-
CHJJ;eTb 6031ee Tpex X03HeB (CqHTaH Tepp:3), H o6eCneqH31 ce6e
B:bIro.n;HYro OTCTaBKY, nepeHJ];H Ha npU6:bI31:bHYIO 031mBOCT:b B no-
,n;aTHOM BeJ];OMCTBe B ropoJJ;e RaHH.
OH yme31 OTTYJJ;a, qT06:bI C31ymHTb peB031IO HH IiI nOTOM IIpeTep-
neTb OT Bee. OH 6:bIJI 3aKJIIOqeH B TIOp:bMY, HO H3 MHOmeCTB8I
apeCTOBaBHbIX, KaK 11 OB, oTRynm;HKOB H c60pm;HKOB IIO;a;aTeif,.
nOTITH e HrrCTBeHH:bIif yn;e31e31. BOHana pT, OTOBCIO Y IIoneMHory
Ha6HpaBmHH 31IOp;eH 6JIarOme31aTe31:bH:bIX H KOMneTeHTH:bIX, B:bIJJ;BH-
nY31 ero B rocy apcTBeHB:bIH COBeT. II 6:bI31 pa30qapOBaH: «OH TaR
H OCTa31CH J];31H MeHH 31Hm:b tIe310BeROM, 3aHHBmHM KpaCHoe I\pec-
JIO». B iKH3BH J];e B:3Ha 6:bI310 em;e OJ];HO KpeC310: BO <DpaHn;Y3CKOK
ARa.n;eMHH, tI31eHOM KOTOpOH OH CTa31 B 1803 f., B nOCJIeJ];HHe P;HII
CBoeH mH3BH. OB YMep 'ceMHJ];eCHTH meCTIiI 31eT IIPH HeMHoro TaHH-
CTBeHB:bIX 06CTOHTeJI:bCTBaX, J];aBmHX nOBOJ]; J];JIH pOMaHTHqeCKHX
T031ROB, KOTOp:bIM, CYP;H no ero paCqeTJIUBO nOCTpoeHHOH Kapbepe,.
6:bI310 TPYJ];BO nOBepHT:b 2.
IIepB:bIH nOMOID;HHK Tepp:3 YB31eK 3a C060H B ona31Y BYX Ba-
qaJI:bHHKOB OT,n;e31eBHH: O.n;HB H3 HHX - .IJ: eTym, «npaBaH PYRa a6-
1 Con d 0 r c e t J.-A.-N. Correspondance, p. 291.
2 rOBOpHJIH, 'liTO OB nOKOH'tfiIJI c c060ii OT JIIo6BH, H6o, HecMoTpH H
TO, 'liTO ero CTpaCT:b 6LIJIa npHHHTa 6JIarOCKJIOHBO, B03paCT He n03BOJIHJI eMY
nOJIHOCTblO BOCIIOJIb30BaTbCH CBOHM C'IIaCTbeM. 0 p;e BaBe CM.: Mas son.
Un academicien de l'an XI. - «Revue hebdomadaire», 27 octobre 1906
p. 486; S e g u r. Ope cit., p. 312 et suiv. (rp;e eMY aeTCH BeCbMa Heop;06pII-
TeJIbHaH On;eBKa).
rJIABA IV. BCTynJIEHHE B l{OJ1iRHOCTb rEHEPAJ1bHOrO ROHTPOJIEPA 87
6aTa Teppa, 6LIBmHH xpaHHTeJI:b ero TaHH H pe}J;aKTop ero nary6-
B:&IX nJIaHOB» 1; BTOpOM - AIOnIOH, KOTOpO:DO, KaK rOBopHT HaM
pe aKTOp MeMyapoB Teppa (a ero TPY}J;HO BanO 03pHTb B CHHCXO-
AlITeJIbHOcTH), KameTCH, He B qeM ynpeKHYTL, KpOMe O Horo Bpom-
eHHoro 1I3'bHna: OB ,n;OBO HJICH pO}J;CTBeHHHKOM a66aTY, noaTO-
MY, OTnpaBJIHH ero B OTCTaBKY, C BHM 060mJIHC u b «6oJIee yqTHBO»,
qeM c ,n;pyrHMH 2 . 8TH Ba BaqaJIbHHKa OT,IJ;eJIeHHH 6bIJIH 3aMeHeHbI
JI 3epoM 11 JIaKpya, nOCJIe,IJ;HlIH - 6bIBmHH JIHqHbIH ceKpeTapb
TlOpt'o B JIHMome.
,IJ:pyrHe ,u;OJImHOCTH:bIe JIHD;a OCTaJIHC:b Ha CBOHX MeCTax 3, II
OAHH 1I3 HHX, MeHap ,n;e ROHHmap, KameTCH, 3aCJIymHJI JIHqHOe
)];OBepHe TIOpro, KOTOpbIH nopyqHJI eMY nepenHcaTb H pacnpo-
CTpaHHTb CBoe IIOCJIe}J;Hee nHC:bMO JIro,IJ;OBHKY XVI 4 .
113 meCTH HHTeH aHTOB «pUHaHCOB TIOpro YBOJIIIJI TOJILKO ,IJ;BO-
HX, HO HeMe}J;JIeHHO H «6eCnOBopoTHO», no BbIpameHHro Bo,n;o,-
)];BYX Hepa3JIyqHbIX npoH,n;ox, KpeaTYP a66aTa Teppa - <DYJIJIOHa
II RomeHa, «60JIblliOrO ,<1>YJIJIOHa H MaJIeHbKoro RomeHa». IIepBbIH,
MeJIKHH 6ypmya HB COMIOpa, co6paJI TOprOBJIeH HymHYro CYMMY
)J;JIH OnJIaTbI }J;OJIiKHOCTH BoeBHoro KOMHccapa. «Bora1'LIH, iKHBOH,
XHTp:bIH, }J;ep3KIIH», OB 6LIJI 06H3aH CBOHM ycnexoM TpHiK}J;bI BbI-
naBmeMY CqaCTJIHBoMY cJIyqalO: OB BCTpeTHJI o}J;Horo 3a }J;pyrHM
Tpex nOKpOBHTeJIeii, cnoco6HbIX On;eHHTb B }J;PyrHx npe,n;npIIHMqH-
BOCTb IiI 6ecnp1IHD;HnBOCTb (npH YCJIOBIIII, qTO OHH nOCJIymaT HM
Ha nOJIL3Y) - KaqeCTBa, KOTOp:bIMH OHH caMH 6LIJIII e}J;po o}J;ape-
BLI. TaKoBbI MapmaJI ,n;e BeJIb-lIJI:b, repD;or ,n;e illya3eJIb II caM
a66aT Teppa, KOTOp:bIH On;eHHJI aTO «KaMeBHoe cep}J;D;e» H c}J;eJIaJI
<1>YJIJIOHa CBOHM npe}J;IIOJIaraeM:bIM BaCJIe}J;HHKoM.
Y RomeHa, HanpoTHB, Bce OqeHb MeJIKOe, OrpaHIPIeHlIoe: «Ma-
JIeHb.KHH 6YPiKyaaHLIH YMHmKo, MeJIKHe npe}J;paccY}J;KH, JIiKHBLIH
II nO}J;JILIH MeJIKHH 6ec, xopomHH cJIyra, paCToponHLIH II HacTLIp-
HLIH» 5, BIIpOqeM, RomeH JIyqmero npOlIcxom}J;eHHH, qeM ero .IIpHH-
TeJIb: OB KY3eB ,n;e JIaBep H COBeTHHK napJIaMeHTa. .IJ:OJIiKHO
6bITb, aTHM 06'bHCHHeTCH, qTO OR nOKHHYJI CBOH IIOCT C «BoeHHLIMH
UOqeCTHMH», B qeM 6LIJIO OTKaBaHO <l>YJIJIOHY. M TOT II }J;pyroH
6LIJIH Ha3HaqeHLI Ba CBOH }J;OJIiKHOCTH, H HM MOrJIH npHKa3aTh
YCTynHT:b aTH MeCTa. Ho RomeH npe}J;Ba plITeJILHO npo}J;aJI CBOIO
lJ;OJIiRHOCTb KOpOJIIO, KOTOpLIH ynpa3}J;HHJI ee, B TO BpeMH KaK Ro-
meH e e IIpO}J;OJImaJI BLIIIOJIHHTb CBOH «PYBKD;HH. IIocJIe OTCTaBKI'I
1 L'abb6 T err a y. Memoires. Paris, 1776, p. 210.
2 HaM KameTcH, o,n;HaKo, MaJIOBepOHTHbIM, 1JTo6DI Tropro PYKOBO,n;CTBO-
BancH TOJIbKO aTHM co06pameHHeM; OB OCTaBHJI Ha MeCTe HHTeH,n;aHTa MOH-
T06aHa, po,n;Horo IIJIeMHHHHKa Teppa, HOCHBmero D}J;o6aBOK TO me HMH.
3 Bpoa, BHJIbe BMeCTe co CBOHM 6paToM BHJIbe IO Teppam, Bap6a.
4 S C hell e, t. IV, p. 417, note.
i 8TH pa3Hble On;eHKH B3HTDI y Bo,u;o HJIH HS MeMyapoB Teppa, HO
't'pa3bI npHBe,n;eHbI He OCJlOBHO.
88
TJ:ACTb llEPBAH. HA!{EiKlfA
OH COXpaHHJI nOJlyqeHHYro CYMMY H nOJIyqaJl K TOMY iRe nOiKHS.
HeHUYro peHTY. «XopomeHbKaH ,n;06:bIqa Y 8TIIX MeJlKHX 6ypmya
C YJlH :bI CeH-AeHH», - CKaSaJl no 3TOMY nOBO,n;y Bo,n;o. IIycTL 06a
OHH 6ypmya, nYCTL 06a mYJlHKH, HO Bce me JIyqme 6:bITL napH-
maHHHOM, qeM npOBHH HaJlOM, II npHHTH lIS cy,n;a, qeM OT npR-
JIaBKa. «IIJlYTHH» H «TeMH:bIe ,n;eJlHmKH», «rpH3H:bIe MaXHHan;HH»
II «no,n;TaCOBKH» - BOT XO}J;OB:bIe CJlOBa B paCCKasax Toro BpeMeHH
o <l>YJlJlOHe II I\omeHe; ocym,n;aro HH CM:bICJI 3THX CJlOB He B:bI3bI-
8aeT COMHeHHH. Ho, IIsyqaH no paCCKasaM H ,n;OKYMeHTaM HX XHT-
POYMHYro ,n;eHTeJIbHOCTb B eJIOM, HaM TPy,n;HO YCTaHOBHT:b, KaKYIO
qaCTL YJlOBOK CJle,n;yeT OTHeCTH sa C1JeT IIX <pHCKaJIbHOrO pBeHIIH H
meJlaHHH HarrOJlHHTb HCTo eHHYro Ka3HY, a KaKYro - sa CqeT Ma-
XHHa HH ,n;JIH c06CTBeHHoro 060ra eHHH.
8Ta 6bICTpaH, HO OrpaHHqeHHaH lIHCTKa <pIIHaHCOBoro anrrapa-
Ta He 060mJlaCb 6e3 «60JlbmOrO BOJlHeHHH H 6pomeHHH npH }J;BO-
pe». Ho 06m;eCTBeHHoe MHeHHe, BeC:bMa Bpam,n;e6HO HacTpoeHHoe
K CTaBJleHHHKaM Teppa, 6e30rOBOpOqHO npHBeTCTBOBaJIO ee, 0 qeM
MomHO Cy,n;HTb no OT3:bIBaM MeMyapHcToB II XpOHHCTOB.
qTO KacaeTCH saMeHbI <l>YJIJlOHa II nomeHa, TO Tropro npHHHJI
aerrpOCTbIe pemeHHH, qTO, BrrpOqeM, 061>HCHHeTcH ,n;OBOJI:bHO He-
pa HOHaJIbHOH CTPYKTYPOM caMOM opraHHSa IIH MHHHCTepCTBa, KO-
TopaH He HCXO}J;HJIa H3 CTpOHHoro 06m;ero nJlaHa, a npH6eraJIa
K rrepe,n;eJIKaM H norrpaBKaM. BeJIHKHH peq,opMaTop B }J;aHHOM
cJlyqae He nOpBaJI CO CTapOH Tpa,n;H HeH. On BbI,n;eJIHJI HeKOTopbI9
<PYHK HH <DYJIJIOHa II nepe,n;a.rr IIX yme saHHBmeMY CBOH nOCT HH-
TeH,n;aHTY EYJIOHro. ApyrIIe 06H3aHHOCTH rrepem,JIII K HOBOMY IIH-
TeH,n;aHTY - BYTaHY, rocy;n;apcTBeHHOMY cOBeTHHKY., ;n;aBHHlliHeMY
HHTeH,n;aHTY <pHHaHcOB II, KaK rOBOpIIJIII, ;n;pyry TIopro, o,II;naKO
TaJIaHTbI ero CTaBHJIHCb no).]; cOMHeHHe, H OB HrpaJI JIHllib He3Ha-
tIHTeJI:bHYro pOJIb. «8TO qeJIOBeK OrpaIIHqeHH:bIH, - nHmeT «iRyp-
HaJIb IICTOPHK», - KOTOp:bIfI BceMepHo CO;n;eHCTBOBaJI paSBaJIY OCT-
Mn;n;CKOH KOMnaHHH, II r-H ;n;e JIopar3 OC:bIIIaJl ero e;n;KHMH na-
CMemKaMH». IIpaB;n;a, Bpam;rI;e6HOCTb JIopara B rJla3aX Tropro CJIY-
mHJIa BYTaHY BeCKOM peKOMeH}J;an;HeH, oc06eHHO B nO;n;06HOM ;n;eJIe,
Kor,n;a Harra;n;KH Ha BYT8aa 3a;n;eBaJlH H a66aTa MopeJIJIe l . Brro-
CJIe;n;CTBHH Tropro CypOBO OT03BaJICH 0 rrOBe;n;eHHH EYT3aa, «KO-
TOp:bIH, KaK rOBopHT, HMeJl HHSOCTb npOCHTb [0 qeM-TO] HeKKepa t
lIbH MaHeBpbI B ;n;eJIe OCT-MH}J;CKOH KOMrraHHH OB BH}J;eJI II pa-
306JIaqHJI» 2 .
1 rpa<p e JIopar3 CHaqaJIa HanHCaJI 'npoTHB MopeJIJIe II BYT3Ha aHO"
HIIMHbIH naM<pJIeT, aaTeM: COqHHeHHe, rp;e aBTopCKYro aaByaJIl:IpOBaHHYIo
no nlIeb HeTpY HO 6blJIO pa3ra aTb (rpa<I> e xxx), Ha qTO MopeJIJIe OTBeTIIJI
caMbIM ,n;ep3I\H.M: o6pa30M: «EbITb MOiI\eT, H OTBeTHJI 6bI Ba aBOHI:IMH6e npo-
H3Be eHHe, KOTopoe MorJI'o 6bI npOH3BeCTH HeKOTopoe BneqaTJIeUHe Ha ny6-
JiHRY, HO, K G'Iac.TbIO P;JIH MeHH, aBTOp ce6H Ha3BaJI...»
2 IIHcbMO OT 24 HIOJIH 1777 r. S C h Q II e, t. V, p. 526; B a c h a u-
rn 0 n t. Op. cit., t. XIX, p. 175 et 176. ITo CJIOBaM Toro me BamoMoHa
rJ1ABA IV. BC!. ynJIEHHE B l{OJ1iRHOCTb rEHEPAJIbHOrO ROHTPOJIEPA 89
HaKOHe , nOCJIe,n;HHH qaCTb o6H3aHHocTeH <DYJIJlOHa nepemJIa K
UOBOMY npaBOHaCJIe,n;HHH:Y. PeqL n,n;eT 0 MoneTHoM ;rJ;BOpO, npeBpa-
ro;eH HOM B caMOCTOHTeJIbHOe yrrpaBJIeHHe II ;rJ;oBepeHHoM "tIpe3BbI
,qaiHLIM pemeHHeM COBeTa Cl>apmecy, 6bIBJIIeMY IIHTeH;rJ;alITY Eop-
.A 0 , KOTOPOMY He 6bIJIO nORa npHCBoeHO 3BaHHe HHTeH,n;aHTa <p II -
aaHCOB, HO aaTO n03iHe OB ,n;OJImeH 6bIJI nOJIY\lllTb 3BaHHe HHTeH-
1
aHTa TOprOBJIII ·
8TO 6:bIJI T aTeJlbHO 06,n;YMaHHLIH BLI60p TIOpro, ROTOp:bIH Ha-
HallHJI <l>apmeca BMeCTO AJI:b6epa, ,n;oBeplIB eMY XJIe6H:bIe ;a;eJla.
B nOJl:b3Y Cl>apmeca rOBOpHJIO TO, lITO ero OTCTaBHJI a66aT Teppa.
B TO BpeMH TIOpro CTaJI Ha ero CTOPOHY. R TOMY iRe ClIHTaJIH,
QTO \<Papmec HanHlIRaH TeopHHMH 3ROHOMHCTOB. «By,n;YT rOBO-
PUTb, 'tfTO BbI XOTHTe oRpymHT:b ce6H JIHmb JIIO,n;bMH, pa3,n;eJlHIO H-
Mil BamH TeOpllll»2. HaBepHO, HMeHHO no aToH npH'tfHHe ero Ha-
Ha"tleHHe He BCTpeTHJlO e,n;HHo,n;ymHoro o,n;06peHHH.
Ero npHBeTCTBOBaJlH pe,n;aRTOp «MeMyapOB» Teppa H MeTpa B
.«IIepenHcRe», HO OHO B:bI3BaJlO B03pameHHe B «iKYPHaJlb HCTO-
PHR»: «IIe,n;aHTHqHoCT:b nOCJIe,n;Hero [<Papmeca], nO-BH,n;HMOMY
pa3,n;eJlHIO erO npHHD;Hn:bI TIOpro, n06y,n;HJIa [reHepaJl:bHOrO KOH-
TpOJlepa] npHBJIe"tl:b <PapiKeca B CBoe MHHHCTepCTBO, lITO He CBH-
eTeJI:bCTByeT 06 aROHOMHH, H60 BOT e e lIeJIOBeR, ROTOPOMY npH-
eTCH nJlaTHTb 3a pa60TY, BbInOJIHHBmYIOcH HHTeH,n;aHToM <pHHaH-
COB». ,RpHTHRa TeM 60JIee HecnpaBe,n;JIIIBaH, "tITO MeCTO HHTeH,n;aHTa,
()cB06oiK,n;eHHoe <PYJIJlOHOM, 6:bIJIO ynpa3,n;HeHO.
O,n;HaRo lIepe3 nOJlro,n;a OHO 6:bIJIO C 60JI:bmOH HeoxoToH BOC-
CTaHOBJIeHO TIopro no HaCTOHHHIO Mopena pa,n;H ero po,n;cTBeHHHRa
H npoTeme AMeJIO ,n;e maHY, HHTeH,n;aHTa ByprYH,n;1I1I 3 . ECJIIi 6bI
Tropro Mor npe,n;BH,n;eTb 6y,n;ym;ee, TO BMeCTO HeOXOTHoro COrJlaCHH,
06n,n;eBmero Mopena 4 , OB OTBeTRJI 6bI eMY pemHTeJI:bHbIM OTRa30M.
1160 TOT me AMeJIO, npo,n;BHraeM:bIH TeM me Mopena H CTaBmHH
IIOTOM npOTHB BOJIH TIOpro MHHHCTpOM ROpOJleBCROro ,n;Bopa, no...
cJlymHJI pemaIO HM nOBo,n;OM }J;JIH ROH<pJIHKTa Mem,n;y ,n;BYMH MH-
IIHcTpaMH II CTHHYJI nOCJle,n;HHH Y3eJl pOROBoro RpH3IICa. 8Ta MeJl-
RaH comRa Ha HCTOpHqeCROH CD;eHe npOCJIaBHJIaC:b JlHmb 6J1aro-
{t. XIX, p. 110), 6LIJI BLlny:w:eH em;e II naM<pJIeT B rpaBlOpax, «r,u;e 11306pa-
HJIH o6m;ee c06paHlie aK IIOHepOB». B HeM yqaCTByeT II reHepaJILHbIH KOHT-
pOJIep C CH,u;Hm;HM CJIeBa OT Hero BYT8HOM, «B Be,u;eHIIII KOToporo HaXO,IJ;HTCH
.Bra KOMnaHHH, Mem TeM KaK OH HpOCTHee Bcex ,IJ;06HBaeTCH ee pa3BaJIa»,
.a Y Bor ero CH}J;HT 60JIbmOH aHrJIHHCKHH ,u;or C ropH HMII rJIa3aMH, OCI\aJIeH-
HOH naCTblO, Om;eTHHHBmIlHCH OT 6emeHCTBa... «KOToporo X03HHH HaYCLKII-
eaeT, npHrOBapliBaH: «RYCH! KYCII!» (Mords-les) - maJIKHH H meCTOKIiB
HaMeK Ha IIMH aBTopa MeMyapa» (MopeJIJIe).
1. I1HCLMO TplO,u;eHY OT 27 MapTa 1775 r. S C hell e, t. IV, p. 295.
2 Con d 0 r C e t. Correspondance, p. 196, 1774 (He ,u;aTHpoBaHo).
:3 XO}J;HJIH CJlYXH, 6y,u;TO AMeJIO 6bIJI BHe6paQHbIM CLIHOM Mopena.
J]:pyrue, Be Melleo 3JIOiI{eJIaTeJILHbIe, HO onpOBepralO He nepBLle CJIYXH,
yrBepm,u;aJIII, QTO 06a OHH 6LIJIII QT nplIpo;D;LI HMnOTeHTaMH.
, A u g ear d. Ope cit., p. 85.
90
lJACTb IIEPBAH. HAl{EiRl{A
AapH OCTpOTe CBOerO nOKpOBHTeJIH: «HHKTO He CO"tlTeT, "tITO aToro
JI B3HJI sa ero YM» 1.
HaCJIep;CTBO MaJIeH:bKOrO KomeHa 6:bIJIO 3Ha"tlHTeJI:bHO JIerqe
rrpHCTpOHTb: KOpOJIeBCKHe BJIa)J;eHHH, COCTaBJIHBmHe 3Ha"tlHTeJI:bHYIO
ero "tIaCT:b H 6LIBmHe B TO iRe BpeMH rJIaBHOH npH"tIHHOB ero 113-
BeCTHOCTH, 6:bIJIH nopY"tIeH:bI PyrOMY IIHTeHp;aHTY, OCTaBmeMYCH
Ha MeCTe, Mopo }J;e BOMOHY, YBamaeMOMY a}J;MHHHCTpaTOpy, H3BeCT-
HOMY CHOHM TpaKTaTOM 0 HaJIOrax.
Cpe)J;H nHTH HHTeH}J;aHTOB TOprOBJIH 6:bIJIO TaKme }J;Boe YBOJIeU-
UbIX. O.n;HH 6e3BeCTH:bIH lIHTeH,n;aHT no HMeHII BHpJIeBO (3aMeHeH-
HbIM C HeKOTOp:bIM 3an03}J;aHHeM <l>apmeCOM) H, rJIaBHOe, Bpome
Ae CeH-IIpe, KOTOPOMY Teppa nopY"tIHJI B 1770 r. npO}J;OBOJILCTBeH-
Hoe cHa6meHHe, nOCTaBHB ero Ha MeCTO Pyra TIOpro JIH6epaJIa
AJI:b6epa 2 .
BLI}J;BHHYBmaH ero PYKa, KaK II caMa c<pepa ero }J;eHTeJI:bHO-
CTH - BOT }J;Be npJItlHHLI, ;rJ;OCTaTOtIH:bIe, lITo6LI 3aCJIYiKHT:b ny6JIHQ-
Hoe ocyiK}J;eHHe, }J;ame eCJIH 6LI Bpome 6:bIJI O"tleH:b lIeCTHLIM "tIe-
JIOBeKOM. Ho aTO HIIKaK HeJI:b3H 6:bIJIO cKa3aTL 3 .
O}J;HaKo TIOpro JIHmL 16 OKTH6pH HanpaBHJI KOpOJIIO MeMYap
C npOC:b60H 06 OTCTaBKe Bpome. Ha HeM M:bI HaXO HM nOMeTKY,
Cp;eJIaHHYIO PYKOH caMoro JIIOp;oBHKa XVI 4.
B03MomHO, "tITO Ha }J;eJIe Bpome 6:bIJIO npe)J;JIOmeHO npeKpa THTL
HCnOJIHeHHe CBOHX 06H3aHHOCTeH e e paHLme, HO ero CJIyme6Hoe
UOJIOmeHHe 6:bIJIO pemeHO TOJI:bKO nOCJIe npOBep;eHHH paCCJIe}J;OBa-
911H. YXO)J; Bpome )J;e CeH-IIpe 6:bIJI OTMeqeH O)J;HOH Ir3 3HaMeHH-
TLIX OCTpOT TOB anOXH. Kor)J;a OH pemllJI C)J;aTL BHaeM CBOH pOC-
KomH:bIH }J;OM, npHo6peTeHHe KOToporo eMY CTaBIIJIII B BHHY, Ha
061>HBJIeHHH 0 c)J;aqe q:bH-TO 030pHaH PYKa HalIepTaJIa KpynH:bIMH
6YKBaMH: «MY"tIHOH BOpen;» 5.
1 BapHaHT ROHp;opce: «IIo KpaHHeH Mepe BHKTO Be CKameT, 'liTO 3TOT
CJIHIDKOM YMeH». (Correspondance, p. 303.)
2 HHqTO . He nop;TBepmp;aeT, HeCMOTpH Ba B03HHKmHe B TO npeMH
nO}J;03peHHH, 6Y}J;TO a66aT OCTaHOBHJI Ba HeM CBOH BLI60p B paCqeTe 06JIerqUTb
cneKYJIHTHBHbIe MaXHHaD;HH. Kor}J;a nOCJIe nOCTaBOBJIeHHH B ,n;eKa6pe
1770 r. HaMeTHJICH nOBopoT B nOJIHTHKe, BnOJIHe eCTecTBeHHo, qTO Teppa He
aaXOTeJI OCTaBHTL Y ce6H B KaqeCTBe OTBeTCTBeHHoro COTpyp;HHKa qeJIOBeRa,
rJIy6oKo CBHsaHHoro C ocymp;eHHLIMII Torp;a lI eHMII 11 npaKTHRoH, C ROTO-
poi C06HpaJIHCb nOKOHqHTL.
3 IIO-BHP;HMOMY, Tropro OqeHb CKOpO pemHJI YBOJIHTL Bpome H Bep-
HYTL Ha ero MeCTO AJIL6epa. MLI HaXO}J;HM ynOMHHaHHe 06 aTOM 11 Y M-JIb
e JIecIIHHac, IIOJIy-qaBmei CBep;eHHH OT TlOpro, 11 y r-mll ,ZJ;Io}J;e«paH, IIpep;-
CTaBIITeJILHHD;LI npoTHBHOH napTHII. (lVI-lIe de L e s pin ass e. Correspon
danc , t. IV, p. 194, 27 aout; Mme DuD e f fan d. Correspondance, t. II,
p. 429.)
4 Met r a. Correspondance, t. I, p. 84 et 102.
5 «Journal historique», t. VI, p. 162.
rJIABA IV. BCTynJIEHHE B p,OJIiRHOCTb rEHEPAJIbHOrO HOHTPOJIEPA 91
CaMblX 60JI:bmIIx nepeMeH OiKII,n;aJIII B a,n;MIIHIICTpaTIIBHOM an-
napaTe npoBHH IIii, a IIMeHHO TaM IIX 6:bIJIO MeH:bme Bcero, npaK-
TUQeCKII He 6:bIJIO COBceM. I10cJIe Bap<pOJIOMeeBcKoH HOqlI MIIHII-
CTpOB a66a T Bo,n;o B n:bIJIY ycep,n;IIH, CTaBmero BnOCJIe,n;CTBIIII ro-
pa3,n;o 60JIee OnaCH:bIM, 061>HBIIJI 0 rOToBH:rn;eHcH Bap<POJIOMeeBCKoii
HOQH IIHTeH,n;aHTOB 1. IIy6JIHKa ra,n;aeT, q:b1I rOJIOBDI ,n;OJIiKHDI CJIe-
TeT:b. Ha3:bIBaIOT IIMeHa (060IIX BepT:be, I<t>JIeCCeJIH, KaJIOHHa, Tep-
,p9), no,n;CqIIT:bIBaIOT. «He MeH:bme 17, - YTOqHHeT «iKYPHaJI:b IICTO-
PIIK» 2 , - 3a TO, QTO OHII npHHIIMaJIH yqaCTIIe B MOHOnOJIIIII». 110
8TOMY 9nII30,n;y M:bI BII,n;IIM, ,n;o KaKOH HeJIenOCTII ,n;OXO,n;HT 6acHlI
o npo,n;oBOJI:bCTBeHHoM cHa6iKeHlIlI rocy,n;apCTBa II KaR OHM OTpaB-
JIHIOT 06m;eCTBeHHoe MHeHIIe. KaR MOrJIH 6DI HIITeH,n;aHTDI 6:bIT:b
3al\femaHHDll\tIH: B ,n;OJIax, KOTopDIe HM He IIo,n;BJIaCTH:bI, KOTopDIe Be-
J1,YT H y6:bITHaM II ,n;aIOT B03MOiRHOCTII ,n;JIH crreRYJIHII;IIII H 06MaHa
TOJI:bHO II;eHTpaJI:bHOMY '3BeHY ynpaBJIOHIIH TOprOBJIen? A,n;MIIHII-
CTpaTIIBH:bIH arrnapaT Bcell CTpaH:bI e:rn;e He pa3Bpa:rn;eH II He TaR
YiK 6e3,n;apeH, eCJIII Cy,n;HT:b no nIIC:bMaM COBpeMeHHHKOB. TIOpro
3HaeT 06 9TOM II coxpaHHeT XJIa,n;HOHpOBHe. HlIRaKHx CMeIIJ;eHHii,
HIIKaRIIX Ha3HaqeHIIn. CJIe,n;yeT TOJI:bKO HaHTII ce6e 3aMeHY B JIII-
MOiKe, TaR KaK Ha3HaqeHHDIii BHaqaJIe Ha aTO MeCTO JIeHyap CTaJI
TYT me JIeHTeHaHTOM nOJIIIII;IIII, He ycneB ,n;aiKe npIIeXaT:b. B JIII-
MOiK noe,n;eT ,n;'8H 1I3 BaiioHH:bI. q TO HacaeTCH BaiioHHDI, TO aTOT
KOpOJIeBCRIIH IlO)J;aTHOH oKpyr nonpOCTY COJI:beTCH C oKpyroM Om,
HHTeH,n;aHT KOToporo iKYPHe nOJIyqHT nOJIynoBDImeHIIe II c,n;eJIaeT
mar Ha nYTII K CBoeH TparnqeCKOH cy,n;:b6e.
HaROHe , TIOpro He Mor ynYCTIIT:b B03MOiKHOCTII BBeCTH B CBOB
mTa6 II CBOHX JIlIqHDIX COTpy,n;HIIKOB.
OH npII3BaJI K ce6e AIOnOHa ,n;e HeMypa, KOH,n;opce II MopeJI-
lIe. II epB:ble ,D;BOe 6LIJIH ero 6JIII3KIIMII ,n;PY3:bHMII, nOJI:b30BaBmIIMII-
oCR nOJIH:bIM ,n;OBepIIeM, ero nOCTOHHH:bIMII KoppecnOH,n;eHTaMII.
TpeTbero, CBoero CTaporo TOBapII:rn;a, OH eHIIJI 3a YM II ,n;06po,n;y-
'mHe, HO He 6:bIJI CBH3aH C HIIM Y3aMlI IICTIIHHOll ,n;YXOBHOH 6JIII-
3QCTII. .D:IOnoH Haxo,n;IIJICH B I10JI:bme, 6JIarOCJIOBeHHOii 3eMJIe aKO-
BOMlICTOB. Y CTaB OT THiKKIIX HCn:bITaHRH nplI 1I3,n;aHHH aKOHOMnqe-
-CKoro mypHaJIa H oc06eHHO OT B03HlI C ,n;OJIrOB:bIMH 06H3a TeJI:bCTBa-
MH, OH CBH3aJI ce6H 30JIOTDIMH enHMII C KHH3eM qapTOp:bICKIIM.
Tropro B:bI3BaJI ero KOpOJIeBCKIIM nplIKa30M 19 ceHTH6pH, OCTaBIIJI
npu ce6e, B CBoeM JIIIqHOM ceKpeTapHaTe, a 3aTeM Ha3HaqIIJI
reHepaJI:bH:bIM IIHCneKTopOM TOprOBJIII II MaHy<paRTYP. 8TO 060-
nIJIOCh <ppaH Y3cKOMY npaBIITeJI:bCTBY B 21 816 JIIIBpOB, B03MeIIJ;eH-
ULIX nOJI:bCKOMY BeJI:bMOiKe, a caM AIOnoH nOTepHJI Ha 9TOM, 6es
t
'2
B a u de a u. Journal, p. 410-411..
«Journal historique», 1774, 19 septembre.
92
TlACTb llEPBAH. HAl{EiRl{AJ
ROJIe6aHHH H Ge3 e,n;HHOii iKaJIo6:bI, pOCKOmHOe iKaJIOBaH:be II 06e-
m;aHlIe He60JI:bmoro COCTOHHIIH 1 . KOH,n;opce, KOTOp:bIH OKa3aJICH Ha
HeCTe, G:bIJI TaKiKe Ha3HaqeH reHepaJI:bHDIM IIHCneKTopOM TOprOBJIH,.
npeiK,n;e qeM CTaJI ,n;HpeKTopOM MOHeTHoro ,n;Bopa (nOCJIe nOB:bI-
meHIIH <1>apiKeca), HO, TaK KaK OH 6:bIJI K TOMY iKe ceKpe'TapeM
AKa,n;eMHII HaYK, eMY nOCTa paJlIIC:b o6eCneqIIT:b 60JIee B:bICOKOa
B03HarpaiK,n;eHHe - 2 T:bIC. aKlO, ROTOp:bIe 6:bIJIII ,n;JIH Hero qeM-T()
Bpo,n;e npe,n;ocy,n;IITeJI:bHOii npH6aBKH, qTO BDI3BaJIO 6eCKOHeqH:bIe 11
cKyqHeMmHe OCJIOiKHeHIIH. 8TH paaJIIIqH:bIe HaaHaqeHIIH, eCJIII ,n;o-
6aBIIT:b K HIIM e:rn;e HeCKOJI:bKO JI1PIHDIX MHJIOCTeii, HanpIIMep neH-
CillO, nOiKaJIOBaHHYIO ero CTapOMY yqHTeJIIO HeCqaCTHOMY a66aTY
CHropHlO, HaBJIeKJIII Ha Tropro, JIHqHOe 6eCKOp:bICTIIe KOToporo He
B:bI3:bIBaJIO COMHeHHH, peaKIIe ynpeKII B TOM, qTO OH CJIlImKOM w;e,IJ;-
po pacxo,n;yeT rocy,n;apCTBeHHDIe ,n;eH:brII, Kor,n;a ,n;eJIO KacaeTCH ero.
,n;pY3eH. ECTeCTBeHHO, qTO, He ,n;onYCKas: SJIoynoTpe6JIeHHH, OH BCe-
iKe 6:bIJI MeHee CTpor R ,n;pyrIIM, qeM K ce6e caMOMY. KOH,n;opce
npe,n;ynpeiK,n;aJI ero 06 aTIIX TOJIKaX, nOKaaaB nplI aTOM c06CTBeH,..
Hoe 6eCKOp:bICTIIe: «rOBOpHT, qTO ,n;eH:brH ,n;JIH Bac HHqTO, Kor,n;a
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06BHHeHHH»2.
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TOpHH, paBHO npe,n;aHH:bIe H paBHO nOJI:bSYIO:rn;IIeCH ,n;OBepHeM, CTOS:-
IIe pH,n;OM C Tropro H CBH3aHH:bIe C HIIM TeMII iKe qYBCTBaMII D
TeOpHHMII, AlOnoH H KOH,n;opce npe,n;CTaBJIHlOT, aa Ham B3rJIH,n;,
tP IIr yp:bI, ,n;onOJIHHlOm;He ero npH BceH IIX KOHTpaCTHOCTH. POJlb
AlOnoHa, HeCOMHeHHO, 60JIee 3HaqHTeJI:bHa, ero nOMo:rn;:b 60JIee no-
cToHHHa, 60JIee Henocpe,n;CTBeHHa H Heo6xo,n;IIMa. 06a OHH JIlO,n;a
rOpHqHe, HO ll:bIJI .D:lOnoHa qa:rn;e npOHBJIHeTCH B 0,n;06peHIIII II BOC-
XIIIIJ;eHIIII, a n:bIJI KOH,n;opce, HecMoTpH Ha BHemHlOlO MHrKOCTb
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KIIX CJIyqaHx ero Ha3:bIBalOT «Ba6eCHBllIIIHCS: HrHeHOK» IIJIH «TaR
Ha3:bIBaeM:bIM ,n;06PHK ROH,n;opCe».
Y nepBoro BHemHOCT:b J];OBOJI:bHO saypH,n;HaH, H 06:rn;aT:bCH C HIIM
aeTpy,n;HO. BTOpOM B:bIrJIH,n;HT 60JIee iKIIBOnIICHO, nOqTH aKc eHTplIq..
ao; OH 6eCIIOKoeH, HepOBeH B 06pa:rn;eHHH, HO 06JIa,n;aeT 60JIee TOH"
ROH IIHTYHII;HeH. AlOnoH no cy:rn;eCTBY OCTaeTCH yqeHIIKOM, KOTO-
POMY nopoH He,n;OCTaeT TOqHOCTH (OH aa6MBaeT ,n;aTHpOBaT:b CBOD
llHC:bMa) IIJIH TaKTa, HO OH HHKor,n;a He TepHeT n:bIJIa HJIII BepDJ
II He ,n;onYCKaeT HIIKaKIIX BoapaiKeHIIH, eCJIH yqHTeJI:b BDICKa3aJJ
CBoe MHeHHe.
1 Emerop;Hoe maJIOBaHbe B 3 TbIC. YKaTOB (33 TbIC. JIHBpOB), 3aTeMi
KBapTHpy H eHemHYro Harpa}J;y B 110 TLIC. IDeJIJIL HCllHCJIHeT eHemHbIe
1I0TepH ,lJ;ronoHa B 380 TbIC. JIHBpOB, CJIe}J;oBaTeJILHO, no HaWHM cOH3MepHMLIH
IIOKaaaTeJIHM, OKOJIO 750 MJIH. <ppaHKoB.
2 Con d 0 r C e t. Correspondance, p. 199.
rJIABA IV. BCTYllJ1EHHE B l{OJIiRHOCTb rEHEPAJ1bHOrO ROHTPOJIEPA 9
KOH,n;opce, CKOpee, COeeTllUn - MLI He rOBopHM COBeTHHR, Ta:&
KaK OB jj;aeT COBeTLI 6e3 BCHKOH CHCTeMLI, nOCTOHHHO nepeCbIllaeT
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qam;e Bcero ero COBeTaM, Kacaro HMcH cy ecTBa ,n;eJIa, He CJIe-
AyIOT - H 3TO 01leHb iKaJIb! 1160 3TOT lIeJIOBeK, 0 KOTOpOM coxpa-
BIIJlOCb CTOJILKO xBaJIe6HLIX H, nO-BH,n;HMOMY, npaB,n;HBDIX OT3LI-
BOB, cero,n;HH npHBJIeKaeT Hame BHHMaHHe e,n;HHCTBeHHLIM Kaqe-
CTBOM, HHKor,n;a He ynoMIIHaBmHMCH ero COBpeMeHHHKaMH:
He06bIKHOBeHHDIM nOHHMaHHeM nOJIBTHqeCKOH nCHXOJIOrHH. ECJIB'
OB CHallaJIa BBO,n;HJI B 3a6JIYiK,n;eHHe COBpeMeHHBKOB CBoeH BHem-
HOCTbIO, TO, KaiKeTCH, OB e e ,n;OJIbme BBO,n;HJI B 3a6JIYiK,n;eHlIe 110-
TOMKOB CJIOiKBBmHMCH 0 HeM npe,n;aHBeM.
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rqeHHbIH B:bIlIHCJIeHHHMH H Ta6JIH aMH, BKJIa,n;LIBaIO BH CBoe JlHq-
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THqeCKHM MeTo,n;OM JleqeHHH orry eHHH iKeJIy,n;Ra rOTbe H TYT iRe
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BOJIHYIO Yro MHHYTY OnaJILI l .
MLI HHRaK He MOiKeM rrpe,n;CTaBHT:b ero ce6e qeJIOBeROM CYXHM:
BonpOCLI iKH3HH COII;BaJIbHOi, 3MOII;HoHaJIbHoH H ,n;aiRe Ma TepHaJIb-
BOH cMeHHroT Y Hero ,n;Pyr ,n;Pyra, KaK B KaJIei,n;oCKone. OH pa60-
TaeT no ,n;eCHTb qaCOB B ,n;eH:b, Y Hero ,n;Ba,n; aTb KoppecnOH,n;eHTOB
JJ;eCHT:b 6JIH3KBX ,n;PY3eH, H RaiK,n;bIH B3 HHX, He XBaJIHC:b, Mor 6Lli
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BaeM:bIe pa)J;IIKaJILHLIe llIKOJI:bI 06'bHBJIHroT ero CBOHM npe,n;meCT-
.BeHHlIROM.
qTO RacaeTCH rocy,n;,apCTBeHHOH tPOpM:bI npanJIeHHH, TO era
CMYTHO npIIBJIeKaeT pecrry6JIHKaHCKaH H eH: «Pecrry6JIHRaHCRaH
KOHCTlITy:qHH - caMaH JIY1ImaH H3 BCeX». Ho OH He pemaeTCH,
RaR II caM Tropro, )J;OBeCTH ,n;o ROHn;a CBOIO MLICJIL, XOTH II tPop-
MYJIIIpyeT ee: «IIoCROJI:bRY rrpaBO ocy:rn;eCTBJIHTL 3aKOHO aTeJIL--
JIYIO BJIaCT:b... O)J;HO H3 npaB 1IeJIOBeRa». OHH ROJIe6J1roTcH rrepe,n
HOBH3HOH ee npaKTIIqeCROrO rrpHMeHeHIIH. «H HHRor,n;a He BII,n;eJI
pecrry6JIIIRaHCROH KOHCTHTy:qIIH», - B:bIHYiK,n;aeT OH CKa3aT:b Tropro
(paccYiK,n;eHHe, aHaJIOr]2[1lHOe CJIOBaM PeHaHa rro rrOBO)J;y co:qHaJIH-
CTlI"tIeCKOrO rocy,n;apCTBa). Brrp01IeM, ,n;eMoKpaTLI Toro BpeMeHII orra-
CaJIHC:b 06m;ecTBeHHoro MHeHHH, npe)J;paccy,n;RoB napo,n;a. «MoHapx,
aanpoTHB, MOiKeT ,n;eiicTBOBaT:b, oIIlIpaHcL na MHeHlIe JIIO,n;eH rrpo-
-CBem;eHH:bIX, He ,n;OiKH,n;aHC:b, rrORa OHO CTaHeT Bce06m;IIM MHeHH-
eM» 2. TaKOB npoceeUfe1-tUb'£U f)ecnoTu8M, II MLICJIlI ROH;a;Opce H8
1
2
p. 21.
Con d 0 r c e t J.-A.-N. Vie de Turgot, p. 283 et 284. note.
Con d 0 r c e t. Ope cit., p. 291; Con d 0 r c e t. Correspondance,
r 9ABAIV. BCTynJ1EHHE B OJ1mHOCTb rEHEPAJ1bHOrO ROHTPonEPA 95
-
9TO T cqeT OTHIOJlb He oplIrlIHaJIbH:bI. ITo HameMY MHeHlIro, u OplI-
rHHanbHOCT:b OH npOHBJIHeT TOJI:bRO B 06JIaCTlI npaKTlIqeCKOH no-
JIBTBKH.
IIPH CBoeH CTpaCTH K JIOrapHWMaM II YBameHHH K eCTeCTBeH-
HOMY npaBY, OH Cy,n;HT 0 JIro,n;HX 6DICTpO, pemIITeJIbHO, C 6ecno-
a,n;HOH Tpe3BocTbro. OH OqeHb CypOB K .1J:ro MIOII, 6bITb MOmeT.,
Aame CJIIImKOM CypOB: «O,n;IIH 1I3 caMbIX rJIynbIx H caMbIX 3JI:bIX
JIIO,n;eH B KOpOJIeBCTBe». Ho II rrpaB,n;a, He CJIHillKOM JIH Tropro
CHHcxo,n;HTeJIeH? qero OH MomeT ,n;061ITbCH C TaKHM BOeHH:bIM MII-
HHCTpOM? M:bI BH,n;HM rrpe,n;OCTepeiKeHHH ROH,n;opce, COMHeBarom;e-
rOCH, 6y,n;YT Jill Ha MeCTe <1>apmec IIJIH ,n;e B3H. OH OqeHb xopomo
aaMeTHJI (rrpaB,n;a, B CJIyqae, r,n;e 6:bIJI JIIIlIHO 3aMemaH), CKOJIbKO
HaCMemJIIIBOrO CKerrTlI:q1I3Ma y BepII: « [OH] Haxo,n;HT BeCbMa 3a-
6aBHDIM OTBpa eHIIe, KOTopoe MHe npIInHCDIBaroT... rOBOpH C HlIM
06 3TOM ,n;eJIe, OH OT3bIBaJICH 060 MHe C TaKHM mapOM, qTO HHlIero
He ,n;06HJICH». 3aMeTHJI ROHp;opce II HeHa;a;eiKHOCTb MaJIb3ep6a,
OTHOCIITeJILHO KOToporo Tropro CTpOHJI TaKHe pOKOBbIe ,n;JIH ce6a
HJIJIro3IIII. OH rrepB:bIH II e,n;HHCTBeHHbIH C caMoro HaqaJIa, em;e ,n;o-
rrpIIxo)J;a Tropro B MHHIICTepCTBO, paCKYCIIJI HCTH'HHYro HaTYPY Mo-
perra: «Boroc:b, KaK. 6bI MeJIKIIH II orpaHHqeHH:bIH YM 3Toro lIeJIO-
seKa He rrpHllHHlIJI BaM MHoro Bpe,n;a» 1.
Ero npOHII:qaTeJIbHOCTb He OrpaHIIlIlIBaeTCH xapaKTepaMII OT-
AeJI:bH:bIX JIlI:q, HO pacrrpOCTpaHHeTCH H Ha nOBe,n;eHIIe :qeJI:bIX rpyrrII,
H Ha TeRym;He C06:bITIIH. B rrepIIo)J; 3aKaTa MIIHHCTepcKoH Kapb-
ep:bI Tropro OB rrO,IJ;1IepKHBaeT pa3HIIn;y Mem,n;y Ml-tel-tUeM o6UfecT8a
II o6UfeCT8el-tl-tb'£M Ml-tel-tUeM 2 , 1IJTO 'cm:m;a;eTeJIbCTByeT 06 OqeHb TOH'ROM.
aHaJIH3e eHoMeHa MHeBHfl rrpH rocy,n;apCTBeHHOM rropH,n;Ke, B YC-
JIOBIIHX KOToporo OHO He RMeeT 3aKOHHOH B03MOiRHOCTR BDIpaiRe-
BHH.
tITO KacaeTCH XJIe6HOH rrOJIIITlIKH, OH rrpaBHJI:bHO rrpe,n;OCTeperaJl
TIOpro 06 orraCHOCTH BOJIHeHlIH H rOBOpHJI 06 HHepTHOCTH II He-
ROMneTeHTHOCTH rrOJIH:qeHcKHx tIIIHOBHIIKOB 3 . M HaKOHe:q, OB C
1 O}J;HaKo KOH,lJ;opCe COrJIaCHJICH npoH3HecTH nOXBaJIbHOe CJIOBO Mope-
na B AKa}J;eMHH. Ho OB B03}J;epmaJICH OT BCHKoro 06cym}J;eHHH ero nocJIe)];nef1i
nOJIHTH ecKoH eHTeJIbHOCTH H OCTaHOBHJICH JIHllIb Ha ero npe»\HeH pa60TB
B Ka eCTBe MopcKoro MHHHCTpa. «RTO MomeT C HTaTb ce6H OCTaTO HO 06-
paaoBauBbIM, llT06LI CY}J;I2ITb 0 nOBe}J;eHHH COBpeMeHHoro MHHHcTpa? » 3a TO.
on Bcer}J;a OTKa3LIBaJIC.fI BLIcTynHTb C nOXBaJIbHLIM CJIOBOM JIaBpHHepy, TO'
B M aAepmaJIO ero c06cTBeHlloe Ba6paHHe. (C 0 n d 0 r C e t J.-A.-N. Eloge de
aurepas.)
2 ITo npaB}J;e rOBopH, OH n;HTHpyeT CeIl-JIaM6epa (Correspondance.
p. 265).
3 «fl 3a6I>IJI uanOMHHTb BaM TO, 0 eM yme rOBOpRJI: 0 MORX onace-
BDHX, KaK 6bI HapO)]; He paarpa6HJI Ol\I...» IIncbMo OT 1775 r., 6e3 aTLI, no-
BDADMOMY, HanHcano BO BpeMH «Myq:noii BOHBL!», HO ono HaMeRaeT Ha
60JIee pannee npe}J;YlIpem eHHe. «OHB [llBHOBHHKH] }J;YMaIOT, llTO, eCJIH He
CTanOBHJIH TBep LIX n;eH Ha xJIe6, aHa BT, OHB BLInOJIHHJIH Bce, ero Tpe-
OBaJI BaKOH». (C 0 n d 0 r C e t. Correspondance, p. 214 et 212.)
"96
qACTb HEPBAH. HAJ{EHCI{A
HpOCTHOH naCTOHqHBOCTLIO npeJ];YIIpemJ];aJI TlOpro 06 onaCHOCTH
B03Bpa eHIIH napJIaMeHTOB.
06LIqHO CqIlTaIOT, qTO cpe,n;H JIIOJ];eii, oKpymaBmHx TIOpro, ROH-
opce 6LIJI CTOpOHHHKOM «CTpeMHTeJIbHOCTII» (B npoTHBOIIOJIOiK-
HOCTL .D:IOIIOHY, ROTOpbIH II36paJI ,n;eBH3 «HHqerO C HaCKOKa, Bce
nOCTeIIeHHO ») H llTO, eCJIH 6LI Tropro CJIeJ];OBaJI ero COBeTaM, OH
<pOpcHpOBaJI 6bI XOJ]; C06LITHH, ROTopLIe J];ame B TOM TeMIIe, B 1\0-
TOpOM OH nx BeJI, ORa3aJIIICb ,n;JIH HerO pOROBbIMH. II pIIBOJ];HT J];a-
me OTBeTbI TIOpro ROHJ];opce, RaR ,n;oKa3aTeJIbCTBO ypaBHoBemeH-
HOCTH II YMepeHHocTII MHHHcTpa, onpoBepraIO lIe qaCTO BLIJ];BH-
traeMLIe npoTHB nero ynpeRH B rpy60CTH. TaKoH CMbICJI IIpHJ];aIOT
3HaMeHHToH <ppa3e: «.fl He OTBeqaIO, CYJ];apb, Ha Bce BamH 6e3YM-
'CTBa... Bo MHorHX CJIyqaHX BLI HaCTaBJIHeTe 'tJ:eJIOBeRa yme 06pa-
IQeHHoro, B ,n;PyrHx BbI He B COCTOHHHH CYJ];HT:b 0 TOM, 'tJ:TO B03MOiR-
HO CJ];eJIaT:b nplI CYIIJ;eCTBYIOIIJ;IIX 06CTOHTeJIbCTBaX, a rJIaBHOe, Bid
'CJIHmKOM HeTepneJIHBDI» 1. RaiKJ];blii H3 HHX no,n;qHHHeTCH JIOrHKe
.CBoeH pOJIH: ROHJ];opce, lIeJIOBeK naYRlI, MaTeMaTHqeCKHH YM, IIpe-
ue6peraeT peaJIbHbIMH YCJIOBHHMH, H YTOIIIIH IIpHBOJ];HT ero K a6-
.Cyp,n;HbIM Aep3aHHHM; TIOpro, aJ];MIIHIICTpaTOp, npHBbIKmHii nOJIa-
IraTbCH ua Ha6JIIOJ];eHIIe H npaKTHqeCKHH OIILIT, cTapaeTcH COBMe-
'CTHTb iKeJIaeMOe H B03MOiKHoe.
B CBeTe IIOCJIe,n;YIOIII;Hx C06bITHH eCJIH MbI npH3HaeM IIpaBHJIb-
HOCT:b B3rJIHJ];oB ROHJ];opce Ha caMbIe BamHLIe BonpOCLI, eCJIH IIPH-
'MeM BO BHHMaHlle, llTO BbImllJ];aHIIe, KOToporo BHaqaJIe IIpD,n;ep-
,4KHBaeTCH TIOpro, He CIIaceT ero HH OT IIpOBaJIa, UH Aame OT
ynpeRoB B nOCIIemHOCTH, TO MbI IIpHJ];eM K 3aKJIIOqeHllIO, liTO, 6es
COMHeHIIH, YTOIIHCT 6bIJI npaB II, RaR lIaCTO CJIyq:aeTCH B nepHOJ];bI
i3eJIHKHX IIepeMeH, IIMeHHO HeTepneHHe, Tpe60BaTeJIbHOCT:b, pemH-
TeJIbHOCTb H 6bIJIlI peaJIbHoH IIOJIHTHROH. JIHmb B caMOM HallaJIe
CBoeH J];eHTeJIbHOCTH MIIHHCTp MomeT n03BOJIHTb ce6e HaH60JIbmyIO
'-cMeJIOCTb. Pe<popMaTopaM HYiKHa BHe3aIIHaH aTaKa, KOTopaH sa-
CTaeT npOTHBHHRa BpaCnJIOX H CTaBHT nepeJ]; CBepmHBmHMCH <paR-
TOM, a KOHcepBaTH3M BbIHrpLIBaeT B rr03H IIOHHOH BOHHe. If pa3Be
He npaB 6LIJI ROH)J;opce, KorJ];a II03J];Hee CHOBa HaCTaHBaJI II ,D;06H-
aJICH OT TlOpro YCROpHT:b J];eJIO C ;D;OpOiKHOH IIOBHHHOCTblO, pa3Be
lIOpro He BbIIIrpaJI 6LI, eCJIH 6LI 3apaHee 06JIerllHJI CBOH «IIOe3;D;
tpe<poPM» AO HallaJIa pOKOBbIX C06bITHH 1776 r.? HaM KameTcH, qTO
IceroJ];HH MbI JIyq:me IIOHHMaeM npeJ];ocTepeiKeHHH ,RoHJ];opce, qeM B
CBoe BpeMH TIOpro. II paBJ];a, )J;JIH Hac 3TO He60JI:bmaH 3aCJIyra.
PH,n;OM C .D:IOIIOHOM II ROH)J;opce JIHllHOCT:b MopeJIJIe KameTcH
aM J];OBOJIbHO 6eC BeTHOH. HeCMOTpH Ha BeCbMa OCTpbIH YM, OH
1 8TO nBcLMo, RCTaTB, OTnpaBJIeHO }J;O Ha3Ha1IeHHH Tropro reHepaJILHLIM
ROHTpo epoM (C 0 n do r c e t. Correspondance, 17 aout, p. 192), HO OHO
manHcaHO no nOBoAY nopomHOH nOBHHHOCTH 11 onpeAeJIHeT IIoalID;IIH, aaHH-
tMaCUbIU JTIDfIT JTTOrI;f,Mn. (5 c 11 c II c, t. IV, p. 26.)
A IV BCTYflJIEHIIE B ;l{OJ1iRHOCTb f'EHEPAJIbHOrO ROHTPOJIEPA 97
['JIAB .
----
e MOiI\eT cpaBHHTbcH C HHMH DH B CHJIe HHTeJIJIeKTa, HH B neH3-
:e1l 1loi npe,n;aHHocTu, HeCMOTpJl Ha MHomeCTBO ORa3aHHLIX JIM
il\eCRHX YCJlyr. B IIX rpynne OH HrpaeT BLIXO,n;HLIe pOJIU II no-
p; 1l306pamaeT mYTHIIKa, KOTOpLIH pa3pSmaeT ApaMaTlIQeCKYIO
TMOC«pepy. ITpllKpeJIJleHHbIH K BlOpo nem, OR no OOLIQalO pa-
60TaeT Y ce6H ,IJ;Ol\'Ia II 3aHHT rJIaBHLIM oopa30M npHeM:OM: npOCHTe-
neil: «H nOJlyqaJI co Bcex CTOpOH MHomeCTBO naKeTOB II IIHceM;
Moil Ka6uueT, rrpemJJ;e TaKOH yeJ];HHeHHLIH, C YTpa 3arrOJIHHeT or-
pOMHoe HCJIO I{JIUeHTOB II IIOCeTHTe:TeH) 1. HeCMOTpH Ha TO TITO
nOJJ;o6Haa cJIym6a RaI\ HeJLb3J1 JIyqme no,n;xo,n;uT K H3BeCTHLIM HaM
CBOHCTBal\l ero xapaRTepa, HeCMOTpH Ha TO qTO OHa II03BOJIJleT
e:MY «CJIeJ];HTb 3a J];eJlaMH MHHHCTpa» H «co,n;eHCTBOBaTb ero CJIa-
Be», ,I(a e:rn;e ,n;aeT e:uy B03MOiKHOCTb BLIIIYCTHTb HaKOHen: B CBeT
ero onpOBepiKeHHe faJIHaHIl*, npOJIemaBmee nOJ]; CYKHOM B TeTIe-
HIIe Bcero npaBJIenUH Teppa, 11 HaBepCTaTb 3TO 3arr03,n;aHIIe 6JIa-
rO)J;apH ;IeCTHOMY .n;JIH Hero ,pacrrpOCTpaHeHHro (Tropro mHpOKO
paCCLIJlaeT ero HHTeH)];aHTaM:, II caM RO lJOJIb 6epeT ce6e neCKOJIbKO
aK3eMnJIHpoB), - HeC IOTpH Ha Bce 3TO 2, a66aT, KaiKeTCH, He o eHb
)J;OBOJleH CBoeH cy.n;b60H II iKaJIyeTcH, qTO TepHeT J];paro:qeHHoe Bpe-
MJI B y ep6 CBoeMY OOJIbmOMY TPYJJ;Y - «TOprOBOMY CJIOBapIO),
I\OTOpbIH HIIRor.n;a He BLIHJJ;eT B CBeT. TaKII 1 06pa30M, rJIaBa ero
M:eMyapoB, KOTopaH ,n:aeT B KpaTROM, HO 3axBaTLIBalO eM II3JIOme-
HUH TaRHe 3HaTIHTeJIbHLle C06LITIIH, KaK pa3rOH IIapJIaM:eHTon,
rra)J;eHHe illya3eJIH, CMepTb JIIOJJ;OBHKa XV, rrplIXo,IJ; K BJIaCTH Mo-
perra II TlOpro, HeOiKH,n;aHHO 3aBepmaeTCH pa30qapOBaHHbIl\1 BOC-
1",,1JHn;aHHeM: «A MOM 60JIbmOH TPYJJ; He l(BuraJICJI C M:eCTa! » 'tJTO
rOBopHTb, nomaJIyii, ,IJ;JIH Tropro 6bIJIO 6bI JIyqme, eCJIH 6LI «Top-
rOBLIH CJIOBapb» ,IJ;BHraJICH BIIepe,IJ; rHraHTCKHMH maraMH, a MopeJI-
JIe HeMHoro MeHbme 3aHHMaJICH MHHHCTepCTBOM, TaR KaR ero pBe-
lIne 6LIJIO nopoH HecKpoMHbIM BO Bcex CMbICJIaX 3Toro CJIOBa 3 .
IDTa6 Tropro rrOrrOJIHIIJICH e:rn;e O,D;HH1.\:I, no 60JIee orraCHbIM II
GecTaKTHLIM 60JITYHOM (XOTH 11 He BXOAHBmHl\1 B aJJ;MHHHCTpa:qHIO)
B JIH e a66aTa BOJJ;o, ROTOpbIH no 3a6aBHOMY COBnaJ];eHHIO 6LIJI
rrpeAmeCTBeHHHKOM )];IOIIOHa CHaqaJIa B PYI\OBO,IJ;CTBe «8<pe IepHAa-
?IM», a nOTOM B IIoJIbme, OTKYJJ;a OH BepHYJICH yme B 3BaHHH npe-
BO**, C MIITpOH, nOma.:'IOBaHHOH eMY BH;:J;3HHCKHM no rrpOTeRD;HH
l M 0 r e II e t. l\1:emoires, t. I, p. 225.
raJIllaHH, <l>epAHHaH)J;o (1728-1787) - BTa:IbHHCKIJH 6YPiI-\ya3HbIH
f\.OIIOMHCT 11 <pHJIOCO , BeJI cnop c <pH3HOKpa TaMH, 6bIJI npOTHBHHROM CBO-
2°JJ;bl XJIe6HoH TOprOBJIH. - n pUM. pea.
4) S c hell e, t. IV, p. 228.
v TaK, OH BMeCTe C Bop;o npemp;eBpeMeHHo pa3rJIaCHJI nOArOTOBJIHB-
WeecH yrrpa3}J;HeHHe :u;exonOH CHCTeM:LI. lOnOH Cl:JB.TaeT, 1:J:TO 3TO nOCJIymHJIO
HatIaJIOM HHTpHru, KOTopaH rrpHBeJIa R BOJIHeHHHM B Mae 1775 r. ,IJ:aJIbme
1\1bl YBHlJ;HM, 1ITO 3TOMY pOMaHH3HpoBaHHoMY HCTOJIKOBaHHIO «l\lyqnoii: Boii-
r DJ»' Kail;,;Tcn, He CJIe,u;yeT npKp;aBaTb SHa1:J:eHHH.
'-JRaIIHe, }J;anaeMoe naCTOHTeJIHM B HCl\OTOpbIX peJIHrH03IIbIX OpJl;C-
flax. - II pUM. pea.
7 3. <Pop
98
qACTb HEPBAH. HAl{EHrJ{A
enHCRona BHJIbHroccKoro RHH3H MycCaJIbCKOrO. Tropro nOCTaBHJ}
ero BO rJIaBe «8<peMepH,rp), ny6JIHKan;HIO KOTOpbIX OH B0306HOBHJI
no Ha3BaHHeM «HoB:bIe 8<peMepH DI», H TaKHM 06pa30M 06ecne-
HJI ce6e TeopeTHlIeCRHH opraH, a B JIHn;e Eo o HellTO BpO,IJ;e
npecc-aTTame. 8Ta BoHHaH OJImHOCT:b 61dJIa, nO-BH HMOMY, Ma-
JIoy allHoi, H60 «ra3eTa aROHOMHCTOB» MOrJIa noyqaT:b TOJIbKO
CBOHX npHBepmeHn;eB, B pyrHx me Kpyrax OHa YCIIJIHBaJla HeJ];O-
BepHe K Tropro H 6HJIa 110 caMOMY YH3BHMOMY MeCTY - 110 ero
penYTan;HH OKTpIIHepa. qTO KacaeTCH caMoro a66aTa, ROTOpLI:U
03HaMeHOBaJI CBOH nepBLliI onDIT ynpaBJIeHHH OmeJIOMJIHro:rn;HM
6ecnopHJ];ROM B <pHHaHCOBLIX eJIax H npHBe3 H3 CBoero nYTemeCT-
BHH caMLIe aRCTpaBaraHTHLIe TeopHII B 06JIaCTH BHemHeH nOJIH-
THRH, TO 3BaHHe npeJIaTa He npHAaJIO eMY HHKaKOH paCCY HTeJIb-
HOCTH. RpaHHHH aK3aJIbTHpOBaHHOCT:b npHBeJIa ero K cYMacmeCT-
BRIO H npem eBpeMeHHOH cMepTH. HaM KameTCH y HBHTeJIbHDIM
qTO Tropro He npeJ];BH eJI, KaKHe onaCHOCTH TaHJIO B ce6e HCnOJIb-
30BaHHe TaKoro IIYTaHHKa B pOJIH nOMo:rn;HHRa B eJlax yrrpaBJIe-
HHH. Ho EOAo 06JIa aJI 60HKHM nepOM H H3JIaraJI xopomHe H eH)
a TaKOBa 6:bIJIa, HeCOMHeHHO, OJ];Ha H3 CJIa60CTeH Tropro: OB npH-
;o;aBaJI lIpe3BbIqaHHO 60Jl:bmoe 3HalleHHe JlHTepaType II 6eCKOHeqHO
,IJ;OBepHJI JIIO HM, cnOC06H:bIM pacnpOCTpaHHT:b ero lIJ];eH B CBOHX
COllHHeHHHX, nYCT:b Aame OHH nopoH HCKamaJIH HX B nldJIY npo-
naraHJ];LI 1 . Tropro ClIHTaJI, liTO caMoe rJIaBHOe - y6eJ];HTb 06:rn;eCT-
BeHHoe MHeHHe, a OCTHrHYT:b aToro, MomHO C nOMOIIJ;Lro HarJIH,IJ;-
HbIX ,IJ;ORa3aTeJIbCTB. MbI 3HaeM, liTO OH pacnpOCTpaHHJI H3 JIHMOiRa
pa60TLI JIe TpOHa, a nOTOM H3 IIapHma IIIICaHHH a66aTa MopeJI-
Jle. EOAO - yqaCTHHK ero «CBH:rn;eHHOH KorOpTLI». MomHo OTMe-
THT:b, liTO lIeTBepO caMDIX 6JIH3KHX COTPY HHROB Tropro: ronoH,
ROH opce, MopeJIJIe H Bo o - Bce IIHCaJIH 0 TOprOBJle XJIe60M:
6:bIJIO 3TO B HaqaJIe KpeCTOBoro noxo a 3a peq,opMaMH qeM-TO
Bpo e HCn:bITaHIIH HX pLIn;apCROH ;O;06JIeCTH. A66aTa Eo o KaK 6:b1
,u;y6JIHpOBaJI a66aT Py60, TaK me KaK «8q,eMepH,IJ;:bI» B RaKOH-TO
Mepe y6JIIIpOBaJIH «ra3eTT IO KOMMepC».
HaKoHen;, MLI MomeM CqHTaTL, liTO K rpYlllle TIOpro npHHaJ];JIe-
maJIH e:rn;e Ba a MHHHCTpaTHBHLIX eHTeJIH, MeHee 6JIH3KHX eMY
II He TaK TeCHO C HHM CBH3aHH:bIX. O,n;HH H3 HHX - rpa<I> ,n;'AHmH-
BHJlLe e JIa EHHap epH, «YMHbIH, 06pa30BaHHbIH H OqeHL 1I0pH-
OllHbIH MOJIOJ];OH lIeJIOBeK»2. OH 3aHHMaeT BaiRHLIH TeXHHqeCRHH
rrOCT rJIaBHOrO pacnopHJ];HTeJIH ROpOJIeBCRHX nOCTpoeK (ero Ha3M-
BaIOT TaKme cynepHHTeH,IJ;a TOM). OH 3aHHJI 3TOT nOCT Ha ,n;pyroM
AeH:b nOCJIe Bapq,OJIOMeeBCKOH BOllI! MHHHCTpOB, O,IJ;HOBpeMeHHO C
aa3HaqeHHeM Tropro reHepaJI:bHLIM KOHTpOJIepOM, npH pa3J];eJIeHHB
, OJImHOCTH Teppa, 3aHHMaBmero aTOT nOCT OJ];HOBpeMeHHO C ynpaB-
JleHHeM q,HHaHcaMH.
1 B a c h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., t. XXXIV, p. 170.
2 S c hell e, t. III, p. 56.
t['J1AB A IV. BCTynJIEHHE B l{OJIiRHOCTb rEHEPAJIbHOrO ROHTPOJIEPA 99
---
8TH ABa Ha3HaqeHIIH 6:bIJIlI, nO-BH,n;IIMOMY, He CBH3aHDI MeiK Y
6 U. XOTH ,n;'AHiKHBHJI:be 11 6:&IJI 6JIH30K K «3KOHOMHCTaM», BO
.co a a 1Iall eMY MHJlOCTI> o6'bllc1I1IJlacl> TenJlI>IMH QYBCTBaMH JIIO
o BIJJ{a XVI J{ CBoeMY 61>IBmeMY «AlIA:bI{e». )J;'AHiKHBHJll>e 6:b1J1
.A Y1')Ke BTOp:bIM MYiI eM r-iKH ,n;e Mapme, HpOCTHOH nOCJIe,n;OBaTeJIb-
fa," H u u
.811:0;:&1 yqeHHH aKOHOMHCTOB. « e3aypH,n;H:bIH YM... no,n; HeJIenOH
_o60JIOllKOH», no KpaCOQHOMY onHcaHHIO r-iKH ,n;e Mapme, OCTaB-
neaHOMY HaM rep orOM )J;e JIeBIICOM l . ECJIH BepHTb naM<pJIeTY, Ha-
U1IcaH HOM Y BparaMH Tropro H 03arJIaBJIeHHOMY «TpH MapIiIH» (ero
,D;1ITupyeT CYJIaBII), MOiKHO nO;U;YMaTb, QTO OHa 6:bIJIa O,n;HOH H3
,p;aM cep,n; a Tropro, BMeCTe C r-iKOH BJIOH,n;eJIb IiI rep OrIIHeH
11.' AHBHJlb, HO Y Hac HeT HHKaKHX ,n;pyrHx CBH,n;eTeJIbCTB Ha aTOT
cqeT eCJIH HO CqHTaTb HefICHoro HaMeKa hOH.n;opce 2 .
Ha CBoeM nOCTY ,n;' AHiKHBHJIbe Mor HMeTb (H ,n;eHcTBHTeJIbHO
.aMeJI) HeCKOJIbKO CJIyqaeB nOMOqb ocy eCTBJIeHHro nJIaHOB Tropro,
B qaCTHOCTH npH npoBe,n;eHHH aKOHOMHH. OH TOiKe CTaHOBHTCH
.mepTBoH aHeK,n;OTOB. ,EaK rOBopHTCH B «Orpa6JIeHHOM mnHOHe»
«<L'espion devalise») 3, ,n;'AHiRHBHJIbe npHmJIO B rOJIOBY no o6pa3..
.n;y .n;eKopaTHBHoH 6H6JIHOTeKII B Ka6HHeTe Tropro B, JI:lIMOiKe nOMe-
THTb Ha ,n;BepH Ka6IIHeTa KOpOJIH BeTHMe naHHO Ha noyqHTeJIb-
HbIe croiKeT:bI: crraceHHe 6e,n;Horo JIIO,n;a, e,n;IIH:bIH HaJIar, 6e3rpaHHQ-
HaH cBo6o,n;a. «Ho aTH naHHO 6bIJIH nOMe eHbI CJIHmKOM BbICOKO,
II JIro,D;OBIiIK XVI c ero CJIa6bIM 3peHHeM He Mor HX npOQHTaTb»4.
1 «OHa YiI{e 6LIJIa }J;aJIeKO He MOJIO}J;a H O eBaJIaCL BeCLMa UpHlIYP;JIIIBO,
'HHqTO Be CKpamHBaJIO ee BHemHOCTL, KpOMe BOJIOC, cnYCKaBmHXCH }J;O caMOH
3eMJIH, npaB}J;a, 9TO 61,1310 He TaK ym TPY BO: pOCTa OHa 6LIJIa KpOmeqHOro.
OHa Bcer}J;a YKpamaJIa npllqeCKY ll;BeTaMII 11 CYJI1'aHaMH, llTO e e 60JIbme
lIo,u;qepKHBaJIO l\IOp IIHbl Ha ee JIHl'(e. Ha nepBLIH B3rJIS:p; MaHepLI ee Ka3a-
JIBCL TaKHMH iRe npeTeH1J;1I03HbIMH, KaK H ee y60pbl. OHa 6LIJIa 1Jpe3MepHO
e,u;pa Ha KOMn HMeHTbI, 11, XOTS: aBIIO npHHHMaJIa Y ce6H caMoe H36paH-
!Hoe npH}J;BopHoe o6 eCTBO, B ee Y1ITHBOCTH CKB03HJIO 1JTO-TO pa60JIenHoe.
,B nepBoM 6paKe OHa 6bIJIa meHOH o,u;Horo D3 KaMep}J;HHepOB KOpOJIH.
ITO}J; 9TOH HeJIerrOH 060JIOllKOi CKpbIBaJICH HesaYPH,u;HLli YM, cym,u;e-
'Blur S}J;paBLle H 6blCTpLIe, TILIJIROCTb 6e3 BOCTopmeHHOCTH, OCTpOYMHe 6e3
H3BHTeJILHOCTn, yqeHOCTb 6e3 ne,u;aHTH3Ma H, HaKOHell;, pOBHaH H nOCTOHHHaH
.uPHBeTJIHBOCTb>). (Duc de Lev i s. Ope cit., p. 89.) 3TOT nopTpeT HaUHcaH
B 1787 r.
2 «.H Be 3HaIO, KaK ce6H qYBCTBYIOT HamH TPII }J;aMLI, HO sHaIO, llTO
{1-iRa ,u;' AHBHJIb nOCTOHHHO c006IIJ.aeT BaM HOBOCTH>}. (C 0 n d 0 r c e t. Cor-
respondance, p. 177 et note.) TaK KaK, ynoMHHYTas: oT}J;eJIbHO, r-ma TI.'AH-
'BBJIL, nO-B H}J;HMO MY, He BXOJJ;HT B 9TO TpHO, npe}J;nOJIaraIOT, 1JTO pe1JL lI eT
o M-JIL }J;e JIecnHHac, r-iRe BJIOH)J;eJIL H r-me e Iapme. IIIeJIJIL nOJIaraJI,
';;0 ,u;pym6a TIOpro C }J;' AHiRHBHJILe }J;aJIa nOBO)J; JIH JIereH}J;bI 0 TpeTbei
T apUH, O,u;HaI\O meHHTL6a }J;'A.HmHBHJILe npODSOmJIa nOCJIe Ha3Ha1JeHHH
IOpro reBepaJIbHbIl\l ItoHTpOJIepOM.
:: 8TOT TeKCT IDeJIJIb npHnn:CblBaeT nepy Mllpa60. Ho no }J;pyrHM
JJ; T01JHHKaM, OH npllBap;JIeiltHT }J;OKJIa}J;1IHKY B roCy apCTBeHHOM COBeTe Bo
.p. /J;e reMa1J;eK. (D'E s t r e e e tea 11 e t. La duchesse d'Aiguillon,
4 S C h e II e. Ope cit., t. II, p. 72.
7-
100
QACTb nEPBAH. HA EiRl{A\
ECJIH aTY nepBYIO HCTOpHIO MomBO ClIHTaT:b mYTRoii, TO 60JIb-
mell: Bep:bl 3aCJIymHBa eT ,n;pyroH paccRa3 H3 Toro me nCTOQHHRt1
no ROTOPOMY ,n;'ABmUBHJILe cJlymHJI nocpe,n;HHRoM B nepen'HcHo
Tropro C KOpOJleM BO BpeMH «MYlIHOH BOHHLI» 1. Eo BCHKOM CJIY..
qae, H3BeCTHO, lITO OH HrpaJi 3TY pOJIL, Ror,n;a Tropro nonaJI B Be-
MHJIOCT:b, H60 Tropro Crren;HaJIbHO ynoMHHaeT 06 aTOM: B CBoeJ\J
nOCJIe,n;HeM nnCbMe, nOJ];JIHHHOCTL ROToporo HeCOMHeHHa. OTMeTnl\I
HaROHen;, lITO, HeCMOTpH Ha ero JIHqHYIO npe,n;aHHOCTb II npHBep-
iKeHHOCTL H,n;efIM aROHOMHCTOB, Y ,n;' AHiKHBHJIbe npOII30meJI KOH-
£pJIIIRT C Tropro, BnpOTIe]\{, HII y Toro HB y ,n;pyroro on He OCTaBII.1
ropLRoro oca,n;Ka. CynepHHTen,n;aHT KOpOJIeBCKHX noc'TpoeK pemII.n;r
npH6erHYT:b R JIOTepee, TITo6:b1 YMenLmHT:b naCCHB CBoero Be,n;o,I-
CTBa. II TYT OH HaTOJIRHYJICfI Ha pemHTeJI:bHLIH OTRa3, 1160 TlOpro
I
nplIXo,n;HJI B HpOCTL, EaR TOJI:bRO eMY npe,n;JIaraJIH TaRlle cpe,n;CTBa-.
«8TO 3Ha"tJIIT ,r(eJIaT:b Ram;n;oro rpaiK;1;aH:HHa a3apTH:bIM Hrpoho::\l
HaK eCJIlI 61>1 rocy,n;ap:b OTRpLIJI Ha KaiK,n;oH YJIHn;e no npHTOHY ,IJ;JIH
rrOCTOHHHOH lIrp:b1 B <papaoH HJIH 6HPH6H».
Y Tropro 6LIJI TaRme JIHTIHLIH COBeTHIIK no HHOCTpaHHLIM ;D;eJIa:M'
B JIHn;e ,n;pyra, ,n;HIIJIOMaTa BaTaii;D;e <1>paHce-,IJ;aBHJIH, B TY nopy
nOCJIa B JIoH;o;one. OU 6LIJI 6paToM O;r(HOH H3 6JIH3RHX npHHTeJIb-
HH Tropro, r-mH BJIOH;D;eJIL, Mym KOTOpOH Tome c;r(e;ra:r ;r(Hll:IO-
:MaTHTIeCRYro Kapbepy, npem,IJ;e "tJeM CTaJI a,n;BORaTOM. Ror;r(a (J>paHce.
CJIYiKHJI B JIoH;D;oHe, OH "tJHCJIHJICH B cnnCKe JIlIn;, peROl\leH,ll;OBaHHbIX
l\1apHH AHTyaHeTTe HMrrepaTpHn;eH MapHeH Tepe3HeH 3. OH 6bI.iJ
TaRiKe ;o;pyroM J];e BepH H MaJIb3ep6a. Tropro, e e 6y,n;YTIII B JIII-
Mome, nOJIL30BaJICH YCJIyraMH <DpaBce ,IJ;JIH nepenHCRH C IOMO::\I
II J];JIH nOJIy-qeHHH cBeJ];enHH 0 MeiK,n;ynapo,n;HMX eHax Ha 3epHO.
OH 6e30roBopo"tJHO ;:J;OBepHJI eMY H 1I0nLITaJiCH npOBeCTII ero B :MJI-
HHcTepcTB0 4 .
A BOT, HaROBe , - last but not least* - iK03e£p A.J::b<poHC f];8
BepH, a66aT H3 CeH-CaTropa B BepPH. RaK MOiKBO rOBopHTb 0
rpynne Tropro, He ynoMHHYB 0 BeM? Ho RaR MomHO ero TY,J;C1
BKJIro"tJaTb? BLIJIO 6:bI HenpaBHJlbHO rOBopHTb 0 TOM, "tJTO OH \ ee
B03rJIaBJIHeT. OH COBeTTIHK TIopro, HO B TO me BpeMH II COBeTqnR
Moperra; OH Mor 6:bI 6:bITb paBHblM HM B MHHHCTepCTBe; OB CTOIIT
MeiI\,n;y HHMH KaR «npHMHpHTeJIL», HO, Ror,n;a npHMHpeHHe YiI\e
HeB03!\IOlliHO, OB OCTaeTCH BepH:bIM Kam,Il;OMY H3 HHX H B nx pa3HO-
rJIaCHHX. OH mHBeT B aTMoc<I>epe BJiaCTH, HO He ,n;epiKHT B pYRax
HH Ma.rreMmeM ee "tJaCTHn;:bI; OB npHBo,n;HT B ,n;eHCTBHe p:bI"tJarH IlO-
JIIITHRH JIHIIIb BHYIIIeHHeM, He ,n;OTparHBaHCL ,n;o HHX, TOJIbKO C
IIOMOIIJ;blO nCHXOJIOrHlIeeROrO B03,n;eicTBHH. HH1ITO Be ;o;eJIaeTCH
1
2
3
4
*
S c hell e. Ope cit., t. IV, p. 417; t. V, p. 443.
S c hell e. Ope cit., t. V, p. 232.
V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 437.
CM. }J;8JIee, qaCTh TpeTbR, rJIaBa 1.
IIocJIef];Huji, HO He nOCJIe;D;HUH no 3Ha'tJeHHIO (anz.!£.). - n pUM.. pel),
BCTY llJ1EHIIE B I{OJIiLf IIOCT b rEIlEP AJIbll0ro 1\OI1TPOJIE PAlO I
rJ1A.BA IV.
---
Bero H )fLI YBH)J;HM, qTO 6e3 HerO Bce MomeT JIerRO pa3J1a-
6e3 C n H ' a Ham B3rJlH,I( , OR BbIcTynaeT B HCKJIlOlIHTeJIBHOH pOJIH
]J;IITb n. ..
aanepCBHKa, HOTOpbIH BJlHHeT Ha BeCh XO,I( rrI>eCbI, KaK KOPMHJIH-
. <l>e,I(pbI IIJIH CBO,I(HaH ceCTpa M<pHreHHH. RpOMe Toro, OH He-
:;;aBlIelIHbIH Ha6JIIO]I;aTeJIb JIlO]I;eii H C06bITHH CBoero BpeMeHH H
e cIJ;eBHDIi MeM:yapHCT. OH co06ru;aeT HaM Bce 0 J:(pyrHx, HO, 'pa-
D 6 6 "
3yMeeTCH, He 0 ce e, :n 0 Tru;aTeJILHOCTb, C KOTOpOH OH OTJ:(eJILIBaJI
CBOH -qepHOBHKH, OTqaCTH 06'DHCHHeTCH ero meJIaHHeM COSJJ;aTL II
CHOM co6CTBeHHbIH 06pa3. 1I0 HeKoTopbIM npHsHaKaM MomHO npeJJ;-
noJlo»nITb, qTO Y Hero 60JIee qecToJII06HBOe cep,I(I(e, "tJeM KaSaJIOCh
II ,I(aiKe qeM KameTCH Terreph. BepH KaK 6YATO He HHTepe-
cyeT MHHHCTepCTBO, Korp;a TIopro eMY npeJJ;JIaraeT ero, HO Be)J;I)
B TO BpeMH OH yme rrpep;BHp;lI'!, qTO 3TOT rrpoeKT Heocym;ecTBHM.
O,u;HaIiO 011 rOBopHT: «fl HHI{Or,I(a lIe OTKa3aJICH 6bI, KaI\ r-H MaJIb-
aep6, eCJIH 6bI MeHH rrpU3BaJlU, RaK ero». OH 3IIaeT, "tJTO TOJILKO
all 0,I(1I1I Mon<eT IIO,IJ;l.J;epiKMnaTL corJlacnu MCiHJ Y Moperra II TIOp:-
1'0, H, op;naHO, ynaJIHeTCH B pemaIOru;Hll: MOMeHT; OH OTKa3bIBaeTCH
noiKepTBonaTb «CBOHMJI CqaCTJIHBbIMH H MBpHbIMH MHHYTaMH»,
CBoeH 3aropO,I(HOH mH3IILIO B CeH-CaTlOpe, H60 He co6HpaeTCH
aJIhme pa3bIrpbIBaTb «,I(OBOJlbHO 3aypH,I(HYIO POJIL». «OCTaBaThCH
cpep;H MHHHCTpOB, ne HMeH 3Ba:&IIH, ,I(alOm;ero rrpaBO Ha TaKoe Me-
CTO, - 3TO pOJIb, yroToBaHHaH ,rJ;JIH BTopopa3pHp;Horo lIHTpllraHa
HJIH ,I(JlH rro,u;xaJIHMa...» «fl CTOJIhKO BpeMeHH CHOCHJI pa,I(H JJ;pym6:bJ
TaI{Oe rrOJIOmeHHC, 110 HaKOHen; rrOTepHJI BCHKoe TepneHHe». TaKHe
CJIOBa 3HaqaT OqeHb MHoro B YCTax qeJIOBeKa, OTHIO)J;L He CKJIOH-
Horo K OTKpOBeHHOCTH.
IIolleMY TIopro He npOHIIK paHhIIIe 3a sa HTHYIO 6pOHIO 8Toro
MHHMO 6eCCTpaCTHoro, HO rOpHqO 3alIHTepeCOBaHHoro qeJIoBeKa, KO-
TOpLIH, He yqaCTBYH B Hrpe, TaK xopomo "tJHTaJI KapTLI PyrHX?
1\ mTa6y TIOpro "tJaCTO npHqHCJIHIOT MymllHH H meH HH
(B aTOM ,I(eJIe He CJIeJJ;yeT npeHe6peraTb meHID;HHaMH), KOTopLle
rrOMoralOT eMY H3BHe: HHcpOpMHPYIOT, ,I(aIOT COBeTLI, sa Hru;aIOT, B
rrepBoe BpeMH CO,I(eHCTBYIOT ycnexy ero nponaraH LI, a B nOCJIe,I(-
HIIH rrepHO)J; Be,I(YT 3an03,I(aJiLIe 60H sa 06 ecTBeHHoe MHeHHe. Ho
;)TO HeJIh3H Ha3BaTb HacToHru;HM COTpYJJ;HHlIeCTBOM, a, cKopee, no-
MO bIO «60JleJIh HKOB», 6eCnOpH,I(OllHOH H K TOMY me n:SMeHlIH-
BOR apMHH, B KOTOpyIO BXO,I(HT Bce 8Hn;HKJIOrre HCTLI H Bce 8KO-
HOMHCTLI, pa3Horo pO,I(a ocpHI(HaJIbHLIe JIHI(a II HeCKOJILRO A06po-
ineJIaTeJIeii, qym,u;bIx TeopHHM, X03HHKH cpHJIOCOCPCKHX CaJIOHOB,
M,-JIb ,n;e JIeCrrlJHac II r-jKa iKocpcppeH, r-ma BJIOHJJ;eJIL H repI(orHHH
;zJ; AUBHJIL II ,n;ame A'AJIaM6ep Ha BepmHHe ero ycnexa 11 BOJIhTep
B 113ruaHHH, - apMHH, C KOTOpOH 6ecnopHJJ;0"tJHO cpamaeTcH BOH-
I O npOTHBHHRa, nOCTeneHHO YBeJIlIQHBalOIqeeclI C npHToKoM nepe-
eiI\qHRoB HJIH rrpHHHBmHx pemeHHe aTTaHTHcToB, JIeHre, HeJJ;o-
BOJIblIoro Bo,u;o, r-mH ,I(1O,I(ecpaH BorrpeKH BOJILTepy; 8TO mHpoKoe
06'Lel.J;HlIenHe B03MYIqeHHbIx CBlITOm, OCMellHHhIX COBeTHHKOB nap-
JI8MeBTa, rrpesHpaeMLIx rrpHJJ;BopHbIX, paSOllapOBaHHLIx mya3eJIHC-
102
QACTb llEPBAJI. HA1{EJRJ{A
TOB, BCTpeBOmeHHLIX oTRyn HRoB, HeTepneJIHBLIX CTOpOHHIIROB
HeRRepa, ynpHMLIX 3a HTHHROB BCHROH perJIaMeHTaI(HH, ORaaaB-
mHXCH IIOA yrpo30H npIIBIIJIerHpOBaHHLIX. CYAL6a IIOCJleAHei 6HT-
BLI 6YAe'F aaBHceTL HaBepxy OT p;aBHIIIDHHX aaMLICJlOB HeCROJlLRHX
p;eiiCTBYIO HX BTaHHe JlII , a BHH3Y - OT rpOMOrJlaCHOrO xopa He-
nOCTOHHHOH TOJInbI, rOTOBOH nop;TBepp;IITb <pHJIOco<pCRoe H3peqeHHe
KOHJ];opce: «JIroP;H cnOROHHO n03BOJIHIOT npHqHHHTb ce6e 3JIO, no,
Rorp;a RTO-HH6YAb CTapaeTCH Cp;eJIaTb HM p;o6po, TorAa OHH BOCCTB-
roT H CqHTaIOT, qTO HeCYT 06HOBJIeHHe» 1. Bo BCHROM CJIyqae, MbI BH-
,l(HM, qTO Ha npOTHmeHHH Bcex nOCJIeAyro Hx CXBaTOR PYROBOAH-
TeJIH napTHH Tropro 6YAYT HATH C OTRpbITLIM JIH OM, TorJ];a RaR
AeHCTBIIH npOTHBHOH napTHH Bep;YTCH CTpaTeraMH, BpamJ];e6HbIMH
rJIaCHOCTH: Mopena H MHpOMeHHJIeM B MHHHCTepCTBe, Be3aHBa-
JIeM B aJibROBaX, A'¥aHbH B ero «qepHOM Ra6HHeTe»*, BOMapme
II ile33 3a caMbIMH BeBepOHTHbIMH RYJIHCaMH II, ROHeqHO, e e MHO-
rHMII p;pyrIIMH. 3nII30p;lIqeCROH HCTOplI1I He yp;aJIOCL BH paCRpbITL
3p;eCb Bce JlH a, HH pemHTb Bce 3arap;RH.
1 Con d 0 r c e 1. Correspondancc, p. 21.
* TaK Ha3LIBaJIB ceKpeTHLIH OT}J;eJI IIOJIH HB, Be}J;aBmHH IIepJIIOCTpa-
Bei. - IlpuM. peB.
v. OB30P TEXHHRH 7nPABJ1EHHH
rJ1ABA
---
103
r Jtaea V 0630p
TeXHHKH
ynpaBJlemm
COeJl,a8 nep8bLU w,ae, AJI,u-6eu aa1f,S1,JI,CSI
anono.Mu7tou 8nYTpu eocyoapCT8a. Ha8e-
CTUO, 1tTO oua uaXOOUTCS1, 'ijeJl,uno.M, 8 PY-
nax 8eJl,UnOeo naaualleS1, u.Mnepuu. Eeo
8J1,aCT'b 1tY8CT8yeTCJ& eme.MUnYTUO, ..M,bLCJI,b
. eeo 8Ce.MOeytq,a, ona naCTueaeT naJICooeo
ep oanuna, a ec.n,u on 7tPyw,u'l' 80npe7tU
aOpa80.MY C.MbLCJI,Y, 8CJ& .Maw,una paCCTpau-
8aeTCS1, u OeJl,aeT 6eCC.M'btCJI,ennbLe u 6ec-
nop.R.OO1tUbLe 08W1CenuJ&.
«(Mane7ten'b,LJI
(IIpHIIHChIBaeTCH rpawy IIpOBaHC1\OMY)
«HaaBaHHLIH MHHHCTp KaiKeTCH HeMBOrO HcnyraH Heo6'bHTHO-
CTbIO CBOeH aa,u;aTIH, - nlImeT MepCH-ApiKaHTO 28 ceHTH6pH,-
II a6eOJIIOTHO npaB » 1. 3,u;eCL aBCTpHHCKHH nOCOJI HaMeKaeT rJIaB-
HbIM 06paaOM Ha npOeKT:bI pe<pOPM TlOpro H Ha BOlIpOC, 60JILme
BeerO HBTepeCYIO HH npO<paHOB: MepLI 3KOHOMHH. IIoMHMO 3KO-
HGMHH, nOMHMO KpynHLIx pe<pOPM, 3aMLImJIHeMLIX TIOprO, H no...
MHMO np06JIeM 06 eH nOJIHTHKH, IiOTOpLIMH OB OJImeB HHTepe...
eOBaTLCH KaK MHBHCTp - Be,u;b OT Bee 6YAeT OTqaCTII aaBHceTb
eYA:b6a ero ,u;eJIa, - reHepaJIbHbIH KOHTpOJIep p;OJImeH TaKiKe eiKe-
MeBHO 3aHHMaTbCH HeOTJIOiKHbIMH AeJIaMH 06mupHoH aAMHHH-
CTpan;HH, 6eCKOHeTIHLIMH CpOTIHLIMH, TeKY HMH HJIH HepemeHHDI-
Mn np06JIel\faMII, Hl\feIO HMH MIIHHMaJILBOe, He6oJIbmOe HJIH cepb'"
e3Hoe aHalIeHHe, HO He BLIXOAH HMII. aa paMKH TeXHHTIeCKorO
. ynpaBJIeHHH.
3aaH nepelIeHb o<pH HaJIbH:bIX 06H3aHHOCTeiI reHepaJIbHOrO KOH-
TPOJIepa BHaHCOB H npHHHMaH BO BHHMaHrre penYTa Hro, pauee
3aeJIymeHHYIO Tropro, HeJIbaH COMHeBaTbCH, qTO OB B3BaJIHT Ba
ee6H THmeJIYIO Horny II 1I0JIOiKHT Ha Bee Bce CBOH CHJlL!.
3TO aaRJIroTIeHHe .BIIOJIBe 1I0,u;TBepiKAaeTcH nepeqHeM npIIHHT:bIX
II ony6JIHROBaHHLIx pemeBHH H RoppecnoHp;eB HII, a TaKiKe peecT-
-
: II ITUChMO 6apoHY HeHR. (M e r C y - A r g en tea u. Correspondance,
. , p. 241, note.)
'i04
qACTb nEPBAII. HAp'EiRn A.
j)OM ero aAMUlIIfCl'pal'HBHOii rrepenHCI\H B Ha U:OIIaJlLIIOM ap-
XUBe 1 .
Ou BHec npIlCY YIO el\-lY nYHKTyaJIhHOCTb B npaBHJIa a MHHU-
CTpaTHBHOH nepenI1CRH 2 . OH He CI\JIOHen OTRa3LIBaTbCH Hn 01' 0A-
HUH H3 npeporaTlIB, npe,u;oCl'aBJreHHbIx ero CJIYil\6a I3. AJIH l'aRor(
pa3BeTBJIeHHOrO yrrpaBJIeHHfl l'PYAHO naMTII l\feTo,n; paecMoTpeHIl}j
I'" ..
l eJl, B 3aBHeH IOCTB JIB 01' OU:li.lCTlf, 1\ I{OTOPOlI OlIn 01' lIOC HTCH, II.]};}
JJ IIopHp;Re HX 3Ha HMOCTH.
BCHI\aH nonbITI\a KJIaCcnqHIl\an;UII CBH3aHa C pnCHOM, ROl'OpOrt
He H36eraIOT II JIyqmue aBl'OpbI, rrOCTanlITb n OAHH PH ( BeCI) IU
nepaBHo eHBbIe MeponpHHTUH, B03BeJIIIQlITb B «pecpopMbl» He3Ha-
'lIIrreJI:bHbIe perneHIIH 11, HaHonen;, 3ap;HIIM YIIICJIOM rrpnfIIIcaTb MII-
IllfCTepCTBY TlOpro Mep:bI o6m;ero «IIJIaHllpOBaHUH». B3rJIH,n; HC-
TopHRa CKJIOHeH rrpeYBCHnQIIBal'L 06p;YManHMe naMepenHH II P;O-
CTH:rHYTbIe ycnexH TaM, rp;e HeI\OTOpbIe COBpeMeHHIII\1'I TIopro, Ha-
HpHMep Be3aHBaJIL, omH6aHCI) n APyrYIO CTOPOHY, BH,n;eJIH OTCYT-
CTBHe BCHRoro nJIaHa n JIlIlIIb «HeCKOJlhHO Bl'OpOCTeneHHbIX Mepo-
HpHHTHii»4. O,lJ;lIaRO B nallIn nUMepCHHH He nxop;HT p;eTaJIbHOe H3Y-
1(IeUl1e Bcex 1\'IepOlIpUHTHM MlIIIlJCTCpCTBa 'rlopro; 3Ta pa6ol'a IIC-
'(I epilbIBaroID;HM 06pa30M npOp;eJIaHa B OCHOBHLIX nOCBHru;eHH:bI
(\MY IICCJIep;OBaHIIHx. MbI c06HpaeMCH JIll III I> IIpe,n;JlOiKHTh BaM 6er-
JlbIH 0630p\ nepBoro nepno,n;a, ROTOpblH HaqUnaeTCH B aBrYCl'l)
1774 r., II 3aROHQl1Tb ero BCRope nOCJIe «MY HOfI BOHHbI», B ,n;eBJ,
Hoponan;lfH ROpOJlH B IIa aJIe lIIOIUI 5 . MbI nOCTapael\ICH B:bI,n;eJIHTh
nce, 111'0 OTHOCIITCH 1\ 1'eXHIII\e yrrpallJIeHHH - p;ajl e eCJIIf pe l)
noi,n;eT 0 HaCTOHW;HX pe<I>opMax - OCHOBIII>Ie np06JIeMbI, paCCMa-
TpHBaeM:ble C TO RH 3peHHH ::>l\OIIOMMYIeC1\OH HJIII 06 eH 110JIHTH-
UM, TO eC1'b AJIH HaMeQeHHOrO nepuo,n;a: 3epHOBaH rrp06JIeMa, 610)];-
iI\eTHaa nOJIIITHRa II Bonpoc B03:apaII eHuH napJIaMeH1'OB, 1.11'0 II
COCTaBHT co,n;epmaHlfe' 1'pex CJTeJ YIOII HX rJlaB.
C Hal1aJIOM npaBJIeHHH TlOpro COBna,n;aIOT HeCROJIL1\O ,n;OBOJI:bHO
I\paCOl1HbIX 3IIII30,n;OB: HCTOpUH C «I\oMcJJ;M cDpanCe3», p;eJIO fJIaHh-
e pa, H306peTeHIIe JIep;OKOJIa.
C 18 ceHTHopH TIOpro npUllIJIOCb 3aHHMaTbCH IIOBbIM TeaTpOM,
«!-tOMe,n;1I (J>paHCe3», pa3YMeeTCH He C TOQI\H 3peHIIH TeaTpaJIbIIOrO
1 F 0 n c i n. Le Ministere de Turgot, p. 121; 8 C hell e, t. IV, p. 28.
2 IIuehMo IUITeu)J;aHTY JJIaMnaulI OFf 23 lIonopH 1774 r. ( o Y In a r (' k.
Turgot, p. 385.) B 110M TIpep;DI1CbIBD:IOCh oucyiup;aTb B nnChMP JUIIIU) oAIiO
1(CJIO, OCTaBJUITb mHpOI\Ue IIOJIH II T. ,D;.
3 110crraHOBJIeHlIeM COHeTa H Iipyr HOMTIeTPHIJ;UH oT,D;cJIeHHiI <pHuanco-
Boro Be,n;OMCTBa BI\JIIO'laJIaCL ,l1;OpOil\HaH CJIYil\Ua (B CJIY1.Iae (',Hoca He,u;BHn,JI-
MOCTU) Borrpel\H npeTeH3HHM napJIaMeHTa (13 H 2G IIIOJIH 1775 r.). (8 c h e 1-
1 o. t. IV, p. 651.)
4 B e s e n vaL Ope cit., t. I, p. 328.
5 O,u;aaRO MbI 6YAeM BLIXO,IJ;IfTb 3a :)TH XpOHOJIOrnqeCI\He paMKH BCH-
HUH pa8, Kor,u;a 3Toro IloTpeoyeT C8Ma 1'PMa naITIcii paOOTLI.
A V . OB30P TEXHHHH YnPAB EHHn
rJ1ABp. .
---
105
e}{yecTBa IIJIU apXl1TeK1'ypbl, no n llJlane paCXOAOB. rrorJJ;a conep-r
:u qann JJ;Ba rrpoeKTa TcaTpanbHoro 3ana: no O)J;HOMY, rrpe CTaB-
_ aaoMY HeRUM r-HOM Mopo, TeaTp )J;oJljI-\eu 6bIJI pa3MecTHTbcH BO
oJI e U.
opl\e .1,-OHAe, II, HCl3aJIOCh, 011 YiKe oJJ;epmaJI nepx: HalIaJIHCh
:60TbI, 6blJIH BJIOiUeHbI cpe)J;CTBa; BTOpOH 6blJI npe)J;c1'aBJleH f-HO!vr.
bejl\OHOl\I, HOTOpblH 110 CtIOJI cc6a rr06emJl;eIIHblM: II - 6JIaro)J;apa
B)ICwa1'eJIbcTBY COTPy,LI;1IHIHl rrlopro )J;e JIaI{pya - JJ;06HJICH npe-
Iipam;eHlul pa60T no uepBOMY rrpOeI\TY )J;JIH HOBoro JI3YQeHHH eJIa,.
uoeROJlbKY ero rrpOeI{T Tpe60BaJI rOpa3) O MenbIllO 3aTpa'l'. Tropro
TaR H He pem1IJI 31'01'0 Bonpoca. 1'aliH I 06pa30M, ()!\OHOMHH 6.01-
Jla e06J1IO)J;eHa, lIO l' pai1Hei.i l\fepe nero HpeMH l .
Cpa3Y lIOCJIe 3Toro AeJIa XpOHIII,a 1) a 1lI0 l\tIO II a 3HaI\OMHT Hac
e ,D;BYMH )J;pyrIIl\IH cnyqaHl\IlI, OHIIIIaI-\OllO ;)I\CI,eH1'pnQHbIMII B 6YK-
BaJlbl{Ol\I C:MbICJIe CJIOBa. B rrepBOl\I CJlyqae 31'0 OTHOCIITCH aiKe I\;
ero ropOIO, rro.TIyrroMemaUIIOMY no II IcnH PUlllap l);e fJIaHbep, aB-
TOpy TIJIaHa 3I\OHOMIPIeCHoro HaJIOro06J10iKeHHH II yrrpaB.n:eHHH
4JHHalIca 1Tl (sic!), ROTopbrii OIl npe)J;cTaBHJI Tropro. TOT OTBeTHJI"
lITO ero rrJIaH CJIeAYCT naUeqaTaT I), QT06bI rry6JIIIKa ca la CYAHJIa
o HeM. «1160 H He rrplI3Hal0 Hnoro cym)J;eHHH», - ,n;06aBHJI OH, lIO'
CJlOBaM BO,n:02. B 3TOH IICTOpHII MbI BHAHM ABe CBollcTBeHHbIe Trop-
fO qepTbI: Jtu6epaJtu3M (B J];aHHOl\I CJlyqae B BblpameHIIH CBOHX
Mblcncii II B IIX 06HapoJ];oBaI1IIH) II TO, tITO MOiKHO lIa3BaTb CTpeM-
JleHIIeM K «rJlaCHOCTH», B 3TO nOllHT:He MbI BI{JIa)J;bIBael\tI n )J;OBepIiIC'
H ny6JIlII-\e, I[ I\eJlaHlIC Aa 1'1) err B031\IOn,IIOCTb rrpn06peCTII 3KOHO-
MIPleCKIIe 3HaHHH, CB06oJJ;IIO o6CYil\JJ;aH nOAo6II:ble pa601'bI, H, HaKO-
nen;, CTpeMJleHIIC H36eiKaTL HpnROTOJ1T\OB no HOBOAY npoeKTOB .
KOTopble CqUTaroTcH ceRpeTHbI!\III. 8TH B n;eJlOM npeBocxo,n:H:bIe Ha-'
Iep'eHMH Ha l eJle ORaJcUfnC& TC I, 'ITO Ha3bIBaIOT «(npOjJtaXOM)). He-
OrpaHH.QUBlliIICb paaronopOM C aBTopO f, 1'Iopro HalIHCaJI eMY,
(IT06bI rrOJJ;1'Bep)J;lITb, q1'O TOT l\tIOil eT CB060JJ;IIO ony6J1IIKoBa1'b CBOIOJ
pa60TY. )],c rJIaHbep orry6J1J.InOBa.7r ;)1'0 nnCbMO B HatJa.Tle cBoeii:
KHurn, II, XOTH B He !vI He 6bIJIO Aame naMeIia Ha 0,n;06peIIIIe, CaMC\I
nO)];l1lICb l\fHlIHCTpa 6bIJIa BOCHpIIIIHTa KaI\ peKO leJ)JJ;aU;HH. BAO-
1 C I.: B a C h a U ill 0 n L. Ope cit., t. .VIII, p. 214, 18 scpteulbre.
r¥OJrHO BIIOBb BepHYJIHCI) 1\ n.TIany 1\10[>0, no R3MCIIII.:J}I MCc.TO cTpOFlTeJIbCTBcL
c.U,HM oopaao!\[, B 1872 r. pOJ1;U:IC:r (J COII. (F 0 n c i n. Ope cit., p. 97.}
CCROpbTCT:ne J];e JIaHpya llnOr)];a CTaUllTcn nOH COMIICIHIC. C (. ; a.iJOO, qaCTIJ
,rpCThH, r:JC1Ba IX.
2 I. Cl\I.: Bachau1110nt. Ope cit., L. VII, 221; Baudeau. Ope eit.,.
. 06. B CBOCM paCCHC1,JO .GallIO [On HaaT>IBaCT n UI r-ua )];C r.lIaHbepa II CC:LI-
,,[a(nCH IIa I al,OO-TO 11l1CTJMO 0'1' 13 rrIlTHopH. 130)];0 paCCHa3bIBaCT 0 TIor:eTiJ
T :Ie, I OTOpbIii ObIJI UpMIIHi 1 rCU1HupH, lIO lIO HaaI>InaCT ('1'0 1I1\IeHU. CYJ ;I
o CXO]1;c.TBY ABYX AC I, MhI Cl,.110HIII>I C\IIITaTb, XOTH H lIe HMeCl\I TO MY ORa-
TeJILCTB, 'tJTO pe'tJb H)];eT 06 O)];HOM II TOM iI\C 'tJeJIOBeKe, a pacxomAeHue-
CCRa30B 06'bHCHHeTCH JlH60 HeKOTopoii neTOQHOCTbIO, JlII60 TeM, 1JTO noce-
ec: eJIb COe)];IIHHJI nepe)];a1.JY llBCbM3 co CBOHM BH3KTOM, "111'0 l\aa\CTCH _nOJIHe
, ; t } TBeBnbJM. TaHOBO ;lie TOJIHOBaHIIC :u <PonC(\lla. (F 0 n C i ll. Ope cit.
'.. )
106
QACTb nEPBAH. HAJ{E1RJ{}\
6aBOK 3TO nHCLMO B COlleTaBHH C BBe eHHeM aBTOpa, Ka3aJIOCh,
nO,I(TBepm aJIO, «lITO 3TOT npOeKT, nOCBH eBHLIi MHHHCTPY, no-
JlBHJICH nOJ); ero nOKpOBHTeJILCTBOM H C ero 0 o6peHHH...». IIy6JIB-
Ka, e e He ycneBmaH npH06peCTH HH rrpHBLIlIKH K JIH6epaJIH3MY,
BH 8KOHOMHlIeCKHX 3HaHHi, pac eHHBmaH K TOMY me nJiIChMo
II npe lICJIOBHe KaK npHBHJIerHIO, He npeMHHYJIa C eJIaTL CBOI1
BLIBO LI.
rJIaHLep paTOBaJI 3a «HMy ecTBeHHYIO» TaJIblO* II npaBO B3H-
MaTb KanHTa JiIro** co Bcex o6urare.aeu KOpOJIeBCTBa, IIpH aBaH
8TOMY CJIOBY caMoe mHpOKoe TOJIKOBaHHe H pacnpOCTpaHHH ero
Ba JIoma,I(ei, Ha 6LIKOB H OBeI(. RpoMe Toro, aBTOp Hana,I(aJI Ha re-
HepaJIhHhIX oTKyn HKoB, y KOTOpLIX nOCJIe 3Toro 3apO,I(HJIOCL He-
KOTopoe npe,I(y6em,I(eHHe npOTHB MIIHHCTpa. Pa60Ta rJIaHhepa BbI-
3BaJia OlleHL MBoro OTKJIHKOB B nellaTH. ITocJIe KOHCTPYKTHBHon
RPHTHRII B «MepKIOp ,I(e <l>paBC» a66aT BOJ];o B3HJICH KaK 6bI nop;-
BeCTH IITOr, HO H TYT 06 ecTBeHBoe MHeHHe B 60JILmHHCTBe CBO-
eM YBH,I(eJIO CKopee nOJIyo 06peHHe, lIeM BaCToH ee onpOBepme-
HHe l . Mem y TeM KHHra PHmapa ,I(e rJIaHhepa BAPyr HClIe3JIa
113 npO,I(aiKH. «Ee npO,I(alOT TOJIbKO H3-nO,I( nOJILI, lITO CHJIhBO 1I0,I(-
BHJIO I(eHy»2. HeKOTopLIe 6Horpa<pLI TlOpro JJ;yMaJIH, lITO IIpO,I(aiKa
6LIJIa npHOCTaHOBJIeHa no npHRa3Y npaBHTeJIhCTBa, 6e3 BeJ];OMa
JIH6epaJIbHOrO TIOpro. O,I(HaKO 3TO HeBepHo 3 . Ha caMOM ;u;eJIe pac-
npOCTpaHeBHe KHHrH 6LIJIO npHOCTaHOBJIeHO JIHmb ,I(JIH Toro, lITO-
6LI nepeH3,I(aTh ITJIaH, BbIpe3aB nHCbMO Tropro H BBe eBHe4.
IIocJIe 3Toro He y HBJ2ITeJIbHO, lITO JII060nLITCTBO 6bIJIO B036ym-
;:(eHO. JIIO,I(H CTapaJIHCh Y3HaTh, KTO TaKOH fJIaHhep. STOT lIeJIOBeR,
Ba eJIaBmHH CTOJIhKO mYMa CBOHM IIepOM, Be pacnpOCTpaHHeTCH
o ce6e. O;U;BaKo OH cyru;eCTByeT; rOBopHT, lITO B CBoe BpeMH OB
* « MMym;ecTBeHHaH», UJIH «Bem;HaH», TaJILH (taille reelle) - IIOCTOHH-
HLIH npHMOB: HajJor, yqpelK;n;eHHbIH Op;n;OHaHCOM 1439 r. «I1Mym;ecTBeHHOH»
TaJILen: o6JIaraJIaCL 3eMJIH He;n;BopHHCKoro cTaTyca (terre roturiere) He3aBH-
CIIMO OT COCJIOBHOH npIlHa;n;JIeIKHOCTII 3eMJIeBJIa}J;eJILn;a. - llpUM. pea.
** KanuTan;UH (capitation) - O;n;UB U3 BUP;OB no;n;ymHon: nO;n;aTII. -
II pUM. pea.
1 B a C h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., t. VII, p. 231, 2 novembre 1774.
rJIaH:bep OTBeTUJI BceM RpHTIIl\aM cpa3Y «06m;HM OTBeTOM Ha Bce HaCTOH-
lIe 11 6y;n;yID;He SaMeqaHUH no nOBo}J;y Moero nJlaHa 3KOHOMUqeCKOrO HaJIO-
ro06J10meHIIH». «Ha}J;o npU3HaT:bCH, B03pameHuH ero He 6:bIJlII y;n;aQHLIMU».
(B a C h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., 5 mars 1775.)
2 «Journal historique», 17 octobre, t. VI, p. 221.
3 F 0 n C i n. Ope cit., p. 99.
4 «J ournal historique», 18 octobre, t. VI, p. 224.
IIo BamOMOHY, TeKCT nllCLMa rJlacuJI: «Ror}J;a 11 CKa3aJl BaM, cY}J;ap:b,
lIT06:bI BbI HaneqaTaJIH Barn npoeKT, 11 XOTeJl JIllm:b )J;aTL ny6JIHKe B03MOil\-
ROCTL CYP;IITL 0 HeM. IIoaTOMY H HHCKOJILKO He co6HparocL npOTIlBIITLCH
ero pacnpOCTpaHeHIlIO, H ELI MOlKeTe npucTynllTL K HeMY, KaK TOJlLI\O
Barna pa60Ta 6y eT HaneqaTaBa. rOTOBbIH K BamllM YCJIyraM». (ITUCbMO
OT 13 CeBT1I6pH, B a C h a u m 0 n 1. Ope cit., 12 octobre.) HaM He Y}J;aJlOCb
OTbICKaTb H3)J;aHue C nUChMOM: II BBe;n;eHueM.
r nABA OB30P TEXHHRH YnPAB EHHH
107
-
S axo,n;nJlcs: Ha cJIym6e», HO 6:bIJI nOB:umeH B p;OJImHOCTH H Te..
« 6 u 0 u
nepb «ue}:(OBOJIeB CY b Oil». B 3aru;Hru;aeT CBOH npoeKT C ro..
s:qgOCTbIO, HO 6e3 y6e,I(HTeJILH:bIX ,I(OBO OB, H nOTOMY Koe-KTO ,I(ame
OJ{03peBaeT, 'ITO aTO IIOJ{CTaBHoe JlHII;O... CerOJ{HH HaM Ka eTCS
Oqe13H,D;HbIM, CY H no a6CYP,I(HOCTH HeKOTopLIX ero nOJIOiKeHJiIH, qTO
TIOpro HliI B KoeR Mepe He 6LIJI ero B;a;OXHOBHTeJleM II, TOJIbKO
no,n,n;aBIDnCb CBOHM JlH6epaJlLBLIM lIYBCTBaM, Han:ucaJI nHCbMO, OT
KOTOporo BnOJlBe Mor 6bI B03p;ep?KaTLCS:, K TOMY me OH He rrpe;a;..
BH,n;eJl, KaRne OHO BM30BeT HenpHHTBOCTH. ECJlH B HeKOTopMX
napHiKCRIIX Kpyrax 3TOMY ,I(eJIY He npH,I(aJlH 60JlLmOrO 3HalleHHS:,
TO B npOBHH HH, HanpOTHB, KHHra rJlaHLepa BLI3BaJIa, nO-BIIp;H-
MOMY, caMMe HeJIenble ,I(OMMCJlLI H cnoc06CTBOBaJIa KaMnaHHHM
HenOBHHOBeHHH c60py HaJlOrOB. IT03TOMY TlOpro He TOJILKO BeJIeJl
H3'bHTL CBoe nHCLMO H3 3Toro H3p;aHHH, HO H BLIHymp;eH 6LIJI Ha-
nHcaTL HeKOTopbIM HHTeHp;aHTaM (B lIaCTBOCTH, 8CMaHrapy), 1ITO-
6bI npe,I(OCTepelIh HX npOTHB «CJlYXOB, Bpep;HLIx P;JIH ynpaBJleHHH»,
npHqHHOii KOTOpLIX, nO-BH,I(HMOMY, 6LIJI 9TOT cJIyqaii. «ECJlH Ero
BeJIIPIeCTBO B:bIpa3HJI iKeJlaHHe He MemaTL TeM, KTO MomeT co06-
ID;HTh nOJle3HhIe CBe}:(eHHH, npep;CTaBHTh HX Ha cy ny6JIHKH C
nOMO hIO neqaTH, TO 3TO 3HaqHT, lITO OH iKeJIaeT, lIT06LI ero no -
;n;aHHLIe 6LIJIH cnoco6HLI no B03MOiKHOCTH caMH CY,I(HTL 0 CBOHX
HCTHHHLIX HHTepecax... Ero BeJlHqeCTBO 6Y,I(eT Bcer,I(a nO,I(p;epiKII-
BaTh... 3aKOHLI, onpep;eJlHIO He pa3MepLI H cpOpMLI HaJIOrOB».
ECJlH MLI ,I(OBOJILHO CHHcXOp;HTeJlLHO BCnOMBHJIH 3TY HHqTOiK-
HYro 6pomIOPY, ee npH3paQHOrO aBTopa, Bce 3TH MeJIKHe 3aTpyP;-
HeHHH, TO JIHm:b nOTOMY, lITO BHP;HM B 3TOM MaJIeHhKOM 3nH30 e
TO me, qTO 06HapYiKHM B caMhIX 3HaQ:UTeJIbHLIX nepHneTHHX 3Toro
MHHHCTepCTBa: HeKOTOpylO HeOCTopomHOCTh TIOpro no OTHOmeHIIro
K 06 eCTBeHHOMY MHeHHIO, H3J1HmHIOIO TOpOnJIHBOCTh B iKeJIaHHH
HH<POpMHpOBaTh ero HJlH ;D;aTh eMY 03HaKOMHTLCH caMOMY, Qpe3-
MepHLIii OIITHMII3M B o eHKe 3p;paBOMLICJIHH H BepHOCTH ero peaK-
D;UH. ABa JlerKOBepHH CTaJlKHBaIOTCH C CHJIoii B3pLIBa: Bepa MH-
HHcTpa B 3;o;paBLIH CMLICJI H JlerROBepHe TOJInLI, npHBJleQeHHOB
o6aHHHeM BLIMLICJla. M nOTOMY MLI npO;O;OJImaeM. ;O;YMaTb, XOTS:
3TOT Bonpoc ocnapHBaJlCH H npeiKAe H TenepL, qTO Tropro, npe;o;o-
CTaBJIHH CB060A)T C03,D;aTeJIHM npoeKTOB, He HMeJI B BHAY HX peRJla-
MUpOBaTh II nOOIIJ;pHTb l .
CJIeP;YIOIIJ;ee eJIO YBO,D;HT Hac B CTOPOHY OT 6IOp;iKeTHLIX H «pHC-
RaJIhHLIX BonpOCOB II nepeHOCHT Ha nepHcpepHIO ROMneTeH HII re-
BepaJIbHOrO ROHTpOJlepa, XOTH H OQeHh 06mHpHYro; 6bITh MomeT,
OBO BLIXO;o;HT ;n;aiKe 3a ee npe;u;eJILI, H K TOMY me BbI3LIBaeT Y Hac
.cepLe3HLIe COMHeHHH.
1 F 0 n c i n. Op" cit., p. 99; S c hell e. Ope cit., t. IV, p. 64 et 273.
MeTpa BLI)J;BHraeT runoTesy, qTO TIopro COXpaHHJI ,B;JlH ce6H Cep:be3HLIe
U ( poeRTLI 11 nOSBOJIHJI neqaTaTL HeJIenOCTH rJIaHLepa II eMY nOA06uLIX.
Correspondance, p. 157.)
108
'lACTb nEPBAH. HAJ{EHinA
-
HeRHB: Ae IIapcLe HeCI{OJILRO JIeT Ha3a,n: c,n:eJIaJl (11 ,n:aiUe npe;o,-
CTaBlIJI B ARa,n;eMJiIIO HaYR) OqeHb 3Haql:l eJIbHOe ,n:JIH CBOerO Bpl'-
MeHK H306p TeHlfe, a HMeHHO JIe,!{OROJJ. 110 JIe,n:OI{OJI r-Ha IIapcL(\
OTJI1I1IaJICH TeM, 'ITO OB 6bIJI Heno,n:BJ2IiKHbIM. 8TO 6bIJIa «IIJIaByqaH
8CTaKaAa», COCTOH aH 113 AepeBHHHbIX 3BeHbeB, CKperrJIeHHbIX n:e-
IIHMH II cnaomeHHbIX OOJILIIIHMH JIe,D;Ope3aMII. OH ,I(OJIiKeH ObIJI 3a-
AepiKHBaTb ,D;BHmeHHe JIb,D;HH, nJlbIBY HX 110 CeHe H IIapHmy ]\
HaHOCH HX OOJILIlIOH ym;epo cHa6meHI'IIO CTOJIHIJ;LI.
Tropro, no CJlOBaM BamOl\IOHa, 3aIfHTepeCOBaJICH 3THM H306pe-
TeIIHeM, nopY'IHJI ero 3meBeHaM* If np'UKa3aJI HClIbITaTL Ha MapHP
no,I( KOHTpOJIeM 3RcrrepTOB 1:13 AKa,I(eMHII. Ha nepBOM I:IcnbITaHHIl
CJIOMaJIaCb OAHa OaJIKa; BTopoe, rrpOBe,n;ellHoe BCKope nOCJIe rrep-
Boro TOB: me 3JiIMOH 1774 r., 6bIJIO Tome Hey,n;aqHbIM no He1I3BeCT-
HbIM ,IJ;JIH > Hac npJiIqHHaM. «JIerRo 6uIJIO npe,n;BIf,n;eTb, tITO MaIlII2IHU
npI2IqHHHT e e OOJIbme HerrpHHTHOC'Teii, qeM Bce, HaneceHHblt'
JIb,n;HHaMH». eKapCTBO OKa3aJIOCb onaCHeH caMOH 60JIe3HH; HaAG
npH3HaTb, qTO 3TO ODIJIO ObI nJIOXHM npe,n;3HaMeHOBaHHeM H nJIO-
XHM CHMBOJIOM AnH nOJIHTHRH pe opM. HeCMOTpH na OpMaJILHO
llpHHHToe pemeHHe OTKa3aTbCH OT MallIllHbI, ltll1.HI1CTp Bce me He
3a6poCIIJI ee, I'I 3a Hee B3HJIHCb CHOBa cJIeAYlOlQelI 3Ml\10ii B 60JIee
nO,D;XoJlH ee BpeMH, TaI\ KaK CTOHJIH CMJIbHbIe MOp03bI. Ha 3TOT
pa3 ,n;eJIo ROHlIJiIJIOCL RaTacTpo oH. «BcKope rro,n; ,n;aBJIeHHeM JIb,n;U
MamHBY pa3JIOMaJIO, IiI ee OOJlOMKH B,n;pe6e3rIf pa3HeCJIII rvleJIbHJiII Y
na 6epery». II TYT ee B nepBbIH pa3 Ha3BaJIlI «MallilIHoH TlOpro»!
I-Ie CJIe,n;yeT JIH BIf,n;eTb B 3TOM HeI{Oe CIIMBOJII'PleCKOe npef];BOCXJI-
m;eHue? He pa3JIeTHTCH JIM BOT TaK lIa I\YCKH Bce MHHlICTepCKoe
CoopYiKeHHe !IOA ymacHbIM JleJ(JlllbIM ;a;aBJleHUel\1 npIIBIIJIerHw? 0,[(-
HaRO 00 aTOM ,u;eJle paCCKa3bIBaeT TOJIbKO EamOMOH, npaBf];a Bun...
Tll pa3HLIX MeCTax, a I1MH TIopro ynOMI-IHaeTCH B HUX TPH pa3a 1.
l-IaM RameTCH CTpaHllbIM, "tfTO 0 HeM 60JIbllIe He yrroMMnaIOT Hn B
O,r(HOH xpOHHKe, IIH B o,n;nOM ;a;OKYMeHTe, ,n;aiHe B nepenMCI{8 TIopro
c I-\OH,I:(opce, BcerJ(a TaR Tecno CBH3aHHLIM CHUM n pa3) eJlHBIIIH]\'1
ero 3a6oTLI M HaYQHble 3aMbICJIbI. ECJIIf CJIe;a;yeT OTMeTIITb MOJIqa-
BHe ero ,npY3eii, TO MOJIqaHHe BparOB I\an{eTCH HaM npOCTO Hopa-
3HTeJIhHbIM. RaI{ MOrJIO CJIYQHTbCH, oco6eHHO B rrepMO,n;, ROI'J(a
l\fUHHCTpa npeCJIeJ(YIOT II OCl\leIIBaIOT co Bcex CTOpOII ( lbI fonopHM
o HHBape 1776 r.), ':iTO HIf OAHOM:y H3 HHX He rrpHIIlJIO B rOJIOBY
nO;a;qepRHYTL rrpOBaJI ,n;eJIa, KOTopoe Bce »\e rrOBJIeKJIO 8a COOOH
nenyn.;nyro TpaTY (;20 TbIC. JIHBpOB, no CJIOnal\1 BUIlIOl\1IO £la, HOTO-
pI)Tii: Ge;J trrTejl\nO 1 o6aBJTH(,T: «Bcp, 1['1'0 111\('1' na rrO.T[b; Y naYI\e,
· fopoAcIUIC COBeTlnII H, q.TleHI I ropOnCI{oro MYlnI HllaJlI1TeTa. -
IIp UJ,t. P e iJ .
1 B a C h a U ill 0 n t. Ope cit., t. VII, p. 226, 8 octobre 1774 (TIopro
ynoMHHaeTCH); p. 222, 13 octobre 1774 (ynoMHHaeTCH); p. 258, 29 decembre
1774 (Tropro He Ha3nau); p. 259, 6 janvier 1775 (ynoMHHaeTcH); t. IX,
p. 32, 30 janvier 1776 «(MamHHa TIOprO»).
A V OB30P TEXHHRH YIIPABJ1EHHH
,r.rl AB .
109
--
MO»\eT CtIHTaThCH 6eCIIOJIe3HbIM»). IIoqeMY Bparu He BOCnOJIh-
lIe aJlBCL Ta'KHM Y 06H:bI 1 CJIYtlaeM OCY}];HTh ero «AYX CHCTeMhI»
30B u
oCMeHTh CTOJlb HeJIenyIO aaTero, natlaTYro B caMhIH pa3rap BhI-
:" a60T:KH 3 HKTOB II HaKaHYHe KpH3JiICa? ,[(JUI Hac 3TO OCTaeTCH
aralI.KOH 1. 3aTeM BamOl\lOH B CBoeM paccKaae C JH rKOCTbIO o6xo-
lIT BonpoC 0 HOl\IIIeTeHD;HU: AeJlO naXOAHJlOCb B Be,[(eHHH MYHH-
J u
' unaJlbHbIX BJIaCTeH, KOTOpI>Ie nOKphIJlH paCXO hI.
B DO TBepiKAeHHe npaBAHBOCTH 3Toro paCCKaaa MOiKBO CO-
,CJIaTbCH Ha HHTepec, IIpOHBJIHeMhIH Tropro KO BCHHHM "MamUHaM,
;o:aiKe TaRHM 3KCTpaBaraHTHhIM, KaR nOCJIeAHHH. TaKOBLI MamHHa
.,IIJIf{ onpeCHeHHH 1'A:OpCKOH BOAhI, pa3pa6aThIBae laH JIaBya3he 11
ROHJ(opce 2 , MYKOMOJIbHaH MamHHa, cnoco6HaH AaTh MYRH na BbI-
neIIRY 720 <PYHTOB xJIe6a B eHb, npQ CTaBJIeHHaH B ARa eMHlo
I H1 :Y T { 3, MannrHa JIH nO;J;'beMa BO.D;bI II IIOJIIIBa JIyroB 4.
O,n;HaRO 0 KaiK OM H3 8THX CJIYtIaeB MbI HaXO HM CJIe)]; B nepe-
'nHCRe.
RaK HI! paCn;eHHBaTh 8TOT 3IIH30,IJ;, Tropro BCer,IJ;a npOHBJIHeT
"'lliUBOH HHTepec, Kor,IJ;a petlb H,IJ;eT 0 npaRTHtIeCKOM npHJIOiKeHHH
HaYI\H, 6YP;I TO nJIaBKa CTaJIH Ha MeTaJIJIyprH1IeCKOM 3aBO}];e BIO<p-
. OHa (IIHCbl\10 A IOaMeJIIO, reHepaJlhBOMY HHcneKTOpy apCeHaJIOB,
tOT 6 OKTH6pH) HJIH On;eHKa npeHJ.\1ly ecTB H He)];OCTaTKO:B MOlIKH
i{OHOIIJIH B npOTOtInOH HJIH nenpOTOtIHOM BO,IJ;e (IIHChMO rpaHiKany
..n;e cDymH, HenpeMeHHOMY ceKpeTapro AKa eMHH HaYK, OT 29 IIO-
HGpn) 5.
JIep:OKOJI no6YiKp:aeT Hac nepeHTH K 60JIee BaiKHOM rJIaBe 0
TI1,o;paBJIHRe, I{OTOpaH IIpe CTaBJIHeT C060M nepexo HhIH 3Tan OT
HayqHOrO ,IJ;HJleTaHTCTBa K 8KOHOMnqeCKOM 3KcnaHCHH. Pa3BHTHe
BO,ZJ;HhIX nYTeM l\10rJIO BMeT:b tIpe3BbPIaHHo BaiKHoe 3HaqeHHe B
'CHcreMe IIYTefI coo6ru;eHHH TOM 3noxliI, oco6eHHO )J;JIH TOprOBJIII
3epHOM. O,IJ;HaKO rrIopro yp:aJIOCb rrpncTynIITb B 3TOM 06JIaCTH: JIUIliL
l\ rro)J;fOToBHTeJIJ>HhIM MepaM. KaK OTMetIaIOT, 7 MaH 1775 r. reHe-
tHlJIbHLIH KOHTpOJIep no npHKa3Y I\OpOJUI nopYtlHJI A'AJlaM6epy,
ROH)J;opce H a66aTY BOCCIO npe,IJ;l1pHHHTb COBMeCTHbIe H3blCKaHHH
'B OOJIaCTH HaHHran;HliI. OHB npOCHJIH, tlTo6hI 3Ta MHCCHH 6hIJIa 6ec-
1 OCHoBHhle 6uorpa<pbI Tlopro, aUIBmue nOCJIe Hero, B lIaCTHOCTH
(fJOlIceu (op. cit., p. 117) u JlIeJIJI:b (op. cit., t. IV, p. 236), OrpaHHQIlBaIOTcH
'tIa:XOlReHueM JTOrO AeJIa co CJlOB BamoMoHa. HII KOH}J;opce, HB AIOTIOH lI.aiRe
He ynoMRrraIOT 0 HeM, QTO MOii no D KpaHHeM CJIyqae 06'hHCHHTb BX CTp(, I:re-
UlIe M ero onpa n,n;a TJ).
Con d 0 r c e t. Correspondance, p. 187 et 192.
o ') OHa 6bIJIa :u30opeTeHa JIOiReJIeM, IIIMHTOM B II<peTepoM. CM. nHChMO
4 T 8 Man 1775 r., I UTfIPyoMoe <DoHcerroM (op. c,it., p. 184).
S F 0 n C i n. Ope cit., p. 236, 12 mai 1775.
Schelle, t. IV, p. 240; Foncin. Ope cit., p. 117.
110
IlACTb flEPBAR. HAl{EJRl1,A,
nJIaTHOH, HO B 06I.D;eCTBe paCnpOCTpaHHJICH CJIYX, 6Y TO OHB nOJIY-
IlHJIH 6 TLIC. JIHBpOB 1. Tropro, no CJIOBaM KOH,n;opce, C06llpaJIC$I'
YTBep,n;HTb 6ro,n;iReT B 800 T:bIC. JIHBpOB Ha YJIyqmeHHe cy,n;OXO,n;HbIX
nYTei1: 2 . BCKope nOCJIe paCCMaTpllBaeMoro HaMil nepHo,n;a OH npe-
,n;OCTaBJIHeT a66aTY BOCCIO Kaq,e,n;py rH,n;po,n;IIHaMHKH 3 ; BeJIHT rrepe-
H3,n;aTb HJIIl nepeBeCTIl pa60TLI 8iiJIepa 4 ; AaeT KOH,n;opce B03MOiR-.
HOCTb cBo6o,n;HO e3,I:(HTb no CTpaHe H H3yqaT:b BceB03MOiKHLIe npo...
eHTbI npOBe,n;eHHH KaHaJIOB.
B03Bpa aHCb K ceHTH6pLCKIlM ;rJ;HHM, MLI o6HapymIlBaeM nOCJIe.
HeCHOJI:bKHX MaJIOHHTepeCH:bIX Mep, KacaIO HXCH lIeKaHKH M:oHeT5
O;rJ;HO 3HaqHTeJILHOe ,n;eJIO, KOTopoe OTHOCHTCH K TeKym;HM ;rJ;eJIaM E'
B TO iRe BpeMH CBH,n;eTeJlbcTByeT 0 HOBOH TeH,n;eH:QIlH B ynpaBJIe...
HIlH: aTO Borrpoc 06 apeH,n;H:bIX ;rJ;orOBopax Ha oTRyrr HaJIOrOB C
,n;OMeHOB (KopOJIeBCKHX BJIa;rJ;eHHi1:). feHepaJILHQro KOHTpOJIepa 3a
C:bInaJIH 3anpocaMH II maJI06aMH no nOBO,n;y HOBOH CHCTeMLI, BBe...
,n;eHHoi1: a66aToM Teppa H npHBo;rJ;HBmeH K Cep:be3HLIM 3JIoynoTpe6..
JIeHHHM. TlOpro, cTpeMHBmHHcH peopraHH30BaTL CHCTeMY CBoerc.
ripe;rJ;mecTBeHHHKa B aToH 06JIaCTH, BOCIIOJILSOBaJICH CJIyqaeM, qTO-
6LI IIOJIOiKHTL HallaJIO IIOJIHTHKe saMeHLI CHCTeM:bI oTKynoB BSD..
MaHPICM HaJlOrOB rocy,n;apcTBoM; APyrHe IIpHMepLI TaKoH IIOJIHTHKD
MLI BH,n;HM B ,n;eJIe C HIIoTeKaMH, IIpOHSBO,IJ;CTBOM IIopoxa H n01J:TO-
BO-IIaCCaiRHpCKHMH IIepeBosKaMH.
B 3THX lIeTLIpex oIIepan;HHX Tropro npoBo,n;IIJI O,n;HY o6 ylO'
rJIaBHYro H;rJ;ero, HO B KaiK,n;oM cJIYTIae HCxo;rJ;HLIe ,n;aHHLIe 6LIJIH
HeO,IJ;IlHaKoBLI H MOTHBLI, KOTOpLIMH OH PYKOBO;rJ;CTBOBaJICH, XOTJI'
B D;eJIOM H cxo,1];HLIe, npOHBJlHJIHCL no-pasHoMY. 3aMeHa oTKynoB
B3HMaHHeM HaJIOrOB caMHM rocY;rJ;apcTBoM ,n;OJIiRHa 6:bIJIa B IIPHH-
D;Hne 06eCnelIHTL yBeJIHTIeHHe nocTynJIeHHH, TITO II npOHSOmJIO Hal
1 B a C h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., t. VII, p. 305, 7 mars 1775; «Journal,
historique», t. VII, p. 151.
2 Con d 0 r C e t. Vie de Turgot, p. 106.
3 B a c h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., t. VIII, p. 262, 22 novembre f' 15.
26 BOH6pH 1775 r.: «Pe}J;Kllii cJIYTIaii, TIT06LI MIIHHCTp BXO}J;HJI caM B TaKoe'
MHomeCTBO eTaJIeH H rOBOpllJI co 3HaHHeM }J;eJIa 0 caMLlX C.rrOi!(HLIX
HaYRaX)).
4 Con d 0 r c e t. Correspondance, p. 244 et suiv.
5 ,IJ:eKJIapan;HH OT 18 eeHTH6pH, OTMeHHIO aH pacnopHmeHHR a66aTa
Teppa. Peqb mJIa 0 TOM, llT06LI IIs6emaTL MOmeBHB1IeCTBa, KOTopoe, RaE:
OnaCaJIHC:b, CTaJIO 6LI B03MomHLIM npu O}J;IIBaKOBLIX IIs06pameHIIHX Ha 30JIO-
TLIX II cepe6pHHLIX MOHeTax, a TaKme 06 9KOHOMIIII, KOTOpoi KOmBO 6LIJI()
06I1TLGH, OTKa3aBmHCL OT Tpll}J;n;aTII O Horo HOBoro TIeKaBa AJIH 06paTHoii
CTOpOHLI MOHeT. IIo CXO CTBY Bonpoca MomHO OTMeTHTL TaKme nOCTaHOBJIe-
Hue COBeTa OT 11 }J;eKa6pH OTHOCHTeJILBO MeRKoii MOBeTm liS 6HJIJIOHa
[HH3:KOnp06Horo cepe6pa]. PeTIL mJIa rJIaBHLIM 06pa30M 0 TOM,. TITo6LI 113-
6cmaTb pacnpOOTpaHeHHH <I>aJILmIlBbIX )J;eHer HHOCTpaHHoro npOIl3BO}J;cTBa
BCQe3HOBeHHH J?I3 06pa eHHH pa3MellHOH MOHeTLI Hs-sa ynoTpe6JIeHHH ee
)J;JIH enJiaTLI OQeHL KpynHbIx CYMM.
rJ1AB A v. OB30P TEXHHRH ynPABJ1EHHH
---- -
aMO M ;n;eJIe. B aTOM CM:bICJIe THnHlIeH cJIYlIaii C HnOTeKaMlf. Ho
c M:&I BH HM TaKiKe CTpeM31eHHe orpa,n;HTL ny6JIHKY OT 331oyrroT-
T 6neaHi u rrpHTecaeHHi, qTO xapaKTepHO TaKme A H orrepa Hi
,nOMeHaMH H C lIpOH3BO,n;CTBOM lIopoxa, HJIlf ,n;aiKe CTpeMJIeHHe
o6U T :bCH pe3YJILTaTa aKOHOMHqeCKOrO 1I0pH,n;Ka, lITO xapaKTepHO
H Aena c rrpOH3BOACTBOM rropoxa H em;e 60 bme A H rrOqTOBO-
naeeajl\HPCKHX lIepeB0301\. HaKOHen;, cero,n;HH M:&I HCHO BH,n;lfM, lITO
Bce aTH Mep:bI, HalIpaBJIeHH:bIe lIpOTHB OT,n;eJIbHDIX OTKYlI lfKOB,
6bIJIH JIlfmb lIpHCTpeJIbH:bIM orHeM, 1I0,n;rOTOBJIHBmlfM KpynHoe Ha-
CTynJIeHHe lIpOTHB BceH CHCTeM:bI OTKYlIOB. B:bIJIO HecpaBHeHHO JIer-
qe HanaCTL Ha OT,n;eJI:bH:bIX OTKYlI lfKOB Bpo,n;e Coccepe HJIlf Pycce...
JIJI, 'leM Ha Kopnopa HIO KOpOJIeBCKHX OTKylI HKOB - «meCTb,n;e-
CJIT CTOJIlIOB rocy,n;apCTBa», - HO, KaK TOJI:bKO Bce Ha310rH CTaHYT
B3HMaTbCH rocy,n;apCTBOM H lIpHHeCYT xopOillHe pe3YJIbTaT:bI, pa3Be
Be 6y,n;eT Tor,n;a JIerqe ,n;OKa3aT:b, lIPH no,n;)];epiKKe 06 eCTBeHHoro
MHeHHH, lITO caMa CHCTeMa OTKYlIOB OTiI{HJIa CBOH BeK H CTaJIa
TJIjI\KlfM 6peMeHeM. 14 ceHTH6pH (Ha ,n;pyroH ,n;eHb 1I0CJIe a,n;lfKTa
o X31e6HOH TOprOBJIe) TlOpro cpa3Y lIPlfCTYlIH31, npaB,n;a C 60JIblIIOII
OCTopomHOCTblO, K Borrpocy 0 KOpOJIeBCKHX oTKynax l .
B ,n;e31e C ,n;OMeHaMH cJIyqaii 6:bIJI TeM 6031ee 6JIarOnplfHTHI>Iii,
qTO HOBDIH nopH,n;OK e e He o6pe31 1I0JIHOH CHJI:bI, a Ha Hero Bee
yme pOlITaJIH, K TOMY iKe OH 6bl31 CBH3aH C HMeHeM HenonY31HpHOrO
II YBOJIeHHOrO MHHHCTpa.
A66aTY Teppa lIpHmJIa H,n;eH oT06paTL YlIpaBJleHlfe ,n;OMeHaMH
y reHepaJIbH:bIX OTKYlI lfKOB, Ha KOTOpbIX OHO 6DIJIO B03J10menO
no Tpa)];H HH. OH lIpOlf3BeJI aTY onepa Hlo, KOr)];a nplfmJIO BpeMH
B0306HOBJIeHHH 06 ero apeH,n;Horo ,n;oroBopa (,n;oroBopa A aB If)]; a ) ,
He BCTpeTHB B03paiKeHHH, H60 pell:b mJIa 0 He60JIbmOl\f ,n;oxo)];e,
a oTKYlIHaH ClfCTeMa 6:bI31a lIJIOXO npHClIOC0631eHa ,n;JIH TaKoro po)];a
JJ;eJl. OH 1I0,n;roTOBHJI cne lIaJIbHbIH apeH,n;H:bIii )];OrOBOp, 1I0,n;pa3,n;e-
neuHLIH Ha CTOJIbKO MeJIKlfX oTKynoB, CK031bKO 6bI310 rro,n;aTH1>IX
ORp¥roB, lI31aTemH no KOTOPOMY oTKyn lfKH )];031iKHbI 6blJIlf BHeCTM
1 OKTH6pH 1774 r., a B CHJIY OH BXO)];HJI C 1 HrrBapH 6y)];y ero
rO;IJ;a. CJIe,n;oBaTe31LHO, e e OCTaBaJIOCb BpeMH pa30pBaTb 3TOT )];0-
rOBOp ,n;o KOH a TeKy ero MeCH a. OlIepa IIH Teppa 6DI31a B:&Iro,n;...
Ba ]J;JlH Ka3HbI, KOTopaH nOJIYlla31a Ha aTOM Henpe)];BII)];eHHYIO eYl\'I-
My B 1564 TbIC. JIHBpOB B ro,n;. RaKoBbI iKe 6bIJIII" Hey,n;06cTBa 3TOM
unepan;HH? B ,n;aHHoM cJIYllae OHH 6:bIJIII He 61O,n;iKeTHoro, a MO'"
paJIbHoro II CO Ha31:bHOrO 1I0pH,n;Ka. q TO CTaJIH 61>1 ,n;eJIa Tb aTH
M:eJIKHe oTKyrrID;HKH ,n;OMeH.uaJIbH:bIX 3eMeJIL B pa3llbIX npOBlIn-
D;HHX? CTpeMHcb rrocKopeii BepHYTL CBOH cpe,n;eTBa H H3BJIeqb
Bau6oJl1>myIO BbIro,n;y H3 aToro ,n;eJIa, OHII He npeMlfHY31lf 6bl npo-
U3BeCTII 1I0BCIO,n;y nepenlIcb ,n;oMeHlIa31bH:bIX 3eMe31b H CTa31lf 61>1
wenO>RUTb U o6upaTb Tex, KTO ux o6pa6aTbIBa (<des engagistes»).
e AOBOJIbCTBYHCb BDImlfMaHlfeM MaKCHMYMa C lf3BeCTH:&IX If YiKe
111
1
CM. )J;aJIee, rJIaBa VII, «BIO)J;iKeTHaH nOJIHTHRa».
112
TJACTb JIEPBAfI. HA1{EiRlI.,1
- .
BI\JIlOqeHH:bIX B nepennCb 3eMeJlb, OHn CTa."1II 6:bI cTapaTbcH IIx
paCillHpIIT:b, TpeoYH npncoe,n;HHeHIIH (OHlI CIIe H3.;]hHO oroBopH.TIH
3TO rrpaBo B ,n;oroBope), RaK npuHa,n;JIemam:nx RopoHe, II ;:J;pyrlI
Y1laCTKOB, Koe-r)J;e paC1IUm;eHH:bIX II pacnaxaHHblx l\peCTbfIHaMu no
coce,n;cTBY, npaBa Ha PlOTOpDIe 3a ,n;aBHOCT:bIO HeB03MOiKHO 6:bIJIO
YCTaHoBIITb. STO CYJIIIJIO MHomeCTBO HenpllHTHocTeii, cy e6HI>IX
THm6, a cBepx Toro, B03MomHOCTb 6eCqeCTH:bIX MaxIIHaD;HH, 3a-
M:bICJI:bI ROTOpbIX BeJIIII\o,nymHo npHnnCbIBaJIII J1HTeH,n;aHTY Komr...
HY, a TaRme car.IoMY Teppa, npHHHM:aH BO BHII,MaHlfe ero perrYTa-
IJ;lfIO. STY OTHIO b He pa,n;ymHYIO RapTlfHY pHcyeT HaM He TOJIbl\O
Bo,n;o, 06'beKTHBHoCTL ROToporo He ,n;OKa3aHa, HO H 60JIee 6ecnpn-
cTpacTHbIH Ha6JIIO,n;aTeJIL - a66aT ;o;e Bepn 1. no 3anHCKaM rrOCJIe)];-
Hero, HaIIIIcaHHbIM em;e ,n;o Ha3Ha1leHHH Tropro, M:bI BHA"M 111'0
3a;a;OJIrO ,n;o qHCJIa, Kor;o;a a peH,n;H:bIH ,n;orOBOp ,n;OJImeH 6nI.rr BCTY...
rraTb B CHillY, Ha1laJIliICb BOJIHeHHH H CIIOp:bI 0 ;n;eHcTBlfTe.JlilHbIX n
BbIMbIIDJIeHHbIX ,n;OMeHliIaJIbHbIX npaB3X. «Ter.IH:bIe eJIHrII') rrpM co-
Y1IaCTIIII CaMI>IX B:bICOKOnOCTaBJIeHHbIX a,n;MHHHCTpaTopOB ,ao6HBa....
JIHCb YCTynKlf lfM no,n;o6H:bIX 3eMeJIb, H 3Ta npaRTHRa npnIIHJIa
TaKHe pa3Mep:bI, 1JTO ee rrpHIDJIOCb npeKpaTHTb B npOBIIII RH Ao...
WHHe (<If3-3a o6m;ero B03Mym;eHIIfI orpa6JIeHH:bIX mnTe.1:eH\>. 8Ta
IIpOBHHD;HH 6:bIJIa pacnOJIOmeHa BHYTPH CTpaHbI. Ho TYT Y RomeH3
po,n;lfJIaCb rr01JTH reHHaJIbHafI H;a;eH, IT OH npn;n;aJI CBoeH «rpfl3Holl
3aTee», IIO B:bIpameHliIIO Bo;n;o, II01JTII oe3rpaHnQH:bIll: pa3)faX, rrpn-
XBaTHB npHMopCRYro rrOJIOcy. B CII:IY HeOT1Iym;a;aeMoCTII OMeHII-
aJIbH:bIX 3eMeJIb II HeB03MomHOCTII onpe;a;eJIlfTb rpaHHD;bI MOrHI OR
peIDHJI IIOTpe6oBaTb Y MHpHbIX mIITe.rreii, H3;n;aBHa B.JIa;a;eBIIJHX TII-
MII 3eMJIHMH, BCIO 6eperOBYIO IIOJIOCY If.() Toro MeCTa, RYJIa )J;ox:o,n;nT
CaM:bIH B:bICORInl rrpHJIIIB OI\e3na. «He MeHbme I(eJIOiI npOBJIH-
D;lfH», - 3aMeqaeT Bepu. C ero iRe C.1JOB, 3TO ;a;eJIO B:bI3Ba!IO TaRoe
B03MYII{eHHe Y Mopena H caMoro I\Opo.TIfI, 1ITO HBII.ITOCT:> o,IJ;rrnif H3
HerrocpeJ(CTBeHIIbIX -rrpH1.JHH OTCTABHII Tepp3 2.
O;a;H3RO COBceM He 06H3aTeJIJ:>IlO npJiJIIHCbIB3Th a66aTY T epp:1r
CI\p:bITYro JIH1IHYIO KOp:bICTb, 1JTo6bI 06'"bHCHHTb ero OTHOIHf:HHe J{
Bonpocy 0 ,n;01\fenax: ,n;OCTaT01lHO «l\OpbICTH WHCR3.iII)IIOiI».
1 C r.: B a u d e a u. Ope cit., p. 411; V e r i. Ope cit., p. 1':'f): F 0 D-
C i D. Op cit., p. 108; S c h ell e, t. IV, p. 173 rt sniv.
2 :1Ta :13rrrrCb C eJIaHa 14 JIIOJIfl 1774 r. HeMiloro paubme Bepm: Br,YCH3-
<1:r TfiI,OC ,'TIIOUOI1bITIIOe CYII AeIIHe: «H 33HBll:I, lITO, rC.TIn: no Bcri't (DpanI1;:nTI
Ilaif eTcrr XOTJ> ;I;Ba qeJIOBeI-\a, rre CqHTaIOm;HX TCPP3 3aKOHqCHHDI { yfep33B-
HCM (1JO lID[O ero COOOm;HHROB II 6JIIIiI\aiimHX IJO)J;\lHJJPTIULIX), TOr ). . ,lHnH:J
11 r-ny fOPCII3, [Oil\HO Oc.TaBIJTb ero reHcpa.'IbllbIM I\:oHTpOJIepOM» (or. cit,
p. 129.) Bepn, O;J;HaRO, IICJIb3IT n33BaTb tleJIOBl'J,OU HeIIpHMliIpH a,I'lf, OR
CI\JIOIICrr H cHenTHIl;113MY II )J;aiI- e c a r ronnpP1': «CTO.TfJ) i-T\0 TI ar rll}J W,} pH ; Ol.I-
BOCTb He e;rJ;JIRCTBeHHoe HymHoe I\aTJCCTBO)). Ho OR c-qHTaeT, qTO Tt?ppa He
o6JIa}laeT TaJIaHTO I MHHIIcTpa cpuRarrcOB. On TOlJ;HTCH TOJII.>I,O B IT a TIJ.:IbHHI\D
c.60pm;IIHOB nO,I(aTen. CaM I\OpOJIb ,n;OBO.1LllO cnpane;rJ;JIHRO .3aMCTfl:l: <dJf'e 3TO
;l];OI\aabIBaeT, "liTO OH xopomHii HHTeH)lanT nBopa, DO OTBIOnb He XOpOmHH: MJiI-
HHCTP».
A V OB80P TEXHHRH ynPABJIEHHH
['J1A B .
1 f3
Bce aTO 06JIerQaJIO 3a,n;atly TlOpro B O,n;HOM H3 ero caMDIX rrep-
IX rreJI Ha IIOCTY IvIHHI1CTpa. OH pemMJI 3TO ;n;eJIO C JIerI\OCTbIO,
Bb u 6
n BUpTY03HOCT:bIO, IIOKa3aB, lITO, KaK cnen;naJInCT B aTOll 0 JlaCTH.,,,
oB BHC:KOJI:bKO H lfiKe CBoero IIpe,n;meCTBeHHJIRa.
I10,IJ;IIIIcaHH:bIII paHee ,n;orOBOp Ha oTKyrr 6:bIJI OT IeHeH nOCTa.....
BOBJIeHJ.IeM OT 25 ceHTH6pH.
maHY BepTo 6:bIJIO rropytleHO Cnen;HaJI:bHOe rocy,n;apCTBeHHoe.
ynpaBneHHe no c60py naJIOrOB BMeCTe C CHCTeMoi ooeCneqeHHH
HX c60pa. OHO ,n;aJIO I{a3IIaqencTBY 6 MJIH. JIHBpOB aBaHca H orpa-
HHqHJIO pacxo,n;:bI Ha ynpaBJIeHJiIe 6,66 % .
Honoe ynpaBJIeHHe Be,n;aJIO TaRiKe C60POM «CJIyqaUHLIX» <peo...
p;aJlbH:bIX II ceHbOpHaJIbH:bIX rrOBHHHOCTeH C 3eMeJIb, H aXO,IJ;fIID;tfX CHi
B JIeHHOH 3aBHCJiIMOCTH OT ROpOJIH; ero BJIaCTb 6M a pacnpocTpa
HeHa H Ha He6oJILmOH lIaCTHbIH OTKyn. MCqHCJIeHHe ,IIOXO,IJ;OB,
nopH,n;Ra 4 MJIH. JIlfBpOB, Ral{ Oy,n;TO OCTaBaJIOCL npeiKHHM, (fO CJIe-
,IOTeT OTMeTHT:b, QTO H3 aTOM CYMMLI JIHillL 1800 ThIC. rrpHXO;rI;HJIOCb
Ha KOpOJIeBCRHe ;n;OMeHlfaJI:bHhIe 3eMJIH, npem,n;e C;n;aBaeMLIe TeppJ.
Ha OTRYII. HOBaH CHCTeMa, BO BCHKO I CJIyqae, npHHOCHJIa He MeHb..
illHH ;a;OXO,u;, lIeM CTa paH, He B:bI3:bIBaH HH BOJIHeHHH, HII iKa,rro6 1 .
OKp:bIJIeHH:bLt,i :3THM nepBhIM ycnexoM, TIopro C03;1;aJl II IIOpyqlIJI\
IIHpo;n;o ynpaBJIeHlfe no lfnOTeKaM H ,n;onOJIHHTeJILHLIM: n3.rroraM .
nOKOHqHB C ,n;orOBopOM PycCeJIH, 3aRJIIOqeHHhIM Ha TaKHX YCJIO-'
BHHX, lITO OH CTaHOBHJICH Bce 60JIee HeBLIro,n;HLIM ,n;JIH roc y,a:a p-
cTBa, no Mepe 1'oro I\aI\ npH6JIHmaJICH KOHen; ero ;:J;ellCTBH:H: (£t{EOJIh.
1781 f.). MexaHH3M ero 6:bIJI OqeHb XlfTpOYMeH: oTRynm;HRrLt IIOJIY'"
tIaJJH rrpO eHT:bI co CBOHX aBaHCOB, KOTOp:bIe nOCTeneHHO TIOE\p:bI-
BaJIHCb; HX ,n;OXO,n;LI OT npOn;eHTOB TaKHM 06pa30M COI\parn;aJIHCh
c TeqeHJ1e [ Bp0l\feHII TI no Mepe YMeHbmeHHH I\arrHTaJIa, q10 co Bep
meHHO eCTeCTBeHHO. Ho HapH,n;y c rrpOn;eHTaMH oTHynIQJiIK rro.rry-
tla.TIn elJ e Ta T-l naaJ>iBaeMoe (( B031laZ pa:JICiJenue aa YllaCTUe» (droits
de presence), TO eCTb ,IJ;orrOJIHIITe.rrbH:bIH npOn;eHT, HeH3MeHf[bIH
II JICtJn:c.rrHeJ\IbIII c nepBOHatJa.rrT)HO B.TIOmeHHOro KaIIHTa.rra (B ;L(aH-
nOM CJJyqae paBIIbI:ff 6 % ). STOT paCXo;a; CTaHOBHJICH aBTOMaT[I[qe
CRn Bce 6o,rree o6peJ\IeHMTeJIbHhIM ,IJ;JIH rocy,n;apCTBa, ITO Mepe Toro
HaR CpOR AeHcTBIUI ,IJ;orOBopa rro,n;xo}J;I1JI K I OIIn;y, II LJ;OCTHrDJI B
1I0CJIe,n;HeM RBapTaJIe 93 a/a! I-IoBaH opraHH3an;IIH ,n;aBa?Ia Ka3HaqeH"'-
1 3a HC HCJICIIIlrl\{ 3TIJX IIocTyn:lcIIuii Tpy.n;no npOC:Je;:(IITb n noa,a;ncH-
D1IIX C1JeTax, TaR I\aI{ B OT:Inqne OT ; pyrnx yrrpaB:reIIlllr TYT TIX rrcpeC'faJU:1
BbIAe.1DITb. HCI\I Cp, TIIICaBmHii B 1784 f., OnCHHBaeT HX B n;C:IOM n, 11 HJII1
12 MJ.JJJ. .TIJIBpon. BY.\,"1IO aH CIO,T{a nocTyrr,'!eIIIHI OT JIeCOB, OT JJ;O [(t[[0:a.fI&(lbIX
3fMeJIb B ceHbOpn3JILHbIX npaB JIeca npBHOCBJIH O:KOJIo 6 MJIH., f?I:{ qero
Momno 38R.JIIOTJHTb, TITO .n;OXOAbI OT nR:IOrOB, B311MaeMbIX ynp,cJJ [U\(IfileM,
f)(,T8JIHCh npeiI\IIJIMII, I\OneQHO, C He6o:IbIDIIM npeBblmeHHeM q,aKTH'leer..:oro
nOcTyn.1JeBJI . (Administration des Finances, t. I, p. 17.)
@ 3. (JP
114
'lACTb nEPBAH. HAJ{EJRl{A.
CTBY B03MOmHOCTb nOJIyqHTb }J;OnOJIHHTeJIbHbIH aBaHC 4 MJIB.
H O)];HOBpeMeHHO, nO-BH}J;HMOMY, nOJIOmHTb HOHe neROTopbIM co-
MHHTeJIbHLIM ROM6HHan;HHM ,n;JIH nOJIyqeHHH npOn;eHTOB, H60 no-
BCIO)];Y, r,n;e HMeeTCH ,n;oroBop Ha oTRyna, MLI o6HapYiKHBaeM 3Ha-
MeHHTbIe «Rpyn» (croupes) * - 60JIee HJIH MeHee CRpLIToe pac-
rrpe,n;eJIeHlle npon;eHTOB Ha nail oTRyna. ,IJ:eJIo, B ROTOpOM ,n;OXO,D;LI
Ha KanHTaJIM BoapaCTaJIH YTb JIH He B reOMeTpH eCKOH rrporpec-
CBH, MOrJIO n03BOJIHTb ero yqaCTHHKaM OKa3bIBaTb «MHJIOCTH» II
B03Harpam,n;aTb noco6HHROB. «r -H Tropro, C ero l1pOCBeru;eIIJIbIM
3,n;paBOMbICJIHeM II cnpaBe}J;JIHBOCTblO, ynpa3)J;HIIJI ,n;OXO,D;bI Ha naR
J];JIH MHorllX JIIO,n;eft, BBe}J;eHHbIX B aTO ,n;eJIO H3 MHJIOCTII» 2 .
O,n;HaKO RaRHM 06pa30M TlOpro TaR JIerKO HameJI cpe}J;CTBa
JIH BHeceHHH aBaHCOB B CqeT ,n;OMeHHaJIbHMX BJIa,n;eHHH H Hno-
TeR? 3a6eraH Bnepe,n;, MLI' ,n;OJImHLI Tenepb me BHeCTH HeKOTopLIe
YTOQHeHHH,) qTo6LI H36emaTL ynpo eHHoro 06'bHCHeHHH: 3JIOH
Tepp3 HR06bI YCJIOmHHJI ,n;eJIa pa,n;H CBOHX MOmeHHHqeCTB, ,n;06PbIH
7fIOpro npHmeJI H npeKpaTHJI HX, B3MaXHYB BOJImeOHOH naJIOqROH.
QTo6bI ,n;o6LIBaTb ,n;eHbrH, H TOT H ,n;pyroH oopa aIOTCH R onpe-
,AeJIeHHOH KaTeropHH JIIO}J;eH, npO<peCCHH ROTOpLIX coonpaTL H no-
Mem;aTb ,n;eHbrH: co6HpaTb 3a CqeT c6epemeHHH, a nOMem;aTb B ]];e-
Jla rocy,n;apCTBa; JIIO,n;H aTH H3BeCTHLI no,n; OO HM HMeHeM «<p H -
HaHCHCTbI». <DHHaHcHCTLI MorYT 6LITb 'JIH60 l!aCTHbIMH JIHn;aMH,
KOMMepcaHTaMH, 6aHRHpaMH, «}J;eHemHLIMH BOpOTHJIaMH:», JIHOO
JJ;OJImHOCTHbIMH JIHn;aMH, Be}J;alO HMH rOCY}J;apCTBeHHLIMH HaJIOra-
MH. O Ha H3 xapaKTepHbIX qepT <ppaHn;yacKoH aKOHOMHRH TOB
3nOXH - «RYCTapHaH» opraHH3an;HH <pHHaHCOBoro pbIHKa H OTCYT-
CTBHe KpynHLlx <pHHaHCOBLIX yqpem,n;eHHH, CXO,n;HLIX C cy ecTBo-
BaBmHMH B AHrJIHH II HH,n;epJIaH}J;ax. Cpe}J;H 9THX <pHHaHCHCTOB
MomHO HaRTH JIIo,n;eH OOJIee HJIH MeHee eCTHbIX, OOJIee HJIH MeHee
,n;06pOCOBeCTHbIX. B aTOM OTHomeHHH y TlOpro, KameTCH, 6LIJIa
60JIee CqaCTJIHBaH pYRa, lIeM y Teppa. Bo BCHROM CJIyqae, OH npe}J;-
nOqHTaJi 06pa aTbCH R TeM H3 HHX, Roro OoomeJI ero npe,n;meCT-
BeHHHR: HarrpHMep, K Ra3Raqe.lIM ynpa3}J;HeHHbIX peRT, C60PII1;H-
RaM HaJIOrOB C ,n;OMeHHaJIbHLIX 3eMeJIb H JIeCOB. rJIaBRbIH c6op-
HK ,n;Ba,n;n;aTHHLI r-B ,n;e CeH-BaCT, ROTOpLIM 60JIbme Bcex nOMLI-
HaJI a66aT Teppa, ObIJI rrOCTaBJIeH BO rJIaBe ynpaBJIeHHH ,n;OMe-
HaMH.
Ho BLIOOp JIIO}J;eH e e He Bce. CaHLle Ha,n;emHLIe, RaR 11 caMLle
COMHIITeJIbHbIe, 06JIa}J;a1OT cpe,n;CTBaMH, ROTopLIe 3aBHCHT OT 06 HX
YCJIOBHH pLIHRa, OT COCTOHHHH rocy,n;apcTBeHHoro Rpen:HTa. B aTOM
1 CM.: F 0 n c i D. Ope cit., p. 118; S c hell e, t. IV, p. 177.
* «Kpyn» (croupes) - 3TO BLIpameHHe aaHMCTBOBaHO H3 KapTOtInOll
urpLI, r}J;e Ha3LIBaJIII «Kpyn:be» TOBapHm;ei no Hrpe, KOTopLIe C06HpaJIH B
fKJla}J;tIHHY }J;onoJlHIITeJl:bHYIO CYMMY (ca}J;HJlBC:b B «Kpyn» rJlaBHoMY IIrpo-
«y). - IIpuM. pea.
2 «Journal historique», 9 septembre 1774.
BA V OB80P TEXHHRH YllPABJIEHHH
rJ1A .
115
--
OTBOweHH H TIOpro OKaSaJlCH, KaK MLI YBliIAHM AaJlLme, B oc06eHHO
6JIaro n PHHTHLIX YCJlOBHHX, BLISBaHHLIX He TOJIbKO J(OBepn:eM 1\ He-
'My. Mem,u;y ero ynpaBJleHHeM liI ynpaBJIeHHeM Teppa pa3HHD;a He-
TOJ!bKO B YMOHaCTpoeHHH, AOopOCOBeCTHOCTH liIJIH TeopHH, HO rJIaB-
Hoe (u 06 aTOM HeJIb3H 3aObIBaTb) orpOMHaH pa3HIID;a B 06 eB
I\OH'DIOHKType.
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xapaKTepHLIX cBoeiI OpTo,u;oKCaJIbHOCTbIO H B TO me BpeMH He3Ha-
QUTeJIbHOCTbIO; HX MomHO crpynnHpoBaTb BOKpyr ;IJ;BYX np06JIeM,.
XopOIUO H3BeCTHbIX H 'IIaCTO CBH3aHHbIX Mem.n;y COOOH B npaRTHqe-
CKOH .n;eHTeJIbHOCTH JIHMOmCKoro HHTeH.n;aHTa: OOJIerqeHHe HaJIOrOB
H aKOHOMlftleCKaH CBOOO;IJ;a - 06e aTH MepLI CBH3aHLI C 3a60TOH 0
pacmHpeHHH npOH3Bo.n;CTBa II ;IJ;eJlOBOH aKTHBHOCTH.
ITepBoe pemeHlIe 06 06JIerqeHHH HaJIOrOB npHHHTO 15 ceHTH6-
pH - TaKOBa OTMeHa AOnOJIHHTeJIbHLIX OOJIOmeHHH, BBe;IJ;eHHLIX
a66aToM Teppa (8 cy Ha JlHBp), HO TOJlbKO TaM, rAe OHII KaCaJIHCb
nOBHHHOCTeiI, B3HMaeMLIX 'IIaCTHbIMH JIHD;aMH.
8TH 1I0BHHHOCTH npe.n;CTaBJIHIOT C060H neCTpLIH KJIYOOK l\leJIKIIX
II OCKOpOHTeJIbHbIX nooopOB, HeqTO BpO,D;e cpHCKaJIbHOrO cpeO;IJ;aJIH3-
Ma, KOTOpLIH TIOpro XOTeJI ObI YHHqTOmHTb H C ROTOpLIM Ha,u;eHJlCH
paBO HJIH n03,D;HO nOKOHqHTb. EID;e He HaCTYIIHJlO BpeMH HaHOCHTb
Y;IJ;ap, HO STHM n060paM no MeHbmeH Mepe He Ha.n;o .n;aBaTb paCTH,
TeM OOJIee 'liTO rocy;a;apcTBO He nOJIyqaeT OT HHX HHRaROH BLIrO;IJ;LI.
Peqb H;IJ;eT 0 npaBe B3HMaTb rrOillJIHHY sa npoxo.n; (rream), rrpoeS;IJ;,
nepeCeqeHHe rpaHHD;LI BJIa.n;eHHH, 3aCTaB (6appaiK), MOCTOB, nepe-
npaBY qepe3 peKH, ;a;OpOiKHYIO nOmJIHHY, KYTIOM, aTamaiK, JIS,n;..
a«popaiR, COop 3a B3BemHBaHHe, OHam*, 3a RJIeHMeHHe, ma6JIam,
rypMeTam, c60p sa nepenpaBY Ha napOMe. IIpaBo BSHMaTb aTH
I10IDJIHH:bI HMeJIH npHHD;:bI RpOBH, ceHbopLI H qaCTHLIe JIHD;a 1.
* OTaJIam (etalage) - pLIHOlIHLIH c60p sa MeCTO, 3aBHMaeMoe TOp-
rOBD;eM.
JIa}J; (Ieyde) - pLIHOlIHaH nOmJIIIHa.
Acpopam (afforage) - nOmJlHBa, ynJlalIHBaBmaHCH ceHLOpy 3a npaBO
ToprOBaTL onpep;eJleHHLIMH HanllTKaMH B npe}J;eJlax ceHLopllll.
OBam (a unage) - pLIBOlIBLIH c60p C xne6a.
KYTIOM - 06POK ceBLopaM co Bcex "fIeTBepOHorHX mHBOTHLIX, 3a
BCRJII01J:eBlleM OBel'(; B HeKOTopLIX MeCTHOCTHX - }J;opomHaH nOmJlIIHa, a Koe-
r;n;e - ceHLOpllaJlLHaH peHTa. - IIpUM. pea.
t ITocTaHOBJleHlle COB eTa OT 15 ceHTH6pH BBeCJIO H3MeBeHIIH B HOH6pL-
CRHe 9P;IIKTLI 1771 r. CM.: S C hell e, t. IV, p. 165; D u Po n t. M e m 0 ire 8,
p. 152. CM. n;HpKYJIHp }J;JlH IIHTeB}J;aHTOB. 8TII npaBa, «OTlIymp;eHBLIe» ROpOJleM
B nopH}J;Ke BLIKyna, KaK H npaBa, npIIBa}J;JIema He KaKHM-JIH60 YlIpem}J;e-
BHRM, a TaKme 06m;HBaM, Be 6:bIJIH aaTpOBYTLI nOCTaBOBJIeHlleM OT 15 eeH-
Ta6PH 06 OTMeBe ;U;OnOJIHIITeJILH:bIX 06JIOmeHIIH. CM. }J;06aBOlIHLIe TeKCTLI,
B!HPye),fLIe IDeJ'IJleM, II B qaCTHOCTH 06 OTMeHe p;OnOJIHHTeJlLH:bIX YAe:f)ma-
BRB II pa3Mepe 3 cy C JIHBpa (BMecTo 8 cy) AJIH C60POB 3a KOHTpOJIb (BJl3H-
Ta Bro), K eiMeBI4e, o6Mep I{YCKOB CYHHa II :J(c)JlCTa.
8-
.116
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.Ham, 6IOHCCOHaiK*' H T. )J;. MLI nOHHMaeM, qTO TIopro ,He XOTl'.
Me)J;JIHTb, eCJIII npHHHTb BO BHH IaHHe, QTO 3TH HeJIeIIbIe npaBa
acnpOCTpaHHJIHCb Ha npO)J;YKTbI llHTaHHH, II B qaCTHOCTH Ha 3(\1'-
HO, qTO YCJIOmHHJIO ero )J;OCTaBKy H llO)];HU IaJIO n;eHY.
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HX OTMeHHTb, HO MHHHCTp He 3a6bIBaCT, "lJTO caM Y}l e B npHIl-
HIIe OCY)J;HJI HX, HaK aKOHOMHCT II IIHTeH,D;aHT. CtIHTaroT, qTO C
nOMO bIO nOillJIHH 3aCTaBJIHIOT nJIa THTb ropo,n;a, HO Ha caMOM ,n;e-
JIe 3TO 3HatIHT 3aCTaBHTb nJIaTUTb ,n;epeBHIO, 1160 HlVIeHHO -OHa BBO-
3HT npO)J;YKTbI, 06JIaraeMLIe nOllIJIHHOH. (TYT MLI npHcoe,n;HHHeM:cn
R <pH3HOKpaTal\I, ynpeKaBIIIHM ropomaII B arOH3Me, KOTOpbIH AIO-
nOB CtIHTaeT O,n;HOH H3 npHtIlIH HeHaBI1CTHOII perJIaMeHTa HHl.)
3a HeHMeHHel\I JIyqIIIerO cpe,n;CTBa Tropro paCCbIJIaeT 28 -ceHTH-
6pH HHTeH)J;aHTal\'I IJ;HPKYJIHp, t.IT06LI Bblpa3IITb CBon rrOjKeJIaHHH
CJIe)J;OBaJIO 6bI 1I3bICKaTb B03MOiI\IIOCTb IIcrrpaBHTb HaJIOrOBble Ta-
PH<pbI, a TaRiKe H36eraTb 3JIoyrroTpe6JIeHilii no cJIym6e. QUPKYJIH-
fPY He XBaTaJIO TOqHLIX YKa3aHHH (Ha 3TOT pa3 on KameTCH Ha:M
CRopee TeOpeTHqeCKHM paCCYlli;:t;eHHe I, el\l a,n;MnHHCTpaTHBHbI l
PYHOBO)J;CTBOM). Te3HC 0 CTpomallIIIeii oneKe, BLI)J;BHHYTbIH 6y,n;y-
I.D;HM aBTOpOl\'I npoeKTOB 0 MYHfIU;UnaJIbHbIX co6paHHnx, I ai:KeT-
CH, He v:pHBe.rr HI! K RaI{HM IIOJlOiI{HTeJIbHLI 1 pe3Y JIhTll Ta 12. He-
KOTopMe npaKTHqeCKHe MepM, rrpHllHTMe BeCKOJILKO )J;Heft CIIYCTH
(2 OKTH6pH) no CJIyqaro rrepee3)J;a o,n;rroi H3 ROHTOp [no c60py
nOIIlJIHH], rrO-BH)J;HMOMY, n03BOJIHJIII YCIIJIHTb I OHTpOJIb na,n; Koe-
I\aRIIMH MOmeHHHqeCTBaMll ropOiKaH. OaH, B qaCTliOCTlI, He nJIa-
THJIll nOlliJIHHbI, Kor,u;a BE03IIJIII npO)J;YHTLI nnTaUHH II3 CBOHX, 3n-
u
ropo,n;HLIX BJIa)J;eHllll )J;JIH ,n;OMaIIIBero nOTpeo"r:reHllH, - em;e OAMII
npHMep nepaBeHCTBa H HecnpaBe)J;JIHBOCTH no OTHorneHIIIO K CeJIb-
'CHHM npOH3Bo,n;IITeJIHM. O,n;HaKO, nOCROJIbRY HeJIb3H 6:bIJIO ynpa3tJ;-
HUT!") 3TOT ,n;aBHO YTBep)J;HBillHHCH 06bltIan, pemHJIII XOTH 61>1 60JIee
cTporo npoBepHTb npaBa Tex I{TO IIl\1 IIO Ib30BaJICH, II nOJIOmHTb
I\OHeU; -qaCTHbIl\I 3JIOYIIOTpe6JIeIIHHl\1 3.
TOHJIbe (tonlieu) iii pyaiI-\ (rouage)- P;OpOIf\HbIe nOmJIHHLI.
Bymepu (boucherie) - IIOIIIJIHHa ceHbOp Y c I,ail-\p;oi:i rO:IOBbI YOOHHO-
u I'!'! .., .
ro CKOTa, B3HMaBmaHCH na ero MOHOIIOJIbHOU CKOTOOOlIHe.
3TaJIOnaiR (etalonnage) - IIpaBO cOHbopa na YCTaHOB:IeHlle Mep II Be-
COB B npeAeJIaX ceHbopHH. - n PU.ltt. pea.
1 T u r got: Plan de Memoire, Cl\I.: S C h e II e, t. II, p. 299; D u Po n t.
Lettre au Margrave de Bade.
2 Job e z A. La France SOlIS Louis X.VI. Paris, 1877-1893, p. 167;
S C hell e, t. IV, p. 179.
.3 F 0 n c i n. Ope cit.. p. 115.
*
A V OB30P TEXIIIIUlf YIlPABJ1EHHH
rJ1A.B .
--
117
IluTb HamerO nOBeCTBOBaIlHH npHBe,a;eT Hac HeCKOJIbKO )]:aJIee
o ,1];OBancy OT 15 4>enpaJIH 1775 r., KOTOpLIH OTMeHIIJI npHHHTbIe
cB 6omp;eHHR OT HaJIOrOB H OOH3aJI npOXO,IJ;HTb Qepe3 TaMomeHHble
3acTaBbI IIapHllia Bee rrOB03I\U 6e3 HCKJIIOQeHHH, «,n;ame 3KHnamM
Ero BeJlnqeCTBa, I(OpOJIeBbI, npn:I1 eB II rrpHHn;ecc I,POBII». 06LIQHO
'TlOpro CTaBHT B 3aCJIyry 3TY Mepy, I{OTOpaH IlMeJla HeCKOJIbHO
luo:na3Ho H xapaKTep, HO BbI!BaJIa T rAa pa3Hooopa3HLIe cymJJ;eHJ1H
II CKopee rrOp;06aJIa Obi JIelrrenanTY nOJUI HH, IeM renepaJIbHOMY
'nOHTpOJlepy. R TOMY 1Re pe3I,OCTb pe,rJ;aK l1H JTOro rrpHRa3a Kal{
OM CBH eTeJILCTBOBaRa 0 nerrOllTHTeRbHOCTH, rrpec eAOBaBIlleH ,u;e-
l\'larorHQeCRHe · n;eJIH, qTO 6LIJIO HeCBOHCTBeHHO MHHHCTPy <p HHaH -
COB. II03TOMY HaM Hail{eTCH BepOHTHbIM, qTO opJJ;OHaHC TlOpro
UbIJI npo,n;HKTOBaH He <pUHaHCOBbIMH co06pameHHHMH. B TO BpeMH
lBbICI{a3bIBaJIOCb npeJJ;IIOJIOmeHHe, qTO peqb llIJIa 0 60Pb6e C pac-
npOCTpaHeHHeM nO]J;IIOJIbHbIX 6pomlOpl.
01' napHmCI{HX BB03HbIX nOillJIHH MbI nepeXO]J;I1M K cHa6me-
(HIlIO CTOJIHD;bI npO]J;OBOJIbCTBHeM. TIopro 3aHHJICH JTHM BonpOCOM
III rrpe,n;BII,n;eHHH HacTynJIeHHH BeJIHROrO nOCTa.
ROpOJIeBCKaa JJ;eI JIapan;HH 01' 25 JJ;eKa6p.a 2 OTl\'leHHeT JII060IIbIT-
IHbI}I o6bIlIaii: HCI{JIIOqnTeJILHge rrpaBO OTeJIb-,[(be (ropoJJ;cKOH 60JIb-
'HIID;LI) Ha npo,D;amy IHca BO BpeMH nOCTa (06'bHCHRBllIeecH TeM,
'"{ITO B 31'0 BpeMH eCTb l\IHCO pa3pellIaJIOCb TOJIbnO 60JIbHbIM). Ec-
JIll BepHTb a66a TY J];e Bepll, TO JTa npHBIIJIerHH 60JIbIIHI.\bI 6bIJIa
'{)o.TIee HeYP:OOHa., qeM :MOiHHO npe,D;IIOJIaraTh 3, a eCJIII BepHTb KOH-
.n;opce, TO 3Ta Mepa ropa3AO MeHee 6e306H]J;Ha, tieM I\ameTCH. ,[(JIfI
Hero pelIL lI,IJ;eT 0 1'01\1, tiT06bI «oT06paTb y n;epROBHOH BJIaCTII
.OJJ;HY H3 3aXBatIeHHbIX ('10 npUBHJIerHii». B AeHCTBJ1TeJIbHOCTH 31'0
COBceM npOCToe ,n;eJIo, II TIopro HeJIb3H 3anOJJ;03pl1Tb B aHTHKJIe-
pIII\aJIbHbIX HaMepeHIIHX, 1\0T0:Rble B TO BpeMH 6bIJIH 6bI OtIeHL
Hl'CnOeBpe IenIlbI. aTa neOOJlbJllaH 11 neOOLltIHaH MOIlOIIOJIMH, He-
YAo6HaH AJII! rroTpe6uTeJIH, 6bIJIa He MeHee neYJJ;06Ha II ,n;JIH ee
oOJlaAaTeJIH - 60JIbHHD;bI, Y HOTOpOH He 6blJIO RBaJIH<pHD;HpOBaHHO-
fa nepCOHaJIa )J;JIH TOprOBJIH, - em;e O)J;HO no,n;TBepm]J;eHHe Te3Hca
JIn6epaJIOB 0 npenocxo,n;cTBe lIacTHoH TOprOBJIH. M TaR, 60JIbHH:u;a
co6npaJIaCb YCTYIIHTb CBoe npaBO 3a 50 TbIC. JIHBpOB KaKOMY-HM-
6YAJ:) oTKyn HKY-l\[HPHHIIHY. TlOpro YXBaTHJICH 3a 3TY B03Mom-
nOCTL H npe)J;noqeJI AaTb B03Mem;eHHe 60JIJ)HliID;e 33 CqeT rocYAap-
CTBa, rapaHTMponaB ('Ii rrpano na ne60JIbllIYro I\OMrreHcan;HIO OT
1 «3TY pC3I\OCTb 06'bHeHHIOT He iI\eJIaHaeM MllllnCTpa rrOHpOBHTeJIb-
CTDonaTb OTJ:\YlIm;l'lI aM, n rTpCl\t.TJeHHCM rrpel\paTHTL pacrrpOCTpaHeHHe BCHIUIX
OAnoJ)LHbIX 6pOilllOp». «<Journal hislorique», 14 nlars 1775.)
3 S c h e 11 e, t. IV, p. 184.
«HaAo 6bIJ'IO B TeqeHHe 40 JIeT HCIIbITLIBaTb Bee HeYP;OOCTBa HCI\JIIO-
l.IUTUJILlIOli npl1BHJICrHH CJIYiKlITeJleH OTeJIb-)J;be na OprOllJUO MHCOM no Bpe-
, t4a nOCTa, lITo6bI o eHHTb CB060AY 3TOD: TOprOBJIH». (V e r i. Ope cit., t. I,
.p. 232.)
118
'lACTb nEPBAJI. HAl1.EiRJJ.A.
npo,n;aiKII CKOTa 1. STOT BOBpeMH npOHBJIeHH:DIH JIII6epaJIH3M, RbI-
rOJJ;H:DIH ,n;JIH Bcex, He HMeJI HH MaJIeHmerO OTTeHKa Bpam,n;e6 oCTU
K n;epKOBH:DIM BJIaCTHM, ROTOp:DIe TaR HJIH HHaqe OTKaSaJIHC:D 6b]
OT aToH TOprOBJIH.
B03Bpam;aHC:D em;e pas R cHa6meHllro npo,n;oBOJIbCTBHeM BO Bpe-
MH BeJIHKOrO nocTa, M:DI MomeM HaSBaT:D em;e O,n;HY, ,n;eHCTBHTeJIbHo
06JIerQaIOm;yIO Mepy C aKoHoMIPlecKoH no,n;OITJIeKOH: oTMeHY no-
lliJIIIHbI Ha COJIeHYro p:DI6y, CHHmeHlle B,n;Boe nomJIHHLI Ha cBemYIO
p:DI6y (8 HHBapH) - BpeMeHH:Dle MepLI, KOTOp:Dle 6:DIJIH SaTe !
YTBepiK,n;eHLI HaBcer,n;a (13 anpeJIH) 2. BonpeKH OiRH,n;aHHHM 11 BOC-
TopmeHHLIM KOMMeBTapHHM ROB,n;opce (Hs06HJIHe II ,n;erneBHSHa)
n;eH:DI TeM He MeHee nOqTH He CHH3HJIHCb. Tor,n;a TIOpro co CBOH-
CTBeHHOH eMY ,n;06pOCOBeCTHOCTbIO nOnpOCHJI JIeHyap.a HSyqHTh
pacnpOCTpaHeBHe H npo,n;amy cyrneHoH TpeCRH, TaR HaSLIBaeMOM
«mTOK<pIIrn» (merluche). TaKHe sa60TDI BamHoro MHHIICTpa He
KamYTCH HaM Tenepb HenOHHTHbIMH. STO MaJIeHbKOe ,n;eJIO 3aCJIY-
mHBaeT K TOMY me Barnero BBIIMaHHH Hs-sa He6oJIbrnOH ,n;eTaJIH-
CIIoco6oB ero 060CHOBaHHH: Tropro cpe,n;H no6y,n;HTeJI:DHbIX npHtIIIH
aTOH MepbI HaSLIBaeT meJIaHIIe cnoco6CTBOBaTb pasBHTHro TOprOBJIII
pbI6oH. ¥ BeJIHqeHIIe «npOHSBo,n;CTBa» Bcer,n;a saHHMaeT rJIaBHOe
MeCTO B ero MLICJIHX.
Pas ym M:DI ROCHYJIHCb pLI6HOii JIOBJIH, OTMeTHM lID aCCOD:Ha-
n;IIH paspemeHHe cy,n;OBJIa,n;eJIbn;aM, saHHMarom;HMCH JIOBOM TpeCKH
HMnopTHpOBa Tb COJIb ;n;JIH SaCOJIKH HX p:bI6bI (HO TOJIbRO Ha <ppaH-
n;Y3CKHX cy,n;ax) H3 McnaHIIH II TIopTyraJIHII (HOH6pb 1774 r.)
(JIH6epaJIHSM, CHHmeHHe eH). OTMeTHM TaKme, B coce,n;Heii o6JIa-
CTH, YTBepmn;eHHe ocnapHBaeM:DIX JIbrOT, rrpe,n;OCTaBJIHeM:bIX 6pe-
TOHn;aM Ha TOprOBJIIO MOpCRHMII BO,n;OpOCJIHMII (12 HOH6pH).
¥nopH,D;OqeHHe <pHcRaJIbHOH CHCTeM:DI npHBeJIO Tropro K pac-
CMOTpeHHIO Bonpoca,' IIHTepecyrom;ero ,n;YXOBeHCTBO ropa3,n;o 60JIb-
me, -geM npo,n;ama MHca BO BpeMH rrOCTa. PetIl> II,n;eT 0 droit de
franc-fief*, KOTopoe ynpOqHBaJIO HepaBeHcTBo COCJIOBHH B ym;ep6
BJIa}J;eIOID;HM ,n;BOpHHCKHMH SeMJIHMH. ,n:yxOBeHcTBo C 1770 r. Ha-
l
CTaIIBaJlO Ha TOM, 'liTO n;epKOBHHKH - Be }J;BopHHe He ,n;OJIa\H:b1
BHOCHTb aTOT ITJIaTem, «1160 B03Be}J;eHlle B }J;YXOBHoe SBaHHe CTH-
paeT nHTHO HHSKoro npOHcxom,n;eHHH». ,n:o CHX nop aTO Tpe6oBa-
HHe 06:DItIHO y,n;OBJIeTBOpHJIH nYTeM BpeMeHHoro oCBo6om,n;eHIlH OT
ynJIa TLI, ROTopoe CJIe,n;OBaJIO Kam,n;LIH pas "Boso6HOBJIHTb.
Tropro nocTynHJI TOqHO TaR me, RaR II rrpemH'HH a,n;MHBHCTpa-
D;HH: OB npo,n;JIHJI oCBo6om,p;eHIIe OT ynJIaTLI BToro BSHoca, He pe-
1 ITocTaHOBJIeHHe COBeTa OT 31 HHBapH YTBepmp;aJIo upaBO 60JILHHD;bl
Ha nOJIY1JeHHe O}J;HOrQ cY C JIIIBpa CTOHMOCTH CKOTa, npo}J;aHHoro BO BpeMH
BeJUIKOrO nOCTa Ha pLIHKe Co. (8 C hell e, t. IV, p. 184.)
2 8 c hell e, t. IV, p. 328 et suiv.
* <Peo}J;aJILHOe npaBO (nJIaTemu), 01leHL 06peMeHHTeJILHOe B Tex
CJI;Y1JaHX, Korp;a aeMJIH }J;BopHHHHa nepexop;IIJIa B PYKH npOCTOJIIO}J;IlHa.-
II pltM. pe{).
BA V OB30P TEXHHRH ynPABJ1EHHH.
rJIA .
119
--
a BOnpOca no cy eCTBY. OTO eJIO CTaBHJIO Tpy,n;HYIO npo6JIe-
wa u
y nepe,D; qeJIOBeKOM, BepHbIM CBoeH ORTpIlHe, TaK KaK B aHHOM
:JIy1Jae 3TO 3Ha1JHJIO rro)J;)J;epmaTb rrpHBHJIerHIO. Ho C )J;pyroii CTO-
oBLI, caMO aTO npaBO (droit de franc-fief) 6bIJIO <peo aJIbHbIM
epemJiITKOM - JIOrn1JHO JIH coxpaHHTb ero H )J;aJIee? TIOpro-
,t(I1nJlOMaT, K qeMY 3aTeBaTb KOHtPJIHKT H3-3a lIaCTHOro CJIyqaH?
11 DB no-npemHeMY ne,n;aHTlflleH: Mepa 6y eT orpaHHtJeHa JIHmb
paHee nOJIyq:eHHbIMH rrpaBaMH. B TO me BpeMH OH pa3pemHJI B
YMepeHHOM yxe Bce CIIOpbI no nOBO,n;y npaBa aMopTH3an;lfH 1 . u
TenepL M:bI BepneMCH K Bonpocy 0 COJIH B CBH3H C rrpaKTHKOH,
i\OTOpaH Tome rrpHBeJIa K KOH<PJIIIKTY Mem y 06JIa,n;aTeJIHMII rrpH-
BHJIerHH. IIOJIyqlIBilllIH rro,n;pH,n; OT oTKyn HKoB rrpHCBaHBaJI ce6e
HCI\.ITrollHTeJIbHOe npaBO Ha cHa6meHlie COJIbID CKJIa,n;OB B PHOMe
II 06IOCCOHe, Tor,n;a KaK npOBIIHD;lflI OBepHb II JIIIMY3eH oTKynH-
JlBC:b OT COJIHHOH nOmJIHHbI - ra6eJIH. Ho HaBH3aTb HM ,n;HHCT-
BeHHoro rrOCTaB IIKa COJIH - pa3Be He 3HallHT rrpHHy,n;HTb HX nJIa-
TIIT:b eMY HeKYIO I\OCBeHHYID ra6eJl:b? TIOpro rrpllHHJI peilleHlfe,
HCXO,n;H H3 ,n;BYX coo6pameHHH - o6J1erlleHHH THrOT II JI1I6epaJIH3-
Ma. II nOToMY OH rrpe,n;nolleJI rjJucnaJtbnylO rrpHBHJlerlfIO npOBlfHD;:HH
MononoJtucTu ecnou rrpHBIIJIer1I1I no,n;pH,n;lIHKa (14 OKTH6pH) 2.
BOT e e HeCKOJI:bKO rrplIMepoB JIH6epaJIbHbIX pemeHIIH H pa3-
JIHQHbIX MeponplIHTHH. CBo6o a, rrpe,n;ocTaBJIeHHaH TOprOBJIe MaKO-
BDIM MaCJIOM (28 HOH6pH), KOTopoe 06bI1IHO, o6MaHbIBaH Hap6,n;,
npo,n;aBaJIH no,n; Blf;a;OM OJIHBKOBOro 3. OTKa3 rrplIHD;Y KOH,n;e B rrpaBe
Ha aKCIIporrplIaD;HIO 3eMJIII, lIT06:bI nOCTpOHTb meJIe30,n;eJIaTeJlbHbIH
3aBO,n;, rro,n; TeM rrpe,n;JIOrOM, tITO 3KcrrpOIIplIan;IIH JJ;orrYCTlfMa JIHillb
JIH ,n;eJIa, KOTopoe KacaeTCH Bceo6 ero 6JIara. ECJlH me petJ:b
n,n;eT 0 lIaCTHOM npe,n;npHHTHH, TO aTO 6:bIJIO 6bI «CBoero po,n;a
1 PellL H}J;eT 06 apeB}J;HoH nJIaTe 3a 3eMJIII, YCTynJIeHHbIe BJIa)J;eJIbn;aMII
HeOTl1YiRlJ;aeMoi c06cTBeHHocTH l1aCTHLIM JIJ2In;aM. <PJ2ICR ClIJ2ITaJI, l1TO 3TJ2I 3eM-
.JIll cTaBOBIIJIHCL, TaKJ2IM 06pa30M, 06'LeKTOM ToproBoH C}J;eJIKH 11, CJIe}J;OBa-
TeJIhHO, apeH)J;aTopbI p;OJImHbI 6BIJIH nJIaTHTL aMopTH3an;uOHHbIe B3HOCbI.
Tropro «H3 MHJIOCTII» nO}J; epmaJI oCB060iK)J;eHJ2Ie OT B3HOCOB C YCJIOBJ2IeM, liTO
BCnOJIL30BaBJ2Ie K Ha3HalleHlle 3TOH c06CTBeHHOCTII «He 6Y}J;eT J2I3MeHeHO II
113Bpam;eHO HaBCer a», HO YCTaHOBIIJI npaBO Ha J2IX nepenpo}J;amy BO BpeMH
1J;eHcTBIIH apeH}J;bI (27 HOH6pH). (D air e. Notice historique sur la vie et les
Ouvrages de Turgot, t. II, p. 388; F 0 n C i n. Ope cit., p. 120.)
Ou pa3pem eT nOlJ;06HOe me oCB060m}J;eHJ2Ie OT aMopTII3an;J2IOHHLIX C60POB Ha
JJ;Ba rOlJ;a B cJIyqae cyrf60 l1aCTHOro xapaKTepa TaKHX aRTOB, KaK, nanpJ2IMep,
YCTynRa 06LIl1HOH }J;eCHTJ2IHbI B 06MeB Ha eCH:TJ2IHY C BHOBL OCBoeHHbIX 3e-
MeJIL. PellL H}J;eT 0 SeMJIHX, KOTopbIe He BcnaXJ2IBaJIH 60JIee copOKa JIeT, 0
3eMJIHX 011eHL pas6pocaHHLIx H CTaBmJ2IX npe}J;MeTOM THm6. Krope l1aCTO
n elJ;no'tJHTaIOT nepe}J;aBa TL HX KpynHLIM nOJIyqa TeJIHM p;eCHTHHbI (pel1L H}J;eT
o IIHcpeOp;J2IpOBaHHoH p;eCHTHHe, TO eCTL YCTynJIeBBOH CBeTCKHM JIJ2In;aM) 3a
'Onpe eJIeHHYIO l1aCTL }J;eCHTIIHLI. (8 C hell e, t. IV, p. 170 )
2 ITocTaBOBJIeHlle COBeTa OT 14 OKTH6pH 1774 r., OTMeHHBmee nOCTa-
OBJIeHBe OT 3 OKTH6pH 1773 r. (8 C hell e, t. IV, p..159.) .
. t S c hell e, t. IV, p. 239; D u P 0 n t. Ope CIt., p. 260; F 0 n C I n. Op.
l " p. 120.
120
lfACT b llEPBAJI. HAJ{EJRl1. 1
XH eHHeM» (29 HOnUpH) 1. MHTeHJJ;aHT AJlaliCOHa 6bIJI He llpaH
3anpeTlfB OCTaBJIHTh 1l:1yrH Ha nOJHIX: «3eMJIe)J;eJIHe, HaK H TOp
rOBJIH, npeJR;a;e Bcero Hym)];aeTCH B cB060;a;e». OmTpa<pOBaHH:bIe
HapymlfTeJIIf lfHTeH;a;aIlTCI{orO 3anpeTa ,n;OJIiI{IIbI no.rryqlITL CB01[
eHLrH 06paTHo 2 . YRa3aHHe Tropro xpaHIITeJIIO neqaTH, npe;n;Ha3IIa-
qeHHOe IIHTeH;a;aHTY l1pOBHHD;HII ,[(O<plfHe IIaif\o }];e MapmeBaJlIu
(npe;a;meC1'BeHHIIKY TIopro B JIHMome) 3: HHKaRMX no60pOB, ;a;alI\0
YMepeHH:DIX, 3a YC1'poiicTBO fIpMapOH. «81'0 3Hat!UJIO 6bI y,n;opomaTr,
npo,n;aBaeMbIe TOBapbI» II «B03My aTb nOKyrraTeJIeH» (22 HOHG-
pH). OTMeHa HaCJIe;a;OBaHlfH ,n;OJImHOCTeH BO <PJIaHAPIIII, ..A.pTya H
Spo (YTBepm,n;eHo 31 OKTH6pH). rrOO peHlIe pa3Be;a;eHlfH: Ta6aI\<\
Ha RopclfKe ( 1 HOfI6pH); O1'Ka3 IIo,n;,n;epmHBa1'b CTaJIe:IHTeHHLlt.'
3aBO;a;bI B IIuHap,n;HII (13 ,n;eKa6pfI). A BOT IIpUMepbI CHHif\eHllR
HaJIOrOB (CHMBOJIIfQeCRoro) If JIH6epaJIII3Ma (HHTeJIJIeK1'ya DHoro):
OTMeHa OIIJIaTbI 30JIOTOH MapI\OH YKa30B, )J;aIO IIX OTCpO'tIKY npn-
rOBopa, IIOMlfJtOBaHHe IIJIII pea6UJIIITaD;lIro, ,n;OKYMeHTOB, pa'3pema-
IO HX IIOC1'POHKY MaHy<paKTYP, IIpo,n;amy MeXaHHlIeCRHX 1I3,n;eJIHii,.
3aHMbI ropo,n;aM, 06m;lfHaM, epROBH:DIM 06IITeJIHM If ,n;pyrHM BJIa-
,n;eJIbn;aM He01'qym,n;ae IbIX HMy ecTB, a TaKme pa3pemaro Rx 01'1\-
pbITHe 6a3apOB II HpMapOK, paCXO;a;bI Ha o6YQeHlfe, H pa3pemeHIIll
Ha neQa TaHHe If IIpHBlfJIerlfH netla THHHaM (6 )J;eKa6pfI). ITocoI1e,I(-
nee pacnopfImeHHe 6bIJIO ,n;OIIOJIHeHO JI:DrOTOH Ha 6ecnoIll.JILIHHbliiJ
BB03 lfHOCTpaHHbIX KRHr: «lf60 I\HHrOTOprOBJIH 3aCJIymHBaeT oco-
60ro IIOI{pOBHTeJIbCTBa» (23 arrpeJIH 1775 r.). Mem;a;YHapO,D;Hoe
COrJIameHHe 0 B3aHMHOM OTI\a3e OT rrpaB Ha HMYIQeCTBO YMepme-
ro HHOCTpaHn;a (droit d'aubaine), 3aRJIroQeHHOe C ,D;B3,IJ;n;aTbIO
TpeMH HMrrepCKHMlf ropo aMH (7 HOH6pfI). 8Ta Mepa COOTBeT-
CTBOBaJIa neH3MeHHOH ,I(ORTpHHe <pH3HoKpaToB H Te3Hca I Am. Ta-
Kepa *, KOToporo Tropro Kor;a;a-TO rrepeBO,D;HJI, HO 3TOM Mepe HeJIb-
3H npHTIHCaTb HH oco60ro pa3Maxa, HH 60JIbIIlOH HOBH3HbI 4 .
l\tlbI BH,D;HM, KaK CHOBa B03HHI\aeT 3HaMeHIIToe ,I(eJIO 0 KJ[eiiMC-
HHH cKoTa5, HO B CMRrqeHHOH (pOpM:e. Tlopro He C06HpaJIC.H npH-
MeHHTb I1pIIH lfI1LI, KOTopbIe OH II3JIaraJI nepe,n; a66aTO?\1 Tepp3 .
OR He OT feHIIJI HII I JIeiil\IeHIIe, lIII BB03Hble nOIIlJIHHbI, Hv YlIPOC-
TM.TI II YHII<PII HpOBaJI IIX (23 OI\THOpR).
1 S C hell e, t. IV, p. 241.
2 Ibid., p. 242-243.
) S C hell e, t. I V, p. 238. To 'He AJIH ByprYHAllM (12 MaR 17'75 r.) .
.Jn repD;ora Op.rreaHCI(OrO (22 aBrYCTa 1775 r.). (Ibid., p. 639.)
* TaKep )];/1<. {1711-17H9)-aHfJIHHcKHM 3I{OnOMHCT, O)J.MII IIJ rrpe)];illC-
CTBeHHIIKOB A;.J;a: la Cl\IIITa. - n pUM. pea.
4 18 <f>eBpaJIH 1774 r. l\tem y <l>paul\Heii H I\HH;I{eC'J'BOM Hr BcrraTeJIJ) -
27 anpo.rr.fI l\IOi-R}J;y <DpaIID;Hen II BCJIIIKHM MafllCTpOM TeBToHcKoro op,n;ella JJ
Meil\AY cDpaHl\uen II rrpHHn;eM Haccay-Caap6pIOKeHcIiHM. «<JourllJ l histori-
que», t. VI, p. 134.)
5 C1\I. 1\1010 I\HHry « Les Bases experimentales et doctrinales d 3 la po-
litique econol11ique de Turgot».
A 'Y. OBaOp TEXHHRH ynPAIJJ1EHHfI
!' JIAB t .
121
---
I\a:KO BO nOJIOiReHUe, O,n:HaRO, C 60JIee BamHLIMH ,n:eJIaMH, ROTO-
ble MLI MomeM 06'be,n:HHI:ITb no,n; 06 HM Ha3BaHHeM CHHmeHHH
p ?
aaJIorOB ·
o OpomHOH IIOBHHHOCTlI MbI YlIOMHHeM JIlIllib MeJIbROM, H60,
.) OTTH9i CTOpOHbI, CQHTaeM, lITO ee lIOJIY<PHCKaJIbHbIH xapaRTep
c 6 u
nMeeT BTopOCTeneHHoe 3HaqeHHe lIO cpaBHeHHro C 3a OTOH rocy-
AapCTBa 0 ,n:oporax, qTO HBJIHeTCH O,n;HOH II3 CTaTeH 6IO,n;iKeTa, a
c JI.pyroH CTOpOHLI, HeCMOTpH Ha B03 ym;eHHe R.OH,n;opce, aTO ,n;eJIO
OCTaeTClI e e Ha no,n;rOTOBI:ITeJIbHOII CTa,n:HU.
CHCTeMa ,n:OpOiKHOH nOBHHHOCTH ,n;JIH nym,n; apMHH, rrpHHHTaH
B JIuMY3eHe, pacnpOCTpaHHJIaCb Bce mupe, HO o6 ee pemeHHe
BOlIpoca 6hIJIO ,n:OCTlIrHYTO JIHmL 29 aBrYCTa, a CpOK ero npOBe,n;e-
HHS B mU3HL HaMeqeH Ha 1 HHBapH 1776 r. HaTypaJIbHaH ,n;OpOiR-
Has nOBUHHOCTb 6y,n;eT BlIpe,n:b 3aMeHeHa ,n:OlIOJIHMTeJIbHMM 06JIO-
fI eHHeM R TaJIbe, a pa60TbI 6y,n;YT BeCTHCb rocy,n;apCTBeHHLIMH
no,n;pH,WIHRaMH, Kafi aTO YiRe ,n;eJIaJIOCb B ,n;eBHTII reHepaJIbCTBaX
(cpuHaHcoBo-no,n;aTHbIx oRpyrax, generalites) 1.
qTO RacaeTCH OlIOJIQeHHH, TO aTO 60JIee TOHRoe ,n;eJIo. HeRoTo-
pLIe aBTOp:bI CQHTaIOT ycnexoM TIopro opAOHaHC:bI, 06Hapo,n;oBaH-
Hble Ha 3TOT CqeT 1 ,n;eRa6pH 2 . C TaROH TOqROH 3peHUH HeJIb3H
COrJIaCUTLCH: B aTIIX op,n;OHaHcax TIOpro He ,n;OCTI1:r rrOJIHOrO YAO-
iB&TJ:eTBOpeHHH - OlIOJIqeHIJ;Y pa3pemaJIOCL HaiiTII ce6e «3aMeHY».OTa
JIhrOTa ,n:aBaJIa B03MomHOCTb 06XO,n;UTb rrpaBHJIO, lITO H TaR YiRe
.n;eJIaJIOCb. Tropro He ,n;06HJICH HaCTOH eH pe<POPMbI, ROTOpOH Tpe-
60BaJI, TO eCTL ,n;06pOBOJIbHOH CJIYiK6LI. lIo C OBaM Bepu, aTO ,n:e-
.HO 6LIJIO HaCTOH HM nopameHHeM Tropro B rrpaBIITeJILCTBeH.HOH
CTpaTerHU. TaROBO me 6LIJIO H 06m;eCTBeHHoe MHeHHe: «IIy6JIHRa,
.n;OBOJIbHO nOBepXHOCTHO paCCMaTpHBaH 3TO eJIO, 3aHBJIHJIa: «KTO
no6e,n;uJI, TOT H 6bIJI rro6HT».
PaCCKa3 0 3aceAaHHH MeiKBe]J;OMCTBeHHoro KOMHTeTa, c06paB-
merOCH no aTOMY lIOBO,n;y, MomHO paCCMaTpUBaTb RaR 3HaROMYro
C AaBHUX BpeMeH rrOJIHTHqeCRYIO ROMe,n;HIO. C O,IJ;HOH CTOpOHbI,
poe IDTaTCRHX - TIopro, Moperra H BepTeH, C ]J;pyroH, Tpoe
BoeHHLIX - IO MIOH, MapmaJI Cy6H3 (e}J;IIHCTBeHHbIH MHHHCTp
6e3 DOPT<peJIH, rrOCTOHHHO rrpHCYTCTBOBaBmUll Ha 3ace aHIIHx
BbIcmero COBeTa) H O,n;HH HHcneRTOp, r-H ,n;'8POHBIIJIb. Y mTaT-
CKHX - BeCRHe coo6paj-KeHHIl TlOpro. 'Y BoeHHbIX - «pemMTeJIb-
HblM TOH» H nOCTY.TJ:aT HaIJ;1I0HaJIbHOH 060POHbI. «Tpoe BoeHHMX
I\aTeropH"tJeCRH YTllepiH,n;aJIII, tJTO TaR OHM He na6ePYT COJI]J;aT,
ItJTO aTO rH6eJIb ,n;JIH apMHH H, eCJIH rpHHeT BoiHa, HeROMY 6y,n;eT
paiRaTbCH C BparOl\I. TIopro He Mor, RaR OliH, CCLIJIaTbCH Ha CBOH
()llLIT». tITO B aTOM rrpOBHHIJ;HaJILHOM BCIIOMOraTeJIbHOM BoiicRe,
lie Dpe,n;Haaua"tJeHH01\T ]J;.TTH cpameHHii, 3aMena ne]J;o6pome.rraTeJlbHO-
F 0 n c in. Op cit., p. 142 cl suiv.
V e r i. Op. cit., t. I, p. 217.
122
qACTb DEPBAH. HAl{EJRJfA.
ro peKpYTa 60,n:pLIM A06pOBOJIbn;eM nOCTaBHT nOJ]; y,n;ap CYAb6y
<t>paHn;HH - 3TOrO HeJIb3H 6bIJIO ,n;OKa3aTb, HO, CTaJIO 6bITb, HeJIh-
3H H OnpOBeprHYTb. 06bIqHO B TaKHX CJIyqaHx ,n;eJIO pemaeT rJIana
rocy,n:apCTBa: OH ,n;aeT CBOe O,n;06peHHe <pHHaHCHCTaM H c006m;aeT
CBOe pemeHHe BOeHH:bIM. «I1YCTb CaMH pa36HparoTcH, - <pHJlOCOcp-
CRH H3peH KOpOJIb, - M:bI K 3TOMY e e BepHeMCH nOrO,n;H».
ECT:b, O,n:HaKO, 06JIaCTL, r]J;e Tropro BbIHrpaJI OqI{O, H ,n;ame, MOiR-
HO CRa3aT:b, nOJITOpa OqKa, - <pHCKaJIbHaH CHCTeMa B ,n;epeBHe. On
OCBo6o,n:HJI OT Koe-KaKHX IIJIaTeiKeii (3a B:bIiKHraHHe, B3HMaHHe
COToro ,n:eH:be, droit de franc-fief) (2 HHBapH) apeH,n;H:bIe Aoro-
BOpLI CpOKOM MeHee ,n;Ba,n;n;aTU ,n:eBHTH neTt. AHaJIOrHqHOe peme-
HHe 6:bIJIO npHHHTO B 1762 r. BepTeHoM, HO TOJIbKO ,n;JlH IJ;eJIHH-
HbIX HJIII 3a6pomeHH:bIX 3eMeJIb, K TOMY iRe 3TO pemeHHe 6bIJIO OT-
MeHeHO B 1772 r. lIo MHeHHro roIIoHa, 3TO oCBo6oiK,n;eHIIe apeH]J;-
HbIX J];orOBopOB ,n;OJImHO 6LIJIO npHBJIeqb B J];epeBHro «KarrUTaJIbI iii
npe,n;npHHMlIHBOCTb 60ra T:bIX JIro,n;eH». M:bI 3HaeM, lITO B JIHMY3eHe
Tropro H BIIpaB,n;y iRaJIOBaJICH Ha OTCYTCTBHe ceJILCKOX03HMcTBeH-
Horo KaIIHTaJIa H OH He COMHeBaJICH, lITO 3TOT He,n;OCTaTOR npH-
cym; MHorHM ,n:pyrHM paHOHaM <PpaHIJ;HH 2 . Ho M:bI He ,n;OJIa\HbI 3a-
6:bIBa T:b, lITO OCHOBHOH IJ;eJIbro Tropro 6:bIJIO co,n;eHCTBue IIpeBpa e-
HUIO HCnOJI:bm;HHbI B apeH]J;Y. OCBo6om,n;eHHe a peHJ];H:bIX ,n:orOBopOB
OT 06JIOmeHHH - O HO H3 3BeHbeB 3TOH nOJIHTHKH.
Em;e 60JIee cym;ecTBeHH:bIM ,n;eJIOM 6bIJIa OTMeHa co.ltu8apnou OT-
eeTCTeennOCTU (KpyroBoH IIOPYKH), ROTOPYro Tropro npOBeJI KOpO-
neBCKOH ,n;eKnapan;ueH OT 3 HHBapH, nOCJIe Toro KaR npe CTaBHH
. KOpOJIro MeMyap, r,n;e M:bI CHOBa BH,n:HM aprYMeHT:bI H ;o.OKa3aTeJIb-
CTBa, CTOJIb ,n;oporue eMY em;e co BpeMeHH JIHMOiRa. OH HaIIO-
MHHaeT o6m;ee npaBH o: «Bce HaJIOrOIIJIaTeJI:bm;HKH 06m;UH:bI CqH-
TalOTCH ,n;OJIiRHHKaMH, Hecym;HMH COJIH,n;apHYro OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb
,n;pyr 3a J];pyra, OTBellarom;HMH 3a BCro 06D HHY B n;eJIOM, KaR H OHa
3a HHX, npH B:bIIIJIaTe o6m;ei1: CYMMbI HaJIOra».
8TO - IIpOCToe npaBHJIO, HO OHO npHBo,n;HT K 60JIbmHM HeYAo6-
CTBaM, oco6eHHO B pai1:oHax, r]J;e B3HMaeTCH JIHlIHaH TaJIbH*. TYT
npHXO]J;HTCH em;e pa3 BcnOMHHT:b 06 YllaCTH C60pm;HKa HaJIOrOB -
1 S C hell e, t. IV, p. 358; F 0 n C i n. Ope cit., p. 157.
2 «C KOHn;a Cpe,D;HHX BeKOB II ,D;O cepe HHLI XVIII B. <!>paHD;Y3CKHe upa-
Bflm;He KJIaCC:bI, ame eCJIII rrp1J1lHCJIHTL K HHM H pa360raTeBmHX 6ypmya,
JIHm:b 01leHL pe,D;KO BHJIa,D;:bIBaJIH CBOH KarrHTaJI:bI B CeJI:bCKOe X03HHCTBO C
eJILIO ero pa3BHTHH. TOJI:bKO rrpH JIIO,D;OBHRe XV II JIIO,D;OBHKe XVI B 3TOM
OTBomeBHII rrpOll30mJIII saMeTHLIe IISMeHeHIIH». (M e u v r e t. L'agricul-
tura en Europe.-«Rapports du congres de Rome», 1956, t. IV, p. 164.)
* JIlIlIHaH TaJILH (taille personnelle) B3HMaJIaC:b B rrpOBHHD;IIHX, He
HMeBmHX MeCTBoro caMoyrrpaBJIeHIIH, H npeACTaBJIHJIa c060i BaJIOr c Ox<r
Aa, CYMMa KOToporo orrpe eJIHJIaCL Kam,D;LIH ro,D;, a paCKJIa,D;Ka ocym;eCTBJIH"
naCL B caMHX rrpOBHHD;HHX. - llpUM. pea.
['J1A.BA v. OB30P TEXHHRH YIIPABJ1EHHR
-
123
c6opUfUna-}£a81-ta1(,eR,» (Ie coIIecteur porte-bourse),- o6H3aHHoro
: noBpeMeHHo rrpOBeCTH pac aAKY Hanora H B3MCKaTb ero H OT-
eqarom;ero CBOHM JI(ilqHbIM HMy ecTBoM, eCJIH He c06epeT nOJIO-
eBBoii CYMMbI. OH BLIHcKHBaeT KpyroM caMLIX 60raTLIx, caMLIX
nJlaTemecnoco6HLIX, Tex, Y Koro neMaJIO J(06pa, KTO npHMeHHeT
.caM:&Ie COBpe1\'IeHHLIe cnoc06LI 06pa60TKH 3eMJIH, H60, c06paB C
gRX MaKCHMaJIbHLIi HaJlOr, OH MOiKeT iKHTb CIIOKOHHO. BOT nOlle-
MY «Kam LIH KpeCTbHBHH TOJlbKO H CTapaeTCH, qTO CKpLITb CBOH
.,nOCTaTOK, OB 60HTCH pa3BHBaTb CBoe X03HHCTBO, H36eraeT BCHKHX
HOBmeCTB, BCHKHX IIpH06peTeBHH...». OJ(HaKO, PHCYH 06 ylO Kap-
TRBY, TlOpro He JJ;eJlaeT H3 Hee 06II(ero BLIBo a. JIorHlIHO 6LIJIO
ObI omH aTb, qTO OH npe JlOmllT OTMeHHTb BCIO CHCTeMY c60pa
HaJlOrOB, HO OH aToro He J(eJiaeT; II, 1I0pa3MLICJlHB, MLI YBH]J;HM,
qTO TaKaH pemHTeJIbBaH pe<pop1\'Ia e e He MOrJla 6LITL HaMeqeHa
Bcepbe3 Ha 6JIHiKaimee 6Y]J;YII(ee. MTaK, TlOpro npeJ{JlOmHJI TOJIb-
RO H3]J;aTb Cnen;HaJlbHOe paCIIopHiKeHHe, BaiKBoe, HO OrpaHlltleH-
Hoe: OTl\IeBHTL KpyrOBYIO 1I0pYKY.
O HaKO KaK aTa KpyroBaH nopYKa BLIrJIHJ(eJIa Ha npaKTHKe H
HaK pe<popMa OTpa3HJIaCb Ha peaJlbHOH iKH3HH? QT06bI 3HaTb, KTO
6YJJ;eT oCB0601l\J(eH, HaJ(o 3HaTb, KTO II B KaKHX CJlYlIaHX 6bIJI IIPH-
Hym,n;eH nJiaTHTL. .KpyroBaH nopYKa - TaKOB 6L1J1 npHH HII; HO
eCJIH C60pm;IIK OTBellaeT 3a ynJIaTY BceM CYMMLI HaJlOrOB II aTO
npaBHJlO He H3MeHHJIH, Tor,n;a KpyroBaH 1I0pYKa ,n;OJlmHa npHHTH
B ,n;eMCTBHe HHmb B TOM cJlyqae, Kor,n;a C60pm;HK He CMOiKeT BLI-
nOJIHHTL CBOB 06H3aTeJILCTBa, 3BallHT, B CJIyqae ero HeIIJlaTeiKe-
cnoc06HOCTH BJiH HelleCTHOCTH. Ho Tor,n;a C Koro me 6y,n;YT B3LIC-
KBBaTL He,n;OCTalOm;ylO CYMMY? 06 ee IIpaBHJlO, KaK MLI BH,n;eJIH,
MomeT rrpHMeHHTbCH K JII060MY H3 rrpHXOiKaH, HO, 110 1I0HHTHLIM
co06paiKeHHHM, 06pam;a1OTCH TOJlbKO K HeKOTopLIM H3 HHX: K TeM,
I\TO rr06oralle, KTO B COCTOHHHH BLIrrOJlHHTL rrOBLlIIIeBHLIe Tpe60-
BaRRH. TaKOBbI caMLIe 3aiKHTOllHLIe HaJIOrOIIJlaTeJlbm;HKH, KOTOpLIX
nopoH HaSLIBalOT (oepeeenCK,UMU neryxaMU» (les coqs de parois-
se) 1, OHR cliOBa OKa3LIBalOTCH nepBLIMH Ha BHJ(Y. MLI YiKe BH)J;e-
JIB, liTO C60pm;HK HaJlOrOB CKJIOHeH rro,n;BepraTL HX cBepxo6J10iKe-
HUHM. IIoMBMO c06CTBeHHbIX YBeJlHlleHHLIx B3HOCOB, HM B cJly-qae
aeCOCTOHTeJlbHOCTH C60pm;HKa em;e rrpHXo,1J;HTCH J(OIlOJlHHTeJlbHO
fiHaTHTL HaJIOrH 3a ,n;pyrHx. ITocne,n;BHe npe,n;IIHcaHHH B03JIaraJIH
3TY 06HsaHHOCTL Ha lIeTLIpex HaH60JIee KPYIIHLIX HaJIOrOIIJlaTeJIb-
ID;HKOB. eJlo mJIO Be 0 rrYCTHKOBOM BaKa3aBHH, H60 HeBLIIIOJIHe-
HHe rp03HJIO J(aiKe aaKJllOlIeBHeM B TIOPbMY. O,n;HaKO KpyroBaH
nopYKa 06H3LIBaeT HX JlHmb CCY:JIC(lTb He,n;OCTalOII(He CYMMLI. YnJIa-
TUB HX, OHB HMelOT rrpaBO IIpOCHTb HHTeH,n;aHTa 06J10iKHTb 06 H-
By HOBbIM HaJlOrOM a aTY CYMMY, KOTopaa 6y,n;eT CHOBa paCIIpe-
1 Be s n i e r. Les Institutions financieres de la France. Cours pro-
fess e Ii 1a Faculte de droit de Paris, 1952-1953, p. 188.
124
fl..4C2 b IIEPBAfI. HAl{EJRl1,,-\
,n;eJIeHa, COfJIaCHO 06bJ1IHLIM ,n;OJIHM, Mem,n;y IIaJIOrOnJIaTeJI:bm;HKa II}:
(B HX lIHCJIO BOH,n;YT Ii OHH CaMH). TaRII 1 06pa30M, cy,n;e6noe
rrpeCJIe,n;OBaHHe qeTWpeX rJIaBHLIX HaJIOrOnJIaTCJIL HROB HBJIHeTCH
CBOerO po a IIOCpe)];HH eCTBOM. Tropro rOBOpHT - «Mep3KOe no-
cpeOnU eCT60 cy,n;e6HOrO npeCJIe OBaHHH». 8TO He rJIaBHOe 3Beno
B KOHCTPYKIJ;HH BceR CHCTeMLI, ero MomHO II3'bHTL, He pa3pymaa
CTpoeHHH B IJ;eJIOM. Bnpe)];b B CJIyqae HeCOCTOHTeJIbHOCTH C60P H-
Ka HaJIOrOB ,n;ocTa TO HO rrepepacIIpe,n;eJIliITb HaJIOr Ha Bcex qJIe-
HOB 06 HHLI.
B HTore 3Ta pecpopMa HMeeT TO npeIIMy ecTBo, qTO pOm)];aeT
qYBCTBO 6e30rraCHOCTH y aaiKHTOtIHLIX KpCCTbHH, y Tex, B KO:\I
XOTHT rrO,I(,I(epmaTb nyx npenrrpHHMqliIBOCTII. Ho OHa He JI3mHBae-r
f.rry6oKIIX nopOROB CHCTCMLI:
THme:IOrO nOJIOmeHHH Hec aCTHbIX C60PI.QIlROB HaJIOrOB, ,I(O-
CTORHoro KypuaJt06 PHMCROH HMIIepHII!*
TeH,I(eH HH 06.rraraTb ;lJ.OIIOJIHIITeJIbHbIMH n060paMII HaH60JIee
........
COCTOHTe.TIbHLIX rraJIOrOnJIaTeJIbIQHROB, BCJIe,n;CTBHe TIero OHTI TepH-
.TIH BCHKoe CTpCMJIeHHC nOBLImaTb npOH3BO,IJ;IlTCJIbHOCTb CBoero xo-
3HiicTBa.
HaKoHen;, OTMeHeHHaH (HJIH, TOqHee, OrpaHHQeHHaH) KpyroBaR
rropYRa IIPH yrrJIaTe HaJIOra nOJIHOCTbID coxpaHHeTCH rrpH yrrJIaTe
ceHbOpHaJIbHOfO n;eH3a, lITO CTaBHT MHorHX ,n;epmaTeJlei rro}J; 110-
CTOHHHYIO yrp03Y II OCTaBJIHeT BX B MOpaJlbHOH 3aBIICHMOCTH OT
CeH:bOpa; MLI yine BH,I(eJIH, lITO Tropro rrpH,I(aBaJI 6oJI:bmoe 3Ha'tJ:e-
HBe pe opMe 3Toro rrary6Horo YCTaHOBJIeHHH, HO OHa rroTpe6oBa-
JIa 6bI H3MeHeHHH Bcero rpam,I(aHCI Oro 3aRoHOnaTeJIbCTBa. Ha 3TO
Tropro He pemIIJlCH.
He HMeH B03MOiRHOCTH B RopHe H3MeHHTb BCro <pHcRaJIbHYro
CHCTeMY H nomH aHCD, HaR MLI YBII}J;IIM ,n;aJl:bme, 60JIee 6JIarOnpH-
HTHbIX YCJIOBHii:, TlOpro CTapaeTCH a MHHHCTpaTBBHLIM nYTeM ]1;0-
6HTLCH Bcex YJIYtIrneHH:U, RaKHe TOJlbHO MomHO rrpOBeCTM TaRH:\1
crroco6oM. TaR, OH HaCTOHJI, lIT06LI KOpOJI:b caHKIJ;HoHHpOBaJl ,I(JIH
BaiKHoro napHmcRoro rro]1;aTHoro oKpyra cOBoKyrrHocTb Mep, TIQa-
TeJILHO II pa3YMHo pa3pa6oTaHHLIx HHTeH}J;aHToM BepT:be ne Co-
BHH:bH, KOTopbIe HBJIHJIHCb o}J;HoBpeMeHHo KOAH HKaI(HeH H pan;no-
HaJlH3aIJ;Heu TaJIbH 1 . Hac ]1;ame y,I(HBJIHeT, qTO TlOpro He rrOlIbI-
* KYPllaJIbI Be}J;aJIII pacnpe}J;eJIeHlleM 11 C60POM no,u;aTeii, 06H3aHbI 61>1.111
npOH3BO}J;HTb TpaTLI Ha 06II(eCTBeHHbIe Hym,IJ;bI 11 OTBeqaTb 3a nC,IJ;OHMlal na-
JIOrOB c06CTBeHHl>IM HMy ecTBOM. 06H3aHHOCTH KypnaJIOB B IV B. CTaJIH Ha-
CJIe,IJ;cTBeHHoH nOBHHHOCTbIO, OT KOtOpOH 1136aBJIHJIH CMepTb llJIII pa30pe-
HHe. - OpUM. pea.
t 3TOT MeTO,u; npe}J;ycMaTpllBaJI o]J;HoBpeMeHHoe HCrrOJIb30BaBlle KOMIIC-
capaMII no c60py TaJILII rrpOn;e,u;ypLI «Ol'(eHKH» 11 rrpOn;e,u;ypLI «,u;eKJIapan;JJII».
C O,IJ;HOH CTOpOHLI, It8m,u;aH KBOTa TaJIbll COCTOIIT 113 1J8CTII peaJIbHOii q-a;JbI!
II 1JaCTH JIH'tJHOD: T8JIblI. ]];OXO,U;, C KOToporo B3IIMaJIaCb «pe8JI:bUaH T8J1:bH», 00-
rJI.A.B.A. v. OB30P TEXHIIRH YllPABJIEHHFl
..---
12510
aJICS: npoBecTH aTY 06pa3 oBYIO perJIaMeHTan;Hro B pyrHx cpu-
T a:aCOBo-no aTHLIx oRpyrax - XOTH 6LI B Tex, r,n;e COXpaHHJIaCJ:>
;J11ISaJ1 TaJI:bJ1. O;IJ;HaKO OH npe;IJ;ocTaBJIJleT KOpOJlIO B:bICKaaaT:b :no.
B e:K.napan;HH: «1\1LI Ha,n;eeMcH, -qTO CROpO CMOiRe:M ,n;aT:b 6o.nec
I10,np06ubIe pa3'bHCHeHHH 0 pacrrpe,n;eJIeHHH Ha.TIOrOBOro 06JIOiI e-
nJIf.I». 8Toro pa3'bHCHeHHH He IIOCJIe]J;OBaJIO. Tlopro co BpeMeHII
eBoero .nHMomCRoro orrLITa 60JIJJme He HHTepecyeTcH TaJI:beH. IIo-
eJIe nepBoro YBJIe-qeHHH «CTaBRaMII» OH 6LIJI COBCel\1 o6ecRypamen
neB03MomHocTLIO rrpeo6pa30BaT:b 3TOT HaJIOr H nOHHJI, lITO, npH--
HlfMalI BO BHHMaHHe ero rrpOIIcxom]J;eHHe, caMO ero Ha3BaHHe If
aBHOCTL Tpa]J;HD;HH, HHRor a He y,n;aCTCH pacrrpOCTpaHHT:b ero H
npHBHJIerHpOBaHHLIe RJIaCCL!. 06:rn;HH IIJIaH Tropro rrpe rrOJIaraJI
nOCTeneHHYro OTMeHY TaJILII. IT03TOMY OH rrpe,n;rrolleJI 06paTliITb--
eH R )J;Ba]J;n;aTIIHe, HaJIOry, ROTOpLIH OH rrpe,n;rro-qIITaJI ,n;pyrHM-
DB He 6LIJI OTMe-qeH H3HallaJI:bHLIM rropOROM <I>eo,n;aJIH3l\Ia, - H6o-.
BII e.rr B HeM 3apO,r:(LIm II03eMeJILHOrO HaJIOra. 18 ORTH6pH 1774 r.
OB HarrpaBJIHeT IIHCTpYRn;IIII HHTeH aHTaM, Tpe6YH COCTaBJIeHHff'
IIo,rraTHLIX crrHCROB ]J;JIH B3IIMaHIIH 3Toro HaJIOra Ha 6y,n;ym;HfI,
1776 r. l(eJI:b, ROTOpylO OH HM YRa3LIBaeT, - o6eCl1eQHT:b HaIIJIy-q-
mylO paCRJIa,n;RY, oT6poCHB pa H 3Toro BCHKYIO l\ILICJIL 06 YBeJIII-
qeHHH o6m;eu CYMMLI HaJIOrOBLlX nocTyrrJIeHHii 1 . «He Ha o CTpe-
MIlTbCH R YBeJIHqeHHIO, ROpOJI:b rrpHHOCHT 3TY mepTBY CBoeMY Ha-
po y»2. MLI 3HaeM OT IOrroHa3, 'tITO B paMRax CBoero o6m;ero"
IIJIaHa TlOpro rro rOTOBJIHJI, TaRHM o6pa30M, 3aMeHY B3HMaBIDHXCH'
Tor,n;a JJ;BYX Ba D;aTHH II 4 cy C JIIIBpa rr03eMe:rbHbIM Ha.rrorOM,.
nponopn;HOHaJI:bHLIM ,n;OXo,n;y.
IIocJIe 3 HHBapH II OTMeHLI RpyroBoH IIOpYRII 3a rrepBLI nHTTv
MeCHn;eB 1775 r. He 6LIJIO npHHHTO HR O}J;Horo 3HallIITeJILHOrO
II ,n;ame BTopOCTerreHHoro pemeHHH. Pa3Be lITO B Bll e HCRJIIO'tIe-
HUH l\IOmHO OTMeTIIT:b RYJI:bTYPY MapeHLI, ROTOpOH Tropro OI{a3bI-
BaJI oco6oe BHHMaHHe em;e B JIHMome; 28 anpe.un ona CTaJfa
06'beHTOM perJIaMeHTan;HII B BYX IIJIaHax: c O HOH CTOpOHLI, JIH-
.6epaJILHOH - oCBo6om eHHH OT rrOmJIIIHbI 3a rrpOB03, a c pyroH -
aHTHJIH6epaJIbHOH - BBe eHIIH BB03HOH rrOmJIHHLI B 25 cy Ha TO--
BapLI IIHOCTpaHHoro rrpOHCXOil\ eHIIH. O,n;HaRo TYT pellL lI;IJ;eT 0'
IIOo peHHH HOBoro OTelleCTBeHHoro rrpOII3BO;IJ;CTBa.
JIaraJICH no CTaBKaM npHxo a, a OXO LI, C KOTOpbIX B311MaJIaCL «JIH'IHafl'
TaJILH», 06JIaraJIHCL no cy C JIHBpa, npHQeM pa60QHH enL On;eHHBaJICH n
O;D;uy ;D;eCHTYIO ero n;eH'bI. C pyroi CTOpOHLI, «BJIa HHe ;U;OMaMH llJIH HaCl\1'
;D;OMOB», C KOTOpbIX B311MaJIaCL «peaJILHaH TaJlbH», Tome o6JIaraJIIIC'b H3 pac-
1JeTa no cy C JlRBpa (UJIR no 6 eHbe C JIIIBpa) B 3aBBCHMOCTH OT paiona,.
paaMepoB apeH HoH nJIaTLI 11 cooTBeTcTBYIoID;eH On;eHKH. PerHcTpan;HH nap-
JIaMeBTeM KOpOJIeBCI\OrO YKa3a (lettres patentes) BbI3BaJIa HeKoTopbIe 3a-
TPY,IUleBRH. (8 C hell e, t. IV, p. 334.)
1 nBCLMO SCMaHrapy (Esmangard). (8 C hell e, t. IV, p. 351.)
AUaJIOrlf1lHble CJIOBa 6LIJIH npoll3HeceHLI Teppa. CM. ;u;a;yee, rJIaBa VII.
D u Po n t. Ope cit., p. 194.
26
TlACTb llEPBAH. HAJ{Em A
M:bI He TOJI:bRO He MomeM OTMeTHT:b HH O)J;HOi1: XOT:b CROJI:bKO-
'HH6Y)J;b 3HRIIHTeJI:bHOH Mep:bI, HO JJ;ame COBceM H 3HatIHTeJIbHbIe
II Te OtIeHL peJJ;KH. B)J;o6aBOK K pemeHHHM, 0 ROTOp:bIX MLI yme
yrroMHHaJIH B:bIme, MomHO YKa3aTL CJIeJJ;yIO He: CHHmeHHe npo-
eHTa (TlOpro e e pa3 rrpeJJ;rrOtIHTaeT aTY <POPMY ccy e B BHAe
RarrHTaJIa) B rrOJIb3Y JIHMomcKOH MaHy<paKTYP:bI 4>ap<popa, ROTO-
PYIO CMepTb O)J;Horo H3 ROMrraHLOHOB rrOCTaBHJIa BpeMeHHO B TpYA-
Hoe rrOJIOmeHHe (20 <peBpaJiH 1775 r.); oJJ;o6peHHe, )];aHHOe HH-
TeH)J;aHTY 8Bpe, ROTOp:bIH BorrpeRH meJIaHHIO 06 HHLI JlYBbe pa3-
pemHJI OTRpLITL HOBoe rrpe rrpHHTHe 4>a6pHKaHTY CYKHa (3 4>eB-
paJIH); cyxoii OTBeT HomOBm;HKaM PeiiMca, maJlOBaBmHMCH Ha He-
,cIIoco6HOCTL HOB:bIX, °JJ;HIIJIOMHpOBaHH:bIX MaCTepOB: «06 aTOM Han-
.JIemHT CY HTb rry6JIHKe» (10 4>eBpaJIH) (aTa MeJIRaH nepeIIHCKa
npe)];Bem;aeT yme CTHJI:b a)];HRTa 0 peMeCJIeHHbIX Kopnopan;HHX); pe-
meHRe, YTBepm)];alOm;ee CHHmeHHe CTaBOK KOCBeHHLIX HaJIOrOB B
TIapHme, yme rrpHHH:{oe MYHH HrraJILHLIMH BJIaCTHMH (24 MapTa) 1;
perJIaMeHT )J;JIH 6H6JIHOTeRH KOpOJIeBCKOro KOJIJIema B JIa-<1>JIem
(25 MapTa); noo peHHe IIOCaAKH Ta6aKa Ha RopcHKe (15 MaH) 2.
EHorpa4>aM TlOpro IIpHXO HTCH JJ;OBOJIbCTBOBaTLCH aTHMH MeJIHHMH
eJlaMH O ROH a MaH, KorJJ;a BCTaeT Bonpoc 0 rocy apcTBeHHOM
yrrpaBJIeHHH npOH3BO CTBOM rropoxa H CeJIHTpld (28-30 MaH). 8TO
.p;eJIO HBJIHeTCH MYJJ;PLIM 11 ,n;OCTOHH:bIM 3aBepmeHHeM rrepllo,n;a, IIO-
CBH eHHoro B OCHOBHOM TeXHHKe yrrpaBJleHHH. OHO ;n;aeT rrpHMep
TaKOH rrpeKpaCHOH a,n;MHHHCTpaTHBHoii pe<POPM:bI, tITO caM HeKKep
npHBop;HT ee B KatIeCTBe o6pa3n;a 3. 8TO em;e O,n;HH cJlyqaH BBep;e-
RHH rocy,n;apcTBeHHoro ynpaBJIeHHH (OHO 6:bIJIO JJ;OBepeHo aHY
EaTHCTY Bepro; cpeJ);H ero a)J;MHHHCTpaTopOB M:bI BH)J;HM HeCKOJIb-
RHX y-qeHLIX, HarrpHMep JIaBya3Le) B3aMeH tIaCTHOro oTKyrra
(apeH)J;HLIH )J;oroBOp AJIeKCHCa )]:IOMOHa, nO)J;IIHcaHH:bIH Teppa
16 HIOHH 1772 r., CpOKOM Ha 6 JIeT). 3JJ;ecb, RaK II B CJIytIae
,C HnOTeKaMH 11 B OTJIH-qIIe OT Bonpoca C ;n;OMeHaMH, 6LIJI paCTopr-
HYT )J;eHcTByrom;HH KOHTpaRT, H aTO paCTopmeHHe B:bI3BaJIO H3BeCT-
HbIH myM: «8TO HapymeHHe CBHm;eHHoro JJ;orOBopa C MOHapXOl\1
nyraeT reHepaJIbH:bIX oTKynm;HKOB»4.
1 3TH HaJIOm, Ha3BaHH:bIe «pe3epBH:bIe C60PLI» (droits reservees), }J;OJI-
iUHLI 6LIJIII o6eCrreqllBaTL B3HOC ropo,u;a B Ka3HaqeicTBo. ,1];eicTBoBaBmHe Ta-
,pll<pLI aBaJIH C60PLI, npeBLImaBmlle YCTaHOBJIeHHbIH MIIHHMYM. Ka3Haqeii-
CTBO HMeJIO 6LI nOJIHOe rrpaBo nOTpe60BaTL aTOT H3JIHmeK. Tropro rrpe no-
qeJI no epiRaTL npeBo H ameBeHOB [ropO}J;CKIIX COBeTHIIKoB], KOTopLIe pe-
'mllJIII cOKpaTIIT'b aTII C60PLI o cTaBKII, }J;ocTaTOQHOi }J;JIH Toro, QT06LI
TOJIbKO nOKpLITL Tpe6yeMYro CYMMY. (.F 0 n C i n. Ope cit., p. 183.)
2 F 0 n c i n. Ope cit., p. 183, ,1.95; S C hell e, t. IV, p. 325.
3 JJ;oKJIa;n; KOpOJIro (CM.: N e C k e r. Administration des Finances, p. 20.),
r e BLIrO LI rocy apcTBeBHoro ynpaBJIeHIIH IICQIlCJIHIOTCH B 800 TLIC. JIHBpOB.
4 B a c h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., t. VIII, p. 47, 26 mai 1775. 3Ta TpeBora
MOrJIa 6LIT'b TaKiRe CJIe CTBHeM 06MaHHoro MaHeBpa H rrpeiR eBpeMeHHoii or-
.JIaCKII. ITo OT3LIBY «Correspondance» MeTpa, }J;'OpMeCCOH, H3Bem;eHHbIH
Tropro 06 aTOM npoeKTe 11 He 0;U;06PHBIDHH ero, HapOQHO C006m;HJI 0 HeM «r-HY
BA V OB30P TEXHHRH YIIPABJ1EHHfl
rJ1A .
--
127
He6e3DIHTepeCHO OTMeTHTb, lITO aTa aaIIHCL c,n;eJlaua nOCJIe Ha-
aJIa «MyqUOH BOBHbI», npaB,n;a Bcero lIepe3 neCROJILRO ,n;Heii.
OTKyn HROB RaR 6y,n;TO CTaJI em:e 60JIee TOHRIIH CJIYX C Tex
nop, KaK y MHHHCTpa <pHHaHCOB IIOHBHJlHCL RpynHLIe HenpHHT-
UO CTI !. 8Ta pe<I>opMa, KaR II npe,n;LI,n;Ym:He, ,n;OJIiRHa 6LIJIa npHHec-
TII II ,u;eHCTBHTeJILHO npHHeCJIa, rocy,n;apCTBY cepLe3HYIO <pHHaHCO-
BY BLIro,n;y: 800 TLIC. JIHBpOB BMeCTO TeOpeTHqeCI{OrO ,n;oxo,n;a
B 300 TLIC. JIHBpOB (a Ha caMOM ,n;eJle ropa3,n;o MeHbmero )];oxo,n;a
B 50 HJIH 60 TLIC. JIHBpOB), - B TO me BpeMH OHa nOJlOmHJIa RO-
uen lIpe3MepHLIM H B03MYTHTeJlLHLIM npH6LIJlHM, ,n;OXO,IJ;HBillHM
p;o 30 0/0, H IIepenJleTeHHIO HHTepeCOB oTRyrrm: HROB H reHepaJIbHOrO
KOMHccapa no rrpOII3Bo,n;CTBY nopoxa 1. Ho Ha cen pa3 He B aTOM
rJlaBHaH CTopOHa ,n;eJla. Bonpoc CTaBHTCH, TaR me RaR II B CJIyqae
c ,u;OMeHaMH, B 60Jlee o6 eM IIJlaUe H HMeeT B BH,n;y u36aBJIeRHe
ny6J1HKH OT npHTecHeHHu. II HaROHell;, rJlaBHOe, H B aTOM opn-
rHHaJlLHOCTL HOBOB rocy,n;apCTBeHHOB a,n;MHHHCTpa HH, peQL H,n;eT
o ,n;OCTHmeHHH aROHOMHtIeCKOH n;eJIH.
MexaUH3M c,n;aqH Ha oTRyn npOH3Bo,n;CTBa CeJlHTpLI caM no ce-
Ge ,IJ;OBOJILHO CJlOiKeH:' OH CRpLIBaeT H YCHJlHBaeT BCHRoro po,n;a
3J10YIIOTpe6J1eHHH. B OTJlHtIHe OT ,n;pyrHx CTpaH <t>paHII;HH He HMe-
JIa e e HCKYCCTBeBHLIX CeJlHTpHHHll;, JlIO,n;n HCKaJIH CeJIHTpy BCIO-
y, r,n;e XOTeJlH, H ,n;o6LIBaJlH BCIO,n;y, r,n;e Haxo,n;HJlH. CeJIHTpOBa pLl
B nOHCRax CeJlHTpLI HMeJlH IIpaBO KonaTL 3eMJIIO ,n;ame IIO,n; ,IJ;O-
MaMH. IIpHHHMaH BO BHHMaUHe HpaBLI TOB 3IIOXH, MomHO ce6e
e Kyp6eTOHY, }J;lIpeKTOpy 11 }J;yme nopOXOBOH KOMnaHIIII». Tor a «<pIIHaHCBC-
TLJ» pemllJIII C03}J;aTL JIllry 3a IITLI, liTO MOrJIO 6LI 06'bHCHHT:b, nOlleMY npo-
eRT OTJIOiRHJIII Ba nOCJIe}J;yroII(ee 3ace,n;aHlle COBeTa. KaK 6LI TO HB 6:bIJIO, HO
3aMeTKa MeTpa }J;aTllpOBaHa 9 anpeJIH (op. cit., t. I, p. 304), a pemeHHe Co-
BeTa 6LIJIO npHHHTO TOJI:bKO 28 MaH. PaccKa3 MeTpa He COOTBeTcTByeT UH
xapaKTepy }J;'OpMeCCOHa, HII nOBe}J;eHllIO Tropro, KOTOpLIH Be npeMIIHYJI 6LI
lIaKa3aTL 8Toro IIHTeH}J;aHTa, eCJIB 6LI TOT npOHBHJI TaKYro }J;BYJIlIlIHOCTb.
ECJIR paccKas rrpaBHJIeH, TO pell:b lI,u;eT, BepOHTHO, TOJILKO 06 «OnJIOmHOc,TII».
BamoMoH (op. cit., t. VI, p. 325, 30 mai 1775) npIlBO}J;IIT COBceM }J;pyryIO
BepcRIO. OB rOBopllT, liTO Tropro paTOBaJI 3a rrpllHHTlle HeCep:beSHOrO npoeK-
Ta, npe}J;cTaBJIeHHOrO HeKIIM JIe OKOM II a66aToM CaTII, }J;BYMH «IIHTpIIraHa-
MR», pemllBmBMII ,u;eJIaTL CeJIIITpy 113 MopC:Koii BO}J;LI. Ho BoeHHLIH MIIHBCTp
BocnpOTIIBBJICH. IIo}J;p06HOCTII 8Toro aBeK}J;OTa HenpaB}J;orro,u;06HLI, HO npe}J;-
nOJIOmeBlle 06 06CTpyK 1I11 BoeHHLIX, lIeMY MLI 3Haeld HeMaJIO npHMepOB
MOiReT }J;aTL BaM UCTIIHHoe 06'bHCHeHlle O:rCpOllKII pe<f>opMLI.
1 rOCY}J;apcTBo, npo,u;aBaH CeJIIITpy no 7-8 cy 3a <PYHT, ,u;OJIiRHO 6LIJIO
RpaTBTL }J;onOJIBIITeJILHO OT 50 ;l];0 60 TLIC. JIIIBpOB Ha OnJIaTY CeJIBTpOBapOB
, OMIIaBIIH oTKynII(IIROB npo}J;aBaJIa rocY}J;apcTBY 1 MJIH. q,YHTOB nopoxa nu
6 cy BMeCTO 12-n;eHa ce6ecToIIMoCTII (npo}J;aiRBaH eBa }J;JIH ny6JIIIKII 32 cy),
!ITO MOrJlo }J;aTL 300 TLIC. JIIIBpOB npIl6LIJIU, HO 06LIlIHO nOJIyqaJIH JIliIIDb
nOJIOBHHY, liTO COCTaBJIHJIO 150 TLIC., 113 KOTOpLIX .n;roIIOH B:bIlIIITaeT B03Ha-
aiR}J;eHlle CeJIIITpOBapaM, 3aTeM B3HOC B 27 TLIC. <ppaHKoB Ha cJIyqai «DO-
apOB II BSpLIBOB Ha ?teJILHII aX» 11 10 TLIC. cppaHKoB Ha pa3JIH1IHLIe pacxo-
r¥. LI. HTaR, OH onpe}J;eJIHeT OKOJllIaTeJILByro n;uq,py rrpIl6:bIJIH OT 53 o 63 TLIC..
,*,pauROB. ROMnaHuH BJIOiRHJIa Bcero 4 MJIH., C KOTOp:bIX OHa nOJIyqaJIa, no.
CJIOBaM Toro me .n;ronoHa, f];0 30% npIl6:bIJIH.
'128
'lACTb llEPBAH. HA1{EiR1{ i.
npeACTaBIITL, K RaRHM 3JIoyrroTpe6JIeHHHM 3TO MOrJIO rrpHBOlJ;HTh:
HeROTOpLIe CeJIHTpOBapLI nOMe aJIH 60qRII If qaHLI C CeJIHTpoii
.n;ame B mHJILIX KOMHaTaX, YXO]];HJIH C tIymoH 3eMJIH TOJIbRO 3(1
..n;eHLfH, 3RCIIJIyaTHpOBaJIH 06 IIHbI, I-\OTOpLIe ]];OJImHLI 6bIJIH o6ec-
neqHBaTL Hl\I iHHJIbe II rrOCTaBJIHTb ]];pOBa. K TOMY me caMa a,n;-
'MDHHCTpa HH rrJIaTHna «RopOJIeBCRHM CeJIllTpOBapaM» IT rrpO]];aBa-
.JIa C y6bITROl\{ ROMrraHHH BCIO .n;06bITYIO TaHIIM 06pa30M CeJIHTpy.
B CBom Oqepe,n;b KOMrraHHH 06H3LIBaJIaCL rrOCTaBJIHTb rOCYlJ;apcTBy
,.n;.1!H ero apCeHaJIOB, Tome C y6bITROM, orrpe,n;eJIeHHOe ROJIHqeCTBO
IIopoxa - p;o 1 MJIH. <PYHTOB, - l\OJIIIqeCTBO, He.n;OCTaTOqHOe BO
'BpeMH BOHHLI, HO Qpe3MepHoe B MHpHoe BpeMH. ECJIH mHTeJIH 'I\a-
JIYIOTCH Ha 3JIoyrroTpe6JIeHHH CeJIHTpOBapOB, TO Te B CBOIO OqepeAb
',I\aJIYIOTCH Ha 6eCQeCTHbIe MaXIIHa HH I\OMrraHHH 1 .
OTHbIHe He TOJIbRO yrrpaBJIeHHe rrOCTaBJIeHO Ha 60JIee BMrOA-
HbIe H 60JIee rrpaBHJIbHbIe <pHHaHcoBLIe OCHOBLI, HO perJIaMeHT
I( C 1 HIiBapH 1778 r ) 3arrpem;aeT pLITb 3eMJIIO y 'tIaCTHbIX BJIa]];eJIb-
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.3arOTOBJIHTb ce6e )J;pOBa II 3a60THTbCH 0 mHJIhe, HaR H Bce npOqHe.
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'BaHa Ha 3ROHOMHQeCROM JIil6ep,aJIH3Me II YBameHHH R JIHqHOH CBO-
Oo]];e. rrlOpro rrpeCJIe,n;yeT H 60JIee .n;aJIeRYIO eJIb, R KOTOpOH BJIe-
"(leT ero rrpHCTpaCTHe K HaYRe: HaJIa]];HTh rrpOMLImJIeHHOe rrpOH3-
BO,D;CTBO CeJIHTpbI - ero IIHH HaTopbI rrOJIyqaT ccy]];y OT ARa)];e-
MHH HaYR.
.[(JIH 06'bHCHeHHH CBoero po.n;a aJi;MHHHcTpaTHBHoro 3aTHmbH,
I\OTOpOe ,n;JIHTCH C 3 HHBapH ,D;O 28 MaH, OT oCB06om,I(eHHH «,D;epe-
rBeHCRIIX rreTYXOB» ,D;O o6Y3,I(aHIIH CeJIHTpOBapOB, MomHO HaHTH He-
CHOJIbRO rrpHqHH: 3IIH300THH, rro.n;arpa, rrO)J;rOTOBRa HpyrrHbIx pe-
<pOpM.
8IIH300THH, 3aHeceHHaH, BepOHTHO, 113 McrraHHn Qepe3 CTpaHY
'BaCROB (TlOpro CqHTaJI, 'tITO BHHOH TOMY ROiKH, rrpHBe3eHHbIe !\{O-
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'THBHbIM aRTOl'r1 ee Rpem;eHHH, IIocTynUJIO OT iKYPHe 23 aBrYCTa,
'HaRaHYHe Bap<poJIoMeeBcRoH HOqII MHHlfCTpOB. A ROHe ee Tome
lnpH6JIH3HTeJIbHO COBrraJI C KOH OM MHHHCTepCTBa TlOpro: IIOCJIe)J;-
Bee C006m;eHHe 0 HeR rrpHxo)J;HT 30 anpeJIH 1776 r. 8nH300TIIH,
HeCOMHeHHO, HBJIHeTCH O,D;HOH 113 npHQHH rra)J;eHHH Tropro, H60 OR
1 «OHB C"CUITaIOT, 'tJTO ;U;OJIiI\HbI ma:.rOBaThCH Ha npHTccneHHH, KOTopbIe
C ;u;aBHHX nop qIIHII'r JiM maR BUBaH MUKO lJ;e Kyp6eToH, HBJIHIOm;HHCH
O HOBpeMeHHO reHepaJIbHLIM KOMBccapOM no npOH3BO;U;CTBY nopoxa n ce-
JIHTpLl 11 HX me oTKyrrID;IIKoM nO}J; IIMeHeM O;U;Horo H3 CBOHX CJIyr».
(<<Journal historique», 21 septembre 1774, chap. VI, p. 190.)
rJIA.BA v. OB30P TEXHHRH YIIPABJ1EHHH
129
- ---
nOTpaTHn Ha Hee MHoro BpeMeHH H CHn B «HepaBHOH 11 6eCCHaB-
lIoi 6opI>6e» 1.
XOTJI BaRD;HHaD;HH 61>IJIa B TY arroxy e e HeH3BeCTHa, BpatI
BaaHonl> npe nomHH, OJ:(HaRO, HHoRynHD;HIO - «cpe]];CTBO orraCHoe
II aeuap;eiRHOe» (nHCI>MO OT 12 MaH), a4><I>eRTHBHoCTb ROToporo R
TO:MY me CIIopHa, RorJ:(a arrH]];eMHH yme pacrrpOCTpaHHHaCb. BOpb-
6a c aTHM 6eJ:(cTBHeM Tpe6yeT BYX OnOJIHHIO n:X pyr J:(pyra
jl\eCTOKHX Cpe]];CTB: H30HH HH aapaiKeHHLIX o6nacTeH 11, rJIaBHOe,
aeMeAneHHoro y60H aa60HeBmero CROTa, MeTOJ:(, ROTOp:bIH rrpo-
oniKaIOT rrpHMeHHTb 11 B HamH ,n;HH rroJ:( aHrHHHCRHM Ha3BaHHeM
«stJamping out». TIOpro CTaBHT B 3aCJIyry, tITO OB o]];o6plIJI H 110]];-
epiKaJI B aTOM ]];eHe 3aRHIOtIeHHH MOHO]];OrO 6HeCTH ero BpatIa
BHRK-,n;'A3Hpa, BRHIOtIeHHOrO B tIHCnO ROMHccapOB OT MeJ:(HD;HHCROH
aKaAeMHH, BMemaTeHbCTBa ROTOpOH pa3YMHO rroTpe6oBaH TIOpro.
He YMaHHH aacHyrH MHHHCTpa, CHe,n;yeT TaRme B03J:(aTb ,n;OJIiRHOe
peIDIITeHbHocTH BeTepHHapa. R TOMY me O,1J;HH rrpo<paH, HHTeHJ:(aHT
Bop,n;o 8cMaHrap, yiKe peROMeH]];OBaH npHMeHHTb 3a6oH CROTa 2.
Ho Tropro He cpa3Y corHaCHHCH, H MomHO rrOHHTb HepemHTeJ!h-
BOCTI> MHHHCTpa <pHHaHCOB rrepe,n; TaROH CYPOBOH rrpo<pHJIaRTHqe-
CROH MepOH, TaR KaR OHa He MorHa 060HTHCb 6e3 RpynHbIx 113-
1(epmeK. KaR y6e,n;HTb RpeCTbHHHHa 3a6HBaT:b CBOH CKOT, ecnH He
B03Me aT:b eMY y6LITRH? TlOpro B nepBOM rrOCTaHOBJIeHHH OT
18 J:(eRa6pH OrpaHHtIHHCH Tpe60BaHHeM aa6HBaT:b nepBMH ,n;eCHTOR
3a6oJIeBmHX iRHBOTHLIX B Ram OM ceneHHH 3; HX ,n;OHmHLI 6LIJIH
3aRanLIBaT:b, He CHHMaH KomH, a B B03Me:rp;eHHe y6MTROB BLInna-
tIHBaT:b TOHbRO TpeT:b IIX CTOHMOCTH (18 ,n;eRa6pH). Ho aaTeM B
£(eHOM pH,n;e nHceM H D;HPKYHHPOB OT HHBapH MeCH a TIOpro YRa-
3LIBaH, 'tITO 'tIHCHO y6HBaeMLIx iKHBOTHLIX HeH:b3H OrpaHHtIHBaTb
onpe,n;eHeHHoH D;H<PPOH, H ,n;aBaH OTBeTCTBeHHLIM Ha MeCTax rrOH-
Hyro cBo6o,n;y pemeHHH: «3aCTaBHHT:b y6HBaT:b Bcex 60JI:bHLIX iRH-
BOTHLIX, KOTopLIe MorYT pacrrpOCTpaHHT:b aapaay... pemHTeH:bHO
npeceRaTb BCH"tIeCROe C006m;eHHe Mem,n;y panoHaMH - BOT e]];HH-
TBeHHoe cpe,n;CTBO». C 31 HHBapH 6LIHO HaROHen; YCTaHOBJIeHO 06-
ee npaBHno: y6HBaT:b, He CtIHTaH, Bcex aa60JIeBmHX mHBOTHLIX,
CiRHraTL HX llJIH 3aRarrLIBaTL, BMeCTe C poraMH H H3pe3aB Romy, B
.rHy60RHX pBax C HerameHOH H3BeCT:bIO. rJlaBHOe, Ha,n;o ,n;eHCTBO-
t F 0 n c i n. Ope cit., p. 326.
2 IJocTaHOBJIeHlle OT 31 HBBapH 1771 r., Kor}J;a BrrepBLle BcrrLIXBYJIa
,8UB}J;eMHH, YTOllHHJIO BbInJIa TY B03Me eHHH y6DITKa 3a rrepBoe iRIIBOTHOe,
:aHBJIeUHoe 60JIbHbIM. TeKCT nOCTaHOBJIeHIIH nOJIHOCTLIO CM.: S C hell e,
3. IV, 13. 246 et suiv., t. V, p. 34 et suiv.
TIpoeKT nOCTaHOBJIeHHH 8cMaHrapa 0 3a60e CKOTa 6:bIJI rrOCJIaH BepTe-
By 5 BOH6pH, Tor,n;a KaK BUKK-,n;' A311p OLIJI Ha3HalleH rr03iRe 11 OTnpaBHJICH
Bop,u;o TOJILKO 2 ,n;eKa6pH. Ao 3Toro HayqHoH 3I{CnepTII30H PYKOBO,D;HJI Bpall
oa3aH, nepBLIH CIIH}J;H{{ Bop}J;o, KOTOpLIH TOJI'bKO peKoMeH}J;oBaJI H30JIllpO-
lJa L CKOT 11 6LIJI 06UiReH cBoeH oTcTaBKoH. (F 0 n c i n. Ope cit., p. 134 et
SUIV.)
9 s. <I>op
130
tJACTb IIEPBAH. HA l{EJRJI,/\
. -----.
BaTh 6bICTpO, H36era Tb HeHyiI\HbIX <popMaJIbHOCTeH II paCrrJIRtl] 1_
BaThCH Ha MeCTe, He TpaTH BpeMeHH Ha COCTaBJIeHHe rrpOTOKOJIOB.
TIOpro mHpOKO HCrrOJIb3yeT BOHCKOBbIe lIaCTH, KOTopbIe rrOJIyqaIO'!'
;a;OrrOJIHHTeJIhHOe B03Harpam,n;eHHe B 2 cy, HO He MomeT ;a;06HTLCH
OT CBoero He;a;OBepqHBOrO KOJIJIerH AID MIOH e,n;HHoro KOMaH,n;OBa-
HHH ;a;JIH 06JIerqeHHH ;a;eJIa. BOHHCRHe qaCTH rrepe;a;BHraIOTCH no-
;a;BHmHbIMH KOp;a;OHaMH, 'IIT06LI H30JIHpOBaTb TeppHTopHH H O,n;HO-
BpeMeHHO 06eCneqHTb TaM BMrrOJIHeHHe rrpHKa3a 06 y60e CKOTa.
BMemaTeJILCTBO reHepaJIbHOrO KOHTpOJIepa He OrpaHHqHBaeTcH
<pHHaHCOBLIMH H 8KOHOMHQeCKHMH MepaMH H rrpHHD;HIIHaJILHbIMlL
pemeHHHMH. HeCMOTpH Ha CYII(eCTBOBaHHe MIIHHCTpa 3eMJIe;a;eJIlIH
(BepTeHa), OH B3HJI Ha ce6fI 06 HH Ha;a;30p 3a BLIrrOJIHeHHeM IIpn-
Ka30B, rrOBTOpfIJI HHCTPYKD;HH 0 6LICTpOTe ;a;eHCTBHH, KOTopbIe He
Bcer;a;a C06JIIO;a;aJIHCb, H B HeKOTopLIX CJIyqafIX I MeHfIJI CTpa TerHIO.
TaK, B HOfI6pe 1775 r. 6LIJIO pemeHHe rrpOCTO H30JIHpOBaTh 06-
JIaCTb, BKJIIOqaIO YIO AmeHya, ITepHrop H RepcH. EMY rrpHxo,n;n-
JIOCb K TOMY iRe npeO;a;<?JIeBaTb corrpOTHBJIeHHe napJIaMeHTOB, KO-
Topble, eCTeCTBeHHO, npHHIIMaJIH OrpaHHlIHTeJIbHbIe MepLI; H3;a;a-
BaTb rrpe,IJ;rrHCaHHfI 0 perrpeCCHfIX rrpOTHB HapYIlleHHH D 06MaHIQH-
KOB; rr06ym,n;aTb HcrraHCKHe BJIaCTH qepe3 MHHHCTpa HHOCTpaHHbIX
,IJ;eJI K rrpOBe;a;eHHIO COrJIaCOBaHHLIX Mep H T. ,IJ;. ITeperrHcKa no
rroBo;a;y 8rrH300THH 3aHHMaeT 66JIbmyIO lIaCTb peeCTpOB a,n;MHHU-
cTpaTHBHoH KoppecrrOH;a;eHIJ;HH Toro BpeMeHH.
MbI BH,n;HM, KaK reHepaJIbHLIH KOHTpOJIep 06cym,n;aeT MHomeCT-
BO MeJIOQeH. BHaQaJIe OH eIQe rrO;a;;a;aeTCfI CBOHM JIH6epaJIbHbIM
rrpe;a;paCCYAKaM: TaK, OH OCYiR;a;aeT KaK CJIHmKOM CypOBYro Mepy
apeCT HapymHTeJIH rrOCTaHOBJIeHHH (25 ORTH6pfI) 1 HJIH pa3peIllaeT
pacrrpOCTpaHHTb KaKoe-TO mapJIaTaHCKoe 3eJIbe rro;a; Ha3BaHHel\'I
«rrpOTHBOfHHJIOCTHafI BO;a;a» (<<ECJIH OHO He rrpHHOCHT rrOJIb3M, TO
He MomeT rrplIlIHHHTb H 60JIbmOrO Bpe;a;a»2). Ho rrepe,n; cepbe3-
HOCTbIO 6e,n;cTBHfI H corrpOTHBJIeHHeM HOBLIM rrpaBHJIaM TOH ero
MeHHeTCH. Tropro OTrrpaBJIfIeT B H3rHaHHe O;a;Horo a66aTa H O;a;Horo
a,n;BoKaTa 3a He6JIaroBH,IJ;HbIe pellH npoTHB a;a;MHHHCTpaIJ;HH 3 ; Tpe6y-
eT npe;a;BapHTeJIbHOrO 03HaROMJIeHHfI C co,n;epmaHHeM HayqHbIX PYKO-
rrHceH 4 ; 3arrpem;aeT ny6JIHKaIJ;HIO o,n;Horo MeMyapa B AaKce 5 ; Tpe6y-
eT npHMepHbIx HaKa3aHHH, H ;a;ame TeJIeCHbIX, rro rrpHroBopy cy,n;a b.
1 JIa<p<PHT, HeroD;lIaHT H3 Byp-CeHT-3crrpH. (Lettre it d'Aine, Ie
25 octobre; 8 C hell e, t. IV, p. 246.)
2 Ero H306peJI <Pop}J;e Boq,op. IIIICLMO K BypmeJIa OT 28 ;IJ;eKa6pH,
HT. y: F 0 n C i n. Ope cit., p. 141; 8 C hell e, t. IV, p. 256, note.
3 A66aT 8iipaJIb II a;IJ;BOKaT BepaJIb (B OBIIJIJlHpe). IIHcbMo OT 29 ceH-
TH6pH 1775 f. BepTeHY. (8 C hell e, t. V, p. 71.)
4 IIHcbMo K JIa Her ;u;e II peJIIO OT 12 ceHTH6pH. (8 c hell e, t. V,
p. 70.)
5 F 0 n C i n. Ope cit., p. 322. .
6 «AJIH Tex, KTO npOBO}J;HT nO;IJ;03pHTeJILHLIii CKOT B HeaapameHHLIe 06-
JI8CTH HJlH KTO BonpeKH aarrpeTY AepmHT a;IJ;OpOBbIX mHBOTHbIX BMeCTe C
60JlbHbIMH}). IJ;HPKYJIHp OT 28 HOH6pH, 8 C hell e, t. IV, p. 78.
.A V OB30P TEXHHRH YIlPABJ1EHHH
rJ1ft B .
---
131
B BHp;e )J;OrrOJIHHTeJIbHOH 3KOHOMHqeCHOM MepbI TIO pro rrOOIIJ;-
eT p;eHe»\HbIMH rrpeMHHMH BB03 B 3apaiI\CldlL1C paHOHbI 110 IlOg-
pll p iI\eH HbIX 3TOMY 3a60JIeBaHHIO JIoma)];ei1: 11 l'tlYJIOB, lIO BCRope 00-
Be 6 c:
gapyiI\I1BaeT, qTO 0 MaHm;MRI1. rreperOHHIOT iKMBOTIIbIX, qTOObI no-
Jly-qaTb npeMHH, a rrOTOM rreperrpaBJIHIOT HX 06paTHo B IIcnaHHIO.
Op;HaKo TIOpro npOTHBHTCH BBe)];eHHIO 3arrpeTa Ha BbIB03: «OTO
3IIatJlIJlO 6bI HapymHTb npHHD;Hrr CB060,D:bI». POCTa n;eH )J;OJIiKHO
,6bITb p;OCTaTQ1IHO, qT06bI iKHTeJIH y)];epiKHBaJIH iKHBOTHbIX B pa30-
peHHbIX paioHax. ITo TOH iKe npHqHHe TIOpro He BBO)];HT 3arrpeTa
na B B03 6apaHoB. BOT em;e O)];Ha nO)];p06HOCTb 3ROHOMHqeCKOrO
nopHAKa: He06xo)J;HMO rrOOm;pHTb pa3Be)];eHHe 6bIKOB B 60JIbmeH
Mepe, tJeM TeJIHT H KOpOB, qT06bI Y)];OBJIeTBOpHTb nOTpe6HOCTb B
THfJIOBOM CKOTe, BOT nOqeMY 6bIJIO npe)J;JIOiKeHO H3MeHHTb COOT-
BeTCTBYIOrn;He CTaBKH B03Mern;eHHH y6bITKOB, HO TYT peqb mJIa
JIUIDb 06 OC060H nopo)J;e CKOTa 1. M HaKOHen;, OTKa3 OT BB03a
200 6apaHoB B 06MeH Ha BbIB03 400 60qeK TpHnbH, TO, "liTO Ha3bI-
BaeTCH B Harne BpeMH «KOMneHCHpOBaHHOH orrepan;HeH»2.
3a60TbI H HenpHHTHOCTH, nplfTIHHeHHbIe TIOpro 3nH300THeH,
)J;OCTHrJIH BbIcmero npe)J;eJIa B CJIe)];YIOm;eM MyqHTeJIbHOM )];JIH Hero
3rrH30)J;e. MHTeH)J;aHT 06'be)J;HHeHHbIX <pHHaHCOBbIX oKpyroB am H
BaHOHHa iKYPHe, qbe yrrpaBJIeHHe 6bIJIO OTBpaTHTeJIbHO, a CqeTa
HaXO)J;HJIHCb B nOJIHOM 6eCrrOpH)];Ke, rrO-BH)];HMOMY, 6bIJI BHHOBeH
JIHm:b B Hecrroc06HOCTH H "IIpe3MepHOH JII06BH K 6eJIJIeTpHCTHKe, HO
.eMY npe)J;JIOiKHJIH BbIHTH B OTCTaBKY, nopyqHB KJIIOHbH ero Bpe-
MeHHO 3aMeHHTb. O,r(HaKO OH, rrO-BH)];HMOMY, He 3aXOTeJI rrOHHTb
BHymeHIIH, H TlOpro rrOCTaBHJI TOqKH Ha)J; «H» B nHCbMe, r)];e yq-
TIIBOCTb e CKpbIBaJIa HerrpeKJIOHHOH H BrrOJIHe orrpaB)J;aHHOH CY-
pOBOCTH. «ITHCbMO MHrKoe, HO pemHTeJIbHOe», - rOBopHT a66aT
-Ae BepH. TeKCT 3Toro nHCbMa, no npaB)J;e rOBopH, 60JIee 3Ha"llH-
TeJIbHbIH, "IIeM BbI3BaBmHe ero 06CTOHTeJIbCTBa, HarrOMHHaeT IIHCb-
MO, nOCJIaHHoe JIeHyapy B aHaJIOrHqHOH, HO 60JIee cepbe3Hoif
Q6CTaHOBKe. OHO KpaTKO, HO HpKO H3JIaraeT BeJIHKHe TPY)];HOCTH
ynpaBJIeHIIH B TY 3noxy: «.f! XOTeJI 6bI )];YMaTb, qTO BbI He m;a)];HJIH
HH CBOHX CHJI, HH TPY)];OB. Ho B TaKOM BaiKHOM )J;eJIe, r)J;e pe"llb
lfAeT 0 cnaceHHH rOCY)J;apCTBa, r)J;e rrOBeJIeBaIOT BpeMH H 06CTOH-
TeJIbCTBa, a HHCTPYKD;HH He npHHOCHT HHKaKOH rrOJIb3bI, H60 BCer)];a
8ana3AbIBaIOT, r)J;e caMaH MeJIKaH omH6Ka BJIeqeT 3a C060H n;eJIYIO
enb HeOTBpaTHMbIX HeCqaCTHH, MbI BbIHYiK)J;eHbI PYKOBO)];CTBO-
BaTbCR Te;MH iKe npHHn;HrraMH, qTO H BO BpeMH BOHHbI. HHKTO He
1
o . ITpe,n;JIOiIieHHe HeKoro POHcepa, 12 ceHTH6pH 1775 r. (F 0 n c i n.
2 p. Clt., p. 318.)
8TO npe,n;JIOiKeHHe 6bIJIO e,n;eJIaHO B nHCbMe K mYPHe (24 MaH, t. V,
65), nOTOMY tITO B HeKOTopbIX paioHax ero oKpyra nponopn;HM Mem,n;y
lJIeTepHMH H CTOMMOCTbIO COBepmeHHO He06bI1J:HbI. Ho, KaK MbI YBM,n;MM ,n;aJIb-
OT P ' B ynpaBJIeHlI1I mypHe n;apHJI nOJIHbIH 6ecnopH oK, "ITO }J;OJIiKHO 6LIJIO
aaHThCH II Ha ero CTaTHCTMKe.
6*
132
'lACTb nEPBAH. HA1{EHrn
pa36HpaeT, . 61>IJI JIH BHHOBaT He3a)J;allJIHBLIH reHepaJI, 11 He 60HTca
6bITL;> HecrrpaBe,n;JIHBbIM, Kor,n;a He ,n;OBepHeT eMY Bnpe)J;L KOMaHAO_
BaHHe a pMHeH. M60 Tor,n;a crraceHHe rocy,n;a pCTBa CTaHOBHTCH BLIC-
mHM 3aKpHOM». 3TH paccym)J;eHHH He rrpHHeCJIH YTemeHHH rro6eiR-
,n;eHHOMY reuepaJIY - OH rrepepe3aJI ce6e ropJIo. BJIaCTH COBepmn-
JIH omH6KY: rrOmeJIaB CKpLITL caMoy6HHcTBO, OHH a peeTOBaJIR
CJIyr, KOTOpLIX npHmJIOCL OTrrYCTHTL, 11 aTY HCTOpHIO rrOCTaBHJIlI
B BHHY mecToKoMY Tropro. O,n;HaKo MLI 3a6emaJIH ,n;aJIeKO Bnepe,n;
H rrpHmJIH K 28 )J;eKa6pH 1775 r., KO BpeMeHH pemHTeJILHOrO na-
f(eHHH KpHBOH ero ycrrexa 1.
3Ha"llHTeJILHaH rro CBOHM MaTepHaJILHLIM rrOCJIe)J;CTBHHM H no
6ropoKpaTIPIeCKHM XJIonOTaM 60pL6a C 3IIH300THeM He rrpe)J;CTaBJIH-
eT, KaK HaM KameTCH, 60JILmOrO HHTepeca C TO"llKH 3peHHH 06IIJ;HX
H)J;eH aKOHOMII"IIeCKOH rrOJIHTHKH, rroaTOMY MLI pemHJIII H3JIOmHTL ee
BKpaT e, H 60JILme K HeH He B03Bpa aTLCJI. IIo MHeHHIO illeJIJIH"
Tropro B TOM CJIy-qae rrpHMeHHJI «rrpHH Hrr BMemaTeJILCTBa rocy-
f(apCTBa BO BpeMeHa 6e)J;cTBHM». B 06rn;eM CMLICJIe aTO BepHO, HO
yme 6LIJIH TOMY rrpHMepLI 11 paHLme - B 1JaCTHOCTH, B TOH me-
caMOH 06JIaCTH B 1771 r. - H C rrpHH HrrHaJILHO 60JILmHM pa3Ma-
XOM rrpH C03)J;aHHH 6JIarOTBOpHTeJILHbIX MaCTepCKHX. 3)J;ecL me
UeJIL3H .paCCMaTpIIBaTL ,npHHHTLle MepbI KaK e08MeUfeuue y6bl,TnOe,
«rrplI"IIHHeHHLIX 6e,n;cTBHeM», H60, eCJIII KpeCTLHHHHY 11 rrJIaTHJIB
KOe-"IITO 3a y60H CKOTa, TO He H3 rrpaBOBLIX coo6pameHHH, a rrpoc-
TO rrOTOMY, 'liTO HHaqe OH He CTaJI 6LI 3a6HBaTL CBOH CKOT. O,n;-
HaKO TlOpro HameJI )J;JIH aToro CJIyqaH ,n;OBOJILHO TOHKHe IOpH)J;J2I1Ie-
CRHe 060CHOBaHHS. TaK KaK X03HeBa 60JILHLIX mHBOTHLIX MOrJlJ.t
Ha}leHTLCH, "liTO OHII HX BLIJIe"llaT, KOpOJIL, JIHmaH IIX aTOM Ha]:tem-
,n;LI, )J;OJImeH 6bIJI B03MeCTHTL HM y6LITKH. CJIe,n;OBaTeJILHO, rrpHKaa-
BJIaCTeiI, a He caMO 6e)J;CTBHe HBJIHeTCH rrplIlIlIHOH BLI)J;a"llH 3apa-
Hee 06YCJIOBJIeHHOrO B03MeIIJ;eHIIH. TlOpro CTapaTeJILHO OTMe'llaeT
pa3HII y MeiK)J;y rrO)J;o6H:DIM CJIyqaeM H TaKHM, Kor)J;a KpeCTLHHHR
rrpOCTO TepHeT CKOT: Tor)J;a rrOMOrn;L paCCMaTplIBaeTCH JIHmL KaK
rYMaHHaH Mepa, 'IITo6LI rro)J;f(epmaTL Tex, KTO He B COCTOHHHH
1 HMeHHo B 4>HHaHcoBo-no aTHoM oKpyre, PYKOBO HMOM iKypHe"
IIpOHSOmJIH MHorHe 1I3 onHcaHHbIX BbIme 3nH30 OB ( Hcnponopn;HH MeiK y
KOJIHqeCTBOM 6:bIKOB H KOpOB, KpaMOJILHbIe pellH). C anpeJIH MeCHn;a Tropro>
y6e HJICH, llTO MHorHe mHTeJIH, BbInOJIHHBmHe perJIaMeHT, HHqerO He nony-
qHJIH; TaKHe maJI06bI nOBTOpHJIIICb II B ceHTH6pe, B TO BpeMH KaK eHbrHt'
HanpOTHB, BbInJIaqHBaJIHCb 3eMJIeBJIa eJIbn;aM, KOTOpbIX ,CJIe OBaJIO HaKa3aTb
sa TO, qTO OHH He eJIaJIH ,n;eKJIapan;HH 0 60JIe3HH CKOTa (nnCbMO Ka,n;HHbHHY
OT 1 HOH6pH). B 3TO BpeMH Tropro 06HapYiKHJI B eMeTax HHTeH aHTCTBa
«MHoro MHHMbIX pacxo,n;oB, qaCTHOCTH :aa maJIOB Bbe 60JIbmoMY KOJIRqe-
CTBY Ka3HaqeeB II OCMOTP HKOB». TaKHM 06pa30M 6bIJIO paCTpaqeHO
415 900 JIHBpOB 6e3 onpaB aTeJIbHbIX oKYMeBToB (6 OKTH6pH). Tor a me B
oKpyre Om 6:bIJI HCTpa qeH 1 MJIH. JIHBpOB npOTHB 335 TbIC. B TaKOM ropa3 0
601lee BamHOM oKpyre, KaK Bop o. (CM.; F 0 n C i n. Ope cit., p. 321.) B IITO-
re 6:bIJIO HCTpaqeHO 2 MJIH. II :aa 5 MJIH. B3HTO 06HSaTeJILCTB. (8 C hell e
t. V, p. 90, note.)
A V OB80P TEXHHRH YllPABJ1EHHH
rJ1AB ·
---
133
pe:a eCTH nOTepro, TO eCTL 6e,n;HHKOB. TaKaH nOMOII(L IIpHRHMaeT
J1 61J11J1o 4>OPMY «o6J1erqeHHH HaJlOrOB» 1. ,
o B ,n;pytOM TeKCTe Tropro ,n;aeT ,n;OIlOJIHHTeJILBOe YTO"llBeHHe, RO-
TOpoe n03BOJIHeT 060CHOBaTL HC"IIHCJIeHHe B03Mem;eHHH: «ECJIH XO-
31I1III :aap;eHJICH BLIJIe"llHTL O)J;HO iRHBOTHOe H3 TpeX, OH 6Y)J;eT BIIOJI-
Be B03Harpam)J;eH, 1I0JIyqHB O)J;HY TpeTL IIX CTOHMOCTH». O)J;HaKO
nOCKOJILKY ero Ha)J;eiR)J;a O"lleHL HepeaJILBa (H60 OH He, Mor 6LI CIIa-
CTS 60J!Lme o Horo mHBOTHoro 113 20, MomeT, H 113 50), TO aTO
«aRT QHCTOH 6J1arOTBOpHTeJILHOCTH KOpOJIH JIH CBORX 1I0 )J;aHHLIX»
TIepeYTOMJIeBHe Tropro H3-3a XJIOIIOT C allH300THeH COBIIaJIO C
CHJlbHLIM IIPHCTYIIOM 1I0 arpLI, HaqaBmHMCH 3 HBBapH 1775 r.
MLI 3HaeM 06 aTOM H3 3HaMeHHToro IIHCLMa M-JIL ,n;e JIecIIIIBac:
«BOT yme ,n;Ba HH, uaK OB ,n;JIH MeBH 60JIee Be reBepaJILHLIH
KOHTpOJIep. 8TO r-B Tropro, c KOTOpLIM MeBH CBH3LIBaeT Cel\IBaf(-
n;aTHJIeTHHH ,n;Pym6a, II IIOTOMY ero 3 opOBLe BOJIHyeT H TpeBomHT
Moe cep)J; e»3. Ou He 3aHHMaJICH ,n;eJIaMH Bcero 3-4 )J;HH, HO 6LIJI
npHKOBaB K IIOCTeJIH 1IeTLIpe MeCHn;a, 1I0CBHII(aH rOCY)J;apCTBeHHLI11
)J;eJIaM «,n;aiRe qaCLI 6eccoBHH LI, KOTopaH ero Tep3aJIa». OH IIOTe-
pHJI alllleTHT, ero H3MaTLIBaeT KameJIL. IIoroBapHBaroT ,n;ame 0 ero
3aMeBe. ,[(IOIIOB OIlHCLIBaeT HaM B Be MeBee H3BeCTBOM IIHCLMe,
RaR Tropro COCTaBJIHeT, JIema B RpOBaTH, MeMyap IIO IIOBOgy allH-
300THH: «RaK TOJILRO O)J;Ha CTpaHH a 6LIJIa rOTOBa, OH TOTQaC
nOCLIJIaJI ee B THIIorpaq,Hro... OH IIpo,n;OJImaJI f(HRTOBaTL, a Kor,n;a
eMY npHHOCHJIH rpaBKH, OH TYT me HX IIpaBHJI... OT TaKoro Ha-
npHateHHH 60JIeSHL nepeKHHYJIaCL Ha rpy,n;L. <l>paB HH "IIYTL ero Be
nOTepHJIa». HeCMOTpH Ba ero HPOCTHYro aHeprHro, COBlIa)J;eHHe aTHX
)J;BYX 06m;eCTBeHHLIX 6e,n;CTBHH, IIO BLlpameHHro M-JIL ,n;e JIecIIHHac
( «llo,n;arpa - aTO 06II(eCTBeHHoe 6e,n;CTBHe»), He MOrJIO He IIOBJIHHTL
eCJIH He Ba 06'beM ero pa60TLI, TO IIO MeHLmeH Mepe Ha 6LICTPOTY
OCYl'I(eCTBJIeHHH pemeHHH. }\OHe"llHO, OH MomeT 6ece)J;OBaTL C KOpO-
o JIeM: «Ero HOCHT B KpeCJIe B IIOROH Ero BeJIHqeCTBa, r)J;e OH pa-
60TaeT C HHM Hae)J;HHe TPH qaca nO)J;pH,rp> 4 . Ho oym;ecTByeT OqeHb
BaiRHaH 06JIaCTL MHHHcTepcKoH )J;eHTeJILHOCTH. KOTopaH ,n;JIH Bero
BeChMa 3aTpy)J;HHTeJILHa, - aTO 3ace)J;aBHH COBeTa. XOTH OH II 110-
ce acT HHor,n;a aTOT opraH, o,n;HaKO H3-3a 60JIe3HH BLIHYiR)J;eH OT-
RJIa;n:LIBaTL Bce pemeHHH, Tpe6yroII(He 06MeHa MBeHHHMH, ,n;OJIrHX
AHCRYCCHiI, ap6HTpaiRa. Pa3YMeeTCH, MLI 3HaeM H3 MBorHX HCTO"ll-
IIHROB, "liTO OH I1pO;n;OJIiRaeT pa3pa6aTLIBaTL CBOH BeJIHKHe IIpoeKTLI
11 lIeROTopLIe H3 BHX, KaR, H,allpHMep, npoeKT MYHHD;HnaJILHLIX
C06paHHii, Tpe6YlOT eII(e BpeMeHH, "IIT06LI C03peTL. Ho ,n;pyrHe, BO
-
1
2
3
4
S c hell e, t. V, 'p. 83, 4 juillet 1775.
S c hell e, t. V, p. 55.
IIucbMo p;e BaBY OT 5 HBBapH 1775 r.
Met r a. Correspondance, 15 mars 1775.
134
TIACTb llEPBAH. HA;aEJRl1.L\.
-
BCHROM CJIyqae pe<pOpMa ;U;OpOiRHOH nOBHHHOCTH, no cyrn;eCTBY,
YiRe rOTOB:bI. RaR 6:b1 TO HH 6:bIJlO, OHH 6Y;U;YT ocym;eCTBJIeH:b1 lIe
TaR CROpO. TlOpro nO;U;HHMeT C nOCTeJlH TOJl:bRO rpOXOT MHTema.
B 3TOT CaM:bIH ;u;eH:b 3aBeprnHJlCH nepB:bIH nepMO;U; MMHMCTepCTBa
TlOpro, KOTOp:bIH M:bl Ha3BaJlH «nO;U;'beMOM KPHBOH», a TaRme lIe-
pHO;U;OM HaJlaiRMBaHHH TeXHMRH ynpaBJleHMH. Tenepb M:bl MOiReM
ORHHYTb ero B3rJIH;U;OM Ha BceM ero npOTHiReHHH, RaR HeRYIO paB-
HMHY C ,B:blcTynalOm;HMH Roe-r;u;e He6oJI:brnHMH XOJIMaMH H OiRHB-
JIHeMYIO qaXJI:bIMH pOm;H aMH. Tenep:b M:bl HaROHeu: ;U;OCTHrJlH cl\a-
JIHCT:bIX 06p:bIBOB. Ho CHaqaJIa HaM cJle;u;yeT BepHYT:bCH Ha3aA,
K 60Jl:brnHM HCXO;U;H:bIM np06J1eMaM: np06J1eMe na pJlaMeHTCRon,
61O;IJ;meTHOH H 3epHOBOH. IIepBaH 6:bIJla perneHa npaBHTeJI:bCTBeH-
H:bIM aRTOM pa3 H HaBcer;u;a. IIJIaH perneHHH BTOpOH 6:bIJl HaMeqen
'B HeH3MeHH:bIX lIepTax, HO OH 6:bIJI paCCqHTaH Ha nOCTeneHHoe Ii
./
OCTOpOiRHOe npeTBopeHHe B }RH3H:b, H ycnexa ero CJle;U;OBaJIO omM-
;n;aT:b He CROpO. qTO KacaeTCH TpeT:beii, TO OH B:bIIIOJlHMJI 3TO ;u;aH
Hoe caMOMY ce6e o6em;aHHe, C;u;eJlaB cTaBRy Ha JlIO;u;eH H Ha pa3BM-
THe Co6LITHH, BepH, liTO cY;U;b6a ero onpaB;u;aeT.
VI. B03BPAmEHHE nAPJIAMEHTOB
rJ1A.J3A.
---
135
r /laBa V I B03Bpa eHHe
rrapJIaMeHTOB l
BOUCTU1-LY npa(-/OC/laue - .MOJl npaeaJl
pyna. Ho, ecJl,U ee nopaaUT ea1-Lepe1-La, .l£e-
eaR pyna aO 1-La ee OTce b.
reHpHX IV
(((Journal de L'EstoileJ))
ITapJIaMeHTCKaH Orrrr03HD;HH B XVIII B. - O;U;Ha H3 rJIaBHbIX
(C06bITIIHHbIX) npHqHH na;u;eHHH pemHMa - Tpe6yeT, "IITo6bI MbI
paCCMOTpeJIH ee B HCTOpHqeCKOM acrreKTe.
Terrepb MbI npHBbIKJIH K pa3;u;eJIellJIIO BJIaCTeii, MbI CqHTaeM,
TITO BJIaCTb cy;u;e6HaH npH3BaHa BbInOJIHHTb TOJIbKO TY MIICCIIIO,
HOTopaH eii npe;U;Ha3HaqeHa, H HaM KameTCH, qTO H;u;eH npe8cTa-
BUTe/lbCTBa Hapo;u;a Tpe6yeT orrpe;u;eJIeHHOH <pOpMbI ;u;eMOKpaTJIqe-
CHoro ua8UatteuUR. MMeHHO no 3THM nplIqHHaM HaM TPY;U;HO rro-
HHTb npHTH3aHHH rJIRBHbIX cy;u;e6HbIX HHCTHTYTOB HOpOJIeBCTBa-
n pJIaMeHTOB - Ha pOJIb IIOJIHTHqeCKIIX opraHOB H HX meJIaHHe
06pa30BaTb H3 BoceMHa;U;n;aTH napJIaMeHTOB e;U;IIHbIH tIOJIHTHqeCKHH
opraHlI3M, Ha;u;eJIeHHbIH 3aKOHHbIMJI cpe;U;CTBaMII OTBepraTb peme-
nnH ROpOJIH. rrpH TaKOH KOHn;enn;HH cy;u;e6HaH BJIaCTb He TOJIbKO
nOCHraeT Ha KOMneTeHD;HIO BJIaCTH 3aKOHO;u;aTeJIbHOH II HCIIOJIHH-
TeJlbHOH, HO 11 YCTaHaBJIHBaeT Ha;U; H1IMH CBoe rocnO CTBO, nOCROJIb-
Ry OHa MomeT napaJIII30BaTb H TY H ,n;PyryIO.
OJJ:HaKO MbI 3HaeM, "liTO 3TH MHIIMbIe npe,n;CTaBHTeJIIi Hapo;u;a He
l'OJILRO He H36paHbI HM, HO H He BbImJIII ,n;ame H3 ero pH OB, a
npHHaAJIemaT K npHBHJIerHpOBaHHbIM KJIaCCaM, arOHCTHqeCKHe HH-
TepeCbf KOTOpbIX OHH HpOCTHO 3am;Hm;aIOT, nplIKpbIBaHCL caMbIMII
--
1 IToncHeHHH Ii IJ;liTaTLI, .n;aHHLIe 6e3 CCLIJIOK Ha IICTOQHIIR, B3HTLI 113
«Journal historique» 3a cooTBeTcTBYIOm;HH rreplIO.n; BpeMeHH.
rt36
'lACTb nEPBAFl. HAJ:{EJRl{A.
-
:YCTapeBillHMII YCTaHOBJIeHHHMII, II 1I0TOMY M:bI C Y)J;HBJIeHHeM BII-
a8:M, qTO nO)J;)J;epiRK 06 eCT;BeHHOrO MHeHHH IIpH)J;aeT HX npHTa_
aHHHM 60JI:bmyIO \ CHJIY, IIHaqe OHII B JII06yIO MHHYTY 6:bIJIH 6h{
paCCeHH:b1 RaK )J;bIM.
TaR RaK M:bl CKJIOHHbI paccMaTpHBaT:b ROpOJIeBcRYIO BJIaCT1
B <popMe a6COJIIOTHOH a;IJ;MIIHIICTpaTHBHoH MOHapXHH, HaM TPYlJ;-
no nOHHTL, I{aK napJIaMeHTbI, ;IJ;aiRe' 1I0)J;)J;epiRHBaeM:ble qaCT:bIO
06m;eCTBeHHoro MHeHIIH, MOrJIH npOTHBOlIOCTaBHT:b BceMorym;ecT-
BY HCrrOJIHHTeJIhHOH BJIaCTH TaRoe yrropHoe conpOTHBJIeHHe,
BCTyna T:b C HeH B qaCT:ble 11 OrraCH:ble KOH<pJIHRT:bI 11 Ha-
KOHe o,n;epiRaT:b 1I06e;IJ;Y, KOTopaH B KOHeqHOM IITore IIpHBeJIa K fiX
o6m;eiI rH6eJIH.
O)J;HaRO Y Kam)J;oro H3 8THX Kamym;HXCH lIapa)J;OKCOB eCTb
BrrOJIHe y6e)J;HTeJI:bHOe 06'DHCHeHHe. II M:bI CqHTaeM OTHIO)J;:b He
JIHillHHM, 3HaT:b 3TO TpOHHoe 06'bHCHeHHe )J;JIH nOHHMaHHH pemaIO-
JI(HX C06:bITHH, ROTOp:bIe BCKope 1I0CJIe)J;YIOT.
IIpOTIIBHHRII rrapJIaMeHTOB e,I(HHOJ(ymHO CqHTaJIH, 'tITO HX rro-
JIHTHqeCRHe rrpHTH3aHIIH HBJIHIOTCH CJIe,I(CTBHeM TepMHHOJIOrHqe-
CKOll lIYTaHH :bI H IIpOHCXO)J;HT H3-3a IIpOCToro He,I(opa3YMeHIIH.
Peq:b H,n;eT 0 perHCTpa HH. IIoqeMY lIapJIaMeHT:bI IIpH3BaH:bI perH-
CTpHpOBaT:b Bce CaM:bIe BamH:ble 1I0CTaHOBJIeHHH MOHapxa: 8)J;IIKT:bI,
KOpOJIeBCRHe YI{a3:bI (lettres patentes)? IIoToMY 'tITO Ha,I(O coxpa-
HHT:b HX MaTepHaJI:bHOe ,I(OKa3aTeJI:bCTBO, a TaKme 06eCneQHT:b e)J;IIH-
CTBO CY)J;OlIpOHSBO)J;CTBa 1I0 BceMY KOpOJIeBCTBY, a 8TO Tpe6yeT,
'IIT06:bI B:blcmHe cy,n;e6H:bIe HHCTaH HH B paSH:bIX IIpOBIIH IIHX Mor-
JIH CCblJIa T:bCH Ha lI)J;eHTHqH:bIe ,I(ORYMeHT:bI ('tITO BamHO He TOJI:bRO
I .
J(JIfI caMHX lIapJIaMeHTOB, HO H ,I(JIH 1I0,I(aTHbIX CY,I(OB BCJIe,I(CTBHe
HX c06CTBeHH:bIX IQPH;IJ;lPIeCKHX rrpeporaTHB). 3HaQHT, 1I0 MeTKOMY
Ollpe;IJ;eJIeHHIO BesaHBa.rrH, OHII HBJIHIOTCH «(XpaUUTeJtRMU aanuceu»
(des garde-notes), ROTOp:ble BCKope npeBpam;aIOTCH B «(6ropo UUT-
PU8», lIO B:bIpameHHIO MOH6ap3, H JIHm:b 1I0TOMY, 'tITO 6e3 BCHRHX
Ha TO 1I0JIHOMOqHH IIpHcBaHBaroT ce6e IIpaBO IIpOBepHT:b, KOHTpO-
JIHpOBaT:b, a CJIe,I(OBaTeJI:bHO, H OTBepraT:b TO, 'tITO HM Ha,I(JIemHT
npOCTO C06HpaT:b, CBepHT:b II COXpaHHT:b.
BnaQaJIe lIapJIaMeHTapHH - 8TO lIpOCTO JIerlICTbI, pOJI:b KOTOp:DIX
06'I>HCHHeTCH HeBemeCTBOM CeH"bOpOB; OHa B03paCTaeT, 110 Mepe
Toro KaR MHO}KaTCH npO eCC:bI, II YKpelIJIHeTCH 6JIaro)J;apH <pHHaH-
COBOH B:Dlro,I(e OT lIpo)J;amH' ,I(OJIiRHOCTeH. «JIerHCT:bI He HMeJIH pe-
marom;ero rOJIOca; OHH CH,I(eJIH Ha 3a,I(HIIX CKaM:bHX H ,rOBOpIIJlII
TOJI:bKO B Tex CJIyqaHX, Kor,I(a K HIIM 06pam;aJIIIC:b C BorrpOCOM.
BCRope, lIT06:bI c eJIa T:bCH He06xo,I(IIM:bIMII, OHH CTaJIII 3 a rrYT:bIB a Tb
)];eJIa... Ho BCH 3Ta TeCHO CBH3aHHaH )J;eJIaMH KOMlIaHHH... BCKope
He JIMeJIa HHOH eJIH, KpOMe CBoero B03B:blmeHHg II Morym;ecTBa...
OHa TeprreJIHBO iK)J;eT nO)J;XoMm;ero CJIyqaH, JIOBRO 1I0JI:b3yeTcH HM
II C 1I0MOm;:bro ;IJ;eMarorHH JIerKO )J;06HBaeTcH 1I0,I(,I(epiKkH TOJIn:bI,
rJ1A.B A VI. B03BPAInEHHE llAPJ1AMEHTOB
---
137
BeeX TeX, KTO HaXO;U;HTCH B OrrrrOaH Hn R rrpaBHTeJI:bCTBY II BCer;u;a
oeTaBJIfleT 60Jl:bmHHCTBO» 1.
e Ta oe HCTO HOTapHaJl:bHOe HCTOJlKOBaHHe perHCTpa HII nCTO-
JItJeCKR HeTO HO HJln no MeH:bmeH Mepe HerrOJIHO. ECJlH perlICTpa-
Bg gB geTCg npOCTOH op a bHocTbro nHCbMeHHOH ny6 HKa HH,
OBOJI:bHO paHO 3aMeHHBmeH 06HapO;U;OBaHHe B rrpHMOM CM:bICJle
J10Ba (TO eCTb lITeHHe BC YX nepeA CYAOM), opMa bHOCTbro, He-
o6:x:O HMOH, 'IITo6:bI op;U;OHaHC:bI rrO;U;JlemaJlH nCrrOJlHeHHIO, OHa Bce
1I\e He SIBJlHeTCH c caMoro Ha"llaJla "IIHCTO TeXHHqeCKHM aKTOM rrepe-
I1HCKH. Bce B:bICmlIe CY;U;:bI - 6y,tJ;L T.O rra pJlaMeHT:bI HJlH B:bIcmHH
I1o,n;aTHOH cy - OpraH:bI COBem;aTeJl:bH:bIe, II MOHapXHqeCKOe npa-
BHTeJI:bCTBO, KaK npaBHJlO, rrpHHHMaeT pemeHHe nOCJIe 06cym;u;eHHH.
qa e Bcero KOpOJl:b rrpOCHT napJIaMeHT 06CY;U;HT:b IIo;u;rOTOBJleHHbIH
TeKCT; OH MomeT H He rrpH6eraT:b K 3TOMY, «no Tor;U;a CYA Bce
me HMeeT rrpaBo H ;u;ai-Ke 06H3aH B:bICKaaaTL CBoe MHeHne», «TO
r a OH MomeT C eJlaT:b rrpe;U;CTaBJleHHe HJIH peMoHcTpa HIO* RO
pOJIIO, H60 eMY rrpHXO;U;HTCH ;u;aBaT:b COBeT:bI, Kor a pemeHHe yme
npHHHTO»2. Pa3YMeeTCH, ROpOJIL Bcer a MomeT naBH3aT:b eMY CBOH
pemeHHH. Ho caM COBeT, a CJle;U;OBaTeJl:bHO, H peMOHCTpa HH I{OPO
JlIO TO eCT:b IIO;u;aqa COBeTa, Kor;u;a pemeHHe yme rrpHHHTO, -
aTO OTHIO;U;L He Y3ypIIa HH, a nOpMaJl:bHaH 06H3aHHOCT:b B:bICmnX
CY OB. M TaK 6:bIBaeT He TOJl:bRO B <pHCKaJl:bH:bIX ;U; eJl ax : rrepB:bIH
cJIyqaii OTRaaa OT perHcTpa HH OTMe'llen em;e B 1407 r. B CBH3B
C peJlHrH03H:bIM ;u;eJlOM, a perHCTpa HH HaHTcRoro 3;U;HRTa B:bI3Ba-
Jla 60Jl:bmHe TPY;U;HOCTH II ;U;OJlrHe rreperOBOp:bI. BHaqaJle ROMIIeTeH-
n;IIH rrapJIaMeHTOB He paCIIpOCTpaHHJlaC:b na "IIHCTO <pHCRaJI:bH:bIe BO-
npOC:bI, a OrpaHHqnBaJlaC:b <pHHaHCOBbIMH ;u;eJIaMH ;U;OMeHOB, <pHC-
RaJI:bH:bIe me BOrrpOC:bI 6:bIJln OCTaBJleH:bI reHepaJI:bH:bIM mTaTaM.
PaaYMeeTCH, rrpaBO COBeTOBaT:b OTHIO;U;:b He co epmHT B ce6e
npaBa OTKa3:bIBaT:b. Ho TaR me KaR JlerRO rrepeHTH OT «IIpe;U;BapH-
TeJIbHOro COBeTa» R «peMOH Tpa HH», ROTOpOH CTapaIOTCH B03Mec-
TIITb HeCOCTOHBmeeCH rrepBOHa aJI:bHOe o6cym;U; Hne, TOqnO TaR me
HeaaMeTen IIepexo;u; H OT peMOHCTpa nH, aa;u;epmHBaIOm;eH perH-
1 B e s e n val. Ope cit., t. II, p. 344 et suiv. O HaKO Be3aHBaJIL Be
6eaorOBOpOlIJ:lLIH npOTHBHHK napJIaMeHTOB, qTO 6bIJIO 6bI HeCOBMeCTIIMO C ero
«lUya3eJIH3MOM». . OH HaXO}J;HT Bce me OCTOHHCTBa B TOM, lITO OHH MorYT
c,n;epatHBaTL HeKOTopLIe npOHBJIeHHH KOpOJIeBCKOro a6COJIIOTH3Ma H npOHCKB
I\JI PHKaJIOB. OH CTOpOHHHK CHCTeMLI «paBHOBeCHH CHJI» H paBHoro npOTHBO-
,n;elICTBHH Ha aHrJIHHCKHH MaHep: «HaM HymHLI napJIaMeHTbI, KOTO'pLIe YMe-
PHJIH 6LI }J;eHCTBHH rOCYJ];apH, H B TO me BpeMH HymeH rocy apL, KOTOpLIH
C,n;eP3RHBaJI 6LI npllTH3aHHH 11 HarJIOCTL napJIaMeHTOB». STOT CRJIOBHLIH K
;BauTropU3MY 1IenOBeK Be nllHIeH nOJIHTH1IeCKOH npOHH aTeJILHOCTII.
PeMOHCTpa HH - npllCBoeHHoe B XV B. cppaH Y3CKHMH napJIaMeBTar-
Mil npaBO OTKa3a OT perHCTpa HH KOpOJIeBCKHX aKTOB, He COOTBeTCTBYIOID;n,
no IIX MHeHHIO, npaBY H 06LPIaHM aBHOH npOBHH HH HJIH 3aKOHaM CTpaHLI.
PeMOHCTpa UH TepHJIa ropHJ];nqeCRYro CHJIY B cJIYqae JIHqHOrO npHCYTCTBHH
OPOJIH Ha 3aceJ];aHHH rrapnaMeHTa (lit de justice). - llpu.M. pea.
B e s n i e r. Ope cit., p. 81.
138
qACTb IIEPBAH. HA;aEJRni\.
---
CTpa nlO, K OTKa3Y OT perHCTpa HH, KOTOp:bIH MOiReT 6:bIT:b TOJIJ l\O
BpeMeHH:bIM - BeJJ;:b OTKa3 B CBOeH nepBOHalIaJIbHOH cpOpMe JJ;eJIaJl-
CH nOJJ; npeJJ;JIOrOM, tITO KOpOJIIO HaJJ;O JJ;aTb BpeMH 03HaKOMIITbCH
C peMOHCTpa HeH. ECTeCTBeHHO, tITO CJIOmHBmHHCH opraH CTapa...
eTCH MaJIO-rrOMaJIY paCmHpHT:b CBOH rrpeporaTHBbI II «npo"t{lIo
CTaT:b Ha HorH». MbI OKa3:bIBaeMCH rrepeJJ; 3JIeMeHTapHOH rrp06Jfe-
MOH nOJIHTHtIeCKOH JJ;HHaMHKH. 06CYiRJJ;eHHe COBem;aTeJIbHOe CTpe...
MHTCH CTaTb o6CYiRJJ;eHHeM pemaIOm;HM. 8Ta JJ;HHaMHKa rrpOHBJIHeT...
CH CHJI:bHee, KorJJ;a BCTpetIaeT rrepeJJ; C060H BaKYYM, B JJ;aHHOM CJIY...
qae BaKYYM, OCTaBillHHCH nOCJIe HCtIe3HOBeHHH reHepaJIbHhIX
mTaTOB.
TBepiR eHHe napJIaMeHTOB B KatIeCTBe rrOJIHTHtIeCKOrO oprana
npeJJ;CTaBJIHeTCH HaM KaK pe3YJI:bTaT rrepeCelIeHHH JJ;enCTBHH JJ;ByX
CHJI. ITepBaH npOHCTeKaeT H3 HX nepBOHalIaJIbHOH pOJIH COBeT"t{H-
KOB. BTOP H JJ;eHcTByeT KOCBeHHO, OHa 6epeT CBoe HatIaJIO B Teoprn i
YTBepiRJJ;aeMoro HaJIOra (impot consenti), KOTopaH 6:bIJIa npHHHTa
B rrOJI:b3Y reHepaJI:bH:bIX illTaTOB CHatIaJIa B 1484 r., a rrOTOM JJ;en-
CTBOBaJIa B TetIeHHe Bcero XVI B. ROHetIHO, JJ;oKTplIHa KOpOJIeBCKOii
BJIaCTH B CJIeJJ;YIOm;eM BeKe HaJJ; Heft BOCTOpiReCTBOBaJIa, HO lIJJ;e}j
YTBepiRJJ;aeMoro HaJIOra KaK 6:bI BHTaeT B B03JJ;yxe. aHa OCTaeTCH
«(8 paCnOpR:HCenUU) napJIaMeHTOB, KorJJ;a OHH B:bIJJ;BHraIOT CBOH Tpe-
60BaHHH, rrOKa He CTaHeT TaKHM iRe cpeJJ;CTBOM, ,r(JIH YTBepiRJJ;eHI1JI
peBOJIIOD;HH. OJJ;HaKO MOHapXHH, OTKa3aBillHCb OT C03bIBa reHepaJIb-
H:bIX mTaTOB, He B03paiRaeT, tIT06:bI ee 3JJ;HKT:bI perHCTplIpOBaJIHC))
rrapJIaMeHTaMH. C03JJ;aBaH ce6e 3THM aJIII6H, OHa KaK 6:bI JJ;aeT Hl\1
KapT-6JIaHm: «MHHHCTP:bI ,r(YMaJIH, lITO 3TO cpeJJ;CTBO MOiReT 3aMO'"
HHTb COrJIaCHe Bcero rOCYJJ;apCTBa H lITO KOpOJIb 6YJJ;eT 60JIee YBe-
peH B perHCTpaI:(HII ero 3,r(IIKTOB BoceMHa,r( aTbIO OT,r(eJIbH:bIMJl
opraHaMH, lIeM eCJIH eMY npH,r(eTCH co6HpaTb JJ;errYTaTOB CO Bcex
KOH OB CTpaH:bI» 1. _
He3aMeTHoe pacmHpeHHe co6CTBeHH:bIX npeporaTHB rrapJIaMeH-
TOB B KatIeCTBe COBeTtIHKOB, 3aHHTHe HMH MeCTa, OCB060iRJJ;eHHoro
reHepaJI:bH:bIMH mTaTaMH, TeprrHMOCTb, a BepHee, rrOTBopCTBO, OKa-
3:bIBaeMOe HM KOpOJIeBCKOH BJIaCTbIO, - 3TIIX npHtIlIH 60JIbme qeM
AOCTaTOtIHO ,r(JIH 06'bHCHeHHH rrapJIaMeHTCKHX npIITH3aHHH, HO, KO-
HetIHO, He ,r(JIH HX orrpaBJJ;aHHH 11 rrplI3HaHHH 3aKOHH:bIMII. 03a60-
qeHH:ble, KaK rrpocpeccIIOHaJI:bI, C06JIIO,r(eHHeM ropHJJ;HlIeCKOH <pOpM:bI,
napJIaMeHTapHH H HX CTOpOHHHKH cTapaIOTcH YKperrHTb CBoe 3,r(a-
HHe, rroJJ;BoAH nOli; Hero cpYHJJ;aMeHT 3aKOHHOH npeeMCTBeHHOCTH.
OHn CC:bIJIaIOTCH Ha «CBHm;eHH:ble OCHOBH:bIe 3aKOH:bI» C TeM 6oJIv-
meH JIerKOCTbIO, lITO, rro CJIOBaM Toro me Be3aHBaJIH, «BO <l>paH-
HH HHtITO He 6MJIO rrepBOHatIaJI:bHO 3anHcaHO II TerrepL HHtIerO
HeJIb3H TOtIHO YCTaHOBHTb». TBepiRJJ;eHHe aJJ;BoKaTa JIe IIJIema,
lITO napJIaMeHT 06JIaJJ;aeT KOMIIeTeH HeH1 cOBrrall;aIOm;eH C KOMne-
1 M 0 n t bar e y. Ope cit., t. II, p. 44.
rJ1ABA VI. B03BPAmEHHE nAPJIAMEHTOB
139
--
e:s Beii reHepaJI:bH:bIX mTaTOB, KOTOp:ble OHM HK06:bI BMeCTe YHa-
if Jle,n;OBaJlH OT CTapHHH:bIX accaM6JIeH: KapOJIIIHrCKOro ((placitum»
cpe)];UeBeKOBOH nopo.!£e8C1WU nypu (curia-regis), - 60JIee Ollpe-
eJleHHO, B HeKOTOp:bIX Te CTax HX 06'be,n;IIHHIOT ,IIO,n; Ha3BaHHeM
«napJlaMeHTa» (parlamentum); YTBepm,n;eHHe aTO KameTCH B na-
U1B ,n;HH B:bIM:blmJIeHH:bIM, HO B TY arroxy ero 6:bIJIO TaK me Tpy,n;HO
onpoBeprHYT:b, RaK H ,n;OKa3aTL. OTCTaHBaIOT TaKme nOJIomeHHe
o cne HaJI:bHOM rrpe,n;CTaBHTeJI:bCTBe mTaTOB, npK'IeM HCTOJIKOB:bI...
BaIOT B aTOM ,n;yxe CTaT:bIO M3 HaKa30B reHepaJI:bH:bIX mTaTOB
1576 r., KOTopaH «paapemaeT HM paCCMaTpHBaT:b ce6H KaK 6:bl
u.rTaTaMH B MHHHaTlOpe».
3Ta CTaT:bH n03BOJIHJIa napJIaMeHTa caMHM YTBepm,n;aTb a,n;HK-
TLI B CJIyqaHX -qpe3B:bIqaHHOH CPOqHOCTH. «OHH me rrpHqHCJIHJIH
Bce ,n;eJIa 0 3aHMax H HaJIOraX R CJIyqaHM -qpe3B:bI-qaHHoii CPOq-
HOCTII» 1.
B no,n;TBepm,n;eHHe H RaK 6:bI CBepx aTHX pa3Hoo6paaHLIX orrpaB-
p:aHHH napJIaMeHT H3BJIeKaJI TaRme nOJIb3Y H3 CBoero HaaBaHHH,
He TOJIbKO CBH3aHHoro CO cpe,n;HeBeKOBOM Tpa,n;II HeH, HO B e e
60JI:bmeH Mepe HanOMHHaBmero coce,n;HHe aHrJIHHCKHe rocy,n;ap..
CTBeHH:bIe HHCTHTYT:bI, nOJIyqHBmHe B:bICOKYIO o eHRY, H He3aCJIY-
meHHO npH,n;aBaBmero eMY JIH6epaJI:bHYIO oKpacKY ITpaB,n;a, Koe
KTO npe,n;nOqHTaJI cpaBHIIBaTL paH Y3CKHe napJIaMeHTM C pHM1
CKIIM CeHaTOM 2 .
Kor,n;a B KaKOM-JIH6o rocy,n;apcTBe B onpe,n;eJIeHH:bIH MOMeHT ero
pa3BHTHH B03HHKaeT n;eJI:bIH KOMrrJIeKC YCJIOBHii, Tpe6YIO HX XOTn
6:bI MHHHMaJIbHOrO qHCJIa npe,n;cTaBIITeJI:bH:bIX yqpem,n;eHHii, a Ta..
KHX yqpem,n;eHlIii He cy ecTByeT, Tor,n;a HX OTCYTCTBHe B:bI3:bIBae1
CBoero po,n;a paccTpoiicTBO Bcero CO HaJIbHOrO opraHH3Ma. OpraH:bI,
He rrpe,n;Ha3HaqeHH:ble cne lIaJI:bHO ,n;JIH TaKHX YHR HH, CTapaIOTca
IIX B:bIIIOJIHHTb, XOTH 6:bI HeJIOBKO II HenOJIHO. Bo <l>paH HH B onH..
C:bIBaeMYIO anoxy 06m;eCTBeHHoe C03HaHMe B036ym,n;eHO, XOTH 06..,
rn;eCTBeHHoe MHeHHe e e HeBeiKeCTBeHHO. HeKoTopoe oCJIa6JIeHHe
rrpHHy',n;HTeJILH:bIX Mep C KOH a apCTBOBaHHH JIIO,n;oBHKa XIV,
He,n;oBOJI:bCTBO, YCHJIHBmeeCH K KOH Y apCTBOBaHHH JIIO,n;OBII"'I
Ka XV, 6pomeHHe YMOB H ,n;yx rrpOTeCTa, B KOTOp:bIX npOHBJIHeTCB
...
1 CJIOBa MaJIb3ep6a, D;HTHpye'd:bIe OmapoM. (A u g ear d. Ope cit.,
1 p. 40 et suiv.)
2 «Journal historique», 14 et 16 janvier. PetIb Hp;eT 0 6pomIOpe, Ha-
3 aH OH «Oraison funebre de hauts et tres puissants seigneurs, en leur
Xlvant, les gerants tenant les Conseils Superieurs de France, prononcee
ans 1 a grande salle de l'Hotel de Ville de Tours, Ie lundi 28 novembre».
«lIecMoTpH Ha TaKoe 3arJIaBHe, aTO BeCbMa cepbe3HaH pa60Ta, HO B Hei
CJJHIDKOM Mnoro JIeCTH no OTHomeHHIO K napJIaMeHTaM»., KOTopbIe aBTop tIa-
<'?'O IIOKCTa TII ynop;06JIHeT CeHa TY ,n;peBHero PHMa, tITO IIOpTHT aTY, BIIpO"tJeM,
:XOpomo HanlIcaHHYIO pa6oTY.
\140
QACTb llEPBAH. HAl{EiR ..:4.
-
HpOHlf'IeCKHH CKJIaJJ; Ha HOHaJII>HOrO XapaKTepa, H, HaKOHe , npn..
Mep aHrJIlf'IaH - BC'e 8TO KaK 6LI HarHeTaeT KpHTHqeCKHH AYX.
CTaHOBHTCH Bep6xoJJ;HMI>IM KaKOe-TO yqpemJJ;eBHe, HeRHH «llOJIn...
THqeeRIIH' B;EdrrYCKHOH KJIarraH», HO, BMeCTe TOrO lIT06:b1 C03,IJ;a TL
'HOBOe, KaKDM MOrJIa 6:b1 CTaTI> CHCTeMa MYHH HrraJI:bH:b!X C06paHHii,
BaMeqeBHaH TlOpro, HCIIOJIL3YlOT eJJ;HHCTBeHHOe, ROTOpOe MomBO
.:xOTL B KaKOH':'TO Mepe rrpHcrroc06HTI> JJ;JIH 8TOH eJIH, - rrapJIaMeHT.
J(OTH COBeTHHKH rrap aMeHTOB rrpHHaAJIemaT K rrpHBHJIerHpOBaH-
.JIbIM KJIaCCaM, OBR KaK B CO HaJI:bHOM,( TaR H B JJ;eJIOBOM rrJIaHe
CBH3aH:b! C 06m;eCTBeHH:bIM MHeHHelv.{, H He TOJILKO B IIapHme, HO
H B rrpOBHH HHX, 6JIaroJJ;apH HX KOHTaKTaM co BceMH MeJIKHMH
CJIymam;HMH cYJJ;e6Horo BeAoMcTBa H C paSJIIf1IH:bIMH HCT aMII, a
TaKme 6JIarOAa:pH rrpHB:bIqKe K I THm6aM, K rry6JIHqH:bIM B:bIcTyrrJIe-
HIIHM H MHOrOCJIOBH:bIM JJ;HCKYCCHHM Ha 06m;He H a6cTpaKTH:ble Te-
M:bI. RaK MOrJIH rrapJIaMeHTaplIH H36emaTL HCKymeHHH CTaTL B:bI-
pa3HTeJIHMH BToro 6pomeHRH 06m;ecTBeHHoro c03HaHHH, XOT.sI rro
cym;ecTBY OHO H 6LIJIO 11M lIymJJ;o, eCJIII OHII K TOMY me MOrJIB
TaKHM 06paaoM rrpDJJ;aTL ce6e Becy? If KaK MOrJlO caMO 06m;ecT-
BeHBoe MHeHHe He THHYTI>CH, CKopee IIHCTHHKTHBHO, lIeM C03Ha-
TeJII>HO, K 8THM CBOHM BLIpa3HTeJIHM, eCJIH Y Hero He 6bIJIO HHKa-
KIIX pyrllx, eCJIH - napJIaMeHTapHH MOrJIII npHJJ;aTL paSYMHoe 06-
JtH"IILe II HeKYIO . 8 HalIHTeJILHOCTL' 06m;eCTBeHHOMY 'HeJJ;OBOJILCTBY,
eCJIH OHII npHSBaHbI sam;lIm;aTL rpamJJ;aHHHa OT npOH3BOJIa BJIaC-
Teil (JJ;eiiCTBHTeJILHOrO IIJIH BLIMLImJIeHHoro) II eCJIII, BO BCHKOM
cJIYlIae, HHKTO, KpOMe BIIX, He MomeT 8Toro CJJ;eJIaTI>? TaKHM 06-
pa30M, M&}K Maccoi, He HMelOm;eH yrrO.ITHOMOqeHHLIX rrpeJJ;CTa-
BHTeJIei, II' 8THMH 'npeJJ;CTaBIITeJlHMH, He IIMelOm;HMH nOJIHOMO"llHH,
YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCS: '9:TO-TO BpOJJ;e maTKoro )J;OfOBopa, fJJ;e KamAaa
-CTopOBa HarrOJIOBHHY 06MaUYTa, II nOTOMY OH He MomeT JJ;aTL HII-
lIero nOJIOmHTeJII>HOr(). B AaHH:bIH MOMeHT 8TO {)oeoeop 0 6ecno-
pJif)ne, a B nepcrreKTHB6 - {)oeoBo p 0 peeo.!t1Olfuu.
IITaK, M:bl npDmJIH K HameMy BTOPOMY rrapaJJ;OKCY. RaK MomeT
06m;ecTBeHHoe MHeHHe nOJJ;JJ;epmHBaTL rrpHTHsaHHH rrapJIaMeHTa?
M60 OHO HX eHCTBHTeJII>HO nO JJ;epmHBaeT. Pa3YMeeTCH, Y rrapJIa-
MeHTa eCTI> npOTHBHHKH: Bo-rrepBLIX, BCH napTHH CBHTom, saTeM
60JII>maH rqaCTL <pHJIOCOq,OB II 8KOHOMHCTOB, HO 8TH nOCJIeJJ;HHe
npeJJ;CTaBJlHIOT CIIJIY 06m;eCTBeHHoro MHeHIIH JIllmL TorAa, KorJJ;a rrpll-
M:bIKaIOT K TelIeHHIO 60JIl>mHHCTBa, KOTopoe OHH MOryT TOJII>KO
CTHMYJIHpOBaTI> II HarrpaBJIHT:b, HO He npOTHBOCTOHTI> eMY. C JJ;PY-
rOH CTOpOHLI, sa napJIaMeHT CTOHT TaK HaS:bIBaeMaH rrapTIIH naT-
pHOTOB, npOTHBHHKOB a6COJllOTH3Ma II KJlepHKaJIH3Ma, CJIOH, rro
CBoeH CO HaJl:bHOH rrpHHaJJ;JIeiRHOCTII HJIH rro rrpoq,eCCHII CBH3aH'"
B:b e C JJ;eHTeJII>HOCT:bIO CYAOB, rpyrrrra mya3eJIHCTOB II rrpemJJ;e Bce-
ro Macca BCHKHX HeJJ;OBOJI:bH:b!X II Ollrr03H HOHepOB. MTaK, 8TO
OAHOBpeMeHHO paSYMHaH lIaCTI> 8JIHTLI, KOTopaH B TeopHII ocymAa-
l'J1A BA VI. B03BPAm;EHHE IIA.PJIAMEHTOB
,--
141
eT 1\OB eHTpan;HIO BJIaCTH JiI OrraCaeTCH eCrrOTHaMa Ha BOCTOqHLIK
bfaBep, 1:1 60JILm<?e qHCJIO He,I(OBOJILHLIX, u TeX, KTO CTaJI OrrrrOal:ln;HO-
aepaMH rrQ YMOHaCTpOeHHIO HJIH CJIyqaHHO, - BCeX TeX, KTO rrpo-
<CTO XO qeT , «lIT06LI aTO HaMeHHJIOCL», H OBepHeT BOrrJIO:m;eHHe
.cBoei BOJIH K rrepeMeHaM (TOMY eCTL JiI )J;PyrHe rrpHMepLI) ,CaMMM
orpaBH1IeHHLIM, CaMLIM arOHCT1PIHMM II CaMLIM peaKn;HOHHLIM
rpyurrHpOBKaM BeKa. TerrepL CTaHOBHTCH BrrOJ.(He rrOHHTHLIM, KaR
B03UHK aTOT rrapa)J;OKC. O)J;HaKO TO, qTO OH TaK OJIrO COXpaHHeTCH,
ym e KaiReTCH MeHee rrOHHTHLIM. B CaMOM eJIe, rrapJIaMeHT HH...
fI\Or,n;a, HH rrpH RaKHX 06CTOHTeJILCTBaX He rrpHHHMaJI IpemeHHH,
ROTopLIe COOTBeTCTBOBaJIH 6LI HCTHHHLIM HHTepecaM HaCeJIeHHH,
'Tpy,n;HID;HXCH KJIaCCOB, HJIH )J;aiKe 06 eCTBeHHOH rrOJILae: OH Bcer a
no,n;,n;epiRHBaJI rrpHBHJIerHH, Bcer a OTBepraJI HJIH ca60THpOBaJI pe-
-cpOPMLI. «MHe aiKe TPY HO CKaaaTL, - OTMeqaeT a66aT )J;e BepH,-
J\aKYIO paaYMHYIO JiI HCHYIO n;eJIL MOrJIH JilMeTL aTI:I yqpeiR)J;eHHH.
()UH XJIOrrOTaJIH 0 MeJIOqaX, He HMeBmHX aHalleHHH JIH rocy ap-
-GTBa, OHJiI rrpO aBaJIJiI ABOpy CBoe MOJIqaHHe BO BceM, qTO Kaca-
JlOCL HaJIOrOB, rrpaB Ha po a JiI 6JIarO eHCTBJilH rpaiK aH. II O HaKO,
-OHH YMeJIH CCLIJIaTLCH Ha 06 eCTBeHHoe 6JIaro BCHKHH paa, KaR
()TCTaHBaJIH KoprropaTHBHLle rrpHBHJIerJilH, CBOIO IOpHC HKn;HIO B
.tBOP;HJIJiI JI1PIHLle CqeTLI» 1. IICTOpHKH B n;eJIOM rrb TBep)J;JilJIH aTOT
npHrOBOp. CorrpOTHBJIeHHe rrapJIaMeHTa: Bqepa - COTOMY )J;eHLe,
nHTH)J;eCHTHHe, Ba)J;n;aTHHe, aaBTpa - OTMeHe )J;OpOiKHOH rrOBHHHO...
CTH, rrOCJIeaaBTpa - rep60BOMY c60py - xapaKTepHO JIH ero YMO-
saCTpoeHHH. II OAHaKO, OHO He OTTOJIKHYJIO OT rrapJIaMeHTa o6I.I(e-
ICTBeHHoe MHeHJile. TIOqeMY?
TIpeiK)J;e Bcero, CJIe)J;yeT OTMeTHTL, lITO rrapJIaMeHT JIOBKO rrOJIL"
:SOBaJICH TeM, lITO OH HMeJI rJIaBHLIM 06paaOM OTpHn;aTeJILHLIe
YHKn;JilH. Bcer)J;a JIerKO 061>HCHHTL OTKaa TaROH rrpH1lHHOH, RO-
.TopaH He Bpe):{HT rrorrYJIHpHOCTJiI.
BO-BTOpLIX, He co611paHCL OTCTaHBaTL HCTHHBLIe 06 eCTBeHHLle
HHTepeCM, rrpaBHJILHO rrOCTaBJilB nO)J;JIHHHLle np06JIeMM, rrapJIaMeHT
Bcer a HaXO HJI MHOiKeCTBO crroco60B rrpHTaTLCH aa MHHMLIMH HH-
",epecaMH, MHHMLIMJiI rrp06JIeMaMII JiI MHHMLIMH aaAa'laMH. OH He
Mor CJIe OBaTL aa 06 eCTBeHHLIM MHeHHeM, Kor a OHO Tpe6oBRJIO
lIOJIeaHLIX JiI paayMHLIX Mep, HO eMY 6LIJIO He TPY HO rrpeABOCXlITHTL
Bce ero HepaaYMHLle Tpe6oBaHJilH. B aTOM ceKpeT ero ycnexa,
!II B aTOM TaKiKe ero paMa. JJ:eMarorHH JIH HOpMaJILHOrO
napJIaMeHTa npJil )J;eMOKpaTHqeCKOM CTpoe HBJIHeTCH IIcKymeHHeM,
.a aAecL OHa CTaHOBHTCH Heo6xOAHl\{OCTLIO. TIapJIaMeHTapHJiI TYT He
JJ;eM:OKpaTLI, KOTopLle rropOH rrpeBpaI.I(aIOTCH B AeMarorOB, OHH OJI-
'RHljI 6LITL Bcer a H TOJILKO AeMaroraMH. TaKJilMJiI MM YBH HM 60JIL-
UIHHCTBO Ira HHX, Kor a pelIL rroHAeT 0 perJIaMeHTan;JilH XJIe6HOH
'ToprOBJIJiI: OHJiI 6Y YT aaHHMaTL nonepeMeHHO npOTHBOpeqHBLle
.noaB JilH B aaBJilCJilMOCTH OT Toro, BLIpaiKaeT JlH ny6J1HKa HeTeprre-
-
i
v e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 64.
142
T.fACTb llEPBAH. HAl{ EiR 4A.
Hlle, meJIaH Hcrrpo6oBaTL HOBLIH JIH6epaJILHblH rrOpH,n;OK, HJIH CTpeM-
JIeHHe BepHYTLCH K CTapOMY aBTopHTaprrOMY rropH,n;RY.
HeraTHBH3M H ,n;eMarorHH ,n;alOT BMeCTe Bcer,n;a Ha,n;emHoe cpe,n;-
CTBO: OTBeprHYTL HaJIOr. ECJIH pe<popMa Morry * B n;eJIOM Herrony-
JIHpHa, TO aTO rrOTOMY, qTO HOBblH rrapJIaMeHT 6e3 3aTpy,n;HeHII:H
perHcTpHpyeT Bce <pHCliaJILHble MepbI. OTCIO,n;a H Bceo6 ee He,n;one-
pHe K 3ace,n;aHHIO napJIaMeHTa B rrpHCYTCTBHH KOpOJIH; TaRoe 3ace-
JJ;aHHe - aTO YBeJIHqeHHe HaJIOrOB. «IIoKOHHbIH KOpOJIL CeHJI ymac
na CBoeM rrYTH; Kor,n;a OH BbIXO,n;HJI H3 rrapJIaMeHTa, rocy,n;apCTBO
06JIaraJIOCL HOBblM HaJIOrOM...» 1
OCTaeTCH rrOHHT:&, liaR BJIaCTL, rrpH3HaHHaH a6COJIIOTHOii, MomeT
TeprreTL rro,n;o6HblH rropH,n;OK. OTBeT OqeHL rrpOCT: BJIaCTL BO <DpaH-
n;HH 6:&IJIa a6COJIIOTrrOH JIHmL B HeliOTop:&le rrepHO,n;:&I. He3aBHCHMO
OT rrpaBOB:&IX rrp06JIeM CJIa60CTL MHHHCTpOB HJIH 6ecrropH,n;KII B
CTpaHe MOrJIH crroco6CTBOBaTL HapymeHHIO ee rrpaB. B TeqeHHe JJ;OJI-
roro BpeMeHH rrpH CTapOM rropH,n;Ke rrapJIaMeHT, HeB3HpaH Ha KOpO-
JIeBCRYIO BJIaCTL H ,n;ame rrpOTHB Hee, HeH3MeHHO HrpaJI OqeHL
aKTHBHYIO pOJIL. 8TO xopomo BH,n;HO XOTH 6LI H3 KpaTKOH 3aMeTKH
BOJILTepa: «JI 6:&IJI xopomo OCBe,n;OMJIeH, 'tJ:TO CTapLlii rrapJIaMeHT,
orreRYH KOpOJIH, H3rHaJI H3 KOpOJIeBCTBa RapJIa VII, o,n;Horo H3 CBO-
HX rro,n;orreqH:&IX; 'tJ:TO OH rrpHKa3aJI CmeqL Ha rpeBcKoH rrJIo a,n;lI
meHY MapmaJIa JJ;'AHKpa KaK KOJIJJ;YHLIO; qTO OH On;eHIIJI B 50 T:&IC.
aKIO rOJIOBY o,n;Horo Kap,n;HHaJIa - rrepBoro MHHHCTpa; 'tJ:TO r-,n;a RIO-
JIe, rpaJIeH, MapTeMaH, RperraH, RaTpecy, RaTpoM H JJ;pyrHe JJ;Ba
pa3a B:&lrOHHJIH H3 IIapHma CBoero rro,n;orreqHOrO, JIIOJJ;oBHKa XIV,
BMeCTe C ero MaJIOJIeTHHM 6paToM H HeCqaCTHOH MaTepLIO; H ,n;ame
3HaJI, qTO OHH XOTeJIH MeHH rrOBeCHTL, 3a TO 'tJ:TO H COo6 HJI Koe-
KaHHe H3 aTHX <paKToB B "BeRe JIIO,n;oBHKa XIV" 2.
3HaMeHHTaH <ppeCRa, H306pamalO aH JIIO,n;oBHRa XIV Ha liOpO-
JIeBCKOM 3ace):{aHHH rrapJIaMeHTa, B carrorax H C KHYTOM B pyKe,
rrOHCTHHe OTMeqaeT HaqaJIO MOHapXHqeCKOrO a6COJIIOTH3Ma. BblHym-
,n;eHHbIH TerrepL ,n;eJIaTL CBOH rrpe,n;CTaBJIeHHH KOpOJIIO rrOCJIe perH-
CTpan;HH, napJIaMeHT y6e,n;HJICH, qTO eMY rro,n;pe3aJIH Kp:&IJILH 3 .
B KOHn;e ROHn;OB, 6blTL MomeT, Bce 3aliOHqHJIOCL 6:&1 MHpHO, He
B3,n;YMaH pereHT ToprOBaTLCH C rrapJIaMeHTOM, JJ;o6HBaHCL aHHYJIII-
pOBaHHH 3aBe aHHH JIIO,n;OBHRa XIV TYT rrapJIaMeHT CHOBa o6peJI
* B HOtIb Ha 20 HHBapH 1771 r. no npHKa3Y KaHD;Jlepa Mony lIJleHbl na-
pHmcKoro napJlaMeHTa, BbIcTynaBmlle npoTHB KOpOJleBCKOro npOIl3BOJla, 6bl-
JlH apeCTOBaHbI II JlHmeHbl Bc.ex ,n;OJlmHOcTeH. B HHBape Toro me rO}J;a
Mony npOH3BeJl peopraHH3aD;HIO cY}J;e6HbIx' YlIpem}J;eJIHH. - lIpuM. pea.
t Met r a. Correspondance, t I, p. 69, 2 septembre 1774.
2 ITHCbMO r-na BOJlbTepa r-HY ,n;e JIHJlIO, ,n;parYHcKoMy KanllTaHY npR
IDTa6e B MOH30He. (M e t r a. Correspondance, t. I, p. 90.)
3 Op,n;oHaHc 1677 r. AeI{JlapaD;HH 1673 r.
ABA VI. B03BPAJ EHHE llAPJIAMEHTOB
1'9 __-"
---.-
143
e p eHllOCTb. On BOCnOJIb30BaJICH CJIY1JaeM, 'tJ:T06bI OCYP;HTL CHCTe-
yB u
MY JIoy: ero YiI\ac nepep; BC KHMH HOBmeCTBaMH CJIyqaHHO COBnaJI
c Tpe60BaHHHMH <pHHaIlCOBoro 6JIarOpa3YMHH. OH nOIIbITaJICH 3aTe-
BTb HeCKOJILRO rrepe6panOK, op;HaKO OrparrH1JeHHe npaBa rrOp;aqH
eMOHCTpan;HH KOpOJIIO BOCeMLIO P;HHMH, BbICbIJIKa B IIoHTya3,
aceAaHMe napJIaMeHTa B npHCYTCTBHH KOpOJIH, 3P;HKT 0 P;HCIJ;HIIJIH-
He l H, rJIaBHOe, aBTopHTeT KOpOJIH, YTBepp;HBmHHCH nOCJIe ero co-
BepmeHHOJIeTHH U neH3MeHHLIH BCIO rrepBYIO rrOJIOBUHY ero n;ap-
CTBOBaHHH, 3aCTaBHJIH rrapJIaMeHT IIpHCMHpeTL na n;eJIYIO 11eTBepTL
BeKa. JIHIIIb H 1750 1. on BHOBL 06peTaeT 6bIJIOH 3ap;op, HaI{ BUP;HO
nOTOMY, 11TO Haxop;HT yp;06HbIH CJIyqaH npHp;paTbCH K <pHCKaJIbHbIM
MepaM. IIpaBHJIo 0 BOCLMH P;HHX nepeCTaeT C06JIIOp;aTbCH, H, 11TO
em;e BaiI\Hee, npeiI\p;e I{OII<pHp;eHn;HaJILHbIe, peMonCTpan;HH TenepL
npe):J;aIOTCH mHpOI{OH OrJIaCKe. B <pHHaHCOBbIX Borrpocax corrpOTHB-
.JIeIlHe rrapJIaMeIlTa Bce YCHJIHBaeTCH U P;OXOP;HT p;o Tpe60BaIlHH
.c006m;aTb eMY 0 TeKym;HX pacxop;ax H rrpHTH3aHHH Ha nOp;JIHHHbIH
tPHHaHCOBbIH HOHTpOJIb 2 . Op;HaKO p;eJIO lIHKorp;a He P;OXOP;HT P;O lIe-
npeOp;OJIHMOrO ROH<pJIHKTa, TO JIH rrOTOMY, 11TO napJIaMeHT He YBe-
pen B CBOHX CHJIaX P;JIH pemHTeJIbHOH CXBaTHH, TO JIH nOTOMY, "tITO
'3TOT Bonpoc caM no ce6e He CJIHmI{OM ero HHTepef"yeT, TO JIH, HaKO-
Hen;, rrOTOMY, "tITO rocyp;apcTBO ycnemHo HCnOJIb3yeT CBOH B03MOiI\-
HOCTH «noKynaTb rOJIOca HJIH paCIIOpHiI\aTbCH HMH»3.
Ho nOMHMO HaJIOrOB, rrapJIaMeHT npHHHJI yqacTHe B CBoero pO)J;a
Bceo61I(eH rrapTH3aIlCHOH BOHHe, B KOTOpOH caMbIM 3IIa1JHTeJIbHbIM
3IIH30P;OM 6bIJIO H3rHalIHe He3YHTOB, a 6peTOHCKHe p;eJIa p;'8rHHOHa
JI JIa IIIaJIoTe * BbI3BaJIH caMYIO p;JIHTeJILHYIO HaIIpHmeIlIlOCTb. 8TO
KaK 6M 3BeHbH n;enHOH peaKn;HH. 060p;peHHaH CJIa60CTbID rrpaBH-
TeJIbCTBa, napJIaMelITCI{aH OIIn03Hn;HH CO CBoeH CTOpOHbI em;e 60JIL-
me OCJIa6JIHeT ero. aHa HaHOCHT Bpep; aBTopHTeTY HCnOJIHHTeJIbIIOH
BJIaCTH lIe CTOJIbHO npHMbIMH p;eHCTBHHMH, CI{OJIbKO C03p;aBaeMOH
BOKpyr 'aTMOC<pePOH. «B TO BpeMH H mHJI B 11ymoH CTpaHe H Ram-
JJ;bIH pa3 FpaCneJI, BHP;H, KaKoe npe3pHTeJIbHOe OTHomeIlHe BbIHbI-
BaeT TaM Harne npaBHTeJIbCTBO»4. Op;HaKO, eCJIH napJIaMeHT KOe-qTO
R BbIHrpaJI, Y1JaCTBYH B 3TOH Hrpe, OIl Bce me He BbIHrpaJI caMY
napTHIO, OTIIIOJI,b HeT! M npaBHJIbHaH On;eHKa CBH3aIlIIoro C neH
pHCI\a 06'bHCIIHeT OTIIOCHTeJILHYIO OCTopomHOCTL ero p;eHCTBHH.
1 B CJIY1Jae KOH<pJIHKTOB 6blJIO npJIHHTO BblCblJIaTL napJIaMeHTapHeB
B IToHTya3. 8,n;HKT 0 ,n;HCD;HIIJIHHe rOBopHT, lITO B COBMeCTHbIX 3ace,n;aIIHHX
naJIaT, IIpOBO,n;H HX pcrHCTpaD;HIO, MorYT yqaCTBOBaTb TOJIbKO MarHCTpaTbI
c n;eCHTHJIeTHIIM CTameM. CaMble MOJIo,n;bIe COBeTHHKH ,n;eHCTBHTeJIbHO naH60-
ee 6eciioKoMHbIe. CM.: B e s n i e r. Ope cit., p. 83.
3 V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 71.
* Idem.
JIa llIaJIoTe, JIYH PeHe (1701-1785) - reHepaJIbHbIH npoRYpOP nap-
McHTa EpeTaHH, nOTpe60BaBIDHH '3aIIpe eHHH ,n;eHTeJIbHOCTH HcaYHTOB BO
4 paH HH - llpu:M. pea. .
Idem., p. 72.
tfACTb llEPBAII. HA]:!EH\lf.4
144
-
ROpOJIL yme He JIIO OBHK XIV, HO e e H He JIIO OBHK XVI. JIIO o-
:eHK XV CKopee YHHmeH, tIeM 6e3BOJIeH; OH YTpaTHJI CKopee OCTO-
HHCTBO, 'tIeM 8HeprHIO, a 'tJ:TO KacaeTCH :3TOrO nOCJIe HerO KatIeCTBa?
TO rn:aBHLIe MHHHCTp:&I B KOHD;e ero :o;apCTBOBaHHH 06JIa a1OT He3a-
YPH,n;HOH :3HeprHeH. II1ya3eJIL, HeCMOTpH Ha CHJIY CBoero xapaKTepa?
npe,n;nOqHTaJI a HTL H HcnO)J;BOJIL HanpaBJIHTL IIapJIaMeHT, r e
nOJIL30BaJICH 60JILIDHM BJIHHHHeM. IIocJIe ero OTCTaBKH CTHJIL cpa3Y
MeHHeTCH. TenepL 8TO MHHHCTepCTBO «XHpyprOB»: KaH:O;JIep Mon}"
npe nOqHTaeT onepaTHBHLIH MeTO rOMeOnaTHqeCKOMY JIeqeHHIOo-
RCTaTH, TPHYMBHpaT 8rHHOH - Teppa - Mony e HHo,n;ymeH B Ta-
KHX eHCTBHHX, ropH HqeCKYro 6a3Y no,n; KOTopLIe nO BO HT 'tJ:eT-
BepT:&IH npoi oxa -,n;e ByaH: 8TO OH npH,n;YMaJI 3aMeHHTL napJIa-
MeHT BOJILmHM COBeTOM. M60 peqL H,n;eT He TOJILKO 0 TOM, 'tJ:T06LI
nOBTopHTL 6JIeCTH HH xo JIro,n;oBHKa XIV. IIpoTHBHHK He ,n;aCT
ce6H OIDeJIOMHTL; Ha o npe,n;ycMoTpeTL ero YCTpaHeHHe H npHHHTL.
MepLI. IIapJIaMeHT IIoIIa,n;aeT B paCCTaBJIeHHYro JIOBymKY. Ha a,n;HKT
OT 7 ,n;eKa6pH 1770 r., 06H3LIBaro HH ero 3aHHMaTLCH JIHIDL CBOHMH
npHMLIMH 06H3aHHocTHMH H Bnpe L 3anpe aro HH eMY BLIpame-
HHH «e HHCTBO», «YHHBepCaJILHOCTL», «KJIaCCLI», napJIaMeHT OTBe-
'tJ:aeT 3a6acToBKoH cy,n;e6Horo Be,n;OMCTBa. IIpaBHTeJILcTBo npHHH-
M;.aeT CHa'tJ:aJIa KOpOJIeBCKHH YKa3 0 perHCTpa:O;HH 8,n;HKTa (lettre de
jussion), a 3aTeM KOpOJIeBCKllH YKa3 06 H3rHaHHH 6e3 cy,n;a H CJIe,n;-
CTBHH. IIapJIaMeHTapHeB CCLIJIaroT: 60JILmHHCTBo OTilpaBJIHIOT B HX
co6cTBeHHLIe nOMeCTLH, a 3atIHH HKOB B OT,n;aJIeHHI>Ie II Heo6iKHTI>Ie
MeCTa; ,n;OJIiKHOCTH KOH<PHCKYIOTCH, a npocL61>I 06 OTCTaBKe y,n;OBJIe-
TBOpHIOTCH. 8,n;HKT OT 23 <peBpaJIH 1771 r., yKa31>IBa.fI Ha B3HTO'tJ:HH-
tIeCTBO, ;n:oporOBH3HY H Me,n;JIHTeJILHOCTL CY OIIPOH3Bo,n;CTBa B orpOM-
nOM IIapHiKcKoM cYAe6HoM oKpyre H OCYiK,n;aH npo aiKy ,n;OJIiKHO-
cTei, yqpeiK,n;aeT, BI>ICmHe COBeTI>I, tIJIeHLI ROTOpl>IX Ha3Ha'tJ:aroTCJI,
OnJIatIHBalOTCH H OT3LIBalOTCH ROpOJIeM. BLIcmHH no,n;aTI(oH cy,n;,
IIapHmcRHH cy,n; illaTJIe H MHorHe npOBHHD;HaJILHLIe napJIaMeHTLI
61>IJIH CMeTeHLI 8THM yparaHOM. Oc06LIe npeporaTHBbI H perHCTpa-
:O;HH 6LIJIII nepe,n;aHI>I BOJILmoM:y COBeTY, peopraHH30BaHHOMY no
8TOMY CJIyqaro.
B rJIy6HHe cBoen npOBHHD;HH TlOpro, tILe HaCMemJIHBOe npe3pe-
HHe R CBOHM ROJIJIeraM HaM YiKe H3BeCTHO, no KOTOp:&IH HeBI>ICORO
CTaBHT H HLIHe eiCTBYIOID;HX MHHHCTpOB, 3aHHMaeT BI>IiKH,n;aTeJIL-
Hyro n03HD;HIO. B IIHCLMax .IJ:lOnOHY OT 15 HHBapH, 14 <peBpaJIH 11
13 MapTa Tropro BeCI>Ma CRenTHqeH; OH no-npeiKHeMY ocym,n;aeT
npHTH3aHHH napJIaMeHTOB, HX HeraTIIBH3M, «npaBO Bce OTpHD;aTL,
ROTopoe OHH XOTeJIH IIpHCBOHTL ce6e B ynpaBJIeHHH, HX npo,n;am-
HOCTL: HX Bcer,n;a MomHO no,n;RynHTL, no TOJILRO He Ha 6JIaro Hapo-
.n;a», - H OH npe BH HT B03BpaID;eHHe nOCTpa,n;aBmux. MHHHCTpLJ
«B3HJIHCL C ,n;ypHI>IMH HaMepeHHHMH 3a ,n;eJIO, ROTopoe ,n;ame 11 C
CaM:bIMH JIyqmHMH HaMepeHHHMH 6:&IJIO 61>1 o'tJ:eHL Tpy,n;HO OCYID;eCT-
rJ1.A B A VI. B03BPAIIJ;EHHE IIAPJIAMEHTOB
---
145
liT»». Ho IIHCLMa aTH 6LIJIH HarrHCaHLI B pa3rap C06LITHH HJIH Cpa3Y
:B CJIe BHX. HeH3)J;aHHOe rrHCLMO OT 10 Mall, narrpOTHB, OTMeqaeT,
110 u u u T
OTJI :0: 'b JlerKOH HaCMemKOH, HX rrOJIOmHTeJILHbIH HTor: « errepL,
Ife Ra1KeTCJI, onepaIQrJl r-Ha KaHD;JIepa yp;aJIaCL. BOJILIIDIe ycnexH
(j03 aIOT 60JIbmHX JIIOp;eH» 1. PeaR HH TIOpro TIORa3aTeJIbHa, eCJIH
nplIBJITb BO BHHMaHHe ero paBHO ep;o6pOmeJIaTeJIbHOe oTHomeHHe
K o6eH:M 3aHHTepeCOBaHHbIM CTopOHaM.
Pa3YMeeTCH, aTO p;eJIO )J;epmHT cTpany B rrOCTOHHHOM B036ym-
,u;eH HH , TaR RaR rrapJIaMeHTapHH, IOpHCTbI, ap;BORaTbI, npOHypOPLI
II cJlymam;n:e Bcex paHrOB, TaR HJIH JilHaqe CBH3aHHbIe C cyp;onpoH3-
BO,n;CTBO:M, a TaRme HX ceMLH H P;PY3LH Haxop;HT rrop;)J;epmKY B pa3-
HLIX CO HaJILHLIX CJIOHX. Op;HaRO 6bIJIO 6bI He TaR ym TPYP;HO ycno-
KOHTL o6m;ee B036ym,n;eHHe, OTMeHHB oco6eHHO pa3)J;paiKarom;He
MepLI rrpOTHB OT,n;eJILHbIX JIJiI , HarrpHMep CCbIJIRY HX B «nYCTLIH-
HLIe H He3p;opOBLIe MeCTa», JIHRBH)J;HpOBaB HapymeHHH ,n;eHeiKHbIX
HHTepeCOB JiI opraHH30BaB BLITIJIaTY B03Mem;eHHH 3a ,n;OJIiKHOCTH, OT
qero CTapaJIHCL YRJIOHHTbCH C rrOMO LIO pa3HLIX YJIOBOR 2 .
Op;HaRO TPH rop;a crrYCTH, Rorp;a CKOnqaJICH JIIO)J;OBHR XV, pe-
cPopMa em;e p;epmHTCH, HOBbIe COBeTLI BepmaT rrpaBocyp;He, ap;HI{TLI
perHCTpHpYIOTCH 6e3 BCHKHX HH Hp;eHTOB, II B 1IaCTHOCTH ap;HRT
o BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH )J;Ba)J; aTHHLI.
HeCOMHeHHO, pe<popMa Mony BeCLMa 06JIer1IHJIa a66aTY Teppa
ynpaBJIeHHe <pHHaHCOBbIMH ,n;eJIaMH.
lIo MHeHHIO JIyqmHX Ha6JIIOp;aTeJIeH Toro npeMeHH, a TaRme
IICTOpHKOB, R MOMeHTY Bo apeHHH JIIOp;oBHRa XVI CJIOiKHOe ,n;eJIO
rrapJIaMeHTOB yme nOqTH YJIameHO B nOJIb3Y MOHapXHH. HYiKHO
6LIJIO em;e JIHmL HeMHoro BpeMeHH H ne60JILmOB: TOJIqOR.
l{oe-RaRHe ycnoKOHTeJIbHbIe MepbI, RacalOm;HeCH OTp;eJIbHLIX JIH
II IIX HMym;ecTBa, n03BOJIHJIH 6bI JIerRO BepnyTL Ha CJIYiK6y B HO-
BLIX Tp1I6YHaJIaX Roe-Roro H3 nepCOHaJIa CTapbIX; HX MOiKHO 6bIJIO
6:hI ,n;ame oTo6paTL H TaKHM o6pa30M CMHrqHTL OCHOBHOH Hep;OCTa-
TOR HOBOH CHCTeMbI, RopeHHBillHHCH B nop;6ope HOBLIX MarHCTpaTOB
B3aMeH CTapLIX.
«lIo npaBp;e rOBopH, - cnpaBep;JIHBO OTMe1IaeT MeTpa B CBoeH
«lIepenHCRe», - TenepemHHH napJIaMeHT COCTaBJIeH OtIeIIL nJIOXO,
o aTO JIHmL nOTOMY, 'ITO ero C'IHTaIOT Hep;OJIrOBe'IHI>IM. ECJIH 61>1
IO,n;OBHK XVI, B30HP;H Ha TpOH, npHp;aJI eMY Heo6xop;HMYIO npOtI-
B: 6 0CTL, caMLIe 3HaTHLIe ceMLH H3 «P;BOpHHCTBa MaHTHH» nOCnemHJIII
:hI B Hero BOHTH»3.
-
"
1 IJUCLMO r-me 'AHBIIJIb.
«ITOJIHOe HHcnpOBepmeHHe nopH Ka cYAonpOH3BO}J;CTBa BHeCJIO CMH-
eUBe B aapOHHJIO ceMH II3BelIHOro pa3Aopa BO Bce npOBIIHD;IIH II, MomHO
ame. cKa3aTL, no lITH BO Bce ceMbH B Kam}J;OH npOBHHD;HH». (M 0 n t bar e y.
p. CIt., t. II, p. 98.)
3 Met r a. Correspondance, 12 septembre 1774.
10 3. ct>op
lfACTb IIEPBAH. Al{EmJlI\
---
146
qJIeHbI rrapJIaMeHTa CKYllaIOT B CCbIJIKe. eHeiKHbIe 3aTpY,IJ;Ul\,
BUH HX 03JI06JIHIOT. MYiKeCTBO aABOI\aTOB CJIa6eeT. «ORH YiKe IlaxO_
HT, liTO 3aI\pbITHe HX YllpemAeHHH OrpaHHllHBaeT HX anrreTHTb!».
ITo CJIOBaM OiKapa, npe3HAeHT Ae JIaMyaHboH, rrOCJIe MIIorHX iKaJIOG
no IIOBOAY JIHI\BHAan;MH ero )J;OJIiKIIOCTH, COCTaBHJI nepeA CMepTLlo
.JIIOAoBHKa XV npoeKT CBoero B03Bpam;eHHH B rrapJIaMeHT BMeC'J'G
C BoceMbIOAeCHTbIO HenOI{OpHbIMH KOJIJIeraMM 1.
STOT Bonpoc, Yllie CTOHBllIHH B KOIIII;e apCTBOBaHHH JIIO,IJ;OBl1-
Ra XV, 6bIJIO 6bI e e JIerlle pemUTb B HallaJIe HOBoro rrpaBJIeHHH.
IfTaI{, JIIOAoBHI{ XVI HMeJI CllaCTLe YHaCJIeAOBaTL BJIaCTL, CBo-
.oOP;HYIO OT BCHKHX 3aJIOrOB.
MemAY BOn;apeHHeM 11 MaH H Bap<poJIoMeeBcKoH HOllLIO MHHl1-
CTpOB Y JIIOAoBHI{a XVI 6bIJIO ceMLAeCHT lleTbIpe P;HH, llT06bI C,IJ;<,-
JIa TL BbI60p B nOJIb3Y pe<j>opMbI, YKpenMTL CBOH TpOH H, 6bITL Mo-
meT, cnaCTH CBoe n;apCTBOBaHHe. IIocJIe YXOAa Mony, HarrpOTl1n
,
.CTaBKH 6YP;YT Cp;eJIaHbI. Byp;eT yme CJIHllIKOM rr03AHo!
B TelleHHe aToro rrepBoro rrepHOAa ny6JIHKa npe6bIBaeT B Hep( -
IDHTeJILHOCTH. Bce CTapaIOTCH TaK HJIH HHalle HCTOJIKOBbIBa'rh
.caM:bIe MeJIKHe <paKTbI2.
TeM BpeMeneM HOBbIH TpH6YHaJI npOAOJImaeT BbInOJIHf!TL CBOI1
.o6jJ3aHHocTH. OIl perHcTpHpyeT npeACTaBJIHeMbIe eMY ap;HI{Thl.
rJIaBHbIH H3 IIHX I\aCaeTCH oCBo6omAeHHH OT npHHomeHHH KOpOJI]O
11 I{OpOJIeBe no CJIYllaIO paAOCTHoro BOCllIeCTBHH Ha rrpeCTO.Jl
(droit de joyeux avenement et de la ceinture de la reine), a Tal -
.me pa3JIH1)1ILIX <pHIHaH/coIBLIX MeplolIIlpHHTBH B TOM me pOAe 3 .
If XOTH TYT pellL HAeT 06 oCB060mp;eHHH OT c60pa, a He 06 06-
JIOiKeHHH, IIOBLIe MarHCTpaTLI He CHHCKaJIH 6JIarOAapHOCTH Y CBOI1X
XYJIHTeJIeH. HanpOTHB, HX rOpH1l0 yrrpeI{aIOT B TOM, tITO, 3aperHCT-
pHpOBaB a)J;HKT 06 oCB060mAeHHH, OHH KOCBeHHO rrpH3HaJIH 3aKOII-
HOCTL caMoro .rrpaBa Ha B3HMaHHe aToro c60pa; c60p aTOT HIiKorl a
He B3HMaJICH Ha 3aI\OIIHOM OCHOBaIIHH, a TenepL ero KaI\ 6LI Y3aKO-
HHJIH, nYCTL H He B3HMaH, H aTO rrpHHeceT CTpaHe HerrorrpaBHMbl if
npeA. 3a liTO IIOBLIH rrapJIaMeIIT nOJIYllHJI H3HID;HYIO I\JIHllKY «rrpn-
TOH» 4.
1 A u g ear d. Ope cit., p. 60 et 76.
'2 «Journal historique» OTMelIaeT HeCKOJIbKO He3HalIHTeJlbHbIX npOJIe-
mecTBHH; TaK, HarrpHMep, Kor,n;a nocJle noxopOH KOpOJlH KaTaq.aJlK B03Bpa-
m;aJlCH H3 CeH-AeHH, MarHCTpaTbI 6bIJlH OCBHc.TaHbI TO.JInoH. «Cpe}J;H cnu-
CTeBIDHX 6bIJIH ,n;ame OlIeHb IJOpH,n;OlIHbIe JlIO,n;H».
3 BOT He60JlbmOH MaHeBp, H306peTeHHbIH a66aToM Teppa, 1JTo6bI nOI a-
3aTb norrYJlHpHOCTb KOpOJlH. rOBOpHT, lITO B03JIe n;epKBH B IIaccH, RY}J;a B
AeHb npa3,IJ;HHKa TeJla rocnO,IJ; H KOpOJlb H KOpOJleBa oTrrpaBHJlHCb C npon;ec-
u u
CHeH neIDKOM, OH paCCTaBHJI CBOHX JlIO,n;en, KOTOpbIM npHKa3aJl RpHlIa TI>
.«Aa 3JJ;pancTByeT KOpOJIb!», ,n;epma B PYKax aTOT a,IJ;HKT (1 HIOHH 1774 r.).
MapHH Tepe3HH npHHHJla aTO C 60JlbIDHM aHTY3Ha3MoM. (M ere y - A r g e n-
tea u. Correspondanee, t. II, p. 170.)
4 Bo BCHKOM CJlytIae, aTOT HaJIOr He npHHec 6bI 60JIbIDOrO ,n;oxo,n;a II
.RaCaJICH TOJlbKO JIIO,IJ;eii eOCTOHTeJlbHbIX (eM. ,n;aJlee, rJIaBa VII).
rJ1A.13A. "I. B03BPAIIJ;EHHE llAPJIAMEHTOB
:..:.------
HURTo TOqHO He 3HaH HaMepeHHH HH KOpOHH, HH rHaBHoro
M:1II1UCTpa. OAHaI\O MomHO 6bIHO CTpOHTL rHrrOTe3bI HJIH C06HpaT:D
CIIJIeTHH.
TaR, peAaIiTop «iKypHaHb HCTOPHK» rreqaTaeT JJ;Be 3aMeTKH,.
:KOTOpbIe MorYT cHymHTL IiHlOqOM KO BceMY AeJIY. 27 MaR: «}\oe-I\TO,
IIbITaJICH BbIHCHHTL OTHomeHHe KOpOHH K napHaMeHTY. OHH HamJIII"
llTO MOJIOP;OH rOCYAapb OqeHb peBIIJIBO o6eperaeT CBOIO BHaCTL,
IIpe3upaeT TenepellIHHH CYA, HO 60HTCH CTaporo... BcerAa rOBopH-
JIB, llTO JJ;O<PHHY HpaBHTCH p;eJIO Mony, HO He HpaBHTCH ero COTPYJJ;-
I1IlliIl » ·
11 21 HIOHH: «IIOJIaraIOT TaKme, tITO, eCHH 6LI MOHapx IIOCOBe-
TOBaJICH C r-HOM p;e Moperra, MHHHCTp 06'bHCHHJI 6bI eMY, "liTO 3TOT
BonpoC 3aCJIYiKHBaeT cepLe3HbIX pa3MbImJIeHHH, qTO ero AeA, C03-
aTeJIL aT oro TpH6YHaJIa, KaK 6bI rrpeArrHcaH eMY, KaK ce6H BeCTH...
BLIKa3aB paBHoAYllIHe, Aame npe3peHHe K cBoeMY AeTH Y, He
COH3BOJIHB npHAaTL eMY 3aBepmeHHYIO <POPMY H OCTaBHB rrpHHn;eB
II rrapOB B orrn03Hn;HH...» TaKHM 06pa30M, eCJIH KOpOJIL 3aHMeT'
<OKeCTKYIO rr03Hn;HIO» B aTOM Borrpoce, eMY rrpHAeTCH «Ha"llHHaTb
CBoe n;apCTBOBaHHe CTporHMH MepaMH rrpOTHB CBoen KpOBHOH POJJ;-
HII, a aTO He BHmeTCH C rrpOHBHeHHOH HM p;06pomeHaTeHLHOCTLIO,.
BLI3I>IBato eH CTOHLKO nOXBaJI».
M paCCKa3"l1HK AeJIaeT CHeAYIO ee npeHeCTHoe 3aKJIlOqeHHe:
npH TaKHX 06CTOHTeJILCTBaX «Bce B03HaraIOT 60HLmHe HaAemp;bI.
Ha ero (KOPOJIH) neYBepeHHOCTL H 6e3AeHCTBHe».
Bce CIia3aHO B aTHX ABYX CTpOKax.
ROPOHL B CHHY BpOiKAeHHoro qyBcTBa KOpOJIeBCKOro p;OJIra HJIH"
6:bITL Mo.meT, HHCTHHKTHBHO CKHOHeH He B03Bpa aTL CTapl>IH rrap-
JIaMeHT. Op;HaIiO Y Hero eCTL e e HeKOTopbIe coo6paiKeHHH:
ero aHTHnaTHH K Morry;
npe3peHHe, C KOTOpbIM OTHOCHTCH K HOBOMY napHaMeHTY;
n03Hn;nH, 3aHHTaH npHHn;aMH;
06 eCTBeHHoe MHeHHe. OH mamAeT «PYKorrHeCKaHHH».
H HaKOHen;, OH CKHOHeH K HepellIHTeJILHOCTH H 6e3AeHCTBHIO.
Moperra, HarrpOTHB, HpOCTH:bIH npllBepiKeHen; napHaMeHTCKOH
peCTaBpan;HH. Mopena BbIKa31>IBaeT ce6H AHJIeTaHTOM JIHmL B p;eHax,
I\OTOpI>Ie ero He HH'fepeCYIOT. B OCTaHbHI>IX ero HenpHHymAeHHoCTL
II JIerKOMbICJIHe JIHml> TaKTHqeCKHH npHeM. TYT on p;eHcTByeT neJIe-
YCTpeMJIeHHO.
OR rrpHHap;HemHT K KaCTe rrapHaMeHTapHeB no pomp;eHHIO, no
ceMeHHLIM CBH3HM, Y3aM 6paKa (ero meHa ypomAeHHaH <PeJIHrro)
II ;n;pymecKHM npHBH3aHHOCTHM. OH npHp;aeT O"lleHL 60JILllIOe 3Haqe-
:aile BCeMy, tITO on rr03HaH BO BpeMH OrraJIbI. Torp;a «Y Hero OKa3a-
JIoeL MHoro npeAaHHbIX JIIOAeH cpeAH tIHeHOB IIapHmcKoro rrapJIa-
:MeHTa, ROTopbIe 6bl:HH HCKpeHHe npllBH3aHbI K HeMY» 1.
147
-
1
10*
M 0 n t bar e y. Ope cit., t. I, p. 101.
'14
QACTb llEPBAII. HA1{EH\lf. l
E e CHJILHee npH3HaTeJILHOCTH 6bIJIa B HeM MCTHTeJIbHOCT:b.
Ero HeHaBHCTL 06'LeMJIeT Bcex: H HH3Beprmero ero II OTnpaBHBIlle-
ro B H3rHaHHe KOpOJIH, Hero oKpymeHHe, H Bce, 1ITO 6bIJIO C03)J;aBo
ero BparaMH. «OH 6bIJI MCTHTeJIeH, Hero xapaKTep IIpOHBJIHJICH n
nOJIHyIO CHJIY, JIHmL Kor)J;a OB HeHaBH)J;eJI» 1. Bce, 1ITO 6bIJIO C03)J;a-
HO 6e3 Hero, C03}J;aHO rrpOTIIB Hero H )J;OJImHO QbITL YHH"tITOmeHO.
He B ero 06bI"tIae 6bIJIO TOpOIIHTL xO)J; C06LITHH. Ho OH He orpa-
HH"tIHJICH TeM, 1ITO HcrrO}J;BOJIL BeJI C KOpOJIeM TOHKHe pa3rOBOp ,
1fT06bI «IIO)J;rOTOBHTb» ero. OH Ha"tIaJI nJIeCTH XHTPYIO HHTpHry. MLI
8HaeM 0 HeH OT Omapa, KOToporo OH c)J;eJIaJI CBOHM C006 HHKOM.
TIpem}J;e Bcero Moperra BbICKa3aJI Omapy CBOH y6eiK}J;eHHH: «Bea
napJIaMeHTa He MomeT 6bITL MOHapxHH. 3TO npHH HrrbI, ROTopble
JI YHaCJIe}J;oBaJI OT KaH JIepa lIoHmapTpeHa». Ho «KOpOJIL TepneT:b
He MomeT napJIaMeHTOB. OH ynopHo npOTHBHTCH HM... a H He pe-
marocL B3HTL Ha ce6a aa}J;a"tIy OTRpbITL eMY rJIa3a». M OH HaAYMaJI
BOCrrOJIL30BaTbCH «RPOBHLIMH CBH3HMH», Ha ROTopLIe B rrpHBe)J;eH-
HOM B:bIme pa3rOBope yme )J;eJIaJI TYMaHHLIe HaMeKH. II IIOnpOCHJI
OiKapa BTHHYTL B STY Hrpy rep ora OpJIeaHCKOro 2.
MTaR, nJIaH COCTaBJIeH. rep or OpJIea CRHi AOJImeH norrpOCHT:b
aYAHeH HH Y ROpOJIH, He YKa3bIBaH no RaROMY nOBO,n;y. ROpOJIb
crrpOCHT COBeTa y Mopena, a TOT nocoBeTyeT eMY npHHHTL rep ora:
«B:bIJIO 6LI HenpHJIH"tIHO He B:bICJIymaTL nepBoro rrpHH a RpOBH, TeM
60JIee 1ITO OH B)J;Boe CTapme BaC», HO He CJIe)J;yeT 6paTL HHRaRHX
06H3aTeJIbCTB H nonpOCHTL ero HanHcaTb MeMyap. TaR H 6:bIJIO
CAeJIaHo. M cpa3Y rrpomeJI CJIYx, 1ITO cym;ecTByeT HeRHH «MeMyap
npHH eB» 3. O,n;HaRO repn;or OpJIeaHCRHH BpyqHJI ROpOJIIO TOJILRO
nepBYIO 1IaCTJ;», ,Ha3BaHHYlO «BcTynJIeHHeM». OH ,n;OJIiKeH 6DIJI BCRO-
pe rrepe}J;aTL O}J;HY 3a )J;pyroH e e )J;Be 1IaCTH. Ho He ycneJI. lIo c e-
HapHIO ROpOJIL ,I(OJImeH 6bIJI nOCOBeTOBaTLCH c Moperra. A TOT,
OTHIO,n;L He 6Y)J;yqH O)J;Horo MHeHHH C repD;orOM, nOHa1IaJIY c}J;eJIaJl
6LI BH,n;, 1ITO IIO)J;)J;epmHBaeT RaHD;JIepa [Mony], lIT06LI 3aTeM HMeT:b
B03MOiKHOCTL JIer"tIe o,n;epmaTL Ha,n; HHM Bepx, coxpaHHB IIPH 3TOM
BH)J;HMOCTL 6ecnpHCTpaCTHOCTH.
Ho )J;eJIO nOJIyqHJIO OrJIaCKY, TaR RaR repn;or OpJIeaHCRHH IIpO-
60JITaJICH 0 HeM Hepa3JIY1IHOH C HHM r-iKe )J;e MOHTeCCOH, a Ta He
cOXpaHHJIa ero B TaHHe.
BOT TYT M:bI MomeM BocxH aTLcH CTpaTerHeii: cTaporo MHHHCT-
pa. qTO me )J;eJIaTb? ECTb TOJILKO O)J;HH B:bIXoA: B:bICJIaTL repn;ora,
BO, pa3yMeeTcH, C ero COrJIaCHH. «CnpOCHTe y Hero, YCTPOHT JIH ero
TaRoe pemeHHe, HHa1Je H 60JIbme HH BO 1ITO He 6Y)J;y BMemHBaT:b-
CH», - CRa3aJI Mopena Omapy. lIpHHn; nomeJI Ha aTY c,n;eJIKY H CO-
rnaCHJICH Ha 06MaHHDIH MaHeBp.
t S en a c de Me i I h a n. Ope cit. (nopTpeT Mopena).
2 A u g ear d. Ope cit., p. 77 et suiv.
3 «Journal historique», 23 juin 1774.
rJ1ABA VI. B03BPAIIJ;EHHE llAPJIAMEHTOB
149
--
M:ot 3HaeM na"tJ:aJIO 8TOrO 8nH30,n;a OT Omapa, He Coo6:rn;HBmero
!laM ero npo,n;OJImeIIHH, HO Y3HaeM ,n;aJIhHeHmee OT BepH, ROTOphIH
B CBOIO o\repe,n;L He 3HaeT Ha"tJ:aJIa 1. Coe,n;HHHB HX paCCRa3:bI O,n;JilH
sa p;pyrI.fM, HaM neTpy,n;HO BOCCTaHOBHTL BCIO JilCTOpHIO.
QT06DI pemHTLCH OTnpaBJilTL B Jil3rnaHHe ,n;BYX TaRJilX oco6, RaR
repn;or OpJIeanCRHH II ero ChIR repn;or illapTpCKHH, ,n;ame C 1IX
raH Horo COrJIaCHH, na,n;o 6hIJIO HaHTH KaRoH-HH6y,n;L npe,n;JIor. B aTO
BpeMJI repn;or OpJIeanCRHH H3BeCTHJI JIIO,n;oBHRa XVI, "tJ:TO c06Hpa-
eTCH npHCYTCTBOBaTL Ha TopiKeCTBenHOH n;epeMOHHH norpe6eHHH
IIOKOHHoro ROpOJIH, no He C006rn;HJI, rOTOB JIH OH no 8TOMY CJIyqalO
IIpUBeTCTBOBaTL nOBI>IH napJIaMeHT, "tJ:TO OhIJIO CaMI>IM rn;eROTJIHBhIM
MOMeHTOM B' aTOM ,n;eJIe. Bce C"tJ:HTaJIH, 'liTO repn;or 6y,n;eT BeCTH ce6H
TaKTuqnO XOTH 6M nOToMY, lITO ROpOJIL MHJIOCTHBO corJIaCJilJICH 03-
HaKOMHTLCH C ero MeMyapOM.
3,IJ;eCL Rpl>IJIaCL B03MOiKHOCTL YBepHYTLcH. repn;or OpJIeanCRHH
'C eJIaJI BH,n;, lITO no 3peJIOM pa3MI>ImJIeHHH on nepe,n;YMaJI. On na-
IIIICaJI KOpOJIIO, lITO pemHTeJILHO « ero COBeCTL 11 lIeCTL He n03BO-
JIlIIOT eMY npHCYTCTBOBaTL Ha n;epeMOHHH, RaR on 06e aJI».
II1ICLMO 61>IJIO nepe,n;aHO Mopena RaHn;JIepOM repn;ora OpJIean-
CKoro r-HOM ,IJ;e EeJIL-MJIeM, TeM caMLIM, Roro npOlIHJIH na MeCTO
reHepaJILHOrO ROHTpOJIepa. ROHen; 8Toro ,n;eJIa yme He BI>I31>IBaJI HH-
KaKIIX COMHeHHH. « BOT ,n;opora, ROTopaH Be,n;eT npHMo B BHJIJIep-
ROTpe», - CRa3aJI MHHHCTp. «Aa, H nOHJilMaIO», - COrJIaCHJICH
nOCJIaHen;. Ho peaRn;IIH KOpOJIH ORa3aJIaCL 60JIee CHJILHOH, 'IIeM CJIe-
AOBaJIO, OR pemHJI c0'6CTBeHHopyqHO HaIIHcaTL repn;ory OpJIeaHCRO-
MY llHCLMO C BI>IpameHHeM He,n;OBOJILCTBa. HOBoe OCJIOiKHeHHe ,IJ;JIH
Mopena; npHHD; COrJIaCHJICH Ha aTY Hrpy, DO HeJIL3H me, 'IITo6:bI on
OOH;a:eJICH. MeHTOp ern;e pa3 BOCnOJIL30BaJICH CBOHM 3RaHHeM nCH-
XOJIOrHH I\OpOJIH. EMY y,n;aJIOCL y6e,n;HTL JIIO,IJ;OBHRa XVI:
1. Pa3pemHTL eMY, Mopella, llorOBopHTL C repn;orOM OT ero
beHH: «H BI>IcRaiKy eMY Bce, 'liTO co,n;epiKHTCH B BameM nHCLMe,
B: ;a:ame ropa31J;O OOJILme...»
2. He YTO"tJ:HHTL MeCTa CCI>IJIRH repn;ora: «3anpern;eHHe HBJIHTLCH
EO ;a:BOpy nppH3Be,n;eT ,n;OCTaTO"tJ:HO CHJILHOe Blle'llaTJIeHHe».
«M3rHaHHe llpHHn;eB, - ,n;o6aBJIHeT a66aT ,n;e BepH, - BLI3BaJIO
B 06m;eCTBe TLICHlIY BceB03MOiKHI>IX ,n;ora,n;OR. XopomlIii JIll 8TO 3HaR
H HOB oro napJIaMeHTa H nJIOXOH JIH ,n;JIH CTaporo?» Bo BCHROM
CJI ae, 3aRJIIO'tJ:aeT OH, OTCTaBRa MOllY, nO-BH,n;HMOMY, pemeHa.
MTaK, Mopena He CROMnpOMeTHpOBaJI ce6H, no-npeiKReMY nOJIL-
BOBa cH ,IJ;oBepHeM II Mor llpo,n;OJIiKa TL CBOH ,n;OJIrHH llYTL. AJIH Hero
pe"IL lI,n;eT Bcer,n;a 0 TOM, 'IITo6I>I 3aCTaBHTL ROpOJIH llPHHHTL peme-
Jllle B HymHoM ,n;yxe 11 C03,n;aTL Y Hero BnelIaTJIeHHe, 6y,n;TO 8TO pe-
-
«
v e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. ,144 et suiv.
150
tIACTb IIEPBAfl. HAl{EiRlI.A
meHHe OH npHHHJI CaM. Ha BpeMH MOpeIIa OCTaBJIHeT rrapJIaMeUT
B rrOHoe. au He BbICI\a3bIBaeT onpeJ];eJIeHHOrO MIIeHHH H XOtIer
CbIrpaTL Ha HerrpHH3HII KOpOJIH K KaH JIepy. OR J];ame HaxoAIIT
f];orrOJIHHTeJIbHbIH aprYMeHT, H60 HMeHHO eMY, rrO-BHJ];HMOMY, IIpl1:-
HaJ];JIemHT coo6pameHHe, BbICKa3aHHoe a66aTOM J];e BepH, qTO eCJIH
coxpaHHTb HOBbIH rrapJIaMeHT, TO, BO BCHKOM CJIyqae, HaJ];O YJIyq-
mHTL ero COCTaB, Ha 'tJ:TO HbIHemHHH KaH JIep Recrroco6eH. Mopena
XOqeT YHHqTOmHTL pe<I>opMY, Harraf];aH Ha pe<popMaTopa, BMecTO
Toro qTo6bI f];eHCTBOBaTL B 06paTHOM rropHJ];Ke. KaK MbI BHJ];eJIH, on
YKa3bIBaeT KOpOJIID, qTO J];JIH yperYJIHpOBaHHH f];eJIa C rrapJIaMen-
TaMil - OH He rOBopllT, B KaKOM J];yxe, - uymHo HMeTL KaHIJ;JIepa,
TaK me KaK J];JIH yperYJIHpOBaHHH <pHHaHCOBbIX J];eJI HymeH reHe-
paJILHbIH KOHTpOJIep. PaccymJ];eHHe KameTCH aJIeMeHTapHO JIOrHtI-
UbIM, HO OH YMaJIqHBaeT 0 TOM, 'tJ:TO MemJ];y 3THMH f];BYMH CJIyq.aH-
MH OqeHL 60JILmaH pa3HIIn;a.
YXOJ]; Teppa He rrepeqepHHBaeT 6IDJ];iKeTHYID rrOJIHTHKY. Harrpo-
THB, YXOJ]; KaHD;JIepa Morry, rrO-BHJ];HMOMY, rrpeJ];pemaeT BbI60p Mem-
J];Y rrapJIaMeHTaMH [rrapJIaMeHTOM Mony II CTapbIM rrapJIaMeHTOM.-
Pea.]. .D:JIH mH'poKoH ny6JfHKH, AJIH JIIDAei 38/1mTepeCOBaHULIX B
TOM H J];pyroM JIarepe OCYiKJ];eHHe qeJIOBeKa rrepeHOCHTCH H na J];eJIO,
C KOTOpbIM ero OTomJ];eCTBJIHIDT.
B caMOM MHHHCTepCTBe, nOMHMO TaHHbIX npOHCHOB Moperra, C
Morry HBHO BpamJ];yeT CapTHH: eCJIH BepHTL MOJIBe, 3TH J];Boe BCIO
iKH3HL CTpOHJIH J];Pyr f];pyry K03HH. Ho Ha CTopOHe Morry CTOHT
,n:IO MIOH, H3BeCTHbIH CBHToma H nOTOMY npOTHBHHK napJIaMeHTOB,
H oco6eHHO BepmeHH, KOTOpbIH Ha 3aceJ];aHHH COBeTa 12 aBrYCTa
3aHHJI OqeHL pemHTeJI:bHYIO II03H HID.
B aTOM cJIYtIae MbI CHOBa BHf];HM, KaK Mopena BeJ];eT TaHHbIO
rro,n;KOIIbI. EMY, KOHeqHO, 6bIJIO 6bI JIerKO o6Y3J];aTL IIbIJIKOe pBeHHC
BepmeHHa. MHHHcTp HHOCTpaHHbIX J];eJI, o6H3aHHbIH eMY BceM, IIC
rrOCMeJI 6bI MemaTL ero nJIaHaM... eCJIH 6bI OHH 6bIJIH eMY H3BeCT-
UbI. Of];HaKO MbI 3aMetIaeM, tITO B J];aJI:bHeHmeM BepmeHH Bce
MeHLme 3aHHMaeTCH f];eJIaMH rrapJIaMeHTOB, He BXOJ];HT B COCTan
Y3Koro KOMHTeTa, HHKaK He rrpOHBJIHeT ce6H Ha peIDaID eM 3ace-
,n;aHHH COBeTa, H TaI{Oe cJ];epmaHHoe rrOBef];eHHe rrOCJIe nepBbIx
6YPHbIX BbIcTynJIeHHH, IIO-BHJ];HMOMY, MomHO 06'bHCHHTL JIHIDL J];aB-
JIeHHeM, OKa3aHHbIM Ha Hero MopeIIa 1.
Ho rrOKa oCTopomHbIH MeHTOp He co61IpaeTCH OTKp:bIBaTL CBoe
JIHD;O. BbIT:b MomeT, ,n;ame pe3Koe BbIcTynJIeHHe BepmeHHa KameTCH
eMY YMeCTHbIM B J];yxe Toro 06MaHHoro MaHeBpa, KOTppbIH OH rrpep;-
rrpHHHJI C BbICbIJIKOH repn;ora OpJIeaHCKOro H rep ora mapTpCKoro
J]:JIH Hero, KaK BcerJ];a, caMoe rJIaBHOe - rrpeJ];CTaTL rrepe,n; KOpOJIeM
B BHf];e 6eCIIpHCTpaCTHoro COBeTqHKa, HaCTaBHHKa THIIa COKpaTa t
KOTOpbIH OTHIOJ];L He CTpeMHTCH OKa3bIBaTL Ha Hero J];aBJIeHHe, no
1 CM.: Job e z. Ope cit., p. 176,
rJIAB A VI. B03BPAmEHHE nAPJIAMEHTOB
---
]51
o6eperaeT OT )J;aBJIeHHH )J;PY!HX H rrOMOrae: BbIpa3HTI> MbICJII>, KOTO-
10 ROpOJII> CqHTaeT CBOe:n C06CTBeHHOH, H rrpHHHTI> pemeHHe,
TOPoe OR CqlITaeT caMOCTOHTeJIbRhIM. ,l];JIH KOpOJIH, KaK II P;JIH 06-
rnecTBa, a )J;JIH 06m;ecTBa H3-3a KOpOJIH, Bcer.n;a BbIrO)J;HO, qT06bI
aJlla BeCOB HeHa)J;OJIrO CKJIOHHJIaCI> B rrOJIb3Y MHeHHH rrpoTHBHHl\a.
BepmeHII rrOCTpOHJI CBOIO peqb Ha Tpex Te3Hcax:
1. 3aCJIymHJI JIH rrpemHHH ITa pJIaMeHT CBoe naHa3aHHe?
2. Mor JIH KOpOJII> ero YHHqTOmHTI>?
3. B TOM HJIH )J;PyroM CJIyqae He orraCHee JIH BOCCTaHOBHTI> CTa-
pbIH napJIaMeHT, qeM OCTaBHTI> HOBbIH?
«MHHHCTp 3am;Hm;aJI CBoe MHeHHe rro rrepBOMY H TpeTl>eMY Te-
3HcaM TaR, qTO orrpOBepr Bce B03pameHHH». Ho Mopena pemHJI
OCTaHOBHTI>CH na BTOpOM Te3Hce, HOTOpbIH HameTCH HaM rrpa3,D;I1bIM
]J;JIH rocy,n;a pCTBeHHoro )J;eHTeJIH, HO 3a TO rr03BOJIHeT eMY rrpHBeCTH
B 3aMemaTeJII>CTBO npOTHBHHI a, npeBpaTHTI> 06cym)J;eHHe B TYMaH-
HYIO IOpH)J;HqeCKYIO ,D;HCKYCCHIO, 3aHHTepeCOBaTI> KOpOJIH, BeCI>Ma
CKJIOliHOrO K nO)J;06HbIM CJIOBOrrpeHHHM, rrp06Y)J;HTI> B HeM COMHeHHH
OTllOCHTeJII>HO crrpaBe)J;JIHBOCTH, KOTOpyIO «Ero BeJIHqeCTBO XOqeT
C,D;eJIaTb OCHOBOH CBoero npaBJIeHHH», H, HaKOHeII;, )J;aTI> eMY 060c-
H013aHHbIH rrpe)J;JIor )J;JIH O)J;Horo H3 Tex YKJIOHqUBbIX pemeHHH, pa,D;H
KOTOpbIX eMY HHI or)J;a He rrpHXO,D;HTCH HaCHJIOBaTI> CBOIO rrpHpO)J;Y:
nOKa Ha)J;O rrO)J;om)J;aTI> «BamHbIX pa3 HCneHHH».
BeHa,D;II;aTI> )J;HeH crrYCTH Mopena )J;06HBaeTCH OTCTaBKH Morry
o,n;HOBpeMeHHO C OTCTaBKOH Teppa. Mrpa, rrO-BH)J;IlMOMY, BbIHrpaHa.
MbI yme paCCKa3bIBaJIH, KaK ,n;06PbIH rrapllmCKHH Hapo,n; B HO"t{b
CB. Bap<POJIOMeH paCrrpaBHJICH C KYKJIaMH, H306pamaBmHMH OnaJIb-
HbIX 3JIo,n;eeB. RaHII;JIep Y)J;OCTOHJICH ij CJIe)J;yIOm;He )J;HH em;e HeCKOJIb-
KIlX rrO,D;06HbIX rrpe)J;CTaBJIeHHH. «EbIJIO qYTI> JIH He ,D;eCHTI> pa3HbIX
I\a3IIeH; caMYIO 3a6aBHYIO npH)J;YMaJIH mKOJIHpbI: OHH qeTBepTona-
Jill "IIY"tJeJIO, pa30pBaB ero C rrOMOm;bIO "IIeTbIpex OCJIOB». ITo OTHome-
BIlIO K rocrrO)J;aM H3 HOBoro TpH6YHaJia MaHH<peCTaII;HH HOCHJIa
CHaqaJIa, 27 aBrYCTa, OqeHI> mYMHbIH, HO He O"lleHb 3JIo6HbIH xapaK-
Tep Bblme)J;mero rrepBbIM r-rra )J;e HHKOJIaH BCTpeTHJIH HenpIlCTOH-
HbIM CBHCTOM, HO «co CMeXOM». JIHilll> Kor)J;a OH HMeJI rJIynoCTI>
paCCep,D;IlTbCH, ero CJIerKa «CMa3aJIH» no BOJIOCaM. OCTaJIbHbIX rrpe-
3H,n;eHTOB BCTpeTHJIH JIHml> HpOHHqeCHHMH rrOKJIOHaMH H rromeJIa-
BHHMH C"IIaCT JIHBOrO rrYTH. Ho Bce )J;eJIO HCrrOpTHJIH 3aJIrrbI <peHep-
BepROB, KOTopbIe rrYCRaJiH HOql>IO Y BopII;a rrpaBOCY)J;HH. BbIJIH
paHeHbIe H )J;ame O)J;HH y6HTbIH - 6bIBillHH rrOJIHII;eHCKHH o<pHn;ep,
It ero HeCqaCTI>IO, rro <paMHJIHH BYTeH (Bouteille - 6YTbIJIHa); H
3To nOCJIymHJIO rrpHqHHOH Toro, qTO KaKOH-TO mYTHHK pemHJI ee
«ROI HYTb». JIeHTeHaHT rrOJIHII;HH rrpHHHMaeT )J;Be MepbI: O)J;rry 6bICT-
PYIO II ,n;eHCTBeHHYIO - OR 3arrpem;aeT rrHpOTeXHHKaM rrpO)J;aBaTI> HX
lIa,n;eJIIIH; ,D;PyryIO 60JIee crropHYIO -;- OTrrpaBJIHeT rraTpYJIII rremeH
11 ROHHOH CTpaiKH BOKpyr BopII;a [rrpaBOCY)J;HH]. «CTpaiKH YCbI-
152
tJACTb llEPBAH. HAl{EHrl{A,
naJILHH :bI, - rOBOpHT OCTPHKH, - OHH iK)J;YT BOCKpeCeHHH H3 MepT-
B:bIX». A ra3eTH:bIH xpoHHKep KOHcTaTHpyeT: «AJILrBa3HJI:b1 II 1fepHL
XOXOTaJIH II rrHJIH BMeCTe H 6pOCaJIH Ha nopH)J;OqH:bIX JIIO)J;eH nu-
XaJILH:bIe B3rJIH)J;:bI». B IIapHme JIerKO B:bI3BaTL 6e'cnopH)J;KH, K HUM
MOmeT npHBeCTH )J;ame pa)J;OCTL, II M:bl yme BH)J;HM, 1fTO CHJI:bI rrOJIU-
D;HH cJIa6:b1 H HeHa)J;emH:bI. B OTBeT Ha apeCT O,n;HOrO qeJIOBeRa
HeKHH BaJIHKYP, OTqaHHHaH rOJIOBa, C06paB TOJIny B 800 qeJIOBeR,
ocam,n;aeT )J;OM nepBoro npe3H,n;eHTa, II TOMY npHXO)J;HTCH npH6er-
HYTL K XHTpOCTH, qTo6:b1 CHHTL oca)J;Y 1.
B 60JIee B:bICOKHX KJIaCCaX 06m;eCTBa Mamr<peCTa HH HOCHJIH IIHOH
XapaRTep; CBo6o,n;y B:bIpameHHH 11M )J;aeT TeaTp. HeOmH,D;aHH:bIH
ycnex rrOJIyqHJIa nLeCa HeKOerO ,n:opa «A)J;eJIaH)J;a», KY)J;a aBTOp
Y)J;a1fHO BCTaBHJI )J;BYCTHmHe:
K HoraM npaBocyp;LH paap;op npHrBOrR}J;aeM,
BbICOKoe npaBO CY}J;aM B03Bpa aeM..
II TYT n;eH3ypa npeBOCXO)J;HT caMoe ce6H, OHa saMeHHeT BLIP a-
iKeHHe «B03Bpam;aeM» Ha «OCTaBJIHeM», nOTOM «coxpaHHeM», If
HaROHe CHOBa BOCCTaHaBJIHBaeT nepBOHaqaJILH:bIH TeKCT, JIlImb.
HeMHoro onepemaH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHe caMHX napJIaMeHTOB. B Onepe
ceHcan;HH: npHH KORTH, KOTOp:bIH XOTeJI TaM nOHBHTLCH «HHKor-
HHTO», cqeJI CBoe HaKa3aHHe 3aKOHQeHH:bIM II nOHBJIHeTCH «in
fiocchi» (B nOJIHOM rrapa)J;e). 3pllTeJIH npHBeTcTBYIOT ero, XOTH ,n;o'
Tex nop OR Be nOJIb30BaJICH norrYJIHpHOCTLIO. «B CTOJIHn;e Y Hero
MaJIO CTOpOHHHKOB, - OTMe1faeT He3a)J;OJIrO )J;O aToro MeTpa B cBoeir
«IIeperrHcKe», - ero yrrpeKaIOT 3a 3JIOH II meCTOKHH xapaKTep, K
TOMY me OH Be,tJ;eT pacrrYTH:bIH o6pa3 jRH3HH, H aTO HeMaJIO co,n;eH-
CTBOBaJIO TOMY, XJ:TO OH YTpaTHJI Bceo6m;ee YBameHHe»2. Ho BOT
OH OKa3bIBaeTCH Ha nYTII K CJIaBe JI1ImL nOTOMY, 1fTO OH O,n;IIH 113
caMblX HpOCTH:bIX CTOpOHHHHOB BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH rrapJIaMeHTa.
TeM BpeMeHeM paCTepHBmHeCH nOCJIe rrepBoro rrOTpHceHHH roc-
nO)J;a II3 HOB oro TpH6YHaJIa rrpHXO)J;HT B ce6H H, Ralt 6:bIBaeT B rro-
,n;06HDIX CJIyqaHx, npll rrepB:bIX npH3HaKax nepe)J;:bImRII rrpHcnoca6-
JIHBaIOTCH K HeYCTOHqHBOCTH CBoero nOJIOmeHHH. Pa3 ym OHR Bce
em;e Ha MeCTe, HM npHXO)J;HTCH YBe,n;OMJIHTL caMHM 0 6ecrropH)J;Rax,
npH1fHHOH KOTOp:bIX OBH HBJIHIOTCH; pas ym HeT ,n;PyroH cy)J;e6HOH
KaHn;eJIHpIIH, OHII perllCTpHpYIOT <pHCKaJILH:bIH a,n;IIKT; pa3 ym HeT
,n;Pyroro rrapJIaMeHTa, OHH rrOJIyqaIOT o<pII HaJILHOe rrpHrJIameHHe
Ha n;epeMOHHIO B HOTp-,n:aM, II 6JIaro,n;apH nOKpOBHTeJILCTBY Map-
maJIa EHpOHa Ha aTOT pas HX HHKTO He OCKop6JIHeT. «MoH rrOJIK B
pacnopHmeHHH napJIaMeHTa». CaM MapmaJI II o<pH epbl ero mTa6a
1 ITpeaH eHT 06MaHYJI BomaKa, 06e aB oCB060 HTL apeCTOBaHHoro,
H BomaR OTnpaBHJICH B KOHCLepmepH, rp;e Y Hero nOTpe6oBaJIH nHCLMeHHbIH
npJilKa3. Korp;a OH BepHYJICH oopaTHO, Ha MeCTe, paaYMeeTCH, yme CTOHJI
OTpH}J; CTpamH. «<Journal historique>), 4 septembre.)
2 Met r a. Correspondance, t. I, p. 34, 1 juillet.
J1 A.BA. VI. B08BPAIIJ;EHHE nAPJIAMEHTOB
,T
.---
153
}.IeBJllOT p;pyr p;pyra sa CTOJIOM nepBoro npe3H)J;eHTa. ITepB:bIH npe-
ell eBT e,n;eT na nOKJlOH B BepCaJiL II B03Bpa aeTcH oTTy a He CJIum-
s o6MKypameHH:bIM; Oft;HaK,.O pa3HOCHTCH CJIYX, 'ITO OH rOTOBHTCH
O u (
cB060,n;HTL CBOR P;OM, HO BaKa HOHHaH naJIaTa paCCMaTpHBaro-
IJ];as: ,n;eJla B KaHHKYJIHpHOe BpeMH) pa60TaeT Bce aKTHBHee. TaM
,n;yT naqaJIa ceHcan;HOHHoro npo ecca MapmaJIa PH:r:neJIlie no
[IOBO,n;y B:bIMOraTeJILCTBa BeKCeJleH. 6 OKTH6pH TaM perucTpHpyroT
i\OpOJleBCKHe YKa3LI 0 rOCY)J;apCTBeHHOM ynpaBJIeHHH 1 H T aTeJIL-
BO YTOllHHroT: C 06.fl8aTe.!tbCT80Jrt n08TopUTb y11,aaauuylO peeUCTpa-
lfU10 na c.!teoylOUfuu oeUb noc.!te OUR, C8. MapTuua.
MeiK,n;y TeM npaBHTeJILCTBO )J;BHraeTCH AeHL sa p;HeM no nYTH,
ga:MeqeHHOMY Mopena. ¥3KUR, IIJIH ceKpeTH:bIH, KOMHTeT, COCTOH-
uH H3 Mopena, M:u:pOMeHHJIH, CapTHHa, Tropro (OTMeTHM OTCYT-
'.CTBHe BepmeHHa), c06HpaeTCH, qT06bI U3yqHTL )J;eJIO BMeCTe C KOpO-
JIe:M 2. ROpOJIL npOHBJIHeT K HeMY mHBoH uHTepec, 'ITO n03BOJIHeT
Ba,n;eHTLcH ( T eTHo ) Ha np06YiK)];eHHe y Hero BKyca K )J;eJIaM
ynpaBJleHHH 3. CO CJIOB Bepu, MbI TerrepL SHaeM, 'ITO Bce 3TH KOMII-
TeT:bI C03)];aH:bI JIHmL «)J;JIH OTBO)J;a rJIa3», H He CTOJILKO pa)J;1I 06 e-
CTBa, CKOJILKO pa)J;H KOpOJIH, HO paSBe MomHO 06MaHYTL O)J;Horo, He
06MaHLtBaH )J;pyroe? BaiRHO, qTO Mopena HameJI KOpOJIH B
9TOM CJIyqae MeHee nO)J;aTJIHBbIM, 'IeM o iKlI)J;aJI, II60 KOpOJIL JII06HT
npOHBJIHTL CBOIO BJIaCTL, ne )J;OBepHeT napTHH IIIya3eJIH, H XOTH
caM OH He CBHToma, O)J;HaKO BocnOMHHaHHe 06 oT e-)J;o<I>HHe, APY-
re :n:e3YHTOB II 3aKJIHTOM Bpare HX npOTHBHHKOB, )];0 CHX nop, Kalt
MLI 3HaeM, OKa3:bIBaeT Ha ero YM pemaIO ee BJlHHHHe. IITaK, Bce
9TH KOMHTeTbI He CTaBHT ce6e eJILIO YTBep)J;UTL npHH un BOCCTa-
HOBJIeHHH napJIaMeHTa, H60 OH yme 0)J;06pen, HII )J;aiKe, KaK MomHO
6L1JIO 6:bI omH)J;aTL, B:bIpa60TaTL YCJlOBHH, H60 OHH yme orrpe)J;eJIeH:bI;
D;eJIL KOMHTeTOB - TOJILKO y6e)J;HTL KOpOJIH, 1ITO Bce 8TH pemeHHH
HCXO)J;HT OT Hero caMoro, 1ITO OH caM UX npHHHMaeT H caM Ha HHX
BacTaHBaeT. BOT nOqeMY ero npHHYiR)J;aIOT HrpaTL TaKYIO aKTHB-
HyIO POJlL, 1IeMY OH, K C1IaCTLIO, OXOTHO nO)J;)J;aeTCH. « HeJlL3H ce6e
npe;rtcTaBHTL, p;Yl\faeTCH MHe, - nmneT CTOPMOHT, - 1IT06:bI MOJIO-
JJ;OH ROpOJIL 6:bIJI cnoc06eH OXBaTJiITL H nOHHTL TaKOR 06mHpIIDIH II
CJIOmHbIH Bonpoc H nOCJIe rJIy6oKoro ero H3yqeHHH B eJlOM B:bIHeC-
TH OROH1IaTeJILHOe pemeHHe. OH MomeT JIHmL onHpaTLCH Ha MHe-
HHe ,n;PyrHx II CJIeAOBaTL IIX pemeHHIO»4. Ho CBH)];eTeJlLCTBO )J;e BeplI
lie OCTaBJIHeT. MeCTa )J;JIH COMHeHHH: «STOT MeTO)J; npHHec meJlae-
MLIH peaYJILTaT: OH saCTaBHJI KOpOJIH C1IHTaTL npHHHTLIH nJIaH CBO-
-
t ( J IIepe,n; qa iK. E. <1>yamy ¥npaBJIeHIIH C60POB c Rom II ,n;pyrllx C60pOB.
« ournal historique», 18 octobre.)
0 Cym;ecTBoBaHHe 3Toro KOMI1lTeTa nO)J;TBepJR)J;aeT a66aT)J;e Bepl1l.
3 p. cit., t. I, p. 202.) ,
P 2 Pa3MbImJIeHHH ' CapTIIHa, nepe}J;aHHble BepII. (V e r i. Ope cit., t. I,
· 44.)
4 ,IJ;enema CTopMOHTa OT 10 aBrYCTa.
1 4
tIACTb IIEPBAH. HAJ{EJ-RJI.A
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CTH npH Bbl60pe rrpHMHpHTeJIbHblX BblpameHHH). IIJlaR HaCTOJIbI\O
C03peJI, "liTO TOT me a6aT ,D;e BepH <paKTH"IIeCKH H3JIOmHJI ero B 3a-
MeTKax OT aBrYCTa MeCH a, C"IIHTaH ero TBopeHHeM MaJIb3ep6a.
OCHOBHaH H,l];eH COCTOHT B TOM, "IITo6bl rrpe,n;YCMOTpeTb HeKHH Mexa-
HH3M, crroco6HblH 06eCrre"llHTb 6e30rraCHOCTb B CJIY"IIae HOBoro rrap-
JIaMeHTCKoro MHTema. JIH 9Toro Ha,n;o HMeTb rrpaBO rrpnMeHHTI
CaHI{D;HIO ,n;JIH rrpeCe"lleHHH ,n;OJIiKHOCTHoro rrpecTyrrJIeHHH [rrapJIa-
MelITa] H, rJIaBHOe, HMeTb rro,n; PYKOH opraH ,n;JIH ero 3aMeHbl - .
BOJIblIIOH COBeT, HOTOpblH MomeT TOT"IIaC na"llaTb ,n;eHCTBOBaTL, Kal\
aTO 6blJIO BO BpeMH rrpe,n;bl,D;ym;ero KpH3Hca. QT06bl H36emaTL B 6y-
;a;ym;eM KOJIe6aHHH, ,n;ocTaTO"llnO B a,n;HKTe, KOTOpLIH BOCCTanOBHT
napJIaMeHT, Crren;HaJIbHO rrpe,n;ycMoTpeTb aTY ,n;orrOJIHHTeJILHYro
KOMrreTenD;HIO BOJILmOrO COBeTa. MomHo ,n;aiKe rrpe,n;ycMoTpeTb HX
B3aHMo3aMeHHeMocTb!
Pa60Tbl HOMHTeTa BeJIHCb C C06JIIO,n;eHHeM TaKoH GeKpeTHocTII,
OT ROTOpOH YiRe ,n;aBHo OTBLIKJIH.
HaI\OHe 01\0.110 eepe,n;HH:bI 0I{TH6pH Bee rrperrOHLI 6LIJIH CHece-
Hbl npopBaBmeHCH MOJIBOH. KOpOJIeBCKHe YKa3bI 0 CCblJIHe OTMe-
HeHbl, H3rHaHHHKH B03Bpa aIOTCH (HeKOTopbIe tJ;06pOBOJIbHO OCT a-
IOTCH Ha MeCTe) H HBJIHIOTCH B CY,D;eHCKHX MaHTHHX na ay,n;HeH HIO
K xpaHHTeJIIO ne"llaTH; rrpe3H)J;eHTbl rrapJIaMeHTa npHKa3bIBaIOT rro-
KpblTb TpaypOM CBOH aHHrramH 1; rrepBblH rrpe3H)J;eHT )J;' AJIHrp If
«HaCTOH HH reHepaJIbHblH npOKYpOP» )J;e <t>JIepH Ha6HpaIOT ce6e
ceHpeTapeH, «yrrpHMD;bI» H3 nOBoro TpH6YHaJIa, 1IeH BomaK HOCHT
BLlpa3HTeJIbHOe HMH e60Hep ( 06pHK), rpOMKO npe,n;Bern;aIOT ero
CKopoe na,n;eHHe. IIpoHrpaBmaH napTHH XBaTaeTCH 3a nOCJIe,n;Hne
cpe)J;CTBa.
IIocJIe orrpaB,D;aTeJIbHOrO MeMyapa, KOTOpbIH Morry caM nOCJIaJI
113 CBoero 3aTo-qeHHH B PompOJIe, Mocbe, KOToporo T eTHO nbITa-
JIHCb npHBJIe"tlb Ha CBOIO CTOPOHY, HarrHCaJI npOCTpaHHoe CO"llHHeHHe
I10,l( Ha3BaHHeM «MoH H)J;eH»2, a CblH rrpHH a )J;e KORTH rpa<p )J;e
JIa Mapm, aHTIIrro,n; CBoero OTn;a KaK 1IeJIOBeK Hero IIOJIHTH"IIeCKHH
npOTHBHHK, ,D;eJIaeT TO me caMoe 3. TeTKH KOpOJIH, KOTopLIe ,n;YJIHCb,
1 Tpayp no YMepmeMY KOpOJIIO, B KOTOpOM OHI! He MOrJIII nplIHHTb
yqacTlIe P;O CIIX nop, TaK KaR o<pIID;lIaJIbHO He BbInOJIHHJIII CBOIIX 06H3aH-
HOCTeH. MM He 6bIJIa l?a3pemena «TpaypHaH p;paIIlIpOBKa 3KIIIIameH».
2 CM. ero TeKCT B «Journal historique» OT 6 HOH6pH. Pep;aKD;1I1O IIplI-
ITHCbIBalOT KpOMO, cyneplIHTenp;aHTY <pIIHaHcoB, nocTpoeK II cap;OB, II <1>oH-
TeTY, KaHD;JIepy IIpIIHD;a. OHO 6:bIJIO nepep;aHO KOpOJIIO HaKaHyne IIOe3f);KH
B Cl>OH1'en6JIo. ROpOJIL HK06bI CKa3aJI: «BpaT, y MeHH eCTb II nOJIyqme».
3 rpa<p p;e JIa Mapm 6bIJI ep;IIHCTBeHHbIM npHHD;eM KpOBH, npH3HaB-
mlIM HOBbIH napJIaMeHT: «IIOCTOHHHbIH B CBOIIX IIJIaHaX, BepH:bIH C.BOIIM
06H3aTeJIbCTBaM, aKKypaTnbIH B pacxop;ax, cilpaBep;JIIIB:bIH K CBH3aHHbIM C
HHM JIIOP;HM... ero p;onop;bI 6YP;YT CqIlTaTbCH BeCKHMH He3aBIICHMO OT ero
JIlIqHOrO BeCa». (V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 155.) IIpIIHn;, no CJIyxaM, HeMHoro
CKoMIIpoMeTHpOBaJI ce6H CBOHMII CBH3HMII C IIapTlIeH r-mH ,IJ;106apPII.
J1A.BA VI. B03BP A1II,E'HlfE l1APJIAMEIfTOB
eJIaJI BHA, "liTO He3}J;OpOBbl, OTUpaBJIHIOTCH C 3aH03}J;aHHeM B <POH-
:eJJO JIO . focrrop;a 113 HOBoro-. rrapJIaMerrTa 18 OI{THOPH COCTaBJIHIOT
I1:O:Cb:M HHOe rrpe}J;cTaBJIeHHe, r}J;e 3a:rn;H:rn;aIOT CBoe }J;eJIO, H JIIO}J;H
3a6aBJlflIO TCH , OTMe"llaH, "liTO OlIO HarrHCano H3blHOM CTapOrO rrapJIa-
M:eB Ta 1. Ho HHHTO He XO"lleT 6paTb Ha ce6H He6JIarop;apH¥IO MHC-
:0:10 - nepe}J;aTb ROpOJIIO TaROH He06bl"llHblH }J;OI\YMeIIT. IIp'e3H}J;eHT
C B u
,p;e JIa yp}J;OHH8 BemJIHBO YI{JIOnHeTCH, renepaJIbHblH rrpOHYpoP
I1bITaeTCH YCI{OJIb3HYTb, HO ero XBaTalOT 3a PYHY H 3aCTaBJIHIOT
co6paTb }J;errYTaD;HIO H3 JIIO}J;euH I\OpOJIH *, B I\OTOpylO BXO}J;HT JIHmb
oB ,u;a em;e O}J;HH HeC"IIaCTHblH 3aMeCTHTeJIb rrpoHypopa, rrpHBe3eH-
HblH pa,n;H TaH:OrO CJIY"IIaH H3 ero rrOMeCTbH.
HaROHe reHepaJIbHOrO rrpoRypopa rrpHHHMalOT B <POHTeH6JIo B
BOcKpecenbe 23 ORTH6pH. ROpOJIb BCTpe"tlaeT ero cyXO: «MeHH
y,u;HBJlHeT, "liTO RaHHRYJIHpHaa naJIaTa AeJIaeT MHe npe}J;CTaB eHHe
no nOBO}J;Y CJIYXOB, pacrrYCRaeMblX B HapO}J;e. JI Bac H3Be:rn;y 0 CBOHX
BaMepeHHHX>}. XpaHHTeJIb rre"llaTH rrpHrJIamaeT ero R 06e}J;Y, no
rOBopHT C HHM JIHmb 0 RymaHbHx, ROTOpblMH ero yro:rn;aeT, H rro}J;-
"tIepKHYTO Ha3blBaeT ero TOJIbl{O «r-H }J;e <PJIepH». HeM rr03me rrpH-
BpaTHHI\ HOBoro TpH6YHaJIa H3}J;eBaeTCH Ba}J; MarHCTpaTaMH H B03-
Be aeT HX rrpHXOf];, CTY"IIa RJIIO"IIOM, rro}J; TeM rrpe}J;JIOrOM, "liTO OH CJIO-
MaJI C130H me3JI e:rn;e 4 rO}J;a Ha3a}J;, a Ror}J;a rrpHHHMaeTCH rrpHRa3 06
,ero apeCTe, TOBapH H rrOMoralOT eMY 6emaTb. Mrpa npOHrpaHa.
PemeHHe, rrO-BH}J;HMOMY, 6blJIO rrpHHHTO B cy660TY 22-ro B COBeTe
no BIIYTpeHHHM }J;eJIaM, HaRaUYHe CMeXOTBopHoro rrpHeMa, 01{a3aH-
Horo reHepaJI:bHOMY npORypopy.
XpOHHCTbl YTBepm}J;aIOT, "liTO Bce MHUHCTpbl BblCRa3aJIHCb npo-
TUB B03Bpa:rn;eHHH CTapblX rrapJIaMeHTOB, RpOMe Moperra, HO 8TO
C006m;eHHe Hac Y}J;HBJIHeT, n60 R neMY Ha}J;o no MeHbmeH Mepe
JJ;06a:BHTb MHpOMeHHJIH, "liTO jHe RacaeTCH }J;Pyr:ux, TO Ha TOB rro}J;-
rOTOBHTeJIbHOB CTa,n;HH pe"llb MOrJIa H,n;TH TOJIbRO 06 HX rrpHHD;HnH-
aJIbH:bIX orOBOpl{aX, 3a HCKJIIO"lleHHeM, HOHe"llIlO, rpa<I>a IO MIOH,
ROTOpbIH 06BHHHJI Moperra B npe,n;aTeJIbCTBe HHTepeCOB rocY}J;ap-
CTBa H peJIHrHH.1-\opOJIIO me rrpHrrHCblBalOT CJIe}J;yro:rn;He CJIOBa: «RTO
'61>1 Mor MHe CRa3a Tb neCKOJIbRO JIeT Ha3a}J;, Ror,n;a 11 6blJI Ha - TopiKe-
CTBeHIIOM 3ace}J;aHHH napJIaMeHTa B rrpHCYTCTBHH Moero }J;e}J;a, "liTO
H caM CROpO npOBe}J;Y TaRoe 3ace}J;aHHe?»2. Ba co06pameHHH OCO-
'6eHHO IIOBJIHHJIH na ero pemeHHe: rrepBoe - Bce06:rn;ee meJIaHHe
( «H XOlIY, "IITo6bl MeHH JII06HJIH>) ), H60 OH }J;opomIIT CBoeH rrorrYJIHp-
IIQCT:bIO. BTopoe - 1ITO rrapJIaMeHTbl He orraCIIbl rrpH CHJIbHOM JIpa-
BlITeJIbCTBe. I103me 3aMeTHT CRPblTYIO TYT HpOHHIO.
1[ 5
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1
*
CM. ero TeKCT B: «Journal historique», 31 octobre.
JIIO,n;bMII KOpOJIH H&3bIBaJIII HeKOTopbIX AOJIiKHOC-THbIX JIlIn; rra pJIaMeH-
'J.'a (reaepaJIbHOrO rrpoKypopa, ero 3aMeCTlITeJIH II p;p.). OHII ,n;aBaJIH aaKJIIO-
eHl:Ie no ,n;eJIaM, HO He yqaCTBOBaJIII B rOJIOCOBaHHH II CqUTaJIIICb KaH 6hI
2 Pe ,n;CTaBHTeJIHMII KOpOJIH B napJIaMeHTe. - IIpUM. pea.
V e r i. Ope cit.
-156
qACTb llEPBAfl. HAJ:{EJRl{A.
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nOJIHTHlIeCKaH n;epeMOHHH aToro apCTBOBaHHH.
Ha nepBOM KOpOJIeBCKOM sace;J;aHHH nap.rraMeHTa, Ka:K, BnpOlleM,
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He Bce, TaK KaK OR HallaJi CJIHIDKOM paHO H I{OHlIHJI e e ,n;o Toro,
KaR nOJIOBHHa lIJIeHOB napJIaMeHTa BOlliJIa B saJi. IIocJIe ,n;OBOJILHO
1 «Journal historique», 6 novembre. Bepll: «ITapTep aaXJIonaJI B
JIa,n;omn, YBHJ];eB ero B JIOiRe. OH IICKpeHHe CTaJI OrJIHJ];bIBaTbcH, K KOMY
8TO OTHOCIITCH, KaK eCJIH 6 anJIOJ];npOBaJIII aKTepy llJIH aKTpnce. ¥ CTpeM-
JIeHHbIe Ha Hero B3rJI.HJ];bI paCCeHJIH ero COMHeHBJI, H 011 CKpOMHO onYCTIIJJ
rOJIOBY». (Op. cit., t. I, p. 203.)
rJ1A.B A VI. B03BPAID;EHHE llAPJIAMEHTOB
.-----
157
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1I.0' ( u u
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1\OTOpbIe BeJIH B OCHOBHOM, 3a HCKJIIO'tJ:eHHeM HeCKOJI:bKHX ,n;eTaJIeH,
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eHHe HCnOJIHeHHH CBOHX 06H3aHHOCTeH 6y,n;eT C'tJ:HTaT:bCH )J;OJIm-
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nelIaTH. B 5 'tJ:aCOB 3ace,n;aHHe 3aKpLIJIOC:b. CeHcaIJ;HIO npOH3BeJIO
npHCYTCTBHe O)J;Horo 'tJ:eJIOBeKa - repIJ;ora ,n;'SrHHoHa, CH)J;eBmero
Ha CBoeM MeCTe cpe)J;H napOB; HHKTO He 3HaJI, npHmeJI JIH OH caM
113 030pCTBa lIJIH nOJIYlIHJI YKa3aHHe H3 OcPHIJ;HaJI:bH:bIX HCTOqHHKOB:l.
ApyroH 'tJ:eJIOBeK, q:be CKpOMHoe nOHBJIeHHe, HanpOTHB, He 6LIJIO
3aMelIeHO, He HrpaBlliHH OcPHIJ;HaJiLHOH pOJIH B n;epeMOHHH KOpOJIeB-
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He3HalIHTeJI:bHOH, nOMeCTHJICH «HHKorHHTO» B JIome H mYTJIHBO
. CKa3aJI ,n;eKaHY napJIaMeHTa ,n;' Arecco, 'tJ:TO OH npHmeJI cIO)J;a, npocTo
trTo6LI «npoBecTH BpeMH». STOT HenpHMeTHbIH H 3a6aBJIHIOrrt;HHCH
treJIOBeK 6LIJI HCTHHHbIM BHHOBHHKOM TopmeCTBa, nOJIHTHqeCKHM
CTpaTerOM, KOTOpLIH ,n;o CHX nop Bcer,n;a BbIHrpLIBaJI, HMeHHO OTTH-
rUBaH BpeMH. STO 6bIJI MaCTep CBoero ,n;eJIa - Mopena.
Mem,n;y TeM rocno,n;a 'tJ:JIeHbI HOB oro TpH6YHaJIa 6LIJIH C03BaHLI
B TO me YTPO B JIYBPCKHH ,n;Bope , B O,n;HH H3 3aJIOB BOJI:blliOrO
-
1 3aMeCTHTeJIb npoKypopa YKa3aJI, "tITO HCTHHHbIH ITapHiKcKHM CYA
RaXO RJICH B co6paHHlI napJIaMeHTa. ROpOJIb 3aMeTlIJI: «3TO HeBepHo, IIa-
PHiI\CRHH cy Haxo,n;HTCH Be3,n;e, r,n;e Hero Bepmy. Ha,n;o BbIQepKHYTb 3TO 113
2 ro pelJR». (V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 210.) /
CM.: D'E s t r e e e1t C a II e t. La duchesse d'Aiguillon, p. 233 et
P no t 2 e ; «Memoire du Ministere d'Aiguillon», p. 333; V e r i. Ope cit., t. I,
· 08.
158
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OBB ,n;OJIro CH)J;HT B aTOM 3aJIe, c06HpaIOTCH H B CJIe,D;YIOITJ;He )J;HII,
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MeHT, 'tJ:TO TOT HMeeT rrpaBO CY,!{HTb napOB 6e3 BMema TeJIbc.TBa 11 pa3pemeHHH
BOpOJIH. (V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 276-277.)
A VI. B03BPAIQEHHE IIAPJIAMEHTOB
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159
--
1
2
v e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 233-235.
V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 224.
160
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HHe SToro paCCKa3a I{aK 6y)J;TO y,n;aJIHJIO Hac OT Hero, O;r(HaKO Bee
OIIHcaHHDIe C06LITHH KacaIOTCH ero 60JILme, lIeM KOrO-JIII6o ,n;pyroro.
lIoHa,n;o6HJIOCL He 60JILme MecH a, lIT06LI yme Ha-qaJI BbIpHCOBbI-
BaTLcH, nOKa em;e Heonpe)J;eJIeHHO H CMYTHO, aHTaroH1I3M, KOTOPbIn
6y,n;eT )J;JIIITLCH Bce BpeMH ero MHHIICTepCKOH ,n;eHTeJILHOcTH. llo-
STOMY MbI He MOjl{eM 060HTH o-qeHL BamHLIH JIH Hamero HCCJIe;a;o-
BaHUH Bonpoc: KaI{OBa 6:bIJIa peaK HH MHHHCTpa Ha Bce neplIneTBn
napJIaMeHTCKOH peCTaBpa HII? HeymeJIII OH He BH,n;eJI rp03HBmeii
onaCHOCTH, a eCJIH BH)J;eJI, TO nOlleMY He npHJIOiKHJI 60JILme YCB-
JIHH, 1ITo6bI ee npe)J;oTBpaTHTL?
HeKOTOp:bIe 6Horp a <p:bI TIOpro 1 nOJIaralOT, lITO CHallaJIa, OK no
Mepe CHJI npOTHBlIJICH .TaKOMY pemeHHIO; HO n03iRe, BH,n;H HeB03-
MOiKHOCTL BocnpenHTCTBOBaTL caMOMY B03Bpam;eHHIO napJIaMeHTa,
OH 6JIarOpa3YMHO nOCTapaJiCH c,n;eJIaTL TaK, lIT06LI aTO B03Bpam;e-
HHe 6LIJIO 06CTaBJIeHO Heo6xo,n;HMLIMII 'rrpe,n;OCTopomHOCTHMII Ha
6y,n;y:rn;ee. EMY )J;ame CTaBHT B 3aCJIyry MepLI,' npHHHT:bIe C D;eJILIO
npe,n;OTBpaTHTL 3JIoynoTpe6JIeHHH B:bICmHX Cy,n;OB [TO eCTL napJIa-
MeHTa 11 B:bI'cme'ro n'o,n;aTHoro cYAa. - Pea.] a2I yrrp01IlHTL aBTOpIHT'eT
BJiaCTH. 3TO YTBepm,n;eHHe KameTCH HaM BeCLMa CIIOpHbIM.
M:bI He HaXO)J;HM HHKaKHX CJIe,n;OB npHHII;HnHaJILHbIX B03pame-
HHH co CTOpOHLI TIOpro, Tor,n;a KaK o6HapymHBaeM ynoMHHaHHe 0
no,n;o6H:bIX B:bIcTynJIeHHHX AIO MIOH 2. MorJIO Jill npoTHBo,n;eHcTBHe
Ka3aTLCH BHallaJIe CTOJIL 6eCnOJIe3H:bIM, eCJIII npHHHTL BO BHHMa-
HHe HeKOTOpylO c,n;epmaHHOCTL KOpOJIH, OTCYTCTBHe e,n;HHo,n;ymHH
cpe,n;1I MHHHCTpOB H pemHTeJILHYIO n03HD;HIO BepmeHHa? 3HaH
TlOpro H 3HaH ,ero pemHTeJILHOCTL, XOTH 6LI no nHCLMY OT 24 aBry-
cTa, pa3Be MomHO npe,n;nOJIOmIITL, lITo6:bI OH, eCJIH H BnpaB,n;y XOTeJI
60pOTLCH, He ,n;eHCTBOBaJI C 60JILmeH HaCTOHlIHBOCTLIO H CHJIOH?
tITO iRe KacaeTCH rapaHTHH, KOTOp:bIe co,n;epmaJIHCL B nHTOM s,n;HKTe
II B op,n;OHaHce 0 ,n;HC HnJIHHe, TO COBepmeHHO HCHO, lITO TlOpro Mor
TOJILI{O HX O,n;06PIITL 11 no,n;,n;epma TL, HO HlIlITO He YKa3:bIBaeT, 6y,n;TO
OH HrpaJI B aToM )J;eJIe oco6yIO pOJIL, 11 MDI 3HaeM, lITO He OH HX rrpn-
,n;YMaJI. H TaK, IIOBe,n;eHHe TlOpro B STOT nepHO,n; OCTaeTCH ,n;JIH Hac
3ara)J;KOH.
Pa3YMeeTCH, TaKYIO II03IID;HIO MomHO OTlIaCTH 06'LHCHIITL ero
cKenTHD;H3MOM. IIpe3HpaH napJIaMeHTapHeB, TlOpro npH3HaeT HX
CHJIY. OH npe,n;BH)J;eJI IIX B03Bpam;eHHe. He JIyqme Jill H36eraTL 113-
f TaKOBLI, B "IaCTHOCTH, YTBepiR}J;eHHH <POHceHa (op. cit.,' p. 224)
H iR06e3a (op. cit., p. 176). meJIJIL nOJIaraeT, HanpoTIIB, qTO TlOpro He
6LIJI BCen;eJIO npOTHB B03Bpam;eHHH na pJIaMeHTOB, TaK KaK em;e 60JILme
onaCaJiCH reHepaJIbHLIX mTaTOB. 3TO cYiR eaHe HH Ha qeM He OCHOBaHO.
2 MLI OTHOCHMCH C Be,n;OBepHeM K CJIOBaM a66aTa iRopiReJIH, no
MHeHHIO KOToporo, Tropro 6bIJI COrJIaCeH C Mopena, "ITO CJIe}J;yeT nop;rOTO-
BHTb B03Bpam;eHHe napJIaMeHTOB, "IT06LI npHo6pecTH nonYJIHpHOCTL Y
npeiRHHX MarlICTpaTOB (op. cit., t. I, p. 408-409). Y iRopiReJIH He 6LIJIO
uap;elliHbIX CBe}J;eBIIH, H OH 6LIJI CKJIOHeH aBaTL BOJIIO Bo06paiReHHIO
I'J1ABA VI. B03BPAm;EHHE IlAPJIAMEHTOB
---
I1I:a:ero pa3iKHraHHH CTpaCTeH? B aHaJIOrHlIHOM CJIYlIae OH YiKe
J1 _TO COBeTOBaJI ,lJ;IOilOHY He «p;pa3HHTL 6LIKa». Ha 3TOT pa3 OH
6 caM, 6tdTL MOiKeT, BOCnOJIL30BaJICH TaKHM 6JIarOpaaYMHLIM COBe-
OM. Bep;L p;eJIO rrpOHCXOP;HT em;e B rrepHOp; (<JIOBKoro TIOpro».
CJIe.,n;yeT nOMHHTL H 0 BJIHHHHH Mopena, KOTopoe HYiKHO ,IJ;BaiK-
])I npHHHTL B paClIeT. Bo-rrepBLIX, rrOTOMY, liTO Tropro HerrpHHTHo
h1CTyrraTL rrpOTHB qeJIOBeKa, KOTOPOMY OH o6H3aH CBOHM I10CTOM.
II BO-B'fOPDIX, rrOTOMY, liTO OH 3HaeT: Moperra rrOJIb3yeTcH ,n;OCTaTOll-
HbIM BJIHHHHeM Ha KOpOJIH, lIT06bI ,n;06HTLCH CBOHX eJIeH, - KaKOD:
CMLICJI B TaKOM CJIYlIae rropTHTL eMY Hrpy?
Ho MbI ,n:YMaeM, liTO npeiK,n;e Bcero CJIe,n:yeT npHHHTL BO BHHMa-
Hlle ABa 60JIee pemaroIIJ;Hx H TeCHO CBH3aHHbIX coo6paiKeHHH, a
H:MeH HO : JIHlIHOe BJIHHHHe MaJIL3ep6a H MHeHHe caMoro Tropro 06
OCHOBax rocy,n:apcTBeHHbIx HHCTHTYTOB. Tropro Bcer,n:a OTHOCHJICH
C YBCTBOM rJIy60Koro ,n;OBepHH H HCTHHHoro BOCXHIIJ;eHHH K nep-
BOMY npe3H,n:eHTY BbIcmero no,n;aTHoro cy,n:a, OH He pa3 CJIe,n:OBaJI
ero COBeTaM H nOJIL30BaJICH ero no,n;,n:epiKKOH. B neM OH BH,n:eJI H,n:e-
aHLHoro KaH JIepa. «OT Hero o,n;Horo 3aBHCeJIO 3aJIYlIHTL K ce6e
MaJIb3ep6a, - nHmeT OH 0 llIya3eJIe, - HO OH He ,IJ;o,n:YMaJICH 6bI
ll.0 aT{)rO H 3a TDICHlIY JIeT)}.
Tropro, HaBepHoe, iKeJIaJI, lIT06bI MaJIL3ep6 6bIJI Ha3HalleH nOCJIe
yxo,n;a Mony, KaK aTO BHallaJIe 3a,qYMaJI Mopena. OH paCClIHTbIBaJI,
qTO C 1I0MoID;bro MaJIb3ep6a rrOJIYlIHT rro,n:,n;epiKKY BbIcmero no,n:aT-
Horo cy a CBOHM rrJIaHaM pe<poPM H <pHHaHcoBoii nOJIHTHKe, TaKHM,
KCTaTH, II 6y,n;eT CMbICJI 3HaMeHHTbIX peMoHcTpa Hii: KOpOJIro B
1775 r.
If HeCOMHeHHO, C Tex caMDIX nop OH paCClIHTbIBaeT Ha Hero KaK
Ha 6y,n;ym;ero MHHHCTpa KOpOJIeBCKOro ,n:Bopa... BMeCTO rep ora
JIaBpHiiepa, yxo,n; KOToporo OiKH,n:aeTCH rrOCJIe KopoHa HH. B aTOM
Ha3HalleHHH MaJIb3ep6a, HOTOPOMY OH y,n:eJIHeT CTOJILKO 3a6oT,
TlOpro B HT OCHOBHOii <paKTOp YClIexa CBoero npaBJIeHHH. OH B03-
JIaraeT Ha Hero 60JILmHe Ha,n:eiK,n;bI, KOTopbIe JIOnHYT KaK MbIJIbHbIH
nY3:bIpb. lIo BceM aTHM npHlIHHaM OH ,n:OJIiKeH OTHOCHTbCH C OCo-
O:bIM BHHMaHHeM K TOllKe 3peHHH MaJIb3ep6a Ha np06JIeMY BbIC-
DIHX CY OB. \
O,IJ:HaKo MaJIb3ep6 - TBep,n:bIii CTOpOHHHK B03BpaIIJ;eHHH napJIa-
MeHTa, XOTH OB pemHTeJIbHbIii npOTHBHHK ero CTpeMJIeHHH CTaTb
UOJIHTHlIeCKHM opraHOM. 8Ta ero n03H HH He npOCTO 3a6oTa 0
TOM, lITo6bI cy,n: COXpaHHJI no,n:06aroIIJ;ee eMY MeCTO, npo,n;HKTOBaH-
:aa ero 06H3aHHOCTHMH. IIopoH BLlCKa3L1BaJIH rrpep;rrOJIOmeHHe,
Y,IJ:TO MaJIb3ep6 B CBoeH BpaiK,n:e6HOCTH K MOllY BDIpaiKaJI CKopee
M}Jenne CBOHX ,n;PY3eii, lIeM CBoe c06cTBeHHoe, H liTO OH 6bIJI JIHillh
PynopOM lIYiKHX H,IJ:eH 1. O,n;HaKO TenepL, no BocnOMHHaHHHM Oma-
Pa, YCTaHOBJIeHO, liTO HMeHHO MaJIL3ep6 6bIJI aBTopOM peMOHCTpa-
161
---- -
1 CM.: S c hell e., t. IV, p. 33; G a i II a rd. Vie de Malesherbes.
11 a. <1>op
162
TIACTb IlEPBAH. HA l{E)R / ,
---
D;HH, nO,n;aHHbIX KOpOJIro IIo,n;aTHLIM Cy,u;OM 18 HHBapH 1771 r. 1 0
M MbI YBH,n;HM, KaK B pellH, rrpoH3HeceHHoH B ,n;eHb BOCCTaHOBJle-_
HHH ero c06cTBeHHoH ropHC,n;HR HH, 12 HOH6pH 1774 r., OH B caMLIX
CypOBbIX BbIpameHHHX OT3:bIBaeTCH 06 aBTopax «rocy,n;apCTBeHllor0
rrepeBOpOTa», ROTOpbIM OH BbICORonapHO rrpnrrHCbIBaeT rrpHHD;IIllLI
caMoro Mep3Roro ,n;ecrrOTH3Ma. lIoMHMO ,n;yxa COJIH,n;apHOCTH, nopon -
,n;eHHO'rO B HeM 3aHHMaeMbIM rrOCTOl\{, ,n;pymecKHx llYBCTB, B:bI3Bau-.
H:bIX JIHllHbIMH CBH3HMH, rrpHBH3aHHOCTH R rep ory OpJIeaHCI{O IJ
H HerrpHH3HH I{ rrOCJIe,n;HCMY MHHHCTepCTBY JIIo,n;OBHRa XV, MaJlb-
3ep6 rrHTaJI CRJIOHHOCTb R napJIaMeHTCI{OH ,n;ORTpHHe B cnJIY CBoerc'
IICHXOJIOrH"tJeCKoro CRJIa,n;a, ROTOpbIH TOHKO aHaJIII3HpyeT KOH,IJ;Op-
ce, XOTH :II npeYBeJIHllHBaeT ero ,n;OCTOHHCTBa )1;0 CMeXOTBopHbI}..
pa3MepOB. MaJIb3epO OTHOCHTCH 6JIarOmeJIaTeJIbIIO 1\0 BceM YCTa.
HOBJIeHHblM yqpem,r(eHHHM, I{O BceM cy eCTBYIOm;HM C006m;eCTBa:M;
OIl nOJIOH YBameHHH no BceMY, llTO MomHO Ha3BaTb 06'be,n;HHeHHeMo
«all JII06HT Y"tJpem,n;eHHH, HeCMOTpH Ha TO "tJTO OHH 3 aCJlymHBaI01'
npe3peHHH, - OT HMrrepCRoro ceHMa, ceHMa nOJIbCKOrO, tI>paH Y3""
CKoro ,n;YXOBeHCTBa H aHrJIHHCKHX 06 HH ,u;o peJIHrH03HblX 6paTCTE
6eJIbIX H CHHHX MOHaXOB»2.
TO"tJRa 3peHHH MaJIL3ep6a Ha cy ecTBo np06JIeM O"tJeHb TOHH
H HHTepeCHa. aHa 01leHL JIH6epaJILHa, ,n;ame !V,JomHO CRa3aTL ,n;eMO..
RpaTH"tJHa.
lIpem,n;e Bcero, OH ClIHTaeT, lITO C rrapJIaMeHTOM 060mJIHCL CJIHm
ROM rpy60 Hero CJIe,n;yeT BOCCTaHOBHTL; BO-BTOpbIX, 'tfTO rocy,n;ap-
CTBO ,n;OJImHO HaHTH orrpe,n;eJIeHHYro OPMY COrJIaC:IIH HaD;HII npJI
pemeHHH 06m;eCTBeHrrbIX ,n;eJI; B-TpeTbHX, "liTO napJIaMeHT He HMeerr
npaBa B:blpama L 3TO COrJIaCHe, on He nOJIHTH"tJeCRHH opraH II: He
,n;OJImeH B:bIXO,IJ;HTL sa rrpe,n;eJIbI cy,n;e6HOH a,n;MHHHCTpan;HH; B-lIeT-
BepTbIX, "liTO 3a HeHMeH:IIeM KaROrO-JIH6o ,n;pyroro cpe;n;CTBa B:bIpame-
HHH BOJIH Ha HH rocy,n;apCTBeHHaH BJIaCTL B TaROH me Mepe ll0
BrrpaBe 06XO,n;HT:bCH 6e3 Hee, KaK H rrapJIaMeHT npeTeH,n;OBaTL na
B:bIpameHne 8TOH BOJIH. lIo cy eCTBY, ero M:bICJI:b no,n;pa3YMeBaeT
Heo6xo)1;HMOCT:b C03,n;aTL HaCTOH HH npe,n;CTaBHTeJI:bHbIH HJIH no
MeHLmeH Mepe ROHCYJILTaTHBH:bIH HaD;HOHaJILHbIH opraH. IITaR, 01::
C"tJHTaeT, "liTO B 06JIaCTH HaJIorOB H 3aH?\iIOB KOpOJI:b ,n;OJImeH 06pa-
m;aTLCH «I{ CBOHM no,n;,n;aHH:bIM, rrpH6eraH R C'aM:bIM BepH:bIM cpep;-
CTBaM, HaI\He eMY no,n;Cl{ameT ero My,n;POCT:b». B peMOHCTpaD;IIHX
OT 18 HHBapH 1771 r. ?\ilbI lIHTaeM: «CrrpOCHTe iRe caMY Ha Hro, pa3
ym BameMY BeJIH"tJecTBY 6oJI:bme HeRoro Bblc.rrymaT:b, HpOMe Heo».
B CBoeH pe"tJn OT 12 HOH6pH, rOBopH H3bII{OM, HeomH,IJ;aHH:bIM ,n;"TIfl
CBoeH 8rrOXH, OH HaCTaHBaeT Ha TOM, lITO HOpOJI:b ,IJ;OJImen PYI{OBO)1;-
1 «H rrpO'IHTaro BaM peMoHcTpan;HH IIo,u;aTHoro cY}J;a, KOTOpI>Ie H co-
CTaBBJI, OHB 1I0HBHTCH "tJepe3 "tJeTI>Ipe He}J;eJUI. H YBepeH, 'ITO 6Y}J;Y 110 MeHb-
men Mepe COCJIaH». (A u g ear d. Ope cit., p. 42.)
2 Con d 0 r C e t. Correspondance, p. 251. IIHcLMo HarrHcaHO B 1775 r
(6e3 }J;aTI>I).
;f'JIA.B A VI. B03BPAIIJ;EHHE IlAPJIAMEHTOB
---
TBOBaT:bCH BOJIeM CBOeR Ha HH, «COBeTOBaTLCH C HeB rrpu BDI60pe
.c OIlX :MUlIHCTpOB II, JIHm:b nOJIyqHB 06 eCTBenHoe o o6peHHe, na-
.c:a'llaT Tex, KOMY OH )J;OBepHeT CBOIO BJlaCT:b». XOTH HaMelIeHHbIB
: eel» cnoco6 KOHCYJIbTa HH C Ha HeH HMeeT 01IeHb CJIa6yIO IOpH;a;H-
cJ{YIO OCHOBY, OH oTKpbIBaeT IIYTL K IIpH3HaHHIO Han;HH KaK HOCH-
:eJIS IIOJIHTUqeCIWH BJIaCTH. MbI IIOHHMaeM, qTO TYT MaJIL3epo cqH-
TaeT, 'liTO KOpOJIL II rrapJIaMeHT B HX ;a;aBHHmHeM crrope o6a Henpa-
'Bbl. napJIaMeHT HerrpaB, npHCBaHBaH ce6e "tJymYIO pOJIL, no OH
nrpaeT ee JIUmL nOTOMY, lITO ee neKOMY urpaTL, OHa cBo6o;a;Ha.
A npaBHTeJILCTBO HenpaBO, Kor a maJIyeTcH na 06CTPYKD:HIO rrap-
JIaMeHTa, TaI{ KaK OH MemaeT eMY - He HMeH na TO nOJIHOMOlIHH-
f};eJlaTL TO, na "tJTO rrpaBHTeJILCTBO caMO He HMeeT rrOJIHOMO"tJHH.
TaKHe B3rJIH)J;:bI He;a;aJIeHU OT B3rJIH;a;OB, OTMelIeHHbIX HaMH y
'Tropro, KOTOpbIH CBOHM npoeKTOM opraHH3a Hu MYHH HrraJILHbIX
eo6paHHH EaR pa3 nO)J;rOTOBJIHeT Ha6poCOK Ha HOHaJILHOrO npe -
CTaBHTeJILCTBa.
IT03TOMY HaM BrrOJIHe rrOHHTHO, lITO Ha Tropro npOH3BO;D;HT 60Jlb-
rooe BrrelIaTJIeHHe KaK JIHlIHaH n03H HH MaJIL3ep6a, TaK II ero
<>6m;:o:e rro6ym;a;eHHH. MbI yme BH)J;eJIH, "tJTO MaJIL3ep6 6bIJI HBo6pe-
TaTeJIeM CHCTeMbI rapaHT1IH - H)J;eH )J;OJlmHOCTHoro npeCTYIIJleHlIH
If aaMeHbI BHHoBHoro, - KOTopaH OJIiKHa, KaK eMY Ka3aJIOCL, XOTH
ObI Ha BPeMH IIPIIMHPHTL ero iKeJIaHHe BOCCTaHOBHTL BDIcmHe CYA:DI
'H ero ocym;a;eHlIe rrpemHHX BJIOYIIOTpe6JIeHHH.
lIo CJIOBaM a66aTa )J;e BepH, 11 TlOpro 11 MaJlL3ep6 (MbI XOTHM
Cne HaJILHO IIO)J;lIepKHYTL B)J;eCL COBIIa)J;eHHe HX MHeHHH) XOTeJlH,
-CBepx Toro, HaJIOmHTb Ha napJIaMeHT H )J;pyr1le OrpaHHlIeH1IH, B
lIaCTHOCTH IIpeKpaTIIT:b ero BMemaTeJl:bCT:QO B )J;eJla o6m;eii nOJIH-
D;IiIH 1. TlOpro BaHHMaJI TaROH nOCT, "tJTO OTJIH"lJHO BHaJI, K KaRHM
3JIoynoTpe6JIeHHHM 11 neJIerrOCTHM, oco6eHHo B BepHOBOM ceRTope,
MorYT npHBeCTH 3TH paCTHmHMbIe npe)J;JIOrH )J;JlH BMemaTeJILCTBa.
OH1I He )J;0611JIHCb ycnexa, 11 11M np1lmJlOCb )J;OBOJIbCTBOBaTI)CH
"eM, lITO yme 6bIJlO ;a;OCTHrHYTO. II TaR, HOBaH CHCTeMa 6bIJIa 8<p<p eK -
THBHa TOJIbKO B O)J;IIOM: OXpaHHJIa BJIaCTL OT npOCToro nOBTopeHHH
napJIaMeHTCI{OrO «maHTama», npHMeHeHHoro B 1771 f. MomHo,
pa3YMeeTcH, OTMeTHTL, lITO 8Ta )J;onOJIHHTeJILHaH rapaHTHH )J;o6aB-
JIHJIaCL K CHORa Bome;a;meH B CHJIY OCHOBHOH rapaHT1IH, TO eCT!» K
-«6e306H)J;HOMY npe)J;CTaBJIeHHIO» KOpOJIIO, HanpaBJIHeMOMY napJIa-
.:M:eHTOM JIHmb nOCJIe perHCTpan;HH, - TOM rapaHTH1I, KOTOpOH )J;OJl-
roe BpeMH XBaTaJIO, lITo6bI 06eCrre"IJHTL cnoRoHcTBHe JIIo;a;OBU-
I\a XIV H JIIO)J;oBHRa XV. Ho nO)J;o6HbIe coo6pameHHH CBH;a;eTeJIL-
'CTBYIOT 0 rrenOJIHOl\{ OXBaTe IIpo6J1eMbI H BH)J;HT rJIaBHYIO orraCHOCTb
B TeXHH"lJeCKOM 6JIOKHpOBaHHH )J;eHcTBHH rOCY)J;apCTBeHHoro aIIrra-
a'Ta. MLI IIOHHMaeM, qTO 8THX rapaHT1IH ,D;OCTaTOqHO ,D;JIH MaJIl:'3ep-
a, 'tIeR YM BarrOJIHerr IOpH)J;H"lJeCRHMH I aTeropHHMH, TaR "tJTO OH
163
.1
1 II:
v e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 214.
164
QACTb nEPBAR. HAl{EiRl{
BII;a;IIT mH3HL JIHmL lIepe3 npH3MY ropHcrrpy;a;eHD;HH. Ho Tpy.n;Hee
HOHHTL II03HD;Hro Tropro, KOTOpblH Hym,n;aeTCH B IIO;a;;a;epmKe o6m;e-
CTBeHHOrO MHeHHH, CHCTeMaTHlIeCKH ero )];06HBaeTCH H He Mo»\eT
He 3HaTL, KaK «6LIKH-THrpbl» (les breufs-tigres) MorYT rrOBpe-
)];BTL eMY HMeHHO B rJIa3aX 06 eCTBeHHoro MHeHHH, Be;a;H rrOCTOHll-
uyro arHTaD;Hro H OKa3blBaH corrpOTHBJIeHHe Heo6xo)];IIM:bIM pe«I>op
MaM. PelIL H;a;eT He TOJILKO 0 TOM, lIT06LI H36emaTL 3a6aCTOBRM
cy,n;e6Horo Be)];OMCTBa HJIH OTKa3a OT perIlCTpan;HH, TO eCTL ;a;aTb
B03MomHOCTL BJIaCTII B CJIyqae He06xo,n;HMOCTH H36emaTL JIOBymRII.,
ao H 0 TOM, "tJT06:b1 KaR MomHO cRopee 06ecne"tJHT:b eH II Bcer;a;a IIOll;-
p;epiKHBaTL HacTyrraTeJILHYro CHJIY, crrocooHYro pa36HTL IIpHBHJIe-
rHB H rrpeo,n;OJIeTL rrpe,n;paccy,n;KH. ECJIH HCXO;a;HTL H3 8TOH TOlIRM
speHHH, TO JIerKO rrpe,n;BH,n;eT:b, lITO rrapJIaMeHTCRaH orrrr03Hn;HH MO-
meT 6:bITL JIHmL 6aJIJIaCTOM H TOpM030M, rrpHlIHHOH OCJIa6JIeHliIH It
HCTo eHHH rocy,n;apCTBeHHOH BJIaCTH. E e npem,n;e, lIeM OHa HamJIa
XOTL MaJIeimHH rrOBO,n; ce6H npoHBHTL, caM <paKT B03Bpa eH:HH
rrapJIaMeHTa 03Ha"tJaJI «oCJIa6JIeHHe ROpOJIeBCROro aBTopHTeTa B rJIa-
sax Hapo,n;a», H60, KaR HCHO 06'bHCHHeT a66aT ;a;e BepH, «B :KaROM
6bl CBeTe HH npe;a;CTaBHJIH TenepemHHe nepeMeHbl, B C03HaHHH Ha-
po;a;a H ropHCTOB HeBOJI:bHO YRpenHTcH MHeHHe, lITO napJIaMeHT
HeJIL3H YHHlITOmHTh, pa3 6bIJIH B:bIHym;a;eHbl ero BOCCTaHOBHTL» I.
CaMble ;a;aJILHOBH;a;H:ble YM:b1 Toro BpeMeHH - 6:bIJIa JIH HX npo-
HHn;aTeJILHOCTL Bpom;a;eHHOH HJIH ee 060CTpHJI napTHHH:bI:H ;a;yx-
He npeMHHYJIliI. On;eHHTL cepLe3HOCTL 8Toro pemeHHH Hero HeMH-.
HyeMYro orraCHOCTL. ROH,n;opce paCTOlIaeT Tropro Tm;eTH:bIe npe;a;o-
cTepemeHHH, rro npaB,n;e rOBopH ,n;OBOJI:bHO nYTaH:ble H3-sa CC:blJIOR
na lliya3eJIH H 'He3YHToB H R TOMY me nOJIHbIe HeCHOCHoro aHTH-
RJIepHRaJIliI3Ma. «JIYlIme e e neRoTopoe BpeMH rroTeprreTL TpH6y-
BaJILI YHHmeHH:ble, "tJeM YCTaHOBHT:b TpH6YHaJI:b1 THpaHH"tJeCKliIe»2.
«Ha,n;erocL, Bac He 06MaHYJIH 8THM rrpOeRTOM». Morry, pa3YMeeTcn
BeCLMa npliICTpaCTHbIH B 8TOM ,n;eJIe, rrpOH3Hec, RaR rJIaCHT rrpe,n;a-
BHe, B ,n;eHL CBoeH onaJI:b1 CJIOBa, ROTOp:bIe rrpeRpaCHO 06pIlCOB:bIBa-
lOT nOJIOmeHHe: «.fl B:bIHrpaJI )];JIH ROpOJIH npqu;ecc, ,n;JIHBmHHCH 150
neT. ECJIH OH XO"tJeT ero BHOB:b npoHrpaTL-oH caM ce6e X03HHH» 3.
1 V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 212.
2 Con d 0 r C e t. Correspondance, p. 205. IIleJIJlb YMaeT, qTO H3 aToro
OTp:bIBl\a CJIe}J;yeT, 6Y TO «KOH Opce He 6:bIJI pemHTeJILH:bIM npOTHBHHI\O (
B03Bpa eHHH napJIaMeHTOB». 8TO TOJII\OBaHHe l\ameTCH HaM cnopHbIM, Ral\,
BnpOqeM, H TO, 1\0TOpOe 3TOT aBTOp aeT II03HD;HH MaJIL3ep6a. KOHeqHO, ROH-
1];opce He HCI\JIIOqaeT HaBcer a B03MomHOCTH B03Bpa eHHH napJIaMeHTOB, HO
OH Tpe6yeT, 1JT06:bI CHaqaJIa 6:bIJIH npOBe eH:bI pecpopMbI, H 3TO BIIOJIUe pa-
S TMHaH TOql\a 3peHHH. K TOMY me OH YMaeT 6oJI:bme 0 pecpopMax 3aI\OHO-
AaTeJI:bCTBa, qeM 0 pecpopMax cpHHaHCOB:bIX H 3I\OHOMH'IeCI\HX.
3 Cym;ecTByeT HeCI\OJILI\O BepcHH 3Toro 3aMe1JaHHH; OHn OTJIH1JaIOTCR
ROJIlI1JeCTBOM ynoMHHYT:bIX JIeT - 150, 200 HJIII a»\e 300. HeJILSH Cl\aSaTb
(J1AB A VI. B03BPAIIJ;EHHE nAPJ1AMEHTOB
---
UpBCBOHB ce6e aTH CJIOBa, MOCLe )];06aBJIHeT K HHM B CBOHX
!\1e:Myapax }J;paMaTHQeCKYro KOH OBKY B BH)J;e npOpOQeCTBa: «CJIe)J;o-
BaJID 6:BI, KaK rOBOpliIJIH, aapaHee np:nrOTOBHTb pymLH». HaKaHYHe-
TOpil\eCTBeHHoro aaCe)];aHliIH rrapJIaMeHTa B rrpHCYTCTBHH KOpOJIH,-
e3yJlbTaT KOToporo 6bIJI e e HeH3BeCTeH, MapHH Tepe3HH nHmeT
MepcII: «ITPOCTO HerrOCTllmIlMO, 3alIeM HOpOJII, II ero MIIHIICTpLt
pa3pymaIoT AeJIO Mon;y» 1. 8TO paaYMHoe coo6pam HHe )J;ecrrOTHlIe:
cJ{Dro yMa. A Ha )J;pyroM KOHn;e Mem)J;YHa pO)J;HOH nOJIHTHlIeCI\OH
apeBbI nOCOJI cBo6o)J;HOH AHrJIHH CTOpMOHT B:bIHOCHT c)J;epmaHHoe
II JICHOe cym)J;eHHe, KOTopoe oco6eHHo xopomo aByqHT Ha aHrJIHH-
CJ{oM H3bIKe: «The young King thinks that his authority is suf-
ficiently secured by the regulations he has made. He may probably
finds himself deceived by the end of his reign». «<MOJIO)J;OH I\OpOJIL
YMaeT, lITO ero aBTopliITeT )J;OCTaTOlIHO orpaiK)J;eH rrpOBe)];eHH:bIM 11M
yperYJlHpOBaHHeM. BoaMomHO, OH 6y;a;eT pa301IapOBaH B nol-ttfe
CBoero n;apCTBOBaHHH».)
BbITL MomeT, Tropro 6bIJI He;a;OCTaTOlIHO )J;aJI:bHOBH)J;HbIM? MJIH
eMY He XBaTaJIO xpa6pOCTliI? HH TO HH ;a;pyroe, 6e3 COMHeHliIH. M:bI
,l];OJliKH:bI rrpHMliIpHTbCH C TeM, lITO He BH)J;HM rrOKa lIeJIOBeKa pe3KO-
fO, lIeJIOBeKa CHCTeM:bI, KaKHM HaM 06:bIlIHO ero PHCYIOT, HJIH ;a;OJlm-
RbI rrpe;a;rrOJIOmHTL, lITO B rrepB:bIB: rrepHO)J; Tropro C03HaTeJILHO
IIO;a;aBJIHeT B ce6e 8TH KalIeCTBa, CTapaHCL 6bITL JJ;HIIJlOMaTOM, c;a;ep-
mHBaTLCH, COrJIamaTLCH liI a;a;HT:b; a)J;liITb MHHHCTpa, KOTOpbIH
ero BbI6paJI, a,n;HTL BeJIHKOrO ropHcTa, KOTOpbIH ero rrO;a;)J;epmHBa-
eT, a)J;liITL rrapJIaMeHTapHeB, KOTOpbIX OH rrpe3HpaeT, 11, I{aK MbI
YBH;a;HM }J;aJILme, a;a;HTL TaI\me HOpOJIeBY. OIl, KaK BH;a;HO, COBep-
mHJI OIDliI6KY, 06bIlIHYro )];JIH rocy;a;apcTBeHHbIX Mymeii C ero TeM-
rrepaMeHTOM, TO eCTL C;a;epmHBaJI ce6H B TOT 6JIarOrrpHHTHbIH rrepH-
o;a;, Kor;a;a, )J;eHCTBYH pe3KO H 6bICTpO, Mor 6:bI 6e3 60JILmOrO pl:ICK8
,n;06HTLCH ycrrexa, H, HarrpOTHB, CTaJI 60JIee meCTHHM Tor}J;a, KOfp;a
rrepBMe HeY)J;alIH H CTOJIKHOBeHHH Tpe60BaJIH 60JIee TOHKOH urpM.
rOCYAapCTBeHHbIe MyiKH B:bI6HparoT HenO)J;XO;a;H ee BpeMH II: Tor;n;a,
Ror,n;a na;a;o npHHym)J;a TL ce6H, liI TOr)];a, Kor)J;a Ha)J;O rrpHHym)J;a TL
,n;Pyrlilx 2 .
16&
c ynOpeHHOCTblO, 'tJ:TO 3TII CJIOBa 6bIJIH rrpOH3HeceHbI Morry, BO BCHROM c.lIY-
ae HMeHHO B TOT eHb. OHR ynoMHHaIOTCH, 6e3 YRa3aHHH aBTopa, B Me-
Myapax repn;ora OpJIeaHCRoro.
1 Correspondance, t. II, p. 251 (rrHcbMo OT 11 HOH6pH).
' B ):IeH!. TopmecTBeHHoro ROpOJIeBCROro 3aCe):laHliIJI rrapJIaMeHTa rep-
or A ApKYP BOCCTaHOBHJI B PyaHe napJIaMeHT HopMaH HH. B TelleHH8
775 r. 6bIJIH nOCTeneHHO BOCCTaHOBJIeHT>I II PyrHe npoBHHII;naJILlIble napJIa-
eUT!»I B HX npeiI{HeM cocTaBe, npH orpoMHoM 3HTysBasMe Hapo a.
166 TfACTb nEPBAH. HA Eml{A
r .!taea VII BIOAmeTHaH
no JIHTHR a
ToJtna 0r,fJUtfep08 npu a80pe nopoJl,st, ca-
,-,.fble JteenO.M,bLcJte1£1£bLe 8bLaY.M,nU, cnall.nu,
HOBbLe nOCTpounu, a80ptfCJ8bLe npaaa'He-
CT8a, ny6Jtu'tf,1£oe .M,OTOBCT80 Jl,10608'HU'tf,'bL
nopoJt.R, U ee o'X:py ce'HU.R" epOJKaaU'bLe ;Jlca-
Jt08a'H:b.R, .MU'HUCTp08 U ux cJtY:HCa'l4ux, 1£a-.
epaa'bL, paaaa8ae.M,'bLe ua .M,UJtOCTU, - 8ce
DTO 60a.M,Y14aJto Jt1Oaeu, nOTOp'bL.M '11PUXO-
auJtOC'b TepneT'b 60Jt'bmue JtumeUU.R,. IIo-
a06'H,'bLU 'X:O'H,TpaCT He .Moe 1£pa8UT'bC.R,.
A66aT ]J;e BepH I
HACJIEACTBO
ABEATA
TEPP8
MIIHliICTp <pHHaHCOB Bcer a OKa3:bIBaeTCH B AOBOJILHO B:bIrO HOM
nOJIOmeHHH, KorAa HaCJIe):IT.eT yrrpaBJIeHHe, He rrOJIL30BaBmeeCH
norrYJIHpHOCTLIO. Ho TaRoe npellMy ecTBo CTaHOBliITCH em;e 60JIee
3Ha-qliITeJILH:bIM 11 npOllH:bIM, KorAa HerrorrYJIHpHOCTliI ero npe meCT-
BeHHHRa npOTliIBorrOCTaBJIHeTCH pemHTeJILHOe 03AOpOBJIeHHe o6cTa-
HOBKliI. TaRHM HMeHHO H 6:bIJI cJIy-qai C HaCJIeACTBOM Teppa.
3HaToRII liICTOpll1l <pHHaHcoB BO rJIaBe C MapHoHoM pea6liIJIHTliI-
pOBaJIII MeTOA:bI yrrpaBJIeHHH 8Toro MHHHCTpa, ROTOp:bIH, HeCOMIIeH-
HO, 6:bIJI, no KpaHHeH Mepe B CBoeM BeKe, CaM:bIM HeHaBHCTH:bIM
MIIHHCTpOM <pHHaHcoB2. B TOT AeH:b, KorAa Tropro 6epeT Ha ce6H
yrrpaBJIeHHe rocy apcTBeHH:bIMliI <pHHaHcaMliI, CTpaHe - BonpeRH
1. V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 70. 8TOT OTpLIBOK HanHcaH B KOHn;e n;apCTBO-
BaHHH JIIO}J;OBHKa XV. AJIH npaBJIeHHH JIIO,IJ;OBHKa XVI ,IJ;OCTaT01JHO 3aMeHHTb
CJIOBO «JII060BHHn;a» Ha «KopOJIeBa».
2 O,n;HaKO STO 6LIJIO Bce iRe H3BeeTHO ero cOBpeMeHHHI\aM. TaK, Mopo
rOBopHT: «EcJIH 6bI eMY }J;OBepHJIH B eJIe yrrpaBJIeHHH «pHHaHcaMH, y Hac
HHKor,n;a He 6LIJIO 6LI HII reHepaJIbHLIX mTaTOB, HII PeBOJIIOII;HH». (M o-
r e a u. Souvenirs, t. III, p. 34.) 8TH CJIOBa MOiRHO corrOCTaBHTL C CYi-K,D;e-
aHeM MapHoHa, KOTOpbIH ClIHTaeT, liTO rrpaBJIeHHe Teppa rro,n;apHJIO CTapOMY
nopH,IJ;KY JIHmHHX 20 JIeT. CaM BepH rrpH3HaeT Y Hero ,n;OCTOHHCTBa, HO He
BLlme, lIeM y «HHTeH,n;aHTa BOpa» HJIH «1JHHOBHHKa rro oTKyrraM». BLlcTyrraH
B ¥lIpep;HTeJIbHOM co6paHHH, JIe6peH, 6bIBmHH ceKpeTapL Morry, ;o;aeT 0 HeM
IIpeYBeJIH'tJeHHO xBaJIe6HLIH OT3LIB II cpaBHHBaeT ero c KOJIb6epOM H CIOJIJIB
(22 ceHTH6pH 1790 r.). CM.: Mar ion. Histoire financiere, t. I, chap. IX;
Job e z. La France sous Louis XV, t. VI.
rJ1A BA VII. BIOl{iRETHAR. IIOJIHTHRA
----
167
'/ Y 'liTO MOmHO 6bIJlO 6bI 1I0)];YMaT:b, CY)];H 110 )];paMaTliPleCKOMY
1'0.1."'" ,
ToBY ero nHCbMa H nOY"tJHTeJlLHbIM paCCI\a3aM 0 ero CBH;a;aHHH C
J\opOJleM, - He rpo3HT <pHHaHCOBaH I\aTaCTpo<j>a, IiI 3a Bce BpeMH
ero npe6bIBaHHH B MHHH TepCTBe na ropH30HTe ITe rrOHBHJIOCL HII
o,n;Boii Ty"tIH, B03Be aBmeliI rpo3Y.
B 1774 r. RpH3HC He Ha;a;BHraeTCH: OH yme rrpOH;a;eH. He TIopro
cerop;nll npe;a;CTOHT cnpaBliITLCH C HliIM; aTO C;a;eJIaJI Teppa e e nHTL
JleT Ha3a)];, 23 ;a;en:a6pH 1769 r.
B 1774 r. 61O)];meT (noHHTHe, KOTopoe em;e He BnOJITIe orrpe;a;e-
JIUJlOCb) HMeeT TepnHMbIH ;a;e<pH HT (rrOHHTHe, Tome e e He BrrOJI-
Be -qeTKoe). Ra3Ha"tIeicTBo OTIIOCHTeJIbHO 06eCIIe"tJeHO. tIT06bI
cy;a;UTL 00 aTOl\{, MbI pacnOJIaraeM pa3H:bIMH C"tJeTaMH, COCTaBJIeHHl>I-
MU Teppa B 1774 r., TIO;a;p06IIbIM C"tIeTOM, IIO;a;rOTOBJIeHH:bIM no rro-
py-qeHHID TlOpro, I\or)];a OH 3aHHJI CBOH IIOCT, H, HaI\OHen;, ero
CMeTH:bIMH rrpe)];nOJIOi-I\eHHHMH Ha 1775 r. 1; aTH ;a;OI\YMeHT:bI Tpe6y-
lOT orOBOpOI\, l\OTOp:bIe BbI3:bIBaIOTCH aMnHpH"tJeCKHMH MeTO;a;aMH TOB:
anOXH. Ha HX OCHOBe MomHO c,n;eJIaTb JIHmb rrpH6JIH3HTeJILHbIe
I
BbIBO;a;:bI.
B KOHn;e 1769 r., I\or;a;a a66aT Teppa npHcTynHJI R nCnOJIHeHHIO
o6H3aHHocTeii:, OH OKa3aJICH nepe;a; nOJIOmeHHeM, KOTopoe Mor c
nOJIH:bIM npaBOM Ha3BaTb nyraro HM: ;a;e<pHD;HT 6ro,n;meTa npeB:bICHJI
60 MJIH. <ppaHI\OB, npOCpOlIeHH:bIB: HeOTJIOmH:bIH ,n;OJIr IIepeBaJIliIJI 3a
100 MJIH. <j>paHI\OB; Bce ;a;OXO;a;bI 3a 1770 r. H sa HeCKOJILKO MeCHD;eB
1771 r. 6blJIH 3a6paH:bI Bnepe;a; H HspaCXO;a;OBaH:bI, B Racce He OCTa-
BaJIOCb HH o;a;Horo aRIO Ha Hym,n;:bI 1770 r. C Tex nop IIOJIOmeHHe
SHalIHTeJILHO y.rrYlImHJIOCL. M:bI nOCTapaeMCH 06pHcoBaTb ero B
06 HX "tIepTaX, no n03MomHOCTH OT,n;eJIHH 61O,n;meTH:bIe np06JIeMbI
OT Rpe,n;HTHo-Ra3Ha"tIeUCRHX np06JIeM, ROTopMe B ;a;ORYMeHTax TOB
anOXH nOCTOHHHO nepenJIeTaIOTCH.
Ha 1774 r. Teppa COCTanMJI O)];HII 3a ,n;pyrIIM TPH MaJIO OTJIH-
qalOIIJ;HXCH ,n;pyr OT ;n;pyra ClIeTa. aUH n03BOJIHIOT onpe,n;eJIliITb ;a;e<j>H-
D;HT OI\pyrJIeHHO B 27 MJIH. <ppaHI\OB npH paCXo)];ax B 234 MJIH.
(cTaTbH Deductions* He 6:bIJIa YQTeHa). RaJIOHH, BnOCJIe)];CTBHIZl
npOBe;IJ;H npOBepRY, YTBepm)];aJI, "tITO CYMMY ,n;e<pliID;liITa CJIe,n;yeT YBe-
JIHlIHTb HeCI\OJIbRO 60JIbme, -qeM Ha 12 MJIII., H ,n;OBeCTH npH6JIH3H-
TeJIbHO ;IJ;O 40 MJIH. <ppaHI\OB. Teppa B CBoeM OT"tJeTe JIro,n;OBHI\Y XVI,
npe;IJ;cTaBJIeIIIIOM B Mae HJIH }llOne 1774 r., He nORa3:bIBaeT HI!
Ae<PHD;HTa, HH ,n;ame 06 eii CYMMbl paCXO)];OB, a OCTaHaBJIIIBaeTCH
JIRIDb Ha ;IJ;OXo)];ax. Ho eCJIII CpaBITHTb YI\a3aHHbIe D;liI<PP:bI (pacxo)J;bI
/ TpH c''tfeTa, KOTOp:ble M:bI J.iICIIOJlb30BaJIH, npHBO)J;HTCH B «Recueil des
* omptes Rendus». (F 0 n C i n. Ope cit., p. 78; S C hell e, t. IV, p. 308.)
Deductions (6YKBaJILIIo: BLIqeT:bI) - CTaT:bH pacxo;o;oB, B ROTOpOH
;naTJUJIHCL 06:bIQHO npOn;eHT:bI Ha CYMM:bI, B:bI)J;aHH:bIe Bnepe)J; OTKYII HKaMB
It oCY apcTBeHHLIx HaJIOrOB, a TaKiRe norameHHe 3THX aBaHCOB, norameIIHe
p npOn;eIIT:bI Ha CYMM:bI, 3aHHTLle y 06JIaCTeH, HMeBmnx MeCTH:bIe mTa T:bI,
Y. CXO l1.:bI Ha BSHMaHHe nO}J;aTeii J2I HeKOTOp:bIe KOpOJIeBCKHe pacxo)J;:bI. -
PU.M,. pea.
168
qACTb nEPBAH. HAl{EH\l{A.
B 225 MJIH. H )J;OXO)J;:bI B 210 MJIH.), TO, CJIe)J;OBaTeJI:bHO, ;a;e<j>n:U;UT
COCTaBHT 15 MJIH. <j>paHRoB. MHorHe HCCJle;a;OBaTeJlH rrOCTaBHJIH nOJJ:
COMHeHHe CqeTa a66aTa Teppa liI corrOCTaBliIJlH HX co C"tJeTaMH TIOp-
roo O;a;HaRo B D;eJIOM OHH COBna.1IH.
B nepBOM C"tJeTe TIopro rrepec"tJHT:bIBaeT ;a;OXO;a;bI C rrpeBbImeHHeM
B 11 MJIH., a paCXO;a;:bI C rrpeB:bImeHHCM B 32 MJIH., H3 'tIero TaI{On
aBTOp, RaR <DoHceH, aaRJlIO"tJaeT, "tJTO Teppa aaHHMaeTCH o6MaHoM.
Ho CJIe;a;yeT rrpHHHT:b BO BHHMaHHe, 'tITO TIOpro rrOKa3:bIBaeT cpep;lI
paCXO)J;OB 15 MJlH. <ppaHKoB, liI)J;Y He Ha rrorameHHe )J;OJlrOB, HOTO-
'p:bIe Teppa He yqHT:bIBaeT. ECJIH He C"tJHTaTI> aTliI 15 MJIH., Torp;a
()KameTCH, 'tITO paCXO;D;:bI rrpeYMeHbmeH:bI JlUmb Ha 17 MJlH., HO, C
}];pyroH CTOpOH:bI, CJIe;a;y_eT y"tJUT:bIBaTL TaKme H aaHHmeHHe )J;OXOP;OB,
It Tor;a;a pa3HHD;a B D;eJlOM COCTaBUT JIllml> 6-7 MJIH. <ppaHHoB, 'tITO
He rrpeB:bImaeT 06:bI"tJHO B03MOmH:bIX omliI6oK UJlliI pacxom;a;eHHH B
pac"tJeTax ;a;BYX HaHD;eJIHpHH (K TOMY me :3Ta D;H<ppa IIpH6JIHaHTeJI:b-
no cooTBeTcTByeT cYMMe nerrpe)J;BH)J;eHH:bIX paCXo;a;OB). ECJIH B I\OH-
D;e KOHD;OB OCTaHOBHTbCH Ha rrepBOH D;H<ppe [;a;e<pHD;HTa] Tepp3,
J];JIH 1774 r., 60JIee B:bICOKOH, 'tIeM y TIOpro (6e3 IIorameHHH )J;OJI-
rOB), TO Mbl IIpHXO)J;liIM K BLIBo;a;y, 'tITO ;a;e<pUD;UT COCTaBJIHJI MeHee
f3 °/0 CYMM:bI 6IO)J;meTH:bIX paCXO;a;OB, Tome aaHliIiKeHHOH.
CMeTH:bIe IIpe;a;rrOJIOmeHHH TIOpro Ha 1775 r., r)J;e rrpHHHMaIOTCH
BO BHHMaHHe pa3JIH'tIH:bIe Mep:bI 6IO;a;meTHoH rrOJIHTHKH, IIpe;a;YCMaT-
pHBaIOT ;a;e<pliID;HT B paaMepe 21 500 T:bIC. q.paHKoB IIPliI paCXo;a;ax B
235 MJIH., 6e3 yqeTa 15 MJlH. <ppaHKoB Ha IIorameHHe )J;OJIrOB, CJIe-
OBaTeJIbHO, ;a;eq.HD;HT COCTaBJIHeT MeHee 9 °/0 CYMM:bI 6IO;a;meTHbIx
paCXO)J;OB, a eCJIH TIe 6paTb BO BHHMaHliIe HCKameHHe, TO HeCKOJI:bI\O
60JIee 5 °/0. Ii TaH, B HaqaJIe D;apCTBOBaHHH JIIO)J;oBHKa XV ;a;e<pHD;HT
gocTHraJI IIpHMepHO 50 °/0, Tor;a;a KaK B 1789 r. OH COCTaBHT Bcero
20°10 pacxo)J;oB 1. .
ITo;a;o6HaH cHTyaD;uH, p CCMOTpeHHaH, HaK M:bI IIO)J;"tJepI\HBaeM,
TOJIbRO C 6IO)J;meTHOH H <pHHaHCOBOH TOqeK 3peHHH, He TaliIJIa B ce6e
nu"tJero ;a;paMaTHqeCKoro. <DpaHD;HH B TY arroxy MOrJIa BbI;a;epmaTb
necf>nD;HT B pa3Mepe 20 MJIH. B rrepeCqeTe rro HameMY HH)J;eKCY, rrpu
Rcex npO'tIHX paBH:bIX YCJlOBHHX, OH COCTaBHJI 6:bI cerO;a;HH JIMill:b
40 IJIp;a;. MomHo TaKme ;a;orrYCTHTb, 'tITO, eCJIH 6:bI Tor;a;a COqJIH He-
()6xoI(nM:bIM JIHKBH)J;HpOBaT:b aTOT )J;e<pHD;HT H )J;06HT:bCH IIOJIHOrO
pannOBeCIIH 6Iop;meTa, TaKaH aa;a;aqa He 6:bIJIa 6:bI HeB:bIIIOJIHHMOH
(J,[\1\ ZvlhI YBH)J;HM ;a;aJIbme, np06JIeMa Ha CaMOI\1: ;a;eJIe COCTOHJIa B
"TIOM). 8TO OTHOCHTeJIbHO 6JIarOrrpHHTHoe BrreqaTJIeHHe 3aMeTHO
YCHJIHBaeTCH, eCJIH paccMaTpHBaTb 8BOJIIOD;HIO ,n;e<j>HD;HTa 3a IIOCJIe;a;-
Bile HeCROJIbRO JIeT. B <pHHaHCOB:bIX Borrpocax Bcer)J;a caMoe BarKHoe
npIIHHMaT:b BO BHHMaHHe He a6COJIIOTHOe 3HaqeHHe D;H<PP, B3HT:bIX
1 OP;Ha:I\O CJIep;yeT oTMeTHTb, 'ITO, ITO MHeHHIO KaJIOHHa, B BTH paC'IeTLI
CJleAyeT BHeCTH onpep;eJIeHHbIe KoppeKTHBbI H YBeJIH'IHTb p;ecpHD;HT Ha
12 OO 000 cppaHKoB, HHbIMH CJIOBaMH, p;ecpHD;HT B D;eJIOM COCTaBJIlIJI
40 218 443 cppaHI\a. «<Hecueil des Comptes Hendus», p. 111.)
rJIA BA ViI. BIOp'H\ETHAH nOJIHTHRA
--
169
ga J\aKYIO-HH6y;a;b orrpe;a;eJIeHHYIO ,n;aTY, a BHJ.(eTL CHTya HIO B paa-
BIITIIII. JIHHHH Bcer,n;a 60JIee IIOKaaaTeJIbHa, -qeM O;a;Ha TOlIK . llTaK,
aCCMaTpl1BaeMLIH ,n;e<pH HT IIOpH;a;Ka 20-30 MJIH. HBJIHeTCH
cTaTlwM rOpa3)];O OOJlLmerO )];e<pHD;HTa B 100 MJlH. <ppaHKoB. MeTo-
AbI ynpaBJIeHHH a66aTa Teppa, YMeBmero «peaaTb, KaK 6pHTBa», B
npaB a nOaBOJIHJIH «cpeaaTL» C ,n;e<pHII;HTa 80 MJIH. <ppaHKoB, npH-
qeM 60 MJIH. aa ClIeT HCrrOJILaOBaHHH HOBLIX HCTOlIHBKOB ;a;OXO;a;OB,.
qTO cero,n;HH HaaBaJIH 6LI cyrrep<pHcRaJILHOH cliIcTeMoii, a 20 MJIH.
3a ClIeT YMeHLmeHHH rocy,n;apCTBeHHLIX ,n;OJIrOB 6JIarO,TJ;apH orrepa-
n;HSM, YCJIOBHO HaaBaHHDIM 6aHKpoTcTBaMH. IIo;a;o6Hoe onpe,TJ;eJIe-
u
HHe HeJILaH Ha3BaTL HII COBepmeHHO HeYMeCTHDIM, UII ;a;eHCTBH-
TeJlLHO orrpa:B;a;aHHLIM 1.
1 I.J;ucppa 80 MJIH. cppaHKoB, YKasaHHaH Teppa B ero naMHTHoH saIIHCKe'
JIro,n;OBHKY XVI, MOiKeT Hac y,n;HBHTL, TaK KaK MLI UOClIIITaJIII (BMeCTe C HHM)
,n;e.pBD;HT 1763 r. B 76 MJIH. 8TO pacxom,n;eHHe 06'LHc.HHeTcH nOHBJIeHlIeM HO-
BLIX pacxo oB. Ii TaK, eCJIH MLI npocTo corrOCTaBHM ,n;ecpHn;IITLI 1774 H 1769 rr.,
TO BLIHBJ2IM pasHHn;y Bcero B 50 MJIH. cppaHKOB, liTO Bce me 0603Ha'IaeT ero.
cOKpaID;eHHe Ha 2/3.
CaMa n;Hcppa 80 MJIH. cppaHKoB, COCTOHID;aH HS 60 MJIH. }J;onOJIHHTeJIL'P""
HLIX }J;OXO,n;OB H 20 MJlH. norameHHH }J;OJIrOB, npH6JIHSJ2ITeJILHO BepHa, XOTjI£
fiOCJleP;YIOID;He paC'IeTLI HeCKOJILKO 3anYTaHHLI. B aTOM MOiKHO y6e HTbau
CJIe,n;YIOID;HM 06paSOM. B ClIeTe 1772 r. B CTaTLe «BpeMeHHoe npeKpaID;eHIIIE!)!
HJIH YMeHLmeHHe nJIaTemeH» «<Suspension et retrachements») TepP9 Ha3LI-
BaeT 38 630 TLIC. cppaHKoB, HO B aTY C.YMMY OH BKJIlO'IaeT ,n;OJIrH, norameHHe
KOTOpLIX OTCpO'IeHO, TO eCTL 17 MJIH. cppaHKoB. OH caM cnpaBe}J;JIHBO 3aMe-
tIaeT no aTOMY rro, BO)J;Y 'ITO aTO HeJIL3H HaSBaTL aKOHOMHeH B HCTHHHOM
CMLICJle aToro CJIOBa. CJIe}J;OBaTeJILHO, B03MomHO, XOTH Teppa aToro H Be
IIOHCHHeT, 'ITO B CBoeH CMeTe Ha 1774 r. OB BLIlIeJI HS 06ID;ero HTora CYMMLI,
HP;ym;He B norameHHe ,n;OJIrOB, 1JTO saBLImaeT peaJILHYIO n;HcpPY Ha 60JIee
qeM 20 MJIH. IIpoBe}J;eHHe nO)];06HOH onepan;HJ2I CBH,n;eTeJILCTByeT 0 TOM, 'ITO
Teppa He lIym}J;LI 'IHCTO 61O,n;meTHLIe nOHHTHH.
B TOM me C1IeTe sa 1772 r. OH B CTaTLe «HoBLIe HaJIOrH» :BHOBb nOBTop-
HO ynoMHHaeT 25100 TLIC. cppaHKoB, a B c.TaTLe «¥JIY'ImeHHH» (r)];e OH,
!{CTaTH, nYTaeT cpHCKaJILHLIe OXO,n;LI 11. )J;OXO}J;LI C ,n;OMeHOB) - 11 319 TLIC. t
"TO eCTb Bcero 36 419 TLIC., HO HeKoTopLIe J2I3 nop;o6HLIX On;eHOK HeMHoro
aaHHiReHLI. KaK, O}J;HaKO, nOHHTb pa3HHn;y Mem}J;Y aToH nocJIe)];Heii D;Hcppoi
H CYMMOii 60 MJIH. cppaHKoB? OHa 06'LHCHHeTCH, nOMHMO SHa1JHTeJILHOrO 3a-
HU eHHH On;eHOI{, 6JIarOnpHHTHoii aBOJIIOD;HeH p;OXO OB J2I J2I3MeHeHHeM YCJIO-
BUH HOBLIX apeHp;HLIX }J;orOBopOB C reHepaJILHLIMH oTKyn HKaMH. TaKHM
06pa30M, 06ID;aH CYMMa )J;O:XOP;OB B 1775 r. BOSpOCJIa )];0 366 879 TLIC. cppaHKoB
npOTHB npe-mHHX 348279570 cppaHKOB, TO eCTL YBeJIH1JHJIaCb Ha 18600 TLIC..)
II, eCJIH }J;06aBHTL ee K CYMMe, nOJIyqeHHOH B 1772 r., OHa COCTaBHT npH6JIH-
3HTeJILHO 55 MJIH. cppaHKoB. EeCIIOJIe3HO p;o6HBaTbcH e e 60JILmeii TOtJHO-
CTH H sa6HpaTLcH B }J;e6pH cTaTeH pacxop;oB.
MTaK, 06ID;He p;aHHLIe B C1JeTaX Teppa OTHIOP;L He KamYTCH HaM rrpo-
H3BOJlLHLIMH, H, He ClIHTaH Koe-KaKHX }J;eTaJIeii, J2IX He MorYT onpOBeprnYT"b
paCQ6TLI Tropro. IIoaToMY TPY}J;HO nOHHTL CypOBOCTL cymp;eHHH HeKOTopbIX
rBTOPOB, KOTopLIe OC,HOBLIBaIOTCH JIllmL Ha C1JeTaX 1772 r. rOTOBH 8TH CtIeTa)
epp8 Hap;eHJICH OrpaHHtIHTL p;ecpHn;HT 5 MJIH. cppaHKon; eMY He yp;aJIOCL JJ;O-
611TbCH aToro II3-3a HOBLIX pacxop;OB H HeB03MomHOCTH ocym;ecTBHTL HaMe-
'tfeUHyro aKOHOMHIO 3a C1JeT YMeHLmeHHH BoeHHLIX paCXO)J;OB. B aTOM HeT
HIIQero Heo6bI'IHOro. «B 60JIee nosp;Heii naMHTHOH 3anHCKe aooaT npH3HaJl-
CH, - OBOJlbHO OO'LeKTHBHO OTMeqaeT illeJIJIL (8 C hell e, t. IV, p. 12), - qTO
170
'lACTb nEPBAFl. HAl{EiRl{A.
IIpH H3LICRaHHliI HCTOlIHHROB OXO;a;OB Teppa IIORa3aJI ce6H
npe;a;BeCTHHKOM COBpeMeHHMX MeTO,IJ;OB, TaR RaR OT;a;aBaJI rrpe;a;rro -
TeHliIe ROCBeHHOMY HaJIOry, 06eCrrelIHBalO eMY BLICORYro ;a;OXO));-
ROCTL B KpaTlIaHmHe CpORH. IIpliI aTOM OH He rrO p:bIBaeT OCBOB
9KOHOMHRliI liI B:bI3LIBaeT HaliIMeHLmee rrCHXOJIOrHlIeCKOe pa3 pame-
HHe. Ero aHaJIH3 3Toro Borrpoca, CXO;a;HbIH C aHaJIH30M MOHTecRLe,
HBJIHeTCH me eBpOM HCHOCTH, H ame cerO;D;HH K HeMY IIOlITH HelIe-
ro A06aBliITL.
«HaJIOrH Ha paCXO;a;LI HaHMenee o6peMeHliITeJILHLI... OHI! B3HMa-
IOTCH IIOCTeneHHO B:, TaR CKa3aTL, ne3aMeTHO». OH 3aMelIaeT, O;a;Ha-
KO, lITO liIX B3HMaHue CBH3aHO C HaH60JILmHMB: H3;a;epml{aMH.
II03eMeJILHLIH HaJIOr HJIII HaJIOr Ha OXO LI OT IIOJIL30BaHHH 3eMJIe:n
:( 3eMeJILHLIe ;a;OXO;a;LI B TY 9IIOXY 6LIJIH HaH60JIee 3HalIHTeJILHLIMH)
Momno 6paTL B paClIeT TOJIbRO B CJIYlIae, eCJIH ero pa3MepLI CRPOM-
Bbl. A aTO 03HalIaeT, lITO B TOH cliITya liIlI IIoHa;a;06HJIOCL 6M
18 Ba aTHH... O;a;HaKo KOCBeHHblH HaJIOr CJIe yeT ;a;H<p<pepeH H-
pOBaTL: npO;a;YKTLI IIepBoH Heo6xo;a;HMOCTH (3epHo) ;a;OJImHLI6bITL
OT Hero oCB060iK;a;eHLI, CROT oJlmen 06JIaraTLCH 01IeHL He3HalIH-
TeJlLHO, BliIHO - HeMHoro 60JILme, rpy6LIe TRaHH - 01IeHL MaJIO, a
npe,IJ;MeTLI pOCRomH - 01IeHL BblCORO H T. ;a;. Teppa, H3BeCTHbIH
CBOHM liIHliIlIHblM YMOM, OTHIO;a;L He OTBepraeT CO HaJILHOH TOlIKH
3peHHH. «lliIITeJleH ;a;epeBeHb He rrpH;a;eTCH a;a;HTb npB: c60pe HaJIO-
rOB aToro pO;a;a», RaK «caMLIH MHOrOlIHCJIeHHLIH liI caMMH 6e;a;HbIH
I\JIacc», lITO, RCTaTH, 01IeHL y;a;alIHO COOTBeTcTByeT lIliICTO rrpaKTliIlIe-
CKHM co06pameHHHM: «B3HMaHHe C HHX HaJIOrOB 060mJIOCL 6LI
CJIHmKOM ;a;oporo II 6LIJIO 6LI Bo06 e IIOlITII HeB03MOiKHO». TaKHM
06pa30M, OH 3a6 BHLIM OROJILHblM nYTeM npHCOe;a;IIHHJICH I{ rrpe;a;-
paccy;a;KY <pH3HOKpaTOB II caMoro TlOpro, HaCTpoeHHblX npoTHB
ropomaH: «BoralIliI H 6ypmya TaM 6e3;a;eJILHIIKH H JIeHTHH; OHH CO-
6HpaIOTCH B ropo;a;ax TOJILKO ,n;JIH pa3BJIelIeHHH». II BOT CHOBa
nOHBJIHeTCH HHHI{: «ECJIH OHB: naii,n;YT HaJlOr CJIHmKOM THmeJIbIM,
iKM3IIb B ;a;epeBHe HX OT nero OCB060,IJ;HT». Teppa ,n;ame npIIBO;n;HT
B rrpHMep AHrJIHIO (1160 eCJlH B aTOM cTpane npHMOM HaJIOr cocpe-
oTo-qeH Ha rr03eMeJIbHOM ;D;OxO,IJ;e - K pa,n;ocTH <pH3HOKpaTOB, - TO
cpaKTH'tIeCIUI pacxo LI npeBLICHJlH Bce On;eHHH». CJIOBO «lIpJ2I3HaJICH» HaM Ka-
iKeTCH 3p;eCL HeYMec.TIIbIM. MLI CqlITaeM TaKiRe CJIHmI{OM CYPOD:bIM CYiR e-
HHe aToro aBTopa, Ror a OH IIHmeT: «A66aT Teppa OCTaBHJI rocyp;apcTBeHH:ble
«pHHanCbI B rrJIa'tleBIIOM COCTOHHHH» (p. 65).
JJ;pyrHe RPHTHRH ollHpalOTcH Ha «peaJILHbIe CMeTbl» 1774 r., no OlIn
6e3Hap;eiRHO 3arrYTaJIIICL B nOHHTJ.IHX «6IOp;iReT» II «Ka3Ha1JeHCTBO». TaR,
ByaTo, rOBopH 0 ;o;e<pIID;HTe, Ha3LIBaeT 48 MJIH. <pp., nOKpbITbIX lIoJly'tleHHbIMH
Bnepe oxo aMH. Ho O;O;HOBpeMeHHO OH YKaSbIBaeT «CYMMbI, H;o;ym;He B no-
rameHHe OJlrOB H Ha ocym;eCTBJIeHHe OC06bIX rrJIaTemeib), B pa3Mepe 75 MJIH.
(B 0 i tea u. La France en 1789, p. 395.) M H em;e aJIbme 110 aToMy rrYTH,
([>oHeeH C'tIHTaeT, 'tITO Teppa «YTaJ2IJI» 80 MJlH. <ppaHKoB 1I0TepL Ha oxo ax
II 120 MJlH. npeB:bImeHHH pacxo}J;oB, «y6HHcTBeHHLIe n;H<pPbD), )J;06aBJlHeT OH,
no COBepmeHH6 a6CYP HbIe (p. 79).
rJIA.BA VII. BIOl{JRETHAH. I1QJ1HTHRA
=------
II 1\OCBeHHOe 06JIOmeHHe npUMeHHeTCH He MeHee mupORO), OH CKJIO,..
ageTCS! TeOpUI?I «populationniste et travailliste» (Mo y ecTBo
rocyp;apCTBa 3aBUCUT OT MHoro-qUCJIeHHOCTU ero mUTeJIeH I?I Toro,
qe:M: roey,n;apCTBO CYMeeT 3aHHTb UX PYRU), a OCHOBbI aTOll reopUH
3aJIO.meHbI B Tpy,n;ax TaRepa U raJIl?IaHU, ROTOpbIX TaR n;eHHT TlOp-
ro 1. IIpl?I CBoeH ,n;ep30CTU Teppa -qYBCTBOBaJI 6bI ce6H nerrpuHym-
p;eH HO B JII06ylO arroxy H rrepe,n; JII060H np06JIeMOH. HaJIor Ha I\anH-
TaJI He ucrryraJI 6bI ero. «IIo,n;06HbIH HaJIOr - e,n;UHCTBCHHblii, lCOTO-
pbIH 'MomeT naCTl?IrHYTb -qaCTHoe JII?I1:(O, "tIbe 60raTCTBO crrpHTaHO B'
ero 6YMamHUKe». HaKoHen;, OH C rropa3UTeJIbHOH qeTI\OCTblO <p O pl\lY-
JlBpyeT 1?I3BeqHbIH rrpl?IH1:(l?In .pI?IHaHCOBoro rrparMaTH3Ma: rrpellMY-
eCTBO CTapbIX naJIOrOB (<Hapo,n;, rrpUBbIRmUH R RaHOMY-JI1I6Q)
HaJIOry, BCTpe"tlaeT 3aMeHY ero ,n;pyrl?IM JIUmb RaK 60JIee THmI\oe
6peMH» ), CTpax nepe,n; HeU3BeCTHbIM (<MbI 3HaeM, RaROH ,IJ;OXOA
npHHOCI?IT cy ecTBYIO HH HaJIOr, a ero 3aMeHa, B03MomHO, ,n;aCT
MeHbme») H, naROHen;, rJIaBHaH 3a60Ta - 0 eme,IJ;HeBHOM rrocTyrr-
JIeHI?IH oxo a (<<ROTopaH He ,n;orrYCRaeT pl?ICKa rrpUOCTaHOBI?ITb IlO-
cTyrrJIeHI?IH XOTH 6bI Ha O,n;UH ,n;eHb» ) .
XOTH Teppa I?I OT,n;aBaJI rrpe rro-qTeHue HaJIOry Ha pacxo,n;M, Oil
CYMeJI 06I?ITLCH OBOJIbHO 3HaQl?ITeJILHMX rrocTyrrJIeHUH I?I OT rrpH-
Moro HaJIOra, H B aTOM CJIyqae eMY npeRpaCHO y,n;aJIOCb YBH3aT&
aa60TY 0 OXO HOCTU C 3a60ToH 0 cnpaBe,n;JIHBOcTU. TaR 6bIJIO,
narrpl?IMep, C 06JIOmeHI?IeM RaIIHTa1:(l?IeH * rrapumcRoH 6ypmya3HI?I-
npaRTI?IRa B3l?IMaHHH aToro HaJIOra onycRaJIa MHoro-qUCJIeHHbIe
CJIYlJaH oCB060m,n;eHuH OT Hero I?I npe OCTaBJIeHI?IH ne3aKOHHbIX
JIbrOT. Ho 6JIaro,n;apH y,n;a-qHoH rreperrucl?I HaCeJIeHHH Teppa rro,n;HHJI
lJ;OXO;IJ; OT B3UMaHI?IH aToro naJIora C 850 TbIC. ,n;0 1400' TbIC. .ppaH-
ROB. TaR me 6bIJIO H C ,n;Ba,n;n;aTUHaMu. C O,n;HOH CTOpOHbI, OH 06ec-
neqHJI ux rrpo,n;JIeHUe I?I OTMeHUJI HeBepOHTHoe pacrropHmeHHe 06
ax 3aMopamHBaHUU, rrpl?IHHTOe rrapJIaMeHTaMU. C ,n;pyroH CTOpOHbI,
OR npl?IKa3aJI rrpOBeCTH reHepaJrbHYIO peBU31?I1O Bcex 3eMeJIb, rrOlJ;-
nemam;UX 06JIOmeHI?IIO, -qTO ,n;OJImHO 6bIJIO, rro ero MHeHHIO, nOBbl-
CRTb OXO,n;HOCTb HaJIOra Ha O,n;HY ,n;eBHTYIO. OH nOCTOHHHO rrpOTI?I-
BIIJICH BceM rrpe;IJ;JIOmeHHHM rrOJIy-qUTb TaRoe fKe YBeJIJ:IlJeHHe
60JIee JIerRUM rrYTeM - rrYTeM rrporrOpn;I?IOHaJIbHOrO 06JIOmeHI?IH,
'ITO TOJIbKO YBeJIUlJl?IJIO 6bI HepaBeHCTBO.
B HOH6pbCROM a UKTe 1771 r., nOCBH eHHOM aTOMY Borrpocy"
a B IIOCJIe;IJ;YIOill;HX urrCTpYRn;UHX Momrro C rrOJIHbIM OCHOBaHueM'
171
f./. CM.: E. F a u r e. Les Bases experimentales et doctrinales de la po-
*ltlque economique de Turgot.
u KanHTan;HH - 'tJpe3BLPIaHHLIM HaJIOr Ha ,r:r;OXo,r:r;, B rrpHnD;Hrre JIOJRHB-
lIIuncH na Bce naCeJIeHHe H }J;oxo}J;HBmHH }J;O 7 % }J;oxo}J;a. BLIJI YlIpem,r:r;eH B
aa'tJaJIe BounLI 3a HcrraHCKoe naCJIe}J;CTBO, rrpH'tJeM rrpHBHJIerHpOBaHHLIe
RJIaccLI JIerRO rrpHo6peTaJIH oCBo6om,r:r;eHHe H o6JIer'tJenHe, H BCH THiReCT:b
O'RHJIaCL ,r:r;ame He na 60raTYro 6ypmya3Hro, a Ha pa30peHHYIo Hapo}J;HYIO)
accy. - II pUM. pea.
172
lJACTb IlEPBAH.. IIAp,EiRl{A
YCMOTpeTb nporpecc B )];eHe ycraHoBHeHHH CnpaBe)];HUBOrO HaHOrO-
06HOmeHHH H )];ame HeRUH aT an Ha nYTU K BBe)];eHHIO n03eMeH:bHOro
HaHora, «6eCKOHe'tIHble npeHMy ecTBa» HOToporo )];HH C'tIaCT:bH If
cnOKOHCTBUH HapO)];a nO)];qepKHBaeT a66aT Teppa, KaK HCTUHHMi
«pH3UOKpaT, XOTH U 6e3 BCHKoro TeOpeTH'tIeCKOrO 060CHOBaHUH.OTOT
8bIHecmUH CTOHbKO Hana)];OK MHHHCTp HanHcaH co6CTBeHHOH PYKOi:i
Ha nHC:bMe HeKoero HHTeH)];aHTa: «.R 60H:bme CTapalOCb )];06UTbCH
paBeHcTBa B paCnpe)];eHeHHH HaHora, 'tIeM TOqHOH ynHaTM )];Ba)]; a-
TUHhI». YBeHU'tIUBaT:b )];OXO)];HOCTb HaHoroo6HomeHHH nYTeM 60Hee
CnpaBe)];HHBOrO paCnpe)];eHeHUH, a He ero YBeHU'tIeHUH - aTO Tome
cnoco6 OCTaT:bCH BepHbIM )];OKTpHHe 6e36oHe3HeHHoro HaHora. CHY-
qaeTCH, O)];HaKO, 'tITO rrpH ocy ecTBHeHHU aTHX npUH unOB Teppa
npu6eraeT K TaKUM MepaM, KOTopbIe U)];YT Bpa3pe3 C nOCTaBHeHHbI-
MH HM n;eHHMH. OH 60Hbme Bcero HI06uT Henpe)];BH)];eHHble )];OXO)];bI,
KOTopbIe BbI3bIBalOT HHmb YMepeHHoe He)];OBOHbCTBO HHH 3aTparu-
BalOT HHmb O)];HY KaTeropHIO HIO)];eH, - no KpaHHeH Mepe TaK OB
AYMaeT, - HO HaRonHeHHe KOTOpbIX )];aeT HeMaHbIH pe3YH:bTaT.
nOpOH pe'tIb U)];eT 0 6e306u)];HbIX o6HomeHHHx BpO)];e nHaTbI 3a RHeH-
MeHHe, oCTaBmeHcH JIum:b B npoeKTe, HaHora Ha KpaxMaH, Ha 6YMa-
ry II KapToH U T. )];. lIopoH aTU pecpopMbI o-qeHb pa3YMHhI, BpO)];e
TaKMX, KaK B3HMaHHe COToro )];eHbe C HHBpa )];OXO)];OB OT )];OHm-
HocTeH, 3anHCb HrrOTeK. B )];PyrHx cHy'tIaHX Teppa BorrpeKH CBoe-
MY 06bIKHOBeHUIO meJI Ha pUCK BbI3BaTb HerO)];OBaHUe H ocym)];eHHe,
COBepmeHHO Hecopa3MepHbIe C nOHyqaeMOH BbIrO)];OH: TaKOBbI c)];a'tIa
B apeH)];y qaCTHbIX BHa)];eHUH, 0 KOTOpOH MbI yme rOBOpHJIH, HHH
neperrpo)];ama rocy)];apCTBOM )];OJImHOCTeH, yme H:yrr:IeHHbIX rrpOBHH-
D;HHMH. OTO 6bIHa HH3KaH II B03MYTHTeHbHaH MaXI1Han;HH, KOTopaH
CTaHa npe)];MeTOM 3HaMeHHToro )];HaHOra Teppa C CHH)];HI{OM JIaH-
re)];OKa.
«Ho MeCbe, aTO 3Ha'tIHT B3HTb H3 'tIymoro I{apMaHa!
- OTKy)];a me BbI XOTHTe, 'tITo6bI H 6paH?» 1
qTO me HacaeTCH CTaTbH YMeHbmeHHH )];OHrOB, TO )];eHCTBHH
Teppa npe)];CTaBHHJDT C060H Heo6bIKHOBeHHYlO CMeCb )];ep30CTH H
OCTOpOiKHOCTH. lIo o6pa3n;y 6e36oHe3HeHHoro HaHora OH H eT crro-
C060B 6e36oJIe3HeHHoro 6aHKpOTCTBa H )];eHCTBHTeHbHO JIaXO)];HT ero.
On COKpam;aeT Ha 15- 30 % neHCHH, pa3MepOM CBblme 600 JIHBpOB,
'ITO, C O)];HOH CTOpOH.bI, 3aTparUBaeT HHTepeCbI HIO)];eH COCTOHTeJIb-
UbIX HHH rroHy-qalO HX HX B CUHY 3HoyrroTpe6HeHHH, HO 3aTO, C
]J;pyroH - YBeHUqHBaeT 'tIHCHO Tex, I{TO CHHmKOM rpOMKO KPH'tIHT
HJIH HMeeT rreROTopoe BHHHHHe. OH pemaeT caKOHOMHTb Ha norame-
HHH )];OHra (17 MHH.)... H B TO me BpeMH noraCHTb ero, rrorrpOCTY
ype3bIBaH 6eCCpO'tIHbIe peHTbI Ha 1/15, a nomH3HeHHbIe peHTbI Ha
1/10 u, HaKOHen;, caMOBOH:bHO COKpam;aH npOn;eHTHYIO CTaBHY no
neKOTopbIM 3aHMaM. ECHU XOTUTe, aTO 6aHKpoTcTBO H HapymeHHe
t V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 184.
rJ1.A BA VII. BIOl{iRETHAH llOJ1HTHRA
......
-
173
f<OBTpaKTa; HO aTa Mepa no CBoeMY 3HalIeHHIO He OTJIUlIaeTCH OT
B3HMaHHH HaJIOra, a MomHO 6bIJIO OmH)];aTb H xy)];mero: «Rpe)];HTO-
pbI rocy,n;ApCTBa HeMaJIO HaTepneJIHCb OT rp03Horo a66aTa, HO Bce
il\e em;e 60JIbme 60HJIHC:b ero na)];eHHH». R TOMY me MHorHe 113 HHX
nOKynaJIH [rocy,n;apCTBeHHbIe 6YMarH] 3HatIHTeJIbHO HUiKe HOMH-
aRJlbHOi n;eH:bI 1. CaMaH cypOBaH Mepa Teppa KaCaJIaCb Ra3HalleH-
'CTBa - 3TO BpeMeHHoe npeKpa eHHe IIJIaTemeH no HeK TOp:bIM
rocy,n;apCTBeHH:bIM 06H3aTeJIbCTBaM qaCTHOro xapaHTepa, no npe,n;-
nHcaHHHM reHepaJIbH:bIX C60p HKOB H 6HJIeTaM reHepaJI:bH:bIX
OTKynm;HKOB, lITO COCTaBJIHJIO OHOJIO 120-130 MJIH. <ppaHKoB. AHa-
JIorU"IlHaH Mepa 6bIJIa npUHHTa B 1750 r. CHJIyaTToM H He npHHeCJI8
eMY y)];a'llH 2. Teppa OT,n;eJIaJICH JIer'lle. XOTH H C lIbImaJIHCb TOJIKH 0
pa30peHHHX, caMoy6HHcTBax, 0 6e3BHHHbIX CTpa,n;aJI:bn;ax, 60JI:bmaH
.qaCT:b aTHX BeKCeJIei OKa3aJIaCb B pYKax .pHHaHCHCTOB H 6bIJIa CKO-
pee opy,n;HeM amHOTama, "IeM HaKOIIJIeHHH; llIHpOKaH ny6JIHKa Ta-
i\HMH ,n;eJIaMH He HHTepeCOBaJIaCb. M3,n;aTeJI:b «MeMyapOB» Teppa
{)TMe'llaeT, 'liTO aTO ,n;eJIO COBIIaJIO C na,n;eHHeM n;eH Ha xJIe6 H «Hapo,n;,
KOToporo JIHIDb KOCBeHHO KOCHYJIHCb IIOCJIeAHHe BbIna,n;bI aToro
MHHHCTpa, He nHTaJI K He MY TaKOH HeIIpHH3HH, KaK OCTaJI:bHaH
uy6JIHKa». R TOMY me pacrrpOCTpaHHJICH CJIYX, 6y,n;TO Teppa npH-
mJIOCb IIp:rr6erHYTb K TaKOMY MaHeBpy, "ITo6bI H36emaT:b JIOBymKH,
paCCTaBJIeHHOH eMY rrapTHei IDya3eJIH, H HeHOTOp:bIe ,n;ame O,n;06PH-
JIH ero 3a JIOBRHH XO)];. «RaRHM 6bI B03MYTHTeJI:bH:bIM HH 6:bIJIO 3TO
BepOJIOMCTBO, - rrHmeT MOHTHHOH, - OHO He OqeH:b rrOBpe,n;HJIO eMY
B 06 eCTBeHHOM MHeHHH, He TOJI:bKO nOTOMY, qTO eMY yme IIO'llTH
He'llerO 6bIJIO TepHTb, HO H nOTOMY, 'liTO OH BbIHym,n;eH 6:bIJI npHHHTb
3TO pemeHHe»3.
Be3 COMHeHHH, Teppa XOTeJI pacm:rrpHTb H YKpeIIHTb CBoe ,n;eJIO,
npHJIOm:rrB Bce CHJIbI, lIT06bI ,n;06HT:bCH aKOHOMHH B 61O,n;meTe. Mom-
1 Mar ion. Ope cit., t. I, p. 255; V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 113.
2 «He 6bIJIO }J;Pyroro MHHHcTpa <puBaHcoB, KOTOpLIH HMeJI 6bI 60JIee
6JIeCTHm;yIO penYTal'(HIO, Talt 6bICTpO npll06peTeHHYIO H em;e 6bIcTpee IIOTe-
PRHHYIO. 11M BOCXHm;aJIIICb 11 BOCXBaJIHJIH ero 3a onpOMeT1JHBble II HeCIIpa-
Be,n;JIHBbIe paCIIopHmenHH, HO ocy,r:r;UJIII H B03HeHaBIIJJ;eJIH 3a paCIIOpHiI\eHHH
.cnpaBeJJ;JIIIBbIe H HpaBCTBeHBbIe». (M 0 n t yon. Ope cit., p. 144.)
3 T err a y. Memoires; p. 23; M 0 n t yon. Ope cit., p. 164. 8TH }J;Ba
'3.BTopa ,r:r;aIOT B eJIOM CXO}J;HbIe BepCHII. lIo CJIOBaM MOHTHHOHa, Bparll Teppa
.saCTaBHJIII ero HaIIlIcaTb IIHc.bMa pa3HbIM JIIO}J;HM, rJJ;e OH PY1JaJICH CBoeH
qeCTbIO, 1JTO He OTCp01JHT IIJIaTemefI IIO aTHM }J;OJIrOBbIM 06H3aTeJIbCTBaM,
.a eMY 06em;aJIII B3aMeH 06eCne1JHT b IIX B0306nOBJIeHHe. Kor}J;a aTO 06em;aHHe
Be 'ObIJIO BLIIIOJIHeHO, a66aT Teppa He pa3,r:r;YMbIBaH HapymHJI CBoe. COrJIaCHO
«MeMyapaM» Teppa, r-H }J;e JIa6op,n; (JIa Bop}J;), npllJJ;BopHbIH 6aHKHp, 1JeJIO-
Bel\ IlIyaseJIH, 06em;aJI npe}J;ocTaBHTb Teppa He06xo}J;HMYIO CCY}J;Y }J;JIH YIIJIa-
TLI iRaJIOBaHbH BOHcRaH, a IIOTOM OTRa3aJI eMY B Rpe}J;IITax. Tor}J;a Teppa,
MBBYH COBeT, IIOJIytlHJI paspemeHHe ROpOJIH Ha OTCp01JKY IIJIaTemei 11 K
TOMy iRe XHTpO MOTIIBllpOBaJI ee Heo6xo}J;HMOCTLIO IIOKpbITb pacxo LI Ha
ynJIa TY iRaJIOBanbH BOHcKaM.
174
T1ACTb nEPBAH. HA Eml{AJ
no ce6e npe,n;CTaBHTL, "IlTO MOrJIa 6bI c,n;eJIaTb meCTORaH aHeprUIh'
9Toro "IleJlOBeKa, HanpaBJIeHIIaH Ha ,n;OCTUiKeHHe IIo,n;o6HOH n;eJIJI.
Ha,n;o OT,n;aTL eMY cnpaBe,n;JlHBOCTL (XOTH OH Ha aTO H He pacc-qH-
TbIBaJI): "IlTo6:bI no,n;HHTL aTOT Bonpoc, OR He CTaJl ,n;omH,n;aTbCH
Ha"llaJIa HOB oro n;apCTBOBaHHH, Kor,n;a, KaaaJIOCL (BIIpO"lleM, Hanpac-
HO), aTO 6y,n;eT 60JIee JIerRHM ,n;eJIOM. Y me B 1770 r. OH HanHCaJI
JIro,n;OBHKY XV: «ECJIlI 6bI Bame BeJIH"IleCTBO ,n;aJIH IIpHRa3 ype3aTb.
ITa HeCKoJ1:bRO MIIJIJIHOHOB pacxo,n;bI Bamero ,n;Bopa HJIII Ml'IHIICTep-
CTBa <pHHaHCOB, KaRoe 6bIJIO 6bI CqaCTbe ,n;JIH rocy,n;apCTBa!» 1 I-Ie-
CMOTpH Ha TaKoe y,n;a"llHoe Ha"IlaJIO, KameTCH, 6y,n;TO Teppa IIpHMH-
pHJICH C MOTOBCTBOM ,n;Bopa H ,n;ame nonYCTHTeJI:bCTBOBaJI eMY: H0
pa3Be omHO 6bIJIO ,n;YMaTb 0 TOM, qTo6bI rrporrOBe,n;OBaTb TaM B03-
AepmaHHOCTL?
OR TlOIIbITaJICH OTT>IrpaTLCH Ha COKpaIIJ;eHHlI BOeHH:bIX Kpe,n;HTOB;
B CBoeH naMHTHOH 3al1HCne 1772 f. OH 06'bHBIIJI 0 HaMepeHHH cepL-
e3HO ype3aTL 61O,n;J:hOT BoeHHoro Be,n;OMCTBa Ha 6 MJIH. <ppaHKOB HI
MopCJ\oro - Ha 510u TbIC., HO aTH CYMMbI He 6bIJIH y,n;epmaHbIo
C BOJ apeHHeM JIIO,lloBHKa XVI a66aT Teppa crremHT paaBepHYTb-
rrepn,n; HHM nJIaH aKOHOMHH, Hero HeJlL3H 06BHHHTL, "IlTO OR CJIe,n;yeT
Mo,n;e: BnOJIHe eCTeCTBeHHO, "IlTO OH BOCrrOJIb30BaJICH y,n;o6HbIM
CJIyqaeM. « IIy6JIuKa npOHHI{JIaCL u,n;eeH, "IlTO HOB:bIH KOpOJIL aaXO"lleT
HaBeCTH aROHOMHIO, H a66aT Teppa COCTaB.HJI nJIaH aROROMHH, "IlTo6bI
npe,n;CTaBHTL KOpOJIIO»2. Ho, KaK Bcer,n;a ,n;aJIbHOBu,n;HbIiI, BepH He-
MHoro ,n;aJIbme ,n;o6aBJIHeT: «ROPOJIL, KameTCH, BOBce He TaK crre-
mHT, KaR Boo6paaHJIa rry6JIHRa».
Cepbe3HbIH xapaKTep npoeKTOB aKOHOMHII a66aTa Tepp3\
rro,n;TBepjl{,n;aeTCH pa3rOBopOlVI, rrpOHcme,n;mIIM Y Hero C MepCH, BJIHH-
une KOToporo Ha ROpOJIeBY 6bIJIO eMY xopomo H3BeCTHO: «OH 3aBe-
pHJI MeHH, qTO 6y,n;eT Bcer,n;a rrOBHHOBaTbCH rrpHRa3aM cynpyrH ,n;o-
<p HHa , HO B TO me BpeMH rrpOCHJI yroBopHTb 3TY rrpHHu;eccy OTKa-
3aT:bCH OT BCHKHX rrpOTeKD;HH HJIH rrocTyrrKoB, pa30pHTeJlbH:bIX ,n;JIHJ
<pHHaHCOB» 3 .
B OTlIeTe OT HeHaBeCTHoro lIHCJIa, rrepe,n;aHHOM JIIO,n;OBHKY XVI,
BepOHTHO, B MIOHe 1774 r., Teppa B03BpaIIJ;aeTCH K MbICJIH 0 COI\pa-
IIJ;eHHII paCXOJJ;OB BoeHHoro H MopCRoro Be,n;OMCTBa JiI OCTaHaBJIH-
BaeTCH Ha Borrpoce 0 KOpOJIeBCROM ,n;Bop'e: «BameMY BeJIHlIeCTijY
neo6xo,n;HMO OT,n;aTL caMbIe TO"IlHbIe npHRa3bI, "IlTo6bI yrropH,n;OtIHTb.
paCXOJJ;bI no BameMY JJ;BOpy, r)1;e KOMaH,n;yeT YHMa pa3HbIX pacrro-
pH,n;HTeJIeH, nplftIeM KamJJ;bIH YCTaHaBJIHBaeT pacxo,n;bI COBepmeHHO
npOJiI3BOJI:bHO. CJIeJJ;OBaJIO 6bI CORpaTHTL CTOJI:bRO IIpHB:bItIH:bIX TpaT?
HcrrpaBHTL CTOJILRO aJIoyrroTpe6JIeHHH, rrpOBeCTH CTOJIbRO pe<popM...»
CaM TlOpro He CI\ameT JIYtIme, a B KOHD;e KOHD;OB, on II He c,n;eJIaeT
60JIbme.
1 «Recueil des Comptes Rendus», p. 61.
2 V e r i. Op. c it, t. I, p. 113 e t 115.
3 1\1 ere y - A r g e n tea u. Correspondanco, t. II, p. 8()
I'JlA. BA VII. BIO iRETHAH. llOJ1HTHRA
---
175
B:bICKa3aB aTH co06pameHHH 0 'tJHCTO 6IO)J;meTHLIX np06JIeMaX,
acC:MOTPHM, KaI{ BD1:rJIH)J;HT nOJIOmeHHe Ka3Ha-qeHCTBa H 'liTO HaM
JIe]l;yeT ]l;yMaTb 0 rocY]l;apCTBeHHO Kpe]l;HTe. 8TH ]l;aHHbIe nOHCTH-
se ne06XO)J;HMLI, 'IIT06LI B nOJIHOH Mepe o eIIHTL «<pHHaHCOBLIe
p;eJIa» (1' affaire de la finance), KaK rOBOpHJIH B TO BpeMH. HaH)J;eltl
<JIll :M:bI nOBO,I(, 'IIT06LI OTKa3aTLCH OT YMepeHHoro onTHMH3Ma, KOTO-
p:bIH MbI nOKa CO'llJIH CBOHM ,I(OJIrOM BLICKa3aTL? KaK 6Y)J;TO - HeT.
qTO :KaCaeTCH Ka3Ha'lleHCTBa, TO a66aT Teppa COKpaTIIJI aHTHCHna-
D;HB, TO eCTL ));OCp01IHYIO TpaTY )J;OXO,I(OB B C'IIeT CJIe)J;YIO ero 610));-
seTRoro ro));a, co 154 MJIH. )J;O 60 MJIH. .ppaHKoB (c MaKCHMaJILHLIM
y:MeRLmeHHeM ,I(O 30 MJIH. B 1772 r.). MTaK, cpOH)J;LI 06eCne'lleHLI Ha
1774 r., a TaRme II Ha 1775 r. 6JIaro,n;apH accaM6JIee ,I(YXOBeHCTBa.
.BTO YTBepm,n;eHHe O'lleHL BamHO. Be,n;L OHO. IICXO)J;HT OT MHHHCTpa,
,I{OTOPbIH B pa3rap )J;eHTeJILHOCTH na,I(eeTCH e e ,n;OJIro He nORH,n;aTL
tCBOH IIOCT. 3Ha'tJHT, OH 6epeT Ha ce6H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTL 3a caMoe
YH3BHMoe MeCTO B CBoeM ,n;eJIe H He MomeT He C03HaBaTL Bceu ero
epLe3HOCTH. TaKHM 06pa30M, YCTaHOBJIeHO, 'liTO B aTOT nepHO)J; -
18 MeCHD;eB - ct>paHD;HH He yrpomaJI HHKaHOH .pHHaHCOBLIU KpH3HC.
A 3aTeM, eCJIII HH'tJero He 113MeHHTCH, ,I(OXO,n;LI 6Y)J;YT nOCTeneHHO
npH6JIHmaTLCH K pacxo,n;aM, o,n;HaKO e e He,n;OCTaTO'llHO, II nOTpe6y-
eTCH rrpH6erHYTL K HeROTopLIM YJIOBKaM. Bo BCHKOM CJIY'IIae, 'IIYBCT-
ByeTcH YBepeHHOCTL, 'liTO Brrepe,n;H ,I(OCTaTO'llHO BpeMeHH )J;JIH
. JIHTeJILHOH pa60TLI.
II HaKOHeD;, rOCY,I(apCTBeHHLIH Kpe,n;HT; OH BOBce He 6LIJI B IIJIa-
'qeBHOM nOJIOmeHHH, KaR MomHO 6LIJIO 6LI no,n;YMaTL, HO, Ha060pOT,
B BeCLMa 6JIarOrrpHHTHOM. OrrepaD;IIH, KOTopLIe H306pamalOT HaM
KaR ymacHble MaXHHaD;HH MHHHCTpa-paCTpaT'IIHKa H 6aHI{pOTa, HH-
CHOJILI\O He rro,n;opBaJIH ,n;OBepHH. Ha060poT, OHO B03pom)J;aeTCH.
R TOMY me BeKOBOH OIIblT .ppaHD;Y3CKHX <pHHaHCOB nOHa3LIBaeT
HaM, 'tJTO eCJIII 06m;eCTBeHHoe )J;OBepHe JIerKO crryrHYTb, TO ero 6e3
Tpy,n;a MOj-KHO CHOBa rrpHpY'IIHTL. B TOM H 'B ,I(pyroM CJIyqae OHO 'IIYB-
CTBHTeJIbHO R lVIaJIeHllieMY H3MeneHHIO. OHO He 3aTpy,n;HHeT ce6H
M:opaJILHbIMII cym)J;eIIHHMH HJIH OC060H ceHTHMeHTaJILHOCTLIO. OHO
onpe,n;eJIHeTCH 'tJHCTO rrpaRTHQeCRHMH co06pameHIIHl\IH. IIYCTb a66aT
Teppa OqeHb HerrpllHTHLIH 'tJeJIOBeR, a TIopro O'lleHL YBamael\IbIH
a;n;MHHHcTpaTop - aTO COBceM He TaR BamHO. BrroJIHe MomeT CJIY-
tIHT:bCH, "tJ:TO ,n;onepHe 6y,n;eT OKa3aHO rrepnOMY JiI B HeM OTHamYT
BTOPOMY. M MLI Ha ,n;eJIe KOHcTaTHpyeM, 'liTO B03Bpam;eHHe ,n;OBepHH
1iI OTHOCHTeJIbHOe YJIyqmeIIHe fOCY)J;apCTBeHHoro I\pe,n;IITa He ,n;Oj-RII-
AaJIIICL HH rrpHxo,n;a TlOpro B MHHHCTepCTBO .pHIIaHCOB, flB ,n;ame
('tfTO em;e 60JIee npIlMe'tJaTeJIbHO) CMepTJiI JIIO,n;OBJiIRa XV. 8TH ,IJ;Ba
C06:bITHH MOrJIII JI1ImL CTJiIMYJIHpOBa Th TaRYIO TeH,n;eHII;IiJIO -
1\CTaTII, BTopoe ,60JIbme, lIeM ,rrepBoe, - HO OHa B03HHRJIa e:rn;e
B BaTlaJIe ro,n;a. « IIIecTL MeCHn;eB aKRypa TBOCTH B rrJIa Te'I{aX, -
OTM:etIaeT a66aT ,n;e BepH, - II nOTpe6HOCTL 3aCTaBJIHTb ')J;eHLfn
npHHOCHTb )J;OXO)J; ,n;aJIH KOpOJIeBCKOH Ra3Be 3 MJIH. B RU8ape aTO-
1'0 ro,n;a».
176
TfACTb IIEPBAH. HAl{E/Rl{/1
8TI?I ycnexH OmeJIOMJIHIOT BparOB a66aTa Teppa - eCJIII neplITb
CaMOMY HPOMY 1?I3 HIIX - II ,n;ame npO eCCHOHaJIbH:bIX 4>IIHaHCHCTOB'
Cpe,n;H KOTOp:bIX 6:bIJIO l\InOro ne,n;OBOJIbH:bIX: «Bce ,n;eJIOB:bIe JIIO)];II...
Cnpaml?IBaJII?I ce6H, RaI\ B TO BpeMH, ROr)J;a rocy)];apCTBO nOTepHJIO
BCHROe )];OBeplIe 06 eCTBa II HeCMOTpH Ha MHOrO"llIICJIeHH:bIe CJIyqan
napymeHHH CJIOBa... rOCY)J;apCTBeHH:bIe n;eHHbIe 6YMarII nO)];HHMa-
JIHCb B n;eHe I?I C HeHOTOpbIX nop RYpC HX ,n;epmaJICH Ha rOpa3)];O
MeHee HH3ROM ypOBHe...» 1 If RORepO B nbIJIY npe)J;y6em)];eHHH
HaXO)];I?IT TOJIbRO CJIe)];YIO ee neJIenOe 06'bHCHeHl?Ie: «JIIO)];I?I He Mor-
JIB ce6e npe)];CTaBHTb, "liTO OH BCer)];a XOTeJI )];eJIa TL 3JIO, H pemHJIH 1
"liTO OR 3aXOTeJI HaROHen; I?ICnpaBIITb TO, lITO HaTBOpIIJI». lIOJIeMIICTbI
He nOHIIMaIOT, "liTO MHeHHe BRJIa)];lIHROB He COBna)J;aeT C MHeHlIel\I'
npOCTOHapO)];LH, HH C MHeHHeM npIIBHJIerlIpOBaHH:bIX RJIaCCOB HJIU
npo<peCCHOHaJIOB I?I "liTO cpe,n;Hee 06m;ee MHeHHe, ,n;ame eCJIH OHO He
01IeHL 6JIarOmeJIaTeJI:bHO R a66aTY Teppa RaR 1IeJIOBeRY, OTMe1IaeT
Bce me rrpaRTI?I"IIeCRHe pe3YJILTaTM ero yrrpaBJIeHI?IH I?I HeMe)];JIeHHO
)];eJIaeT 113 HHX CBOH BbIBO)];bI.
TaROBa nepBaH lIaCTL Bonpoca. A BOT II BTopaH. «Kor,n;a JIIO,n;O-
BIIR XV YMep, - npo,n;OJImaeT BepH, - Bce06 aH MOJIBa 06 8ROHO-
MHII B pacxo,n;ax HaCTOJIbRO B03po,n;HJIa )];OBeplIe, "liTO HanJIbIB 3aHMO-
,n;aBn;eB IIcnyraJI a66aTa Teppa». CeM1IaC MbI YBII)J;IIM OCH3aeMbIe
nOCJIe,I(CTBHH aToro B03pom)J;eHHH. BLIJIa OTRp:bITa no,n;nlICRa Ha
3aeM, Ha3BaHHbIM rOJIJIaH)J;CHHM, rrOTOMY 1ITO OH nOHa1IaJIY npe)];Ha-
3Ha"llaJICH )];JIH rOJIJIaH)J;n;eB, HO BnOCJIe,n;CTBIIII rrplImJIOCL pa'3pemIITb
BOCnOJI:b30BaTLCH HM II paHn;Y3aM. 8TO 6bIJI 3aeM B 4>opMe rromH3-
HeHHOM peHTbI, - 4>opMe, "II aCTO rrpHMeHHBmeMCH npH CTapOl\J
IIOpH)];Re H ,n:aBaBmeM B03MOIKHOCTII ,n;JIH BCHRoro pO)J;a 3JIoyrroTpe6-
JIeHIIH 2. lIo CJIOBaM Toro me BepH, nOCJIe CMepTI?I JIIO,n;oBIIRa X'1
nO)J;nlICRa Ha 3aeM )];OCTlIrJIa CYMMbI 30-35 MJIH., 3aTeM rrO)];rrIICRY
npeRpaTIIJIH. Teppa He pemaJICH ee npO)];OJImaT:b, TaR RaR npe)];yc-
1 T err a y. Ope cit., p. 123.
2 A66aT p;e BeplI OTMeqaeT H3 IIHX TpH: 1) npeBblmeHHe CYMMbI, npep;-
nlIcaHHOH ap;HKTOM; 2) rrpep;Oc.TaBJIeHHO nomH3HeHHOH peHTbI B BlIp;e KOpO-
JIeBCKOH MlIJIOCTlI (CKpbITaH rreHClIH); 3) qaCTb 3aHMa, rrO}J;JIei-Kam;yIO no
KOHTpaKTY OrrJIaTe H3 cpe}J;CTB I\OpOJIH ( 19/ 40 ), KOTOpyro rrOJIaraJIOCb rrora-
CHTb, COXpaHHJIlI, qT06.bI 3aTeM rreperrpop;aTb C rry6JIHQHbIX ToprOB C y6bITKOM.
B rrOCJIep;HHe rop;bI CTa poro rropHp;Ka Ka3HaQeHCTBO, Haxop;HCb B OT-
qaHHHOM rrOJIOiReHlIlI, corJIamaJIOCb rrpep;Oc.TaBJIHTb Bce 60JIee 6JIarOrrpHHT-
IIbIe YCJIOBHH - B qaCTHOCTH, rrpaBO rrepep;aBa Tb HJIlI YCTyrra;b peHTY P;PY-
rOMY JIHn;y, - If rromH3HeHHble peHTbI CTaHOBHTCH Bce 60JIee 06peMeHlITeJIb-
HbIMH. Bo Bpel\1H 3aHMa iROJIH p;e <DJIepH B 1782 r. mBeH apcKHe <pHHaHcHcTbl
IIplIP;YMaJIH JIlo6orrbITHYro MaXHHa HIO, IIa3BaHHYlO «p;eBymKH H3 iReHeBbD).
3aMeTHB, QTO y oco6 meHCKoro rrOJIa H3 o6eCrreQeHHOrO KJIaCCa, i-I\HBYW;HX
B aTOM 3P;OpOBOM KJIHMaTe, CMepTHOCTb Bec.bMa HH3Ka, OHH 3aKJIIOtIlIJIJ2I
KOlITpaKTbI Ha BbInJIa TY o6pa THMOH rromlI3HeHHOH peHTbI Ha HMH 30 CeMIIJIeT-
HHX }J;eBOQeK, QTO o6eCrreQHBaJIO nOJIyqeHHe peHTM B TetIeHHe copOKa llHTM
JIeT. CM. nepenHCKY KJIaBbepa, IITlIpyeMYIO B: J. ,B 0 U C h a r y. Les Ma-
nieurs <l'Argent, p. 19.
rJ1.A BA VII. BIOJl.iRETHAH' nOJII-fTHRA
--
177
l\'IOTpeBHaH YHa30M CYMMa 6bIJIa npeBbImeHa BTpOe, II )J;ame c
nBXBOi. u
COBOKYIIHOCTb BCeX 8THX CBep;eHHH n03BOJIHeT HaM 3aRJIIO"tJ:HTb,.
1ITO nOJIOmeHHe rOCY)J;apCTBeHHbIX <pHHaHCOB 6bIJIO eCJIH H He Hp;e-
anbBbIM, TO IIO MeHbmeH Mepe caMbIM 06Hap;emHBalO HM 3a Bce
Bpe:MJI HCTOplIH CTaporo rropH)J;Ka. A66aT Teppa He npeMHHYJI
no,u;-qepRHYTb nepe)J; MOJIO)J;bIM KOpOJIeM BamHoe 3Ha1IeHHe Tex yJIY"tJ:-
roeHui, KOTopbIe OH BHec 3a CBoe IIHTHJIeTHee ynpaBJIeHHe, HO 3aROH-
1IUJI CBOIO naMHTHYIO 3anlICKY Ha n01ITII TpeBOiRHOH HOTe: «TOJIbKO
He pa3pemaHTe ero OTKJIa)J;bIBaTb (ocB060m)J;eHlIe <pHHaHCOB), a TO
nponaCTb, B KOTOpyIO .pHHaHCOBoe Be)J;OMCTBO 1IYTb He npOBaJIHJIOCb
B 1770 f., He 3aMe)J;JIHT CHOBa OTKPbITbCH». 8TO 113MeHeHHe TOHa
JIerKO 06'bHCHHTb cy6'beKTHBHbIMH npHlIHHaMII: a66aT Teppa xo"tJel
,u;aTb nOHHTb, 1ITO 60JIbHOH e e Hym)J;aeTcH B ero 3a60Tax. O,n;HaKO
Ha,n;o npH3HaTb, lITO 8Ta OD;eHKa He JIllmeHa 06'beKTHBHOCTII: KOHe'tJ-
BO, yme npO)J;eJIaH 60JIblliOH IIYTb, HO Bce me aTO CRopee nOCTeneH-
Hoe BbI3,n;opOBJIelIlIe, a He nOJIHOe H3JIe'tJeHHe. A66aTY Teppa MOiKHO
e e nOCTaBHTb B 3aCJIyry, 1ITO OH BbI)J;eJIHeT )1;Ba OCHOBHbIX MOMeHTa
B nOCTaBJIeHHOH 3a,n;a1Ie. IIepBbIH - lITO HaJIOrOBOe 06JIOiReHH6
,n;OBe)J;eHO )1;0 MaRCHMYMa: «Bce BH,n;bI )J;OXO)J;OB )J;OCTHrJIH caMOra
BhICORoro ypOBHH», CJIe,n;OBaTeJIbHO, YiRe 60JILme He OCTaeTCH HOP"
MaJIbHbIX II pa3YMHbIX cpe)J;CTB, 1ITo6bI 60pOTLCH C e.pH HTOMe
BTOpOH - aTO COOTBeTCTBeHHO Heo6xo)J;IIMOCTL OCJIa6HTL HaJIOrOBOe.
,n;aBJIeHHe, «oCBo6o,n;HTL HapO)J; OT 1IaCTH HaJIOrOB, KOTopbIe ero COB"\:
ceM pa3)J;aBHJIII».
Teppa - B OTJIHqHe OT Tlopro - He )J;aeT 8KOHOMH"tJ:eCKoro aHa"\.
JIH3a He06xo)J;IIMOCTH OCJIa6IITb HaJIOrOBOe 6peMH. B ero 6YMarax
MbI He HaH,n;eM HIIKaKoro HaMeKa Ha pa3BHTHe CeJIBCKOrO X03HHCTBa .
Ha 3aMeHY JiICnOJIbDJ;HHbI apeH)J;OH JiI T. II. Ho OCHOBHaH KOHn;errD;Hf.(
y HHX O)J;Ha II Ta iRe. Ha)J;o IIpOBO,n;HTb 3KOHOMHIO He TOJIbKO ,n;JIH
Toro, lIT06DI npe,n;OTBpaTHTb nOBTopeHlIe Toro KpHTII1IeCKOro rrOJIO-
iKeHHH, KaKoe CJIOmHJIOCb B 1769 r., HO H ,n;JIH Toro, lIT06bI HMeTb
B03MomHOCTb 06JIerQIITb 6peMH HaJIOrOB. MTaK, B qac rrepep;aqH
nOJIHOMO"tfJiIH, eCJIH MbI H CorJIaCHbI C MOHTHHOHOM, CKa3aBmIIM
«MaJIo JIIO,n;eH, KOTOpbIX npIIpo,n;a C03p;aJIa 6bI TaKHMH aHTIIno,n;aMH
RaK a66aT Teppa Hero rrpeeMHHR TlOpro», - MbI B TO me BpeMR
YTBepm,n;aeM, 'tJTO BorrpeKH MHeHHIO O'tJeHb MHorHX 1 rrpOTIIBOIIOJIOm-
BOCTb XapaI{TepOB BTHX JIIO,n;eH HHRaR He rrpOHBJIHeTCH B MX IIOJIH-
THRe.
Pa3YMeeTCH, TlOpro He npOBeJI 6bI Bcex MeponpHHTHH, ocy e
1 «STOT nJIaH npoTIIBOCTOHJI 1I0JIlITIIKe, KOTOpoii CJIep;OBaJI a66aT Tepp3"
a CJIep;OBaTeJI:bHO, ocymp;aJI ee. (G 0 me!. Les causes financieres de la Re-r
volution fran aise, p. 81.)
IlleJIJI:b, HarrpOTlIB, CqlITaeT, qTO «<pIIHaHcoBaH nporpaMMa, KOTOpYIG
i ropro 1I3JIOmHJI KOpOJIIO, 110 cy:m;eCTBY He OTJIllqaJIaC:b OT nporpaMMbI a66aTa
epp3».. (8 c hell e, t. IV, p. 21.)
12 8. <l>op
78
qACTb llEPBAH. HAlZEiRl{A.
,CTBJIeHHLIX Teppa, HO OH OTBepraeT JIHmb caMbIe HH'IITOiKHbIe R3
HHX II C ycnexoM nOJIb3yeTcH ,n;OCTHrHYTbIM B n;eJIOM 03,n;opOBJIe-
HHeM. l\oHe'llHO, Teppa ,n;eJIaJI 3aHMbI, BBO,n;HJI HaJIOrH, npH6eraJI It
6aHKpOTCTBaM, a y6em,n;eHHH TlOpro HCKJIlO'IIalOT 3TH TPH pemeHHH.
,Ho 06CTOHTeJIbCTBa H3MeHHJIHCb, H eCJIH TlOpro MomeT cero,n;HH
«HsrOHHTb 3JIbIX ,n;YXOB», TO JIHmb rrOTOMY, 'liTO a66aT Teppa B CBoe
tBpeMH npHHOCHJI HM IIcKynHTeJILHbIe mepTBonpHHomeHHH. B Kail\-
,D;bIH orrpeAe[[e'HHbIH n BJOA BpeM'elHn 06'Oe1l,TU81-tO oy ecTlByeT Ta
1IJIH HHaH nOJIHTHKa MHHHCTepCTBa 4>HHaHcoB, KOTOPYro BbIHym,n;en
npOBo,n;HTb XOpOillHii MHHHCTp H KOTOPYIO BOJIen-HeBOJIeH OH ,D;OJJ-
-meH ocy eCTBJIHTb C 60JIbmeH HJIH MeHbmeii Y)1;a"Ien. M Tropro
FaR-TO 3aMeTHT, XOTH II no ,D;pyrOMY nOBO,n;y, "ITO ,D;JIH onpe,n;eJIeH-
Horo Kpyra OCHOBHbIX np06JIeM reHepaJILHbIe I\OHTpOJIepbI pacno-
.JIararoT e,n;HHCTBeHHOH HeH3MeHHOH ,D;ORTpHHOH l .
BnpO'lleM, B 6bITHOCTb .Teppa MHHHCTpOM Tropro He KpHTHKO-
BaJI ero ,n;eHCTBHH, a JIHmb OTMe'llaJI HX 'IIpeSMepHYro CMeJIOCTL «< OR
'I\OH'IIHT TeM, "ITO copBeTCH»), HO aaTO Bcer,n;a ocym,n;aJI Teppa 3a
-ero aKOHOM1f1IeCKYro nOJIHTHKY (OTMeHY CBo60)1;bI XJIe6HOH ToprOB-
JIH) H, nO-BH,D;HMOMY, He C'IIHTaJI Teppa ,eJIOBeKOM, ,n;OCTOHHbIM YBa-
meHHH. IIepemHBaH rOpe'tIL OTCTaBKH, Tropro ,n;ame BbICKa3aJI 0 Hel\1:
<OlIeHL cypOBoe cym,n;eHue, Kor)1;a npomeJI CJIYX - O'lleHL cTpaHHbI:H,
rio npaB,n;e CKasaTL, - 6y,n;TO Moperra rOTOBHT BOSBpam;eHue
.a66aTa Teppa: «.IJ:acT 6or, HOBbIe nepeMeHbI He npHBe,n;YT
.K HaM BHOBb a66 Ta Teppa, ROTOPOMY B03,I(aroT BCHlIeCKYIO XBaJIY
npH ,I(BOpe. H yme )1;aBHO rOBOpIlJI, 'liTO TOJILKO aToro B03Bpa-
m;eHHH He XBaTaeT ,D;JIH nOJIHOn CJI a B1>I r-Ha Mopena, KaK
C.rraBe JIIO,n;oBHKa XV He XBaTaJIO meHHTb61>I Ha r-me .IJ:106appH» 2. B
aTOM pe3KOM OT3LIBe eCTb ,n;OJIH HecrrpaBe,n;JIHBOCTH H ,n;ame He6JIaro-
p;a pnocTII. HeymeJrIl Tropro npe,n;rro'lleJI 61>1 6blTb npeeMHHKOM Ma-
Hona ;rt'8HBO?
Bo BCHI OM CJIY'llae, BO BpeMH CBoero rrpaBJIeHHH TlOpro He IIO-
MblmJIHJI 0 TOM, "IlTo6bI BepHYTbCH H rrpeiKHeMY. «ECJIH Teppa ,n;eii-
CTBOBaJI rrJIoxo, - cn:a3aJI CaH6JIanca B BbIMbIIDJIeHIIOM ,n;:rraJIore C
CenaR ,n;e lellJIaIlOM, * - TO rrO'lleMY ero npeeMHHK ne B03Bpa aeT
HaM Toro, TO TOT Y Hac sa6paJI?»3
1 CM. TpeThIO qaCTb, rJIaBa IV, «illeCTb ap;IIRTOB».
2 ITIICbMO repu;orHHe }J;' AHBIIJIb OT 11 aBrYCTa 1777 r.
* Cenal{ p;e MeMJIaH, ra6plIaJIb (1736-1803) - <ppaHD;Y300lIM JIlITepa-
TOp II ny6JIlIn;lICT. - llpUM. pea.
3 A66aT Teppa npe3peJI 3aROH:
MolO ype3aJI peIITY OH.
CIImy H Ha MeJIII, RaR paR!
BaHHpOTCTBO OCYAIIJI TIopro
,(1 MHe BepHeT Moe }J;06po...
x, eCJIH 6 aTO 6:bIJIO TaR!
anlIrpaMMa TOM arrOXII. (8 c hell e, t. V, p. 133.)
rJ1AB A VII. BIOl{JRETHAfl IIOJIHTHRA
---
179
TI03llUllH
TIOprO
He TOJI:bRO no co epmaHHro, HO II no TOHY OHJIa,n; a66aTa Teppa,
craHoBHTCH CBoero po,n;a BBe,n;eHHeM R 6ece,n;e Tropro C ROpOJIeM H
I{ ero UUC:bMY OT 24 aBrYCTa H nOMoraeT HaM JIyrIme nOHHT:b n03H-
D;HIO HOBoro reHepaJI:bHOrO I{OHTpOJIepa. rOBOpH .?6 3KOHOMIIII, Trop-
ro CTapaeTCf£ CBH3aTb CBOro rr03IID;IIIO C n03HD;HeH yxo,n;H ero MHHII-
CTpa, C O,n;HOM CTOpOHbI, pa,n;n npHJIH'IIHH, a C ,n;PyroM - 'IITOObI npH-
,n;aT:b eH 60JIbme Beca. «A66aT Teppa, HaBepHo, yme rOBOpHJI 06
9TOM BameMY BeJIH'IIeCTBY?» - «.IJ:a, OH MHe rOBOpHJI, HO rOBOpHJI
1
He TaR, RaR BbI» ·
HaCTOH'tIHBOCTb, ROTOpyro npOHBJIHeT Tropro RaR B pa3rOBope c
KOpOJIeM, TaR H B nHCbMe, KacaHCb 'IIHCTO 6ro,n;meTH:bIX BorrpOCOB,
MOrReT npHBeCTH Hac H HenpaBHJIbHbIM HJIH npeYBeJIH'IIeHHbIl\1: 3a-
I\jllO'IIeHHHM OTHOCIITeJIbllO ,n;BYX BonpOCOB.
MbI MorJIH 6bI nO;IJ;YMaTb, 'tITO np06JIeMa 6ro,1J;meTa II aROHOMHII,.
aa KOTOpyro Tropro 6epeTCH, KaK TOJIbKO OTBJIeKaeTCH OT HaJIOrOB,
aaHMOBIi 6aHKpOTCTB, 6y,n;eT OCHOBHOM ero 3a60TOH na HOBOM noc-
TY, n;eHTpaJIbH:bIM pa3,n;eJIOM ero nJIana. O)1;HaKO, He npeYMeHnmam
ee 3Ha'lleHHH, MbI YTBepm,n;aeM, 'tITO Tropro 60JIbme ,aROHO IIICT, qeM:
<pHHaHCHCT, H 'tITO KJIIO'IIeBOH rrp06JIeMOB ,n;JIH Hero 6bIJI IT Bcer)1;a
OCTaeTCH Bonpoc 0 XJIe6HOH TOprOBJIe. RCTaTH, JIeTOnHCII;bI B aTOM
He,OIDH6aIOTCH. «TlOpro, - nHmeT ROKepo, - Hat.IHHae1' 3aHHMaTb-
CH npe)1;MeTOM, KOTOpbIB C'IIHTaeT B TO Bpe IH CaM:bIM rJIaBH:bIM H
HeOTJIOmHbIM ,n;eJIOM B CBoeM ynpaBJIeHHH...» A B «iRypHaJIb HCTO-
pHK» MbI 1IHTaeM: «r -H Tropro npo;IJ;OJIiRaeT 3aHHMaTbCH cal\Ioii'
BamHOH 3a a'lleH CBoero MHHIICTepCTBa, TO eCTb 06eCne'lleHHeM rrpo-
IIHTaHHH Hapo,n;a» 2 . ECJIII Tropro B 6ece,n;e YTPOM 24 aBrycTa He
OCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH Ha np06JIeMe xJIe6a, TO CJIe,n;yeT OTMeTIITb, 'tIT 0 ,
TOJIbKO HaKaHYHe OB BeJI 06 aTOM ,n;OJIrHH pa3rOBOp C ROpOJIeM.
B CBoeM nHCbMe OH Tome nOCBHIIJ;aeT D;eJIbIM naparpacp aTOMY
BOnpocy. ECJIH on MeHee IIo,n;p06HO pa3BHBaeT 3TY TeMY II He TaI-\
lIaCTOH'IIIIBO B03BpaIIJ;aeTCH K HeM, KaK K Borrpocy 0 61O,n;meTe, TO
3TO e e H nOTOMY, 'tITO TYT eMY JIer'lle y6e,n;HTb ROpOJIH. JIIO,n;OBIII-\
XVI o eHL 0;IJ;06pHTeJILHO OTHOCHJICH K HOBOB XJIe6HOH rrOJIHTMRe
:ae nOTOMY, lITO IIMeJI Ha aTOT C'IIeT co6CTBeHHoe MHerrHe, HO nOTO-
My, "ITO CJIYXH 0 JIHXOHMCTBe IIpe,n;:bI,n;y ero ynpaBJIeHHH B036Y;IJ;IIJIII
ero nO)1;03pHTeJIbHOCTL. B TO me BpeMH no aTOMY Bonpocy on He
nO,D;BepraeTCH HHKaKOMY ,n;aBJIeHHIO co CTOpOHbI KOpOJIeBbI II ee.
ORPYiReHHH, H60 TaKoro po,n;a pe<I>opM:bI HHCHOJIbRO He yrpOmaJIII'
IIx B:bI;IJ;YMRaM II 3a6aBaM.
-
1
2
12*
Pa CKa3 M-JIb ,n;e JlecIIHHac, Cl\1. Bblme, fJIaBa III.
«Journal historiquo», 21 octobre.
!80
lJACTb llEPBAH. HAl{EiRJ{
-
BTopoe BrreqaTJIeIIHe, KOTOpOe MOmHO 6bIJIO 6bI BbIHeCTM Ita
6ece)J;bI 24 aBrYCTa,' - 3TO "Ilpe3BbIqaHHaH cepbe3HOCTb «pHHaHcoBOfo
nOJIOmeHI?IH, HO MbI yme 3HaeM, 'liTO CJIe)J;yeT 0 HeM )J;YMaTb. TeM lie
MeHee HeCOMHeHHO, 'liTO TlOpro rrpH,n;aeT OqeHb 60JIbmOe 3HaqeHlIe
Borrpocy 06 ype3bIBaHHI?I paCXO]J;OB I?I TopmeCTBeHHOCTb ero YBe a-
HI?IH He T6JIbKO TaRTHqeCKHH npl?IeM, TaR RaK MbI BH)J;eJII?I, 'liTO OU
COBeTOBaJICH no 8TOMY Bonpocy C a66aToM BepH I?I )J;e BepMOHoM.
EMH rrp1lJRHTb IBO BHHiM:MIII?Ie ycrrOlKalHBalO e MOMe'HTbI, ROTO-
p:bIe M:bI OTMeqaJIH, MbI )J;YMaeM, 'liTO CMomeM npOaHaJII?I3HpOBaTh
rr03HD;HIO TlOpro H B TO me BpeMH 06'bHCHI?ITb ero CTpaCTHYro Ha-
\CTOH"tfHIBOC'Tb, B:bIJJ:eJIHI]3 ITpl?I 8TOM TPH OCHOBH:bIX coo6pam ' eH'HH:,
1. Bo-rrepBbIx, TIOpro 60HTCfI H 6Y)J;eT Bcer)J;a 60HT:bCH B03...
'MOIKHOCTH BOHHbI. EMY H3BeCTHO, 'liTO IIMeHHO CJIe)J;OBaBillne O)J;Ha
3a )J;pyroR BORHbI rJIy60Ro rro,n;opBaJIH HHaHcbI cTpaHbI H 3a)J;ep-
/KaJIH ee 8KOHOMHqeCKOe pa3BHTHe. OH rOTOB c,n;eJIaTb Bce, 'liTO B
'Bro CHJIaX, qT06:bI coxpaHHTb MIIp, HO 3HaeT, 'liTO TaRl?Ie BeID;H He
.aaBHCHT OT O)J;Horo MHHHCTpa, )J;ame OqeHb BJII?IHTeJIbHoro. TlOpro
npeRpaCHO nOHI?IMaeT, 'liTO B H:bIHemHHX YCJIOBI?IHX, B MHpHoe Bpe-
'MH, B CTpaHe He 6y,n;eT RpH3HCOB. Ho, RaR XOpOillIIH MI?IHHCTp H-
aaHCOB, OH ,n;OJImeH 06eCrreql?ITb ce6e 3anaCHbIe n03HD;HH. B CJIY'"
qae HeCqaCTbH, pa3YMeeTCH, npH)J;eTCH rrpepBaT:b pe opMbI, o,n;na-
KO nOTOM R HI?IM MomHO 6y,n;eT BepHYTbCH. Be3 aTHX 3arraCHbIX
n03IID;HH «nepB:bIR rrymeqH:bIR B:bICTpeJI npHBe)J;eT rOCY)J;apCTBO R
6aHRpoTcTBY» .
2. BO-BTOp:bIX, TIOpro He MomeT y,n;OBJIeTBOpHTbCH CBe,n;eHHeM
e IID;HTa )J;O MHHHMYMa, HI?I ]J;ame rrpOCTbIM paBHOBeCHeM. EMY
ue06XO)J;HMO, QT06:bI )J;O X O)J;:bI npeB:bIillaJIH pacxo,n;bI, 'liTO II03BOJIHT
06JIertIHTb 6peMH' HaJIOrOB. ROHeqHO, rrpeRpam;eHHe 3JIoyrroTpe6JIe-
HIIH I?I 60JIee cnpaBe)J;JIHBOe B3HMaHHe HaJIOrOB YiRe MorYT rrpH-
BeCTH R 06JIerqeHHIO, O)J;HaRO eMY Ha)J;O 60JI:bme Toro. OH He yrJIy6-
JIHeTCH S)J;eCb B rrp06JIeMY, HO MbI 3HaeM ero JIHqHYro TOqKY 3pe-
HHH Ha CBH3b Mem,n;y 06JIerqeHHeM HaJIOrOBOro 6peMeHH H pac-
mHpeHHeM CeJIbCROX03HHcTBeHHoro rrpOII3Bo,n;CTBa 1.
3. HaRoHen;, last, but not least*, Tropro OTBO,n;HT 60JIblliOe II
aaROHHoe MeCTO 3a60TaM MOpaJIbHOrO rropH,n;Ka, ROTopbIe He I{Me-
lOT qHCTO <pHJIOcocpCRoro 3HaqeHHH, no MorYT rrOBJIeqb 3a co6oi'I
npHMbIe COD;IIaJIbH:bIe rrOCJIe)J;CTBHH. BbIBalOT pa3HbIe paCXO,D;bI; pac-
XO,n;:bI 6eCnOJIe3HbIe, 6e3HpaBcTBeHHbIe II pa3BpaID;alOID;He BbI3bIBa-
lOT COD;HaJIbHOe He3)J;opOBbe, ROTopoe MomeT rrpHBeCTlI R 6eCIIO-
pH,n;RaM. Cero,n;HH MbI rrOHIIMaeM, qTO Hapo,n; ropa3,n;0 JIerqe rrepe-
HOCIIJI 6:bI TO me 6peMH HaJIOrOB II TaRoe me THmeJIOe HHaHCOBoe
IIOJIOmeHHe, eCJIH 6:bI Bce paCXO)J;bI 6bIJIH rrpaBHJIbHbI H He06xo-
1 CM.: E. F a u r e. Les Bases experimentales et doctrinales de la po-
litique economique de Turgot.
* Last, but not least (aHrJI.) - nOCJIep;Hee no CqeTY, HO He no BaiKHO-
CTH. - llpUM. pea.
rJ1AB A VII. BIOl1.H\ETHAR nOJIHTHRA
---
181
IIMbI H eCJIH 6bI MOTOBCTBO ;O;BOpa H MaXHHa HH <pHHaHCHCTOB
ft npOHCXO;o;HJIH Y Hero Ha rJIa3ax. IToKa Bce 3TO 6y;o;eT npO;O;OJI-
TI>CH, «BJIaCTI> He MomeT ObITI> cnOKOHHa, nOTOMY qTO ee HH-
I\or,n;a Be 6y;o;YT JII06HTb».
npH JII060M pemHMe H npH JII06bIX 06CTOHTeJIbCTBaX BCHKHH
MHHHCTp <pHHaHCOB, pemHBmHH npOBO;O;HTb 3KOHOMHIO, 6y;o;eT He-
tl36emHO BbIHym;o;eH ;o;eHCTBOBaTb ;o;BYMH cnoco6aMH. CHaqaJIa OB
C03,n;aCT HeKoe YCTPOHCTBO, ;o;alOm;ee CHrHaJI TpeBorH, qTo6bI OT ero
ROHTpOJIH He MOrJIH YCKOJIb3HYTb HHKaKHe paCXO;O;M. 3aTeM B3Be-
CRT Bce OCHOBHbIe qaCTH 6lO;o;meTa, BbI;o;eJIHT Te H3 HHX, B KOTO-
pbIX MomHO ype3aTb paCXO,D;bI C HaHMeHbmHMH OCJIOmHeHHHMH,
H B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THM COCTaBHT nJIaH. OH, eCTeCTBeHHO, 6y;o;eT
npH;o;aBaTb MeHbme 3HaqeHHH TOMY HJIH HHOMY MeJIKoMY COKparn;e-
BRIO, OrpaHlif1IeHHOMY cnopy H3-3a pemeHHH qaCTHOro Bonpoca,
qeM npHBe;o;eHHIO B ,D;eHCTBHe MexaHH3Ma, cnoco6Horo ,D;aBaTb pe-
YJIHPHYIO 3KOHOMIlIO, B0306HOBJIHeMYIO H3 rO,D;a B ro;o; II no B03-
MomHOCTH B03pacTalOm;ylO. RaK MbI yme nO;o;qepKHBaJIH, 61O;o;meT -
3TO ;O;HHaMHtIHaH HaYKa.
ITpem;o;e Bcero 6e30naCHOCTb; n03TOMY Hac He y;O;HBJIHeT, qTO
'TlOpro IIOMHHT 0 caMOH rJIaBHOH npe,D;OCTopomHOCTH: He ;o;aTb ce6H
oKpymHTb - cero;O;HH MbI CKa3aJIH 6bI nonpOCTY, He ;o;aTb ce6H
o6oiiTII - MHHHcTpaM-pacnOpH,D;HTeJIHM Kpe)J;IIToB (HLIHe MbI rOBO-
pIIM 6e3 BCHKOH HrpbI CJIOB - «MHHHcTpaM-paCTpaTqHKaM» ). «Co-
BepmeHHo Heo6xo,D;HMO, qTo6bI Bame BeJIHqecTBo npHKa3aJIH pac-
nOpH,D;HTeJIHM Kpe;O;HToB Bcex BH,D;OB, qTo6LI OHH COrJIaCOBLIBaJill
CBOH ,D;eHcTBHH C MHHHCTpOM <pHHaHCOB». B cJIytlae Ha;o;o6HocTIl
.()H o6paTHTCH K ap6HTpamy KOpOJIH. HHKaKHx HOBbIX paCXO)];OB
Qe3 «cOrJIaCOBaHHH» Bonpoca 0 TOM, H3 «KaKHX cpe;O;CTB OHH 6y-
.n;YT IIOKPbITbI». (CerO,D;HH - «3aKOH 0 MaKCHMaJIbHbIX paCXO;o;ax»,
loi des maxima.)
HeMHoro n03me Tropro pemaeT xO,D;aTaHcTBoBaTb 0 ,D;onOJIHU-
TeJIbHOH Mepe, a HMeHHO 06 OTMeHe paCIIHCOK HJIH npef)nucanuu
o 8b n,l£aTe f)enee na,l£Uttnb :MU (ordonnances au comptant). Peqb
HJJ;eT 0 BbIIIJIaTe ,D;eHer Ha OCHOBaHHH pa3pemeHHH, ;o;aBaeMbIX JIU-
60 ROpOJIeM, KOTOpbIH IIHCaJi CBoeH PYKOH: «J!' 3HalO, ,D;JIH tIero
aYi-RHId 3TII ,D;eHbrH», JIH60 ,D;ame reHepaJIbHbIM KOHTpOJIepOM H He
COJJ;epiKaBIDIIX HH 060CHOBaHllii, HH HHbIX 06':bHCHeHHH.
MHHYH KOHTpOJIb CqeTHOH IIaJIaTbI, 3TH paCXO,D;bI 3anHCbIBaJIII
B OT,D;eJIbHYIO Be;O;OMOCTb H BKJIlOqaJIH B Cne HaJIba:ylO KHHry, rre-
perrJIeTeHHYIO B KpaCHbIH ca<pbHH - OTCIO,D;a 6epeT CBoe Ha3BaHHe
«RpaCHaH RHHra», KOTopaH IIpOCJIaBHJIaCb B 1790 r. I IIocpe)J;cT-
S t 0 u r m. Les Finances de l'Ancien Regime et de la Revolution,
. II, p. 153; G 0 m e 1. Ope cit., p. 93.
182
TlACTb nEPBAR. HAl{EJR A
BOM 3THX paCnOpHmeHHH -qaCTO OKa3:bIBaIOT MHJIOCTH, KOTOpbIC
TpY;O;Hee BCerO OrrpaB,n;aT:b. CJIy-qaeTCH TaKme, -qTO OHH rrpH,n;aIOT
He06xo,n;HM:bIM paCXOJJ;aM rrpOCTO rrOCT:bI;O;H:bIH BH)J;. «Cpe,IJ;H 3TM.\
paCrrOpHmeHHH Ha rrpe,n;'bHBHTeJIH BCTpe-qaIOTCH TaKHe, KOTOpble
MOmHO 6:bIJIO 6:bI rrpe,n;aT:b CaMOH mn:pOKOH rJIaCHOCTH, H' HeJI:b3H
rrOHfITb, KaK MOrJII1 06JIe-q:b HX B TaKYIO <POp MY, -qTO ee O,IJ;HOM
,n;OCTaJIO 6:bI, -qT06:bI C,D;eJIaT:b n:x OTBpaTHTeJI:bH:bIMH», - rrHmeT TIOp-
ro B ,n;OI\JIa;o;e OT 23 OKTH6pH 1774 r., aaCJIymHBmeM o;O;06peHM€
KOpOJIH. KameTcH, -qTO 3Ta rrpaRTHKa rrpeKpa THJIaC:b, BO BCHROM
CJIy-qae COKpaTn:JIaC:b, BO BpeMH MHHHCTepCTBa TlOpro, HO ee CHOBa
OTMetIaIOT rrpH HeI\Kepe, a C RaJIOHHOM OHa BOHCTHHY ,D;OXO,n;Hl
)];0 CBoero arroreH.
o AHaRO TYT m1e B03HHKaOT OC06:bIH CJIy-qaH, KO'TOp:bIH Tp'e6yeT
3Ha-qHTeJI:bH:bIX Kpe;O;I1TOB, XOTH OH H .He nOBTopHeTCH perYJIfIpHO')
pe-q:b lI,n;eT 0 paCXo;a;ax, CBH3aHH:bIX C TopmeCTBeHHOH KopoHaD;Hei1:
KOpOJIfI. 8Ta CTaT:bH pacxo,n;a rrpeB:bICHT 7 MJIH., a 3TO rOpa3,IJ;C
60JI:bIIJe, -qeM ymJIO Ha rrOCJIe)J;HI{)IO n:epeMOHHIO TaKoro pO,IJ;a, BO-
nepB:bIX, rrOTOM:y, -qTO mH3H:b C 1722 r. rro)J;opomaJIa, a BO BTOp:bIX,
rroToMy, -qTO, KpOMe KOpOJIeBCKOro ,D;Bopa, Terrep:b cym;ecTByeT em;e
II )J;BOp rrpHHn:eB. TlOpro He MomeT ynYCTHT:b 3TOT CJIytlaH H He-
rrOCrrOpHT:b «,D;JIH no,n;,n;epmaHHH -qeCTH», npem,n;e -qeM YCTyrrHT:b.
MomHo 6:bIJIO 6:bI, ,n;OKa3:bIBaeT OH, )J;06HT:bCH Cep:be3HOH 3KOHOMHH
H3MeHHB MeCTO KopOHOBaHHH II COBepmHB ero He B PeHMce, a B
IIapHme, -qTO ,D;aCT K TOMY me ,D;Ba npeHMym;ecTBa: YJIytImHT TOp-
rOBJIIO (H KOCBeHH:bIe C60P:bI), H60 rrpHBJIe-qeT MHoro HHOCTpaHD;eB,
H rropa3HT Boo6pameHHe HapO,D;a RaK 6JIeCTHm;ee )J;OKa3aTeJI:bCTBO
iKeJIaHHH 03,D;OpOBHT:b <pHHaHC:bI. HeCMOTpH Ha y6e,n;HTeJI:bHOCTb-
3THX ,n;OBO,n;OB, MHHHCTp, KaK BH,D;HO, He CTpOHJI ce6e HJIJII03HH, 6y;o;-
TO BoaMomHO HapymHT:b B:bICOKyIO Tpa,D;HD;HIO rro,D; TaKHM np03aH-
qeCKHM rrpe,D;JIOrOM, HO rry6JIHKa, HaBepHoe, OD;eHHJIa 6:bI ero'
ycrrex 1.
TIOpro IIoKopHeTcH, H KO BpeMeHH OT'bea,n;a B PeiMc M:bI YBII-
.D;IIM, -qTO OH orpaHII-qIlTcH ropa3,n;0 MeHee 3Ha-qHTeJI:bH:bI IH Mepa IH
3KOHOMHH, HO rrpHMeHHT CBOH H3JII06JIeHHLIH npHHD;Hn CB060,IJ;:bI'
TOprOBJIH.
I1LraK, OH pemHJI OTKa3aT:bCH OT rrpemHeB rrpaKTHKH, Ha3BaH-
HOB ,[(IorrOHOM «BOCTO-qHOH npe)J;oCTopOmHOCT:bIO» H COCTofIBmeH
B 3arOTOBKe HeKOTOp:bIX «rrpo,D;oBOJI:bCTBeHH:bIX 3anaCOB B 11pHKaa-
HOM rrOpH;O;Ke». OH, HarrpOTHB, pemHJI n03BOJIHT:b CB06o,D;HO BeCTH
TOprOBJIIO H B BH,D;e IIOOm;peHHH OCBo6o,D;HJI ee OT C60POB II rrOmJIHH
1 «(Journal historique», 22 septembre, p. 193. reHepaJIbHbIe OTKYII HKH
ame npe}J;JIOmHJIH }J;aTL 2 MJIH., a Kopnopan;HH ToproBn;eB - 1 MHJIJIHOa, eCJIH
KopoHan;HH COCTOIITCH B IIapHme. (M e t r a. Correspondance, t. I, p. 346,
3 mai 1775.)
rJ1A BA VII. BIOl{iRETHAH nOJIHTHRA
---
183
a 8 ,D;Heii ,n;o 121 8 ;a;HeH nocJle epeMoHBHl. OTOT 3KCl1epHMeHT,
II U IT
BCTpeBOiI\HBmHH, no CJlOBaM IOrrOHa, KOHcepBaTopOB H CTOPOH-
alIKOB perJlaMeHTa HH, npeBocxo,n;HO y,n;aJlCH. B aTOM arrH30,n;e M:bI
.slI):(IIM, KaK ,n;yx OCTopomHOCTH 121 peaJlH3M CO'tleTaIOTCH y TIOpro
c y6em,n;eHHeM B HenorpemHMOCTH JIH6epaJlH3Ma; npeiI\,n;e lIeM
nplIHHTb 3TO pemeHHe, OH 06Cy,n;HJI C HHTeH,n;aHTOM illaMnaHH ypo-
J{H OllbITa 1722 r., Kor,n;a «rrpo,n;YKTLI, ,n;OCTaBJIeHHbIe ToprOB aMH,
rC):(eJIaJIH COBepmeHHO HeHymH:bIMH 3arraC:bI, C 60JILlliHMH 3aTpaTa-
MU C03,n;aHH:bIe rocy,n;apcTBOM»2.
ECJlH M:bI paCCMOTpHM Terrep:b n/tanupoeanue, TO CMomeM JIer-
f{O BOCC03,n;aTL OCHOBH:bIe H,n;eM TIOpro (XOTH OH HHKor,n;a He ,n;aBaJI
JIX CHCTeMaTHTIeCKOrO H3JIOmeHHH): OHH 6LIJIH npo,n;HKTOBaHLI JIOrH-
i\OH, npOBepeH:bI mH3HLIO H, HaKOHen;, no,n;TBepm,n;eHLI HeKOTopLIMH
Ha6J1IO;o;eHHHMH AlOnOHa. M3YTIeHHe rocy,n;apCTBeHHLIX CTIeTOB TOB
.3ITOXH nOKa3LIBaeT, liTO TPH KpyrrHLIx 61O,n;meTH:bIX CTaT:bH crroc06-
RbI 6:bIJIH BLI;o;epmaTL 3HaTIHTeJI:bH:bIe H perYJlHpHLIe COKpam;eHHH,
HMeHHO:
paCXO;O;:bI <pHHaHCOBoro ynpaBJIeHHH B n;eJIOM,
BoeHHDIe pacxo,n;:bI,
paCXO)J;:bI KOpOJIeBCKOro ,n;Bopa.
HeJI:b3H CKa3aT:b, TITO ,n;pyrHe MHHHCTepCKHe Be,n;OMCTBa ;a;aroT
B03MOmHOCT:b ,n;06HTLCH cepi>e3HOH 3KOHOMHH: HX pacxo,n;:bI JIH60 '
0"£.10013 HeHeJmrKH, JllH60 He nO;a;,n;aIOTCH OOKpaII:(OOlIIO, a lIam;e Bcero
II neBeJIHKH, II He MorYT YiRHMaT:bCH 3 .
C ;o;pyroH CTOpOHLI, cym;ecTByeT yrrpaBJIeHHe, 3aCJIymHBaIom;ee
He ype3:bIBaHHH, a CHJI:bHOrO YBeJIH'tIeHHH ero PpCXO;o;OB, - 3TO Be-
AOMCTBO 06m;eCTBeHHLIX pa60T - OrrOpH:bIH nYHKT rrOJIHTHKH 9KO-
HOMII"tJGCROM 3KcrraHCHH. Ha Hero accn:rHOBaHO Bcero OKOJIO 5 MJIH.
t!>paHRoB. M:bI 3HaeM, KaKoe 3Ha-qeHHe rrpH,n;aeT eMY TIopro, H B
()TO 1 Bonpoce l\1MIIHCTp He 06MaHeT Ha,n;em,n; HHTeH,n;aHTa. Ho M:bI
311aeM TaKme, 'IlTO OB rrpe,n;rrOJIaraeT (f>HHancHpOBaTb ero H3 crre-
U;UaJIbHOro HCTOTIHHKa, KOTOp:bIH 3aMeHHT ;o;OpOIl\HYro rrOBI1HHOCTb
II npeHMym;ecTBo KOToporo COCTOHT B rrOl1:bITRe OTMeII:bI rrpI1BIfJIe-
rMll. MbI OCTaHOBHMCH Ha HeM, Kor,n;a 6y;o;eM rOBOpHT:b 06 3TOB
HpynHoM pecpopMe.
1 S c hell e, t. IV, p. 549; D u P 0 n t. Ope cit., p. 233.
2 Schelle, t. V, p. 714,12 mai 1775.
3 Bepu, O,IJ;nano, OTMC1.IaeT em;e II 6IO,IJ;meT MIIHHCTepCTBa HHOCTpaHHbIX
AeJI: XOTH OH OrpaHIITIelI 5 MJIH., HO, no ero MHeHHIO, MOiI\HO 6LIJIO 6:bI OT-
M:eHHTb Koe-Ka:RHe Cy6CH,IJ;HH, npe,n;ocTaBJIHeMbIe lllBoiiu;apHII, He:ROTOp:bIM
lIeMeU;I{HM RHH3bHM H, HaKOHeu;, mBe,n;cRoMY ROpOJIIO (1500 T:bIC.). Ho C>TO
3aTparHBaeT BOnpOC:bI rocy,n;apc.TBeHIIoii nOJIHTHKH. BepmeHH CRJIOH.HeTCH
CRopee R YBeJIHtIeHHIO 3TOii CYMM:bI, 'tJeM R ee YMeHbmeHHIO. TlOpro RaK
6YATO HHI{Or,u;a He c06npaJICH 3aTenaT:b Oop:b6y 110 aToMY nono}J;y.-R TOMY me
'OIl pa3AeJIHeT 06m;yIO CIIMIIaTHIO 3KOHOMHCTOB H JIH6epaJIOB K mBe cKoMY
ROpOJIIO. (V e r i. Ope cit., p. 163.)
184
TIACTb llEPBAH. HAJ:{E)R
OTMeTHM TOJI:bKO, tITO BCe ;o;eJIO 3aTHHeTCH Ha;O;OJIrO, CJIHmROM
Ha;O;OJIrO, HeCMOTpH Ha YIIpeKH J'loH;O;OpCe. IIpoeKT D;HpRYJIHpa, Ha-
TIHCaHHOro 1 <peBpaJIH, HO He OTIIpaBJIeHHOrO, CBH,rr;eTeJl:bCTByeT, tITc
:KOpOJI:b OTHeCCH 0,n;06pHTeJI:bHO K OTMeHe ;o;opomHOR nOBHHHOC1'H.
A66aT ,rr;e BepH rOBopHT 06 3TOM 6 MapTa KaK 0 BeC:bMa aKTyaJIb-
HOM ,n;eJIe. JIHID:b 6 MaH D;HPKYJIHp 6:bIJI HaKOHen; pa30CJIaH Ha 01'-
3:bIB HHTeH)J;aHTaM, MHeHHe KOTOpDIX, HeCMOTpH Ha YBepeHHOC1'h
B CBoeR rrpaBOTe, TlOpro Bce me CtIHTaJI HymH:bIM BDIHCHH1'L.
28 HIOJIH BCJIe;o; 3a D;HPKYJIHpOM 6:bIJI nOCJIaH IIpoeKT ,rr;eKJIapaD;HM.
BOJI:bmHHCTBo OTBeTOB 6:bIJIH 6JIarOmeJIaTeJI:bH:bIMH; XOTH tIaCTO II
C orOBopKaMH OTHOCHTeJI:bHO 06JIOmeHHH, KOTopoe CJIe,D;OBaJIO BBec-
TH. E;O;HHCTBeHHoe <popMaJI:bHOe B03pameHHe IIpHmJIO H3 <DpaHm-
ROHTe, r;o;e cy ecTBOBaJIa CHCTeMa IIO,D;MeH:bI, KOTopaH Bcex y,n;o-
BJIeTBOpHJIa. 06H3aHH:bIe ,n;OpOiRHOR nOBHHHOCT:b1O MOrJIH HaRTH
ce6e 3aMeHY 3a CBOH CtIeT, HJIH B:bIIIOJIHHT:b pa60TY caMH, HJIH
IIOC:bIJIaT:b 3a ce6H CBOHX CJIyr: «B ;o;epeBHe ropa3,D;0 60JI:bme CBO-
60;n;H:bIX ;n;Hei, "IeM JIHIDHHX ;a;eHer».
STY Me;n;JIHTeJI:bHOCT:b TlOpro MomHO, KOHeqHO, 06'bHCHHT:b ero,
neperpymeHHOCT:b1O ;n;eJIaMH H3-3a 3IIH300THH H IIOTOM ero B:bIHym-
1]:eHHOH HeIIO;n;BHiKHOCT:bIO. E:bIT:b MomeT, ero TaKme cMy aJIH B03-
pameHIIH, B:bICKa3aHH:bIe paHee TplO;n;eHOM (OTn;OM) H rrOBTopeH-
H:ble 3aTeM TplO;a;eHOM ;n;e MOHTHH:bH (C:bIHOM), KOTOPOMY reHe-
paJI:bH:bIi KOHTpOJIep IIOJIHOCT:bIO ;a;OBepHJI, a TOT CHJI:bHO OIIaCaJICfI?
KaK 6:bI B aJIblHeHme'M 31'01' «,D;OpOiKIH:bIR <pO/H,IP) IHle 6:bIJI Ipa,CT,pa-
. qeH Ha ;o;pyrHe rOCY,D;apCTBeHB:bIe Hym,D;:bI. M:bl 3HaeM, qTO eCJIH
Tropro JIerKO OTMeTaeT B03pameHHH JIIO;o;eH HeCBe,n;yrn;HX HJII1
CBOHX npOTHBBHKOB, TO OH Bcer;n;a OTHOCHTCH C 60JI:bmHM BHHMa-
HHeM K MHeHHIO CBOIIX ;a;pY3eH. 110 cyrn;eCTBY, OB tIaCTO rrpe3HpaeT
He B03pameHHH,' a B03pamalOII:(HX.
PACXO,[(bI
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PaCXO;O;:bI MHHHCTepCTBa <pHHaHcoB COCTaBJIHIOT caMYIO 3HaqH-
TeJI:bHYro -qaCT:b H3 paccMaTpHBaeM:bIX HaMH 6IO;o;meTH:bIX cTaTeuo
C ;o;pyroH CTOpOH:bI, HMeHHO B 3TOH 06JIaCTH MHHHCTp 06JIa,n;aeT
eCJIH He HaH60JI:blliHMH B03MomHOCTHMH, H60 31'0 3aBHCHT 01' 06-
C1'OHTeJI:bCTB, TO IIO KpaHHei Mepe HaH60JI:bmei He3aBHCUMOCT:b1O
npH COCTaBJIeHHH H ocym;eC1'BJIeHHH IIJIaHa 3KOHOMHH, H60 31'0 BXO-
AHT B ero JIHtIHYIO KOMIIeTeHD;HIO H eMY He rrpHXO;a;HTCH y6em)J;aTb
II IIO;O;TaJIKHBaTL «MHHIICTpa -pacnopH,D;HTeJIH Kpe)];1fTOB)>. llo,n; Tep-
MHHOM <pHHaHCOB:bIe paCXO)];:bI, lato sensu (B IDHpOKOM CM:bICJIe), Mbl
nOHHMaeM, C O)];HOH CTOpOH:bI, CTOHMOCT:b 3aHMoB H, C J];pyroH-
pABA VII. BIOp'iRETHAH nOJIHTHRA
.r
---
185
epa\KH B311MaHHH OXO OB. roCy,n;apCTBO rrJIaTHT 3a TO, "tITO
,O:3 yqaeT OT ;U;pyrn:X ;u;eHI>rn:, KOTOpl>Ie ;U;OJDKHO oy;u;eT BepUYTI>. Ho
; O nJIaTHT H ;U;JIH TOrO, qTOOM nOJIyqHTI> TO, 'ITO eMY ;U;OJImUM B
:aIJ,ne I1aJlorOB HJIH ,n;OXO,n;OB C ,n;OMeHOB. u
PacxO,n;:bI, CBH3aHH:bIe C BDIIIJIaTOH Kpe)];HTOB, OqeH:b THmeJI:bI.
110 nepBOH CMeTe TlOpro Ha 1773 r., OHH BKJIlO"tIaJIH 60JIee 'IeM
93 MJ1jH. <pp8JHKOIB IHa OIIJIaTY 6eOOpOqH:bIX (II rrOiRIH3HeRH:bIX peHT;
oROJlO 27 MJIH. <ppaHKoB Ha MHOrOtIlICJIeHHDIe paCXO,D;LI, HMeRyeMbIe
«IIpO elHTDI Ha CYMM:bI, 3a6paJBIH:bIe IBII'e'Pe,n;, III B03I1Iarp,am,n;eHBe 3a
yqacme» - orrpeIAJe.T.IJeIRlle, IIp'HMetHHeMOe K 'pa3H:b}jM CJIyqaH'M, - TaKO-
:8:&1 aBaHC:bI, IIpe,n;OCTaBJIHeM:bIe reHepaJI:bH:bIMH OTKYIIm;HKaMH, H
aBaHC:b1 B CtIeT 06m;HX )];OXO,n;OB; 'IaCTH:bIe OTKYIIa II yrrpaBJIeHHH,
3a:aM:bI, 3aKJIlOtIeHH:bIe rocy,u;apCTBOM, H COBOKYIIHOCT:b pa3H:bIX
pac.XQ,IJ:OB, Ha OIOT-MIH)];C.KYIO KJOMna:IDIIO, B:blrrJ1JaTY Depn;ory OpJIe-
.aHCROMY H IIpHHn;y ROH e sa OJImeHHOCTH IIO IIpOn;eHTaM Ha IIPH-
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.CTBO )];Oxo.n;HJIa ,n;o 120 MJIH., TO eCT:b paBHHJIaC:b 30 % Bcero 6ro,n;-
meTa 1. Ho 9Ta CMeTa .n;aJIeKO He IIOJIHaH 2 .
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meHHro IIJIaT:b1 aa 3aeM ,n;eHer, paCCMaTpHBaH ero CKopee C TOtIKH
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.c caMoro HatIaJIa 6JIarOIIpHHTCTBOBaJIH ycrrexH, ,n;OCTHrHYT:bIe a66a;-
TOM Tepp3 B ynpaBJIeHHH <pHHaHcaMH. IIOJIIITHKa COKpam;eHHH
,pacxo.n;OB - HeH36emHO IIOJIHTHKa .n;aJILHQro' IIpHn;eJIa; OHa MOil eT
npHBeCTH K IIOJIOmHTeJI:bH:bIM pe3YJILTaTaM JIHm:b IIOCTeIIeHHO, ,n;a
H pe3YJILTaT:b1 3TH MorYT 6:bIT:b OqeH:b OrpaHHqeHHLIMH B OTHome-
HHH KOHOOJIH,n;BJpOB8IHlHOrO rocy)];apCTB'elfIIHODO ;,n;OJIra, TaK KaK no
6eCCpOtIH:bIM peHTaM BLIIIJIa"tlHBaeTCH MaKCHMYM 5 %, a CTOJI:b 06pe-
MeHHTeJILH:bIe ;a;JIH rocy,n;apCTBa rrOiKH3HeHHLIe peHT:b1 He MorYT
{):bIT:b nOrameH:bI. TaK me 11 rocy;a;apcTBeHH:bIe BeKCeJIH OTKYIIm;HKaM
11 60JI:bIDHHCTBO rocy,n;apCTBeHHLIX YIIpaBJIeHHH IIpe,n;IIOJIaralOT YMe-
,peHHLIH rrpOn;eHT. Pe3YJI:bTaT:bI 6YAYT aaMeTH:bI TOJI:bKO B CJIe,n;ylO-
.IqUH nepHO,n;, B <popMe CHHmeHHH Ha 1 IIYHKT, tITO II03BOJIHT rrpo-
() BeCTH KOHBe-pCHIO HeKOTopbIX rocy,n;apCTBeHHbIX 3aHMOB - IIO HHM
'6y,n;YT BbIIIJIatIHBaT:bCH He 5 %, a 4 % ro,n;OB:bIX.
-
/5 B ABrJlllH OHa em;e 60JIee BLICOKa (200 MJIH. cl>pamwB, TO eCTb
.ri; 6IO}J;iReTa), BO <l>paHD;1I11 B 1936 r. - 46%, HO ORa HHme B HbIHCffiHeM
pa:aI{yacKoM 6IO}J;iReTe.
2 TaK, MbI He 06HapYiI\HBaeM B HeM CJle,n;oB 15 MJlH. <pPaHKOB aBaRca,
:L1 aBBoro KaSBa'leHMH MopCKoro Be,n;OMCTBa, lIT06bI YCKOPHTb BOCCTaHOBJle-
I{ II 3Toro }J;enapTaMeHTa, - CYMMbI, yrroMHHYTOH B aanllCKe Tropro, nOCJlaH-
OU BepiReHUY, BO BpeMH eJla C rOJlJlaHACKIIM saHMOM. CM. aJIee.
186
QACTb nEPBAR. HAl1,EH\l{p"
--
C PyroH CTOpOHLI, cy ecTByeT eJlaH RaTerOpHH orrepa nii)
CBH3aHHLIX C 60JIee Tf.IJKeJILIMH paCXO)J;aMH, - aTO KpaTROCpO"tlHJ:>IO
BeRCeJIH, C03,n;aIOID;He, TaR CRa3aT:b" neOTBepiK,n;eHH:bIM ,n;OJlr, al-tru-
cunalfuu (naJIOrM, 3a6paHHLle Brrepe,n;) - HaCTOHm;aH KaBaJlepHH,
)]:JIH aTI1X orrepan;I1H, rrpOH3Bo,n;HM:bIX rrpo<peCCHOHaJILHLIMH <pHHan-.
CHCTaMH, coxpaHHeTCH 60Jlee BLICORHH rrpOn;eHT. B 1776 r. OH ]];0-
CTHraeT e e 6-7 0/0; lIO aTOM lIpH1lHHe TlOpro H rrpHxo,n;HT R po.
meHHIO 3aKJllOqHT:b COrJlameHHe 0 3aHMe B rOJlJlaH)J;HH.
Ho K aToMY MLI em;e BepHeMCH.
A TeM BpeMeHeM TlOpro yme YClIeJl ,D;06HTLCH Cep:be3HOH aI O'
HOMHH Ha caMLlX THmeJlLIX pacxo,n;ax, c,n;eJlaB ,n;BoiIHOH Xo,n;: or:
B,n;Boe YMeHbmMJI CYMMY aHTHcHlIan;HH (c 78 ,n;o 39 MJlH. <ppaHKoB)
H HeMHoro CHH3IIJI IIpOn;eHTHLle CTaBKH. TaKHM 06pa30M, IIO CJIO-
BaM ,n:lOlIoHa, paCXO,D;bI COCTaBHJIH JlHmb 3040 TLIC., H, cpaBHHE
aTY H<PPY co Cpe,D;HeH n;II<PPOH COOTBeTCTBYIOm;HX pacxo,n;OB 3a
npe,n;meCTBYIOm;He o,n;HHHaJ];n;aTL JIeT, OH 3aKJlIOTIaeT, TITO aKOHOMHH
;n;OCTE:rJla 5750 TbIC. <ppaHKoB. BepH lIpHBO,n;HT IIpH6J1H3HTeJlbHO
aHaJIOrHQHble n;H<pp:bI1. B O<pHn;HaJlLHbIX CQeTaX pacxo,n;LI IIO CTaTbe
«ITpon;eHTLI II BLIIIJlaTLI KOMHCCHOHHLIX lIO pa3JIHQHLIM YCJlyraM»
CORpam;aIOTCH C 8 MJlH. B ,n;OKJlaJ];e Teppa ,n;o 6 MJIH. B CMeTHbIX
rrpe}J;rrOJlOiKeHIIHX Ha 1776 r. H ,D;O 3 MJlH. B CMeTHLIX lIpe,n;rrOJIOiRe
HHHX Ha 1777r. 2 ,I
IIoMHMo aTHX KpyrrHLlx MepolIpHHTIIH, TIOpro II ero COTpy,n;HH-
KII CTapalOTCH JIIIKBH,n;lIpOBaTb n;eJlYro cepHIO MeJII{HX 3J1oyrroTpeo-
JIeHHH, KypTaiKHbIX KOMHCCHOHHDIX, amHO, ,D;O Tex lIOp JlH60 TO-
HYBmHx cpe,D;1I MHOiKeCTBa ,D;eJI, JlH60 lIoKpLIBaeMbIx 6J1aro,n;apf.lf
rroilycTHTeJILCTBY, n;apHBmeMY BOKpyr a66aTa Teppa. TaK, lIO CBH-
AeTeJlLCTBY a66aTa ',n;e BepH, 61O,n;iKeT BoeHHoro BeJ];oMcTBa 6bIJI
cOKpam;eH Ha 400 HJlH 500 TLIC. <ppaHKoB, B:bI,n;aBaBmHXCH Ka3Ha-
qeHM na orrJlaTY <pHKTHBHLIX lIpOn;eHTOB na R o6bl, nO.ltYt{,enUble
aeal-£Cbl, (TaKlie c,n;eJIKH C rro,n;CTaBHLIMH Kpe,D;HTopaMH - lIOCTOHH-
Hoe HBJleHlIe B lIepHo,n;LI 6eaJ];eHemLH). Ae BaH HameJI mBeHn;ap
C'Koro 6aHKHpa, TIeCTHO BLIIIOJlHHBmero 3a 9 TLIC. <ppaHKoB Ollepa-
n;HIO, aa KOTOPYIO APyroH 6aHRHp B:bIIIHCLIBaJI CqeT Ha 45 TLIC.?
CCbIJlaHCb Ha HelIOHHTHLle 3aTpy,n;HeHHH C «YCTOHQHBOH H HeycToii-
qlIBOH BaJlIOTOH». BepH O'.(MeQaeT TaKiKe JIHKBH,n;an;HIO RaccbI nora-
menHH rocy,n;apCTBenn:bIX ,n;OJIfOB, KOTopaH CTaJIa HenymHoH 3 .
1 CM.: D u P 0 n t. Ope cit., t. I, p. 270. 06m;aH D;H<ppa paCXO}J;OB 3a
f 1 JIeT paBHa 95 548 TbIC., CJIe OBaTeJIbHO, cpe}J;HHH IJ;H<ppa - 8686 TbIC.
2 OHH 6DIJIH CHHmeHbI }J;O 3 MJIH. B C1JeTaX 1772 r. YBeJIHqeHlle HD
5 MJIH. YKaaaHO B OKJIa}J;e no Py6pHKOii «BaHKoBcKlle II KBapTaJIbHI>Ie
paCXO LI».
3 Eft nOJIaraJIOC:b nOJIY1JaTb p;eCHTHHY H BHOCHT:b ee B rocy apcTBeHHYIO
KasHY, HO IIocpe}J;IlH1JeCTBOM KaCCbI Y}Ke }J;aBHO He nOJI:bSOBaJIIICb. HaqaJI:bHlf!-\
.RaCCbI AlO61O ,n;e JIoHmaH OCTaBaJICH Ha 3TOH p;OJImHOCTII JIllm:b no TO MY ')
ABA VII. BIOl1,HlETHAH llOJIHTHliA
11'J1
----
187
8TH n06e)];bI, o)J;epiRaHHbIe TlOpro B OUJIaCTH 3ROHOMHH, )J;aJIH
I10BOJ:( BepH II CaMoMY MOpeIIa (Y3HaBmeMY 0 HHX OT BepH)
y:KOpJITL Tropro 3a ero qpe3MepHYlo CRpOMH;OCTb H )J;oca)J;Hoe IIPe-
.lIe6pemeHHe R co6cTBeHHOH IIonYJIfIpHoCTII. «.f[ !lpe)J;JIOa\HJI r-HY
Tropro HarreTIaTaT:b CIIHCOR Bcex ero )];OCTHiKeHHH B )J;eJIe 3HOIIO-
MIIII. «8TO 3HaqHJIO 6:bI Ha6HBaT:b ce6e n;eHY, a H He JII06JIIO TaKoro
nOBeAeHHH», - OTBeTHJI OH».
fopa3,n;o Tpy,n;Hee On;eHIIT:b BeJIHTIHHY IIocTYIIJIeHIIH OT HaJIOrOB,
qeM CYMM:bI )J;OJIroB. HaJIH He CHCTeM:bI oTRyrroB rrpHBo;O;IIT K TOMY,
QTO 60JIbmaH qaCT:b 3THX nOCTYIIJIeH,HH Hie Mom'eT ,6bITb yqTe,Ha
CIICTeMOH rocy;o;apcTBeHHoro CTIeTOBo,n;CTBa. OTKyrrID;HKH IIHKaCCII-
/'
. PYIOT BaJIOBble rrocTynJIeHIIH, a rocy;o;apcTBO yqHT:bIBaeT TIHCT:bIe.
HeKRep rro,n;rOTOBIIJI T a TeJI:bH:bIH paCTIeT no OCHOBHbIM CTa T:bfIM
B O I8IH!lIJI 06m;YIO CytM:MY ITOCTYIIJIennii B 58 MJI'H. <p,pa'HKoB IrPH
o6IQeiI CYMMe ,IJ;oxo;o;a 585 MJIH., TO eCT:b 10 0 10, qTO ;o;aJIO 6:bI B
I(H<ppax 1774 r. 37 MJIH. IIpon;eHT KameTCH em;e O'tIeHb BbICORHM..
Ho caMa n;u<ppa, HeCOMHeHHO, 6oJI:bme, 1I6o rrOBbIllieHlIe CYMMbI
OXO,n;OB He IIOBJIeKJIO 3a co6oii COOTBeTCTBYIOID;ero nOBbImeHI1H
pacxo)J;oB Ha B3HMaHHe HaJIOrOB H HeKKep ocym;ecTBHJI HeKOTOpylO
pe4>opMY oTRyrrOB.
, qTO KacaeTCH HaJIOrOB, He C)J;aBaeM:bIX Ha oTRyn, TO Om;YTHMOH
3KOHOMHII fOiKHO 6:bIJIO OiRH,n;aTb JIHlli:b B CJI)TlIae npOBe,n;eHIilJI pe-
4>OpM:bI, yrrpom;alO eiI caMbIM 'HaJIOr, II HMeHIIO TaHHM 6bIJI nJIaH
- TIOpro. A TIORa OH y OBOJI:bCTBOBaJICH MeJIKHMH, o,n;uaKO OqeHb
UOJIe3H:bIMH MepaMH: OTMenOH CHCTeMbI qepe)];OBaHHH c6opmHKoB
TaJI:bH, KOTopbIe CMeHHJIH ;O;Pyr ;o;pyra Kam;O;bIM'ro;o;, qTO rrpHBOJJ;HJIO
R HeYBH3KaM II ;O;BoiIHOi OIIJIaTe ;o;OJIiKHOCTei; OTMeHOH KOHTOp re-
BepaJIbHOrO C60pm;IIKa KaTIJITan;HH II ;O;Ba)];n;aTHH, OC06bIX c6op-
III;HKOB KanIITan;HH KOpOJIeBCROro ,IJ;Bopa (3aMeHeHHbIx meCT:bIO
C60pm;HKaMH HaJIOrOB) 1. OH IIo,n;rOTOBJIHJI TaKiKe B CBH3H C pe-
TO ero meHa 6:bIJIa BocnHTaTeJI:bHHD;ei BHe6paQB:bIX }J;eTen' JIIO}J;OBIIKa XV.
Tropro )J;06MJICH ero CMem;eHMH, 0 QeM, KCTaTH, npOCHJI H Teppa. CM. BlItHe.
C 3THM BonpOCOM MomHO CBH3aTb f];eJIO (BnpOqeM, }J;OBOJIbHO TeMHoe)
o npeAnOJIaraeMOM ynpa3AHeHHH AOJImHOCTH 6aHKMpa KOpOJIeBCKOro )J;Bopa.
,0 HeM ynoMIIHaeT AIonOH, HO OHO COCTOHJIOCL oq,HD;HaJI:bBO JIHID:b B 1778 r.
3TOMY 6aHRHpy BHaqaJIe BMeHHJIOCL B o6H3aHHocTL ocym;eCTBJIfiT:b nepeBoAhI
MemAYHapo)J;H:bIX nJIaTemei, HO BIIOCJIe)J;CTBHII OH npHCBOHJI ce6e MOHOnOJIb-
lioe npano Ha TOprOB:bIe onepaD;HII C KOpOJIeBCKHMH D;eHHDIMH 6YMaraMH II Ha
nocTaBKY )J;paro eHHbIx MeTaJIJIOB )J;JIH 1J:eKaHKII MOHeT. KameTcH, BO BTOpOM
cnyqae cBo60 a TOprOBJIII 6MJIa BOCCTaHOBJIeHa. UUeJIJIL He CMor OTMCKaTb
OCTaHQBJIeHHJI COB eTa no 3TOMY nOBOf];Y, XOTH 0 HeM ynoMIIHaeT «Gazette
e Leyde» OT 14 ORTH6pH. (8 C hell e, t. IV, p. 147.)
q TO KacaeTCH TOprOBJIH D;eHH:bIMII 6YMaraMlI, TO Tropro, IIO-B1I)J;IIMOMY ,
iAOBHeTBOPHeTCH TeM, 1J:TO nepecTaeT npH6eraTL K YCJIyraM 3Toro 6aHKHpa.
06 3THX Mepax H HeKOTOp:bIX ,u;pyrHx HM no,u;o6H:bIX, CJIe,u;OBaBmHX
°AIIa 3a )J;PyroH C HHBapH no aBrYCT 1775 r., CM.: S C hell e, t. IV, p. 282
et suiv.
188
tlACTb nEPBAR. HAJ{EHrl{A.
-
tPOpMOH rrepeB030K rraCCamHpOB, nOtITbI II TOBapOB (messageries),
OTMeHY Ka3HaqeeB H reHepaJIbHbIX C60pm;HKOB MHHHCTepCTBa <pn-
naHCOB.
q TO KaCaeTCH rocy,n;apCTBeHHbIX ,n;OXO,n;OB, C,n;aBaeMbIX Ha OTl\yn,
TO He3aBIICHMO OT BCHKOH CPYH;o;aMeHTaJIbHOH pecpOpMbI BCTaBaJI
OCHOBHOH Bonpoc: He CJIe;o;yeT JIM yrrpa3,n;HHTb caMbIe reHepaJlI:»HbI8
oTKyna, BJIaC b KOTOp"bIX C HaqaJIa apCTBOBaHIIH JIlO;o;oBHKa XV
pacrrpOCTpaIUIJIaCb Ha 60JIbmlIHCTBO KOCBeHHbIX HaJIOrOB II J];OXOl];bJ
OT A0MeHOB (KpOMe JIeCOB), H nepe,n;aTb B3IIMaHHe nOCJIe,n;HHX B
PYKH rocy,n;apCTBa? MbI yme 3HaeM, "liTO TlOpro npH6eraJI K 3TOMy
cpe,n;CTBY BO MHorHX CJIyq:aHX: C ,n;OMeHaMH, HrrOTeKaMlI, npOII3BOl];-
CTBOM nopox1a; ,n;aJIbme MbI YJ3H,D;RM, KaK 3TY me 'Mepy np'HM 1 eHH1'
J];JIH rrOqTOBO-rraccamHpCKHX rrepeB030K, II Kam;O;bIR pa3 OHa Bbl.
ro,n;Ha ;D;JIH rocy;o;apCTBa.
Ha nepBbIH B3rJIH,n; KameTCH, tITO OTMeHa oTKynoB ,n;OJImHa npH-
BeCTH K MeHee ,n;oporOCTOHID;eMY yrrpaBJIeHHIO. OTKynm;HK, KOHetI-
HO, CTpeMHTCH 06eCrretIHTb ce6e caMYIO 60JIbmyIO BbIro,n;y. C APyroH
CTOpOHbI, MomHO 3aKJIIO"tlHTb, tITO n03TOMY OH npOHBJIHeT 60JIbille
ycep,n;HH II HaCTOHtIHBOCTH, qeM BCHKHH yrrpaBJIHIOID;H:U, II "liTO on
co6HpaeT CO Bcex HaJIOrOrrJIaTeJIbID;HKOB 60JIee BbICOKHe nJIaTeiKH"
IIpHBe,n;eHHbIe HaMII rrpHMepbI KaK 6y,n;TO no,n;TBepiK,n;aIOT npeHMY-
ID;eCTBO rocy,n;apCTBeHHoro yrrpaBJIeHIIH. O,n;HaKO rronDITKa BBeCTE,
TaKoe ynpaBJIeHlle, rrpe,n;npllHHTaH nOCJIe CHCTeMDI .I(moHa JIoy, ,n;a-
JIa llJIaqeBHbIe pe3YJIbTaTbI, HO nOCJIe CTOJIb THiKeJIO:U BCTpfI-
CKII ,D;JlH TaKoro orrbITa C03,n;aJIHCb caMbIe He6JIarOrrpHHTHbIe YC-.
JIOBHH.
Cero,n;HH HaM npe,n;CTaBJIHeTCH, "liTO pemeHHe 3TOH rrp06JIei\fbl
3aBHCHT OT o,n;Horo 06'beKTHBHoro cpaKTopa - 3HaqlITeJIbHOCTII 6a-
pbImeH oTKyna. ECJIH 6apbImH HeBeJIHKH, OHH MorYT OKa3aTbCH
HeAOCTaTOtIHbIMH, tITo6bI KOMrreHCHpOBaTb He,n;o6op nocTyrrJIeHI11i
BCJIe,n;CTBHe MeHee CypOBbIX MeTo,n;OB HamHMa H MeHee KOp:bICTHbIX
rro6YiK,n;eHHB. ECJIH, HarrpOTHB, 6apbIlliH BeJIHKH, Tor,n;a pa3YMHO
IIpe,n;YCMOTpeTb, qTO 3Ta CYMMa 6y,n;eT pa3,n;eJIeHa MeiK,n;y rocy,n;ap-
CTBOM II HaJIOrOIIJIaTeJIbID;HKOM: nOCJIe,n:HIIH 3anJIaTHT HeMHorr-,
MeHbme, qeM npem,n;e, a rocy,n;apCTBO nOJIyqHT 60JIbme.
RaKOBbI iRe Ha ,n;eJIe 6apbImlI, rrOJIyqaeMbIe oTKyrrm;HKaMII? OHn
II He TaK 3HatIHTeJIbHbI, If J];aJIeKO He TaK CKaH,n;aJIbHbI, KaK npe,Il.-
CTaBJIHJIOCb o6ID;eCTBeHHOMY MHeHHIO, cy,n;IIBllieMY no pOCKomHOU
iKH3HH HeKOTopbIX oTKynID;IIKOB l .
Ha ,n;eJIe YCJIOBHH apeH;O;HDIX ,n;orOBopOB 6DIJIH OtIeHb cepbe3HO
IIpo,n;yMaHbI TOB If ,n;pyroH CTOpOHOH, paCqeTbI 6bIJIII c,n;eJIaHbI oqelIJ
TOqHO, II B qaCTHOCTH ,n;orOBOp, 3aKJIIOtIeHHbIH T eppa C JIopaHOl\f
1 rpllMO Ae JIa PeHbep, nocTpollBmIIi EJIHeeicKHH ,n;Bopen;, c,n;eJIaJI ,I( TJH
CBOHX JIoma,n;ei cepe6pHHbIe KopMymKH; Bype, ,n;aBaH 3BaHbIe o6e}J;bI, eTaBIIJ
no ABa 6YKeTa ,IJ;JIH Kail\}J;OH H3 npHrJIameHHbIX ,n;aM: O,IJ;IIH H3 BeTOB, APY-
.rOM 113 p;parOn;eHHbIX KaMBei, 11 T. ,n;.
VII BlOniRETHAJl nOJ1HTHRA
rJ1ft B A. .
------
,z:(a B IIAOM B 1774 r., BOIIpeKH BLI3BaHHOH HM IIoBepxHocTHOH KPH-
S J\e lIe ,D;onYCKaJI ltHKaKHX rrOCJlaOJIeHHH 1.
111 ripeiR,IJ;e Bcero CJIe,rcreT OTMeTIIT:b, qTO em;e ,IJ;O rrOJIyqeHHH c06-
BeB BO oapLImeH oTKyrrm;IIKII yme rrOJIyqalOT B:bICOKHH rrpo eHT
: CBOH KaIIHTaJi (10% Ha CYMMY AO 60 MJIH. JIHBpOB, a 3aTeM
6 % ) 11 maJIOBaH:be (B03Harpam)];eHHe 3a yqaCTHe H: rro;u;apKH) B
26 T:&IC. JIHBpOB B ro;u; rrJlIOC OIlJla TY paCXO,IJ;OB Ha cO)J;epmaHue
i\OBTOp 11 rroe3,IJ;KII 2 . COrJlaCHO D;H<ppaM, C006m;eHH:bIM .D:lOrroHoM,
npu6:&IJlb OT rrpe)J;:bI,IJ;ym;ero ,IJ;orOBopa (,IJ;orOBop AJla Teppa) orpa-
HIIQHBaJlaC:b 10 550 T:bIC. JIHBpOB, H3 KOTOp:bIX 3165 T:bIC. mJIH ro-
cy,n;apcTBY, a 7385 T:bIC. - oTKyrrm;HKaM; CYMMa, eCJIH pa3,IJ;eJIHTb.
ee Ha 6 JI,eT, 6:bIJla Ie TalK ym BeJrHKa. Hal]pOmB, or0[80p .D:aIBH-
Aa BCJle,IJ;CTBHe JlytImei 3KOHOMHtIeCKOi KOH1>IOHKTYp:bI B rrepHO,n
ero ,n;eUCTB}))H rrpHHec 60 MJlH., H3 HHX 14 400 T:bIC. rromJlo KOpO.IT1O
( corJlaCHO ,IJ;OBOJI:bHO CJIOmHOH HHCXO,IJ;Hm;eH CHCTeMe ,IJ;eJlema) n
45 600 T:bIC. reHepaJl:bH:bIM oTKyrrm;HKaM. 8Ta D;M<ppa, XOTH OHa
H ropa3AO B:bIme, COCTa,BJlHeT Bce me MelHlee 8 MJIjH. JIRBpO'B B ro,n;
Ha 06m;yro CYMMY ,IJ;OXO,IJ;a 152 MJIH., O,IJ;HaKO ee ,IJ;OJlmHO 6:bIT:b
p;OCTaTOtIHO, lIT06:b1 IIOKp:bIT:b He,IJ;060p rrocTyrrJleHHH, B03MOmH:bIlf
npH pe<popMe. Ho CY,IJ;HT:b 06 3TOM MomHO TOJl:bKO K KOHn;y ,IJ;eH-
CTBMH ,IJ;orOBOpa, a B 1774 r. em;e CJlHmKOM paHO COCTaBJlHT:b ce6e
MHeHHe, XOTH' TlOpro O,IJ;Ham,IJ;:bI M rOBOpHJI 06 y6:bITOtIHOH eHe-
(prix lesionnaire) 3.
BrrpOTIeM, YM:bI Toro BpeMeHH COBceM He CKJlOHH:bI 3aHMMaT:bCH
paCCMOTpeHHeM 3TOH np06J1eM:bI. OHM He nO,IJ;rOTOBJleH:bI K rrOHH-
M8JHHIO 3 OHOIMH OOK'OH 3I\JCrraHC1IiH II !He COMJHJelBalIOTCH [8 rrpe/liIMY-
eCTBe 11 ,IJ;OXO,IJ;HOCTII CHCTeM:bI oTKyrroB, ,IJ;ame HeCMOTpH Ha ee
3JIoyrroTpe6J1eHHH. BepH BH,IJ;HT B rrpaKTHKe «paCmHpHTeJl:bHOrO
TOJIKOBaHHH» (extensions) * H «CTpaXe, KOTOp:bIH BHymaeT rrJla-
TeJI:bm;HKY BCHKMH cJlymam;MH oTKyrra», «IICT01J:HHK 60JI:bmOTO poc-
Ta ,IJ;OXO,IJ;OB» H CtIHTaeT, 'liTO B cJlYtIae H3MeHeHMH 3TOM CHCTeM
189
1 ApeH)J;HbIH }J;oroBop JIopaHa - ,ZJ;aBH,n;a npe,n;ycMaTpHBaJI YBeJHIqenUe
HaJIora Ha 20 MJIH. BonpeKH, IIO-BII}J;IIMOMY, He060cHoBaHHoMY MHeHHIO a66a-
Ta BepH, KOTOpbIH o eHHBaJI 3TO YBeJIHqeHHe HaJIOra B 50 MJIH., JIaBya3be
ltaaLIBaeT II<PPY 25 MJIH. JIH Ha,n;6aBoK II 8 MJIH. JIH Y)J;epmaHHH. TaKHM
06paaoM, 3TOT oroBop ItpH Bcex paBHbIx YCJIOBHHX 6bIJI HeMHoro Bblro)J;HeH
pe}J;LI)J;ym;erO, KOTOpbIH OCTaBJIHJI oTKynm;HKaM, KaK MbI YBH}J;HM )J;aJIee, MaJIO
apLlmeu. ITocJIe nO}J;nlIcaHHH )J;orOBopa nOCTaHOBJIeHHe COBeTa YTBep}J;IIJIO
5 JI / 1 e n. y rom;ee pacnpe}J;eJIeHHe 6apbImeH:
o -)J;O 4 MJIH. JIHBpOB
4/10 - OT 4}J;0 8 MJIH. JIHBpOB
2/10 - CBbIme 12 MJIH. JIHBpOB.
.. IIpe)J;bI)J;ym;HH }J;oroBop TaKme cO)J;epmaJI pacnpe)J;eJIeHHe cBepx6apbI-
eli. (M a r ion. Ope cit., t. I, p. 274 et suiv.; S C hell e, t. IV, p. '13.)
no nO}J;CqeTaM MOJIbeHa (M 0 II i e n. Memoires), }J;OXO,n; reHepaJIbHbIX
'l'l\ynrn;HKoB paBHHJICH npH6JIH3HTeJIbHO 300 TbIC. B ro,n; Ha qeJIOBe:Ka.
* «3aKoHHaH npHqHHa RpaHHero y6bITKa - B n;eBe».
CM. npllM. 2 Ha c. 193. -llpu.M. peo.
190
TJACTb llEPBAH. HAl1: EiH l1.A
ROpOJIeBCKaH Ka3Ha rrOTepHeT OT 15 ,n:o 20 MJIH. HeRRep, KOTOp:bIH
HanOJIOBHHY OCym;ecTBHT STY pe<POPMY, ;D;OBO;D;IIT CBoe <ppOH,n;ep-
CTBO ;0;0 Toro, ,'tITO 3aHBJIHeT: «B,n:YMtIHB:bIH II 6;O;HTeJI:bH:bIH <p HHaH -
COB:bIH a,n;MHHHCTpaTOp...» MomeT xopomo BeCTH pa60TY, ,n:ame He
6Y;O;YTIH JIHTIHO 3aMHTepeCOBaHH:bIM, HO B TO me BpeMH OH onacaeT-
CH 3a B:bI60.p TIUHOBHHKOB B rO;O;:bI BceMorym;ecTBa BCHKIIX rrpOTeIli-
n;IIU; HTaR, OH rrpIIXO,D;I1T K 3aKJIIOtIeHHIO B nOJI:b3Y rocy,n:apCTBeH-
Horo ynpaBJIeHHH c <pHHaHCOBOH rapaHTHen H JIHTIHOH 3aHHTepe-
COBaHHOCTblO, KOTOPYIO OH, KCTa TII, H BBeJI B rrpaKTH:Kyl.
CaM TlOpro, HeCMOTpH Ha ycnex ero ;o;pyrnx 8RcrrepHMeHTOB,
OTHIO,n;:b He YTBepm,n;aeT, TITO B3HMaHHe HaJIOrOB rocy,n:apCTBOM
6y,n:eT B:bIro,n;Hee oTRynoB; caMoe 60JI:bm ' e ' e, Ha "IlTO 0'11 Ha;o;eeTCH,-
aTO COXpaHHT:b npemHHH ,n:OXo,n;. «C nOMOID;:b1O 6,n;HTeJI:bHOCTH II
aKOHOMHH B ynpaBJIeHHH MomHO 6y;o;eT BOCnOJIHHT:b rrOTepH, He OT-
cTyrraH rrpH B3HMaHHH C60POB OT cTaBoK, YCTaHOBJIeHH:bIX 3aKO-
HOM». Ho OH OTKa3:bIBaJICH paccMaTpHB8T:b rrp06JIeMY TOJI:bRO C TOq-
nIl 3peHIIH ,n:OXO,n;HOCTH, II B STOM ero caMaH 60JI:bmaH opHrIIHaJI:b-
HOCT:b. Paccym,n:eHIIH TlOpro rrpHBo;O;HT ero K aJIbTepHaTHBe: eCJIH
oTKyrrID;HKII ,n;eHcTBYIOT 3aKoHHo, M:bI MomeM rrocTynaT:b TOtIHO TaR
me; lelCJIH OID! eHCTBYIOT He I 3aKOHHO, IM:bI He MomeM rrepeH'HMaTb
IJX MHTOJ];:bI. «E,cJ'fH M:bI nOTHp1llIM y6:blTOK, rrepe'CTaB AencTBoBaTb
He3aKOHHO, Ha,n;o rrpHMHpHT:bCH C HHM H IICKaT:b 3aKOHHoro cno-
c06a ero rrOKp:bIT:b. B aTOM COCTOUT C.ltYJ/Ce6Hbru 80.!l8». II 8TO, KaR
M:bI yme OTMeqaJIH, He npOCTO TOTIKa 3peHHH MOpaJIHCTa. TlOpro
y6em;o;eH, liTO JIIiXOIIMCTBO II HecnpaBe,n:JIHBOCT:b, He rOBopH 06
OT,Bpa elILH1I, KOTopOie OH R HHM IflIT8JeT, ITpHBOo;o;HT JIIO eH B OT-
-qaHHHe H nperrHTCTBYIOT 8KOHOMHTIeCKOMY nporpeccy.
06cym;o;eHIIH, ROTOp:bIe M:bI H3JIOmHJIH B:bIme, npOHcxo,n;HJIH B
Hos:6pe 1775 r. 2 B 3TO BpeMH ero rrpoeKT «e e ,n;epiKIITCH B ceK-
peTe» III OCTa.eTCH Ta:EGIM ,n;o KOHn;a, no OH ,n;aJI'eKO H'e 11013. HaM
RameTCH BepOHTH:bIM, 'tITO C rrepB:bIX ,n;HeH rrpHxo,n;a B MHHHcTep-
CTBO, C rrepB:bIX rrOrrJ.>ITOK 'pemeHHH «6IO;o;meTHoro BOrrpOCa» Tropro
yme ;o;epiIi\aJI B YMe yrrpa3,n;HeHHe oTKynoB.
Ho TlOpro U B aTOM CJIYTIae pemaeT npOHBHT:b OCTopomHOCTb
R ;o;eMCTBOBaT:b rr03TarrHO. B caMOM ,n:eJIe, ocym;eCTBJIeHHe pa,n;HRaJI:b-
HOM pe<I>opM:bI CBH3aHO C 60JIbmHMH Tpy,n;HOCTHMH, HMeIOTCH rrp:rr-
qHH:bI H ,n;JIH Cep:be3H:bIX KOJIe6aHHH. MomHo 3a,n:aT:b ce6e Borrpoc:
1 N e C k e r. Administration des Finances, t. I, p. 139. On f:\eJIHT OT-
I\ynHoe Be,n;OMCTBO Ha TPH qaCTH: zenepa.abnb e OTl'i,yna, B q,opMe ynpaBJIe-
HIIH, nOJIY1Jarom;ero B03I1arpallip;eHHe H p;HBH,n;eH}J;bI, KOpOJIb iRe lIorryqaeT
onpe,n;eJIeHHbIM MIfHHMYM; zenepa.abnoe ynpa8Aenue nOC8ennb X na.a0208 C
ynpaBJIHIOm;HMH, COCTOHID;HMH Ha iRaJIOBaHbe, H cHcTeMoH BoapacTaIOm;eM
I\OMI1CCI10HHO}I OIlJlaTLI; II, HaI{OHe , {}O.M,enb , C CQCTOHID;HMH na }HaJIOBaHbe
.aP;MHHllcTpaTopaMH, aaHHTepecoBaHHbIMH, op;HaKO, B p;oxop;ax BbIllie onpep;e-
JIennOll CYMMLI.
2 OHH aanHcaHbI BepH 25 HOH6pH. CM.: V e r i. Ope cit., t. .I p. 3!il
et suiv., p. 378 at suiv.
r J1ABA VII. BIOlPRETHAH nOJ1HTHRA
190
-
se cneAyeT nH CBH3aTb 3TO eno c.pe opMOH caMoro Hanora, R
IIpeJl\Ae Bcero ra6enlI, conHHOH 1I0 aTH? C PyroH CTOpOHLI, ecnn
.name OT6poCHTb 60H3Hb He 060pa Hanora, OCTaeTCH 90 MnH. ro..
cyJ.1;apcTBeHHoro onra reHepanbHLIM OTKYIIII(IIKaM. HaK ero B03-
MecTHTb? lIJIII KaK ero He B03Me aTb? CY H 110 pa3rOBOpy C BepH,
Tropro xna HOKpOBHO 06 YMbIBaeT, KaK paccpO"tJ:HT:b 1I0Kp:bITHe 3TO-
fO '')J;onra Ha eCHTb neT, IIpeHe6peraH BOllnHMH B03Mym;eHn:H, RO-
TOpLIe He 3aMe nHT 1I0cne OBaTb H PYIIOPOM ROTOpLIX CTaHOBHTCH
caM BeplI, paccym aH B 1I0paaHTeJIbHOM JIH Hac yxe 3IIOXH:
qeCTHOCTb - 3TO BepHOCTb rocy apcTBa orOBopaM, KaK eCJIH 6
peqL mna 06 06LIKHoBeHHoH c enKe H3 06JIaCTH 'tJaCTHoro IIpaBa.
M TYT TIOpro B CBoeM 06pa3HoM CTIIJIe, KOTOpLIH eJIaeT ero 6ece-
]J;:&I H lIepellHCKY. HaCTOJI:bKO HplIe ero o H:U;HanbHLIx IIHcaHHH,
cpaBHHBaeT oTKy a C pa6cTBoM: ecnH KOpOn:b pemHT OTMeHHT:D
pa6cTBo HerpOB B KonOHHHX, HO CMomeT KOMlleHCHpOBaTb pa60
BJla enLIJ;eB JIHmb TIepe3 eCHTb JIeT, TO Ha o nH m,n;aTb e e ,n;e
CJITb JIeT? «Hapo,n; H3 aBHa TepllHT IIpHTeCHeHHH», a «reHepanL
able OTKYII HKH 1I0TepllHT JIHm:b OTCpOTIKY» - «KOTopaH Ha ,n;BYX
maJI06 CHnbHee paHHT lIYBCTBO cllpaBe,n;nHBocTH?»
O HaKo O HO BamHeHmee co06pameHHe Tpe6yeT OCTopomHOCTH
II onpaB :&IBaeT IIpOMe neHHe - 3TO rp03HaH CIIJIa, KOTOpyIO npeJ];-
CTaBJIHeT C060H B rocy apcTBe KOpIlOpaIJ;HH reHepaJIbH:&IX oTRyn
II(HKOB. H;e 3PH me Kap n:HaJI <PJIepH HaaLIBaJI IIX «CTOJIllaMH ro-
cy apCTBa», a BonbTep «30JIOrLIMH CTOnIlRl't'IH»?
He CJIe yeT, O HaKO, IIpe CTaBnHTb ce6e «,IJ;OroBOpm;n:KOB» (HX
Ha3LIBanH TaR, 1I0CKOJI:bKY OHn: n:Menn: « orOBOp») B IIpeYBenn:TIeH-
HO pOMaHTIPIeCKOM CBeTe. 8TO yme He <pn:HaHCOBLIe KOH,n;OTbepbI,
KaKHMH 6:bInH IIX IIpe,n;meCTBeHHHRH B XVI B., B 60nbmHHCTBe
3TO a MHHHCTpaTopLI, MomHO ame CKa3aTb - 6ropoKpaTLI, KOTO
pLIe 063aBenn:Cb ceKpeTapHMn:, c06HpaIOTCH Ha accaM6neH n:nn: 3a...
ce,n;aHIIH ROMHTeTOB Kam,n;LIH eH:b, KpOMe cy660TbI, Kor a OHn: He
BLLIIOJLHHIOT 06H3aHIHOCTeH «pa3 B3)JjH:bIX OTRYII n:KOB» ,,n;nH ROIHTpO-
JIH B IIpOBHHn;HHX. lIx BnHHHHe yme He 06'bHCHHeTCH 06aHHHe 1
aBaHTropH3Ma. «feHepan:bH:bIe OTKYllm;HRH, - IIHmeT HeKKep B CBO"
eM: OTlIeTe, - 1I01ITH Bce n:MeIOT He3aypH Hoe 06pa30BaHn:e H He
noxomn: Ha IIpemHn:x <pn:HaHCHCTOB».
Ho 06 HX BnHHHIIH MomHO Cy n:TL IIO MHorHM IIpn:3HaKaM: IIO
60raTcTBY (Ram,n;bIH BJIOmIIJI B eJIO 1500 TLIC. JIn:BpOB), 110 CJIyiR-
6aM, KOTOpi>IMn: OHn: YllpaBnHIOT - OHH HaClIHTLIBaIOT 1400 ROHTOp
H 6ec"tJ:IICJIeHlIbIX "tJ:HHOBHn:KOB, CTpamHIIKOB, CTpeJIROB ra6enH, -
06pa3YH rocy,n;apCTBO B rocy apcTBe; Bce OHH n:MeIOT IIpaBO HO'"
CHTb opymn:e, oCB060m,n;eHLI OT HaJIOrOB n: 1I0JIb3YIOTCH cy e6H:bIMH
npBBn:nern:HMH; 3a n:x Clln:HOH CTOHT MHomeCTBO IIpn: BOpHbIX H
J];OJImHOCTHLIX nn:n;, KOrOp:bIe KOpMHTCH 3a n:x C"tJ:eT, H n;enaH ceTb
B3LIcKaHHblx C006m;HHKOB. HaRoHeIJ;, BnHHHlIe HX em;e YCHJIlInOCb
6JIaro)J;apH IJ;enOMY BeRY Bocxom eHn:H 110 COn;HaJIbHOH JIeCTHHIJ;e
II npOHIIKHoBeHHIO B B:bICmee 06IT{eCTBO, B TIaCTHOCTH C 1I0MOID;:bID
192
t[ACTb nEPBAH. HAl{ EiR l1.A.
6paqHbIX COI030B, B KOTOpbIX KHH3b e MOH6apa BH HT O HY M3
npH1IHH «3a6BeHIIH peBHHX pDIn;apCKHX 06bIqaeB» H «BeJIHI\oii
nepeMeHbI B H,n;eHX H Han;HOHaJIbHOM xapaKTepe» 1.
MSJIHmHe OTMeqaTb, qTO HbIHemHHM reHepaJIbHbIK KOHTpOJIep
He pa3 eJIHeT B aTOM Borrpoce orraceHHM 6Y YIqero BoeHHoro MM-
HHCTpa. OH He BH HT B JIHn;e «meCTH eCHTH CTOJIrrOB», CRpbIBalO-
lI(HXCH rro rro,n;CTaBHbIM HMeHeM JIopaHa - AaBH a, rrpHBepmeHn;eB
HJIOCOcpHH H rrpe BeCTHHROB HOBoro MHpa.
Ho rrepBoe BpeMH eMY rrpHXO HTCH TeM 60JIee HX m;a HTL.
«r-H TIOpro, - OTMeqaeT Bo o, - He TaR 6e3paccy eH, qTo6bI 0]];-
HHM: MaXOM C6POCHTb apeH Y oTKyrrOB».
TeM He MeHee TIOpro cpa3Y 3aHHJICH aTOM rrp06JIeMoit,' XOTH
H B OqeHb Y3KOM rrJIaHe. MMeHHo eM 6bIJIa rrOCBHm;eHa o,n;Ha H3 ero
nepBbIx HHHn;HaTHB rrOCJIe rrpHxo a B MHHHcTepcTBo. AOKJIa,n;HaH
3arrHCKa KOpOJIIO 0 reHepaJIbHbIX oTKyrrax 6hIJIa rro,n;aHa 11 ceHTH-
6PH, 3a Ba HH o YKa3a 0 XJIe6HOM TOprOBJIe. TIOpro rrpHMeHHeT
OqeHb JIOBRHH H pa3YMHhIH MeTO . CHcTeMa oTKyrroB B CBoeM
Tor,n;amHeM BH,n;e HMeJIa CBOIO JIOrHKY H rrpHHOCHJIa HeKOTopYIO
rrOJIb3Y, H rrOTOMY CJIe,n;OBaJIO rrpem e Bcero 60pOTbCJI C pa3'be a-
IOm;HMH ee rropOKaMH. MeJIKHe 3JIoyrroTpe6JIeHHH KaK 6bI HapOCJII1
Ha OCHOBHOM. Mx MomHO 6bIJIO cpe3aTb. 8Ta «pecpopMOq.Ka» Kaca-
JIaCb ,n;BYX BorrpOCOB:
1. IIepcoHaJIa.
MecTa reHepaJIbHbIX oTRyrr HKoB CJIe yeT rrpe OCTaBJIHTb JIIO-
J];HM crroc06HbIM (Kam blii H3 HHX YTBepm,n;aeTC'H KOpOJIeM). IIpo-
TOKJ HH rrpOHHKJIa B 3TO CTOJIb BbIro,n;Hoe ,IljeJIO, III MHOIrH'e llOJIytJJHJIM
«6JIJIeTbI». 8TH 6HJIeTbI 6y,n;YT oTMeHeHbI, o,IJ;HaRo HX 06JIa aTeJIH
MorYT BHOBb BbICTaBHTb CBOIO KaH,IJ;H)J;aTYPY Ha cB060 HhIe MeCTa.
CbIHOBbH MorYT 6bITb «IIpHBJIerqeHbI K yqaCTHIO B eJIe», TOJIbl\O
eCJIH HM HCrrOJIHHJIOCb Ba n;aTb ITHTb JIeT H OHH rrOJIyqHJIH COOT-
BeTCTBYIOIqee 06pa30BaHHe. CJIymaIqHX 6y)J;YT BDI6HpaTb caMH OT-
KyrrIqHKH, qaCTO HM rrpOCTO HX HaBH3DIBaJIH. « ROpbICTOJII06n;bI,
KOTopbIe Bce rrpo aIOT H Bce rrOl\yrraIOT, 3arrOJIHHJIH Bce OJljHHO-
CTH He,n;OCTOHHbIMH rrpHCJIymHHRaMH)}.
2. AOJIH B rrpH6LIJIHX.
TIOpro pemaeT He rrOCHraTb Ha MHOrOqHCJIeHHbIe rreHCHH, 1\0-
TopbIe BOmJIO B 06blqaM 3aCTaBJIHTb OrrJIaqHBaTb oTKyrrIqHIroB; aTH
1 «B 6JIeCTHm;lIe rop;bI n;apcTBoBaHHH JIIO oBHKa XV, Korp;a nOTpe6Ho-
CTH rocyp;apcTBa Bce B03paCTaJIH, eCTeCTBeHHO, B03paCTaJIO II 3HalJeHHe cpn-
naHCHCTOB, KOTOpbIX CHalJaJIa pa3Bpam;aJIH, HarpaiRp;aH THTYJIaMH, a 3aTeM
ew;e CHJIbHee pa30iRrJIJI HX lJeCTOJII06I1e, pa3pemaH HM BCTynaTb B 6paKH c
MJIap;mHMH, a HHor}J;a H cTapmHMII oTnpbIcK MU 3HaTHbIX cpaMHJIH:U, .a TeM-
jI,eHHTbCH Ha ,n;OlJepHX cpHHaHCHc,ToB, lJbe npu,n;aHoe nOrrpaBJIHJIO paccTpoen-
HbIe p;eJIa rrpHHHMaBmero HX ceMeHCTBa». (M 0 n t bar e y. Ope cit., t. III,
p. 116 et suiv.)
rJ1.A. B .A VII. BIOI{H\ETHAfl nOJIHTHRA
---
193
elIC:01I lIam;e BCerO na3HaqaJIHCb B BH;D;e nOMOID;II IIJIII B03Harpam-
[1 elIIIJI. CaMa aTa cpopMa ;D;OCTOHna ocym;D;eHHH, HO ee OTMeHa MO-
eT p;aTb JIHillb MaJIeHbI\YIO 3I\OHOMHIO. qTO I\aCaeTCH yqaCTHH B
np1I6bIJIHX, Ha3bIBaeMoro «KpynbI» (croupes),. TO Tropro rrpH3Ha-
eT npno6peTeHH:bIe npaBa, BO pemaeT, qTO B ;D;aJIbHeHmeM He 6y,n;eT
«IIO BbIX Rpyrr» H KpYIILe, KOTOp:bIe Be BHeCYT npHqHTaroID;HxcH C
n1IX CYMM 3a yqaCTHe, 6Y;D;YT HCKJIIOqeH:bI C 1 OKTH6pH.
JilMeH'Ho npM pacrrpH,n;eJIe l HMlI 3TIHX «Kpyrr» OTM:e-qaroT ToprOB-
JIID nMII I1: CaM:bIe CRaH,n;aJIbH:bIe 3JIoyrroTpe6.iIeHHH. A66aT Teppa,
MeHee HCRymeHH:bIH B TaKoro po,n;a ,n;eJIax, qeM B TeXHHKe ynpaB-
JIeHHH, K TOMY me em;e 3naq1ITeJI:bHO YBeJIHqHJI HX. B cnlICKe neH
C1IOHepOB II Kpynbe, YKa3aHH:bIX B «MeMyapax» Teppa, M:bI Baxo
J'(HM CaM:bIe pa3Hoo6pa3H:bIe HMeHa: HHTeH,n;aHTa II Bpaqa r-mll AIO-
6appn, ceMbro H HOTapMYCOB a66aTa Teppa, )J;aiRe HeKYro )]:aMY,
no CJIyxaM, ero BHe6paqHYro ;D;oqb, rrO;D;OrreqH:bIX TeTOK KOpOJIH,
tPHHaHCOB:bIX qHHOBHHKOB, MHOiI-\eCTBO ,n;aM, npOTeiRe Tpro,n;eHa,
rpacpa I1ponaHcKoro c cynpyroH H, HaKOHe , caMoro ROpOJIH; TaR,
lIo6ym;D;ae'M:bIH Tropro rro,n;aTb 6JIarOH npHM1ep, RO'pOJIb Co6cTB 1 eHHo-
pyqHO HanHCaJI: «fl paCrrOpHiRaJICH )]:BYMH qeTBepTHMII» 1. CorJIac
HO TO-MY iRe )]:OKYMeHTY, meCTb)]:eCHT MeCT oTKynID;HKoB Or(eHlIBa-
JIHC:b «BMeCTe c npH6:bIJIbro OT apen,n;:bI» B 100 T:bIC. JIHBpOB KaiR)]:oe,
TO eCTb B 6 I\IJIH., a CBH3aHH:ble c HHMH pacxo,n;:bI - B 1980 T:bIC. JIHB-
pOB.
HaKoHeu;, no COo6m;eHlIro ,[(ionoHa, no,n;TBepiR;D;eHHOMY MHorlIMII
aBTopaMH, Tropro nOTpe6oBaJI OT oTKyrrm;IIKOB nplIMeHHTL «MeBee
HaCMJIbCTBeHH:ble Mep:bI»2.
8TH pecpopM:bI TIopro 6:bIJIH 6JIarOnp1IHTn:bI ,n;JIH oTKyrrm;HKOB,
nOCKOJIbRY BeJIII K OCBo6oiR,n;eHHIO IIX ,n;OXO,n;PB OT THiKeJIOrO 6pe-
1 8 c hell e, t. IV, p. 150; T err a y. Ope cit., p. 220 et suiv.
2 B 1JaCTHOCTII, OH nOJIOiRHJI KOHeD; npaKTIIKe «pacmnpHTeJIbHOrO TOJI-
KOBaHHH» (extensions), KOTopaH n03BOJIHJIa OT1\ynm;HKaM HCTOJIKOBbIBaTL B
CBOIO nOJIb3Y Bce HeHCHOCTH B <pHcKaJIbHOM 3aKOHo,n;aTeJILeTBe. ,l];ronoH )J;aiRe
CtIUTaeT, npMBo,n;H BeCbMa opHrHHaJILHbIe p;OKa3aTeJILCTBa, 1JTO HMeHHO 6JIaro-
AapH 3TOH CHHcxop;HTe bHoH cy,n;e6HoH npaKTIIKe )J;OXO}J;M oTKynm;HRoB OT
orOBopa K p;oroBopy Y1JeTBepHJIHcL! Ha caMOM p;eJIe «pacmHpHTeJIbHOe TOJI-
ROBaHHe BorrpeKH MHeHHro HeKoTopMX aBTopOB He 03Ha1JaJIO npaBa oTKyrr-
HI\OB TOJIKOBa TL B CBOIO rrOJIL3Y Bce cnopHbIe CJIY1JaH, tITO 6bIJIO HeMbICJIII-
Mo JJ;ame IlpH CTapOM nopHp;Ke, HO B03MOiRHOCTL pacnpOCTpaHHTL Ha Bce
anaJIOrnqn:bIe CJIY"t£aH y,n;o6Hoe P;JIH HHX cyp;e6Hoe pemCHHe, B:bIHeCeHlIoe no
l\aROM:Y-JIH60 onpep;eJIeHHOMY ,n;eJIY. (8 hell e, t. IV, p. 22.) 8TO Bce me
C.TaBHJIO naJIOrOrrJIaTeJILID;HKa B HeB:bIro,n;Hoe nOJIOiReHHe, H60 OH He 3Han
npen;ep;eHTOB, He 3HaJI rropoH ,n;aiRe TapH<poB. H TaKoe nOJIOiReHHe Bce eID;e
cYI1J;ecTBOBaJIO B TO BpeMH, Korp;a B:bICmHH nop;a THOH cy,n; nop;aJI 6 MaH
1775 r. peMoHcTpan;HH C iRaJI060H Ha «)J;ecrrOTH3M oTKynm;HKOB», 3.ITOYlIoTpe6-
JIeHUH rrpH rrepe,n;aqe TRiR6 Ha paccMoTpeHHe HHTeH,n;aHTY H npe,n;JIOn{HJI
ony6JIHROBaTb TapH<pLI H perJIaMeHT:bI. MM He paCIIOJIaraeM HH OP;HHM ,n;OKY-
MenTOM, CBHp;eTeJIbCTByroID;HM 0 BMema TeJILCTBe Tropro B 3TO ,n;eJIo. I1o-
UAUMOMY, OHO HamJIO OTpaiReHHe TOJI:bKO B pemeHHHx cy,n;e6Horo 3aCep;aIIHH.
OBeTa, co6paBllIerOCH }J;JIH paeCMOTpeHHg rrOBep;eHHH HHTeH,n;aHToB.
13 a <I>op
194
QACTb HEPBAJI. HA}{ EiR l1.L\
MeHH H K H36aBJIeHIIIO OTKyrroB OT JIIOAeH, HeAoCTOHHDlX 3aUB-
MaT:bCR 3TOH rrpO<peCClIeH. lIo MHeHIIIO ,IJ:IOrroHa, Tropro AOJImeH
6:bIJI 6:bI rrpH06peCTlI rrOrrYJIRpHOCT:b B 3TOi KOprrOpa HH. Ho B e-
JIOM (3a HCI\JIIOrqeHHeM HeCI\OJI:bKHX )]:pyaeH: )]:e lIoJIbaa, e BepAe-
Ha, JIaBya3:be) OTRYII HRH eMY He )]:OBepHIOT, H 6YAym;ee )]:OKame1'
HX npaBOTY. IIp'lIBBJIerRpOlBaHHLI'e R , oprropa'IJ;IHI1I, He !BOerAa 6eayn-
peqH:bIe rrpH B:bI60pe cpeAcTB 3a:I HTLI CBOHX BHTepecoB, BcerAa
BeC:bMa rrpoHHr(aTeJI:bH:bI rrpH orrpe,n;eJIeHHII MecTa, oTRy)]:a MomeT
1I0CJIe)]:oBaT:b aTaRa, ROTOpOH OHB Bcer)]:a orracaIOTCH. OHn: BYTPO I
1IYIOT II aHaIOT 6JIaro)]:apH )]:oHocaM, qTO, paapLIBaH Bce TOHRne
Y3LI CHHcxo,n;HTeJI:bHOCTB H coyqacTHH, cBHaLIBaIOID;lIe HX C BJIa-
CT:bIO, TIOpro cTpeMHTcH oCBo6o)]:HT:b TOJI:bKO BJIaCTb, a BOBce Be IIX
caMHx. «STOT qeJIOBeK - 6ea60mHIIK, OB Be BepHT B oTKyna» 1.
BOEHHbIE
PACXO,IJ:bI
BoeHHL1:e pacxo,n;:bI, COCTaBJIHIOID;lIe 25 % 6IO)]:meTa B 4 % Ha-
n;HOHaJI:bHOrO ,n;oxoAa, HBJIHIOTCH C aToro BpeMeHH rrOCTOHHH:bIM co-
6JIa3HOM ,D;JIH MHmICTpa <pRHaH'COB, ROT01lf>IH Blr(eT { lIoco6a C'ORpa-
THTb 6IO,n;meT. YpeaaTb 3TlI paCXOAbI RaaaJIOCb ropa3)J.O JIerqe, 1Ie1\1
rocy)]:apcTBeHHLIK ,n;OJIr, r,n;e MomHO 6:bIJIO )]:06IITbCH 6JIarOnpHHT-
H:bIX peaYJIbTaTOB JIHm:b C IIOMOIr(:bIO qpe3B:bI1IaHH:bIX Kpe,n;HTOB. Ho
C APyroH CTOpOH:bI, reHepaJIbH:bIH ROHTpOJIep He Haxo,n;HJICH yme
TYT Ha c06CTBeHHOH .TeppIITopHH. 3)]:eCb He B ero BJIaCTH 6:bIJIO
onpe,n;eJIHT:b 11 npOBo,n;HT:b IIOJIHTHKY. OH Mor JIHm:b )]:aBaTb COBeT!>1
CBOHM ROJIJIeraM, paClIopH,n;IITeJIHM Kpe)]:HTOB. OAHaRO BO Bce 3rro-
XH cpe,n;H MHHHCTpOB-paCT01lHTeJIei BOeHH:bIe MHHHCTp:bI 6oJI:bme
Bcex rrpOTHBHJIHC:b BJIHHHHIO MHHHCTpOB, Be,n;aBmHX <pHHaHcaMU.
IIOJI:b3YHC:b cyry60H ceRpeTHOCT:bIO CBoeK npO<peCCHH II Hepymn-
M:bIM aanpeTOM rrOCHraTb Ha B:bICmHe Ha HOnaJI:bH:ble HHTepeC:bI, OHll
BCTpe1laIOT BCHI\Oe npe,n;JIOmeHHe 06 3KOHOMHII - Aame, 6eccilopHO,
caMoe paaYMHoe - RaR 06HAY HX pBeHIIIO HJIII oCRop6JIeHHe lIX
;D;OrM:bI (JIH60 O HO H3 ;D;BYX, JIH60 B TO B )]:pyroe BMeCTe). Mx c-rte-
Ta nOJI:b3YIOTCH rrpHBHJIerHeH BoeHHOH ceRpeTHOCTH, a omlI6RJI
OrrpaBA:bIBaIOTCH naTpHOTH3MOM. tITO RacaeTCH JIIO)]:ei, TO TIOpro
HMe,eT AeJIQ C CapTKHoM JI .D:IO MIOIII. Ca,pTlIH o6JIa;rt;a ' OT nOJIRiIII-
QeCRHMH'crroc@6HoCTHMII H nOJI:bayeTcH OBeplIeM ROpOJIeBCROK qe-
1 M:&I B3HJUI aTY «ppa3Y (cocTaBIIB ee) H3 naM«pJIeTa TOM nop!>I, B :KO-
TOpOM a66aT Teppa pa3roBapllBaeT CO cBoeR npOKJIHToid: Aymou.
(D est 0 U C h e s. Lettres de Terray a Turgot, p. 38; D;HTHpyeTcH B: F 0 n-
e i D. Ope cit., p. 95, D. 2.)
,{[' pABA VII. BKJ)1,H\ETHAR. llOJIHTHKA
----
195
fbI, C aTDM -q , eJIOIB'8KOM: MOmBO B :KIpamle rCJIY'tllae {H nO<mOptHTL
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neaneM pH,n:a 06CTOHTeJI:bCTB, OH ,n:aeT CBo60JJ;Y CBoeMY 6e3y,n:epm-
gOMY paCTOqIITeJIbCTBY). Ho B ,n:aHHoe BpeMH Tropro He 0 qeM
cnoPIITL C HHM, II60 6JIaro,n;apH CBoeMY npe6LIBaHIIIO B MOpCKOM
BeAoMCTBe OH y6eJJ;IIJICH, qTO aTO BeJJ;OMCTBO He TOJILKO He nOJIL-
3yeTClI qpe3MepH:bIMII cpe,n:CTBaMII, HO, HanpOTHB, CTpaJJ;aeT OT IIX
ae)J;OCTaTKa. «r -H TIOpro, yme IIMeBmHH 06 ee npeJJ;CTaBJIeHIIe
.0 MOpCKOM BeJJ;OMCTBe, nOHHMaJI, qTO npe,n:OCTaBJIeHHLIX eMY
.27 MJlH. HJIII OKOJIO Toro He XBaTaeT ,n:ame Ha ynJIaTY HeOTJIOiK-
HbIX )J;OJIrOB... H qT06LI no,n:JJ;epmIIBaT:b ero Ha HbIHemHeM ypOBHe»;
.K TOMY me M:bI BH,n:eJIII, qTO OHO aa,n:oJImaJIo 15 MJIH. Ka3HaqeHCT-
BY. COrJIaCHO JJ;OKJIa,ny Teppa, MHHIICTepCTBO <pIIHaHCOB ,n:aBaJIO
MOPCROMY Be,n:OMCTBY C 1774 r. 34 MJIH. B ro,n: - CBepx 6ro;n;meTa-
Ha Qpe3BLJ1IaHHbIe paCXOJJ;:bI 11 ynJlaTY )];OJIrOB. BIOJJ;meTHaH CYMMa,
no }J;ORJIa,n:y Teppa, COCTaBJIHJIa B n;eJIOM 27 900 TbIC. Tropro )];0-
80)J;HT ee }J;O 33 MJIH. B 1775 r. II CHIImaeT ,n:o 29 MJIH. )];JIH 1776 r.
{B CBoeM nOCJIe,I(HeM 6ro)];meTHOM nJIaHe, no CJIOBaM AronoHa, OH
npe):(nOJIaraJI YMeHbIDIITL ee Ha 8 MJIH.
qTO KacaeTCH BoeHHoro MIIHIICTpa AID MIOII, TO, nOMIIMO 06:b1q-
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H npOHBJIHeT 'e e OrpaHIIqeHHOCT:b YMa II B}J;o6aBoR, no CJIOBaM
BeplI, « ero cIIoc06HOCTII 6LICTpO CJIa6eIOT» 1. MLI BH}J;eJIII ero He-
eIIoe ynpHMcTBO B }J;eJIe C OnOJIqeHIIeM, KaR II B 6opL6e C 3IIII-
BooTneR, II BepH coo6 aeT HaM TaRme, TITO OH eJJ;IIHCTBeHHbIK II3
'Bcex MIIHHCTpoB npOTHBIIJICH KOMIITeTaM. HaKoHen;, «r-H Aro MIOH
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C'TBa»2. 3aTo OH 01J:eHL yqTIIB B o6pam;eHIIII II OTKpOBeHeH B 6e-
-ce.n;ax, II n03}J;Hee Tropro, CTOJIKHYBmlICL c ero npeeMHHKoM, e:rn;e
nOiKaJIeeT 0 HeM. B nepenIICKe, OTHOCH eHCH K caMOMY HaqaJIY
JJ;eHTe LHOCTII Tropro, OH co eTyeT npem,n:e Bcero npIIBeCTH B no-
pH.n;OK ClIeTa: II36eraT:b, nO-BH)];HMOMY, )];OBOJILHO qaCTLIX CJIY1J:aeB
BLIllJIa TLI ,n:BOHHLIX H TpOHHLIX maJIOBaHIIH, HarpaJJ;HbIX, RO OpbIX
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HLIX CTOpOH, lIT. ):(. OH ,n:aeT MHoro npaKTlIqeCKIIX COBeTOB: pLIHKH
4>ypama CTaHYT MeHee ,n:oporIIMII, eCJIH 6LITL 60JIee TOqHLIM B IIJIa-
Temax, MomHO He aaMe aTL «o<pHn;epOB-IIHCTpYKTOPOB B RpeIIOC
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THT pa3Hoe maJIOBaH:be - OT 8 ,n;o 19 TLIC. <ppaHKoB, -)];a II qHCJIO
Hx Ha)];o YMeHLIDHTb; OH cpaay nona,n:aeT B TQ'lIKY, YKa3bIBaH Ha
lIeH3MeHHo cJIa60e MeCTO B CTpYKType <ppaHn;yacKOH: apMHH-
R36:bITOK B:bICmHX o<pHn;epoB. Ho XOTH TIOpro He YTOqHHeT, nO}J;o6
,1
2
13*
Ve r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 174.
V e r i. Op. cit., t. I, p. 162 et 189.
196
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OH ClIHTaeT, lITO Ha OrrJIaTe 3THX nOCTOB MOiRHO 6LIJIO 6LI C3KOHO-
MHTL OKOJIO 300 T:bIC. <ppaHKoB. OH He Bl>lcTyrraeT KaK pem;HTeJIb
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38JMelIa'e'T, "tfTO OOJI,n;aT BoeDJJ;a rrOJIy-qaeT ToOT me paIIJHOH xJIe6a,
HecMoTpH Ha pOCT n;eH. HaKOHe , HeCMOTpH Ha rrpo,n;aiRY HeKOTO-
pl>IX BoeHHLIX JJ;OJIiRHOCTeH, OB C1IHTaeT, lITO B BOeHH:bIX Kpyrax
KaCTOBa'H rop,n;OCTL CIIJILHee KOPLICTOJIro6HH, H, HCXO,n;H IIa 3Toro
nCHXOJIOrH1IeCKOrO 3aKJIrolIeHHH B CBOHX <pHHaHCOBLIX rrJIaHaX,
npHXO,D;HT K BLIBO,n;y 0 6eCITJIaTHI>IX nOJIKOBHHKax, KOTOpblH
B HamH ,n;HH KaiReTCH ITOllpOCTY CMeXOTBOpHI>IM: «IIpH paBHblX
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,n;HMOMY, CJIe,n;yeT OT,n;aBaTb npe,n;1I01ITeHHe... a KorJJ;a TIO.:rIKB
6YAYT 6e3,n;eHCTBOBaTb, KOpOJIL He 6y,n;eT HYiK,n;aTbCH B 1I0JIKOBHH-
KaX»2.
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,n;OJImHa 6LITL II.oJIHTHKa MHHHCTepCTBa <pHHaHcoB 110 OTHomeHHIO
K BOeHH:bIM ,n;errapTaMeHTaM. MHHHCTp <pHHaHCOB He MOiKeT cy-
,n;HTL 0 pa3Mepax IrX YCHJIHH: «He MHe orrpeJJ;eJIHTb, KaKoe no./tu-
tteCT60 60ucn )J;OJIiKHO cOJJ;epiRaTL Ero BeJIHlIeCTBO»3. MHHHCTp
MomeT JlHllib orrpe)J;eJIHTL CYMMY pacxo,n;OB II MOiKeT C)J;eJIaTb 31'0
(TenepL, KaK n paHLme), TOJILKO npHMeHHH cpaBHIITeJIbHl>lH MeTO,n;.
«Ha rrepBl>lH B3rJIH p) pacxoJJ;:b1 He COOTBeTcTByroT «)J;OCTHrHYTbIM
peaYJILTaTaM». MomHo BOCrrOJIb30BaTLCH leTO)J;aMH )J;PyrHx CTpaH.
B3rJIHHHTe Ha IIIBeHn;apHIO HJIH ABCTpHHCKMi1 JJ;BOP C )J;BYX TOlIeH
apeHHH - KOJIH1IeCTBa BOHCK II )J;OXO,n;OB rocy,n;apCTBa. IIolIeMY ML1
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MOiKHOCTeiI?» II BLIBO,n;: JJ;eJIaHTe 60JIbme IIJlH TpaTbTe MeHbllIe
)J;eHer. 3aTeM 6erJIbliI B3rJIH,n; Ha BHemHroro rrOJIHTliIKY: POCCHfI,
repMaHHH II ABCTpHH - KaiRJJ;aH HMeeT apMHIO B 700 TI>IC. 1IeJlOBeK.
B HalliH )J;HH B cJlYlIae BoopymeHHoro ROH<pJIHKTa He MOiKeT 61>1Tb,
111'061>1 XOTb O)J;Ha Ha HHX He 6blJla C HaMH, eCJIH )J;pyrliIe Bl>lcTyrrflT
npOTHB Hac.
IIocJIe 3THX lIepBLIX aaMe1laHHH Tropro, KaK OTMe1laIOT, .n;OJIro
He aaHHMaJICH BoeHHLIM 6IO)J;iKeTOM. Ero 1I0rJlOm;aJIO MHomeCTBO
JJ:pymx ,[IJeJI. MomHo JIII 6:bIJlo B TO Bp,eMH np,e,n;Bnp;eTb CKOpYIO
KOH1IHHY HJIII OTCTaBRY IO MIOH H CTpOHTL KaKHe-TO paCqeT:b1 H8
BLI60pe ero IIpeeMHHKa? 81'0 MaJIO BepOHTHO, HeCMOTpH Ha .u;erpa-
)J;an;Hro cnoc06HocTeii AIO MIOH, TaK RaK OH YMep BO BpeMH XH-
1 Chevalier d'E 0 D. Memoires, p. 12 et 140.
2 MbI cOKpaTHJUI II nepeBepHYJIH HTaTY... (8 C hell e, t. IV, p. 137.)
3 BbIlIeJIeHO B TeKCTe.
rJ1 ABA VII. BIO]{HlETHAH nOJ1HTHRA
197
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cMepTH np06JIeMa BCTaeT BHOBb: KaK MHoro MomHO 6:bIJIO 6L1
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panCH HaRTH TaKoro MHHHCTpa H BO,n;BOpMTb ero Ha MeCTO H Ka-
1\oe ero nOCTHrJIO pa30qapOBaHHe. BamH:bIH MOMeHT, KOTOpbIII Mid
J];on1l\HbI cpa3Y me no,n;1J:epKHYTb, COCTOHT B TOM, 'ITO YCilex <p 1I -
HanCOBOM nOJIHTHRH B aTOM OCHOBHOM ceKTope pacxo,n;OB 3aBHcen
OT B:bI60pa MHHHcTpa, CJIe,n;oBaTeJIbHO, OT np06J1eM:bI BHYTpeHHeii
nonHTHKn:.
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I\paC01J:HOrO rrepe1J:HH pac o,n;OB, a BepHee (n<;> COBpeMeHHbIM IIOHH-
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BepCaJIbCKOM aJlbMaHaXe 137 CTpaHHn;: 6 TbIC. rpam,n;aHCKIIX B
8 TbIC. BoeHHbIX ,n;OJImHOcTeft 3 . qTO 06cJlymHBaHHe KOpOJIeBCROro
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CJIyrH, COBceM He y,n;HBHTeJIbHO, HO Bce 3TH MeCTa HBJIHIOTCH ,n;OJIjI\..
HO'CT&MlH, 3a KOTO'pbIe nJIaTHT BbICORYro «u;e,HY». TaR, MelCTO ROpO-
JIeBcKoro KaMep,n;HHepa CTOMT 80 TbIC. JIHBpOB, II eCTeCTBeHHO, 1ITO
1 Ero orrepHpOBaJI no rroBo,n;y KaMHH B rretJeHH 3HaMeHHTblii paT ROM.
PaCCKa3bIBaIOT, 6y,n;TO meJla AIO MIOH, HHtJero He 3HaBmaH 06 orrepan;HH,
CJIyqaHHO BOmJIa B KOMHaTY H rpOMKO BCKpHKHYJIa, lJeM HcnyraJia xHpypra.
(M e t r a. Ope cit., 12 octobre.) ITo CJIOBaM PHBbepa, HHKTO He 3HaJI, lITO
)];10 MIOH CTpa,n;aeT STOR 60JIe3HbIO. (R i vie r e. Ope cit., 13 octobre.)
2 V e r i. Ope cit, t. I, p. 163.
3 :QH<PPbI 1789 f. (C a r r e, Sag n a c et L a vis s e. Histoire de
France, t. IX, p. 140.)
198
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B TOM, KaKaH lIaCT:b paCXO)J;OB n)J;eT Ha pOCKOllib, HeCOMHeHHO rro-
pH aeMYIO, HO B KaKOH-TO CTerreHH Heo6xoJJ;HMYIO - H BbICTaBJIHe..
MYro HanOKa3, - a RaKaH 1J:aCT:b paCXHm;aeTCH. «POCKOllib ,D;Bopa,
,HOTopaH Hac TaK nOTpHcaeT, 6:bITb MOiKeT, em;e caMoe MeHLlliee
3JIO, B KOTOpOM ero MomBO YlIpeKHYTb. BeJIHKOe MHOiKeCTBO ,D;e-
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pa3BDIX cJIyr, BaBOC1IT ropa3,D;O 60JIee Cep:be3HDIH YPOH»2. X1l e-
HHH He orpaHn'tJ:HBaIOTCH KpyroM JIIO,n;eH, KOTOp:bIX 06:bI1J:HO Ha3bI-
BaIOT «lIeJIHA:bIO». lIMH 3aHHMaIOTCH no)]: pecneKTa6eJI:bHOH JIn1J:n-
BOH II CaM:bIe B:bICOKOnOCTaBJIeHH:bIe JIHn;a, II OHH ,n;OCTHraIOT OlIeHb
3HaQ1lTeJI:bB:bIX CYMM. Cym;ecTByeT nOCTOHHHaH IIYTaHHn;a MeiK Y
.n;OXOAaMII OT npH,D;BOpBLIX ,n;OJImHOCTeH 11 OIIJIa TOH (cnpaBe JIHBOii
1 OP;HO liS caMLIX y6ep;HTeJIbHLIX TO MY CBII}J;eTeJILCTB - 3aMeTKH r-ilnI
KaMIIaH 0 IIpH}J;BOpBOM mTaTe KOpOJIeBLI. MbI Y3HaeM, HanpHMep, lITO }J;aMa,
Be}J;aBmaH rapp;epo60M II nonylIaBmaH 100 TbIC. «ppaHHoB na TKaHII 11 IIPH-
P;BopBble Op;eil\}J;LI, np01J;aBaJIa B CBOIO nOJIb3Y YCTapeBmHe nJIaTbH H YKpa-
meHIIH (a OHH MeHHJIHCb, HaK npaBHJIO, Kail\}J;LI:H ce30B), liTO nepBLIe KaMe-
pHCTKH, nOJIYlIaBmHe He 60JIbllle 12 TbIC. <ppaIII\OB (B Hame BpeMH-
24 MJIB.), HMeJIH IIpaBo B BRp;e }J;o6aBJIOIIHH OCTaBJIHTb ce6e Kail\p;bIH p;eHb
Bce CBelIH 113 rOCTHHon, Ka6HHeTOB H caJIona P;JIH Hrp, B TOM lJHCJIe II HO-
3ail\lIraBmHeCH, lITO }J;aBaJIO Kai-Kp;OH 60JIbllIe 50 TbIC. <ppaHKoB, a CBelJH n
60JILmOM Ra6HHeTe H «caJIOHe P;BOp.fIHHHa» OCTaBaJIHCL )J,JIH JIaKeeB... (caMyro
60JIbmyIO 3KOHOMHIO B anoxy KOHCTHTYD;HOHHOH MonapXHH ,u;aJI OTI(a;j 0'1'
emep;rreBHoH CMeHbI C.BetJeH). ITOMHl\fO p;BeHap;n;aTH «opp;HHapHbIX» I{aMepH-
CTOK, KOpOJIeBa HMeJIa cYIIepHHTeHp;aHTa <pHIIaHcoB, p;OMeHOB Ji[ c.JIY1K6 n
HHTeH)J;aHTa p;Bopa, He HMeBmero, B cym;HOCTJI, HHI\aI\HX 3aHHTJtW, "tITOn;a-
a66aTa p;e BepMOHa-1I lITIID;Y, OBOJIbHO nOJIe3HYIO, IIOCKOJIbI\Y "tITOn; nH"tIerO
He lIHTaJI, )J;BYX «opp;HHapBbIX» JIHlIHbIX c.rryr, O)J;Roro «OPA.HHapnOrO» IIPH:-
BpaTHHI{a, lIeTbIpex npHBpaTHHKOB nOKoeB, }J;BYX nplIDpaTHHKOB I\a6HHeTa,
P;BYX II pHBpa THHKOB IIepe)J;Hero 3aJIa, BoceMb JIH"tIHbIX CJIyr, 11CrrOJIHHBllIIIX
CBOH 06H3aHHOCTII IIOKBapTaJIbHO, meCTb MJIap;mHX JIH"tIHbIX CJIyr, Op;naI{O
«op)J;BHapHOrO» CJIyry nph rapp;epo6e II lTBYX, HCnOJIHHBmHX CBOH 06H3an-
HOCTII nOKBapTaJIbBO, O}J;Boro «Op}J;IIBapHOrO» MJIa}J;mero CJIyry, npHCMaTpn-
BaBmero sa Me6eJILIO, If lIeTbIpex 06ofrID;HI{OB H T. }J;. Bce B TaKOM pO)J;e.
CJlYiR6a KOpOJIeBCItOrO CTOJIa COCTOHJIa H3 nepBoro MeTp}J;OTeJIH, nepBoro
GYJIO"tIHHRa, nepBoro BIIHO't£epnHH, nepBoro MHcopy6a; MHoro }J;BOpHH npHCJIY-
lI\B'BaJiH 3a Cl'O 110M, H 116 MJIa)J;mHX o«pHD;epoB HarrOJIIUTJIH Ry6Ku, pa3HoCIHUJ
6JIlo)J;a, xJIe6, <PPYKTbI, pa3JIHBaJIH BHHO. B 60JILmOH 11 MaJIOK ROHIOillnr
paCnpHiRaJTHCb 174 o«pHn;epa H T. )J;. (lVIme C a ill pan. Ope cit., t. I, p. 285
et suiv.) B BepcaJIc p;o ClIX IIOp IIOKa3bIBaIOT YJIHn;y, BP;OJIb I\OTOpOH H:OrAa-
TO CIIJIOIDL THHYJIHCb JIaBOlIKH, r,n;e CJIyrn KOpOJIH I\OpMHJIH Bepc.aJIb D;eB 3a
;n;eHbrH OCTaTKaMH C KOpOJIeBCKOrO CTOJIa. Be3aHBaJIb nepelJ;aeT paafOBOp
,TIIO}J;OBHKa XV C illya3eJIeM, H3 KOTOpOrO BH)J;HO, '!JTO IH>pOJIL 3aIIJIa'fHJI
30 TId:C. <ppaHKOB 3a KOJIHCKY, cToHBmyIO 5 HJIH 6 TbIC.
2 V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 173.
rJ1A.B A. VII. BIOl{H\ETHAH. nOJ1HTHRA
---
199
JIll :aenOMepa:OH) rocy,n;apCTBeHH:bIX ,n:OJIiRHOCTeH, OnJIaTOM 60Jlee
:JIJ! MeBee TaRBbIX YCJIyr H cneKymm;HJIMH C IfJHHaHcHCTaMH. «lIpo
CTbIe IlJIH pO,n;OBHTLIe CJlyrH BepmaT ,n:eHemH:bIe ,n;eJIa, npo-
alO T nOJIyqeHHbIe Rpe,n;HTDI, qHCJIHTCH B CMeTax OTRynoB H nOCTa-
:O:K rocy.n;apCTBY... OHH no.n;TaQHBaIOT KOpOJIeBC:KYIO Ka3HY, CKpbI
BafICb no qymHMH HMeHaMII». II aTa <pHHaHCOBaH nYTaHB] a, KO-
TOpall, Ha Ham B3rJlH,n;, npIIHHJla OTTaJIRHBaro He ! rrOCTLI,n;HbIe
tl>opMLI, CBH3aaa caM:a C ,n;aBHHM CMemeHHeM rrOHHTHH: JIHqHOe CO-
CTOfIHlIe KOpOJIH, KOTOpLIM OH BnpaBe pacrropHmaTLCH no CBoeMY
yCMoTpeHHIO, e e He OT,n;eJIHeTCH OT OXO,n;OB rocy,n;apCTBa, nOJIY-
qaeMLlX C BocnpOH3Bo,n;HMoro Ha HOHaJlLHOrO 60raTCTBa. Cy ecT-
ByeT nOCTOHHHaH CHCTeMa nepeRaqHBaHHH Cpe,I(CTB Mem,n;y «OKPY-
medeM» KOpOJIll, lIJIeHal\lH KOpOJIeBCROH CeM:bH HJIH 6JIH3RHM eMY
1\pyroM JIHD;, H opraHaMH rocy,n;apCTBeHHoro yrrpaBJIeHHH, <pHHaHCO-
BbIMH 11 aKOHOMHlIeCRHMH CHJIaMH.
KaRoe, O):(HaRO, 61O,n;meTHoe BLIpameHlIe HMeJIII 3TH 3J1oyno-
Tpe6JIeHHH? II pH6JIH3HTeJI:bHO 30 MJlH., orrpe,n;eJIHeT a66aT ,n;e Bepu,
a BCKope yme 33 MJIH., He CqHTaH Ropnyca o<pHD;epOB KOpOJIeBCKOro
JJ;Bopa, ROTOp:bIM 06XO,n;HTCH B 8 MJIH., nOTpaqeHH:bIX U3 lIHCTO
npecTHmHLIx co06pameHHH II 6e3 BCHROH nOJl:b3LI l . O,n:HaR.o TYT
Bepn H8MHoro OmH6aeTCH, TaR RaR a'TIOT Kopnyc rrpe,IljCTaBJIHeT
co60ii HeROTOp:bIH pe3epB ,n:JIH no,n;,n;epmaHIIH 06m;eCTBeHHoro cno-
KOHCTBHH, Ha lITO CTap:bIH nopH,lJ;OH HMeJI OqeH:b CRpOMHLIe cpe,n:-
CTBa, a 3ROHOMIIH H pe<I>opMLI, rrpOBe,n;eHHLIe B 3TOM 06J1aCTII, XOTH
II BeC:bMa OCTOpOiKHO, CeH-iKepMeHOM, ORa3aJIHC:b ry6HTeJI:bH:bIMII
AJIH MOHapXHH. ECJIH rOBOpHT:b TOJI:bRO 0 ,n;OJIe ROpOJIeBCROro ,n:BO-
pa (Maison civile) *, TO aTH 33 MJIH. npe,n;CTaBJIHIOT C060H aRBH-
BaJIeHT l1amlIX TenepemHHX 66 MJIP):(. <ppaHRoB - neMHorHM 60-
JIee 7 % 6ro,n:meTa TOM 3IIOXH, lITO COCTaBHJlO 6LI HeMHorHM 60Jlee
1 % Hamero 6ro,n:meTa. K TOMY iRe HIIKTO He c0611paeTCH YTBepm-
aT:b, qTO rro,n;o6HLIM pacxo,n: {OmeT 6LITL ynpaa,n:HeH eJlHKOM.
Yme nOCJIe na,n:eHHH TIOpro, 21 HOH6pH 1779 r., TOT me a66aT ,n:e
BeplH, IB03BpaIIJ;aHCL R 3TOMY Bonpoc-y, nHmeT: «8TO 6:bIJIa Ta CTaT:bH
pacxo,n:OB, 3"KOHOMHH B ROTOPOH npHHeCJIa 6bI npaBHTeJlbcTBY 60JIL-
me ,n;oBepHH, 60JILme 6JIarOmeJlaTe.1I:bCTBa BHYTPH ROpOJIeBCTna II
60Jl:bme YBameHIIH B ,n:pyrlIx cTpaHax EBponLI... H ,n:YMaIO, qTO
6LIJIO 6LI B03MomHO He B03Mym;aTb lIeJlOBeqeCTBO II B TO iI e BpeMH
C9ROHOMHT.b ,n;o 20 MJIH. B ro,n;»2. 8Ta H<ppa OqeHL 6JIH3Ra K TOR,
(ROTOpyIO Tropro HaMeTIIJI nop; ROHeD; B CBoeM co6cTBeHHoM nJlaHe,
lIaMepeBaHC.b nOCTeneHHO peaJllI30BaTL ero: CHaqaJla cpe3aTL
-
l CM.: V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 173.
Mais0n civile et militaire - 6YKBaJIbHo: rpaiK)J;aHcKHH H BoeHHbIH
AOM ROpOJIH; nop; nepBbIM IIop;pa3YMeBaJICH BeCn p;BOpn;OBbIH MHOrOqHCJIeUHbIH
nepCOHaJI BblcmHX II HH3IDHX CJIYiKam;HX, IIO,n; BTOpbIM - Bce npHBHJIerllpO-
aHBbIe BOHcKa: rBapp;IuI, KOHBOH, MymKeTepbI. - llpUM. pea.
V e r i. Ope cit., t. II, p. 170.
'"200
TlACTb nEPBAH. HA]{EiRJI,A
14 MJIH., qTO npJIBeJIO 6bI ROpOJIeBCKIIH )];BOP K 61O)];meTY, YCTa-
HOBJIeHROMY CHJIyaTToM B 1759 r., - 17 MJIH. (B TY anoxy BOGH-
HbIll 61O)];meT )J;OXO,rUfJf em;e )];0 160 MJIH. cppaHKoB.) Pacxo)J;bI 1-\0-
pOJIeBCKOro )];BOpa ,IJ.ei1cTBMTeJIbHO nOCTOHHHO B03paCTaJIH. \.66aT
Teppa B CBoe I )];OKJIa)];e 1772 r. IIOITbITaJICH OrpaHHqUTb nx
26 MJIH. Ho He CYMeJI IIOMemaTb HX POCTY, Hero HeJIb3H nOJIllO-
rCTblO B TOM BHHHTb, TaR I{aK eMY npHmJIOCb CMHpHTbCH C )];orrOJI-
EHTeJIbHbIMI1 paCXO)J;aMH )];BOPOB rpa<pa IT pOBaHCRoro H rpacpa
n'ApTya H paCXO)];aMM B CBH3M C TpeMH 6paKaMH B ROpOJIeBCKOM
CeM:be. II )];ame rrpH caMOM TIopro paCXO)];bI npO)];OJImaIOT paCTIJ
npH6JIH3HTeJIbHO TeMH me TeMnaMu 1 . ECJIH 6bI Bce 3TH TpaTbI
MomHO 6bIJIO C)];epmaTb II 3aTeM IIOHeMHory COKpa aTb H3 ro)];a B
rOA, aTO ,n;aJIO 6bI HeMaJIbIH pe3YJIbTaT. AYMaeTCH, qTO HeJIb3R
CorJIaCHTbCH C a66aTOM )J;e BepH, Kor,n;a OH, ,n;eJIaH YCTYIII{y o6ec-
RypameHHbIM MHHIICTpaM, 3aHBJIHeT: «EbITb MomeT, OHH H rrpaBbI,
eCJIH B caMOM ,n;ene, KaK OHH rOBopHT, y,n;aCTCH caKOHOMHTb Bcero
KaKHx-HH6Y)J;b 2-3 MJIH., HO 3aTO BOCCTaHOBHTb rrpOTHB ce6H BeCT)
BepCaJIb». Pa3)];pamaH MaJIeHbKHH BepCaJIbCRHH MHpOK H3-3a He-
CKOJIbKHX MHJIJIHOHOB, ,n;OCTHrJIH 6bI ropa3,n;o 60JIee n;eHnoro ncu-
Xo./t02UtteCnoeo 3<p<peKTa, o6pa,n;oBaB 60JIee mHpoRHH MHp, oco6eH-
HO eCJIH 6LI 3Ta TeH,n;eHD;HH YTBep,n;HnaCb BO BpeMH pemaromero
IIOBOpOTa B 1774 r. TaKHM o6pa30M, MOHapXHH MOrJIa 6bI pemI1Tb
CBOIO cy,n;b6y C rroMom;bro OqeHb M:aJIOH CTaBRH.
Bo Bce BpeMeHa cym;ecTBOBaJIO rrpaBHJIO: aROHOMHqeCHHe HB-
JIeHHH 06JIa,n;aIOT BbICOKIIM Koa<pcpHD;HeHToM HHTeprrpeTan;lIM, H, B
qaCTHOCTH, B 610,n;meTHoM ,n;eJIe pe3YJILTaTbI nOJIHTHqeCKOH rJIaCHO-
CTH COBepmeHHO HeCOH3MepHMbI C peaJILHbIM MacmTa60M rrpHHH-
TbIX pemeHHii 2 .
B XVIII B., .B 3rroxy, Kor,n;a II 6ro,n;meTa KaK TaKOBoro ern;e He
o bIJI 0 (rocy)];a pCTBeHHbIe ClleTa CTaJIH )];OCTOHHMeM rJIaCHOCTH C
orry6JIHKOBaHHH OTqeTa HeRKepa), 06m;eCTBeHHoe MHeHMe, COBep-
t B C1JeTaX 1776 r. 3Ta U;H<ppa YiRe rrpeBblmaeT 36 MJIH. HaJIH1JHbIMH,
XOTH IIeKOTopbIe TpaTbI e}J;HHOBpeMeHHbIe, HarrpllMep na npHp;anoe Map;aM
RJIOTHJIb)J;bI (1 MJIH.). 3a TeM pOCT HeCKOJIbKO 3aMe)J;JIHeTCH, nOCROJIbRY B
1789 r. aTa cYMMa )J;OCTHraeT OROJIO 40 MJIH. Kor)J;a B 1778 r. npHHII;ecce EJIll-
3aBeTe HCnOJIHHJIOCb 15 JIeT, ell TOiRe C03p;aJIH cBon )J;BOp (V e r i. Ope cit..
t. II, p. 166), "tJTO p;aJIO nOBO)J; Tauy BbICRa3aTb xopomo H3BeCTHoe 3aMe1Ja-
HIfe: «Ma)J;aM EJIH3aBeTa, TaRaH CRpOMHHII;a, nOTpe6JIHeT B rO)J; Ha 30 TbIC.
4>paHRoB PbI6bl, Ha 70 TLIC. - MHca H )J;H1JH, Ha 60 TbIC. <ppaHKOB CBe'Ien...»
2 IT pH HaJIH1JHH HeCpaBHeHHO JIY1Jme HH<POpMHpOBaBHOrO 06m;eCTBeH-
HOrO MIIeHHH (BO <PpaHII;HH B 1929 r.) aKOHOMHH, rrpOBep;eHHaH I1yaHRapo
II COCTOflBmaH B yrrpa3)J;HeHHH cyrrpe<l>eKTYP H OKPYiRHbIX CY)J;OB - 3ROHOMHfl
HH1JTOmHO MaJIaH B MaTeMaTH1JeCKOM HClJHCJIeHHH, - OKa3aJIaCb cpe)J;CTBOM,
aeCbMa CO)J;eHCTBOBaBmHM ero ycrrexy. B He)J;aBHeM rrpOmJIOM n03HII;HH npa-
BHTeJIbCTB )J;e rOJIJIH D e6pe B BOnpOc.e 0 rreHCHHX )J;JIH 6LIBmllx <pPOHTOBII-
KOB (pacxo)J; OTHOCHTeJIbHO 01JeHb He6oJIbmon) MOrJIa HMeTb JIHmb O,IJ;IlY
ueJIb - rrpoH3:r.ecTH BrrC1JaTJIeHHe Ha YMbI, )J;aTb-.. )J;OKa3aTeJIbCTBO meJIaIIHH
c<.'6JIIO)J;aTb cTporYIo crrpaBe)J;JIHBOcTb.
rJ1AB A VII. BIOJ],iKETHAH nOJIHTHRA
---
201
lIIeB BO Be oCBeAOMJIeHHOe 0 peaJIhHOCTHX 61OAmeTHOH np06JIeMhI,.
ge M:orJIO pa306paThCH B orpOMHOM MHomeCTBe rOCYAapCTBeHHhIX
pacXOAOB H, KOHeqHO, cocpeAOTOqHJIO BHHMaHHe Ha TpaTax KOpO-
JIeBC1\Oro ABopa. HapoA CYAHT 0 HaJIOraX no TOMY 6peMeHH, KOTO-
poe OB HeceT, H 0 pacxo)J;ax no TOMY, qTO OH BHAHT CBOHMH rJIa-
3aMJtI. 3HaqeHHe aToH CTaThH pacxoAoB - HecoH3MepHMoe C ee
CYMM:oi-MomHO 6hlJIO 6hl. BnpOqeM, 06'bHCHHTh TeXHHQeCKHMH
IIpnQJtIBaMH: ee n060QHhIM xapaKTepoM (OHa npHMepHo COOTBeT"
CTBoBaJIa cYMMe caMoro Ae<pH HTa) H B03MomHOCThlO ee COKpam;e-
HlIfI - «ype3hIBaHHe» BCe eJIO 3aBHCHT OT BOJIH X03HHlIa. IIepBhIR
aprYMeHT HeAocTyneH IIOHHMaHHIO B TY anoxy, HO BTOpoii BnOJIHe
IIOHflTeH. M TaK, aTH paCXOAhl 60JIhme Bcex 6 pocaroTcR (3 e.ltaaa, HO\
MeBhme Bcex 1te06XOOuMb , H HX MomHO 6hIJIO 6hI OTMeHHTh OAHHM
MaHOBeHHeM PYKH. R TOMY me OHH 60JIhme Bcero (3oaMYUfaroT JIIO-
J(eH H Bhl3hIBalOT MOpaJIhHOe ocymAeHHe, B KOTOpOM CKa3hIBaeTCH"
pacxomAeHHe BO B3rJIHAax MemAY KJIaCCaMH o6eCnetIeHHhIMH lit
BceM HaCeJIeHHeM. PaccY}KAeHHe, 6YATO KOpOJIh MomeT npOH3BOJIh-
HO pa3,!taBaTh AeHemH:&Ie nOAaqKH If nOJIh30BaThCH Ha HOHaJIhHhIM
J(OCTOHHueM KaK CBoeH qaCTHOH co6CTBeHHOCThIO, He BCTpeqaeT'
rroAAepmKH 06:r:qeCTBeHHoro MHeHHH. MOpaJIhHOe ocymAeHHe pac-
XO,n;OB ABopa IIpOHBHJIOCh H CHJIHJIOCh B nOCJIeAHHe rOAhI a pCT..'
BOBaHHH JIIOAoBHKa XV He CTOJIhKO ,!tame H3-3a ero paCTOqHTeJIh-
HOCTH (XOTH OHa H paa,n;pamaJIa, CTanOBHCh Bce 60JIee HBHOH)"
CI\OJIhKO H3-3a pHAa 06CTOHTeJIhCTB, B qaCTHOCTH BCJIe,n;CTBHe
OXJIamAeHHH K oco6e KOpOJIH (KOTOPOMY TaK rOpHqO COQYBCTBOBaJIH
e e B nopy ero «CMepTH» B 1741 r.*), B03B:blmeHHH r-mH ,I(IO...
6appH H Aame CBH3aHHoro C aTIIM H3rHaHHH illyaaeJIH. illya3eJIIJ
6:bIJI nonYJIHpeH, HecMoTpH Ha CBoe MOTOBCTBO. (BCHKIIH llIya-
3eJIh - TpaHmIIpa, AOBOJI:bHO 3a6aBHO CKa3aJI JIIOAoBMK XVII.)
OR CTaJI em;e paCTOtIHTeJI:bHee B H3rHaHHH, II Aame CBOliIM MOTOB--
CTBOM OH (BMeCTe co 'CBOHM oKpymeHIIeM) KaK 6hI YTBepmAaJJ
HAem npeBocxoAcTBa pO,n;OBHToro NpIIABopHoro ABOpHHCTBa, TorA3
RaR ero YXOA OTKphIJI nYTh npe3HpaeMOH <paBopHTKe H nOHBJIeHHIO
npH ABope paSHoro c6pOAa. C TOM nophI Bce, HTO em;e MomeT BHY-
ilIaTh nOqTeHHe 06hIBaTeJIIO OCTaTKaMII npemHero 6JIeCKa ABOPHII-
CTBa, IIocem;aloT illaHTJIY, H, 33 HCKJIlOqeHHeM HeCKOJIhKHX nepe6em-
t)JIROB, ROTophle 06'bHCHHIOT CBoe OTCYTCT:BHe TaM JIHqHOH npHBH3aH-
B:OCThIO K KOpOJIIO, BOKpyr JIloAoBHKa XV OCTaeTCH TOJIhKO CBHTa
r-'Rn AI06apPH; KpaCOqHO OIIHcaHHaH r-HOM Ae MOH6apa 2 .
ITy6JIHKa CKJIOHHa AOBepHTh MOJIOAOH KOpOJIeBCKOH qeTe, no-
-
lie
n B 1741 r. JIIO OBHK XV THmeJIO 3a6oJJeJI II e)J;Ba He YMep.-
1 PUM. pea.
2 CM.: «Journal historique», 24 septembre, t. VI, p. 197.
c M 0 n t bar e y. Ope cit., t. II, p. 20. «OCTaBmeeCH 06m;eCTBO... co...
I{ TaBBJUI Bce, KTO ClIeJI CBORM }J;OJIrOM B:bI}J;aBaT:b ce6H 3a pO)J;HbIX HJIH 6JIH3-
lOt ee TaK Ha3:bIBaeMOro Myma, Bce npaBOHac.JIe,B;HRKH (MYiK1JHH:bI 11 meH-'
202
qACTb nEPBAH. HAl{EHilI.A.
----
TOMY "ITO mAeT OT Hee pemHTeJIhHOrO npOTHBOAeHCTBHH HeuaBHCT_
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crraCTH ce6H, OH AOJImeH OTMemeBaThCH OT CUCre:Mbt, npHqeM RaI,
B rrJIaHe MOpaJIhHOM, TaK H B <pHHaHCOBOM, KaK B 06JIaCTH cynpy-
meCKOH BepHOCTH, TaK H B 06JIaCTH 61OAmeTHOH aKOHOMHH. ABa
Borrpoca 60JIhme Bcero BOJIHYIOT H HHTepeCYIOT 06ID;ecTBeHHoe
MHeHHe: C OAHOH CTOpOHhI, Bonpoc 06 aKOHOMHH (npHqeM He' CJIe-
AyeT 3a6JIymAaThCH: peQh HAeT rrpem e Bcero 06 aKOHOMHH B pac-
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caeTCH ero caMoro.
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'fe, KOMY 6LIJIO He1JerO TepHTL H He1JeM pHcKoBaTb...»
1 ,D;aHHLIe 6e3 CCbIJIOK Ha HCT01JHHK B3HTbI H3 «Journal historique».
* TUMOJIeOH (THMOJIeOHT) (OK. 411 - OI{. 337 }J;O H. a.) - ApeBHerpe1Je-
CKHH nOJIHTII1JeCKHH }J;eHTeJIL 11 nOJIKOBo e .
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11 BoeHHbIH }J;eHTeJIb. - IIpuM. pea.
2 CM.: Mar ion. Histoire financiere, t. I, p. 280, not 1.
3 KOpOJIL JIIO,IJ;OBHK XV }J;OBepHJI ,I{'8rHHoay lIeK Ha ,2 MJIH. .1IHBpOB
J1A.BA VII. BIOp'iRETHAH nOJIHTHRA
eJICHH MOHTeHapy, 6bIBmeMY BOeHHOMY MHHHCTPY, mepTBe Toro
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OTOporo CeAJIaJIH TOJILKO B AHH BoeHH X napa OB H o eHeHHoro
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naqliIHaeT ponTaTh, H 06 8TOM HeAOBOJIhCTBe MapHH Tepe3HH nHme1'
MapHH AHTyaHeTTe 1 . IIy6JIHRa 0 06pHeT CJIHHHHe ABYX OJImHO-
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me ero rrpeTeH3Bi), a 3aTeM RY3eHY Tepp3 JIeKJIepKY - MephI, 1\0-
TOpble «iKYPHaJIh BCTOPHK» conpOBomp;aeT CJIeAYIO HM, He JIHmeH-
nbIM rJIy6HHhI 3aMeqaHHeM: «BOT TaK BO <1>paH HH He YMelOT HR
Ka3HHTh, HB MHJIOBaTh» (17 ceHTH6pH). JIIOAH crrpamHBalOT: «rAe
me 8KOHOMHH? R lIeMY OHa npHBeJIa? B lIeM OHa BLIpamaeTCJI?
A qTO CTaJIO C Ky6hIillKOH KOpOJIH?»2 (27 HroJIH). Ho 60Jl:bme ce-
ro 1K YT OTCTaBKH HeHaBHCTHbIX MBHHCTpOB, a nOCJIe 24 aBrycl.o
Ta - HaqaJIa pa60ThI HOB oro reHepaJILHOrO KOHTpOJIepa, OT ROTO'"
poro cnpaBe)J;JIHBO omH aIOT 8KOHOMHII H CHHmeHHJI eH Ha xJte6.
203
MTaK, Tropro npEHIIMaeTCH 3a J.J;eJIo. 113 ero llHC:bMa MLI 3HaeM;
KaKoe 3HaqeHHe OH npH aBaJI He TOJIbKO 6roJ.J;meTHOH np06JIeMe
II Mepa\ f 81\0HOMIIH Boo6 e, HO oco6eHHO paCXOJ.J;aM Bopa. qTO iRe
OB 6y eT AeJIaTb? ECJIH paCCMaTpHBaTb ynpaBJIeHHe KOpOJIeBCKHM
lJ;BOpOM B TelleHHe nepnOAa ,n;o KopOHan;HII, TO MhI MomeM OTMe-
TliIT:b JIH60 CHHcXoAHTeJibHOCTb Tropro, JIH60, BO BCHKOM cJIyqae
YKJlOHqHBOCT:b, HJIH, eCJIll xOTHTe, 6eCCHJIHe. 8TO nOBe eHHe MOHtHO
06'bHCHHTb. Ho CHaqaJIa paccMoTpHM <paKTLI.
TIepBoe eJIo, KOTOpbIM Tropro npnmJIOCb 3aHHTbcH, 6D1JIa
«lliRaTYJIKa KOpOJIeBbI'». rrropro BeAerr ce6H OqeHb HIIJIOMaTHlIHO,
3a lITO ero, pa3YMeeTcH, HeJlb3H oCYiI\AaTb. OKa3aJIOCb, qTO IICHCEJ!
ROpOJIeBhI HHKor,n;a He lIepeCMaTpMBaJIaCb, a KOpOJIeBCKOe ceMeHcT-
BO BIIAeJIo, lITO npeHMy ecTBa TaKoro 1I0JIOmeHJIH Bce B03paCTa-
lOT. TIeHcHH no-npemHeMY COCTaBJIHJIa 600 TLIC. TypCKHX JIHBpOB*,
Ho ee npHXOJ.J;HJIOCb OnOJIHHTb na «Qpe3BbIlIaHH:bIe paCXO hI», AO'='
Ra lIpeSB:bIlIaHH:bIe BoeHHLIe paCXO]J;:bI (B:bICKa3LIBaJIII npe}J;nOJIOmeHlle, qTO ITa
CYMMa npe}J;Ha3Ba aJIaC:b }J;JIH r-iRH AI06appll) 7 HO }J;'SmHOH qeCTHO BepHYJI
tIeR JIIOAoBHKY XVI. H3 :3TOH CYMM:bI eMY 11 6LIlIO aHo B03Barpamp;errne.
(V e r i. Op. cit. t. I, p. 105.) r
1 IIHcbMo OT 16 HIOJIH 1774 r. («Correspondance», t. II, p. 205.)
2 PelIL H]J;eT 0 npeCJIOBYTOH lliRa TYJII\e. CM. B:blme, rJIaBa 1.
* Ao XIII B. Tal, Ha3:bIBaJIH MoneTY, KOTOpyIO lIeKaHHJIH B Type. OAHU
TypcRHH JIHBp paBHHJICH 20 TypCKHM cy. CTOHMOCTb TYPCKOH MOHeT!>I 6LIJlQ
1Ia lIeTBe Tb HHme napHa\cKoi.- 11 pUM. peB.
204
lJACTb nEPBAH. HAl{EHrl{A
XOAHBmHe AO 2 MJIH. JIHBpOB. MepcH-ApmaHTo cOBeTyeT KOpOJIeBe
nonpocHTh 60JIee BLICOKHX aCCHrHOBaHHH H npeKpaTIITb YJIOBI\1I
c «Qpe3BLl1IaHHLIMH paCXOAaMH» 1. OH cOBeTyeTcH 06 aTOM C a66a-
TOM Ae BepMOHOM, If «coeAHHeHHbIMII YCHJIHHMH» OHH BeAYT nepe-
rOBophI C reHepaJIhHhIM KOHTpOJIepOM, KOTOpLIH npOHBJIHeT nOJI-
Hoe nOHHMaHHe. «UITRaTYJIKa» KOpOJIeBM 6YAeT YBeJIHqeHa C
.96 ThIC. AO 200 TLIC. JIHBpOB. ROpOJIeBa OCTaJIaCh B nOJIHOM HeBe-
..AeHIIII' 06 aTOM He60JIhIDOM COrJIameHIIH. B ee rJIa3aX BCH 3aCJIyra
1B aTOM ,I{eJIe OCTaJIaCh 3a KOpOJIeM.
3aTeM MLI 6YAeM CBHAeTeJIHMII n;eJIOH cepHH HOBbIX paCXOAOB-
npHqeM reHepaJIbHLIH KOHTpOJIep HHqerO He MomeT H He nbITaeTCH
CAeJIaTb, - paCXOAOB HJIH «YBeJIHqeHHH KpeAIITOB» He JIHqHO AJIH
KOpOJIH, HO no CJIyqaIO OC06bIX C06hITHH HJIH AJIH IIOAAepiRaHHH
ypOBHH mH3HH KOpOJIeBCKOH CeMhlI. C ca?floro Ha'tlaJIa n;apCTBOBa-
HIIH II em;e AO npHxo,n;a K BJIaCTH TlOpro rpacp ITpoBaHcKHH H rpacp
,n;' ApTya, nOJIh3YHCb CJIa60CThlO JIIO,n;oBHKa XVI, ,n;06HJIHCb Toro,
lITO KOpOJIeBCKaH Ka3Ha BbIIIJIaqHBaJIa HlfI neHCHH, KOTopble mJIn
Ha HX JIHqHLIe paCXOAbI 2 . ITo 3aBem;aHHIO KOpOJIH [JIIOAOBH-
Ra XV. - Pea.] TeTKH nOJIyqaIOT neHCHIO B 200 TLIC. JIHBpOB, 3a
HIIMH coxpaHHeTcH HX ABOp II AOXOAbI. IIpeAIIOJIaraIOT BbIAaTb 3a-
Mym MaAaM KJIOTHJIbAY, ceCTpy KOpOJIH,3a npHHD;a IIbeMoHTcKoro;
KOpOJIb CapAIIHHII, oTeD; 6y,n;ym;ero Myma, IIoTpe6yeT ,n;eHer, H KOpO-
JIeBCKaH Ka3Ha 6yneT nJIaTHTb. «ECJIH 6paK He COCTOHTCH, npHAeTCH
BLIJ];eJIHTb en: J{BOp; I\TO me AOJIiReH OnJIa'tlHBaTb J];BOp KOpOJIH, ero
meHLI, ero TeTOK, ero 6paTbeB H ceCTep, eCJIH He KOpOJIeBCKaH Ka3-
Ha?» 3 B KOpOJIeBCKon: KOHIOIDHe npOH30mJIa BLI6paKOBKa JIOmaAeH:
KOpOJIb OBOAHT AO 250 JIOmaJ];eH HOBYIO KOHlOmHIO KOpOJIeBLI, ,n;JIH
qero Tpe6YIOTcH J];onOJIHHTeJIbHO 24 KOHIOxa HJIH KY'tlepa. 25 )J:eKa6-
pH KOpOJIb npeJ];OCTaBJIHeT RaiKJ];OMY H3 CBOHX 6paTbeB no TPH HOBLIX
OKJIa,I{tlHKa B rOCYAapCTBeHHOM COBeTe, XOTH Y HHX YiRe 6LIJIO HX
meCTb, Tpex HOBbIX npHABopHLIX J];aM - RamJ];OH H3 TeTOK, e:r:qe IIO
O)J:HOMY JIHqHOMY CJIyre J];JIH Ma,n;aM BHKTOpHII H MaAaM COcpHH;
Bce 9TO MeJIO'1:II, HO B HHX HHKaK He Han:TH npH3HaKOB YMepeHHO-
CTII 11 CTporOCTH HpaBOB 4 .
KOpOJIb, He nOCOBeTOBaBmHCb co CBOHMH MHHHCTpaMH, iKaJIyeT
npHHn;y RapHHhHHCKOMY emerOAHYIO neHCHIO 30 TbIC. JIHBpOB
«BMeCTe C nOJIKOM Han;HOHaJIbHOH IIeXOTLI, KOTOpbIH 6YAeT cOAep-
maThCH Ha HHocTpaHHbIH JIaA»5.
1 CM.: Mer c y-A r g e n tea u. Correspondance, t. II, p. 211 et 249.
IIn:CbMa OT 31 IIIOJIH II 20 OI{THOpn 1774 r.
2 Ibid., p. 211. ITo 20 T:bIC. JIHBpOB HaiI\f];aH. (J 0 b e z. La Franco ous
Louis XVI, p. 151 et suiv.)
3 V e r i. Ope cit., p. 229-230.
4 CM.: J 0 h e z. Gp. cit., p. 151 et suiv.
5 Mer C y - A r g e n tea u. Correspondance, t. II, p. 281, 15 janvier 1775.
IIpllH l\apIIHbHHCKllH: 6LIJI OT 0M. r-iRll f];e JIaM6aJIL.
rJ1A BA VII. BIOlI.mETHAH llOJ1HTHRA
--
205
rep or ;n;e I\yaH:bH Ha3HatIeH CTapillHM illTaJIMeHCTepOM C ma-
JIOBaBbeM 40 T:bIC. JIHBpOB. IIoMHMo rrpHMLIX pacxo,n;oB, pacnpo-
CTpaHHJIaCb npaKTHKa 3a6poHHpoBaHHLIx naTeHTOB (brevets de
retenue), KOTopaH rr03BOJIHJIa BJIa,n;eJI:bII;aM ;n;OJImHocTeH 3apaHee
I1po,naBaTb HX CBOMM rrpeeMHH:KaM; C MaH no ;n;eKa6p:b 1774 f., no
no,nCt.leTaM iRo6e3a, HX TaKHM o6pa30M 6:bIJIO nOmaJIOBaHO Ha
1
2 MJIB. JIHBpOB ·
A B o6m;eM, «OKpymeHHe KOpOJIH» H caMa KOpOJIeBa B CBOHX
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npHMep JIerKOMbICJIHH II MOTOBCTBa, COBepmeHHO npOTHBOnOJIOm-
BbIH TeM rroyqHTeJIbHbIM KapTHHaM, KOTOpbIX OmH;n;aJIa ny6JIHKa.
MOJIo.n;DIe npHH bI XOTHT B03pO;n;HTb MO,n;:bI BpeMeH reHpHxa IV:
«JIyqme 6:bIJIO 6:bI B03pO;n;HT:b I\opOJIeBCTBO, tIeM 3aHMMaT:bCH TaI\H-
MH nYCTHKaMH». JIIOJ.J;H OTnpaBJIHIOTCH Ha 6aJI, B:blpHJ.J;HBmHCh B
<KpyiI\eBa, nJIalI(H, map <p:bI, C 6aHTaMH Ha no,n;BH3Kax M Ha 6am-
MaKax, a meHm;HHbI B nJIHCCHpOBaHH:bIX nJIaTbHX HJIH C ITJIHCCH-
pOBaHHDIMH BOpoTHHKaMH»2. Bce 9TO CTOHT OqeHb ,n;oporo, HO
onn03HII;HH ToprOBII;eB MemaeT pacnpOCTpaneHHIO 8TOH MO,n;LI B ro-
po.n;e.
RpHTHKYIOT MOJ.J;y rpOMa,n;H:bIX ;z:r;oporOCTOHIIJ;HX rrpHtIeCOK, KOTO-
poi MapHH AHTyaHeTTa cTpacTHo YBJIeKaeTCH, H XOJ.J;HT CJIYx, 6y;z:r;-
o KOpOJI:b nomeJIaJI npenoJ.J;aT:b ei no 8TOMY nOBoJ.J;y ypOK CRPOM-
HOCTH. STOT ypOK, eCJIH BepHT:b paCCKa3aM, 6bIJI OTHIO;z:r;h He THrOCT-
H:bIM. «Ero BeJIHqeCTBO npeno;z:r;Hec cBoeii cynpyre BeJIHKOJIenHLliI
OpHJIJIHaHTOBblii 8rpeT H CKa3aJI: «IIpomy Bac OrpanHqHT:bCH 8THM
YKpameHHeM... 8TOT nOJ.J;apOK ;n;OJImeH 6LITb BaM oco6eHHo npUHTeH
'TeM, qTO He YBeJIHtIHBaeT MOHX pacxo,n;OB: OH COCTaBJIen 113 6pHJI-
JIHaHTOB, KOTopbIe H yme HMeJI, 6YJ.J;yqH ,n;O<pHHOM»3.
TIHTaH CTpaCTh K npHqeCKaM, o6omaH 6aJIbI II Ha'IHHaH YBJIe-
RaThCH Hrpoii B KapTbI, MapHH AHTyaneTTa ry6HT CBOIO rronYJIHp-
HOCTb: eCJIH B HHBape B, Onepe, rJ.J;e mJIa «McpureHHH» rJIIORa, ee
BCTpeqaJIH anJIo;z:r;HCMeHTaMH, TO 1 MapTa, RaK OTMeqaeT a66aT
-Ae BepH, pa3;n;aeTCH BOCKJIH aHHe, ROTopoe (npaB,n;a 8TO HJIlI BbI-
1 CJIa60CTb JIIO)J;oBHKa XVI 06HapymHJIaCb B CXO}J;HOM CJIyqae, BO BpeMH
cMexoTBopHOH HCTOpHII C MapmaJIaMII. ROpOJIb 06e aJI .n;apOBaTb aTO 3BaHHe
repn;ory <l>HTn;-AmeHMcy H rpacpy AID MIOH, no Tpe60BaJIOCb, 1JT06bI RaH)J;IIlt;ttT
Be 6bIJI BbI}J;BHHYT paHbme .n;pyrllx, BbIme ero no 1JHHY, 11 IIOTOMY npHIDJIOCb
YTBep,D;HTb O}J;HHM ¥aXOM ceMb MapmaJIOB. «CeMb CMepTHLIX rpeXOB»,-rOBO-
'PUJIH 0 HHX. «HH O,D;HH II3 HHX He CJIbImaJI HH O,D;HOro BbICTpeJIa, pa3Be 1JTO
Ha noxopOHax nOKOHHoro KOPOJIH». (1\1 e t r a. Correspondance, t. I, p. 298 et
suiv., 3 avril 1775.)
2 Met r a. Correspondance, t. I, p. 173, 19 janvier 1775; t. I, p. 261,
9 rnars 1775. reHpHx IV OCTaBaJICH BeJIHQeCTBenHoH H norrYJIHpHOH <PlIrYPOH B
RCTOplIH <ppaHD;Y3cRoi! MOHapxHH. IIocJIe CMepTn JIIO}J;oBHI\a XV K cTaTye reH-
Puxa IV nplIBH3aJIH }J;Om;e1JKY C Ha}J;TIHCbIO «Resurrexit» ((BOCKpec»). B HO-
ROpe RaR nepBbdi rrpH3HaI\ ne,D;OBOJIbCTBa aTa Ha}J;JIHCL JIOHBJIHeTCH na cTaTye
JIIO.n;OBHKa XV. (M e t r a. Correspondance, p. 115; 17 novembre.)
3 Met r a. Correspondance, t. I, p. 159, 9 janvier 1775.
206
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me» 1 .
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n;eB, a TaKate 0 «ceMH MapmaJIhCKHX rpexax». Ho MOiHHO 6hIJIO.
6hI OiKH,n;aTh OT Hero KaKOH-JIH60 IIHHn;HaTHBLI HJIH npoeKTa pe-
cpOpMLI; ero c,n;epiKaHHOCTh MOrJIa 6hI Hac y,n;HBHTh, eCJIH 6LI 3a.
HeH He yra,n;hIBaJICH onpe,n;eJIeHHhIH paCqeT.
Cym;ecTByeT MIIHHCTp KOpOJIeBCKOro ,n:Bopa. Be3 ero co,n:eHcTBHH'
HeJIh3H npe,n;npHHHTh HHKaKllX nOJIe3HhIX marOB. Ho STOT nOCT nplI-
HaAJIeiKHT repn;ory )J;e JIaBpHHepy, y KOToporo OTBpaTHTeJIhHaH
penYTan;HH. ITo MHeHHIO Bepll, KaK lIeJIOBeK OH He JIHrneH HeKOTO-
phIX ,n;OCTOHHCTB. IIocJIe CBoero yxo,n;a JIaBpHHep, rOBopHT, Hanll-
caJI OtleHh xopomHH MeMyap 0 pecpopMe mTaTa ,n:BOpn;OBoro nep-
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«Ero HHKor a He ynpeKaJIH B He,n;OCTaTKe npe,n;npHHMlIHBOCTH.
HaCTOHm;IIH ero He)J:OCTaTOK COCTOHJI B TOM, liTO on BCer)];a 6LIJI
oKpymen JII06oBBHD;aMH, a TaKiKe ,n;PY3:bHMH STHX JII060BHHD; H
rJIaBHLIMII ceKpeTapHMH - JIIO,n;:bMH, KOTophle Bce npo,n;aBaJIH, no-
npOCTY rOBopa, pa36oHnHKaMH»3. A 8TO OqeH:b rrpHcKop6HO ,n;JIH
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1 V e r 1. Ope cit., p. 232 et 243.
2 CM.: Met r a. Correspondance, t. II, p. 108, 10 aout.
3 V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 99 et 310.
4 CM.: D'E s t r e e et Call e t. La Duchesse d'Aiguillon, p. 296. ro-
BOpHT }J;ame, 1JTO B ero oKpymeHHII BeJIaCb TOprOBJIH 3THMH YRa3aMH B nOJIb-
'3y meH HH, XOTeBmHX OT]J;eJIaTbCH OT CBOHX MymeM. (M e t r a. Correspon..
dance, t. II, p. 106,7 aout 1775; p. 109, 12 aout 1775.)
5 «Tenepb, nO-BH,IJ;IIMOMY, yme pemeHO, "ITO r-H repn;or p;e JIaBpHHep-
OCTaHeTCH Ha MeCTe, TIORa He COCTOHTCH KopOHa HH». «<Journal historique»,..
10 septembre 1774, t. VI, p. 214.)
C'J1ABA VII. BIOlI.iRETHAFl nOJ1HTHRA
207
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"2 CM. Barny pa60TY: «Les Bases experimentales et doctrillales de la
politique economMfue de Turgob>.
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IT pIIBe,n;eHH:bIX B:bIille coo6pameHlIH )J;OCTaTOqHO ,n;JIH 06'"bHCneHIUI
Toro, IIOqeMY XJIe6HaH rrp06JIeMa 3aHHl\{aeT caMoe Bamnoe !\{OCTO
1 IlHcbMo 0 XJIe6UOH TOprOBJIe. (8 c h e 11 e, t. III, p. 286.)
2 CM.: Mill a u. Traite d'economie rurale, t. II, p. 278.
214
qACTb BTOPAR. «MyqHAH BORHA
KaK B 3KOHOMIIqeC oii OI{TpHHe Tropro, TaK II B ero MIIHHCTepcKoli:
rrporpaMMe.
CKameM npHMO, HII BOnpOC:bI 6ro,n;meTHOH: 3KOHOMIIII, HI1 TaKaH
np06JIeMa, HaK cB060,n;a Tpy;n;a H n;eXII, B rJIasax Tropro ,n;ame OT-
]J;aJIeHHO He MorYT cpaBHIITbCH no CBoeH BamHOCTH C XJIe6HOH npoo-
JIeMOH. XJIe6HaH nOJIBTIIKa HBJIHeTCH caMOH OCHOBHOH qaCTbro era
3KcrrepHMeHTa.
Bnpo-.:.[eM, BHaqe HIIKaK II He MOrJIO 6:bITb.
R 06rn;HM nOHHTHHM, KOTOp:ble M:bI orrpe)J;eJIIIJIH B:blme, CJleJ];yeT
;n;06aBHTb ern;e H TO, "tITO M:bI Ha3BaJIlI 6:b1, eCJIII TOJI:bKO YMeCTIIO
TaKoe B:bIpameHHe, 3J1eMeHTOM «Ul-lTeJlJlenTyaJlbl-lOU llyecTeUTeJlb-
l-lOCTU» .
B rOJ];IIHY rOJIoJ];a B JIlIMY3eHe TIopro nepemHJI CaM:ble HanpH-
meHH:ble qaC:bI CBoero aJ];MIIHIICTpa TIIBHoro yrrpaBJIeHIIH. HexBa TEa:
rrpOJ];OBOJlbCTBIIH B)!I;OXHOBHJIa ero He TOJIbKO Ha caMbIe CMeJl:bIe, HO
II Ha HaH60JIee caM06blTHble IJ)(elI (npyeoeopoT Kpe,n;IITa, 06H3aH-
HOCTb c06CTBeHHIlKO:B 3eMJIII KOpMHTb CBOHX HCnOJIbIqHKOB) H, Ha-
KOHen;, Ha caMYIO nJIO OTBOPHYIO ero IIp;eIO - 6JIarOTBOpHTeJIbHble-
MaCTepCKHe.
MMe Hq B CBHSII C 3TlIM BonpOCOM Tropro B CBoeM MOHYMeH-
TaJIbHOM TBopeHHII - «IIHCbMGl 0 XJIe6HOH TOprOBJIe» - )J;a II B ,n;py--
rlIX CBOIIX CO"tlHHeU:BIJiX ,B;aJI CaMbIl1: yrJIy6JIeHHbIH aHaJIH3 3KOHOMII-
qeCKHX HBJIeHHH. OH yme OTHpblJI 3aROH nerrpOrrOpn;IIOHaJIbHOii
npOIISBOp;IITeJIbHOCTII B CeJIbCROl\-II X03HHCTBe (tITO 3aMeTlIJI J];O Hero.
OJ];IIH IIHOCTpaHH:bI : 3HOHOMJiICT, "t!bH Tpy,n;:bl 6:bIJIII Tropro HeH3BeCT-
H:bI) 1. B qeTBepTOM tlHCbMe 01'1 onpeJ];eJIHeT rrapa60JIY rrplI6bIJleH B'
CeJIbCROM X03HHCTBe (pa3pa6aTbIBaH Te3lIC TaR Ha3:bIBaeMOro 38RO-
Ha RIIHra, TorJ];a em;e He ony6JIIII\OBaHHoro).
HeYPOjHalI 1770-1771 rr., BblHy,n;IIBmlIe npaBHTeJIbCTBO OTOHTIT)
OT rroJIYJIlI6epaJIbHOrO pemHMa, IIaqaJIO ROTOPOMY 6bIJIO nOJIOmeHO,
B 1764 r. *, Cp;eJIaJIH Tropro ern;e 60JIee y6em eHHDIM CTOpOHHHROl\f
IIOJIHOH cB060P;bI TOprOBJIH.
B 3TOH 06JIaCTIl ero YBepellHOCTb ,n;OXOJ];HJIa ,n;o CTpaCTH.
M J];ame p;o ropJ];eJIHBOrO YTBepiRp;eHHH CBocro npeBocxo,n;cTBa,.
XOTH II BnOJIHe onpaBJJ;aHHoro, HO HeCROJIbRO yJ];HBJIHrom;ero Hac
caMIIM crroc060M BbIpameHIIH.
ABe npoTIIBOnOJIOiRH:bIe mROJIbI - JIU6epaJIbHaH II )J;lIpHmHcT-
cRaH** - yme npOHBHJIJiI ce6H B 3rroxy CIOJIJIH II ROJIb6epa. CJIOBa
«CroJIJIHCTbI» II «ROJIb6epIICTbI» BomJlH B 06IIXO,n;HLI: j:. H3bIR. ,[(PY3bH'
1 HcnaHcRuH 3KOHOMHCT AHTOHIIO Ceppa.
* B 1764 r. 6bIJI H3}J;aH 3}J;HKT 0 cB060}J;e XJIe6HOii- TOprOBJIII. ITpaB}J;aS'"
BDIB03 xJIe6a Mor 6LITb nplloCTaHOBJIeH B CJIY1lae ero B3 opomaHHH, eCJID
eHa ero AOHAeT }J;O 12 JIBBpOB 10 cy 3a KBHHTaJI. - IlpUM. pea.
** ,l];lIpllmli3M - 3KOHOMH1leCKaH TeopHH, COrJIaCHO KOTOpOH rocyp;apcTBa
OJDRHO BMemllBaTbCH B }J;eJIa 3ROHOMHRB II ocym;eCTBJIHT.b CBOH ROHTpOJIb.-
lIpuM. pea.
f'J1 4BA I. XJIEBHAH nOJIHTHRA OT TEPP8 J{O TlOprO
215
TlOpro, B 'tJ:aCTHOCTH BOJlLTep, meJlaH eMY IIOJlLCTHTL, cpaBHHBaJID:
ero c CIOJlJlH.
A Be b caM TIopro ClIJlTaJl ROJlb6epa, paBHO RaR H CIOJIJlH,
npocTO SMIIHpHROM. Hn OAHH 1I3 HHX He CYMeJI C03AaTb IIO)J;JlHHHOH
P;ORTpHHDI, HII TOT, KTO 6blJl R Hei 6JIH30R (CIOJIJlH), HII TOT, RTO
6blJl OT Hee AaJIeR (ROJIb6ep): «OH (CIOJIJlH) He IIOAHHJICH BLICORO
HH Ha ORTpHHOH CBoero BeKa, HH Ha ROJIb6epOM. OH TOJIbRO
npHJlOiKIIJI 'tJ:YTL n060Jlbme YCIIJlHH JIH Toro, 'tJ:T06:b1 IIoAAepiKaTb
ToprOBJIIO aepHoM, HO He IIMeJl Ha ceH C'tJ:eT TeopIIII, onHpaIO eHCH
Ha TBepAYIO 6a3Y... Ero BO BceM BeJI OIILIT 3eMJIeBJIaAeJIb a... R
CqaCTLIO, ero HHTepeCLI COBIIa,n;aJlH C HHTepecaMH rOCYAapCTBa». A 0
ROJIL6epe: «Ou meJl Ha IIOBO Y 6YPiKya3HLlx IIpe paCCYAROB» 1.
O IIH JIHmb TIOpro IIMeJl ORTPIIHY. C 8010 AORTPHHY. Brrp 0'tJ: eM,
MLI He l\IOmeM ero 3a 3TO YIIpeKaTL.
B 'tJ:eM me aaRJIIO'tJ:aeTCH 3Ta OKTpHHa?
B BYX CJlOBax: 3TO cB060 a XJle6HOH TOprOBJlH, B:blrO aaH RaR
JIH IIOTpe6HTeJIJI, TaR II AJIJI rrpOH3BOAHTeJlJI, a TaRme (TYT-TO H
BIIAHa BCH opIIrIIHaJlbHOCTb MLICJIII TIOpro) II JIH o6 ero pa3BII-
THH 3ROHOMIIRII.
MLI yme rOBOpHJlII, 'tJ:TO XJIe6HaJI IIOJlHTIIRa 6:bIJla rJlaBH:bIM 3Be-
HOM 3RcnepHMeHTa TIOpro.
CaMa 3Ta IIOJIIITHRa CBO)J;HJlaCb npOCTO-HarrpOCTO R cB060Ae
TOprOBJIII.
Ha'tJ:HHaJI C cepeAHHLI XVI I I B. 3TOT BOIIpOC 'tJ:aCTO H mIIpORO
o6cymAaJICJI 2 . MemAY JlH6epaJlaMH ( H3HoRpaTaMH, 3ROHOMlICTa-
MII) H CTOpOHHHRaMH perJIaMeHTa HH mJIa nOJleMHRa. OII:bIT CBO-
60 HOH TOprOBJIH PIICRHYJlH peaJllI30BaTb MemAY 1764 11 1771 rr.
O HaRo OT Hero OTRa3aJlHCb, TaR RaR IIMeHHO eMY IIpIIIIHCaJIII Bce
npOC'tJ:eT:b1 rrOCJle HHX BYX JleT. BepHYTbCH R 3TOMY OII:bITY H 6:b1-
JlO rJlaBHOH aaAa'tJ:eH TIOpro.
3AeCb M:bl He MomeM BXO IITb B AeTaJlH 3Toro crropa, KOTOp:bIH
fiOII:bITaJlIICb 06pHCOBaTb rJly6me B ,n;PyroM HameM Tpy e.
O,n;HaRO rrpHXO IITCH OCTaHOBIITbCH Ha Koe-RaRHX cy ecTBeH-
H:bIX MOMeHTax.
JIII6epaJILI II CTOpOHHIIRII perJIaMeHTa IIII, XOTH II IIpII epiKHBa-
JIHCb rrpOTHBOrrOJlOmHLIX B3rJlJI OB, IICXO HJlII 1I3 aHaJlorH'tJ:Hoi 110-
3II HII IIPII pemeHHH rrp06J1eMLI, II, TaKHM 06pa30M, RaR Te, TaR
H PyrIIe II pBOHa'tJ:aJl:bHO COBepmaJlH 06 yIO ,IJ;JIH HHX omu6KY.
II BIIPHMb 06 ecTBeHHoe MHeHlIe, 3a peAKHMH IICRJIIO'tJ:eHNHMH
i TIHCbMO r-me }J;'AHBIIJIL OT 4 )];eRa6pH 1777 r. (ueIl3}J;aHHoe).
2 «B 1750 r. Ha HH, npecLlTHBmaHcH C1?HXaMH, Tpare}J;IIHMII, KOMep;HH-
Mil, onepaMII, pOMaHTH'tIeCKJlMH HCTOpJlHMl'I, e e 60JIee pOMaHTII'tIeCKHMEI
paccym,n;eHIIHMH Ha MOpaJILHYIO TeMY J1I 60PocnOBCKIIMlI ,IJ;HcnYTaMII 0 6JIa-
1'0,s;aTlI... Ha'tIaJIa paccym aTL 0 3epPIe ) (BOJILTep).
216
TlACTb BTOPAH. (tMYTlHAH BORHAJt.
(M:bl HMeeM B BH,n;y a66aTa raJIHaHH, Teppa, C 1771 r., 11 caMoro
TIOpro), CKJIOHHJIOC:b K TOMY, "tITO <PpauIJ;HH, paCIIOJIaraH 6QJI:blliHM
KOJIlItIeCTBOM IIJIO,n;OpOJ];HLIX 3eMeJIL, C JIIIXBOH MomeT IIOKpLIBa Tb.
IIoTpe6HocTL HaCeJIeHHH B IIpo,n;YKTax IIHTaHIIH. ROHe"tlHO, 6:bIBaIOT
He6JIarOnpIIHTHLIe ro,n;:bl II cym;ecTBYIOT HerrpIIro,n;H:ble JJ;JIH B:bIparn;H-
BaHIIH 3epHOBMX paHoHM. Ho HeXBaTKa 3epHa B 3TlIX paHoHax
JIerKO nepeKp:bIBaeTCH :H36LITKOM ero no BceH cTpaHe.
RaK me 06'bHCHHT:b, "tITO B 3TlIX YCJIOBIIHX B03HlIRaeT TaKoM
pa3Ho6oH B n;eHax II neplIoJ];H"tIeCKaH HeXBa TKa 3epHa, "tITO Kam,n;Lle'
meCT:b-CeM:b JIeT 6:bIBaeT rroJIyroJIoJJ;, eCJIH He rrpHMO rOJIO)]}
ITo MHeHIIIO CTOpOHHIIKOB perJIaMeHTaD;IIH, Bce 3JIO HJJ;eT OT CIIe-
KYJIHHTOB H cKynm;IIKOB. CJIeJ];OBaTeJI:bHO, Heo6xoJJ;IIMO IIPPIHHTh
meCTKlIe MepLI, J];a6:b1 IIOMemaT:b HM HaHOCIIT:b ym;ep6 rOCYJ];apCTBY,.
TO eCTb JJ;eJIaTb 3aIIaCLI 3epHa. BCHHaH perJIaMeHTan;IIH Hanpa&lIe-
Ha npOTIIB HaKOIIJIeHIIH 3epHa B OJJ;HHX PYKax, IIpOTIIB Tex, KTO
,n;eJIaeT 3anaC:bI. IToCJIeJJ;Hee nOJIOmeHlIe mlIpOKO pa3BHT aBTopa-
MH - nplIBepmeHn;aMH 3TOH mROJILI II HamJIO OTpameHHe B npeaM-
6YJIax R 3aKOHo,n;aTeJI:bH:bIM aKTaM. Ho 3TO He TOJIbKO B:bIpameHH8'
o<pIID;lIaJILHOH TO"tlHII 3peHIIH, 3TO - o6Ufee y6e:HC8enue.
qacTHoe, rrIIC:bMO, KOTopoe MLI nplIBoJ];IIJIH B:bIme, ,n;OCTaTO"tlHO
HpKO B:bIpamaeT TOtIKY 3peHlIH Hapo,n;a Ha ceif C"tIeT: «3epHO ,n;opo-
maeT He nOTOMY, "tITO nplIpo,n;a He nomeJIaJIa paCm;e,n;pIIT:bCH. ITpH-
tIlIHa 3Toro - aJItIHOCTb ToprOBD;eB II HeHaC:bITHOe KOpLICTOJII061I8'
HeCKOJI:bKHX 60ra"tleH, KOTOp:bIe, JIlIm:b 6:bI He nocTynHT:bCH CBOIIM
,n;06POM, rrpecnoKoHHo IIpOmJIH 6LI MIIMO 6eCtIHCJIeHHOrO MHomeCT
Ba rrorH6aIOm;IIX JIa3apeif, He HCII:bITLIBaH HII MaJIeHmerO COqYBCT
BMH K HX rreqaJILHOH yqaCTH» 1.
A "tITO me OT'Be"tlaJIH IIM JIH6epaJI:bI?
qTO IIplItIlIHOH HeXBaTKH HBJIHeTCH... caMa perJIaMeHTan;HH. IIo
MHeHIIIO .[(IOIIoHa, Bce J];eJIO B TOM, "tITO ropOJ];CKaH 6ypmya3HR
pemlIJIa OCTaBIITb 3a co60i MOHOrrOJIHIO TOprOBJIII H qTO JIIOJ];II ytIe-
PILle, HaCTaBJIHIOm;lIe 06m;eCTBeHHLIe BJIaCTH, 6y,n;yqH caMH JIa TIIHHC-
TaMH H CTpaCTHLIMH rrpHBepmeHD;aMH plIMCKoro npaBa, B03meJIaJIM.
CaM:bIM HeJIeII:bIM 06pa30M BOCKpeCIITL «aHHOH:bI»* , cym;ecTBoBaB-
mIle IIPH PHMCKOM IIMIIepIIH.
MTaK, CTapbIH IIOpHJ];OK mHJI, BepYH B H306IIJIHe II CTpamaCb
rOJIoJ];a. CJIeJ];YH 3a 8p6epOM, MLI MomeM Ha3BaT:b 3TO J];BOHCTBeH-
Hoe rrOJIOmeHHe «rrapaJ];OKCOM TaUTaJIa».
06e mKOJI:b1 omH6aJIHCL paBH:bIM 06pa30M HaCtIeT rrO JIl'IHIIOrO
rrOJIOmeHHH Bem;eii. Cpe)J;Hero ypomaH, IIYCTb )J;ame OH He IIpHHOCIIJI
C C060H H306IIJIHH, 6:blJIO cOBepmeHHo J];ocTaTO"tlHo.
1 IIIICbMO BoccaHa )J:e BHIIbOH (Baussan de Bignon). Bibliotheque
Nationale, Fonds Joly de Fleury, 1159, fO 177.
* AHHoHa - B nepHo}J; PHMCKOH HMnepHH nOBHHHOCTb Hac.eJIeHIIR
cHa6ma Tb npo}J;oBOJILCTBHeM H <pypamoM ropo}J;a II apI\iIHII ij:YTeM Ha TypaJIb-
HLIX nOCTaBOR. - IIpuM. pea.
if'JIABA I. XJIEBHAH nOJIHTHRA OT TEPP8 11.0 TIOprO
217
--
Boo6m;e-TO CJ];eJIaT:b TOtIH:ble nO CtIeT:b1 HeJIerKO. Ho OKa3aTeJI:b-
rCTBOM TOMY CJIYiRMJIH: CTaTIICTlItIeCKlIe 06CJIe OBaHHJI (BeC:bMa,
BUpOqeM, HeCOBepmeHH:ble), npaI\TIIKyeM:bIe B TY anoxy. YpOiRafI
on;eHHBaJICH He no BaJIOBOMY c60PY, a no cpaBHeHIIIO C TeM, 'tITO
Jla3blBaJIlI «06bllll-tblM eo8oJ';t». MHTeH,n;aHT:b1 nlICaJIII: 1/ 2 , 3/ 4 OT
«06bIQnOrO rOJ];a» - II BbIBOJ];IIJIH 06m;1IH: H:TOr Ha OCHOBe qacTeii
.{)T «06bltIHOrO rOJ];a» IIJlH MeCHtIHOrO nOTpe6JIeHlIH 3epHa. Ho O-
1\YMeHT, H3JIaraIOm;IIH BKpa Tn;e aTII nO CtIeTbl, CBHJ];eTeJl:bCTByeT
-0 TOM, tITO npaKTIItIeCKII 06bl'tlHOrO ro,n;a HIIKorJ];a He J];OCTIIraJIH.
«HopMaJIbHbIH ro,n; COCTaBJlHeT 8,8 ,n;BeHaJ];n;aT:bIX» TaK Ha3bIBae-
Moro 06:bIQHOrO rOJ];a 1.
OAHH IIm:b a66aT Teppa npOHHK B CYT:b npOOJIeM:b1 II nOIIbITaJI-
CH ee pa3pemIITb.
HeAopo,n; 1770-1771 rr. npOII3BeJI Ha Hero IIoTpHcarom;ee Bne-
qaTJIeHIIe, II Tor,n;a OH YCOMHIIJICH B npaBHJI:bHOCTH 06m;epacrrpo-
<CTpaHeHHoro MHeHHH. «Pa3Be He npaB,n;a,- BonpomaeT OH,- QTO
O HH xopomlIH YPOiRaH MOiReT OOeCrretllIT:b nOTpeOHOCT:b B 3epHe
na ABa rOAa?» 2
II OH AaeT pacnopHiKeHHH npoBecTH Tm;aTeJI:bHble CTaTHCTHtIeC-
.RHe oOCJIeAOBaHHH, AJIH KOTOp:bIX caM pa3paOaT:bIBaeT AlIpeKTHBbI.
PaooTa aTa He 6:bIJla em;e ,n;OBe,n;eHa AO KOHn;a, KorAa Tropro
,.cTaJI MIIHIICTpOM.
OH pemHJI npepnaT:b Ha'tlaTOe oOCJIe,n;oBaHlIe II J];aJI rrpHKa3 IIH-
'TeH,n;aHTaM rrpeKpaTIITL paooTy 3 . OH C'tIHTaJI, tITO nepB:ble nOJIY'tIeH-
Hble pe3YJI:bTaT:b1 MaJIOnpoJ];YKTIIBH:b1 II HOB:ble oOCJIe,n;oBaHIIH MorYT
'«B:bI3BaT:b B Hapo,n;e TpeBory».
MOiRHO TOJIbKO y,n;IIBJIHTLCH TaKoMY pemeHHIO.
IIycT:b no,n;ooHoe HatIHHaHHe COrrpHiReHO C oeccrropHbIMII TPY,n;-
'HOCTHMII, HO He aTO me MOrJIO ooecKypamMT:b tIeJIOBeKa, CTOJIJ)
'CTpaCTHO IIpeAaHHoro HayqH:bIM MeTo,n;aM. A tITO I\3CaeTCH CC:blJIKH
Ha «IICIIXOJIOrnlfeCRIIH PIICK», TO OH Mor IIMeTb 3HatIeHIIe ,n;JIH Koro
yro HO, TOJIbKO He AJIH Tropro. B TOT me CaM:bIH rrepIIO,n; H:MeHHO
OH, He OORC:b HIIKaKoro «rrCIIXOJIOrlItIeCKOrO pHCKa», yrrpa3,n;HHeT
p:bIHO'tlH:bIe perJIaMeHT:bI, opocaH TeM caMblM npRMofI B:b130B HaH6o-
.JIee iRIIBYtIlIM B Hapo,n;e npeApaccy,n;KaM.
TaKIIM oopa30M, aTO pe,n;KMH cJIYtIaii, KorAa CKa3aJICH ,n;OfMa-
"TIItIeCKIIH CKJIaA YMa Tropro; Oll nOtITII HIIKorAa He rpeIIlIIJI 3TIIM
BonpeKII YKperrlIBmeH:CH 3a HHM penYTan;HH.
Mepa, IIpIIHHTaH 6eCCJIaBH:bIM npe,n;meCTBeHHI1KOM, He MOrJIa
npHHeCTH HIIRaKOH npaKTHtIeCKOH nOJIb3M.
COOCTBeHHaH TeoplIH Ka3aJIaC:b eMY CTOJI:b nenOKOJIeOIIMO yoe-
.1.UITeJI:bHOM, tITO OHa He HymAaJIaC:b HH B KaKOM npeABaplITeJIbHOH
1. Lab r 0 U sse. La Crise de l' economie fran aise, p. 85. £tat des re-
oltes: Archives Nationales, F. 20-105.
2 IJ;HPRYJIHp HHTeHAaHTaM OT 28 ceHTH6pH 1773 r.
:3 27 ceHTH6pH 1774 r. (F 0 n c i n. Pieces justificatives, M 2.)
218
QACTb BTOPAH. MyqHAH BORHA»
rrpOBepKe M He Tpe60BaHa nO KpenHeHMH CTaTHCTH eCKHMH ,n;aH-
H:bIMH.
C ,n;pyroH CTOpOH:bI, CJIeAyeT OTMeTHT:b, tITO TlOpro He pas}:{eHHJ1
06IQenpHHHToro MHeHMH HaCqeT H3HHIDKa nOHytIaeMOH B cpe}:{HeM
IIPOAYK HH.
HHMaHO He 3a60THCb 0 CTaTMCTMKe H IIOHaraHCb Ha SApaB@H
CM:bICH, OH HCXOJ];HT M3 npHH Hna, TO cpeJ];HHH no ypomaHHOCTM
rOJ];, ypomaH « 06:bI HOrO rOAa He MomeT npeB:bICHTb 06:bltII.Ioe no-
Tpe6HeHHe». BYJ];b 3TO MHaqe, 3eMHeIIame He npeMHHYH 6:bI YMeHb-
IDHTb pa3Mep:b1 3aceBaeMOH nHOIQaJ];H.
fOA:bI, npeBblIDalO liIe no npoM3BoJ];HTeHbHocTH 06:bltIH:ble, eCTe-
CTBeHHO, J];alOT 1I3HHmeK 3epHa; B rOJ];:bI HHme 06:blqHOrO, eCTe-
CTBeHHO, 3epHa He XBaTaeT.
EJJ;MHCTBeHH:bIM nopOKOM 8Toro paccym.n;eHHH I HBHHeTCH TO, 'tITO
TIopro npeHe6per rMIIOTe30H, no KOTOpoii «06:bIQHOe nOTpe6HeHHe»
MomeT caMO 6:bITb ne80nOTpe6.1tenueM.
Te3Mc TlOpro 0 cB060Ae xHe6HOH ToprOBHH H BIIPHMb MomHO
paCCMaTpHBaTb B Tpex pa3HHQH:bIX acneKTax. IIepB:bIH, OCHOBaHH:bIE
Ha 3J];paBOM CM:bICHe, COBnaJ];aeT npemAe Bcero C TO KOH 3peHHH
«noTpe6HTeHH».
BTOpOH OTHOCHTCH K ceHbCKOX03HHCTBeHH:bIM }:{OXOJ];aM H COBIIa-
AaeT C TOtIKOi'I 3peHMH «npOH3BOAHTeHH».
TpeTHH KacaeTCH 3apa60TKOB pa60 HX H paCCMaTpHBaeT BO-
IIpOC C TO KH 3peHMH HHTepeCOB «3KOHOMHKH Bo06IQe».
II pemJ];e Bcero paccymAeHHe, OCHOBaHHoe Ha 3J];paBOM CM:bICHe,
KOTopoe npeJ];CTaBHHeTCH HeonpOBepmHM:bIM.
Pa3 cym;ecTBylOT HeypomauHbIe rOJ];bI II MaHoypomaUH:ble 06-
HaCTH, np06HeMa COCTOIIT B TOM, tIT06bI nepeMeUfaTb HHH nepeeo-
3UTb H3HMIDKI1 3epHa, J];a6:bI nOKpblTb ero HeXBaTKY. XopomHH ro
AOHmeH oHynaTb nHOXOH. YpomaiiHaH npOBHHD;H:H ,!];OJImHa KOp-
MHTb npOBMHD;HIO MaHoypomaHHYIO HHH cHy aHHo oKa3aBIDyrocH B
He6HaronpMHTHblX YCHOBIIHX.
TaJ\HM 06pa30M, no MblCJIH TlOpro, cHeAyeT nOOIQPHT:b naKorrHe-
HHe 3anaCOB H nepeB03HY 3epHa, TorAa RaR perHaMeHTa HH CTa-
BMHa CBoeH eJlblO 06paTHble pe3YH:bTaT:bI.
«I1epeBo3HTb 3epHO TYJ];a, r,n;e ero HeT», «XpaHHTb 3epHO ,n;HH
Tex BpeMeH, KorJ];a ero He 6y;n;eT», «tIepnaTb ero OTTy;n;a, r,n;e OHO
eCTb».
OnpOBepraeTCH r.p:aBHblH Te3RC a66aTa faHMaHH: 3anpeTHTe.Ub-
H:bIe MepbI paCC JlTaHbl Ha TO, tIT06:bI ((COXpanRTb 3epHO TaM, eBe
ono eCTb», TorAa HaK peQb HAeT 0 npoTHBOnOJIOmHOM ,n;eHcTBHII-
8ble03UTb 3epno TyBa, eBe eeo neTt.
1 IIlIcLMa 0 XJIe6HOH TOprOBJIe. (S c hell e, t. IV, p. 333, 501.)
rJIA'BA 1. XJIEBHAH llOJIHTHRA OT TEPP8 11.0 TIOprO
219
--
A KOMY aTO IIDJ]; CI1JIY? ToproBn;aM, OJ];HHM JIHillb ToprOBn;aM.
focy)];apCTBO He MOrKeT B3HTb na ce6H TaKYIO 06Y3Y, C OAHOR CTO-
pORDI, nOTOMY "ITO 6bIJIO 6bI Tpy,n;HO naHTH u J];JIH aTOH Orrepa[(HIiI ne-
06XO,r(HM:ble ,n;eHej-H:Hble cpe,n;CTBa, II C pyrolI - nOTOMY "ITO BCe orre-
pan;UH rOCY;D;apCTBa B aTOH 06JIaCTH BCTpeqaJIJ2IC:b C He,n;OBepHeM.
MTaR, CJIe,n;yeT BCHqeCI\H IIOOm;pHTb TOprOBJIIO 3epHOM BMeCTO
Toro, "IT06bI ee OrpaHIIQHBaTb.
Ho Be,n;b [(eBbI Ha 3epHO Tor,n;a HeH30eiKHO IIO;D;bIMYTCH? Hy
II nYCRaH no,n;bIMYTCH. Tropro COrJIaCeH nOHTH Ira TaKOH pHCR.
L(eHbI-TO B CROpOM BpeMeHH yrraJ];YT, Hor,n;a ToproBD;bI Ha"IHYT rrepe-
npo,n;aBaTb 3epHO. A ,n;JIH Toro, tIT06bI rrpeo,n;OJIeTb orraCHbIH nepe-
XO;D;, OTHpoeM 6JIarOTBOpHTeJIbHbIS MaCTepCRMe. TaRHM o6pa30M,
HeHMY HM 6y,n;eT Ha "ITO mHTb. A rJIaBHOe, MacTepcRHe o6eCrre"IaT
HM, rrYCTb MHHHMaJIbHYro, B03MomHOCTb J];eJIaTb nORyrrI\H, TaR "ITO
ToprOBII;:bI CMorYT CnOI\OHHO nepeB03lITb CBOH TOBapbI, He 60HC
OTCYTCTBHH c6bITa.
Cym;ecTByeT HeI\an: CBH3b - HO ee He Bce IiI He Bcer;D;a 3aMeQa
JlIiI - Mem,n;y Y"Ipem,n;eHHeM 6JIarOTBOpHTeJlbHbIX MaCTepCRHX II CBO
60,n;OH XJle6HOH TOprOBJlH. BJIarOTBOpHTeJlbHbIe MaCTepCRHe - Mbl
em;e BepHeMCH K aTOMY Borrpocy - B rJIa3aX Tropro He TOJIbRO H He
npOCTO OJ];HH 1I3 BHJ];OB 06m;eCTBeHHOR 6JIarOTBOpHTeJlbHOCTH, B3H'"
'TbIll BIle CBH3H co BceM OCTaJIbHbIM, HO OJ];UH 1I3 IiIHCTpYMeHTOB
XJIe6.aoH nOJIIiITJ.iIRH. B aTOM IiI 3aRJIIO"IaeTCH HaliI60Jlee crropHbIH
UYHI{T ero CHCTeMbI.
AHAJIM3 AOXOAOB,
IIOJIYQAEMbIX
ITPOM3BO AMTEJIHMM
BOT B tIeM 3aRJIIOtIaeTCH HaH60JIee cBoe06pa3HaH QaCTb ,n;Ol\Tpn-
RbI TIopro. OH <POPMYJIHpyeT HaCTOHIU;IiIH 3I{OHOM:UQeCHllii 3aRon,
ROTOpbIH MbI Ha3BaJIH «rrapa60JIOM Tropro». OH 1I3JIOmeH B "IeTBep-
TOM rrHCbMe, nOCBHm;eHHOM XJIe6HOfr TOprOBJIe, 110, Ha Harny 6e,n;y,
nnCbMO aTO YTepHHo. MbI 3HaeM ero JII111Ib B H3JIOil\eHHH AlolIoHa
.( ROTOpbIH, R cOj-l JIeHHIO, «OMOJIOJ];HJI» D;ncppbI). IIoal'oMY aTa QaCTb
'TBOpeHHH Tropro H3BeCTHa HaM JlHllih B OOm;HX tIepTax.
3a OCHOBY TIOpro 6epeT 06bI"IHbIM ro,n; II BbICTiHTbIBaeT BaJlOBOH
AOXOJ]; IIpOH3BO;D;llTeJlH 3epHa C aprrana, YMHomaH ROJIll IeCTBO IIO-
JIY"IeHHOrO aepHa Ha cym;ecTBYIOm;ne n;eHbI. 18Ta II;H pa, TaR CRa-
3aTb, Hcxo,n;HaH. O;D;HOBpeMeHHO OHa COCTaBJIHeT MaI\CHMaJlbHbIH
OXOA: BepmHHY «napa60JlbI TIOprO» 1.
1 CJIOBO «napa6oJIa» y Tropro Be ynoMIIHaeTCH.
qACTb BT9PAH. (fMyqHAH BORHA .
220
ITo OTHOmeHIlIO R 06:bI"IHOMY ro y ypomai MOmeT YBeJIU"IMBaTb-
CH HJIH YMeH:bmaT:bCH: 6:bIBaIOT ro,n;DI nJloxne II BeC:bM&
llJIOx:ne, xopom:ne II BeC:bMa xopomHe. Ho BO Bcex CJIY"IaHX ,n;OXOA
YMeH:blliIlTCH, CJIe YH YCKopHIO:r.n;eMYCH p;BHiKeHHIO no RpHBOii. II
BnpHMb:
Ror,n;a npOH3Bo,n;CTBO 3epHOBbIX nap;aeT, n;eHbI nop;bIMaIOTCH, HQ
He OCTaTO"IHO P;JlH Toro, "ITo6:bI ROMneHCIIpOBaTb YMeH:bmeHIle RO-
JIH:"IeCTBa 3epHa (TaK Ha3:bIBaeMbIH 3aROH RHHra, TOJl:bKO Hao6o-
pOT) ;
eCJIH me, HanpOTHB, npOH3BOP;CTBO 3epHa B03paCTaeT, nap;aIOT.
n;eH:bI. II YBeJIH"IeHIle KOJIIl"IeCTBa nOJIY"IeHHOH npoP;YKIJ;HM He KOM-
IIeHcIlpyeT nap;eHIIe n;eH.
BOT 8TO-TO HBJIeHIIe TIOpro H Ha3BaJI, HaHp;H yp;a"IHOe CJI"OBn;O .
((l-tuUfera u806u.!tUR)) (KpIl3IlC nepenpOH3BO,D;CTBa).
3aRoH Tlopro, no cYIQecTBY, cnpaBe,n;JIHB, C OP;HOH JIIlmb oro-
BOpKOH. FoB, 83Rrbru 3a OCl-t08Y, He 06H3aTeJIbHO 6yp;eT apH<pMeTH-
'tJeCRII CpeBl-tUM ro,n;OM. 8TO ro,n; onrUMa.!tbl-tbZU, II OH MomeT 6bITb.
[10 Y}JomaHHOCTH B:bIme HJIH HIlme cpep;Hero.
C<pOPMYJlHpOBaB CBOH 3aKOH, TIOpro ,n;aJl 6J1eCTHIQee 06'LHCHe
HIle nOCTOHHH:bIM Hey,n;a"IaM 3aMKHYTOH CeJl:bCROX03HHCTBeHHOH 8RO-
HOMIlKIl, nepBOIIpH"IIlHY HeH3MeHHbIX ceTOBaHrrH; 8TO HeeCT8CTBeH-
Hoe nOJIOmeHIIe 06'LHCHHeTCH TeM, "ITO 3eMJIenamen; He MOiReT'
onpep;eJlIlT:b 3apaHee pa3Mep:bI CBOHX B03MomHOCTeH B CM:bICJIe npo-
1I3Bop;CTBa 3epHa.
M3 8Toro CJIep;yeT, "ITO npOH3Bo,n;IlTeJIb I\pOBHO 3aIIHTepeCOBaH!
B TOM, "ITo6bI no B03MOiKHOCTH yperYJlHpOBaTb KOJllI"IeCTBO npo-
1I3Bo,n;IlMoro 3epHa H n;eH:bI Ha Hero. «Cra6U.!tbl-tOCrb» n;eH [P;JIH npo-
U3BOp;IlTeJlH] ropa3,n;o BaiKHee, HemeJlH «8bzconue q,el-tbZ».
ITHcaTeJlII-<p1I3HOKpaT:bI B KaROH-TO Mepe 06paTHJllI BHHMaHlI6'
aa 8TY CTOPOHY ,n;eJla, HO OP;HH JlHm:b TlOpro pa306paJlCH B HeM ]];0'
KOHD;a. OHM Be"IHO nYTaJIIlC:b Memp;y nOHHTMHMH «,n;oporOBH3Ha»,.
«xopomaH n;eHa» H «n;eHa HOpMaJIbHaH».
IIHTepec npOIl3BO,D;HTeJlH, TaKHM 06pa30M, CM:bIRaeTCH C HHTe-
pecaMH nOTpe6HTeJlH, H TeM II P;PyrHM B:bIrOp;HO C03p;aHIle 3anaCOB'
3epHa Hero nepeB03KH, "ITO ROMneHcHpyeT HepaBeHCTBO ROJlH"Ie-
CTBa npOH3Bep;eHHoro 3epHa H n;eH.
ITo TeM me caMbIM coo6pameHHHM TlOpro paTOBaJI 3a cBo6o y'
8KCIIopTa 3epHa.
B:bIB03 H BnpHM:b n03BOJIHeT npOII3BOp;HTeJIIO YBeJIH"IIlBaTb cpe -
Hero,n;OBYIO npo,n;YRD;HIO, 06eCne"IIlBaH )J;onOJIHIlTeJI:bH:bIM p:bIHOlt
C6:bITa.
TlOpro C"IMTaJI, "ITO perYJIHpYIOIQHe <paKTOp:bI BHYTpeHHero P:bIH-
Ka CMorYT C:bIrpaTb TaKYIO me pOJIb :Ha p:bIHRaX MeiK]];YHapO,D;H:bIX.
ECJIH 3epHO 8KcnopTHpYIOT, n;eHhI Ha Hero nOB:bImaIOTCH. A eCJIliY
D;eHa nop;HHMaeTCH, HeT Hym,D;:bI ero 8KCIIOpTIlpOBaTb. OTCIop;a OR
BhIBeJI 3aKJIIO"IeHHe, "ITO 8RCIIOpT 3epHa He yrpomaeT Bcephe3 cHa6-
meHlI10 BHYTpeHHero p:bIHRa. B ero TeopHIO BKpaJiCH TYT JIHIIll>
rJIABA I. XJ1EBHAH nOJ1HTHRA OT TEPP8 )1,0 TIOprO
221
--
OAHB npo6eJI: OHa HeJ];OOn;eHIIBaeT reorpa<pI'PIeCKOro <paKTopa H BLI-
COROM CTOIIMOCTH rrepeB030K. II pOH3BOJ];HTeJIH TIOrpaHH1J:BOM o6JIa-
crH MorYT 6LITL 3aHHTepeCOBaHbI B 8KCIIoprre 3epHa, ,n;aiKe eCJIH
o;eua Ha Hero BHYTPH CTpaHLI, B J];PyrHx 06JIaCTHX, CHJILHO B03-
paCTeT. TIOpro HH pa3Y He OTBeTHJI BHHTHO Ha 3TO B03pameHlIe,
ccpOPMYJIHpOBaHHoe HeKKepOM H raJIHaHH, HO HameJ];mee HaH60JIee
nOJlHOe BLIpameHIIe B 3aIIHCHX BepmeHHa 1 .
B03JJ:Ef[CTBIIE
HA 3AP ABOTHYIO IIJIA TY
II HA 8ROHOMIIRY
B QEJIOM
HaROHen;, RpyrrHeiimaH 3aCJlyra TIOpro 3aRJlI01J:aeTCH B TOM, 1J:TO
OB OIIpe,n;eJlHJI EJlIIHHHe J];BIImeHHH n;eH (B CBOIO 01J:epeJ];L Herro-
cpeJ];CTBeHHO CBH3aHHoro C KOJIH1J:eCTBOM rrOJlY1J:aeMOrO 3epHa) Ha
pa3MepLI aapa60THOH IIJlaTLI.
OH BLIBeJl aaKJIIO"IeHHe, 1J:TO 8.!tURnue q,en na 8apa6oT U He
rrpOCToe H He eJ];HHoo6paaHoe HBJleHHe. II B caMOM J];eJle, rJIaBHLIM
8J1eMeHTOM, OIIpe,n;eJlHIOIII;IIM CTaBKH aapa60THoii rrJIa TLI, HBJIHeTCH
He 06H3aTeJlLHO caMa II;eHa KaK TaKOBaH, a 8oxo8 rrpOH3Bo,n;HTe-
JIeH. A Be,n;L MLI yme BHJ];eJIII, "ITO II;eHa MOiReT rrOJ];HHMa TbCH, a
AOXO)); B TO me BpeMH CHIIma TLCH. ECJIII Y aeMJleBJlaJ];eJILn;a MeHL-
me J];eHer, OH Be MomeT rrOBLICIITL orrJIa TY TpYJ];a CBOHM pa6oT-
HIIKaM.
TaKHM 06pa30M, Heo6xoJ];HMO OTJIH1J:aTb OJ];HH cHTyaII;HH OT J];PY-
fHX.
Rorp;a n;eHLI rroHHmaIOTcH, aapa60THaH rrJIaTa IIop;cTpaHBaeTcH
R HHM - OHa Tome rraJ];aeT.
RorJ];a n;eHLI rrop;LIMaIOTCH - MLI HMeeM B BHP;Y nOCTerreHHOe,.
perYJlHpHOe, nporpeCCIIpYIOIII;ee rrOBLImeHHe II;eH, "ITO COOTBeTCTBY-
eT 06m;eMY pa3BHTHIO H 1J:am;e Bcero CJIymHT nplI3HaROM rrpOn;BeTa-
HlIH, - 3apa6oTKH Tome HMeIOT TeHp;eHII;HIO IlOBLImaTLCH.
ECJIH me, Ha poTHB, n;eHLI Bp;pyr pe3I\O nOBLImaIOTCH BCJIe,I(-
CTBHe rra,n;eHHH ypomaHHOCTH, Torp;a aapa60THaH rrJlaTa Boo6m;e He
nOBLImaeTCH. OHa rrOHHmaeTCH, H60 oJ];HoBpeMeHHo nap;aIOT P;OXO}:(bI
npoHaBo)J;IITeJleii.
M TOJILKO CO BpeMeHeM II 01J:eHL MeJ];JleHHO OHH J];ocTHrHYT CBO-
ero BOpMaJlLHOrO ypOBHH.
BOT 8TH-TO ROJIe6aHHH n;eH 06'DHCHHIOT, XOTH 6LI OT"IaCTH, ae-
1 CM.: Archives Lantheuil. Cl'tI. Hllme, qaCTb TpeTbH, rJIaBa IV.
22
tfACTb BTOPAH. ffMYT..fHAFl, ROf-tRA.
YKJIOHHOe CHHmeHHe peaJIbHOM 3apa6oTHOM IJJIaT:bI B TelICHHe .n;JIR...
TeJI:bHOrO rrepHO.n;a. MMeHHO OHM )J;aJ.OT npe)J;CTaBJIeHHe 06 3KOHOMH...
qeCKOM aHapXHH B XVIII B. O.n;HaKo TIopro He rrpHmeJI K TaKoMy
3aKJIIOlIeHHIO, H60 caMO 3TO HBJIeHHe 6:bIJIO o6HapymeH0 3HalIHTeJIT)-
HO n03.n;Hee.
TIpHCKop6Hoe BJIHHHHe, OKa3:bIBaeMOe KOJIe6aFlHeM neH Ha 3a
pa6oTHYIO rrJIaTY, 6:bIJIO rro)J;Me-qeHo HeKOTOp:bIMH na6JIIO.n;aTeJIHMR,
o.n;HaKo HM H B rOJIOBY He npHXO)J;HJIO H3YlIHTb 3TO HBJIeHHe 60JIee
,rJIy6oKo.
TaK, MOIITHMOH OTMelIaeT (lITO )J;aeT HaM npaBO ClIHTaT:b, lITO
'OH Mor 6:bI CTaT:b O.n;HHM H3 B:bI)J;aIOm;HXCH 3I\OHOMHCTOB CBoero
BpeMeHII) :
«MMeHHO aTII BHe3anH:bIe rrOB:bImeHHH neH, aTH nOJIHTHlIeCKRe
rrOTpHCeHIIH (sic!) B:bI3:bIBaIOT ceTOBaHIIH HeIlMym;IIX, pa30pHIOT Ma-
HywaKTYP:bI, pa3pymaIOT nopH)J;oK 11 3KOHOM1IKY rocY)J;apcTBa 11 J];e-
30praH1I3YIOT Bce 3BeHLH CIICTeM:bI IIIITaHIIH rpam)J;aH, HapymaH CQ-
OTHOmemIH Mem)J;Y 3apa60THoH rrJIaTOH H BceMH HH:bIMH n;eHHOCTH-
-MH... .n;o n;eH Ha npo)J;YKT:bI rrHTaHHH» 1.
B:bIBO.n;:bI:
perYJIHpOBaHHe KOJIHlIeCTBa 3epHa B:bIrO)J;HO nOTpe6HTeJIro;
perYJIHpOBaHHe neH B:bIrO)J;HO npOH3BO)J;HTeJII8;
II TO 11 .n;pyroe 13:bIrO)J;HO JIHnaM HaeMHoro T:py a.
Bce 3TH YCJIOBHH 06eCrrelIHBaIOT cTa6HJI:bHYIO rroRyrraTeJIbHYIO
cnoc06HOCTb. Ha .n;aJIbHeHmeM CTa)J;HH YBeJIlIlIeHHe cpeaneu npo-
ayn uu (pe3YJI:bTaT CBo6o)J;M BMB03a) rr03BOHHeT YBeJIHlIHT:b Mac-
cy 3apa6oTHOM nJIaT:bI: TO JIH B BH)J;e YJIYlImeHHH IIH});HBH yaJI:bHOli
nOKyrraTeJILHOH crroco6HOCTII, TO JIH )J;aBaH B03MOmK-OCTb cym;e-
,CTBOBaT:b 60JI:bmeMY lIHCJIY pa6oTHHI<OB.
TIOpro HCHO BH)J;eJI H orrpe)J;eJIHJI 3TO rrOJIOmeHHe.
MTaK, cBo6o)J;a XJIe6HOH TOprOBJIH eCTb HelITO COBceM HHoe,
-tIeM TO, lITO M:bI ce6e npe)J;CTaBJIHJIII IIOHalIaJIY. 8TO He TOJI:bRO
ropH)J;HlIeCKaH TOlIKa 3peHHH HJIH )J;aate 3.n;paBaH Mepa, HarrpaBJIeH.-
HaH Ha TO, lIT06:b1 06JIertrHT:b nOBce)J;HeBHYIO mH3H:b JIm.n;eH, rrOKOH-
'qHB C YCTapeBmHMH CJIOmHOCTHMH H 6eCrrOJIe3H:bIMH OrpaHHlIe-
HHHMH.
8TO HaHJIy-qmee cpe)J;CTBO 3KOHOMHlIeCKOH 3KcnaHCHH.
8TO KJIIOlI K Bceo6m;eMY 6JIarOCOCTOHHHIO.
1 OTBeT Ha aanpoc Teppa, 7 }J;eKa6pH 1771 f. MOHTHHrJH 6LIJI TOf}J;a HH-
TeH}J;aHTOM ITpoBaHca. JIa raJIeaLep: «TIo;n;eHHaH ITJIaTa pa60THHK8B He no-
BLICHJIaCL O}J;HOBpeMeHIIO C pOCTOM n;eH Ha IIPO.n;Yl{TLI IIRTaFIHH B OH\H}J;aeMoB
nponOp HH» (30 OKTH6pH 1771 f. OTBeT Ha TY me aHKeTY). (Archives Na.-
ItionaJes, F. 11-223.)
rJIABA I. XJ1EBHAH nOJ1HTHRA OT TEPP8 prO TIOPTO
223.
-
8 HRT
OT13CEHTHBPH
MbI 3HaeM, lITO em;e AO CBOerO Ha3HalIeHHH reHepaJI:bH:bIM KOH-
TpOJIepOM TIOprO H3JIOiKHJI JIIOAoBHKY XVI CBOH npOeKT:bI OTHOCH-
TeJI:bHO XJIe6HOH TOprOBJIH.
"YiKe 6YAYlIH Ha rrOCTY MHHHCTpa, OH BIIJIOTHYIO 3aHHJICH npo-
se,I:(eHHeM CBOHX HAeH B iKH3Hb H npHCTYIIHJI K ocym;eCTBJIeHHIO..
cBoeH IIpOrpaMM:bI. 8AHKT OT 13 ceHTH6pH 1774 r. HBJIHeTCH rrep-
BLIM H3 ero KpynH:bIX aAMHHHCTpaTHBH:bIX aKTOB. 8THM 8AHKTOM
perJIaMeHTaD;HH XJIe6HOH TOprOBJIH OTMeHHeTCH He nOJIHOCT:bIO. 011
JIHm:b CJIYiKHT nepB:bIM 8TanOM.
JIH Toro lIT06bI IIOJIHee YHCHHT:b ce6e Bce 3HalIeHHe 8Toro
aKTa, Heo6xoAHMO XOTH 6:bI B 06 HX lIepTaX HanOMHHTb, B "tJeM'
COC70.f.IJIa «AHPHiKHCTCKaH» CHCTeMa.
Tpa,I:(HD;HoHHaH XJIe6HaH IIOJIHTHKa, no cym;eCTBY, CBO)J;HJIaCb.
K TpeM rJIaBH:bIM BorrpocaM:
1) XJIe6HaH TOprOBJIH MeiKAY npOBHHD;HHMH;
2) p:bIHOlIH:bIe YCTaHOBJIeHHH H perJIaMeHT:bI;
3) 8KcnopT 3epHa.
I. CFIJIOmL H pH}J;OM "tJHTaTeJI:b, ]]O BnelIaTJIeHHeM JIHpH"tJeCKO-
fO OTpbIBKa MHmJle, «MapCeJI:be3:bI xJIe6a», npHXOAHT K M:bICJIH,
qTO B 1774 r. nepeB03Ka xJIe6a H 3epHa H3 OAHOM npOBHHD;HH B
APyrylO BHYTPH caMoro KOpOJIeBCTBa 6:bIJIa KaTerOpHlIeCKH 3a-
upe eHa 1 .
8TO He COBceM TaK.
II BnpHM:b cym;ecTBOBaJI CTap:bIH perJIaMeHT, no KOTOPOMY ne-
peB03KH 3epHa 6:bIJIH eCJIH He IIpHMO 3anpem;eH:bI, TO npOH3BOAH-
JIHC:b no OC060MY pa3pemeHHIO MHHHCTpa HJIH HHTeHAaHTa. Bnpo-
qeM, H perJIaMeHT 9TOT 6:bIJI AOCTaTOlIHO HeonpeAeJIeHH:bIM H HelIeT-
KHM, HO CeHlIaC MhI He 6YAeM BXOAHT:b B ero AeTaJIH. OAHaKO C
1764 r. 9TOT f perJIaMeHT YiKe YTpaTHJI CHJIY. OH 6bIJI OTMeHeH
HIOJILCKHM 8 HKTOM, KOTOpbIH HBHJICH nepB:bIM On:bITOM cBo6oAbI
XJIe6HOH TOprOBJIH.. M perJIaMeHT He 6:bIJI BOCCTaHOBJIeH B 1770 r.,
Ror a C 8THM OIIbITOM 6:bIJIO nOKOHlIeHO IIpOCTOH OTMeHOH npeA:bIAY-
1 «BLIJI BO <I>paH.D;HH HeRHi aJIOC1JaCTHLIH yaHHK - xJIe6, KOTOpLIH'
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BLIB:. 8TO 6LIJIa CBoero pO}J;a «MapCeJILeSa xJIe6a». (M i C h e 1 e t. Histoire de
France. Louis XVI, p. 206-207.)
224
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I\aOpH.
2 CM.: G i r a r d. L'abbe Terray et la liberte des grains.
3 STOT MOMeHT OCBe eH B pa6oTe: G a u d e met. L' abbe Galiani.
Oco6eHHo CM. C. 118-119.
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npMBbIqKe pHCROBaJI 3a THHYTb 8TO ;D;eJI0 2 .
1 S C hell e, t. IV, p. 210 et suiv., 19 septembre.
2 «IIpeaM6YJIa,-nHmeT «Journal historique» 20 ceHTH6pH,-3a}J;epmaJIa
orry6JIHKOBaHHe 3aKOBa; OHa }J;OJlH\Ha 6LIJIa cO}J;epmaTb KpaTKoe H3JIOrKeHlle
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BeTa, B qaCTHOCTII Aro MroH, CapTHHa 11 BepTeHa ( Journal de ,Baudeau;
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Ha, a6LI On1lpaTbCH Ha Hero HMeHHO IIPH o6CYiR}J;eHIIII 3KOHOMnqeCKlIX BO-
npocoB (V e r i. Ope cit., t.I, p. 200). OH YKa3LIBaeT TaKme, 'tITO ,n;JIH pemeHHJI
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227
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HI1M » .
1 V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 201.
15*
28
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HBHO npeYBeJlMQeHbI. 06m;eCTBeIIHoe MHeHMe Bo06m;e HerrpMH3HeH-
HO OTHOCMJlOCb R J];MpMmM3MY, HO He B ero «3arrpeTMTeJIbHOM» ac....
neRTe, a B acrreRTe «BMemaTeJIbCTBa».
MMeHHO 3TOT acrreRT rro,n;qepRHBaeTCH B CTMXOTBopeHHII, orry....
6JIMROBaIlHOM B «MepRIOp ;o;e QJpaHC» nOJ]; Ha3BaHMeM «Peqb feH-
pMxa IV, 06pam;eHHaH R JIIOJ];OBHRY XVI»:
E,u;Ba ThI ceJI Ha TpOH CBOHX OTn;OB,
RaK o6Y3,n;aJI M3p;OHMn;eB H cKynn;OB...
ECJIH rry6JIMRa, rro BbIpameHMIO BOJIbTepa, «pbIJ];aJIa OT CqaCTbH»
(qTO KameTCH rrpeYBeJIHqeHHbIM), OHa, ROHeqHO, rrpIIJ];epmMBaJIaCh
Toro me MHeHMH.
fOCY,lJ:APCTBEHHAH
TOPfOBJIfI XJIEBOM
II I1JIAHOBOE
BMEillA TEJIbCTBO
TEPP8
O;O;HaRO 3TO 6bIJIa np06JIeMa, OTJIHqHaH OT np06JIeMbI C06CT-
BeHHO perJIaMeHTan;MM.
JIH TIOpro 3TO 6bIJIa aRD;HH, anaJIOrHqHaH TOB:, ROTOPYIO OH
npOBOJ];MJI CBOMM 3AMRTOM OT 13 cenTH6pH. CYTb ee 3aRJIIOqaJIaCL
B TOM, qT06bI H 3J];eCb rropBaTb C rrpOlliJIbIM, JIHRBH;O;MpOBaB crre:qM-
aJIbHbIH: ClIeT ;o;JIH C03J];anMH rrpO;O;OBOJIbCTBeHHbIX 3arraCOB, <p HHaH -
cHpyeMbIi rocy;o;apcTBOM.
06e rrp06J1eMbI MomHO 6bIJlO 6bI paCCMaTpMBaTb ne3aBHCMMO OJ];-
BY OT ;o;pyrOH. MomBO BrrOJIHe rrpeJ];CTaBHTb ce6e OTMeHY pbIHOlIHbIX
YCTaHOBJIeHMH H TeM He MeHee coxpaHeHMe BJIaCTbIO rOCYJ];apCTBa
nenpHROCHOBeHHoro MHHMMYMa 3epHa. ,n:a M caM TIOpro nocTyrraJI
TaR, RorJ];a 6bIJI HHTeH;o;aHTOM, H nOBTOpHJI 3TO B HaD;HOHaJIbHOM
MacmTa6e rrOCJIe pa301lapOBaHHi 1775 r., npHJ];epmHBaHCb, rrpaB;o;a,
Qpe3BbIlIaHHO rM6KOH <POPMYJIbI «B03HarpamJ];enHH - rapaHTHM)}
(AoroBop JIeJIe).
Ho rrpOBO;O;MMaH rrpemJ];e nOJIHTHRa rrpeJ];CTaBJIHJIa co60i rocy-
AapCTBeHHYIO TOprOBJIIO XJIe60M B rrpHMOM CMbICJIe CJIOBa, TaR Ralt
ToprOBbIe orrepaD;HH rrpOH3BOJ];MJlHCb aa ClIeT rocy;o;apcTBa C Bblro-
.u;oi H y6bITRaMH ;o;JIH nero (<paRTH1IeCRH BcerJ];a C y6bITROM).
rJIABA 1. XJ1EBHAH llOJIHTHRA OT TEPP8 ]1.0 TIOprO
229'
TaRoe rOCYAapCTBeIIHOe yrrpaBJIeHHe ObIJIO HeCOBMeCTHMO C n;e-
JlHMH, ROTOpble CTaBMJI rrepeJ]; C060M Tropro, J];ame eCJIII 6bI OH CMO-
Tpe.rr MeHeC OrrTMMMCTMqHO Ha ycrrex CBOerO 3aMbICJIa.
OH nOJIaraJl - 6bITb MOmeT, HeCROJlbRO yrrpOIIJ;aH rrp06J1eMY,-
qTO He;a;OrrYCTMMO "tJaCTII"tJHOe rOCYJ];apCTBeHHOe ynpaBJleHHe, MOO
HHRTO He B COCTOHHIIH 60pOTbCH C rOCYAapCTBOM, ROTopoe npOJ];aeT
C y6bITROM AJIH ceOH H BMemaTeJIbCTBO ROToporo B ceRTOp pacrrpe-
f(eJIeHMH HCRJIro"tJa.rro CB060J];HYIO TOprOBJIro 1 .
R TOMY me J];JIH Tropro He MOrJIO 6bITb H pe"tJ1I 0 TOM, "tJTo6bI CO-
xpaHHTb opraHH3an;IIro, HJ];eHTHqHYro rrpeJ];meCTBOBaBillen CHCTeMe,
n60 OHa BRyrre C aTOM CIICTeMOM, RpaMHe HeHaBHcTHoM, CTaJla 6bI
HBHbIM 06'beRTOM rrOA03peHHM II HapOJ];Horo rHeBa.
rOCYAapCTBeHHaH XJIe6HaH TOprOBJIH He 6bIJIa JIHqHbIM H300pe-..
TeHlIeM Teppa. OAHaRO OH npH;J];aJl eM 60Jlee qeTKYIO CTPYRTYPY-
p;aJlee MbI YBMAHM, KaKoro xapaKTepa, - H 60JIee mHpOKHH Mac..
IDTa6, "tJeM 3TO )];OrrYCKaJIII paHee.
He 06paIIJ;aHCb R 60JIee AaJIeRHM npen;eAeHTaM, COmJIeMCH Ha
cy ecTBoBaBmyro C 1746 r. Cnen;HaJIbHYro Raccy, o6cJlymHBaBmyro
onepan;HII C 3epHOM H HMeBmyro CBoero Ra3HalleH, MIIpJIeBO, ROTO-
pbIH 3aHHMaJI 3TY AOJImHOCTb AO 1774 r. CqeT aToM RaCC:bI rrpeAY-
cMaTpHBaJI oTAeJlbHbIe II HeperYJIHpHble orrepan;HII, HO, rro cym;e-
CTBY, 3TO HBJIHJlOCb <pOpMOH rocYAapcTBeHHoro yrrpaBJleHHH. R TO-
MY me ROpOJIb pacrrOJIaraJl c06CTBeHHbIMH 3epHOBbIMH CKJIa)J;aMM 2 .
B 1765 f. reHepaJIbHbIH KOHTpOJIep JIaBepAH (JI'ABepAII) 3a-
KJlIOtIMJI )J;orOBOp C MeJIbHHROM rro HMeHH MaJIHCCe, Crren;HaJIHCTOM
HOBenillMX MeTO)J;OB «3KOHOMHqHOrO» rrOMOJIa, KOTOPOMY yme c
1762 r. 6bIJIO rropyqeHo o6eCneqHTb HerrpMKocHOBeHH:bIM sanac XJIe-
6a. B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THM )J;orOBopOM MaJlMCCe 06H3bIBaJICH co-
xpaHHTb rrOCTOHHHbIH 3arrac Ha H3BeCTHOM ypOBHe (40 TbIC. ceTbe*) .
1 IIpeaM6YJIa :3AIniTa.
2 CM.: B i 0 11 a y. Ope cit., p. 77. STOT iKC MHpJI0BO CTaJI rcpoeM npHMC-
qaTe.rrLHoro npOJICmeCTBHH. ABaR[];aTb BoceML JIeT OH ,u;epmaJICH B TeHH, a
aaTeM B}J;pyr B3AYMaJI OTIOBeCTHTb 06m;ec.TBO 0 CBoeM o<pHD;Ha.TIbHOM 3BaHHH
Ka3Ha1JeH OC060H x.rre6nOH RaCCLI, <pHHaHcHpyeMoH ROpOJICM, B Ropo.rreBCI{OM
aJIbMaHaXe 1774 f., 1JTO JiI IIoc.rrymHJIO TIOBO}J;OM AJIH CRaH;a;aJIbHOH orJIaCIU!
II OTCTaBRJI MHpJIeBO. IIy6JIHKa He MOfJla TIOBepJITb, "tJTo6bI :3Ta oco6aH Racca
He c.rrymHJIa mHpMOH JIH 6eC1JeCTTILIX MaXHHaD;HH. TorAa H 6bIJI C01JHlleH
3HaMeHHTLIH KYIIJIeT:
CerOAHH TO, 0 1JeM TBepAIIJIH TIOTHXOHLKY, CTa.rro HBHbIM:
AapbI IJ;epepbI C rrpH6bI.rrbIO c6bIBaeT n.rrYT,
A ;a;06pbIH Ham ROpOJlb He AeJlaeT H3 :3TOrO ceKpeTa,
o tJeM 6e3 BCHI{OrO CTeCHeHLH c006m;aeT,
IIeqaTaH B n01JTeHHOM Kopo.rreBcKoM aJIbMaHaXe
M 3BaHHe, H aApec CBoero CqaCTJIHBOrO areHTa.
{«Journal historique», 1 fevrier 1774.)
B HTore a.rrbMaHax 6LIJI JIHKBHAHpoBaH, HO He CqeT. BMeCTO MHpJIeBO
6bIJI Ha3HaqeH POJIaH.
* CeTbe - CTapHHHaH Mepa CbITIY1JIIX TeJI, paBHaH 192 JIHTpaM (B ITapH"
me). - llpUM. pea.
230
qACTb BTOPAH. «MyqHAH BORHA»
3a 3TO OH rrOJIyqaJI IIOCTOHHHOe B03Harpam;o;eHHe (24 TbIC. JIHB-
pOB). Ror;o;a D;eHa xJIe6a 6bIJIa HHi:Ke 21 JIHBpa, OH HMeJI npaBO
npo;o;aTb qaCTb 3epHa B CBOIO rrOJIb3Y C 06H3aTeJIbCTBOM ero BOCnOJI-
HHTb. Ror;o;a D;eHa xJIe6a 6bIJIa BbIIDe 25 JlHBpOB, TOprOBJIH MOrJIa
np01I3Bo;o;HTbCH TOJIbRO B nOJIb3Y KOpOJIH, KOTOpblif o6eCneqHBaJI
B03Me eHHe 3arraca. MaJIHCCe rrOJIyqaJI Tor;o;a 2 % ROMI1CCHOHHbIX.
CJIe;O;OBaTeJIbHO, 3TO TOJIbRO BeCbMa qaCTHqHOe rocy;o;apcTBeHHoe
yrrpaBJIeHHe. rocy;o;apcTBo 6epeT Ha ce6H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb TOJIbKO
npH H3BeCTHbIX 06CTOHTeJIbCTBax. MaJlHCCe TOJlbRO OqeHb pe;O;Ro
HBJIHeTCH HCnOJIHHTeJleM BOJIH rocy;o;apcTBa.
BOT B CBH3I1 C 3THM-TO ;o;oroBopoM (a He B CBH3H C orOBopa-
MH, BrrOCJIe CTBI1H 3aRJIIOqeHHbIMH Tepp3) II B03HHRJIa B M03ry
O;O;Horo 3R3aJIbTHpOBaHHoro qeJlOBeRa, JIe I1peBo ;o;e BOMoHa, JlereH-
a 0 «I1aRTe rOJlO;O;OBRH». I10CROJIbRY MaJIHCCe C03;o;aJl ToprOBoe
06m;eCTBO, QTO 61>IJIO CaMI>IM 06bPIHI>IM ;o;eJIOM Ha CBeTe, CTaJIH rro-
rOBapHBaTb, QTO rrpaBHTeJIbCTBO HBJIHeTCH KOMrraHbOHOM 3Toro KOM-
MepcaHTa, QT06bI yqaCTBOBaTb B npH6bIJIHX Ha crreHYJlHTHBHbIX orre-
paD;:HHX C XJIe60M. MH<p 0 «I1aRTe rOJlO;O;OBRH» rrpHHHJIH Ha Bepy
pa3JIIIqHbIe IICTOpHRH, RaR, HarrpHMep, MHmJIe, AHpH MapTeH Ii
6Horpa<p TIOpro - <DoHceH. MCCJle;O;OBaHHH XIX B. ;O;ORa3aJlH rrOJI-
HYro 6eCrrOQBeHHOCTb 3Toro MH<pa 1. I103TOMY MI>I He pa3BHBaeM
3TY TeMY, TeM 60Jlee QTO JlereHAa 3Ta HMeJIa mHpORoe xom eHHe
TOJIbRO BO BpeMH <DpaHD;Y3cROM peBOJlIOD;HH.
ECJlH 0 «IIaRTe rOJlO OBRJI» ,H He rOBOpHJIH, TO 3TO He 3HaqHT,
QTO onepaD;HH MaJIHCCe, rrORpbIBaeMI>Ie rocy;o;apcTBeHHOM BJlaCTbIO,
He HaBJIeRaJIH Ha ce6H KPHTHRY H no;o;03peHHH; PyaHcRHM napJla-
MeHT HarrpaBHJI ;o;ame IIHCbMeHHoe pa306J1aQeHHe ]]0 3TOMY eJly2.
MaJlHCCe B TO BpeMH 61>IJI YCTpaHeH, H, HeCOMHeHHO, no 3TOM rrpH-
QHHe, HO CHCTeMa rrpO;o;oJImaJla Me JIeHHO <PYHRD;HoHHpoBaTb rro
yrrpaBJIeHHeM JIepya ;o;e illoMoHa. .[(oroBop MaJlHCCe, CTaJlO 6I>ITb,
cyru;ecTBOBaJI HapHJJ;y C JIH6epaJIbHI>IM pemHMOM 1764-1770 rr.
I10JIOiKHB qaCTHqHO ROHeD; JIH6epaJIbHI>IM 3RcrrepHMeHTaM, a6-
6aT Tepp3 B0306HOBHJI npaKTHRY BMemaTeJIbCTBa Ha ;o;pyroM oc-
HOBe. OH BeJIeJI KyrrHT:b OT HMeHH ROpOJIH I\pyrrHbIe MeJILHHD;I>I, "KO-
TopbIe MaJIHCCe rrOCTpOHJI B Rop6ee, II rropyqHJI orrepaD;HH rro 3a-
rOTOBRe 3epHa - Ha ceii pa3 Ha YCJIOBHHX rrOJIHOCTblO rocy;o;apcT-
BeHHoro yrrpaBJIeHHH - ;o;BYM RyrrD;aM, CopeHY e BOHHY H )J,y-
MepRY, no;o; ROHTpOJIeM - BO BCHROM CJIyqae, TeOpeTHqeCRHM - He-
KOM ROMHCCHH 3 . B pacrrOpHmeHI1H CopeHa H )J,YMepRa 61>IJIH MeJIb-
1 CM.: Gus t a v e B 0 r d. Le Pacte de Famine; B i 0 II a y. Le Pacte
de Famine; Leo n C a hen. Le Pacte de Famine.-«Revue historique»,
1935, p. 173 et suiv.
2 11HcbMo OT 29 OKTH6pH 1768 r. Archives Nationales, AD XI, fO 39;
G i r a r d. Ope cit., p. 16.
3 B ee COCTaB BXO,n;HJUI: JIa raJIe3bep, JIa MHmo}J;bep, e <t>YPKe B
CapTHH, a B KaqeCTBe ,n;OKJIa,n;qHKa Bpome }J;e CeH-IIpe.
rJ1ABA I. XJ1EBHAH nOJIHTHRA OT TEPP8 llO TIOprO
231
IIJIII;:bI B Kop6ee If PH)]; ,n;pyrHx npe,n;npHHTHM, a TaRme 3HaqHTeJI:b-
IIbIM Rpe,n;HT, OTRpLITLIM HM focy,n;apCTBOM (rropH,n;Ra 12 MJIH. JIHB-
pOB) 1, H rrOJIyqaJIH OHH ,n;BOMHLIe ROMHccnoIIHLIe, no 2 % 3a RyrrJIIO
II npo,n;amy. 06m;HH HTor 9TOfO 9ROHOMI'PleCROro MeporrpHHTHH,
,n;JIMBmerOCH C HIOHH 1770 r. rro ceHTH6p:b 1774 f., BLIpamaeTCH
YO:bITROM rrpI1MepHO 8 HJIH 10 J\IJIH., no MeHbmeH Mepe 2 MJIH. eme-
ro,n;HO.
C03,n;aBaH opraHH3a HIO TaRoro MacIDTa6a, a66aT Teppa BOBce
He npeCJIe,n;OBaJI ROpLICTH:bIX eJIei, He HCRaJI crroc06a HamHTbCfI
HeqeCTHLIM nYTeM, B 1JeM ero )];OJIroe BpeMH rrO)];03peBaJIH. rocy-
,n;apCTBeHHLIe ToprOBLIe orrepaD;HH He OLIJIH ,n;JIH Hero HeOmJI,n;aHHOH
B03MomHOCTblO copBaTb Rym; )];JIH Hero 9TO ObIJIO 1JaCT:b1O rrpOBO-
gIIMOM HM 06m;eH rrOJIHTHRII, ROTopaH cero,n;HH npe)];CTaBJIHeTCH HaM
He06bIRHOBeHHO eJIbHOi H )];ame BeCbMa 3HaqHTeJIbHOH.
M B caMOM }J;eJIe, KaR H y TIOpro, y a60aTa Tepp9 6bIJIa CBOH
XJIe6HaH rrOJIHTHRa, HO, npOBo,n;H ee, OH PYKOBO,n;CTBOBaJICH ,n;pyrHMIl
B033peHHHMH, 1JeM TlOpro, rro)J;qac rrpHMO rrpOTHBOnOJIOmHbIMH.
II03H HH ero He npe,n;CTaBJIHeT c060i PYTHHHYIO, JIHmeHHYIO rrep
crreKTHBbI rr03HD;HIO CTOpOHHHROB Tpa)J;HD;HoHHOH. pee.aa.MertTa-q,uu.
M:bI BH)];eJIH, 1JTO a60aT Tepp9 He COfJIaCHJICH BOCCTaHOBHTb
H30JIHD;HIO O}J;HOH rrpOBHHD;HH OT )];pyroi; OH, HarrpOTHB, HaMepeBaJI-
CH rapaHTHpOBaTb CBOOO y TOBapo06opOTa; C ,n;pyroi CTOpOHbI, OH
C rOJIOBOH ymeJI B 3aTeHHHoe 11M rpOMa,n;Hoe CTaTHCTHqeCKOe Ha-
qnHaHHe. 3aOOTa 00 9TOM ,n;eJIe 6bIJIa CBH3aHa C OOJIbmHM npoeK-
TOM rrJIaHOBOro cHa6meHHH rrpO}J;OBOJIbCTBHeM, Oom;ee rrpe,n;CTaBJle-
HHe 0 KOTOpOM MbI MOmeM rrOJIyqIITb rro 3arrHCRe, npHJIOmeHHOi K
nporH03aM ypomaH Ha 1771 f. 2 . XapaKTepHaH H)J;eH 9Toro npoeKTa
COCTOHJIa B nOCTerreHHOM COKpam;eHHH paCCTOHHHH }J;JIH rrepeB030K,
}J;a6LI CBCCTH R MHHHMYMY pacxo,n;bI Ha TpaHcrropTHpOBKY.
He no,n;JlemHT COMHeHHIO, 'liTO TaKOH BCeOO'DeMJIIOm;Hi rrJlaH,
OXBaTbIBarom;IIH Bce paHOHbI CTpaH:bI, eCJlH C'IIHTaTb ero Dcym;ecTBH-
MbIM, TpeOOBaJl BMemaTeJIbCTBa rOCY}J;apCTBeHHOH BJIaCTH. qa THaH
TOprOBJIH, eCJIH }J;ame rrpe,n;rrOJlOmHT:b, 1JTO OHa pacrrOJIaraJIa ,n;JlH
9Toro cpe,n;CTBaMH, He MOrJIa ,n;OOHTbCH TaKOH KOOp;a;HHaD;HH.
1 l(H<ppa YKa3aHa Tropro B }J;OKYMeHTe, npHBoAHMOM HHme. CopeH B
.[(YMepK caMH npH3HaroT, 1JTO nOJIY1JHJIII 11 500 TLIC. JIHBpOB. O HaKo, no
nO}J;C1JeTaM Tropro, 06m;aH CYMMa BDIAaHHLIX CCYA OCTHraJIa 14350 TLIC. JIHB-
pOB. B npH,n;a1JY K :3TOMY CopeH H ,n:YMepK nOJIL30BaJIHCL B Ka1JeCTBe OOOPOT-
Horo KanHTaJIa CYMMaMH, BLIpY1JaeMLIMH OT co6CTBeHHOH npOAaiKH. 'Y6bITOK
6LIJI nO}J;C1JHTaH nOCJIe BLftIeTa H3 :3TOH 06m;eH D;H<PPbI CYMMLI, IIOJIY1JeHHOH
nOCJIe JIHKBH,n;an;HH 3arraCOB, 0 pa3Mepax KOTOpOH MbI pacnOJIaraeM 06m;HMB
II He COBnaAarom;HMH aHHbIMH. CM.: B i 0 II a y. Ope cit., p. 203 et suiv. et
notes. CYMMa y6LITKa 2 MJIH. B ro 06bI1JHO c.1JHTaJIaCb B nopH}J;I{e Bem;ei. CM.
fJ;oRJIa}J; Ta6ypo KOpOJIro OT 23 <peBpaJUI 1777 r. (Bibliotheque N ationale, Vp
2680. )
2 Bibliotheque N ationaIe, Fonds J oly de Fleury, 1158, 1771 fOs
7 et 8.
232
TJ:ACTb BTOPAH. (fMYTJ:HAH Botrn,\)
IIpHBo;r(HM HHiRe Boo6paiRaeMbIH ;r(HaJIOr (nepe;r( «06JIaCTHMH»,
OI-\pameHHbIMH B 3eJIeHbIH, RpaCH:bIH, <pHOJIeTOBbIH H meJIT:bIH
BeTa) .
TlOpro. IIpe;r(ocTaBMM ;r(eiiCTBOBaTb Rynn;aM. ECJIH B JIMMY3e-
lIe He XBaTaeT xJIe6a, OHM OTnpaBHTCH 3a HMM B IIyaTY, eCJIH XJIe-
6a He XBaTaeT BO <DpaHm-RoHTe, OHH OTnpaBHTCH B IIJIJ)-;r(e-<DpaHc,
M T. J:(. Rynen; YBH;r(HT B RaiR;r(OM TaROM CJIyqae, RaROH paiiOH C
IJ36bITROM xJIe6a pacrrOJIOiReH 6JIMiRe Bcero R paHOHY, r;r(e ero He-
.n;OCTaeT, M C;r(eJIaeT CBoe ;r(eJIo. 3epHO nO;r(opOiRaeT M3-3a paCXO;r(OB
Ha nepeBo3Ry M H3-3a 6apbImeH Ryrru;a, a MbI C03;r(a;r(IfM 6JIaro-
TBOpMTeJI:bH:bIe MaCTepCRMe, tITo6bI M CaM:bIe 06e3;r(OJIeHH:bIe MOrJIH
JIOI\ynaTb ce6e XOTb MHHMMYM C'beCTH:bIX npHrraCOB.
TEPP8. He cTpoHTe ce6e MJIJII03HH. BamH Rynn;bI noiiMYT TOJIb-
J\O B nOCJIe;r(HIOIO MUHYTY, BepHee, nOC/le Hee, Ror;r(a 6Y;r(eT YiI\e
CJIIImROM n03;r(HO, B RaRMX paHoHax HMeeTCH H3JIMmeR HJIM He-
XBaTRa xJIe6a. BY;r(eT JIM TOTqaC iRe ;r(OCTHiRMM ;r(JIH Barnero JIH-
MomCRoro ROMMepcaHTa xJIe60npo;r(aBen; H3 IIyaTY? He rrpe;r(IIOq-
TeT JIH 3TOT nOCJIe;r(HMH BbIm;r(aT:b, tITo6bI npO;r(aT:b CBOH TOBap Ha
MeCTe lIJIM nO;r(opoiRe? A H - rOCY;r(apCTBO - Mory 3apaHee orrpe;r(e-
JIHT:b, nYCTb ;r(aiI\e rpy6o, cnpoc H npe;r(JIOiI\eHHe B RaiR;r(oii npo-
BHH HH. .ff B03Me alO (B03MOiI\HYIO) HeXBaTRY BB030M H3-3a rpa-
HMIt;:bI, tIero HU O;r(IIH M3 Barp:HX Ryrrn;OB He MOiReT C;r(eJIaT:b 3apaHee
M B mMpOROM 06':beMe. B 3TOT MOMeHT H 6Y;r(y YBepeH B ;r(ocTMr-
HYTOM nO/lT-tOM paBHoBecHH. .ff M He CTaHY BbIB03HTb Moe UMrropT-
Hoe 3epHO Hao6YM M3 MapCeJIH B 8JIb3aC, r;r(e, RaR H BMmy, B 3TOM
ro,n;y He;r(ocTaeT 3epHa. 3epHo, BBe3eHHoe qepe3 MapceJI:b, H BeJIIO
CMOJIOT:b, tITo6bI ;r(emeBJIe o60meJICH cyxorrYTHbIH <ppaxT, II OHO
Me;r(JIeHHO 6Y;r(eT rrJIbIT:b BBepx no POHe, no HanpaBJIeHMIO R JIHOHY.
CTaJIO 6bITb, JIHOH He 3aTpe6yeT xJIe6a C 6eperoB COH:bI, M HM
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1I3 PyaHa (RY;r(a H rrpHRaiRY ;r(ocTaBHT:b xJIe6 M3 <ppaHIt;Y3CRMX
npOBHHn;HH) cHa6iReHHe IIapMiRa (BO;r(HbIM nYTeM), tITO rr03BOJIMT
MHe BbICB06o;r(HTb M3JIHmeR xJIe6a B CyaccoHe ;r(JIH IIlaMIIaHH, a
xJIe6 illaMnaHM ;r(JIH JIoTapHHrHM H T. ;r(.
AnORa 3TOT orpoMHbIH MexaHM3M eru;e He 6bIJI rryru;en B XO;r(,
a66aT Tepp3 npHMeHHJI tIaCTHqHO OCHOBHMe M;r(eM 3TOH CMCTeMM.
rOCYJ:(apCTBeHHoe BMemaTeJIbCTBO B TOprOBJIIO 3HaqHTeJIbHO YBeJIH-
tIHBaeT BB03 3epHa H3-3a rpaHHn;bI, npMBO;r(HT R BbIpaBHMBaHMIO
ROJIMQeCTBa xJIe6a B npOBMHIt;MHX nYTeM TOBapoo6opOTa MeiR;r(Y
HHMH. Ho Tepp3 rrpe;r(nOJIaraJI B03;r(eHCTBOBaTb :s;e TOJI:bRO Ha ROJlH-
qeCTBO xJIe6a, no H Henocpe;r(CTBeHHO Ha ero It;eH:bI. B aTOM, 6bIT:b
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JlIIpOBaHHIO ROJIMqeCTBa 3epHa 6bIJIO 6bI ;r(OCTaTOQHO, QTo6bI Q;r(ep-
maT:b nOBbImeHMe n;eH. MHCTpYRn;HH iRe rOCYAapCTBeHHoro ROHTpO-
nepa, Hao6opOT, peROMeH;r(OBaJIH npOJ:(aBaT:b 3epHO no DeHe He-
rJIABA 1. XJIEBlfAR nOJIHTHRA OT TEPP8 JI.O TIOprO
233
CI\OJlJ)HO IIn I\e pbIIIOt.IIIOii (UO IIC lIpe3Mepno, lIT06:bI 3epHO He CHY-
nHJlH caMM HYlJ bI) 1.
CJIe,n;OBaTeJIhHO, HeT HHlIero y,n;MBHTeJI:bHOrO n TOM, "IlTO rocy-
.;J:apCTBeHH:bIC oncpa:U;HM no TOprOBJIO XJlc6o!v[ conpOllOlli)];aJlMC:b no-
CTOHHH:bIMM y6:bITHaMu. PaBH:bIM 06pa30M 6:bIJIM y6:bITI{H npH orre-1
paIJ;HHX no HMlTOPTY, onaBaBmueCH qpe3MepII:bIMII.
qTO KacaeTCH 3 <peRTHBIIoCTU CHCTel\l:bI n nepn:bTe rO):(bI npOBe-
P;CHMH BToro ::H cnepl1MenTa, TO no TOMY rroBo;n;y BbICI{a3aTJ)Cfl ;n;o-
BOJI:bHO Tpy,n;HO. CUCTeMe npHnHC:bIBaIOT rOJIO;n; II BOJIneHTUI, HMeB...
mHe MeCTO npcHMy:rn;eCTBeHHO B IOlliH:bIX paiiOHax IIpoBanca, rnCInl
M JIanre,n;ORa, B Tex CaM:bIX, r,n;e HapJIaMeHT:bI npOfIBHJIII BepnocT I;
JlM6epaJJT>Itoii cneTCMC H YCTpaHBaJJIT 06CTPYI\II)IIO YHa3aM 1770 1'.2
81'0 06 BIIHeHHe HallieTCH ne CJIHIlII Ol\1: y6e.n;MTeJIbII:bIM B TO r, tl"l'd
RacaeTCH 6C;n;CTBTIM naCeJIeIITTH 3 . Ono, B03MOlliIIO, 60JIee crrpaBe,n;.Hn-
BO, Kor,n;a peqh HJ.];eT 0 IIapo,n;H:bIX BOJIlIeHIlHX. CJIYXJl, I\aca I0I1 11 pcn
3THX onepa:u;nii, MOrJIH eCJIM He B036y,n;HT:b, TO XOTH 6:bI YCUJlIITJ:)
HepB03HOCTL ny6JIMKII. AeHTeJILHOCTb areHTOB CopEllia H AYMepn:a
Ra3aJIaCL TeM 60JIee B03MYTHTeJIhHOii, qTO B:bIB03 6:bIJI Bo06:rn;e 3a-
rrperu;eH, a 3TH areHT:bI 6:bIJIM u36aBJIeH:bI 01' C06JIIo,n;eHUH perJra-
MeHTOB, Melli;n;y TeM KaK B OTHomeHHH Bcex ;n;PyrHx OHII C06JIIO-
;n;aJIHC:b oco6CIIno CTporo, TaK, narrpHMep, 3anpeT nORyrroK Hal
CKJIa,n;ax II nepeB03KH no pe-RaM H T. ;n;.4.
IIa)l;o CKa3aTL, lITO HapO;n; 6:bICTpO npHxo,n;HJI B B036Ylli,n;eHlIe If
qaCTO 6e3 OCHOBaTeJI:bHOii npMqHH:bI. Oc06eHHO TUrrHQHa lICTOpIIff
6YHTa B 1'ype, r,n;e B MapTe 1774 r. pa3rpa6uJIII cy,n;a C XJle6oM..
«81'0 6:bIJIO BbI3BaHO BOBce He ,n;oporOBM3HoiI, - OTMeqaeT «iI\yp-
naJIb HCTOPIIK», - HO CTpaXOM, KaK 6:bI xJIe6 He B3;n;OpOmaJI, no-
CKOJIhKY Hapo,n; BItJAeJI, "tJTO BUItJ3 no JIyape OTrrpaBJIHeTCH 60JI:bIIIOe
KOJIHQeCTBO 3epHa...» II B CBH3H C 3THM CJIYlIaeM OTl\leQaeTCH.
illTpHX, KOTOp:bIH UeCKOJI:bKO n03;n;Hee nOMOfI-\eT naM rrOIIHTT) Hoe-
KaKHe nopa3HTeJIbH:ble CTOpOH:bI «MYQHOH BOHII:bI». HeKoeMY Cy6 r b-
eRTY, cnpOClifBlIleMY MHTeiHHMKOB, QTO OlIn ,n;eJIa 101', OlIn BeCCJIO)
OTBeTHJIH: «Cy,n;ap:b, M:bI 6YHTyeM!»
RaK 6:bI TO HTI 6:bIJIO, Tepp3 OCTaJICH X03HUHOM nOJIOmeHHH H3
IOre, r,I.{e 3epHO nOHBHJIOCh BHOB:b H r,n;e napJIaMeHT:bJ Cl\IH:pHJIHC:b.
BeCIIopH,n;KH: He ,n;OHaTMJJH:C:b AO CTOJIHIJ;:bI, "IlTO 6:bTJIO 6:bI ,n;JIH npa-
1 Archives Nationales, It 908; G i r a r d. Ope cit., p. 70.
2 CM.: Rapport, Archives Nationalos, It 1022, eM 25.
3 ,1J;JIH IIJIX tt;oifcTBIITeJIbHO ObIJI n;OJIblir pH]J; OC06bIX nplI"tIHII: npeHpa-
IIJ:eHHe BB03a npo]J;oBOJIbCTBHH 1I3 JIeBalITa B MapCeJIb BCJIe]J;CTBIIe PYCCHO-
Typen;J\OM BoihlbI, yparaH B I1poBaHce II T. ]J;. (A cp a Hac b e B r. E. II;HT.
COtI.) IIoaToMY ooru;aH On;eHHa a66aTa ]J;O BeplI Haj-HeTCH HaM qepecqyp cy-
POBOlI: «Pe3YJIbTaTOM aToM HeYMeJIOCTII 6bIJIa qpe3BbIqaMHaH ]J;oporoBH3Ha....
MHTOiRH 6bIJIH ]J;OBOJlbHO qaCTbIMH II-cMero CRa3aTb - nOqTH 3aI\OIIHbJMIL.. >,
(Op. cit., p. 75.)
4 06 aTHX orrepan;IIHX CM.: A a Hac L e B r. E. II;HT. COq, G i r a rd..
Ope cit., p. '103; B i 0 II a y. Ope cit., p. 137 et suiv.
234
qACTb BTOPAH. «MyqHAH BO HA»
BHTeJILCTBa OC06eHHO OnaCHO, H BOJIHeHHH nOBCIOAY MaJIO-nOMaJIY
YJIerJIHCb. TaK "tJTO 3Ta CHCTeMa rOCYAapCTBeHHOrO ynpaBJIeHDH
He 6:bIJIa HH CTOJIb ry6HTeJIbHOM Ha AeJle, HH CTOJI:b a6cyp,n;HOii no
cBoeii ROHD;enD;UJI, KaK 3TO 06bIQnO C IHTaIOTl.
K TOMY me B3rJIH)];bI Tepp3 rrpeTepneJIJiI H3BeCTHYIO 3BOJIIOD;HIO.
TaK, HeC01\iHeHHO rro,n; BneqaTJIeHHeM BcnbIlIleK HapoAHoro He,n;o-
BOJIbCTBa, OH npMllIeJI K pelIleHIIIO ,n;OBeCTH AO MHHHMYMa rocYAap-
CTBeHHble 3aHyuKH 3epHa Ha BHYTpeHHeM pbIHKe H npH6erHYTb
IIO"tJTH MCKJIIOQUTeJIbHO K HMnopTY, "({TO COOTBeTCTBOBaJIO caMOH xa-
paKTepHOII H,n;ee ero rrepBOHaqaJIbHOrO IIJIaHa. TaKOBO K TOMY me
ObIJIO 3aKJIIO IeHHe, BbIHeceHHoe B 1772 r. c03,n;aHHoH HM KOMHC-
cn eii 2 .
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J];eHD;MH, OH HarrpaBHJI HHTeH,n;aHTaM D;HPKYJIHp, HMeBmHM D;eJIbIO
3amHTHTb npaBIITeJIbCTBO OT pacnpOCTpaHHBmHXCH CJIYXOB. OH no A-
qepRHBaJJ, He 6e3 HeKOToporo OCHOBaHHH, IIpOTHBOpeQHH B OD;eHKe
rrpaBHTeJIbCTBeHHoro BMemaTeJIbCTBa 06m;eCTBeHHbIM MHeHHeM.
BJIaCTH 06BHHHIOTCH o,n;HOBpeMeHHO KaK B TOM, "tITO na U(3a1OTCR
Ita enYCl-lOU Jtonono.ltUU, Tan U (3 TOM, llTO noopb 6a1OT TOpe06.1t1O,
npOOa6aJl aepno 6 y6b Ton. BJIaCTHM RaK 6bI IIpIIXO,n;HTCH JIaBHpO-
DaTb «B Y3KOl\'l npOJIHBe, IIOJIHOM pII<po'B»3.
06BMHHH B «MOHOnOJIIIH» rocy,n;apCTBeHH:bIe ToprOBbIe onepa-
IJ;HH, Ha po,n; Ill\IeJI B BH,n;y He TOJIbKO RynD;oB, HX ocy eCTBJIHBmHX,
He TOJIbKO areHTOB BJIaCTeM, KOTopMe HaXOAHJIHCb B Henocpe,n;CT-
BeHHOM I OHTaKTe C HHMH H qbH "tJeCTHOCTb II03TOMY 6:bIJIa qaCTO
rro,n; COMHeHIIe1\I (He BcerAa 6e30CHOBa TeJIbHO ). OH CqHTaJI, qTO R
crreKYJIHD;HHM H CKaH,n;aJIbHbIM: ;n;eJIaM 6bIJIII IIpH"tIaCTH:bI II BbIcmlIe
C<pePbI rocy,n;apCTBa: MHHHCTp, <paBopHTKa, ,n;a II caM KOpOJIb.
1 «llonbITKa c aKOHOMH"tIeCROM TO"tlKII 3peHHH a6cYP HaH». (8 c hell e,
t. IV, p. 43, HJlH: «Ero pOKoBbIe onepa:U;HH». (D a kin. Turgot ant the Ancien
Regime in France. London, '1939, p. 177.)
2 Ha 1773/74 r. nJIaH HMnopTa COCTaBJIHJI 700 TbIC. ceTbe.
3 BepH ynpeKHYJI Teppa B TOM, qTO B aTOM p;OKYMeHTe OH OTpHD;aeT
cyw;ecTBoBaHlIe 06w;eCTBa [CopeHa H ,1J;YMepKa]. Ha caMOM iue p;eJle B nHCbMe
Ii HHTeHp;aHTaM OT 28 ceHTH6pH 1773 r. He cop;epmHTCH a6eOJIIOTHOrO OTpHD;a-
HlIH, 1160, COBepmeHHO OTBepraH cyw;ecTBoBaHHe «MOHOnOJlHH», a66aT Teppa
OTMeqaeT: «ECJIlI rrpaBlITeJIbCTBO npHKa3aJIO BBe3TH xJIe6 B pa3JIlIQHI>Ie npo-
BHHIJ;HlI, TO :U;CJlb Toro - 3aCTaBlITb npop;aBaTb ero B y6bITOK». CJIep;OnaTeJlb-
HO, OH C"tIlITaJl, "(ITO TepMlIH «MOHOnOJUHI» 03Ha"tlaeT CTpeMJIeH lI e It MaTe-
pHaJlbHOR Bblrop;e. B nllCbMe Ii HeKOTopbIM ToprOBbIM naJIaTaM OH nO,r(IIepKH-
BaeT: «fl He OT]J;aBaJl HHKaKoro pacnopHmeHHH, KOTopoe MomHO 6blJIO 6bI
nOHHTb KaK npllKa3 3aKynaTb 3epHO B BarneR npOBHHD;HlI. TOT, KTO cKall5eT,
qTO ynOJIHOMo"(IeH Ha aTO npaBIITeJIbCTBOM, - o6MaHm;lIK». (1 ceHTH6pn
1773 r. Archives Herault, c. 2915, D;HTlIpyeTcH B: G i r a r d. Ope cit., p. 188.)
3TO He06H3aTeJIbHO JIHn;eMepHe: KameTCH, CopeH H ,1J;YMepK p;eRCTBlITeJIbHO
B TO BpeMH He COBepmaJIH 60JIbme HHKaKHX onepaD;HR, BO BCHKOM cJIyq:ae B
9THX npOBlIHD;lIHX. Boo6m;e rOBopH, Teppa cKopee 3aHBJIHJI 0 CBOIIX HaMepe-
HIIHX Ha 6YP;ym;ee, "tIeM C06lIpaJICH OT"tIlITbIBaTbCH 3a npomJIoe. (V e r i. Op.
cit., p. 119.)
rJIABA I. XJIEBHAR IIOJIHTHRA OT TEPP8 11.0 TIOprO
235
A66aT )J;e BepH CJIymHT RaR 6bl 3XOM 3TOH MOJIBbl, npaB)J;a BCH-
qeCRII OTKJIOHHH B03MOmHble nO)J;03peHHH, "tJTO CJIYXH HCXO)J;HT OT
Hero caMoro. «B HapO)J;e rOBOpHJIH, lITO KOpOJIb II .L(ro6appH YlIa-
CTBOBaJIH B npH6blJIHX OT XJIe6HOH TOprOBJIH. JI me lIe pelIlYCb 3TO
YTBepm)J;aTb». O)J;HaKO aTOT Tpe3BblH Ha6JIro)J;aTeJIb IIOJIaraJI, lITO
TaKHe ClleTa MOrJIH CJIymIITb MaCKHpOBKOH )J;JIH HeKOTopblX pac-
XO)J;OB.
OH OTBepraeT KJIeBeTHHlleCKHe CJIYXH, pacnpOCTpaHHBlIlHeCH 0
Teppa: «H XOllY BepHTb B -qeCTHOCTb ero HaMepeHIIH B 3TOM )J;eJIe
BonpeKH nOmJIblM nO)J;03peHHHM».
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MaJI Bcepbe3 H)J;ero )J;HpHiKH3Ma, OCHOBaHHoro Ha CTa THCTHlleCI{HX
06CJIe)J;OBaHIIHX. «QeJIb aTIIX H3bICKaHHH... ypaBHoBeCIITb rrYTeM Ka-
6HHeTHbIX nO)J;ClIeTOB nOTpe6HOCTH H pecypCbI Kam,I(OH npOBHH HH.
lIIKOJIbHHKY... H TOMY HenpOCTIITeJIbHO npe)J;aBaTbCH nO)J;o6Hb1M
<paHTa3HHM». Ho cerO)J;HH MbI )J;aJIeKH OT Toro, lIT06bl C"tIHTa Tb 3TH
nonbITKH a6CYP)J;HbIMH l .
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paJIII3Ma Tropro, TO COBepmeHHO 01leBH)J;HO, llTO paCCMaTpHBaeMbIH
3)J;eCb )J;HpHmH3M Tepp3 6blJI caMOH pa3YMHOH H, B03MOiISHO, HaH-
60JIee )J;eHCTBeHHOH nOJIH:THKOH.
OHa 6blJIa Boo6 e nJIOXO nOHHTa - B nepBYro 01lepe)J;b rroToMY,
QTO ee C03)J;aTeJIb He CMor npH)J;aTb eH 3aKOHlIeHHYro <POPMY, a
TaKme rrOTOMY, llTO OH He o6JIa)J;aJI )J;apOM )J;aBa Tb rrpOCTpaHHbIe
06'bHCHeHIIH 2 .
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3peHHH MomHO rrpOTHBonOCTaBHTb )J;Pyr )J;pyry, TO HX MomHO B TO
me BpeMH H COlleTaTb. ECTb y HHX O)J;Ha 06 aH "tJepTa: HOH en HH
OAHOBpeMeHHO aHaJIHTHlleCKaH H C03H)J;aTeJIbHaH, ROTopaH TaR OT-
JIHllaeT HX OT OrpaHHlleHHOrO ROHcepBaTH3Ma CTOpOHHHKOB llHCTOH
perJIaMeHTa HIL rOCY)J;apCTBeHHoe perYJIHpOBaHIIe H BMemaTeJIb-
CTBO 06eCrrellHJIII 6bl TIopro npHKpbITHe H 6e30rraCHOCTb, B HOTO-
pbIX Hym)J;aJICH ero CMeJIbIH 3KcrrepHMeHT. R TOMY me OHH rr03BO-
JIHJIH 6M eMY npoBo)J;HTb B 6JIarOrrpHHTHMX YCJIOBHHX nORHTHKY
pa3BHTHH BHemHeR TOprOBJIH, H:CrrOJIb3YH B cJIYllae na)J;o6nOCTH
rrpe)J;JIOmeHHH, BbI)J;BHHYTble )J;aJIhHoBH)J;HbIMH H Haxo)J;llHBbIMH IIH-
TeH)J;aHTaMH; HHTeH)J;aHToM AJIaHCOHa lKroJIbeHOM H HIITeH)J;aHToM
ITpoBaHca MOHTIIHOHOM 3 .
1 V e r i. Ope cit., 'p. 118.
2 JIy"tlme Bcex 1I3y"tlHJI 3TY nOJIIITIIKY mnpap. HaM KameTcH, o)J;HaKo,
t{10 OR He)J;OCTa TO"tlHO IIO)J;qepKHBaeT TeCHYro B3aHMOc.BH3b Mej-K)J;Y pa3JUPIHbI-
MH 'tJaCTHMJI IIJIaHa.
3 MHTeH)J;aHT AJIaHCOHa IIpe,n;JIOiHHJI 06JIOmlITb BbIB03 3epHa nepeMeH-
ROM nOmJIHHOi, KOTopaH MOrJIa 6bI 3aMeHIITb, B CMHr"tleHHOM q,opMe, nOJIHbIH
aarrpeT Ha BbIB03 xJIe6a (25 HHBapH 1772 r., OTBeT' Ha 3arrpoc Tepp3).
CncTeMa MOHTnHoHa - nJIo)J; B)J;OXHOBeHIIH «orrbITHoro KOMMepCaHTa»-
ropa3 o 60JIhUIe n3Y"tleHa n cooTBeTcTByeT cOBpeMeHHoH npaKTHKe KOMneH-
236
qACTb BTOPAH. «MyqHAH BORHA»
110 TIopro B cBoeH 3BKJIM)J;OBCKOH y6eiK,n;eHHocTII nOJIaraJI, "tJTO
He nym,n;aeTCH HII B CMCTeMe Tepp3, HH B CHCTeMax mIOJIbeHa II
MOIIl'MHOHa, JIM TeM 60JIee B YCJIyrax CopeHa Ae BOHHa II ,IJ:y-
MepRa.
TIopro 6e3 BCHKIIX OKOJIII"tJHocTeH paCTopr I\OHTpaKT C Cope-
HOM II ,IJ:YMepKoM - TeKCTa KOHTpaKTa MbI He 3HaeM, B03MomHO,
OH JiI He 6bIJI COCTaBJIeH. TaKIIM 06pa30M, CKJIa,n;:bI xJIe6a OCTaJIHCb
npocl'o co6CTBeHHOCTbIO rocy,n;a pCTBa. .L(IOIIOH YKa3:bIBaeT, lITO TIOp-
ro BeJIeJI JIIIKBII,n;lIpOBaTb 3anaC:bI II QTO 6:bIJIO IIOJIy"tJeHO 4 MJIH.
JIUBpOB 1 . Ha OCHOBaHlI1I 3Toro KpaTKoro YKaaaHIIH HeKOTopLIe
HCTOpHKII COllJIII, -qTO TIOpro JIIIKBH,n;IIpOBaJI Bce CKJIa,n;bI cpa3y 2 .
8TO, KOHelIHO, OlliH6o"tJHaH To"tJKa 3peHMH. COrJIaCHO 3anlICII, IIMeIO-
m;eHcH B apXHBax JIaHTeHJIH 3 , Tropro, HanpOTHB, IIpe,n;nOJIaraJI co-
XpaHIIT:b ,n;JIH IIapHma 100 T:bIC. MernKOB, KOTOp:bIe npo,n;aBaJIHC:b 6:bI
TaK, QTo6bI He Merna T:b CBo60,n;HOH TOprOBJIe.
M TaR, 3epHOBOH <pOH,n; B eJIOM COCTaBJIHJI, no ,n;aHH:bIM ,IJ:ronoHa,
177 ThIC. ceTbe, a no YTBepiK,n;eHlIro TIOpro, 150 TbIC. ceTbe, II -qaCTb
3anaCOB Haxo,n;IIJIaC:b B npOBIIH HII. COrJIaCHO ,n;aHHbIM, KOTOpbIMH
M:bI pacnOJIaraeM, JIHKBII,n;a HH 3anaCOB npOBo,n;IIJIaC:b B HapacTaro-
m;eM TeMne II npo,n;OJIiKaJIaCb ,n;o HallaJIa ceHTH6pH 1774 r., )];0 Toro
BpeMeHH, KOr)];a CKJIa,n;:bI 6:bIJIH nepe,n;aH:bI 6paT:bHM JIeJIe 4 .
HecoMHeHHo, "tJTO TOJIbKO B npOBHH 1I1I npo,n;ama npoxo,n;IIJIa
o"tJeH:b 6:bICTpO, KaK TBep,n;o o6eru;aJI Tropro B IIpKYJIHpe, a,n;peco-
BaHIIOM TOprOB:bIM naJIaTaM.
Tropro pelliHJI TaKme npOBeplIT:b ClleTa CopeHa II ,IJ:YMepKa.
BYMarn 3TIIX KOMMepcaHTOB 6:bIJIH onellaTaH:bI 23 ceHTH6pH
1774 r., B03MOlliHO B CBH3II C ,n;OKYMeHTaMII, BbIJIOBJIeHHbIMH B CeHe
npH He BnOJIHe HCHbIX 06CTOHTeJIbCTBax 5 . CHHTlIe nella TeH H onHCb
ca llft. OR npep;JIaraJI C03p;aTL <pOHP;, Haxop;HID;IIHCH B Bep;eHHH ToprOBLIX na-
JIaT H nOIIOJIHHeMLIH 3a C"tIeT npCMIIH 3a BB03 H 3a CqeT BLIB03HbIX IIOmJIHH.
lVIOil{HO 6LIJIO BapbHpOBaTb CTaBKH aTIIX npeMHH H IIOmJIHH B 3aBHCHMOCTIiJ:
OT 06c.TOHTeJII,CTB, C TeM lIT06LI CTHMYJlHpOBaTL JIH60 BB03, JlH60 BLIB03 xJle-
6a, n HCrrOJlL30Ba TL CYMMbI, JIemaID;ne Ha aTOM CqeTY, KaK 060POTHLIH <pOHp;.
1 D u P 0 n t. Ope cit., p. 184. JIeHre rOBoplIT 0 6400 TbIC., Tropro on;e-
HHBaCT CaJlb O B CBoeM OT"tIeTe OT 16 OKTH6pH B pa3Mepe 1500--2000 TLI
JIlIBpOB.
2 CM.: S e g u r. Au couchant de la monarchie: Louis XVI et Turgot,
p. 158.
3 IIanKa 19. IIpoeKT KarrHTYJlH HH, IIpH3HaIOm;Hn oc06LIe IIpaBa IIapll-
ma B paMKax cB060P;LI XJle6HOn TOprOBJlH (3anac B 30 TbIC. ceTbe npep;nOJIa-
raJIOCh coxpaHHTL P;JIH 60JlbHHn;, HO 3a C"tIeT BB03a). HaKoHen;, H3 Ton me
3anlIeH BLHICHHeTc.H, lITO paCIIopHiKeHHH Teppa oCTaroTcH B CHJIe P;O Tex nop,
flOKa HaHT, Bopp;o, JIa pOmeJIb, BanoHHa II }J;p. He 3anaCYTCH 3epHOM B rOJI-
JIaHp;lIlI, CeBepHOH AcppHKe HJlH em;e r}];e-HH6y,n;b.
4 CM. ,n;aJIee, "tIaCTb TpeTbH, rJIaBa IV.
5 «Journal historique», 29 septembre, 2 octobre, 1774. COrJIaCHO nOKa-
3aHIHIM 3aHHTepecoBaHHLIx JIH , OHH CTaJIU mepTBaMH HeKon MaXHHan;HH
rJ1ABA 1. XJ1EBHAH nOJIHTHRA OT TEPP8 l/,O TIOprO
237
--
uyMar nOA Ha6JIIO,n;eHlIeM KOMIICCapa Ceppo 3aHHJIH e e HeCKOJI:bRO
M:eCHJJ;eB; 3aTeM 6YMarH 6:bIJIH 06CJIe,n;OBaIIbI AJIb6epOM B COTPy,n;-
elI"lJeCTBe C JIeJIe 1. AaJIee M:bI YBIIAIIM, RaKOB:bI 6:bIJIH nOCJIe,n;CTBHH
STOn a<pep:bI.
TIOpro, He ,n;omH,n;aHC:b KOHn;a aToro paCCJIe,n;OBaHHH, HarrpaBIIJI
IiOpOJIIO ,n;ORJIa,n; 0 rocYAa pCTBeHH:bIX TOprOB:bIX orrepaD;IIHX C XJIe-
fOOM. STOT ,n;OKJIaA, AaTHpOBaHH:bIH 16 OKTH6pH, o6BHHHeT KyrrD;oB
B pa3JIHqH:bIX 3JIoyrroTpe6JIeHHHx. HecMoTpH Ha rrOJIyqeHH:bIe OT
npaBHTeJI:bCTBa aBaHC:bI, OHn IIIlIpOKO rrpH6eraJIH K KpeAHTY, rrepe-
JIaraH TaKHM o6pa30M Ha rocy,n;apCTBO 6peMH «ROMHCCHOHH:bIX pac-
XO,n;OB, MHOrOqHCJIeHH:bIX II lIpe3MepH:bIX». C ,n;pyroH CTOpOH:bI, OHH
HaK 6y,n;TO HCrrOJI:b30BaJIH rocy,n;apCTBeHH:bIe <pOH,n;:bI ,n;JIH BCHKIIX
ROMMepqeCKMX orrepan;HH, ROTOp:bIe, Ka3aJIOCb, He HMeJIII HHKaKoro
tOTHomeHHH K AeJIaM ynpaBJIeHHH: rroKyrrKa OBca, orrepan;HH no
cKyrrKe B MapceJIe 3epHa, yme BBe3eHHoro lIaCTH:bIMII ToprOBn;aMH,
ROTopoe CopeH H AYMepK HKo6:bI rreperrpo,n;aBaJIII TYT me Ha MeCTe
...ppaHn;Y3CKHM HJIH HHocTpaHHbIM Kyrrn;aM. HaKOHen;, OHII 6y,n;TO 6:bI
](ame B:bI,n;aJIII 3epHo ROpOJIH 3a CBoe co6CTBeHHoe, tITo6:bI rrOJIytllITb
.aBaHC:bI, rrpe,n;Ha3HatIeHH:bIe ,n;JIH ROMMeplIeCKHX orrepan;HH B JIeBaH-
"Te (B rrlIacTpax, caxape H APyrHx TOBapax).
B HTore IIX ,n;eHTeJIbHOCTII C03AaJIoC:b rrJIaqeBHOe rrOJIOmeHHe:
rJIaBH:bIe ropo,n;a KOpOJIeBCTBa 3aBaJIeH:bI HX 3epHoM II HX AOJIro-
B:bIMH o6H3a TeJI:bCTBaMII».
HaKOHen;, OHK BLI,n;aJIH 100 T:bIC. JIJIBpOB Bpome ,n;e CeH-llpe,
ROTOp:bIH 6:bIJI CMe eH, H 268 T:bIC. JIHBpOB JIeKJIepKY, rrepBOMY ceK-
!peTaplO Teppa, YBOJIeHHOMY TlOpro 2 .
XOTH ,n;OKJI3)J; TlOpro 6:bIJI COCTaBJIeH 3a)J;OJIrO AO Toro, KaK pac-
CJIe,n;OBaHHe 6:bIJIO 3aKOHqeHO, B:bIBO,n;:bI ero AOKJIa,n;a, KaiKeTCH, B oc-
HOBHOM no,n;TBepAIIJIIICb BrrOCJIeACTBHII. rJIaBH:bIH yrrpeK B rrpeTeH-
3HHX, IIpeA'bHBJIeHH:bIX YIIpaBJIHIO MM, 6:bIJI: «IIOCTOHHH:bIH JIam B
ym;ep6 KOPOJIIO». IIocJIe MHornx HerrpHHTHocTeH B Mae 1775 r.
CqeTa 6:bIJIII HaKOHen; YTBepiK,n;eH:bI B Mae 1776 r.
CKOJIL HII npe,n;ocy,n;IITeJIeH no,n;o6H:bIH o6pa3 ,n;eucTBHH, HHlITO
He rrOATBepm,n;aeT 06BIIHeHIIU, 06LIqHO rrpeA'bHBJIHeM:bIX a66a TY
Teppa.
HarrpOTIIB, KaK cnpaBeAJIIIBO 3aMeqaeT BlIoJIJIa, neBOJI:bHO rrplI-
Xo,n;Hmb K M:bICJIII, lITO, eCJIII caM MIIHIICTp 6:bIJI C006 HHKOM aTIIX
MeJIKIIX crreKYJIHHTOB, JIM COBepmeHHO He3aqeM 6LIJIO C06JIa3HHTb
eHemHLIMH IIo,n;aqKaMII ero CJIyma Hx. Teppa HHKorAa HlIqerO
He MOrJIH rrOCTaBII{f.b B BHHY, KpOMe oAHoro <!>aI{Ta: OH c,n;aBaJI BHa-
npUKaa1JHKa r-Ha AJIb6epa. «(Journal historique», 3 novembre 1774.)
$aKT, BO BCHI{OM cJIY1Jae, HeonpoBepmHMbIH, IIOCKOJIbKy IIOCJIe)J;HHH CqeT HO-
-CRT CJIe)J;bI B03Harpam)J;eHHH B 100 <ppaHKoB, BbIIIJIa1JeHHOrO pbI6aKaM, BLIY-
)];lIBIDHM 6Y;MarH Ha CeHbI. CM.: Archives Nationales, F. 12, 1195.
1 Archives Nationales, Y. 15, 583,.
2 CM.: qacTL nepBaH, rJIaBa IV.
238
lJ:ACTb BTOPAH. (tMYlJ:HAH BOPlHA)
eM CopeHY II .[(YMepRY 3epHOXpaHMJIH:r.u;a, Haxo;n;HBmMeCH B ero no-
MeCT:bHx. IIocTynoR 3TOT MomeT nOKa3a T:bCH gOCTOHH:bIM COiKaJIC-
HIIH, O;n;HaKO OH He 6:bIJI COBeprneH BTaHHe. R TOMY me no MeH:bmeii
Mepe O;n;HO 1I3 3TlIX 3epHOXpaHIIJIII:r.u;, Haxo;n;HBmeecH B JIaMoTe,
c)J;aBaJIOCb no;n; KOpOJIeBCRIIH CKJIa,I( C 1761 ro;n;a, 3a;n;OJIrO AO Toro,
KaK Tepp3 aaHHJI nOCT reHepaJIbHOrO KOHTpOJIepa 1. BTopoe 3epIIO-
XpaHIIJIII:r.u;e - Ha MeJI:bHIIIJ;e, Haxo)J;IIBmeHcH B IIlHecca, - 6bIJIO
C)J;aHO B apeHAY TOJIbKO B 1772 r. 8TO COrJIameHlIe 06 apeHAe 6bIJIO
paCToprHYTO nOCJIe JIIIKBII,n;a 1I1I 06:r.u;ecTBa, 3aHHMaBmerOCH Topro-
BbIMII onepan;HHMII XJIe60M 3a CqeT rocy,n;apCTBa, H 6:bIBmHH reHe-
paJI:bHbIH RbHTpOJIep nOJIyqHJI 18 MapTa 1775 T. CYMMY B 2250 JIHB-
pOB, KOTOpylO eMY OCTaBaJIHC:b ,n;OJImHbI 2 .
Bce 3TO no,n;TBepm;n;aeT, HaCKOJIbKO HecnpaBe,n;JIHBbI HJIII HeBO-
06pa3HMo npeYBeJIHqeH:bI 6:bIJIII HapeKaHHH Ha Tepp3 B Hapo,n;e
e:r.u;e ,n;o Toro, RaK B03HIIKJIa JIereH,n;a 0 «IIaKTe rOJIO;n;OBKII». Ho
TaKiRe HeCOMHeHHO II TO, lITO On:bIT nJIaHOBOro ,n;HpHm1I3Ma Mor
6:bI 6:bITb ycnemHbIM, eCJIH 6bI OH OnHpaJICH Ha 60JIee Cep:be3HOe It
60JIee meCTKoe PYKOBO;n;CTBO TOprOBJIeH 3 .
YKA3
COrJIaCHO 3aKOHO;n;aTeJIbHOH npon;eAype Toro BpeMeHII, pemeHHH
ROpOJIeBCKOro COB eTa ,n;OJImHbI 6:bIJIII CTaHOBIIT:bCH 06'DeKTOM HMeH-
H:bIX YRa30B (lettres patentes). MMeHHO 3TH YKa3:bI II nO;n;JIemaJIM
perlICTpaIJ;IIH B BbIcmnx cy,n;ax II nplI,n;aBaJIH 3THM pemeHH:HM 06H-
aa TeJIbHYIo CMJIY 3aKOHa. .[( aHH:bIH YKa3 6:bIJI nplIHHT TOJI:bRO 2 HO-
H6pH 1774 r. OH OTJIIIqaJICH KaR no cym;eCTBY, TaR II no cpopMe
aaMeqaTeJILIIbIM cBoeo6pa3lIeM.
.[(JIH <pOpM:bI YRa3a xapaKTepHO HaJIlIqlIe npeaM6YJI:bI, OqeH:b
KOpOTROii, HO CJIymam;eH ,n;onOJIHeHHeM K npeaM6YJIe 3,n;HRTa. 8Ta
rrpeaM6YJIa ,n;eHCTBHTeJI:bHO co,n;epmaJIa <popMaJI:bHOe ocym;n;eHHe
rrpaRTHRII rocy,n;apCTBeHHOH TOprOBJIII 3epHOM, KOTOpOH CJIe;n;OBaJIM
npM npaBJIeHMM Tepp3. TlOpro, HeCOMHeHHO, ClIeJI ce6H BnpaBe
1 PacIIHcRa OT 2 ceHTH6pH 1761 r. B IIoJlyqeHHliI 750 JIHBpOB (3a 6
MeeHn;eB apeH)J;bI); CM. 06 aTOM n: G i r a r d. Ope cit., p. 126. STOT )J;ORYMeItT
HaXO)J;HTCfl B: Archives Nationales, F. 11, 1194.
2 S c he] 1 e, t. IV, p. 35 et 196; Archives Nationales, F. 11, 1195.
3 Pa3YMeeTcH, 6bIJlO TPY)J;HO HaRTliI XOpOIDHX ynpaBJIHIOID;HX. MaJIllcce,
KEtR 1'I3BeCTHO, )J;OCTaBHJI HeMa:rIO HerrpHHTHocTeM. RameTcH, npaBliIJIbHee Bcero
ObJJlO IIOCTaBJleHO p;eJlo Y 6paTbeB JIeJl8. BIIpOqeM, oJIarOp;apH }J;oroBopy Trop-
ro 06H3aTeJlbCTBa rocY)J;apcTBa 6bIJlH R TOMY me OrpaHHqeHbI 3apaHee 06yc-
JIOBJIeHHOii BeycToMRoM. CM. )J;aJIee, qaCTb TpeTbH, rJIaBa IV:
rJ1ABA 1. XJ1EBHAH nOJIHTHRA OT TEPP8 11.0 TIOprO
239
-
nOCJIe rrepB:bIX pe3YJI:bTaTOB paCCJIe;a;OBaHHH Hey;a;OBOJI:bCTBOBaT:bCH
{)6m;lIMH <ppa3aMU, a HaHeCTH pemalOID;HH Y]J;ap «]J;HPlIiKH3l\IY», 06-
.JIeKllII1 3TO B ROHKpeTHYIO WOPMY, ROTopaH, O"tleBH]J;HO, 6:bIJIa Hau-
60JIee ;n;OCTyrrHa ;a;JIH BocnpHHTHH HapO;a;a. «3aTpy;a;HeHHH II nOMeXH,
qHHIIM:ble XJIe6HOH TOprOBJIe, - YRa3:bIBaeT OH, - npHBeJllI R TOMY,
QTO eHM Ha 3epHO ORa3aJIHC:b B rrOJIHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BOJIlI II
co06pameHlIH yrrpaBJIHIOm;HX, ROTOp:ble cKyrraJIH 3epHO Ha qYiKHe
p;eHI.,ru II nOCTaBJIHJIII ero C 60JIhmHMH 3aTpaTaMlI H C on03;a;a-
aHeM».
8TO 6:bIJIO cephe3HhIM OTKJIOHeHHeM OT rrpaBHJIa, MOJIqaJIHBO
npHHHToro CMeHHBmUMH ]J;pyr ]J;pyra MHHlIcTpaMH, - ru;a]J;H:Th npe;a;-
mecTBeHRHKoB, It, yqHThIBaH 06m;eCTBeHHoe MHeHlIe, e;n;Ba JIH 3TOT
mar 6hIJI y;rJ;aqHhIM. 06m;ecTBo YBH;rJ;eJIO B 3TOM rro;rJ;TBepm;rJ;eHH:e,
CKpeIIJleHHOe B:bICmHM aBTopHTeToM KOpOJIH, CaM:bIX pacrrpocTpaHeH-
HhIX npe;a;paccY;rJ;KoB, ROTOp:ble MemaJIH eMY BH;a;eTb rrO;a;JIHHHYro
CYT:b np06JIeM:bI. OHO II TaK yme 6:bIJIO 60JIee "tIeM CKJIOHHO CBH3hI-
BaT:b BCHKYIO nOn:bITRY perYJIHpOBaHHH B 06J1aCTH rrpO;rJ;OBOJI:bCTBeH-
Horo cHa6meHHH C 6eCqeCTH:bIMII MaXHHan;HHMH rOCY;rJ;apCTBa HJIII
qaCTH:bIX JIHn;. IIp:HBhIRmee BHHHTh BO Bcex RplI3IICaX He He;a;onpo-
H3BO;rJ;CTBO, a cneKYJlHHTOB HJIlI a;rJ;MHHHCTpan;HIO; 06m;eCTBeHHoe
MHeHI1e o6peJIo HaROHen; H;a;eaJIhHYro MlImeHh: rOCY;rJ;apCTBo-cneKY-
JIHHTa. 1I3 3Toro OHO, KOHeqHO me, ;a;eJlaJIO B:bIBO;a;, qTO CTOHT JIHmh
3aKJIeHMHTh 3TO 3JIO, KaK TYT me HacTynHT nOJIH:bIH nopH;a;OK:
H306HJIHe II ;a;emeBH3Ha.
TaK ;rJ;JIH Hero rOTOBIIJIOCh em;e 60JIee meCTOKoe pa30'1apOBaHHe.
TaK Ha3peBaJIa BHYTPH 06m;eCTBa em;e 60Jlee onaCHaH peaK HH,
1:IeM npeiR]J;e.
qTO KacaeTCH caMHX npeJJ;nHcaHIIH, TO OHH npe;a;YCMaTpHBaJIH
cephe3HhIH OTXO;a; OT pemeHIIH KOpOJIeBCKOro COBeTa: nOJ( pewopMY
Be nO;n;rra;a;aJlH He TOJI:bKO 3RcrropT, RO H OC06:bIe P:bIHOqH:bIe YCTaHOB-
.JIeHI1H ;a;JIH ropo;a;a IIapHiRa. A 3TH perJIaMeHThI orOBapHBaJIH He
TOJIhRO oco6Me OrpaHHqeHHH JIH TOprOBJIH B pa;a;lIyce ]J;ecHTII
JI:be BOKpyr CTOJIH :bI, HO H caMO rrpMMeHeHHe p:bIHO"tJHhIX npaBHJI,
ROTOp:ble 6:bIJIH npe;a;YCMoTpeHhI Cne HaJIhH:bIM:H ]J;oRYMeHTaMII ;a;JlH
ITapuma.
HaKoHen;, caMa ;n;aTa YKa3a rOBopHT 0 TaHHOl\f 3aMhICJIe. TlOpro
n B caMOM ;a;eJIe YM:blmJIeHHO Me;a;JIHJI C ero o6HapO;n;OBaHI1eM, "tJTO-
6:bI IIMeTh B03MOiRHOCTh HanpaBHT:b ero B BocCTaHOBJIeHH:bIH rrapJIa-
MeRT, a He B napJIaMeHT MOHY.
8TO J(ORa3hIBaeT, Bo-rrepBhIX, qTO Tropro omH;rJ;aJI 3Toro BOCCTa-
HOBJleHHH II qTO Mem;a;y 13 ceHTH6pH 11 2 HOH6pH OH He C06HpaJICH
't{HHHTL eMY nperrHTCTBIIH. CJIe;n;OBaTeJlhHO, rrO;n;TBepm;a;aeTCH TOJIKO-
BaHne, rrpe;rJ;JIOmeHHOe HaMH B rrpe;a;:bI;a;ym;eH rJIaBe. BO-BTOphIX, Ta-
RHM 06pa30M, o6HapymHBaeTCH, qTO TlOpro XOTeJl OKa3aTh BHHMa-
BHe CBOHM npemHHM KOJIJIeraM, J(eMOHCTpHPYH, qTO OH He Co6H-
paeTcH 060HTH HX.
06 aTOM 06CTOHTeJl:bCTBe c006m;aeT HaM rrOCOJI AHrJIIIH JlOPJ1
240
TJAC1.'h BTOPAH. «MYlJHAH BOPfI-IA))
CTOPMOHT, KOTOp:bIM O,n;HaJK,n;:bI 6ece,n;oBaJl Ha 3TY TeMY C TIOprO B
ROMIT:beHe n CeHTH6pe MeCHIJ;e 1 .
IIapJIaMeHT, HOHeqnO, 6bIJI 6JIaroAapeH TIOprO 3a 3TO BHMMa-
RMe. IIoHHTHo TaKiI e, qTO OH OTHIO,n;b He 6:bIJI 3aJ1IITepeConau
B TOM, 'IlTo6:bI Ha ITepllbIX iHe nopax cBoeii ,n;eHTeJI:bHOCTM 3aTenaTb
Cep:be3HbIM KOH<pJIIJHT. TaKI1M 06pa30M, 19 ,n;eKa6pH OIl COrJIaCHJICfl
3a perMCTpI1pOBa T [, YHa3, XOTH HeKOTOp:bIe 1JJIeHbI ITa pJIaMeHTa, oco....
6eHHO a66aT ,n;'ScnaIIbHK, II BbICTYITUJIM C B03pameHMHMn 2 . Brrpo....
qeM, n03MOlliHO, ITO CACJIaHHOe B rrOJIb3Y flapMma MCKJIIOqeHMO
6bIJIO pOOYJIhTaTOM rrpeJJ;napMTeJIbHOM KOHCYJIbTaIJ;HII C HeKOTopbIMU
tJJIenaMIf rrapJIaMCIITa, TaJ{ KaK, rro C006meHMlo Toro iHe CTopMoHTa,
caMble «TBep,n;oJIo6ble» 60JIbme Bcero 6:bIJIM 03a601JeH:bI I1MeHHO
cHa6iI{eIIMeM IIapHiHa. PerMcTpaIJ;MH corrpOBOm)];aJIaCb o,n;Hoii' re-
tentum (oroBopKoiI), 0 KOTOpOH MbI yme rOBOpHJIM, r)];e in fine (B
ROHIJ;e) rrO)];qepKMBaJIOC:b: « I1apJIaMeHT IIMTaeT TaKme YBepeHIIOCTb,
lITO 6JIarOpa3YMMe KOpOJIH nO;n;CKameT eMY Cpe)];CTBO, cnoco6Hoe
HaHJIY1JmHM 06pa30M 06eCrre1JHTb rrOCTOHHHoe cHa6meHHe pbIIIKOB ».
I1apJIaMeHT u36aBMJI rrpaBMTeJIbCTBO OT 06CTPYKIJ;HH, HO YKJIO-
HMJICH 01' TOTO, 1JT06bI B3HTL OTBeTCTBeHHOCT:b Ha ce6H. OH rro,n;-
TBep,ilJ1JI CHOIO nepHocTb M)];eHM npemHeM CIICTeMbI KaK pa3 13 TOT
MOMeHT, Kor,n;a corJIarnaJICH Ha ee oTMeHY. OH OTBeTMJI 6JIarOpa3Y
MMeM Ha 6JIarOpa3YMI1e. IIJIO)];bI co6cTBeHHoro 6JIarOpa3YMMH OIl He
3aMe)];JIMJI rromaTb.
CJIe,n;YH ero npMMepy, rrpOBIIHD;HaJIbHble rrapJIaMeHTbI npOHBM-
JIM YCTyrrtJMBOCTb, 3a MCKJIlO'IleHMeM PyaHcKoro, KOTOp:bIM no-rrpem-
HeMY nOJJ;CTpeKaJI MnpOMeHlfJIb. STOT napJIaMeHT HeM3MeHHO CTO-
HJI Ha KpaMneH rr03HIJ;UII caMOM xy)];meM pa3HOBM,n;HOCTH )];eMarorMM:
OH BblcTynaJI OJ];HOBpeMeHHO M npOTMB JIM6epaJlH3Ma, II rrpOTMB
3TaTnCTCKOM nonHTHKH.
OH THHYJI C paCCMOTpeHMeM Bonpoca H COrJIaCHJICH Ha perM-
CTpaIJ;MIO TOJIbHO 21 ,n;eKa6pH 1775 r., COnpOBO)];HB YRa3 HerrpneMJIe-
MOM rrorrpaBKoM. Ho 06CTOHTeJI:bCTBa TOr)];a CKJIa)];MBaJIlfCb rro-
HHOMy3.
¥cTynKa, c,n;eJIaHHan: IIapMmy, YBamMTeJIbHOe OTHomeHIIe K
1 ,IJ;errema OT 21 ceIITH6pH, IlTHpYOMaH B: D a kill. Ope cit., p. 179.
2 M 0 rea u. Mes Souvenirs. Paris, 1898, t. II, p. 187.
3 IIonpaB I\a rJIaCIIJIa: «IIapJIaMeHT II rroJuIIJ;oilCI\He ey,n;bJiI, I\a"J\ bIii B
rrpe,n;OJlax CBOOM I\OMIIeTeHIJ;HH, 6y,n;YT, KaK H npeil\,n;c, CJIe,n;HTb, "tJTOObI pbIHRH
cHa6maJIHCb }J;OCTaTOqHbIM KOJlII"tJeCTBOM xJle6a». 8TO 3ua"lIJiIJIO BI-IOBb nep-
nYTbCH R perJIaM'OJITa.£J;HH cIIa6/RoIIlIfJ pbIIIRon H OTMCIIHTT> nClO pc<I>op y.
MHHHCTp IOC'lHIJ;HH MHpOMOIIlIJIb B CBOCH ,n;OBOJIbHO C6HBQllBOti: 3aIIIICKC ,n;o-
nYCKaCT, "tJTO nOCTaHOBJIeHlIe PyaIIcRoro napJIaMeHTa ,n;aeT OC.JIORaIIlIe ,n;JlH
J\accaIJ;HH, HO nO)J;"tJepKIIBaeT, "tJTO 3Ta Mepa rrpe}J;CTaBJlHeTCH eMY HeCBoeBpe-
Mf'HHOii. Tlopro B CBOIO O"tJcpe}J;h ,n;eJIaCT 3aMe t laHlIH na IIOJIHX 3aIIIICRTI MH-
pOMeIUJJIH. (8 C hell e, t. IV, p. 217 et suiv.) RaCCan;llf.[ 6bIJla npoRc;-icHa
pemcIIlleM COBcTa OT 27 HIIBapH 1776 r. Ha OCHOBe coo6pafI\cHlIH, BblCHa3aIl-
HbIX MaJIL3ep6oM. (S C hell e, t. V, p. 215 et suiv.)
rJIABA I. XJIEBHAH nOJIHTHRA OT TEPP8 lI.O TIOprO
241'
JIa pJIaMeHTY nO,IJ;TBepiKAaIOT ;n;yx YMepelIHOCTH II CIIIICXOAIITeJI bRO-
CTJ{, npOHBJIeHH:bIM TIOprO n nepB:bIX rrOII:btTI\aX l1pOBe;n;eIIIIH CBOCII
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1 «Journal historique», 31 janvier 1775.
16 s. ct>op
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1 Archives de la Somme, C. 87-18.
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243
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MH rJIa3aMM TOBap:bI Ha 6a3apax H p:bIHRax.
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1 S C hell e, t. IV, p. 200.
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2 CM.: Correspondance, t. II, p. 130. «HaKoHel'( r-H Tropro - reBepaJIL-
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246
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«,[(oporOBH3Ha, BO BpeMH ROTOpOH u;eH:bI Ha x.rreo paCTYT H Ha-
po,n; He B CO TOHHHH 3a HHl\1H yrHaT:bCH, .Be,n;eT R TOMY me opomeHMIO
II K TeM me nOCJIe,n;CTBHHM, tITO H rOJIo,n;».
B "({eM iRe B:bIXO,n;? IIo-npemHeMY B 6JIarOTBOpHTeJI:bH:bIX MaCTep-
CRHX, H M:bI xopomo rrOHHMaeM TYT, nOqeMY Tropro CtIHTaJI HX Ha-
CTOJI:bRO TeCHO CBH3aHH:bIMH CO cBoeiI CHcTeMoi1:, tITO XOTCJI ObIJIO
):(ame ROCHYT:bCH HX B caMOM TeRCTe 9,n;HRTa.
* BhI6opH:bIe (elus) -tIJIeH:bI BhI60pHhIX ROJI.lIerHH (elections), yqpem-
}:(eHHH, CTO.HDillnX DO rJIaDC BhI60PHhIX oKpyroB II BhIIIOJIHHBIIIHX <pHHaHCOBhle
q,YHKII;IIH. OHH Be,n;YT CBoe IIpOIICXOiR}J;eHHe OT reHepaJIhHhIX illTaTOB 1355 r.
II 6hIJIII yqpeiRp;eHhI B 06JIaCTHX, He, IIMeBillHX MeCTHhIX illTaTOB (pays
d'fHection). CaMo Ha3BaHHe «B:bI6opHhle» BCKope YTpaTHJIo BCHKHII C lhICJI;
OHB npeBpaTIIJIHC:b B KOpOJIeBCKHX 'tIHHOBHHKOB, KOTophIe He 1I36HpaJIIICh,
a npOCTO Ha3HaqaJIHC:b KOpOJIeM. - II pUM. pea.
1 CM.: Archives C6te-d'Or, C. 3355.
rJ1 A.BA II. IIPEJ{BECTHPIRH
-
247
«OHH 06ecrre rHBaIOT 3apa60THYIO rrJIaTY RamlJ;OMY nOTpe6HTe-
.JIIO, JII060ro B03paCTa, yqHTLIBaH lJ;ame ,n;eTei1; OHIT pacrrpelJ;eJIHIOT
nOMO b BceM ceMbHM copa3MepHO C HX HymlJ;aMH».
IIOBbIIlIaH rroRyrraTeJILHYIO cnoc06HOCTL rroTpo6lITeJIH, OlIn B TO
jJ\e BpeMH ROCBeHHbIM rrYTeM 06eCrreqHBaIOT TOprOBJIe HOpMaJILHOe
YHH HOHMpOBaHMe MexaHH3Ma TOBapo06MeHa. BelJ;b ToprOBe He
B03bMeTCH 3a rrepeB03RY H 6e3 Toro lJ;opororo TOBapa, ROTOpLIH rro-
.cJle rrepeB03KH CTaHeT em;e lJ;opoa e, eCJIH OH He YBepeH, 'tITO Ha
Hero 6YlJ;eT crrpoc 1.
HaROHen; TlOpro HaCTaHBaeT B BeCLMa pe3RoM <popMe Ha He-
.cOMHeHHOH onaCHOCTH M He06xolJ;HMOCTH rrpHHHTb rrpoTHB Hee
.cpO'tlHble MepLI. 3lJ;ecb He rOBopHTCH, RaR B 60JILillliIX IJ;MpRYJIHpaX,
o TYMaHHoM B03MomHOCTH, o eHHTL ROTOpyIO rrpelJ;OCTaBJIHeTCH
a,n;MHHHCTpaTopaM H OTBeTCTBeHHLIM JIH aM. 3lJ;eCL pe'tlb MlJ;eT 0 pe-
aJIbHOCTH 3aBTpaIlIHero lJ;HH II 0 lJ;OJIre CerOlJ;H}lillHero. Hya Ho, 'tITO-
OLI em;e )];0 311MbI 6bIJIII HaqaTLI pa60TbI, eoe 8roe-0 M"OJICer norpe60-
8arb 00 poe08U3ua.
"YiRe caMH 9TH YKa3aHHH npelJ;OCTeperalOT Hac OT 06m;errpIIHH-
Toro TOJIHOBaHHH C06LITIIH, peqb 0 ROTOpbIX rrOHlJ;eT lJ;aJIee.
EbIJIO 6LI rrpeYBeJIllqeHHeM YTBepmlJ;aTb, 'tITO TlOpro TOqHO
npelJ;BMlJ;eJI «MY IHYIO BOHllY». Ho OH rrpelJ;BIIlJ;eJI Bce peaJIbHLIe
YCJIOBMH, ROTopLIe MOrJIliI rrpHBeCTII R rrOlJ;06HLIM rrOCJIe)];CTBHHM. On
IIOrrbITaJICH C rrOMOm;blO 6JIarOTBOpHTeJIbHbIX MaCTepCRliIX C03lJ;aT:b
aaCJIOH OT Ha,n;BHralOI.IJ;liIXCH C06bITIIH. Ho pa3Be Mor OH He 3HaTb,
'ITO 3TO 3aCJIOH HeHalJ;emHbIiI? Ha6JIIOlJ;aH, RaR OH ocym;eCTBJIHeT
CBOll: BeJIIIRIIH 9RcrrepHMeHT, MLI paBHO BOCXHm;aeMCH ero HaY IHoii
y6eiR,n;eHHOCTblO II ero Tpe3BOCTbIO B o eHRe waHTOB.
Ho II TOMY II ,n;PyrOMY RRtIeCTBY conYTCTByeT 60JlLDIOH orrTM..
MH3M.
M O)l.HaKO, BHa'tlaJIe RameTCH, 6y,n;TO 9RcrrepHMeHT rrpOH3BO-
JJ;IITCH B rrYCTLIHe. II pll t£TeHIIH paCCRa30B 0 C06LITIIHX Toro rrepllo-
)];a HeBOJIbHO C03lJ;aeTCH BrreqaTJIeIilIe, 'tITO XJIe6HaH np06JIeMa rrepe..
CTaJIa 6bITL aRTyaJILHOiI rrOCJIe ceHTH6pLCI HX IJ;HPRYJIHpOB II B03-
,HHRaeT BHOBb TOJILRO B ROH e arrpeJIH 1775 r., BHe3arrHO, RaE
B3pLIB. Tor,n;a H rrpOMCXOlJ;HT MHTeiR B AnmoHe, a BCJIelJ; 3a HUM
6LICTPO H EaK-TO CYlJ;OpOiRHO BcrrLIXHBaeT IJ;eJIaH BepeHII a 6YHTOB:
B MJIL-,n;e-<DpaHce, BepcaJIe H IIapHme. «MyqHaH BOMHa» paspa-
iRaeTCH, RaR 6YPH, Ha HCTOpHqeCROH apeHe. KorlJ;a 06LIqHLIM XOA
1 8Ta 'tJaCTb aprYMeHTan;HH OTCYTCTByeT B TeKcTe, HO OHa no,n;paay-
MeBaeTCH, II M:bI YBHP;HM ee, B:bIpameHHYro ,n;OCJIOBHO, B 1I0a,D;HeiimeM IIHCbMe
BLI60PH:bIM. CM. p;aJIee, c. 252.
248
TfACTb BTOPAH. ((MytIHAR BOl1lTAJ)
C06bITIIM HeOn MlJ;aHHO HapYlTIOIl, cpa3Y me rrO;a;O:lpeBa 101' -qJ.>C-TO
JIMQnOe BMeIlIaTeJIhCTBO. llII1;YT deus ex machina *. HeKaH PYKa
TaMHCTBeHHbIM o6pa30M MeTIIYJJa MOJIHI1IO. VI JIIOlJ;CH:OH paaY l
OXOTHO rOTOB rrpMHHTb o HIJ;MaJIbHYIo BepCIIIO 0 3JIOYMbIIlIJIeHHOii
MaXMHaIJ;I1H, ycnoHOHTe.TJhIIOe 061>HcHeHMe, 'tJTO )1;OJ[O B 3arOBope.
Ha caMOM me ,n;eJIe B l1JIaHe Harnero IICCJIe;a;OBaHHH rrepHOJ];,
IIpOJJeralOII1;MM Mei-R)];Y TMMM lJ;BYMH lJ;aTaMH:, BOBCO He CTOJIb ne-
311atIHTeJIeH, I aKJ[M OH KameTCH. ECJIM MbI B 8TOM OTpe3Re Bpe-
MeHH: He 06HapYiKHBael'v1 11M I aRMX-JIH60 BamIIbIX MepOIIplIHTHti
BJraCTeii, HM H{JI\I1X 8IIU30lJ;OB B 06II1;eCTBeHHOH i-RM3IIH - a 3TO JIer-
RO 06'bHCHHeTCH TeM, tITO 3anaCbI CTaporo ypomaH eIIJ;e He HCTO-
J MJIH:Cb, - HeHOTopbIe npH311aHH rOBopHT 0 IIOlJ;3eMIIOM Ha3pCBa-
HUH RpH3IICa.
B OHTH6pe,' OII1;e ,n;o 06Ha pO)];OBaHMH YKa3a, IIOlJ;opOmaJIO 3epHO
B RaHe. U:eHa Ha xJIe6 lJ;OCTHrJIa 3 cy 3a <PYHT. O;J;HaRo, YtIHTbIBaH
3arrpeT Ha BbIB03 3epna, npOBIIHII;HH lJ;OJIJI\IIa 6bIJIa 6bITh XOpOIlIO
o6eCrretIeHa XJIe6oM. «I-Iapo)];, He BHlJ;H Ha pbIHRax 3epHa, BIlHHT
B 3TOM CBo6olJ;y TOprOBJIH », - rrMCaJI 27 OKTH6pH TlOpro I1HTeHlJ;aH-
TY. OH BbIpamaeT y)];I1BJIelIne, Ha Halli B3rJIHA, He JIHIlIeHHOe Ha-
HBHOCTI1: RaR me 3TO apeH)];aTOpbI II 3eMJIeBJIalJ;eJIbIJ;bI He rrOHHMalOT
CBoen BbIrOlJ;bI? HymHo yroBopHTb HX lJ;06pOBOJILHO rrOCTaBJIHTJ:) Ha
pbIHOR xJIe6. «MeHH lJ;ame M3YMJIHeT, tITO BJIalJ;eJIbIJ;aM 3epHa caMHM
He rrpHXOlJ;MT B rOJJOBY TaHaH eCTeCTBeHHaH MbICJII»>. IIaBepHoe,.
3lJ;eCb RpOIOTCH tIbI1-TO R03HIT. HymHo HaRTH BMHOBHHROB 1 .
B TOT me caMbIH rrepnOlJ; TIOpro CTapaJICH OCYII1;eCTBlITL CBoe
3aBeTHoe meJIaHHe - YCTaHOBI1Tb 60JIee rrpaBIIJIbHOe COOTHOIlIeHHe-
MemlJ;Y :u;eHaMM Ha rretIeHbIM xJIe6 II Ha 3epHO. On BeJIeJI BblrreRaTJ)
xJIe6, ROTOpbIH: np03BaJIII «XJIe60M reHepaJIbHOrO ROHTpOJIepa » II
KOTOpbIH: CTOMT Bcero JIHllib 9 cy 6e3 OlJ;HOro JIHa pa * BMCCTO 11 cy.
XJIe6 6bIJI XOpOlli, HO HapOlJ; 3arrOlJ;03pIIJI, tITO HeI\apI1 IIpIIMeITTH-
BalOT B Hero pmaHYIO MYRY II, CTaJJO 6bITJ>, x,TTe6 C,ITHUIKOM lJ;opor:l.
B lJ;cRa6pe OCJIOmHHJIOCJ> rrOJIOmeHH:e B ITa pH j-Re - AYMaJIH, 'tITt>
He XBaTMT xJIe6a. JIeHyap crreIlIHO HarrpanUJI B03bI B Rop6eH, tJTO-
* Deus ex machina (JIaT.) - «6or H3 MamIIIIhl». Pa3Bfl3Iia, nacTyrraIo-
rn;aH 6JJaro,n;apH BMemaTeJIbCTBY RaIiorO-TO MH<pHqeCItoro oora, rrOHBJIHBmerO-
CH Ha Cn;eHe IIPH IIOMOIIl;II MeXaHHqeCROrO IIpIICIIOCOOJIeHIIH. - n PU.M. pea.
1 S C hell c, t. IV, p. 229. 23 AeI\a6pH Tropro cnOBa rrMIDeT HIITeH-
;r [lHTY RaHa, ,n;a6hI YT01JHRTb, 'tJ:TO IIOCTaBrn;HRaM rrpoBHaHTa MOpC.noro nc-
,n;OMCTBa CJIc,n;yeT pa3pomHTb BhIB03 xJIe6a 1JCpC3 rropTI)I IIopMaIIJl.HU DURAY
rrOTpooHOCTci1: HX Bep;OMCTBa. «HeT nym,n;:bI 06pam;aTI> BHHMaIIiIe Ha porrOT
Hapo,n;a. HarrpOTHB, Ha,n;o, 1JT06bI OH rrOHHJI, 'tJ:TO ero corrpOTIIBJIeIIHC, ero
OeCqHIICTBa H naCIIJIHO rrpHBe,n;YT JIHmI.> R TOMY, qTO OYJJ;YT IIpHIUIThI caMhIe-
;n;eiiCTBOIIHbIe MOp»I, ,n;a6:bI ero 06Y3,n;a Tb». (Ibid., p. 231.)
* JIHap - cTapHHHaH <ppaHI1;Y3cRaH Me,n;HaH MOHeTa, paBHaH 1/4 cy.-
IIpu.M. pea.
2 «Journal historique», 21 octobre 1774, 6, 229. 06bI'tJ:HO RapaBaii xJIe6a
BeCHT 4 <PYIITa. CJIe,n;oBaTeJIhHO, n;eHa, C'lJ:HTarorn;aHcH rroTpeOHTeJICM rrpnOM-
JIOMoii, COc.TaBJIHOT 8 cy. IJ;cHhI B IICpHOA RpM3Hca MorYT B03pacTu B,IJ;BOC.
T J1ABA. II. IIPEJ{BECTI-IHRH
249
--
6bI cuapHlJ;MTb TaM 0603bl C 3epHOM. ITo 3TOMY rrOBOlJ;Y «iRypUaJIb
HCTOPH:K» BbICI a3bJllaeT rrpelJ;IIOJIOmeHMe, TO 1-'Iopro 6YlJ;eT BblHym-
J(eH OTKa3aTLCH 0'1' CBoeH CMCTeMbl, «rrpeBOCXOlJ;HOM B TeopMM, HO Ha
npa:KTH:Ke rrOKa eIQe ,n;aIOrn;eH 06paTHbIe pe3YJILTaTbI» 1. I10lJ; 3epno
6bIJlH M06MJIM30naIlbI Bce TeJlemKM, OqMCTMTL YJI:HIJ;bI OT CHera 6bl-
.J[O HeB03MO}HIIO, rrHllleT B CBOMX BocrrOMUHaHHHX Mopo. Cl:IaCTbe,
QTO 6blJI eIQe XJIo6 na CKJIalJ;ax a66aTa Tepp3, lJ;06aBJIHOT OH. rIa
pel:lb illJIa, neCOMHeHHO, JIMlIlb 0 Tpy,n;HOCTHX lJ;OCTaBKM xJIe6a M3-
.3a XOJIOlJ;OB.
C KOHII;a 1774 r. Mbl pacrrOJIaraeM eIIJ;e OAHMM MHTepeCHbIM
lICTOqHMKOl\f H uqJOpMaIJ;MII, :KOTOpbIM 06H3aHbl rreperrHCKe reHepaJIb-
H<>fO npoKypopa Jf\OJIM Ae <D.rreplI 2.
8TH lJ;OKYMeHTbl rrOqTM e,n;HHo,n;YIllHO CBHlJ;eTeJIbCTBYIOT, "tlTO
MeCTHbIe BJIaCTII paCTepHHHbI II Ae30pMeHTHpOBaHbI, "lITO yme B03-
HIII\JIII Tpy,n;IIOCTH. co cHa6meHMeM H "tJTO rrpelJ;BMlJ;HT ern;e 60JIbIllHe.
MeCTHble BJIaCTH orracaIOTCH, KaK 6bl 6pomeHMe YMOB He rrpnBeJIO
1\ 6eCrrOpHlJ;I al\tf.
M BOT CO 2 lJ;eI\a6pH 1774 r. Mbl BMlJ;HM, qTO B HeBepe ToprOB-
It;bI, BOCrrOJIb30BaBIlIHCb HOBblM rropHlJ;KOM TOprOBJIH, 3arracalOTCH
3epHOM nepBbIMH (Tor,n;a KaK, COrJIaCHO rrpemHHM PbIHOqHblM YCTa-
.HOBJIeHHHM, OHM ,n;OJImH:&1 6blJIII lJ;eJIaTb 3TO nOCJIeAHMMM) M TeM
,caMbIM nOBbImaIOT II;eHbI. «8TO "tlpe3BbIqaHHO YCMJIHBaeT pa3lJ;pa-
meH1Ie Hapo,n;a 11 MOiReT Bbl3BaTb 6YHT»3.
8 HHBapH AIOmeH, MarMCTpaT BJIya, rrMIlIeT, "tlTo6bl BblCKa3aTb
'CBOM co06pameHMH 110 1I0BOlJ;y YKa3a, 0 ny6JIliIKaII;HII KOToporo OIl
OJImeH AaTb pacrropHmeHIIe. OH, rrO-BHlJ;IIMOMY, He 6blJI rrpliIHII;II-
IIMaJIbHblM npOTMBHHKOM HOB oro rrOpHlJ;Ka TOprOBJlH. «HeT TaKoro
qeJIOBeRa, KOTOpblH He 0,n;06PHJI 6bl cB06olJ;y BHYTpeHHeH ToprOB-
JIM». Ho OH orracaeTCH, lITO B CHJIY HpaBOB, rrpOqHO YKopeHMBIlIIIX-
CH B MeCTHOM IOpliIC,n;HKn;HliI, MeJIbHMKH, nepeKyrrID;IIKH, 6YJIOqHIIKH,
cB060.n;HO nOKynaH 3epHO npHMO Y IICnOJIbIQMKOB 11 B XJIe6HblX
aM6apax, crOBopHTCH ,n;eHcTBoBaTb Ha pblHKe 3ae,n;HO H nOBblCHT
D;eHY Ha xJIe6, a JIOJIHn;eMcI\HM Ha,n;30p BblHym)J;eH 6y,n;eT 6paTb 3TY
I1;eHY 3a OCHOBY rrpH YCTaHOBJIeHHM u;eH Ha xJIe6.
'raKoBbl 6aHaJIhHble B03pameHMH rrpMBepmeHn;eB perJIaMeHTap-
HOM PYTHHbl, HO AlOmeH YMHO rrOlJ;Xo,n;HT I cyrn;HOCTH Borrpoca.
ECTb MHeHMe, rOBopHT OH, lITO nOBblmeHMe n;eH, ,n;OCTMrHYToe Ta-
RUM crroc060M, MaJIO-II0MaJIY npHBJIe'IeT TOBap Ha pbIHOK. (MMeHHO
TaKOB JIH6epaJIbHbIH MexaHH3M, Ha KOTOpblH 1I0JIaraeTCH HOBoe
.3KOHOMHqeCKOe yqeHHe.) «STOT ,n;OBO,n; MomeT npeJIbIIJ;aTb B THIllM
Ra6IIHeTa». Ho )J;eJIO HlJ;eT 0 )J;OCTaBKe 3HaqHTeJIbHOrO KOJIHqeCTBa
TOBapa, rro,n;qepKHBaeT OH, a rrepeB03Ka CTOHT ,n;oporo. STO TPYlJ;HO.
MOP03bI, rOJIOJIe)J;IIIJ;a HamlJ;blH ,n;eHb rrpepblBaIOT BCHKoe C006rn;eHHe.
1 «Journal historique», 12 decombre 1774.
2 CM.: Bibliotheque Nationale, Fonds Joly de Fleury, 1159.
3 Idem, fO 198.
250
qACTb BTOPAH. «MyqHAR BOnHA
HH nepeB030K no Bo e 3HMoH npHXO HTCH orracaTLCH 6e3BeTpHH t
a HeTOM - MeHKOBO I)H.
YpomaH B aTOM npOBHHD;H:H OHa3aJlCH HHme cpe Hero. QeHa He
nepeCTaBaHa paCTH H «B03paCTeT em;e 60HLme».
Ha o 6bIHO 6bI, nOHaraeT lOmeH, «BbI6paTL AHH npoHe eHMH
aKcnepHMerrTOB ypomaHHbIH ro H, npem e lIeM rrepexO Tb 01'
oAHoro MeporrpHHTMH R npHMO npOTHBorrOHomHOMY, cHep;oBaHo 6bI
npOBO MTL aTH aHcrrepMMeHTbI rrocTeneHHo, O IIH 3a pyrHM» I.
B TeqeIIHe MapTa HaqHHaIOT nocTynaTb TpeBomHbIe COOOm;eHH.rr.
12 MapTa npORYpoP JIaHbH BblpamaeT 6ecnoRoMcTBO no nOBO)J;Y
B3 opomaHHH xHe6a. M OII He TOHLKO rrllIlIeT 06 aTOM, HO C"tJUTaeT
,
HeOOXO HMbIM C'be3 HTL B IIapHiR K AHL6epy, llT06bI nOCTaBMTh
ero B M3BeCTHOCTL 0 «RpMTHqeCI\OM rrOHomeHHH, B I OTOpOM Haxo-
HTCH ceHqac Hama rrpoBHHII;MH BPH». 11 B caMOM eHe, MMeHHO B
aToH npoBHHD;HM oecnopH RH OY YT OTHHqaTLCH oc06eHHo 60HL-
mHM pa3MaXOM.
14 MapTa epoMoH cOOOm;aeT H3 MOHTeHII, llTO XHeo OqeHL O-
por H Hapo B03HaraeT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTL 3a aTO Ha pemeHHe COBeTa.
(CBoero HMt£Horo MHeHHH OH He BbIcI a3bIBaeT.)
19 MapTa B IIoHe-Ha-CeHe «Hapo rOTOB BOCCTaTL».
21 MapTa B Mo OTMellaeTCH 6pOiReHlle; Ha pLIHRe npOH30illJlH
HHD;H eHTbI, TaK KaK ToprOBD;bI npo aBaHII RynHeHHLIii HMH TYT me,
Ha pbIHRe, B OOHLIDOM KOHHtIeCTBe xHe6 C HaAoaBKoH B D;eHe (30 cy
Ha 26 JIHBpOB). CBepx Toro, ObIHO paCRHeeHO CTpaHHoe OO'bHBHeHlle:
« II pe,n;ynpem,n;eHHe rOCno)];aM cy)];eiiCRHM ropo)];a Mo. EmeHII He
oy,n;eT HHRaI OM CRH)];RH Ha XJleo, )];06pa He m IITe! »
27 MapTa B Mepll-Ha-CeHe 6aHLH OHOCHT 0 «CKOnJleHHH II BOJI-
HeHHH meHm;HH», KOTopLIe BocrrpenHTCTBOBaJIH norpY3Ke )];BYX 060-
30B pmH. B aTOM MeCTHOCTH D;eHa <pYHTa xJIeoa COCTaBJlHJIa 4 JIIIBpa
H 6 ,n;eHLe. «ECTL OCHOBaHHH onacaTLCH YBeJIHqeHHH D;eH, llTO OBe-
,n;eT )];0 OTqaHHMH llepHL, YiRe ome mylO O KpaMHeM HYiR)];bI» 2.
ECJIH MbI CHOBa BepHeMcH R reHepaJILHoMY KOHTpOJIepy, TO
OTMeTHM, liTO 14 MapTa TIOpro nHmeT HHTeH,n;aHTY RaHa, Tpeoys
oOJlee CTporHX Mep HaKa3aHHH ,n;JIH yqaCTHIIROB MeJIRHX MHTemeH,
npoHcmeAIlIHX B )];eRaOpe npH norpY3Ke XJIeoa )];JIH Hym)]; MopCKoro
Be,n;OMCTBa. 8Ta HCTOpllH He CBH3aHa c npllMeHeHHeM HOBoro nopH -
Ka TOprOBJIH. OHa pMcyeT, O HaKO, H KpaHHIOIO B030Y HMOCTL
HapoAa, H TBep ocTL TIOpro, H... TPYCOCTL a MHHMcTpaD;IIH, HOO
;u;ame no npomecTBHH Tpex MecHD;eB TaK H He YCTaHOBJIeHO, ObIJI HHB
He OLIJI norpymeH xJIe6 Ha cy)];a 3 .
B Ha-qaHe anpeHH BbIHCHHeTCH, llTO BJIaCTH CJifJIbHO 03aOO"':leHbI
BonpOCOM npO)];OBOJILCTBeHHoro CHaOiReHHH IIIaMnaHM. ITo aHHbIM
«iKYPHaJIL HCTOPHK» OT 7 anpeJIH, B PeHMce BcnbIXHYJl 0YHT, /«11
1 Idem, fOs 14 et 15.
2 Idem, fOs 81, 186,222, 113 a 117, 168.
3 CM.: S c hell e, t. IV, p. 395. C I. BbIme, c. 248.
rJ1ABA II. nPEp,BECTHHRH
251
--
rocnO,IJ;HH ,n;'Op<p eH , no ,n;OJIry CJIymobI 06H3aHHbIH B03BpaTMTbCH
B CBoe HHTeH,n;aHTCTBO, ynopHo OTRa3bIBaJICH 3TO c,n;eJIaTb, CTpa-
roach "IIpe3BbIQaHHbIX C06bITMH. HaROHe r- II Tropro 06'DHBJfJl eMY,
QTO OH MomeT OTnpaBJIHTbCH, Tal{ HaK Ha ,n;HHX rrOJIOiI-teHMe M3Me-
BlITCH» ·
.[(eHCTBMTeJIbHO, B nHCbMe Tropro OT 7 anpeJIH co,n;epmHTCH Ha-
MeR Ha TO, QTO yme H3yqaroTClI MepbI ,n;JIH B03Harpam,n;eHMH Ryn oB
llIaMrraHH, ,n;aObI IIOOm;pHTb BB03 H3 coce,n;HIIX paHOHOB JIoTapHHrHB
,II paiOHa MeD;a. 81'0 npeMHH 3a BB03... BHYTPH CTpaHbI, H nOHCTHHe
napa,n;ORCaJIbHO, "liTO TIOpro B03pOiR,n;aeT BpeMeHa 3I OHOMHQeCROii
1f30JlMpOBaHHocTH rrpOBMHD;MH 1. I1HTeH,n;aHT llIaMrraHM BbIpa3MJI
onaceHHe, RaR 6bI H3BeCTHe 00 3THX npeMHlIX He BbI3BaJIO CTpaX3
nepe,n; rOJIo,n;OM B TOH caMOH npOBHHD;HH, rrOMOm;b ROTOpOH OHH ,1J;OJI-
mIlbI OKa3aTb. TaI\aH peaRD;HH RaiReTClI Tropro HenOCTHiRHMOi, B
C TO KH 3peHHlI 3,n;paBoro paccy,n;Ra OHa H BnpHMb HeJlena. Ho
BeCbMa BepOHTHO, "liTO HHTeH)J;aHT IIIaMnaHH HHqero He BbI,1J;YMbI-
BaJl: ,1J;JIH TaKoro B030ym,n;eHHoro HaCeJIeHHlI ,n;OCTaTO"tJrro O)J;Horo
H3BeCTHH 0 CTOJIb HCI JIIOlIHTeJlLHbIX Mepax, lIT06bI YCHJIHTL naHHRY.
TIOpro iRe, HaooopoT, nOJIaraeT, lITO Y npOBHHD;HH, H3 ROTOpbIX
BbIB03HT TOBapbI, 60JlLme 3aKOHHbIX OCHOBaHHi TpeBOiRHTbCH,
n03TOMY OH pemaeT, TO Ha,n;o ,n;eHCTBOBaTb oe3 OrJIaCKH 2 .
MJITEm
B ,[(l1mOHE 3
B cepe,n;MHe arrpeJlH BHHMaHHe reHepaJIbHOrO KOHTpOJlepa rrpH-
THrHBaeT paHOH BYPI'YH)J;HH. PaHOH 3TOT B OObIlIHOe BpeMH ObIJI
BnOJIHe )J;OCTaTOQHO ooeCrrelIeH npO)J;YRTaMH ,n;JIH ero c06CTBeHHMX
nOTpe6HOCTei; HO caMa BbIrO)J;a rrepeB030R no Bo,n;e, a HMeHHO no
COHe, ObIJIa CJIaObIM MeCTOM 8Toro paiOHa, HOO ,1J;eJlaJIa ero 06'LeH-
TOM crrpoca H3 JIHoHa II C !Ora <l>panD;HH. B nepHo,n;bI, Ror,n;a BbIB03
J];03BOJIHJICH, I{ l\1:eCTHOM rrpo,n;YKD;HliI npOHBJIHJIa HHTepec TaRiRe
mBeH apHH.
1 B nHCbMe OT 31 ORTH6pH ROHCYJIY B Bopp;o BeTMaHY Tropro, meJIaH
CRJIOHHTb ero R paCIDHpenHIO XJIe6nOH TOprOBJIH, B:bICRa3bIBaeTCH }J;ame npo-
THB BCHRHX raunblX IIpeMHH 3a BB03. (8 C h e 11 e, t. IV, p. 227.)
2 CM.: S C h e 11 e, t. IV, p. 383. CM. IIHCbMO OT 17 anpeJIH. (Ibid.,
p. 491.) Tropro yp;HBJIen p;HcIIponopn;HeH Memp;y n;eHaMH Ha rreqeHhIH xJIe6
11 Ha 3CpHO. Toro me 7 anpeJIH COBeT OTMeH.HeT opp;oHaHchI qHHOBHIIROB
JIa- POmeJIH, ROTopbIe C06HpaJIHCb npoBop;HTb p;OMamHHe 06:b1CRH B IIOHCRax
aepna, BBe3eHnoro H3-3a rpaHHI.J;bI. (Ibid., p. 398.)
3 8Ta TeMa II3yqeHa P;OBOJIbHO nOJIHO mHpO. (G i rod. Les Subsistan-
ces ell Bourgogne. - «Revue bourguignonne», 1906, t. XVI, M 4.)
952
tJACTb BTOPAH. ((MYTlHAH BOl1HJ\»
IIo8TOMY, ROr)];a ByprYH)];HH CTpa)];aJIa OT rOJIO)];a B 1768 a
1769 rr., THiI-\eJIOe nOJIOmeHHe 06"bHCIIHJIOCI> RaI{ He)];OpO)];OM, TaI{ If
3HRqHTeJILH:bIM BbIB030M. )J;HmoHcRHH rrapJIaMeHT BbIcTynHJI TOr,i a
npOTHB CBo6o)];:bI TOprOBJIII H O)];06PHJI OTXO)]; OT TeII)];eHIJ;HH 1770 f.
A TaR RaR rrOCJIe)];YIO He rO)];:bI 6:bIJlH 60Jlee 6JIarOrrpHHTH:bIMH, oco-
6eIIIJO 1773 r., H n;eII:bI CHH3:dJIHCI>, TO rrpOBHIIIJ;HH )];o6pOmeJIaTe,Jlh-
HO BCTpeTHJIa 8;IJ;HRT:bI TIOpro, H rrapJlaMeHT 3aperHCTpHpOBaJI HX n
I-IOH6pe 6e3 B03pameHHH.
O,IJ;HaI{O C JleTa YiI-\e rrpe)];BH)];eJlH, "'ITO ypomaH 6y)];eT CRY)];H:bIHo
RaI{ MbI BH,n;eJIH, n HOHIJ;e ceIITH6pH reHepaJl:bH:bIH ROHTpOJIep npo-
HBHJI H IIOIII1MaHHe cHTyaIJ;HH, H 3a6oTY 0 ByprYH)];HH 1. B:bI6opH:ble
OTBeTMJIH 17 HOH6pH, B:blpamaH 6J1arO)];apHOCTL MHHHCTPY H coo6-
aH, "'ITO OHH HaMepeBaIOTCH OTRp:bITL "'IeT:bIpe 6JIarOTBOpHTeJlI>H:ble
MaCTepCRHe «TaM, r)];e OHH 60JIee Bcero Heo6xo;IJ;HM:bI», HO pacrrOJIa-
ralOT JIHIIlI> CaM:bIMH CI{Y)];H:bIMH Cpe)];CTBaMH.
TpeBOlliH:bIe rrpH3HaRH rrOHBHJIHCb C MapTa 1775 r., "'ITO, BH,n;JiI-
MO, COOTBeTcTByeT o6 eMY rrOJIOJReHHIO B CTpaHe, RaR M:bI yme OT-
Me"'IaJIH B CBH3H C pemeHHHMH IIapHmcRoro rrapJlaMeHTa. C 8Toro
MOMeHTa Ha6JIIO)];aeTCH )];Ba IIpOTHBOrrOJIOmlI:bIX rrpoIJ;ecca: pOCT n;cu
H YMeHI>IIleHHe ROJIHtJeCTBa rrpe,IJ;JIaraeMOro TOBapa. 12 arrpeJIH npo-
H30mJIH 6eCrrOpH)];I{H IIa p:bIHJ{e n AHmoIIe, O,IJ;HOMY TopronIJ;y 6:bIJIII
HaHeCeII:bI YBe"'II>H; IIaJIaTa MYHHn;HrraJlI>HOrO COBeTa co6paJlaCb,
IIO\COBe aJIaCI> H rrOCTaHOBHJIa rrpOCHTL rrOMO H. 17 arrpeJlH OHa
pemHJIa 06paTHT:bCH HO BceM 3eMJIe)];eJII>n;aM H HOMMepcaHTaM C
rrpH3:bIBOM Be3TH CBOH xJIe6 Ha p:bIHRH, r)];e HM 6y,n;YT «rrpe)];OCTaB-
JIeH:bI BCH"'IeCI{He JII>rOT:bI».
B TOT me )];eHI> TIOpro, IIOJIyrIHB TpeBOJI\II:ble CHrIIaJI:bI OT HOBO-
ro HHTeH)];anTa )J;IOIIJleI{Ca (ROTOp:bIH e e He rrpHcTynHJI I{ CBOH1vI
06H3aHHOCTHM), IIarrHCaJI reHepaJl-JleHTeHaIITY rrpOBHHIJ;HH * JIaTYP
;IJ;IO IIeHY rrHC:bMO, B ROTOpOM maJlOBaJICH Ha HeYMeCTIIble )];eHCTBHH
Mym:rqRrraJIbH:bIX BJIaCTeH II Me'CTHOH rrOJIHIJ;HH, lIe OTI{a3aBmHXCf.I
e e OT PYTHHHOH rrpaRTHRH 06:bICROB H Op)];OHancoB 2 . 18 arrpeJIH OH
HarrHCaJI B a)];pec B:bI60pH:bIX. B rrHCI>Me YI{a3:bIBaeTCH, "'ITO n;eHa B03-
pOCJIa )];0 30-38 JIHBpOB B )J;HmoHe H 31 JIHBpa - B BOHe. CJIe)];o-
BaTeJII>IIO, rrOJIOmeHHe )];aeT rrOBO)]; )];JlH «60JI:bIllOH TpeBOrH».
MHHHCTp peROMeH)];yeT )];Be Mep:bI. O)];Ha, HOTOPYIO OH cpa3Y me
1 IIHcbMo OT 28 ceHTHopH, D;UTuponaIlHoe BblTliC.
* 06bI"tfHO B reHepaJI-JIeHTeHaHTax rrpoBHHD;HH BH;.(CJIH 3aMeCTHTeJIeH
reHepaJI-ry6epHaTopon npoBHHD;HH, B OTCYTCTBHC ROTOpbIX OlIH BbIIIOJIa:HJIH
HX <PYHRD;HH, Ha p;eJIe i!,e 3BaHHe npOBHHD;HaJIbHOrO rcncpaJI-JIeHTeHaHTa
6blJIO B XVIII B. TaRoH me CHneRYPOH, RaY( H reHepaJI-ry6epHaTopCTBO, OT
ROToporo OHO OTJIH"tfaJIOCb JIHIllb MeHbIlleH CTeIICHhIO JIOllCTIIOCTH H ,n;OXO,n;HO-
CTH. OHH MOrJIH ,n;ame He IIOHBJIHTbCH B CBOHX npOBHHD;HHX. - n pUM. peo.
2 CM.: Archives C6te-d'Or, C. 3356, eM 6, D;HTHpyeTcH Y JRHpO. (G i-
rod. Ope cit., p. 42.) R TOMY me B 3TOM IIHc.bMe COAcpil,aTcH YRa3aHHH t
aH8JIOrH"tJHble TeM, ROTopbIe ,n;aHbI B IIHCbMe, 0 ROTOpOM IDJIa pe"tJ:b BLIIlla
(c. 246).
rJIABA II. llPEl{BECTHHRH
253
pa3pemaeT HHTeHJJ;aHTY ocy ecTBHTL IIYTeM Op)];OHaHCa, COCTOHT B
OT:MeIIe MHHama II aJIJIama - p:bIIIO"IIH:bIX IIOmJIHII C 3epHa H xJIe6a
(1JTO H 6:bIJIO IIpe,n;MeTOM O)];Horo H3 pemeHIIH COBeTa). OH paCC"lIH-
TbIBaeT, "lITO OTMeHa IIOmJIIIH B:bI30BeT IIe TOJl:b 1\0 IIOIIlImeIIHe u;eu,
HO 1I IIpHTOI\ TOBapOB Ha p:bIHOI{ AHmOHa.
Ho rJIaBHaH Mepa - 3TO nO-rrpemHeMY C03,n;anHe 6JIarOTBOpH-
TeJl:bH:bJX MaCTepCRIIX. ITaMHTYH 0 B03pameIIHHX, yme C)];eJIaHH:bIX
no IIOBOAY He,n;OCTaTI\a cpe,n;CTB, TIOpro narrOMMTIaOT, lITO I{OHCTII-
Tyn;nH IIpOBHHn;HII He )];OIIYCRaeT rrpHMOH nOMOm;II ITapHma, TeM'
He MeHee OH npe,n;JlaraeT B:bI60pH:bIM IIpIICTyrrHT:b 1\ CTpOHTeJl:bCTBY
MaCTepCRIIX, B3HBmII Ccy)];y, 3a ROTOpyIO lIITaT:bI npOBHHn;HH, ROHeq-
HO, )];OJImH:bI )];aTL IIopYlIHTeJl:bCTBO. OH )];ame rrOC:bIJIaeT 11M B TOT me
p;eH:b 06pa3en; HHCTpYRn;nII J1;JIH 6JIarOTBOpHTeJI:bII:bIX MaCTepCI{HX
(HaBepHoe, 06pa3en; JIHMY3eHCI{OM HHCTpYI\n;nH, TaI{ RaR, no ero
CJIOBaM, pelIY> H,n;eT 0 IIpOBHJIn;HM, r,n;e CTpOHT MHoro ,n;opor), H, Ha-
KOHen;, OH peROMeH)];yeT CHCTeMY IIO,n;IIHCI{H B nOJI:b3Y HeHMym;HX -
HHBaJlIIJ];OB HJIII neTPY)];OCIIOCo6H:bIX. B 3TOM cnOBa CRa3:bIBaeTCH'
YMeHHe IIpe)];YCMOTpeTY> Ram)];yIO MeJlOlIY>, rrpHcy ee BeJIHROMY
a,n;MHlIIICTpa TOpy.
.[(JIH Hac caMOH BamHOH 1IaCTLIO IIHCI>Ma npe)];CTaBJIHeTCH Ta,.
rJJ;e TIOpro rOBopHT 0 MacTepcRHx; HHr)];e B ero CO"IIHHeHIIHX HeT
TaRoro HClIoro OIIpe)];eJIeHHH pOJlH 3Toro HHcTHTYTa B 06 eM Me a-
RH3Me ero XJle6HOH IIOJIIITHI{H, RaR 3)];ecL:
«8Ta IIOM:oID;Y>, He06xo,n;IIMaH IIO)];JlHHH:bIM 6e)];HHI\aM II OI{a3:bI-
BaeMaH TOJI:bRO IIM, IIpe)];ycMoTPIIT Bce )];OCa)];H:bIe CJIY"lIaHHOCTII,
B03MOmH:bIe B ,n;aHH:bIX 06CTOHTeJI:bCTBaX, H IIOTOMY :bI30BeT npUTOl't
cna6J1CenUfl, enyzuue npOOael,faM yeepennocTb, llTO onu nauf}yr
n.!tareJICecnOC06nb x no ynare.!teu) 1.
HH nHCY>Ma, HH IIHTeH,n;aHT He IIpH6:bIJIH e e B AHmoH, I{or,n;a
TaM 18 al!- J!R _BCII:bIXHYJI MHTem. OH RameTCH HaM - Cl\aiI{eM 3TO
rrpHMO - O,n;HHM H3 CaM:bIX 06:bIlIH:bIX 6YHTOB Toro BpeMeHH, CTOJII>
06HJI:bHOrO nOJ];06H:bIMII BCII:bIlIII\aMII.
18 anpeJIH - BTOpHHR, 6a3apH:bIH ;IJ;eHI>. 'Y me B IIpe)];:bI,n;YID;IIH
6a3apH:bIM )];eHY>, B cy660TY 15 aIIpeJIH, IIpHB03 6:bIJI IIJIOXO:rr, a n;eH:bI
B:bICORII. Hapo)]; c06paJICH Y paTYlIIH, a JIaTYP )];IO ITeH B:bICRa3aJICH
no 3TOMY IIOBO)];Y BeCY>Ma Hey,n;alIH0 2 . B IIOHe,n;eJI:bHHR 17 anpeJIH
TOprOBI\n p:bIt30H HaIIaJIH Ha I-IeI{Oero maHTH, 6IIJIH erg IIO m;eRaM
]J;OXJI:bIMII RapIIaMH II e)];Ba He YTOIIHJIH B ROJIO)];n;e.
1 «8TH Mep:bI 060H,n;YTCH HeH3MepHMO ;n;emeBJIe, "tfeM 3aRYIIRH 3epHa'
BJIaCTHMH, ROTOp:bIe e:rn;e 60JI:bme nOB:bIc.HJIH 6:bI n;eH:bI, COIIpOBom,n;aJTHCJ> 6bI
nepenpo,n;ameH C y6:bITROM, oTIIyrHYJIH 6bI (p:bIHO"tfII:bIX IIOCTaB:rn;HROB), 06ec-
ICe't{HJIH 6:bI 60ra"tfaM 3a HX 3epHO 6ap:blm, OT ROToporo HM HOT IHIKaROH
nO JI:b3:bI, HO ROTOp:bIH J(JIH HaJIOrOnJIaTeJI:bm;HROB - THmRoe 6pOMH». (Archi-
ves Nationales, H. 1, 187.)
2 :QeHa Mep:bI nmeHHD;bI ,n;OCTHrJIa 6 JIHBpOB 8 cy npOTJlB 5 JIIIBpOB'
9 cy B HHBape. «l(eHa me rre ,n;omJIa em;e ,n;o 12 JIHBPOB», - Cna3aJI rcnepaJI-
JIeHTeHaHT npOBHHD;HH.
254
qACTb BTOPAH. «MyqHAH BO HA»
18 arrpeJIH BO BTOpOH nOJIOBHHe )];lIH TOJIrra Ha6poCHJIaC:b Ha
MeJIbHHKa Rappe, BJIa)];eJIbD;a MeJIbHHD;bI Ha p. YpK, - aTO THIIHqIILIii
)];JIH Toro BpeMeHH anH30)];. Hapo)]; rro- rrpeiKHeMY nHTaJI He,n;OBep:ne
R rrO)];06IIbIM aKOHOMII"tJ:IIO pa60TaIo HM MeJIbHHn;aM II K CJIlImKOM
6eJIOH MYKe, KOTOpyIO CqHTaJI cypporaTHoH I . B)];06aBOK 3Toro
MeJIbHHKa 06BIIHHJIH B cHyrrKe xJIe6a. IT peCJIe)];yeMbIH pa3':bHpen-
H:bIMII iKeHID;HHa:M:H, OH CrrpHTaJICH CHalIaJIa B iKHJIHm;e O)];HOrO
rrpoKypopa, 3aTeM 6eiKaJI oTTy)];a rro HpbIIIlaM, a TOJIIIa pa3rpOMIIJI3
)J:OM. qacTb 6YHTOBm;HKOB OTrrpaBHJIaC:b Ha MeJI:bHHD;y H YHHTITOiKlI-
JIa Bce, TITO rrOrraJIOCb rro)]; PYI{Y, HpOMe iKepHOBOB, KOTopbIe «yn;e-
JIeJIII JIHIDb 6JIarO)];apH CBOel\JIY Becy». BYHTOBm;HKH 3aXBaTIIJIH IYKY,
HO COTIJIH ee rrO)];)];eJIbHOH H BbI6poCIIJIII H3pH)];HOe KOJIlf1IeCTBO B
peKY.
STOT 3rrH30)]; (a MomeT 6:bIT:b, II )];PyrHe rrO)];06HOrO po)];a, rrpo-
HCXO)];HBmHe rr03)];Hee, BO BpeMH 6YHTOB B )];PyrHx paHoHax) 06':bHC-
HHeT JIereH)];Y, 6Y)];TO MHTeiKHHKII )];eHCTBOBaJIH no nplIKa3Y CB:bIIIle
II rroToMY HCKaJIH TOBap:bI TOJIbHO )];JIH Toro, lIT06:bI HX YHHTITOiKIIT:b.
eiK)];Y TeM )];PyraH TOJIIIa HBHJIaC:b K cOBeTHHKY napJIaMeHTa
<PliIcmaHY )];e CeHT-KoJIOM6y, rrO)];03peBaeMoMY B TOM, lITO OH <p 1I -
HaHCHpOBaJI MeJI:bHHKa, a B03MomHO, H caM c06paJI 60JI:bmlIe 3arraC:bI
xJIe6a, H B)];06aBOK 6:bIJI HerrorrYJIHpeH RaR TIJIeH rrapJIaMeHTa orry.
ROJIOM6y rrpHmJIOC:b crrpHTaT:bCH B KYTIe HaB03a. He 06HapymHB
xJIe6a, MHTemHIIKH HamJIH B rrorpe6e BIIHO, TITO )];JIH 6yprYH,IJ;CKHX
rrorpe60B HBJIeHlIe 06:bIlIHOe 2.
R BeTIepy YCTaJIOCT:b, 06HJI:bH:bIe B03JIIIHHHH H MymecTBeHHoe
BMeIIlaTeJI:bCTBO errlICRorra BOCCTaHOBHJIH crrOROHCTBHe. Ha )];pyroii
]J;eH:b H B nOCJIe)];YIOm;He )];HH rrpH6:bIJIH BOHcKa, B:bI3BaHH:bIe H3 OCOH-
Ha, ,[(OJIH II Be3aHcoHa, H 3RCn;eCC:bI 60JI:bme He B0306HOBJIHJIHC:b.
BJIaCTH B TOT )];eH:b BeJIH ce6H He CJIHmKOM YMHO H CJIaBbI He
CHHCKaJIH. JIaTYP )];IO ITeH HBHJICH Ha MeCTO IIepB:bIX 6eCrrOpH)];KOB II,
nOTepHB caMo06JIa)];aHHe, CaMOJIHlIHO pa3)];aBaJI y)];ap:bI TpOCTbIO;
TaM OH H rrpO 3Hec CJIOBa, B:bI3BaBmHe Bce06m;ee rropHD;aHHe:
«,[(PY3:bH MOH, YiKe rrOKa3aJIaC:b TpaBKa, cTyrraHTe-Ka HrraT:b ee»::S.
M:bI He 3HaeM, )];OCTOBepeH JIH aTOT aHeR)];OT; BO BCHKOM CJIyqae, OU
1 C npHMeCJ>1O TOJPleHJ>IX 6060B H «paCOJlH.
2 MeTpa IIpH)J;aeT 8TOMY 06CTOHTeJIJ>cTBY pemalOm;ee 3Ha"tJeHHe H BH-
)J;HT B HeM HCTO"tJHHK 6eCIIopH)J;KOB. «r-H )J;e CeHT-RoJIOM6 HO HMeJI HH 3ep-
H:bImKa, HO 3aTO Y Hero 6J>IJI 60JI:bmOH 3aIIac BHHa, KOTopoe 6J>IJIO BJ>IIIHTO
HJIH BbIJIHTO. B IIOJIHOM IIoMpa"tJeHHH YMa, JIIO,IJ;H CIIbHHY TBOpHJIH ra,IJ;oCTH,
n06emaJIH Ha MeJIbHHQy H T. )J;.» (23 aIIpeJIH). B }J;eHcTBHTeJIbHOeTH iRe
3IIH30)J; Ha MeJIbHHQe, KaK MJ>I BH,IJ;eJIH, npOHCXO;U;HJI He3aBHCHMO OT IIoceru;e-
HUH BHHHoro norpe6a. ITo )J;aHHJ>IM, c06paHHJ>IM mHpO, IIOIIOHKa 6YHTOBm;H-
ROB HOCIIJIa ropa3)J;0 MeHbmHH pa3Max: «Tpoe IIJIII "tJeTBepo trbHHHD; BepHYJIHC:b
B IIorpe6 r-Ha ;u;e CeHT-RoJIOM6a, "tJT06bI OTBe;u;aT:b ero BHHa» (C. 48). Hx
apeCTOBaJIH TYT iRe, Ha MeCTe, HO"tJblO, O;U;HOBpeMeHHO C TpH}J;QaTblO HJIH Copo-
Ka 3a"tJHHm;HKaMH oooero IIOJI8, KOTOpJ>IX CXB8THJIII ,n;OMa, B nOCTeJIII.
3 ITHCbMO H3 J];HiROHa OT 20 aIIpeJIH. «<Relation historique», M 1,
p. 231.)
r JIABA II. IIPEl{BECTHHRH
--
255
IIpaB,D;OIIo,n;o6eH II nOJIYtIHJI mHpOHOe XOm,n;eHHe, H60 aHaJIOrHtIHYIO
OCTpOTY M:bI o6HapymHJIH B OTtIeTaX 0 C06:bITHHX B MepH-Ha-CeHe:
«Man HacTynaeT, B:bI 6y,n;eTe naCTHCI> Ha TpaBI{e, RaR 6apamI{H».
9Ta MUJIaa mYTRa He rrOrrpaBHJIa ,n;eJIa, II reHepaJI-JIeHTeHaHT,
ucnyraBmHCL yrpo3, aaceJI B CBoeM ,n;OMe, I<aR H BIIROHT-MaHOp,
npHlIeM o6a 06eCiletIHJIH ce6e JIHtIHYIO oxparry H3 CMJI nopH,n;Ra.
TOJlbI\O R HOtIH OHH OTrrpaBHJIH: ROHHYro maH,n;apMepHro 3aXBaTHTb
r.rraBapeii MHTema B nOCTeJIII II nOCJIe,n;HHX n:bHHH B BHHHOM IIorpe-
6e COBeTHIIRa CeHT-RoJIOM6a.
JIaTYP 11;10 lIerr OTilpaBHJI ,n;orreceHHH, B HOTOp:bIX rrpHIIHC:bIBaeT
ce6e 6JIIICTaTeJILHYro pOJIL; OH no,n;aeT H,n;ero, 1ITO MHTem MOl' 6:bITb
cneII;naJILHO CilpOBOII;npOBaH. 8TO 06':bHCHeHHe npeJILCTHJIO Tropro;
18 aIIpeJIH OH nHmeT BepH: «,I(HmoHcHHH MHTem YCMHperr, OH 6I>IJI
B:&I3BaH HCRYCCTBeHHO» 1. BOJILTep no,n;XBaTHJI aTY TeMY; 5 MaH OR
TaJIaHTHO nlImeT r-me ,n;e CeH-mroJILeH: «ECJIII 6:bI B:bI 6:bIJIII B AH-
mOHe, B:bI npe,n;OTBpaTHJIII 6:bI npecTynH:&IH MHTem, ROTOp:bIH TaHHOM
COCTpHIIaJIII BparlI r- a Tropro». MTaR, JIereH,n;a rOTOBa.
HaRoHen; JIaTYP ,n;ro IIeH BeJIHRo,n;ymHo BaHJI IIO,n; 3a:[ IITY BII-
KOHT-MaHopa, 1ILe nOBe,n;eHHe 6:bIJIO CTOJIL me 6JIIICTaTeJILH:&IM, RaK
II ero co6cTBeHHoe.
,I(HmoHcRoe ,n;eJIO 6:bIJIO HCII:bITaHHeM ,n;JIH Tropro.
OHO ero MaJIO y,n;HBHJIO, HO nHceM HaIIHCaJI OH MHoro. 20-ro JIa-
TYP ,n;ro IIeHY: «.ff He y,n;HBJIeH, cy,n;apL, 6ecnopH,n;I{aMII, rrpOHcme,n;-
IDHMH B ,Z:(Hmorre. BCHRHH paa, RaR pa3,n;eJIHroT cTpaxH Hapo,n;a, a
oco6eHHo ero npe,n;paccy,n;Rn, HeT TaRoro 6eC1IHHCTBa, Ha ROTopoe
OR He ORa3aJICH 6:bI cIIoco6eH...» IIpo,n;oJImaH ,n;aBaTL IIHCTPYRII;HII,
OH HanOMIIHaeT 0 CBOHX aROHOMntIeCRHX npHHII;Hnax: «TOBap Bce-
r a Hm;eT CilpOCa» . CaMoe npHMe1IaTeJILHOe B aTOM nHCLMe TO,
qTO Tropro CtIeJI HymH:bIM aapY1IHTLCH o,n;o6peHlleM ROpOJIH, ROTO-
p:bIH H IIplInlICaJI co6cTBerrrropyqHo: «.ff 1IIITaJI nlICLMO II O,n;06PHIO
ero co,n;epmaHlIe; H CTOJIL me CHJILHO meJIaro CtIaCTLH MoeMY Hapo-
l1;Y, CKOJIL netlaJIrocL, Kor,n;a OH BIIa,n;aeT B RpaHHocTH, BRonx HeT
HH KanJIII a,n;paBoro CM:bICJIa».
Tropro xopomo nOHHMaJI, 1ITO ero CHCTeMa rJIy6oRo npoTHBrra
06II(errpHHHT:bIM B3rJIH,n;aM, tlTO OT Hero omH,n;aroT, tlTO npH nepB:bIX
me Tpy,n;HOCTHX OH OTKameTCH OT Hee JIH60 IIOH,n;eT Ha YCTYIIKH, H
tITO OR CMomeT rrpOTIIBOCTOHTL Bpam,n;e6H:bIld BJIHHHHHM TOJILRO IIPH
no,n;,n;epmKe ROpOJIH, IIOCTOHHHO rrpHBJIeRaH ero Ha CBOro CTOPOHY.
BTopoe IIIICLMO R JIaTYP Aro IIeHY OT 22-ro. IIncLMO reHepaJIL-
HOMY npoRypopy IIepapy. IIIICLMO MarlIcTpaTY IIoTeJIro, tleii ,n;O:M
1 S C h e II e, t. IV, p. 413.
2 OH TBepAO nOAAepmlIBaeT Te3HC: «AoporOBH3Ha npOTHB HeXB3 TKII».
«XJIe6, - rOBopHT OH, - B3AopomaeT e e 60JIbme. 8TO - HeC"tfaCT:be, HO JIyq-
me ));opome nJI3THTI> 3a xJIe6, HemeJIII ero He HMeTb». reHepaJI-JIeHTeHaHT
nOm8JIOB8JICH, "tfTO xJIe6 npOB03HT "tfepe3 ropo)); He OCTaH8BJIHB3HCI>. «8TO
).1;oKa3I>JBaeT, - rOBopHT OH (TlOpro), - "tfTO TOprOBJIe TaM "tfHHHJIH nOMeXH,
npHTeCHHJIH ee, nO}J;aBJIHJIH...»
56
qACTb BTOPAH. «MyqHAH BO HA
'6bIJI pa3rpa6JIen (rrOTOM eMy BbIrrJIaTHJIH ROMrreHCaD;HIO). HaI{OHeT 1
OTBeT 24-ro na nI1CLl\lO BB]{OIIT-MaHOpa, rrpe;a;CTaBJIHIOru;HH c060ii
3aMe-qaTeJILIIbItI AOI\YMeIIT, B ROTOpOM 3a y-qTHBbIM ROMrrJIHMeIlTO 1
CJJe;a;yeT B:TaCTTThlii: ()l pIII\: «.fI BT>IIlYJI{,n;CII rrarrOMIIHTL BaM 06 3TJrX
npHIlIJ;HrraX, OT l{OllX, na,n;o rrOJIaraTL, BbI OTIIbIIIe lIe 6y;a;eTe OTCTY-
1
rraT:b... »
B 3TOll rrOpCITHCI{e TIOpro IIeYCTaIIlIO H Ham,n;bIM pa3 CbI3I10na
-DOBTopHeT cRoM I\paTI JilH: HYpC 3H:OnOMH"tJeCI{oro JI1I6epaJIH3Ma,
CJIOBIIO JHeJIaJI nOBTopeIIIIeM B6HTL HCTHIIY B I1erroI\oplIbIe YMbI. ()n
YTBepm;a;aeT, "tJTO rrpaBHTeJIbCTBO HHRor,n;a lIe H3MeHHT cBoeii JIHIIMIl
IIOBCJ1;enHH. 11 TOT"tJac me BbI,n;BHraeT CJIe,n;Yloru;He npe,n;JIOmeHHH:
MeTO,n; y6em,n;eHHH, Aa6bI rrpHBJIe"tJ:b na pbIHOl\ 3eMJIe,n;eJI:bn;eB 11
l\OMMepcauToB, cna"lIaJIa nYTeM JIH"tJHoro 06m;eHHH «<BbI-TO XOpOIIIO
aHaeTe RaJI\,n;oro H3 3TMX JIIO;a;eii» ) 2.
8rreprM"tJlIble perrpeCCHM: p03bICH:H 3a"tJHIIITJ;IIROB, HO TaRme lIaI{a-
BaIlHe Bcex Y"lIaCTHHI{OB 6e3 BCHRoro HCRJIIO"tJeHHH. C rropa3HTeJIL-
HOM TBep,n;OCTLTO 06paru;aCTCH OU 1\ rerrepaJI:bHOMY rrpOI{YpOpy. I-Ia-
3na-qelIue rrpaBOCYAIIH - l{apaTb. TOJILH:O MOIlapxy rrpHHa,n;JIemMT
npaBO nOMHJIOBaUHH, CCJJH eCTb 1\ TOMY OCHOBaHHH.
f\ OMileITCa HH ,n;JIH llCPX IIOTeprreBmHX.
110 nOBO,n;y ,IJ;BYX nOCJIe;a;HHX rrYHRTOB TIOpro 3aMe"tJaeT, lITO yme
B 1770 r. 6bIJIH 6YHTbI n "lITO npMHHTbIO MepbI HaH:a3aJII1H 6bIJIH Tor-
A"a He)1;OCTaTO"tJHbI. ECJIH XOTHT H36erHYT:b nOBTopeHHH 6ecrropH;IJ;HOB,
TO nymno naRa3bIBaT:b 3a rrpOBHIIIIOCT:b H B03MOm;aTI:) yru;ep6.
B ,n;OKYMeHTax, co6paHHbIX B 3TOii rrarrRe 3 , HaIIIJIa OTpameHHe
BbICOKaH H TBep,n;aH ROHn;errD;HH rOCYAapCTBa. M rrOTOMY c06paHHe
3TO rrpe;IJ;CTaBJIHeT HHTepec CRopee C TO"tJI{1I 3peHHH IIOJIHTHRH, "tJeM
'aROHOMHRH.
TBepAoCTL B03bIMeJIa ,n;eMCTBlIe. BbI60plIbIe oe 0JJ;06pHJIH. IIap-
JIaMeRT H 6pOB:bIO He rrOBeJI. ROJIH"tJeCTBO TOBapOB B03pOCJIO, H n;eHbI
perYJIHpnO CHHJHaJIHCb. IIocJIe xopomero ypomaH B 1775 r. ByprYH-
1 «rOBOp T, RbI HHROMY B ,D)-DROHe He ,IJ;03BOJHICTC HMCTI> 3arraC:bI, RpO-
Me KaR 6YJIOqHHRaM. H 6:bIJI 6:bI y,n;HB JI ell, eCJIH 6:bI B:bI H BrrpHMI> npH}J;epmH-
n3JIHCI> T8RorJ perJIaMeHTa HJIH ,n;aiI\e n03BOJIHJIH 6bI ce6e CqHTaTI> ero
C) m;ecTBylOm;HM. B:bI rOBopHTe, 6Y;U;TO Hapo;u; B ,IJ;HiROHe He YBepeH, qTO CBO-
60,n;naH npo;u;aiRa 3epHa IIOBJICqeT 3a C060H rrpaBHJIblI:bIH TOBapo060pOT...
H, nanpOTHB, ;U;YMaeT, qTO :3Ta cB060,IJ;a MOiReT TOJIbRO rrpHBeCTII R rOJIo}J;Y...
1f3-3a aJI"t{HOCTH ToprOBD;eB XJIe60M, KOTOp:bIX Hapo;u; HeHaBH;U;HT II 06:bIRHOBeH-
no Ha3bIBaCT enarrheurs - 3TO CJIOBO H )];HiI\one 0603IIaqaCT CMJIT)lIeHmee
pyraTeJII")cTBO. He Hapo;u; ,IJ;OJIiReH BaMH PYROBO;U;HTI>, a 3aKOH. A B:bI, B03rJIaB-
JIHH rrOJIIID;HIO, ;U;OJIiRH:bI yrrpaBJIHTb, PYROBO,n;HTI> nap0;u;oM, 06Y3,n;:bIBaTb ero
'U aaCTaBJIHTb rrO,IJ;qHHJ.ITbc.H 3aI\OHaM».
2 OAHoBpeMeHHo 6bIJIa rrplIHHTa rr03IITHBHaH Mepa no pemeHHIO Co-
'BeTa OT 22 arrpeJIH: OTMCIIa rrOmJIHH lIa MYRY B ,IJ;HiHoHe, BOHe, CeH-iRaH-,n;e-
JIoHe H B MOH6ap3. (8 c hell e, t. IV, p. 404.) EbIJIO rrpe ycMoTpeHo B03-
MeII(eHHe y6bITKoB ,IJ;JIH c06cTBeHHHRoB H oTRyrrII(HROB 3THX nOmJIHH. TIOpro
Bcer,n;a OTJIHqaJICH ropn,IJ;HqeCROH cKpyrrYJIe3IIOCTI>IO B TaRHX ;U;CJIax, qTO no-
MemaJIO CMY npO,lJ;BHraTbCH Brrepe,n; ;u;aJIbme H 6bIcTpee.
3 CM.: Archives Nationales, H. 1, 187.
l'JIABA II. llPEI{BECTHHRH
257
--
Uf[ 01leHL B:bIHrpaJIa OT CBo6oP;hI TOprOBJIH H B HHBape 1776 f.
,na»\e nOJIyqHJIa paapemeHHe Ha aRcnopT.
7RlIpo, KOTOp:bIH lIayqaJl aBOJlIO HIO XJIe6HOH IIp06JIeM:bI B Byp-
ryH IIH J1:0 peBOJIIO HH, npImIeJI K B:bIBOAY, 'liTO nOpH,IJ;OK, YCTaHOB-
JIeBH:bIH TIOprO - BO BCHROM CJIyqae, B aTOM npoBHH HH, - aJI
aalIJIyqmHe peaYJILTaTLI.
B ,n;HiKOHCROM ,n;eJIe JIereH,n;a 0 CIIpOBOI(HpOBaHHOM 6YHTe He B:bI-
JJ;epiKHBaeT RpHTHKH._
HanpHiKeHHe Ha6JIIO aJIOCL aa MHoro ,n;HeH ,n;o Bap:bIBa. BYPHhI:U
3aqHH, a 3aTeM pa3BHTHe 6YHTOB HOCHT THIIHqH:bIe qepThI no,n;06Horo
po,n;a 6eCIIopH,IJ;ROB - TIOpro IIMeJI B03MOiKHOCTL Ha6JIIO,n;aTL IIX BO
apeMH CBoero npaBJIeHHH B JIHMOiKe. Pa3rpOM MeJILHHD;hI (RJIep-
fvIOH), pacnpaBa C HeKOTOp:bIMII JIHn;aMH ( cy6,n;eJIeraT Bya6e,n;eii
OCTaJICH iKHB JIHmL IIOTOM:Y, qTO cnaCCH 6erCTBOM). HHRaRHX JIO-
SYHrOB, TIOJIHOe OTCYTCTBl:le «paaYMHOH MLICJIH» B aTOM ,n;eJIe. MH-
remHlIRaM He npBmJIO ,n;ame Ha YM YCTaHOBHTL TBep;rJ;:bIe I(eHhI.
PaCCJIe,,n;OBaIDIe, pa3YMeeTCH, mrrIero He AaJIo.
Y JIHqllTL II OCYAHTL y,n;aJIOCL TOJILHO ropcTKy maJIKHX 6aTpaKOB
II 6e,n;H:bIX iKeJa HH. CMepTHaH Ka3HL He npHMeHHJIaCL 1.
BCKope 3aTeM B IIapHiKe B03HIIKJIH HOB:bIe 3a60ThI.
CaM:bIe CTOHRHe npHBepmeHD;:bI 06 eH BepCHH 3arOBopa npOHB-
JIHIOT, o,n;HaKO, c,n;epiRaHHOCTL IIJIH ,n;aiKe OTpHD;aIOT STY BepCHIO,
Ror,n;a 'peqL 3aXO RT Olco6LrTHHX 18 anpeJIH 2 . JI:umb O Ha ,,n;eTaJIL B30
Bcex 06HapymeHH:bIX Ha6JIIO,n;aTeJIHMH HaBo,n;IIT Ha pa3M:bImJIeHHH.
HeKHH RaHOHHK no HMeHH ,n;e JIap,n;HHoH, moomHH IIO coce,n;-
CTBY C paSrpOMJIeHHLIM ,n;OMOM, B nHCbMe K 6paTY ,n;aeT OTIHCaHHe
npOHcxo,n;HBmero, B KOTOpOM HMeIOTCH TaKHe CTpOKH: «8TO 6:bIJID
roHomlI JIeT ceMHa,n;n;aTH-BOCeMHa,1J;n;aTII II MOJIOiKe - a TO II ropa3-
o MOJIOiKe, - Ha MOM BarJIH,n;, OBOJIbHO xopomo o,n;eT:bIe, 60JILmeB
qaCTLIO ,n;aiKe erOJIeBaThIe, 3aBHTLIe 11 HaIIy,n;peHHDIe. IIo-MoeMY,
ORH BpH,n; JIH IICIIhIThIBaJIH B qeM-JIH6o HYiR;rJ;Y». iKHPO 3aMeqaeT,
qTO 6YHTOB HRH MorJIH 6:bITL B IIpa3,n;HHQHOM IIJIaTLe, TaR RaR npo-
HCXO,n;HJIO aTO B naCXaJILHLIe ,n;HII. Bce ocym,n;eHH:bIe MHTeiKHHKH
6bIJIH rOJIL nepeHaTHaH. RpoMe Toro, nplICYTCTBHe TaKHX IOHn;OB H3
cpaBHHTeJILHO aaiKHTOlIHOH COD;HaJILHOH cpe,n;hI, npHBJIeqeHH:bIX
«3aBapYXOH», He MeHHeT CTIIXHHHoro xapaKTepa C06hITHH. .Ha6JIIO-
eHHe STO no,n;TBepiK,n;aeTCH II B ,n;pyrHx CJIYQ8HX.
BHHMaHlIe MHHIICTpa 6hIJIO cocpeAOTOlIeHO He Ha O,n;HOH ByprYH-
)];11:0:. BCIIhImKa B AHmoHe 3HaMeHOBaJIa HaqaJIO o6 ero ,IJ;BlIiKeHHH,
1 CM.: G i rod. Ope cit., p. 51.
2 CM.: A q, a Hac b e B r. E. IJ;HT. COli., c. 81; F 0 n c i n. Op. cit.,
p. 187.
L 7 3. <t>op
258
qACTb BTOPAH. «MyqHAR BORHA
-
QTO nO,1J;TBepil\,1J;aJIII npeD;e,n;eHT B PeHMCe 11, ROHellHO, eil\e HeBHLIe
C006 eHHH. I1oaToMY 24 anpeJIH Tropro no6Y,IJ;IIJI COBeT npUHHTL
pemeHHe 0 BI>InJIaTe npeMHH 3a BB03 xJIe6a H3-3a rpaHHD;DI C 15 Mas
no 1 aBrYCTa B pa3Mepe 18 cy 3a RBHHTaJI nmeHHD;I>I H 12 cy sa
RBIIHTaJI piKHI. ROMMepCaHT:bI, npeJIL eHHl>le nOBLImeHHeM n;eH, He
CTaJIH ,1J;OiKlI,n;aTLCH Ha3HalleHHOH ,n;aTI>I. Tropro caM BonpeKIi CBoeMY
OTBpa eHHIO K BMemaTeJILCTBY aJI pacnopHiKeHHe 3aRJIroQHTL
C eJIRY Ha BB03 3epHa C HeRIIM I\JIOTTeHOM II, KOHellHO, C JIeJIe na
YCJIOBHHX MaJIOH3BeCTH:bIX, HO TaKIIX, ROTOpl>Ie OJIiKHI>I 61>IJIII npe..
yiCMaTpHBaTb onpe,n:eJIe'HHLIe IMepl>I nOO peH.BH 1IJIII rapaHTHB.
rOBOplIJIH TaRiKe, lITO Tropro TaHHO BeJIeJI cHa6J(HTL pl>lHKII TOBa..
pOM no YMepeHHLIM n;eHaM 2 .
II03MQMH
HERREPA
B :3TH me anpeJILCRHe HH CJIyqlIJIOCL npOHcmeCTBHe COBceM
BHoro CBOHCTBa: 06pa3HO Bl>lpaiKaHCL, B3PLIB 60M6LI B TeOpeTH'IIe-
CKOH c«f>epe. RaK pa3 B :3THX lIHCJIaX HeRKep ony6JIIIKOBaJI CBOB
TPYJ( «0 3aKOHo,n;aTeJILCTBe H XJIe6HOH TOprOBJIe», B KOTOpOM none-
MU311pOBaJI IC HI,IJ;eHMH Tropro. P,a3YMeeTCH, ,aTO 'TOJII>KO ICOBIIal,n;e!HHe:
PYKonHCL 6LIJIa c,n;aHa B nellaTL e e 12 MapTa.. ITo CJIOBaM a66aTa
MopeJIJIe, KOTOpLIH 3aHBJIHeT, 'liTO 6:bIJI CBII,n;eTeJIeM BCTpetIlI HeRKe-
pa C Tropro, HeRRep CHallaJIa npe,n;JIomlIJI Tropro rrpOtIHTaTL CBOIO
pa ' 6oTY H 'OKaaaTL, He ,ClIUTaeT JIB OH IHecmOeBpeMeHlHI>IM ee ony6JI1I-
KOBaHHe. « r - H HeRKep npHmeJI co CBOHMH TeTpa,n;HMH». Tropro
OTBeTHJI «HeCROJILRO cyXO», «BceM CBOIIM BHJ(OM B:bIKa3I>IBaH BI>ICO-
KOMe!Pue», lITO He'KKep MOriKe'T netIaTaTL, qTO eMY yrO,1J;HO 3.
IIoHHTHo, 'liTO Tropro 6:blJI HeCKOJILKO pa3,n;paiKeH, Hor,n:a B pas-
rap Co6LITHB: eMY JII06e3HO npenO HeCJIII :3R3eMnJIHp HeRKepOBCKO-
ro TpaKTaTa. 23 anpeJIH OH HanHCaJI HeKKepy, HaBepHoe, e e 60JIee
cyXO, lIeM p83roBapHBaJI C HHM nplI BCTpeqe. «ECJIH 61>1 MHe UYiKHO
1 3a TOBapLI, }J;OCTaBJIeHHLIe npHMoBIIapHm II ARiROIl, BLIUJIatJ:IIBa-
JIOCL }J;onOJIHHTeJILHOe B03Harpam}J;eHHe. IJ;RPKYJIHp HHTeH}J;aHTaM OT 28 anpcr
JI1I. (8 c hell e t, IV, p. 411.)
2 CM.: «Relation historique», p. 232 (ny6JIIIKan;HH, BLIme}J;maH Bcne
sa MeMyapaMH Teppa, 'tJaCTO npllnHcLIBaeMaH IIR}J;aHca p;e Mep06epy).
3. COrJIaCHO }J;aHHLIM BamoMoHa, Tropro Bce-TaRH nonLITanCH sa ep-
maTh uy6JIHKa Hro C nOMO LIO eH3ypLI. IJ;eH30p Ka}J;e }J;e CaHHBRJIh nOTpe-
60BaJI nHCbMeHHoro npe nHcaHHH 11, He UOJIY"lIlB ero, }J;aJI pa3pemeHlle ue-
'JaTaTb. 8Ta BepCHH KaiReTCH MaJIOnpaB}J;ono}J;06Boii, H MopeJIJIe ee RaTero"
pll"leCKII OTpUl'(aeT. (M 0 r e 11 e t. Ope cit., t. I, p. 231 et suiv; B a C h a u-
m 0 n t. Ope cit., 28 avril 1775.)
--
I'JI ABA II. nPEl{BECTHHR:tI
259
4JbIJlO nlICaTL Ha STY TeMY 11 H nOCqHTaJI 6bl CBOHM )J;OJIrOM 3a H-
c:(a Tb MHeHHe, KOTopoe BDI 113JIaraeTe, H 6:&1 Aom)J;aJIClI 60JIee cno-
I\OUHOH MHHYT:&I...}>
HeRI\ep, OTBeqaH eMY, HanOMHHJI ,n;aT:&1 C06blTHH H YKaaaJI, "ITO
.()XOTHO COrJIaCHJICH 6:&1 OTJIOmHTL rry6JIIIKan;IIIO, eCJIH 6:&1 ero 06 STOM
1I0 n pOCHJIH: «COqHHeHHe a6CTpaKTHoe, YMepeHHoe... He MomeT, KaK
Mae RameTCH, IIMeTL HIITIerO 06 ero C 60PL60ii CTpaCTeH» 1.
Ha,n;o OT,n;aTL crrpaBe,n;JIIIBOCTL Hel{l{epy: CTHJIIO ero KHlIrH Kal,
eeJIb3H 60JIee qym,n;a CTpaCTHOCTL. MbI, CRopee, Hai,n;eM ero CI{YTI-
SbIM. II paB,n;a, HeKRep He OIIpOBepraeT JIII6epaJILHOH ,n;ORTpHHbI, OH
ape,n;JIaraeT rro BceM BOIIpocaM IIpOMemYTOqHble Mepbl, JIerKO IIO,n;-
.p;aIO HeCH 1I3MeHeHIIIO II nparMaTIITIHbIe.
IIepBaH TIaCTL RHlIrH nOCBH eHa BKcnopTY. B Hei OH aprYMeH-
'TUpyeT, OCLIJIamCL IlIa ne,peB\03KH II 'p,a'CCTOHHIIH; am apIJ1lMeHTLI SKO-
fIOMHCTbl HHKor,n;a 11 He IIblTaJIIICL ocnapHBaTL. A nOCKOJILKY BI{C-
UOpT He 6blJI BOCCTaHOBJIeH, TO Borrpoc He IIMeJI aKTyaJILHOCTII.
qTO KacaeTCH BHYTpeHHeH TOprOBJIII, TO HeKKep rrplI3HaeT, TITO
ToprOBbIe orrepan;IIH Kyrrn;OB MorYT 6blTL IIOJIe3HbI ,n;JIH rrepeB030K
xJIe6a II3 O,n;HOH rrpOBIIHIJ;1I1I B ,n;pyryro, r,n;e ero MaJIO, HJIH Ror,n;a
OHU rroRyrraIOT xJIe6 oceHLIO, QT06bl rrpo,n;a TL ero BeCHoii, IIJIII rrOI{y-
uaIOT B ypomaHHble ro,n;bI, QT06bl coxpaHHTL ,n;o HeypomaH. Ho OHII
MorYT TaKme rrplIHOCIITL H Bpe,n;, Bbl3blBaH TIpe3MepHoe rrOBblme-
'Hue n;eH.
TaROB me Xo,n; paccym,n;eHHH II rro Borrpocy 0 perJIaMeHTax PbI-
HOQHOH TOprOBJIH. OHII HMeIOT HeKOTopoe Hey,n;06cTBO, HO MorYT
IIPH II3BeCTHblX 06CTOHTeJILCTBaX 6blTL He06xo,n;IIMbl. To me II C
rocy,n;apcTBeHHblMH orrepan;IIHMH XJIe60M. Bce 8TO Borrpoc KOH'DIOHI\-
Typbl. « 06'De,n;HHeHHe rro 6JIH30CTH OT rocy,n;apH 600 TbIC. 1IeJIOBeK,
cHa6maIO IIXCH eme,n;HeBHO y 6YJIOQHIIKOB», MomeT 3aCTaBIITL npH-
6emYTL x Me'paM, rrpOJ];MIKTOBaHHLIM 06CTOHTeJILCTsaMH.
B aaKJIIOqeHlIe HeKRep BLlCKa3blBaeTCH 3a rrplIHHTHe ,n;BYX pa3-
JIHTIHLIX peiKlIMOB B 3aBHCIIMOCTH OT Toro, ,n;OCTlIraeT n;eHa xJIe6a
UJIH HeT npe,n;eJIa, I\OTOpLlii HeKKep orrpe,n;eJIHJI B 30 JIHBpOB 3a
ceTbe. 8TO 03HaqaJIO npH eHIITL KO Bceii TOprOBJIe MeTO,n;, rrplIMe-
HHBill:UHCH rrpem,n;e TOJILKO K BbIB03Y, TO eCTL «3arrepeTL Ha 3aMOK».
Hllme rrpe,n;eJILHOH n;eHbI - nOJIHaH cB060,n;a. Bblme - MHoro06pa3-
oHaH perJIaMeHTan;HH. «XJIe6-Y3HIIR» MHmJIe em;e He 3aTOlllIJIII B
() HHOQKY, OH Ha cB060,n;e, HO rro,n; Ha,n;30pOM 2 .
Ho rJIaBHblH rrYHRT rrporpaMMLI HeKKepa - caM HeKKep. JIB
1 IIBCbMO Tropro H OTBeT HeKKepa (24 aBrycTa) CM.: S c hell e,
t. IV, p. 421.
2 MOHTHHOH OTMe'tJaeT, QTO HeKKep OCTeperaJICH npllMeHHTb STY
TeopHro, Kor;u;a rrpHmeJI K BJIaCTIf. 8TO BepHO B OTHomeHHH rrpe,z:(eJIbHOH
qeubI (prix pivot); HO B cBoeH }J;eHTeJIbHOCTH OH PYKOBO;U;CTBOBaJICH np8l'Ma-
'T1I3MOM, KOTOpbIH TaR rrpeB03HOCHJI. AHaJIOrHQHaH CHCTeMa 6bIJIa rrpe;U;JIOmeH8
11 MeMyape, COCTaBJIeHHOM ,lJ;YMepKOM B ceHTH6pe 1774 r. (Archives Natio-
nales, F. 265.) ,
7f:
260
qACTb BTOPAH. «MyqHAH BOaHA»
ero TeopBH, YAeJlHBmeH 60JILmOe MeCTO npHMeHeHHIO ee Ha npan:-
THKe, Tpe6yeTcH a;IJ;MHHHCTpaTOp, cnoc06HLIH C HeB3MeHHOH YBcpen-
HOCTbIO ynpaBJIHTL 8TOB CHCTeMOH KpaHOB B 3anopOB. « qeJlOBeK,
1Ieii pa3HOCTOpOHHHH reHBi yqeJl 6LI Bce ee B03MomHOCTH, eB
MHrKHH II rH6KHH YM YMeeT coo6pa30BaTb C HHMH CBOII 3aM:bICJII>I II
HaMepeHHH... HaAeJIeHH:bIH nl>IJIKOH ;IJ;ymoH B cnOKOHHI>IM pa3YMOM...>).
81'0 3Ha1IHJIO ;IJ;OBOJILHO np03pa1IHO peKOMeH;IJ;OBaTL caMoro ce6H.
KHBra HeKKepa npHBeJIa B BocTopr BparoB TIOpro. CBepx Toro t
OHa ORa3aJIa 60JILIDOe BJIHHHHe Ha 06 eCTBeHHoe MHeHHe. JIro,n;HM
KOJle6J1IOII(HMtH OHa npe;IJ;CTaBIIJIa ,n;OHa3aTeJILCTBa, no6YAHBmHe HX
IIPHHHTL pemeHHH, CKenTHKaM - ;IJ;OKa3aTeJIbCTBa 060CHOBaHHocTB
HX CKenTH H3Ma. KHHra ;IJ;aBaJIa 06'DHCHeHHe H n01ITH Teop e-
CHoe orrpaB,n;aHHe 6ecnopH;IJ;KOB, KOTOpI>Ie, Ka3aJIOCL, nO;IJ;TIepI\HBaJIB"
rrpOBaJI 8RcrreplIMenTa Tropro. A caMH 6ecnopsAKII npHneCJIlI aBTO-
PY HapH;IJ;Y C -qpe3B:bIQaHHOn nonYJIHpHOCTbIO KaK 6:bI 6JIHCTaTeJIb-
IIoe rrO;IJ;TBepiI ,n;eHHe C06:bITHHMH ero rrpaBOTbI.
I10HHTHO, QTO 8I{OHOMHCT:bI rrpHHHJIHCb HpOCTHO ero orrponep-
raTb. TYT COCTH3aJIHCL BO;IJ;o, KOH;IJ;opCe, MopeJIJle. IIoHa;IJ;o6HJIoC:b
He MeHee 1IeT:bIpeX OTBeTOB HeKKepy, II3 ROTOpbIX f);Ba npHmJIIICb
aa ;IJ;OJIIO ROH;IJ;opce. B Te1IeHlIe JleTa BOJlLTep 6pOCHJI Ha TIamy BeCOE
CBoe BJIHHHHe B nOJIL3Y Tropro 1.
MTaK, 61>IJIO 61>1 OIDII6KOM HeAoo eHBBaTL BamnOCTL rr03HII;HB'
HeKKepa, HO 0 HeM Ha;IJ;o CY;IJ;HTb, YTIIITI>IBaH ee HCTHHUYro no,n;oIIJIe-
RY. Y TBepm;IJ;a 1'L, KaR 8TO ;IJ;eJIaJIH peBHOCTH:bIe 8KOHOMHCTI>I, QTC'
HMeHHO pacrrpocTpaHeHHe I{HHr:u: B:bI3BaJIO 6YHTI>I, - cMexoTBopHan'
BI>I;IJ;YMKa, a TeM 60JIee BH;IJ;e1'b B HHX (6YHTax) pe3YJILTaT nJIaHa,
COrJIaCOBaHHoro C npHH eM ROHTH. MopeJIJIe B3HJI Ha ce6H TPy,n
onpoBeprHYTL 06BHHeHHH caMLIM nO;IJ;p06HI>IM 06pa30M. Ero MOiKBO'
3aIIOf);OapHTL B npHcTpacTBoCTH BBH;IJ;Y ero CHMIIaTHH K HeKKepy,
HO Ha cen paa OB .CY;IJ;HT 3ApaBo. «ECJlH I BHra, - CTeIIeHHO paccym-
AaeT OH, - MOrJIa nOCJIymHTL opYAHeM no,n;CTpeKaTeJILCTBa K BOJI-
HeHHHM, rrpHBe,n;IDHM K orpa6JIeHHro 6YJIOTIHIIKOB, TO ;IJ;eiiC1'BHe ee
CKa3aJlOCL TIepeC1IYP 6I>ICTpO, 1160 nepB:bIe 8R3eMIIJlHpDI nOCTYIIHJIH'
B npOAaiRY TOJILKO B caMbIH f);eHb B03Myw;eHHH»2.
Cero;IJ;HH 3Ta ;IJ;HCKYCCHH BocnpHHHMaeTCH HaMH B '1:J:HCTO roMOPH-
1 CM.: V 0 I t air e. Diatribe a l'auteur des f:phemerides. Pacnpo-
CTpaHeHHe 3Toro naM<pJIeTa )];aTHpyeTcH KaK 6Y TO HIOHeM HJIH HIOJIeM (yno-
MHHaeTCH BamOMOHOM 6 HIOJIH).
2 I-\OH<pH}J;eH HaJlbHOe nHCLMO, a)];peCOBaHHoe Tropro BeKHM }J;OBepeu-
II:bIM JIHU:OM, COBeTHHKOM napJIaMeHTa, 11 coxpaHHBmeeCH B apXHBe JIaH-
TeHJIH, CO)];epmHT nOCJIe CCLIJIKH Ha p;eoa TLI, COCTOHBIDHeCH B na pJIaMeHTe,
nO}J;CqeT rOJIOCOB, H3 KOToporo BH HO, lITO <paKTHQeCKH TOJILKO 5 rOJIOCOD
OLIJIH nop;aHLI aa npaBHTeJlbCTBO.
«B0306JIap;aJIa TOQRa 3peHH1I, BHymeHHa1l KHHroH HeKKepa», - YTOq-
BHeT HH<I>opMaTop. .
16 rOJIOCOB 6LIJIO nOAaHO 3a 1131>HTHe YKa3a;
22 - 3a OTCpO"tJKY Ha Be Bep;eJIH (HO B AeiicTBHTeJIbHaCTH 3TO
rOJIoca npoTIIBHHKOB);
rJ1ABA 11. rIPEp'BECTHHRH
261
--
CTJI'IeCKOM nJIaHe. TpY HOBaTO rrpe CTaBHTL ce6e MHTemHHKOB,
BOOpymeHH:bIX 6pOmIOpaMH HeHHepa, llJIH Boo6pa3HTL HX 06pa eH-
:EIbI:MH C nO}IOn:t;bIO 6pOmIOp Toro me MopeJIJIe, JIe TpoHa IIJIII ROH-
p;opce.
IIPI13HAHM
RPM3IICA
B HII, OT eJIHIOm;He MHTeiK B ,[(lImOHe (18 arrpeJIH) OT nO,II;JIIIH-
Horo Ha1IaJIa «MyqHoH BOHH:bI» (27 arrpeJIH), MLI MomeM Ha6JIIO-
p;aTL - KaK B IIapIIiEe, TaI\ H B BepcaJIe - CHMrrTOMLI HaJJ;BHraIO-
erOCH Rp1I31ICa.
,[(oJIroe Bpel\fH n;eHbI 6LIJIH cTa6IIJILHLI - C JIeTa)]:o na"tJaJIa
MapTa - OROJIO 11 cy 3a 4 <PYHTa xJIe6a, QTO 6:bIJIO He OIITIIMaJIL-
HOH, HO TepIIHMOH n;eHon. B :M:apTe Ha1IaJIOCL IIOBbImeHlIe no 0,5 cy:
11,5 cy 8 MapTa, 12 cy 15 MapTa. CrrycTH MeClIn; TaKoro IIOCTerreH-
Horo B3]];OpOmaHHH, 12 anpeJIH, n;eHa )]:OCTHrJIa 12,5 cy, HO nc:)'qTH
TOT1J:aC me, 15 arrpeJIH, nO)]:HHJIaCL ]];0 13 cy 11 HaROHell; 26 anpeJIH-
)];0 13,5 cy. OTO 6LIJIO ym 01IeHL ]];oporo, HO 6:bIBaJIH II XYJJ;mHe
BpeMeHa, npH"tJeM He TaK aBHO. «16 cy, - 3aMe"tJaeT MeTpa, - BO
BpeMeHa a66aTa Teppa, H HapO]]; He B36YHTOBaJICH» 1.
ITapaJIJIeJIL 3Ta AaBaJIa nOBO]]; )];JIH y]];HBJIeHHH BO BpeMH C06:bI-
THn, a TaHiKe CJIymHJIa aprYMeHTOM B nOJIL3Y BepCHH 3arOBopa. M:bI
e e BepHeMCH K BTOMY.
HapH)]:y co 3Ha1IIITeJILHLIM, HO, nOBTopHeM, He 1Ipe3B:bItIaHHLIM
pOCTOM :r(eH HalI60JIee f);aJILHOBI'I]];HLIe Ha6JIIO)]:a TeJIH OTMe1IaIOT 6LICT-
POTY peaKD;IIH Hapo)]:a. HCHO 0603Ha1Ia1OT'CH lIpH3HaKH HapO Horo
H'e o.BOJILCTBa yme noJtUTUlleCJIi,OeO C:BOHC Ba. 12 l\IapTa, 'B AeHL
rrepBoro nOB:bImeHHH D;eH, Ha pLIHKax rpOMOrJIaCHO rOBOpIIJIH: «Ka-
KOB r... CHAHT Ha TpoHe!» 12 arrpeJIH, KOrf);a @iKHf);aJIOCL e e 60JIL-
mee lIOBLImeHlIe, APAH CHOBa OTMeqaeT: «8TO OIIHTL He npeMIIHY-
JIO B03MYTHTL TOT me Hapo lIpOTHB IIpaBHTeJILCTBa». HaKoHen;,
26 anpeJIH, B ,n;eHb MaKCHl\IaJILHOrO IIOBLImeHIIH, OH 3anHC:bIBaeT
aneK)]:oT, caM no ce6e COBceM He3HatIHTeJILH:bI :, HO CBIIAeTeJILCTBY-
IO Hn 0 ne06LI1Iai'HOH B036Y]];HMOCTII napHiKcKoH TOJIlI:bI (3TO OTHO-
CUTCH II K n;eHaM Ha ]];pyrne npO;IJ;YKTLI) 2.
12 rOJIOCOB KOJIe6JIIO HXCH;
5 rOJIOCOB - 3a perHcTpa HIO YI{a3a. (Archives Lantheuil, carton 19.)
1 3aIIHcL OT 3 MaH 1775 r.
2 HeRHH }J;Bopel'(KIIH KynHJI JIHTp 3eJIeHOrO ropomKa sa 72 JIHBpa,
II KTO-TO H3 TOJIIILI, BLIXBaTHB Y Hero nOKynKY, mBLIpHYJI ee B JIH O co
CJIOBaMH: «ECJIH TBoi CTepBe , 6apHH, MOiKeT BLIJIOiRHTb TPII JIYH opa 3a
JIUTP ropOIDRa. eMY HlIqerO He CTOHT J];aTL HaM xJIe6a». CJIyra C1JeJI S8
JIytImee peTIIpOBaTLCH, He nOCMeB rrpOH3HeCTH HII CJIOBa B OTBeT.
262
qACTb BTOPAH. (fMyqHAH BOtiHAI'
IIocTaHoBJIeHHe COB eTa OT 24 anpeJIH OTHOCHTeJI:bHO npeMHH 3a
HMnopT He 3aMe JIHJIO CHOBa BM3BaT:b TpeBory. Ero npeaMoyny
COlIJIH RpaHHe HeJIOBKO HanHcaHHoH; o,n;HaKO 3aMe"llaHHe :3TO qrHry-
pHpyeT B n03,n;HeHIIIeM ROMMeHTapHH, TaR lITO 1< HeMY CJIe,n;yeT OT-
HOCHTLCH RpHTHlIeCRH.. B aTOH IIpeaM6YJIe TlOpro HaCTaHBaJI Ha
CBoeM Te3Hce: JIYlIIIIe oporOBH3Ha, lIeM rOJIo,n;. 01IeBH HO, on
IIMTaJICH ycnOI<OHT:b 06 eCTBeHHoe MHeHHe OTHOCHTeJI:bHO ROJIHlIe-
CTBa xJIe6a. «IToCJIe,n;nHH ypomaH, - rOBopHT OH, - ,n;aJI OCTaTOlInO
sepHa, lITo6bI 06eCnelIHT:b cHa6meHHe IIpOBHHn;HH». O,n;HaRO IIO-
CKOJl:bRY ypomaH ,He BbIme cpe Hero, TO cHa6meHHe He 6y,n;eT
H36bITOlIH:bIM H 3epHa XBaTHT TOJI:bRO ,n;JIH Toro, lITo6bI nORp:bIT:b
nenocpe,n;CTBeHHbIe IIOTpe6HOCTH (TlOpro, I<OHelIHO, IIpeYBeJIHlIHBae
CTaTHCTHlIeCRHe aHHbIe, IIOTOMY lITO 6Y :b ypomaH OCTaTOllHDIM,
TO, IIO ero co6CTBeHIIOH TeopHH, ro,n; 6bIJI 6bI cpe,n;HHM H TlOpro He
HMeJI 6bI CTOJI:bKO 3a6oT). If OH TYT me ,n;eJIaeT BbIBO,n;: «B03MomHO,
QTO n;eHaM e e IIpH,n;eTCH IIpeTepIIeT:b HeROTopoe IIOBHIIIeHHe»,--
II TYT me orOBapHBaeTCH: «eCJIH ero He OCTaHOBHT ROHRypeHn;HH
3arpaHHlIHOrO 3epHa». Ho Ha caMOM ,n;eJIe BO BceH EBpone ypoma:n
6bIJI IIocpe,n;CTBeHHbIH, 11 n;eH:bI IIOlITH BCIO,n;y BbIme, lIeM BO <PpaH-
QHH. OTCIO a H Heo6xo,n;HMOCT:b CTMMYJIHpOBaT:b ToprOB eB npe-
MHHMH.
ITO-BH,n;HMOMY, aTO paccym,n;eHHe 6bIJIO IIJIOXO IIOHHTO. OHO OKa-
aanOC:b He 01IeH:b ,n;OCTYIIHbIM ,n;JIH IIpHMHTHBHbIX YMOB. reHepaJl:b-
. HbIH ROHTpOJIep XOTeJI, ROHelIHO, CKa3aT:b, lITO BO H36emaHHe pOCTa
QeH HymHo HMIIOpTHpOBaT:b, a lITo6bI HMIIOpTHpOBaT:b, Hymao
KOMIIeHCHpO'BaT:b HepaBeHCTBO n;eH BO <PpaHn;HH H 3a rpaHH eH. MTaK,
OH IIOJIaraeT, lITO peKOMeH,n;yeMbIe HM MepbI MorYT npe,n;OTBpaTHT:b
nOBbImeHHe; HO eCJI1I 3aTeM BbI He c,n;eJIaeTe YCHJIHH, a6bI IIPHHTB
K HymHOMY YM03aRJIlOlIeHHIO, TO 6y,n;eTe OmeJIOMJIeH:bI CYXOH <pop-
MYJIHpOBKOH: n;eHbI MorYT e e IIOBbICHT:bCH. ITo CJIOBaM aBTopa
« HCTOpHlIeCRHX 3aIIHCOR», «npOCTOH Hapo,n; aTO IIOBeprJIO B OT"IIaH'"
HHe». H OH IIo,n;bITomHBaeT B O,n;HOH <ppa3e Bce paccym,n;eHHH Trop..
ro, HaCTOH He H npemHHe: «RopOJIIO IIOCTOHHHO TBep,n;HJIH, lITO
depHO 6:bIJIO oporo, 6y,n;eT ,n;oporo 11 OJImHO 6bIT:b ,n;oporo...» 1
IIocJIe MHTema B AHmoHe B03HHKJIH CJIYXH 0 TaHH:bIX MaXHHa-
D;HHX CO CKYIIKO:n. «BbIHBHJIH crOBOp Mem,n;y MHorHMH RPYIIHbIMB
4>epMepaMH B pa3HbIX npOBHH HHX», - IIHmeT 26 a:apeJIH MeTpa,
06'bHCHHH IIOCTaHOBJIeHHe COBeTa. « PaCClIHTbIBaIOT, lITO lIepe3 ,n;Ba
MeCHn;a xJIe6 6y,n;eT CTOHT:b OT 5 ,n;o 6 cy 3a <PYHT». Ta me xpOHHRa
YIIOMHHaeT 0 BOJIHeHHHX BO MHorHX 60JI:bmHX ropo ax - B PyaHe,
JIHoHe II ,n;p.
IIoBbIIIIeHHe n;eH II Hapo,n;HbIe BOJIHeHHH cIIoco6cTBOBaJIH nOJIH-
TH"IIeCRHM HHTpHraM. «06CTaHoBKa IIPH ,n;Bope IIpe,n;rp030BaH, CHOB3
omHBalOT HHTpHrH, K03HH, KJIHKH», - BIIOB:b OTMelIaeT 1 MaH MeTpa.
t «Relation historique», p. 267 et note.
rJIABA 11. nPEl{BECTHHRH
2'63
--
focnoma ,n;e BpHOHH nepe,n;aJIa HOpOJIeBe aHOHHMH:bIH MeMyap, HPH-
TII1\yIOm;HH ,n;eHTeJIbHOCTb MMHHCTpa H B 3aByaJIMpOBaHHOif <pOpMe
tIpe JIaraIO HH BepHYT:b illya3eJIH. Ho ROpOJI:b, nOJIYlIHB aTOT
rdeMyap OT HOpOJIeBbI, HR06bI CRa3aJI: «HHROr,n;a 60JI:bIIIe He Hano-
rdlIHaHTe MHe 06 aTOM lIeJIOBeKe!»
HecMoTpH Ha aTOT OTBeT, 06MaHYBmHH OiKH,n;aHlIH CTOpOHHHROB
DITya3eJIH, reHepaJI:bHOrO ROHTpOJIepa ,n;PYiKHO aTaROBaJIH CO Bcex
CTOpOH. «HH Ha Horo em;e npOTHBHaH napTHH He 06pymHBaJIaC:b C
TaRoif HpOCT:bIO, KaK Ha r-Ha TIOprO». Ha Hero pemHTeJI:bHO B03JIa-
raJlH OTBeTCTBenHOCT:b 3a RpH3HC B XJIe6HOH TOprOBJIe. « QeHa XJIe-
6a B03paCTaeT C Ram,n;:bIM ,n;HeM, a Hapo,n;y HeYROCHHTeJI:bHO BHyma-
lOT, 6Y TO OH eID;e HaMHoro no,n;opomaeT». MeTpa, HeH3MeHHO 6JIaro-
B\eJIaTeJILHO OTHOCHID;HHCH K TlOpro, npHnHC:bIBaeT aTH CJIYXB
«cPHuaHCHCTaM H ,n;pyrHM JIIO,n;HM, 3aHHTepecoBaHHbIM B TOM, lIT06bI
01IepHHTL MHHHCTepCTBO». O,n;HaRO MHHHCTp caM ,n;aJI opyiKHe npo-
TUB ce6H rro,n;cTpeKaTeJIHM 8TOH RaMnaHHH, H HeJl:b3H CRa3aT:b, liTO
OHa 6:bIJIa OCHOBaHa TOJI:bKO Ha JImH. B CYID;HOCTH, ,n;ame MeTpa He
pemaeTCH 6e30rOBOpOlIHO no,n;,n;epmHBaT:b O<pHD;UaJI:bHYIO ,n;OKTPUHY:
«fl filPU3HaIO, lITO reHepaJI:bHbIH ROHTpOJIep He npe,n;BH,n;eJI HH .Hcex
OCJIOmHeHHH, ,CBH3a.HHbIX ICoO CB060,n;OH XJIeOHOH TOprOBJIU, HH ncex
rrpOHCROB MOHonOJIHCTOB». AJIH npHBepmeH eB JII06bIX TeopHH Bce
06'LHCHHeTCH CJIOBOM «MOHonOJIHCT». MeTpa, BbIpamalOID;HH TOlIRY
apeHHH OTcTynaIoID;HX «TIOprOTHCTOB», Ha,n;eeTCH, lITO HMnopT If
HOBbIH ypomaH «nOMorYT OTlIaCTH HCD;eJIHT:bCH OT HbIHeIIIHHX 6eA.
OCTaJI:bHOe ,n;OBepmHT BpeMH H 06CTOHTeJI:bCTBa».
TaHOBO 6bIJIO HaCTpoeHHe YMOB, Hor,n;a HalIaJIHC:b C06bITHH, H3-
Be:CTHbIe B (HoCTOpHH no,n; ,Ha3BaH.HeM «MYtEHaH 1JORHa».
264
qACTb BTOPAH. «MyqHAH B O H
n A,)
r .!laea III
IIoc eAOBaTenb
XOA
C06LITni
Non nunquam poena principibus propte"
peccata plebis infertur *.
PelIL H)J;eT 0 rrOCJIe)];OBaTeJI:bHOM pH)J;e MHTemeH, B 6:bICTpOM TeM-
ne CJIe)J;OBaBillHX O)J;HH 3a )];PyrHM; 6eCrrOpH)];KH npOHCXO)J;HJIH nOlITII
Kam)J;:bIH )J;eHL, a HHOr)];a B neCI{OJILRHX CeJIeHHHX B O)J;HH H TOT iRe
J];eH:b; B IIapHiRcKoM paHoHe OHH HallaJIHCL 27 anpeJIH II 3aKOHlIH-
JIHC:b 10 MaH, npHlIeM KYJILMHJHa HH lII.pn:mJIaCL IHa 2 MaH B Be,pcaJIe
11 3 MaH B IIapHme.
AHrJIHHCKHH HCTOpHR PIO)];e COCTaBHJI XpOHOJIOrHIO C06:bITHH II
B:bI"IIepTHJI KapTY 1. IIpH 03HaROMJIeHHH C STHM )J;ORYMeHTOM, eCTe-
CTBenHO, B03HHI{aeT BrrelIaTJIeHHe, lITO B:bI CJIe)J;HTe 3a RaMIIaHHeH
BOeHH:bIX )J;eHCTBHH:.
MeiK)J;Y TeM 06'be)J;HHeHHe Bcex STHX C06:bITHH: no)]; O)];HHM Ha3Ba-
HHeM «MYlIHOH BOHH:bI» orrpaB)J;:bIBaeTCH He TOJILKO TeM, liTO )J;eH-
CTBHH OrpaHHqI}ItBaIOTICH onpeAeJIeILH:bEMH :pal\fKaMH IIpOlCT/paH'CTcBa II
BpeMeHH. Bce 3TH pa3JIHlIH:bIe SIIH30)J;:bI HMeIOT O)J;HY 06IIJ;YIO lIepTY,
KOTopaH OTJIHlIaeT HX OT CTOJI:bHHX CXO)];H:bIX HH H)J;eHTOB, npOHCXO-
J];HBillHX )];0 HHX, - 3TO YCTaHOBJIeHHe TBep)];:bIX eH Ha xJIe6. eJIO
6:bIJIO He B 3a)];epmKe 06030B, Hana)J;eHHHx Ha JIIO)];eH II B pa3rpa6-
neHHHX (BO BCHHOM CJIYlIae, He B 3TOl\I 6:bIJIO rJIaBHoe). Hapo)J; Tpe-
* Hepe,IJ;Ko MOHapxaM }J;OCTaIOTCH ynpeKlI 3a rpeXH lIepHII (J£ar.)-
llpuM. pea.
t «Annales historiques de Ia Revolution franQaise», eN! 143, avril-
juin 1956, p. 139 et suiv. HeKoTopLIe anH30)J;LI Bce me YCROJIb3HYJIII OT
BHHMaHHH 3Toro IIcTopHKa, TPY,n; KOToporo HBJIHeTCH caMLIM SHalIIITeJIb-
HLIM II cKpynYJIe3HLIM HCCJIe,n;OBaHlleM no 3TOMY Bonpocy.
r JIA.BA III. nOCJ1EJ:{OBATEJ1bHbIP.t XOJ:{ COBblTHH
--
265
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't{HCJIe aaKJIIO"IIeHBLIX B BaCTHJIHIO.
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B:o rpYS't{HKH. Bo BpeMH npe,n;LIp;y ero 6aaapHoro AHH, B cy660TY
CM. nepenllCRY AlOnOHa C }IapKrpaq,OM Ea}J;eHCRIIM, IITllpyeMYIO B:
c hell e, t. IV, p. 46.
= CM.: Bibliotheque Nationale. Fonds JoU de Fleury, 1159, fO 11.
CK.: Archives Nationales, Y. 11.441.
266
tJACTb BTOPAH. (fMYtIHAH BOt1HA"
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267
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M:bl o6HapymHBaeM B rrOCJIe,n;YIOm;MX Hapo,n;H:bIX B:blcTyrrJIeHHHX:
1. ITepeMe eHHe JIIO,n;eH, Tex, Koro rrp03BaJlH «1IymaKaMII»; B
AeHCTBHTeJI:bHOCTH aTO 6:bIJIH mHTeJIH coce,n;HHX CeJIeHHH: «TYT OKa-
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DOM B TOT me ,n;eH:b, 29 arrpeJIH, cy,n;eHcKMM reHepaJI-JIeHTeHaHToM
AeMoHTHoHOM 4 .
Bibliotheque Nationale. Fonds Joly de Fleury, 1159, eM 13.
CM.: A <p a Hac b e B r. E. Y CJIOBHH XJIe6HOH TOprOBJIH BO ct>pa IID;HD
B XVIII B. O ecca, 1892, c. 331.
Bibliotheque de l'Arsenal. Fonds Bastille 12.447, fOs 57-58.
Fonds Joly de Fleury, 1159, 205-206.
268
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ROB 3a CeT:be H MYRY no 40 <ppaHKoB 3a MemOI{, 11 OH pemlIJI, 'tITO
uymRo aTO c}J;eJIa TL. 8TO 3JIOnOJIytIHoe pemeHHe nOCJIymHJIO OCHO-
BaRHeM JIH oOBHHeHHH ero B TOM, lITO OR npOBO HJI TaKcan;HIO.
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BaHHe OI>IJIO y OBJIeTBOpeHO. rpaoem OI>IJI nOOOlIHLIM HBJIeHlleM,
1 22 MaH 1775 r. ,n;onpoc B BaCTIIJIIIH Y ROMHccapa meHOHa. Archives
Natio:Gales, Y.11.441.
'2 COBceM He ynoMHHaH 06 aTOM «paRTe, ,l];eMoHTHOH B CBoeM BLIme-
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ua 3TO nOJIHOMOlIHH, OHII OTBeTHJIH: «IToH,IJ;eM H aa6epeM ero CaMH». Be,IJ;b
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;!'J1ABA III. nOCJ1EI{OBATEJ1bHbIR XOp, COBbITHtr
269
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rlI 3a yneceHHoe HMH 3epHO.
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lIo 3TOMY Bonpocy B lloHTya3e yme paHee CJIOiKHJIOCL oco6oe rrOJIO-
menH e B CBH311 C TeM, lITO JIHD;a, HOTOpbIM npHHa;IJ;JIemaJIO npaBO Ha
STY nOmJIHHY, B ee oTKyn HKH meJIaJIH B3HMaTL MilHam BHe PbIH-
1(8, a HMenno Ha npHCTaHH. rrpe}J;bI}J;y ee nOCTaHOBJIeHHe yrroMII-
HaJIO 06 aTOM cnope, HO, nOHa pemeHHe He GbIJIO npHHHTO, XJIe6HbIe
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THMoe nOBbImeHlle n;eH; MomeT 6bITL, aTO HBHJIOCb }J;OIIOJIHHTeJIbIIOB
npnQHHOH pa3}J;paiKeHHH JIIO}J;ei1:, KOTopoe II 06paTHJIOCb rrpOTIIB
TpaH3HTHbIX CY}J;OB C XJIe60M.
1 MaH BcnbIXHYJI 6YHT B CeH-mepMeHe, KaK eCJII1 6bI MHTeiK
.JJ;BHraJICH no TeqeHllIO peRH. 3}J;ecL CHOBa na6JIIO}J;aeTcH IIaIIJlbIB
KpeCTbHH 113 coce}J;HHX }J;epeBeHb, a TaKme H3 GOJIee Y}J;aJIeHHbIX
MeCT, paCnOJIOiKeHHbIX no TY CTOPOHY CeHbI, - 113 TplleJIH, 8p6JI3
H ,n;p.; Coo6ID;aJIOCb 0 nepexo,n;e JIIO,n;eH lIepe3 MOCT Y IIyaccII. Bonpe-
IrlI rHnOTe3e 0 cYID;ecTBOBaHJIII npe,n;BapHTeJIbHOrO nJIaHa 60JIee
.BepoHTHo npe}J;rrOJIOmeHHe 0 3apa3HTeJIbHOM BJIHHHHH Ha 6JIHiRaH-
mile nOCeJIeHHH, TaK I<aK 6ecnopH,n;KII B IIoHTya3e BbImJIH ,n;OBOJIbHO
, AaJIeKO 3a rrpe,n;eJILI ropo,n;a (,n;oKJIa,n;, a}J;pecoBaHHbIH mOJIII }J;e <DJIe-
pH, ynoMHHaeT 0 paarpa6JIeHHII cy,n;Ha B }J;BYX JIbe OT ropo}J;a) .
B CeH-mepMeHe onHTL Ha6JIIo,n;aeTCH COlIeTaHHe rpa6ema If TaIt-
.can;BH n;eH (20 cy 3a 6yacco * MYKH H OT 12 ,n;o 20 JIHBpOB aa ceTbe
3epHa). Ho M)IJjOrHe 6YHTOrBID;IrKH (60JIbIIIaH -qa,cTb) « on'pOKH bIB a-
. JIB rpy,n;LI MemKOB, BcnapbIBaJIH HX HOiKOM, 3a6npaJI1I II YHOCIIJIH
TOBap, He nJIaTH» 1.
B TOT me }J;eHb IIHD;H,n;eHTbI, corrpOBom,n;aBIIIHeCH rrpHHY)J;HTeJIb-
HOH TaHcan;ueH, npOlfCXO)J;HJIH B HaHTeppe, rOHece II B CeH-,[(eHH.
8TH TOlIKH YKa3LIBalOT Ha HeHOTOpbI:H reorpa<pHlIeCKHH C)J;BHr B CTO-
pony OT 06bI"IIHOH JIHHHH.
Ho MbI Y3HaeM, liTO B TOT me caMbIH }J;eHL, 1 MaH, npOH30I110JI
BHD;H}J;eHT B nYHKTe, pacnOJIOmeHHOM eID;e 60JIee B CTopOHe.. ,[(eJIo
*
Byacco - CTapllHHaH Mepa cLInyqllx TeJI, paBHaH npU6JIH3HTeJIbHO
13 JIHTpaM. - IIpUM. pefJ.
,1 B TOB: lIaCTH nOBeCTBOBaHHH, KOTopaH KacaeTCH paRona CeHbI H
.Y 83LI, lILI HCnOJIL30B8JIII pa60TLI PIO e, KOTOpLIH H3YlIHJI apXHBbI 3Toro
. en8pTaMeHTa. MbI caMII C HHMH ne 3naKOMHJIHC:b.
276
QACTb BTOPAH. MyqHAH BOgHA
6LIJIO B Mo, KOTOpOrO, COrJIaCHO KapTe PIO,IJ;e, BOJIHeHIIH MOrJIH AO-
CTHrHYTL TOJILKO 6 MaH. <PaKTlIlIeCKH B aTOM ropoAe 1 MaH pa3Bep-
HYJIOCL «MaCCOBoe ,IJ;BHmeHlIe». Ho Mo yme paHLme 6LIJI CKJIOIIe
K 6pomeHHIO, MLI MOrJIH B aTOM y6e,n:HTLCH no IIH H)J;eHTaM 21 Map-
Ta. 06 aTOM C06:bITHII nepeXO,IJ;HOrO xapaKTepa, KaK B CM:bICJIe ,n;a T:bI,
TaK Hero 3HalIeHHH, M:bI Y3HaeM H3 ,n;OHYMeHTOB C06paHJ.iIH lliOJIH!
,n;e <PJleplI.
1 MaH reHepaJl-JIeHTeHaHT nOJIH HII COCTaBHJI ,n;OKJIa,n; 0 rpa6eme-
B COlIeTaHlI1I C TaKca Heii Ha MeJIbHII e B6JIII31I ropo,n;a. « Y lIaCTHH-
KH He npHHa,n;JIemaJIII K CaM:bIM 6e,n;H:bIM JIIO,n;HM oKpyrH, Hym,n;a
KOTOp:bIX, He CHIIMaH C HHX BIIH:bI, MorJIa 6:bI ee YMeHLmHTL». IIo
rroma,n;HM II nOB03KaM, HCnOJIL30Ba I HH:bIM B aTOM noxo,n;e, MomBO
6:bIJIO on03HaTL 3amHTOlIHLIX KpeCTLHH H ,n;ame MeJIKHX 3eMJIe,n;eJlL-
eB, KOTOp:bIX Ha3:bIBaJIH «harquoliers» (HeKOTOp:bIe 113 HHX BJIa,n;e-
JIll 3eMJIeH) .
OHII 3a6paJIH Bcero 20 MIOH * II OCTaBHJIII B KalIeCTBe nJIa T:bI'
TOJILRO 700 JIHBpOB. B B:bICTynJIeHHH YlIaCTBOBaJIO npHMepHo 200
qeJIOBeK. E:bIJIII OII03HaH:bI MHorHe mHTeJIII coce,n;HIIX ,n:epeBeHL.
OT,n;aH 6:bIJI npHKa3 06 apeCTe o,n;Horo CTOJIHpa no <paMIIJIHH l\anOJIb
II ero coy-qaCTHHKOB, JIIO,n;eii pa3H:bIX CKpOMH:bIX npo<peccHii: CJlyry t
CTopoma Ha MeJILHH e, CJIeCapH, napHKMaxepa, KaMeHID;HKa 1.
MHTem ,n;OKaTHJICH ,n;o EepCaJIH 2 MaH. Y me C nOHe,n;eJILHHKa,.
1 MaH, KaK co06IIJ;aeT MeTpa, HalIaJIHCL BOJIHeHHH, pa3mHraeM:bIe
meHIIJ;IIHaMII. Bo BTOpHHK CTaJIH CTeKaTLCH mHTeJIII H3 coce,n;HHX
CeJIeHHii, a HMeHHO 113 IIIOTO, CapTpynlIJIH, EymHBaJIH, KappLepa;
OHII npHcoe,n;HHHJIIICL K mHTeJIHM BepCaJIH. BHalIaJIe 3,n;eCL Tome-
6:bIJIH IIOIILI''DKB; TaKCa II.H (MYRa no 20 lIJIII 24 iCy 3a 6yacco), 'CMe-
HHBmHeCH 06:bIKHOBeHHbIM rpa6emoM TO Ha CKJIa,n;ax MYKII (B ITya-
JIe- Pya), TO B 6YJIOlIHbIX, a TO 1I npHMO Ha ,n;oporax, r,n:e TOJIIIa Ha-
na,n;aJIa Ha nOB03KII C npo,n;OBOJILCTBHeM.
COrJIaCHO nepBoii BepCHH xo,n;a C06:bITHii, nplIHHTOH npem,n;&
Bcero MeTpa, TOJIna npH6JIH3IIJIaCL H ,n;BOP y; I<OpOJIL XOTeJl rOBO-
pIITL, HO ero nOlITH He CJIymaJIH; Tor,n;a, lIT06:bI ycnoKOIIT:b JIID,n;ei1:,.
HOpOJIL npHRa3aJI CHH3HTL eH:bI Ha xJIe6 H BeJIeJI 6YJIOlIHHI{aM npo-
,n;alBaT:b ero no 2 cy 3a <PYHT 2.
* MIOII - Mepa CLIllyqllX TeJI, paBHaH 12 ceTLe, 113111 1440 «pyHTaM.-
II pUM. pea.
t Joly de Fleury, 1159, fO 125 et suiv.
2 CM.: Met r a. Ope cit., 3 mai 1775. B TaKOM me }J;yxe COCTaBJIeH()
MHHMoe IIHCLMO Ha BepCaJIH, npIIBO,IJ;HMOe B «Relation historique»
(p. 235): «Ero BeJIlIlIeCTBO 6bIJI CTOJIL OrOplIeH MHTemOM, cerO}J;BH npo-
Hcmep;mHM, lITO He Mor 06ep;aTL. OH TOTqaC me pacnOpHp;IIJICH, lITo6L1
xJIe6 npO}J;aBaJIII no 2 cy 3a «PYHT». COrJIaCHO mOpmeJIIO, BO p;BOpl'(e n;apu-
JIa llaHHRa, BORcKa (10 TLIC. qeJIOBeK) He OKaaaJID HHKaKoro corrpOTHBJIe-
HHH, H KanllTaH rBapp;1I11 npep;JIOiRIIJI TaHHO 6eiRaTL B IDyaaH HJIH <l>OH-
TeH6JIo, C TeM lIT06LI c06paTL TaM BOHCKa (t. I, p. 424). Ho 9TOT aBTOp H&
SaCJIYiRHBaeT }J;oBepHH.
rJ1ABA III. nOCJ1El{OBATEJ1bHbIR XOl{ COBbITHR
271
--
O uaKO 9Ta BepCHH OnpOBepraeTCH nau60JIee OCTOBepHbIM
IICTOQUHKOM HH4>opMa HH, KaKHM MbI paCnOJIaraeM: nHC:bMaMIJ
caMOrO KOpOJIH, a,n;peCOBaHHbIMII TlOpro. -
Tropro nOK'HHYJI BepCaJIL B CtBH,3H co CJIyxaMH OTHOCIITeJILIIO
B03MO»\HOCTH 6eCnOpH,n;KOB B IIapllme 1. 113 IIapHma TlOpro nOCJIaJI
tIepBOe nHC:bMO HOpOJIIO, TeKCTOM KOTOporo MLI He paCIIOJIaraeM, HO,
()QeBH HO, OHO co,n;epmaJIO OTlIeT 0 IIpHHHTLIX Mepax 6e30naCHOCTH.
OTBelIaH eMY B 11 lIaCOB YTpa, JIIO OBHK XVI CTaBIIT ero B H3-
eeCTHOCT:b OTHOCHTeJI:bHO nepBbIX C06bITHH 8Toro ,n;HH:
«BepcaJIL aTaKOBaH, II 8TO Te me JIIO,n;H H3 CeH-iRepMeHa; 11
aOCOBeTYIOC:b C MapmaJIOM IO MroH H C r-HOM 'A<p<PPH, lIT06bI
pemHT:b, lITO M:bI npe,n;rrpHMeM; B:bI MomeTe paCClIHTbIBaTL na MOIO
TBep,I{OCT:b. II TOJI:bKO lITO npHKa3aJI rBap,n;HH HanpaBHT:bCH K PbIHKY.
11 OqeH:b OBOJIeH TeMH MepaMH npeJJ;ocTopomHocTH, KOTopbIe BbI
npUHHJIH ,n;JIH IIapHma...» ,
Cy,n;H no nHC:bMY, Tropro yme y6e,n;HJI KOpOJIH B npaBHJI:bHOCTH
CBoero MHeHHH, lITO MHTemH opraHH30BaHbI. B:bIJIH ame IIpe,n;y-
cMOTpeH:bI apeCT:bI. I\opOJI:b IIHCaJI: «8TH JIro,n;lI, 0 KOTOp:bIX B:bI MHe
OBOpHJIH... IHO, Kor,n;a ,HX CXJBaTHT, rJIaB'HOe - tHHKaKOH CrremKII II
XOpOmeH:bKO pa306paT:bCH».
B ,n;Ba lIaca IIOnOJIy,n;HH HOpOJI:b IIIImeT BTopoe IIHC:bMO. OH Co-
()6m;aeT 0 pa3JIH"IIHbIX BOeHH:bIX pacnopHmeHHHx B OTHomeHHH
napHma II n06epem:bH CeHLI ,n;JIH 06eCnelIeHHH 6e30naCHOCTII cHa6-
eHHH 2. I\oHelIHO, OIIaCaJInC:b npO YMaHHoro IIJIaHa B:bI3BaT:b rOJIo,I{
B IIapHme. Ho, CYJJ:H IIO 8TOMY BCTynJIeHHIO, B oKpymeHHH KOpOJIH
He 6:bIJIO oco60ro BOJIHeHHH. aJIee OH IIHmeT 0 nOJIOmeHHII B Bep-
caJIe :
«MLI COBepmeHHO cnoKoHHLI. MHTem nalIaJICH BeC:bMa 6ypHO;
130HCKa, Haxo,n;HBmHeCH Ha MeCTe, ero YCMHPHJIH». r-H ,n;e BOBO
.paccnpOCHJI MaHH<pecTaHToB. OHH C06paJIHC:b 60JIee lIeM 113 ,n;BaJJ;n;a-
'T1I CeJIeHIIH. Bce maJIOBaJIHC:b na He,n;OCTaTOI{ xJIe6a. «OHH IIOI{a3a-
JIH O'tJeH:b IIJIOXOH HtIMeHH:bIH xJIe6, KOTOpLIH, no HX CJIOBaM, HyrrIIJIH
no 2 cy, H maJIOBaJIHC:b, liTO 11M He XOTHT J);aBaT:b HHKaKoro ,n;py-
roro» .
«CaMaH 60JI:bmaH ,n;onym;eHHaH omu6Ra - tITO p:bIHOK He 6:bIJI
()TKp:bIT; ero OTKpLIJIH, H Bce IIOmJIO RaR no MaCJIY. IIoKyrraJIH H
npOAaBaJIH, l{aK 6y,n;TO HH"IIero He IIpOH30mJIO. IIoTOM OHn y,n;aJIH-
JIHCL... »
l{or,n;a KOpOJI:b nMCaJI 8TH CTpOKH, OH em;e He 3HaJI Tex 06CTOH-
TeJILCTB, ROTOp:bI III 06':bHCHHJIOC:b BOCCTaHOBJIeHHe CIIOROHCTBHH. Ero
IIpepBaJIH Ha 8TOM 3aluITHH, H 011 ,n;06aBHJI: «r -H ,n;e BOBO MelIH
-
1 Mopena TaKme Haxo,n;HJICH B IIapIIme, B03MomHo, no TeM me npH-
"IIIHaM (KaK rrOJIaraIOT MHorHe HCTOpHKH, He IIMeH ,n;pyrnx p;aHHhIx) ,
.a B03MomHO, n COBceM HHLIM.
2 « I1HTeH,IJ;aHT CKa3aJl MHe, 'tJ:TO He 6ecrrOKOIITCH 3a BepXHIOIO CePlY
'it MapHY, H60 STHM nYTeM MYKY He nO}J;B03HT; O,IJ;HaKO MLI HX oxpaHHeM»..
272
qACTb BTOPAR. «MyqHAR BOHHA
npepBaJl, 'IIT06LI C006Ir(HTh 0 rJlynoM mare, KOTOpLIii COBepmHJIH,
npe OCTaBHB HM xJle6 no 2 cy. OH y6em,n;eH, 'liTO cpe Hero nYTD
BeT: JlH60 OCTaBHTL xJIe6 no 2 cy, JlH60 3aCTaBHTL HX mTLIKaMU
nOKynaTL xJIe6 no cYIr(ecTBYIO eii eHe».
113 8Toro TeKCTa BH HO, 'liTO JIIO OBHK XVI He TOJILKO Be B3HJ}
Ha ce6H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTL 3a 8TY Mepy [CHHiKeHHe eHLI xJIe6a], BOo
TOT1JaC iKe pemHTeJlLHO OCY HJI ee. JIerKo ora aTLCH, 'liTO TIOprO,.
Y3HaB 0 nepBLlx HH K eHTax, c eJlaJI KOpOJlIO Ha JIeiKaIr(ee BHyme-
HHe Ha 8TOT C1JeT.
3TH nHCLMa, no HameMY MHeHHIO, CBH,n;eTeJlLCTBYIOT TaKiKe 0
TOM, "ITO MHTeiKHHKH He npH6J1HiKaJlHCL K BOP y HK O TaKCa HHy
COrJlaCHO nepBOHa1JaJILHOH BepCHH, HH n03,n;Hee, I{aK nOJIaraJJJ
meJIJI:b 1, H 'liTO KOpOJIL He epiKaJI HHKaKHX pe1Jei1:.
qTO KacaeTCH BHHOBHHKa «npOMaxa», TO HM 6LIJI, COrJlaCHO
t3epH, caM KanHTaH rBap HH BOBO JlH60, COrJIaCHO MopeJlJle H Mopo,.
MOJIo,n;oii ry6epHaTOp BepCaJIH KHH3L e IIya 2. RTO 6LI HH 6LIJI
3a 8TO oTBeTcTBeH, 8Ta omH6Ka HMeJIa cepLe3HLIe nOCJIe,n;cTBHH, TaK
KaK C Tex nop HHH HaTopLI 6ecnopH KOB, IIcKpeHHe HJIH HeT, CCLI-
JlaJlHCL Ha pemeHHe KOpOJIH.
B TOT iKe eHL, 2 MaH, npOH30mJlH HH H eHTLI pa3Horo 3Ha1Je-
HHH B IIyaccH (npHHY HTeJlhHaH TaKca HH Y MeJILHHKa Cyapa),.
y MeJlLHHKa B POMopaHTeHe (B eCHTKe KHJIOMeTpOB OT BepCaJlH),.
B BYJlOHH Y neKapeii (6e3 yrpo3 II HaCHJlHH, no CJlOBaM 3a,n;epiRaH-
HLIX JlH ), B 3nHHa, Ha ,n;opore. YnoMHHaIOTcH aiKe HH HBH yaJlL-
HLle BLlcTynJIeHHH: OT eJILHLIe JlHn;a npHXO HJIH B 6YJIOllHLIe K Tpe-
60BaJIH xJIe6a no 2 cy 3a <PYHT, «KaK 8TO eJlaeTCH B BepcaJle». Bo
Bcex 8THX cJlY'llaHx BOiKaKH - KJIH HeKOTopLIe K3 HHX - 6DIJIH apec-
TOBaH I II onpomeHDI; OHH 3aBepHJIII, 1JTO HMeJIH o6pLIe HaMe-
peHHH. He 6LIJlO pe1JK 0 KaKHX-JIH6o TaHHCTBeHHLIX He3HaKOM aX,.
II HHKTO He 06HapYiKHJI HK MaJIeUmHX npH3HaKOB mHpOKoro aaro-
3 .
BQPa .
B TOT iKe eHh npOH30mJIK 6ecnopH KK B ApiKaHTee; OHK 3a-
CJIYiKHBaIOT oco6oro ynoMHHaHHH 'no BYM npH1JHHaM. C O,n;HOU
CTOpOHLI, 3 eCL MDI HMeeM eJlo C HOBLIM npHMepOM COrJlameHHB
1 «3TO 3HalIHJIO onpaB,u;aTL MHTem. OH ,u;OCTHr ,u;Bopl'(a, r,u;e JIro,u;OBHK
XVI 6e3ycnewHo nLITaJICH o6paTuTLcH C pellLro K TOJIne»,. (S C hell e,
t. IV, p. 47.)
2 «OH OCy,u;HJI, - nHmeT Bepu, - JIerROMLICJIeHHOe pacnOp1liReHOO, RO-
Topoe 113 CTpaxa nepe,u; 6YHTOM OT}J;aJI RaUHTaH ero rBap u...» (op. cit.,
p. 289). «KHH3L ,u;e TIya, CLIH MapmaJIa ,u;e Mymu; 6LIBmero rpa a ,u;e
Hoaii, ,u;YMaJI nocTynBTL HaUJIflImHM o6pasoM B RalIeCTBe ry6epHa Topa
BepCaJIH, upHKa3aB...» (TIUCLMo MopeJIJIe JIOp meJI6epBY OT 17 MaH.
M 0 r e 11 e t. Ope cit., p. 72.)
3 CM.: R u de. La Taxation populaire de mai 1775 it Paris et dans la
regiron parisienne. - "Annales historiques de la Revolution fran aise", 1956
t. XXVIII, p. 149-150.
rJ1ABA III. nOCJ1El{OBATEJIbHbll1 XOp, COBblTHlI
273
-
1\feil\P;Y BJiaCTHMII II HaCeJleHHeM; c P;PyroH CTOpOHLI, MDI 06HapymH-
BaeM ep;HHCTBeHHLIH, no HarnHM CBep;eHHHM, CJlY'IIaH npBMeneHHH
aapH Y C TaKca HeH HOpMHpOBaHHOH BDIAa'llB xJle6a no TaJlOnaM.
9TO BCTOpH1JeCKHH npe ep;eHT BBep;eHBH npOAOBOJlLCTBeHHDIX Kap-
1
TOqeK... ·
8TB BH Bp;eHTDI oTpameHLI B P;BYX AOKJlap;ax, OP;HH - npOI{YpO-
pa HaJlOrOBOro Be,n;OMCTBa, P;PyroH - 6aJlLH ApmaHTeH r-Ha p;e ma-
DeHa. ,n:eJlo KacaeTCH MYKH, a He 3epHa. Hapo,n; meJlaJi nOKynaTL
STY MYKY no 30 cy sa 6yacco. BJlaCTB no,n;rOTOBBJlH COrJlameHBe,
UpBHHToe ToprOB aMH, 0 npop;amHoH eHe 45 H 40 cy sa 6yacco,
8 3aBIICHMOCTB OT Toro, 6LIJIa JIB MYKa 6eJlaH BJiH cepaH. M,n;H p;a-
Jlee no nYTH BMnpOBB3HpOBaHHOH opraHlIsa BB, MarHCTpaTLI pemH-
JIB t>rpaHBlIBTL npop;amy TpeMH 6yacco Ha 'IIeJlOBeKa, B npBTOl\f npo-
aBaTL caMLIM 6ep;HLIM. ,n:JlH STOH eJlB OHB paCnOpHp;IIJlBCL BLlp;aTL
KapTOlIKH.
3 MaH MHTeiKHBKII HaKOHen; AOCTBrJlII IIapBma, npeABapBTeJlL-
HO JlI06e3HO C006m;BB 0 CBoeM npep;CTOHIr(eM npH6LITBH.
« Y p;HBBTeJlLHO, HeBepOHTHO, - 'IIHTaeM MLI B «McTOpHtIeCKHX
3anHCKax», - 'liTO rpa6BTeJlH, nocJle Toro KaK OHB B YCTanOBJleH-
HLIH HMB: p;eHL nOp;HHJlB HapOA B IIoHTya3e II T. p;., yKa3aJIH TaM,
8 RaKOH AeHL OHB HBHTCH B IIapliliR, H cp;epmaJiB CJIOBO. XOTH
BJIaCTB nOJlyq:HJIH npe,n;ynpem,n;eHBe H XOTH OHH p;aJlH COOTBeTCTByIO-
II(Be pacnopHiKeHHH... MHTeiRHHKB npOHHKJlB 'IIepe3 pa3JIH'IIHLIe
BopOTa B ropo}J;, He BMeH HBKaKoro 0PYiKBH, KpOMe naJlOR, n nOlITH
COBepmeHHO cnOROHHO Orpa6BJlH Bce 6YJlOllHLIe» 2.
B HO'llL C nOHe,n;eJILHHKa Ha BTOpHBK TIOpro COBeIr(aJiCH C JleH-
TeHaHTOM nOJlB H JIeHYapOM, a BO BTOpHBK YTPOM C MapmaJIOM
Ae BBPOHOM, nOJIKOBHHKOM <ppaHD;Y3CI{OH rBapp;HH.
B HOlIL CO BTopHHKa Ha cpeAY OTpHP;LI KOpOJleBCKOH rBapp;HB
naTpYJlBpOBaJlB B p;epeBHHX, apeCTOBaJiB HeCKOJlLRBX 6pop;Hr II,
EaK nepep;aBamr, Ha6JIIOAaJlH 3a nepe,n;BBiKeHBHMB KpeCTLHH. OHB
oTnpaBHJlB B BaCTBJlHIO «HeCKOJILKO 'IIeJIOBeK BS HH3mero RJIaCca»
(MeTpa) .
COBeIr(aHHH B nop;rOTOBBTeJlLHDIe MepLI (KOTOpLIM pa,n;oBaJICH
KOPOJlL) OKaaaJlBCL MaJlOs<p<peKTHBHLIMB.
CpeAa 6LIJIa 6a3apHLIM p;HeM, B c aTBM p;HeM COBnaJlO nOBLIme-
HBe eHLI Ha xJle6 C 13,5 cy p;o 14 cy sa 4 <PYHTa. TeM caMLIM eHa
AOCTHrJla MaKCBMYMa P;JlH SToro nepBop;a.
1 IT pOHcmeCTBHe B ApmaHTee, BH}J;HMO, Y ROJIL3HYJIO OT BHHMaHHH HC-
CJIe}J;OBaTeJIei 3Toro Bonpoca. 3TO, BepOHTHO, 06'LHCHHeTCH TeM, lITO He 6DIJIO
OH3Be}J;eHO apeCTOB H He 6LIJIO npOTOKOJIOB yrOJIOBHOrO paCCJIe}J;OBaHHH.
3-3a OTCYTCTBHH TaKHX OKYMeHTOB 06 9TOM C06LITHH YSHamt JIllmL HI
ORJIa}J;ell, HaXO H HXCH II <poH}J;e iKOJlB e <I>JIepH (M 3 H 4 aa 1775 r.).
«Relation historique». p. 233.
18 s. .0'
:.274
QACTb BTOPAH. MYQHAR BORHA
Co06 eHBH XpOHIiICTOB, MeTpa, Ap H, «MCTOpHlIeCKHX 3anH-
.-COK» II 3anHCH B HeBHHKe BepH HBHO COBna aroT B TOM, liTO Kaca-
,eTCH cy ecTBa eJIa.
HOllLIO HJIH Ha paCCBeTe npHIIIJILIe JIro,D;H np06paJIHCL B ropo)];
'Qepe3 BopOTa CeH-MapTeH, ROH<pepaHC H BOiKHpap (Ap H). OHH
Ine 6LIJIH e,n;HHCTBeHHLIMIiI BHHOBHHKaMIiI 6ecnopH KOB, HO pa33a,n;0-
tPHJIH ropo,n;CKYro lIepHL. COrJIaCHO MeTpa, 6YHT npHBJIeK K ceGe
'TOJIbKO rpY311HKOB iii PyrHx JIro eH H3 HH30B. « PeMeCJIeHHIiIKIiI,
ROTopLIe KaK pa3 H COCTaBJIHIOT Hapo,n;, COXpaHHJIH nOJIHOe cnOKOH-
.CTBHe». BepH TaKme YKa3LIBaeT Ha TO, lITO Hapo,n; He npHHHMaJI B
3TOM yqacTHH: «MHoro JIro,n;eH c06paJIOCL H3 JIro60nLITcTBa, OHIiI BOC-
I{[OJIb30BaJIHCb XJIe60M, BLITa eHHLIM H3 0YJIOllHLIX». JIro60nLITcTBO
.T-J;aBaJIO ce6H 3HaTb BO BceM: «!\aiK,n;LIH iKHTeJIL 3anHpaJI CBOIiI ,n;Be-
pM, no OKHa OCTaBJIHJI OTKpLITLIMIiI H YCTpaHBaJICH Ha no,n;OKOHHIIRe,
"ilT06LI Ha6JIro,n;aTb 3a MHTemOM, no 06HO TOMY KaK Ha6JIro,n;a1OT 3a
XO;n;OM npOn;eccIIH».
Ho liTO jl{e aTO 6LIJI 3a MHTeiI{?
rJIaBHOH 3a60TOH nOJIIIn;eicKHX BJIaCTeH 6MJIO YKpenlilTb KPM-
TLIH pLIHOR (BeplI). OH 6LIJI oKpymeH rpeHa;n;epaMH H3 <ppann;Y3-
'CHOM iii lliBeHn;apCKOH rBap,n;IIH H ROpOJleBCRMMH KOHHLIMM ;n;pary-
HaMil (MeTpa). tIepHb, KOTopaH 3a;n;YMaJIa pa3rpa6HTb I{PLITLIH
,PLIHOK II BcnopOTb Bee MeIIIKH C MYROH, lIe CMOrJIa aToro C;n;eJIaTb II
OTRa3aJIaCb OT CBoero HaMepeHHH (Ap,n;M). Tor,n;a TOJIna HanpaBH-
JIaCL K pLIHKaM II K 6YJIOlIHbIM.
PaccRa3 Ap,n;H KaK 6LI YKa3:bIBaeT Ha H3BecTHYro nOCJIe,n;oBaTeJIb-
BOCTb eicTBHH, no npOTOKOJILI KOMHccapoB cy,n;a B IIlaTJIe CBH;n;e-
TeJIbCTByroT 0 TOM, lITO Bce npOHcxo,n;HJIO o,n;HOBpeMeHHO, B 6ecno-
{>H,n;Ke H He 6LIJIO iIepe,n;BHiKeHIIH He60JIbIIIHX 6aH,n;, opy,n;OBaBIIIHX
no 3apaHee HaMelIeHHOMY ITJIaHY.
BOJIbIIIIiIHCTBO HHD;II;n;eHTOB npOHcxo,n;HJIO B 6YJIOlIHLIX. HIiIKaKHX
Mep npe,n;OCTopomHOCTH B 3TOM OTHomeHIiIH He 6LIJIO npHHHTO.
HeCOMHeHHO, O;n;naRO, lITO eCJIII BJIaCTH HlIlIero He npe,n;BIiI;n;eJIH,
TO BJIa;n;eJIbD;LI 6YJIOtJ:HLIX npe;n;BII;n;eJIH B03MO*\HOCTb KaKHX-TO C06LI-
TIlM 1. MHorHe 6YJIOtJ:IIHHH ymJIH H3 JIaBOK, npe,n;BapHTeJIbHO pa3Mec-
TIIB CBOH xJIe6 B coce,n;HHX ,n;OMax. 8TH HMnpOBH3HpOBaHHLIe 6YJIO'tl-
fiLIe 6LIJIH pa3rpa6JIeIILI (Ap;n;lI, «MCTOpH'tIeCKMe 3anHCKH»). ECJIH
BaCTaBaJIH 6YJIO'tlHLIe 3arrepTLIMM, ;n;BepH B3JIaMLIBaJIH C IIOMOIJJ;bIO
naJIOR, meCTOB H ;n;ame meJIe3HLIX JIOl\IOB (Ap,n;H). JIy'tIIIIYIO YJIOB-
HY npH;n;YMaJI 6YJIO'tlHHK, I{OTOPLIH, nepenpaBHB CBOH TOBap, BLIBeCHJI
06'bHBJIeHHe: «JIaBRa C;n;aeTCH BHaeM» (<MCTOpHlIeCKHe 3anHCRH»).
OH y6epercH OT rpa6ema. ,[(pyroH BLI6pOCHJI H3 OHHa BToporo aTa-
f COrJIaCHO «Relation historique», nOJIHD;HH peKoMeHp;OBaJIa 6YJIOtIHHKaM
npop;aBaTh CTOJIhKO xJIe6a, CKOJIbKO Y HHX nOTpe6YIOT, no TOR D;eHe, KaKYro
npep;JIOiRaT, C TeM tITO BIIOCJIep;CTBHH nx y6LITKH 6YP;YT B03Mem;eHLI. COMBH"
TeJIhHO, tITo6LI p;aBaJIHCb TaKHe cOBeTLI, pa3Be 'tJTO OHH 6L1JIH nJIo,n;oM 6e3Aap-
80CTH HJlH 3JIOR BOJIH JIeuyapa.
rJIABA III. nOCJ1ElI.OBATEJ1bllbIPl X0lI. COBbITH1t
275,
-
a\a CBOH XJIC6, lIT06LI B JIaBKe He B3JIOMaJIH ,n;BepL (mann, Ha YJIH-
ne Boperap).
B napHmCKOM MHTeme TPy,n;HO OT,n;eJIHTb O,n;HY OT ,n;pyroH ,n;B '
ero lIepTLI: rpa6em II TaKcaD;HIO. IIepBaJI H3 BHX, KameTCH, 6LIJIa,
60Jlee 3HallIITeJlLHOH. IIo-BH,n;HMoMY, npH Ram,n;oH orrepan;HH, IIO
KpaHHeH Mepe B 60JILmHHCTBe CJI aeB, BallHBaJIH C Toro, 1JTO'
upe,n;JlaraJIH 3anJIaTHTb, eCJIH 6LIJIO C ReM pa3rOBapHBaTb. Ho npH
TOM 6eCIIopH,n;Ke, ROTOpLIH B03HHRaJI IIpH no,n;o6Horo po,n;a HHD;H-
Ae,HfT,ax, 60JIbmHH'CTBO YllaCTH1IJRO iOO'lIe3aJIH, HHtJ:ero IHe 3aIIJIaTIIB 1 .
HarpY3HBmHCb XJIe6aMH, MHTemHHRH JIH60 nepe,n;aBaJIH, JIH60 nepe-
upo,n;aBaJIH HX ,n;pyr ,n;pyry (MeTpa).
THIIHlIHaJI cxeMa ,n;eHCTBHH (6LIJIH, KOHellHO, pa3JIHlIHH no RBa p-
TaJIaM') MomeT 6LITL BOCCTaHOBJIeHa Ha OCHOBaHHH HaH60JIee nOJI-
Horo npOTOROJIa, COCTaBJIeHHOro KOMHccapOM POJIaHOM H3 RBapTaJIa-
CeH-BeHya 2.
COrJIaCHO 8TOMY npOTOKOJIY, CHallaJIa IIOHBJIHJIaCL He60JIbmaa
rpYIIIIa. BOJIee HJIH MeHee MHOrOllHCJIeHHaH TOJIIIa m,n;aJIa nepeA
JIaBKOH. Y,n;apHaJI rpynIIa Y3HaBaJIa, RaKoe HMeeTCH KOJIHlIeCTBO'
xJIe6a, 3a6HpaJIa Bce, lITO HaxO}J;HJIa, - BKJIlOlIaH H KOpKH xJIe6a,
YTOlIHHJIH nOCTpa,n;aBmHe, - H BLI6paCLIBaJIa xJIe6 TeM, KTO CTOHJIi
cHapymH. MaHH<peCTaHTLI npe,n;ynpem,n;aJIH, lITO OHH e e BepHYTCH,
II 06LIlIHO ,n;eHCTBHTeJIbHO B03Bpam;aJIHCL, lITO 06'LHCHHeTCH, nO-BH-
AHMOMY, TeM, lITO OHH paCClIHTLIBaJIH Ha HOBYIO BLInellKY, HO, HaR
npaBHJIO, OHH yme 60JIbme BHtJ:ero He Haxo,n;HJIH B neRapHe.
IIoxome, lITO o,n;Ha H Ta me y,n;apHaH rpYIIna 3axo,n;IIJIa BO MHO-
rHe JIaBHH, HO He BO Bce B O,n;HOM H TOM me RBapTaJIe. B 60JIbm1IH-
CTBe CJIytJ:aeB ytJ:aCTHIIRH 9KcIIe,n;IID;HH IIpHHOCHJIH C C060H <PapTYKH,
HJIH ,n;ame RomaHLIe nepe,n;HHRH, HJIH ROJIIIaRH JlH60 HMeJIH npH ce6e-
MemRH. HeRoTopLIe 6LIJIH BoopymeHLI naJIHaMH; O,n;HH H3 HHX OCTa-
BHJI Ha MeCTe «naJIKY TOJIm;HHOH 3 ,n;IOHMa, ,n;JIHHOH 6 <PYTOB, C ,n;epe-
BHHHLIM RpIOKOM Ha I{OHn;e». B O,n;HOM CJIYllae c006m;aeTcH 0 Torro-
pax.
Koe-KTo H3 IIOCTpa,n;aBmHX HMeJI npHMepHoe npe,n;CTaBJIeHliIe
o npo<pe'ccHH CBOHX BH3HTepOB, eCJIH Cy,n;HTb no HX HapymHoCTH..
B HeKOTopMX CJIytJ:aHX OHH IIOXO,n;HJIH IIpOCTO Ha «6po,n;Hr» (2 no-
1 B}J;oBa CIOHp, 6ypOqHHn;a, YJIHn;a BaH}J;lOpLe. Y Hee Sa6paJIH 200 XJIe-
60B no 4 cPYHTa, H3 HHX OnJIaTHJIH JIHmL HeMHorHe no 8 cy 3a xJIe6 B 4 cPYH-
Ta. Y 6YJIOQHIIKa JIapoma Ha YJIHn;e 31' Ap6p CeK xJIe6 6LIJI YHeceH 6e3 OIIJIaTLI.
y MOHaXHHL a66aTcTBa CeH-BHKTOp 6LIJIH onYCTomeHLI TPH nOJIHLIX xJIe6-
HLIX neQH, a YIIJIaQeHO 12 JIHBpOB. B npep;MecTLHx CeH-JIopaB II CeH-MapTeH,
rp;e B BLlcTynJIeHIIHX YQaCTBOBaJIH pa60QHe 11 peMeCJIeHHHKH, HanpoTHB, IIpO-
H8BO,D;UJIaCL TaKCan;HlI; OHII CCLIJIaJIHCL Ha TBepp;ylO n;euy, YCTaHOBJIeuuyro..
B BepcaJIe. 28 6YJIOQHIIKOB, }J;onpomeHHLIX KOMHccapOM POJIaUOM 113 KBap-
Tana Ceu-BeHya, 3aHBHJIH, QTO 06m;HH y6LITOK COCTaBHJI 19 667 JIHBpOB
(B cpe}J;HeM 700 JIHBpOB Ha QeJIOBeKa, QTO npe}J;cTaBJIHeTCH 3aBLlmeHHLIM).
CM.: R u d e. Ope cit.
2 CM.: Archives N ationales. V. 12 791.
18*
276
QACTb BTOPAH. MYQHAH BOaHA»
Ra3aHBH), B ,n;pyrHx - Ha pa601IBX-rpY311BROB (3 IIOI{aaaHHH), Ha
pa601IHX-mJIHIIHHKOB (4 IIoKaaaHBH), Ha carrOiKHHI{OB H3 IIpe,D;MecTbH
(2 nORa3aHBH). qTO KacaeTCH IIOCJIe,n;HIlX, YKa3aHHH HMeIOT 60JIee
orrpe eJIeHHLIii xapaKTep. « OH IIOJIaraeT, lITO BH,n;eJI HX cpe H ca-
nOiKHHHOB npe MeCTbH», «IOH :bI B MaJIbllHillHB, ROTOpLIX ero mena
OIT03HaJIa,-aTO IIOJ];PY1IHbIe caIIOa\HBKOB H3 CeH-maH- e-JIaTpaH».
HaI\OHen;, B ,n;BYX CJIY1IaHX 6LIJIH OII03HaHLI JIIO H C YHa3aHHeM
..paMBJIBH H MeCTOiRBTeJIbCTBa 1.
ITpHBe,n;eHHaH HaMB cxeMa ,n;eHCTBHH MOrJIa 6bI npem,n;e Bcero
CJIYiKHTb nO TBepiI ,n;eHBeM BepCHliI 0 «maiiI ax rpa6HTeJIeH», nepe-
XO Hm:HX C MeCTa Ha MeCTO H YBJIeRaIO liIX 3a C060H TOJIIIY. Ho
TaROH BbIBO,n npe,n;CTaBJIHeTCH HaM neo60CHOBaHHLIM. Te, Roro MbI
Ha3BaJIH y,n;apHLIM OTpH,n;OM, HeCOMHeHHO, HBJIHJIHCb rpynIIoH pemII-
TeJIbHDlX 6YHTOB HKOB, «BomaKOB», HO, BHJ];HMO, OHB npHHa,n;JIema-
JIH K lIBCJIY mJITeJIeH I\BapTaJIa. BCHI oe BbICTYIIJIeHHe TaKOrO pop;a
npeJ];nOJIaraeT BMemaTeJILCTBO HHaMH1IHOrO MeHLmHHCTBa: aTO BO-
Bce He cBH,n;eTeJIbCTByeT 06 o6 eH CTpaTerHB H IIJIaHe. ECJIH Boma-
I\H XO HJIII H3 6YJI01lHOH B 6YJIO"tJHYIO HJIH B03Bpa aJIHCb Ty,n;a, rp;e
n06LIBaJIB, TO TOJIbI\O IIOTOMY, lITO B Kam,n;OM OT,n;eJIbHOM CJIy-qae OHIl
He HaXO BJIH ,n;OCTa TO"tJHoro I{OJIH"tJeCTBa xJIe6a, lIT06LI Ha eJIHTL
Bcex xo,n;BBmHX 3a HliIMH JIIO ,n;eu.
qTO me TeM BpeMeHe'M eJIaJIa ,cJIym6a 06m;ecTBeIH'HoDO no-
pa,n;Ra?
OTO ca'MaH npHMelIaTenLIIaH CTopOHa Bcero ,n;eJIa.
ITo 9TOMY Bonpocy, HeCMOTpH Ha HeKOTopLIe OTJIH1IliIH, coo6 e-
HHH T aKiKe COBIIa,n;aIOT.
CHJI:&I IIopH]J;Ha JIH60 He HMeJIH HHCTPYI{ HH, JIH60 nOJIyqlilJIH
YKa3aHHH ,n;epmaTLcH MHrI{O H B:bIiKH,n;aTb.
B «MCTOpBqecItIIx 3aIIHCRaX» rOBopHTCH: «Em;e He 3HaJIliI, I{ "tJe-
MY MorYT npHBeCTH 6eCIIopH,n;KB, II OIIaCaJIHCL YCBJIHTb HX lIpe3-
MepHOH cTporOCTblO». TOT me XpOHHCT YIIoMIIHaeT 0 TOM, lITO BH,n;e-
JIB, RaH areHTLI IIOJIHn;HH caMH aaCTaBJIHJIH 6YJIO"tJHHKOB OTRpLIBaTb
J];BepH H pa3,n;aBaTb xJIe6 6YHTOBm;HKaM.
8mo MomeT, Ha rrepBLIH B3rJIH , IIOKa3aTbCH IIO TBepiK,n;eHHeM
BepCIiIH 0 6eCIIOMOm;HOCTH BJIH Ca60TaiRe co CTOpOHLI Ha"tJaJIbHliIKa
nOJIHD;HB. Ho He CJIe,n;yeT aa6:&IBaTL, "ITO B Te BpeMeHa CJIYiK6a
nopH Ka 06:&IlIHO He aTaHOBaJIa 6YHTOBm;liII\OB C «PPOHTa. QTo6bI
BMemaTLCH, BbImH,n;aJIB, Kor,n;a MHTeiR HaqHeT BLI,n;LIxaTbCH. TeM
BpeMeHeM IDIIliIKH BLICMaTpHBaJIB B TOJIIIe BOiKaROB, lIT06LI II03 Hee
ax apeCToBaTL.
8TH YJIOBKB BJIaCTeH oco6eHHO 3aMeTHLI B xo,n;e BOJIHeHHH B ,n;e-
peBHHx H B IIpOBHH HH.
1 BYJI01JHHK KY3ea On03HaJI nO}J;MacTephe nepenJIeT1JIIKa, no .paMHJIHB
J]:lOpaH, 11 }J;pyroro nO,rJ;MaCTephe CJIeCapH, no .paMHJIHH Ma.pep. O}J;HaKO 3TH
HMeHa He SBa1JaTCH B «CnUCKe JIHD;, cO}J;epmam;HXCH B TIOphMaX» (CM. AaJlee.
c. 280, npllM. 1).
lfJIABA III. nOCJ1El{OBATEJ1bHblP1 XOp, COBblTH1r
277
B IIapume TaRaH TaKTHKa, HeCOMHeHHO, rrpOTHBOpellHJIa HH-
..CTPYKD;HHM npaBIITeJlbCTBa, HO ee MomBO CHopee 06'bfICHHTL CHJIOH
'PYTHHbI, lIeM SJIOH BOJIe .
PaCCMOTpHJ.t! IIo6JIHme rrOJIOmeHHe ,n;eJI.
CHJILI, IIMeBmHeCH B paCIIopHmeHHH BJIaCTei, COCTOHJIH H3 CTpa-
'JI\Il (guet), 06bIlIH])IX BOHCI< H BOHCI KOpOJIeBCKOro ,n;Bopa.
CTpaiKa COCTOHJIa H3 MaJIOMOID;IlbIX rpyrrlI, 6e3 MOpaJIH H 6e3
-;£J;Hc:o;:n:nJIHHbI. Bo BpeMH npe,n;bI,n;YID;HX BOJIHeHHB 3aMelleHO 6bIJIO,
'"'ITO CTpaiKHHKH 6paTaJIHCb C MaHM.peCTaHTaMH. Bo BpeMH orrHCLI-
Bael\fLIX C06DITHIr OHII rrpOHBHJIH em;e MeHbme ycep,n;IIH, nOTOMY qTO
tHX He IIbITaJIHCL I 3TOMY rro6YiK,IJ;aTb. Bepll IIHmOT, 'tJTO lIaOJIIO,IJ;a-
.JIBCL CJIYllaH, Ror a rraTpYJIH rrpOXO,IJ;HJIH MHMO 6YJIOllHbIX B TO Bpe-
'MH, KaK HX rpa6HJIH, II He MemaJIII rpa6l1xeJIHM, XOTH Te 6bIJIH DO-
.opymeH:bI TOJIbKO lIaJIRaMH. B:bIBaJIO, lITO CTpamHHI\H H rraTpYJIII
-«)TKa3DIBaJIHCL' BeCTH B TIOPbMY 6YUTOBID;HKOB, KOTOpbIX MOJIO,IJ;bIO
II aRTHBHLIe MymReTepbI aarHaJIH B yrOJI. CTpamHHI{H rOBOpHJIH:
« Y Hac HeT npHKa3a HX apeCTOBLIBaTb» 1.
TOJILKO O)'J;HH cJIYllaii OTJIHqaeTCH OT ,n;pyrHx. B npeJJ;MecTbO
iJCeH-JIopaH BH,IJ;eJIH, RaK MJITemHHKH yrpOmaJIH 3a6pocaTL 6YJIblm-
HHKaMH naTpYJIL rrapHmCKOH maH,n;apMepuH B MOMeHT, KOr,IJ;a TOT
3apHmaJI pymLH (ApAH).
Pe3KO OTJIHlIaJIOCb nOBe,IJ;eHHe BoiCI\ KOpOJIeBCKOro ,n;Bopa -
IB ,n;aHHoM CJIyq:ae cepDIx H lIepHLIx MymKeTepOB 2 : OHH 6bIJIII MaJIO-
'-q:O:CJIeHHDI, HO ,n;eHCTBOBaJIH BeCLMa caMooTBepmeHHO.
BepH rrpHBo,n;HT HeCKOJILKO npHMepoB npHMeHeHHH CHJIbI Mym-
KeTepaMH. Mem,n;y TeM B «HCTOpHlIeCKHX 3aIIHCKax» OTMe-qaeTCH:
#«MymKeTepbI BeCeJIO 60JITaJIH C 8THMH JIIO,IJ;bMH (MHTemHHKaMH),
H HeROTOp:ble H3 HHX, HaH60JIee COqYBCTByro He, 6pOCaJIH HM ,n;eHb-
'rH, lIT06:bI OHH MOrJIII 3arrJIaTHTL sa YHeceHHbIH xJIe6». Bce 3TO Mor-
no npoHcxo,n;HTL TOJIbKO npH OTCYTCTBHH orrpe,IJ;eJIeHHMX HHCTPYK-
D;HH H B aTMoccpepe 06 eH HeYBepeHHocTH.
TOJILRO K ceMH lIacaM Bellepa KOHHble MymKeTepbI rrpHHHJIHCb
'pasroHHTL TOJIny, Tor,n;a em;e OqeHL MHOrOllHCJIeHHYlo (Ap,IJ;H).
qTO RacaeTCH BOBCR, KOTopble CTOHJIH 60JIbmerO, lIeM 6eCIIOMOm;-
ELle cTpamHHKH (MymKeTepbI me 6bIJIH Ha,n;eiRHee H Tex H ,IJ;pyrHX),
-TO 6e3,n;eiicTBHe 8THX lIaCTeH B ,IJ;aHHOM CJIYllae 06'bHCHHeTCH rr03Il-
1J;HeH HX ROMaH,IJ;lIpOB, a 3TO CTaBHT np06JIeMY, yme cBH3aHHYro C
nOJIHTHKOH.
«Ha ,n;pyroii ,IJ;eHb, - OTMellaeT BepH,-cepmaHTbI cppaHD;Y3CKOH
'rnap,n;HH IIOCMeHBaJIHCb, BcnoMHHaH, KaK OHII ce6H BeJIH HanaHyne...
Be3,n;eHCTBHe HX nOJIROBHHKa MapmaJIa ,IJ;e BHpOHa - BOT OCHOBlIafI
'nplllIHHa ,n;JIHTeJILHOCTH MHTema».
-1 V e r i. Op cit., p. 290.
:2 JIerRaH KaBaJIepHH H maH}J;apMLI HaXO}J;HJIHCL B MeAoHe. [HasBauHe
«cepLIe» 11 «qepBLIe» MYmReTepLI Be)J;eT CBoe JIpOHCXOm eHHe OT MaCTII HK
..JIomaAei. - IlpuM. peo.1
278
qACTb BTOPAR. «MyqHAR BOHRA
Bepll co06 aeT HaM 06 06CTOHTeJlbCTBax 8Toi 6e3,n;eHTeJILHOCTH'
MapmaJIa ,n;e Bllpona. B 9 'IIaCOB YTpa Moperra rrOCOBeTOBaJI eMY
OTRa3aTLCH OT Ha3Ha eHHOH Ha 8TOT ,n;eHL epeMOHIIII OCBH eHHH
3HaMeH. «CHa'llaJIa OH He XOTeJI II TOJIbRO rr03,n;Hee pemlIJI rrOCJIaTb
3Ha'llllTeJILHLIe OTpH,n;bI... no Bce e e He ,n;aBaJI 11M Heo6xo,n;IIMbIX
npHI\a3aHHH 11 OrpaHH'IIHJICH JIHIDb rrpHRa30M He ,n;orrYCRaTL.
y6I1HCTB».
BepH yrrpeRaeT Moperra B He,n;OCTaTRe 8HeprHII B aTOM ,n;eJIe H,
6bITb MOiKeT, B RaRHX-TO 3aTae\HHLIX MLI'CJIHX. KaK MOor rJIaBlllbIH
MHHHCTp ROpOJIH rrpH TaKHX 06CTOHTeJIbCTBaX OrpaHH'IIHTbCH rrpo-
CTLIM COBeTOM? IIpaB,n;a, 8TO rrpOHcxo,n;HJIO B TO BpeMH, Kor,n;a cepL-
e3HOCTL cHTyan;HH e e 6bIJIa HeHCHa. Ho rrOTOM? IIpHBO,n;HMLIH
BepH ,D;naJIor MeiK,n;y HHM H Moperra ,n;aeT B03MOiKHOCTL rrOHHTb
pa3BHTHe C06LITHH B TOT ,n;eHL.
«- BaM Ha,n;JIeiKaJIO c,n;eJIaTL pacrropHiKeHHH OT HMeHH ROpOJIH,
B3HTL Ha ce6H PYROBO,n;CTBO orrepan;Heii, rrpHRa3aTL ,n;OJIOmHTL BaM
o pa3Me eHHH BoicR, BbI3BaTL R ce6e HX ROMan,n;HpOB...
- Ho ROpOJIb naIIHCaJI r-HY TlOpro, - OTBeTHJI Moperra. -
r - H TlOpro OTIIpaBHJICH, 'IIT06LI rrOJIY'IIHTb ero YI\a3aHltJH, H MLI iK,n;a-
JIH C MHHYTLI Ha MIIHYTY C006 eHHJI 0 HIIX. Kor,n;a OH B03BpaTHJICJI
B rrOJI,n;eHb, H OTrrpaBHJICJI R HeMY, 'IITo6bI rrOCOBe aTLCJI, HO OH caM
BceM OT,n;aBaJI rrpHRa3aHHH, H JI y,n;aJIHJICJI.
- Xopomo, cy,n;apb, - OTBeTHJI BepH, - B03MOiKHO, OH BO Bpe
ce6e CTaJI rJIaBHbIM ,n;eHCTBYIO HM JIHn;OM, no Be,n;L HM Ha,n;JIeiKaJIO
6LITb HMeHHO BaM».
8Ta He6perRHOCTL Moperra, HeCOMHeHHO, OTpamaeT CJIOiKHLI&
'IIYBCTBa: p06o.CTb rrepe,n; peaRD;HeH napo,n;a, eMY MaJIO rrOHJITHOH;
meJIaHHe YRJIOHHTbCH OT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a ,n;eifCTBHH, CBH3aHHLIe
C IIpHMeHeHneM CHJILI; He,n;OBOJILCTBO TeM, 'liTO Tropro CYMeJI ORa-
3aTbCH Ha rrepBOM rrJIaHe; CTpeMJIeHHe 3aTaHTb caMLIe 8TII lIYBcTBa
H CRpDITL Y3yprran;Hro c9 CTOpOHLI TlOpro BH,n;HMOCTblO cBoer9
CorJIacnJI; B03MomHO, HaKOHen;, y Hero 6LIJIO e e 60JIee 1'aHHO&
HaMepeHHe - rr03BOJIHTb Tropro B3HTL Ha ce6JI BeCL pnCR, B paclIe-
Te, 'liTO OH «ORameTCH B rraCTH JlLBa»...
8Ta ,n;BYCMLICJleHHaJI rr03nn;nH o6HapymHJlaCL yme H2lKaHYH&
Be'tlepOM B CBH3H C rrocTyrrRoM COBceM ,n;pyroro po,n;a. Mopena OTrrpa-
BHJICJI B Orrepy. TaRoe JIerKOMLICJleHHOe rrOBe,n;eHne B ,n;eHL MHTema
B BepcaJle rrpOH3BeJIO KpaHHe HerrpHJITHOe BrrellaTJIeHHe. «Bech
IIapHiK ClIeJI aTO npecTyrrJIeHHeM». Bo BCJIROM CJIYllae, no aTOMY
nOBO,n;y COllHHHJIII anHrpaMMY 1.
1 rOcno}J;HH rpa<p, Bac }J;eJIO m}J;eT:
KOJIh He npeCeQh 6e}J;y,
Ba6YHTyeTcH HapO}J;.
CKamHTe, nYCTh OH nO}J;om}J;eT,
H B onepy H}J;Y.
(<<Relati<?n historique», p. 266.)
I'JIABA III. nOCJ1E OBATEJ1bHbIPl XO COBblTHPl
279
-
QTo6LI OnpaB,n;aT:bCH, Mopena YTBepm)J;aJI, lITO eMY e e He 6LIJIO
U3BecTHo 0 MHTeme, lITO OH Y3HaJI 0 HeM RaI{ pa3 B Onepe BelIepOM,
,«r,n;e o,n;HOBpeMeHHO Y3HaJI II 0 TOM, lITO Bce YCIIOKOHJIOCb». O,n;naRO
:OR ,n;OJImeH 6LIJI Roe 0 1JeM ,n;ora)J;LIBaTbCH, nOTOMY lITO IIepBoe IIIICL-
MO KOpOJIL HanllCaJI Tropro B 11 YTpa, a Tropro OTnpaBHJICH B Bep-
lCaJlL BelIepOM, HeCOMHeHIIO IIOJIYtJ:HB BTopoe IIIICLMO. HaKoHe ,
'BJIaCTH 6LIJIH B COCTOHHHH TpeBorH. A66aT ,n;e BepH TaRme 06BHHHJI
.cBoero ,n;pyra B «JIerROMLICJIHH».
ABTOp «McTopHtJ:ecKHx 3anHCOR», HanpOTHB, 6epeT Mopena no,n;
sam;HTY B BLIpameHHHX, 3aCJIYiK1IBaro Hx BHHMaHHJI: «8Toro MHHH-
,cTpa He3alIeM BnYTbIBaTb BO Bce 9TH ,n;eJIa, TaK KaR OH OCTaBaJICH
<COBepmeHHO HeHTpaJIbHLIM BO Bcex 9THX cnopax II TaR RaK OB He
BLIpaiKaJI CBoero OTHOmeHHJI 1\ )J;ORTpHHe 9KOHOMHCTOB... HO BTaHHe
.cKJIOHHJICJI K CTapbIM IIpHHD;HIIaM... »
HeCOMHeHHO, Mopena He 6bIJI He)];OBOJIeH TeM, lITO B TO BpeMH
MOrJIH IIOHBHTbCJI TaRHe KOMl\IeHTapHII H lITO B CJIYlIae RRTaCTpoq,LI
'OH Mor 6LI, TaRHM 06pa30M, OI\a3aTbCJI B CTopOHe I{aI{ OT IIOJIHD;eii-
rCKHX Mep, TaR H OT CTPYKTYPHbIX pe<I>opM. B 3aBliICHMOCTH OT Toro,
RaJ{ 06epIIYJIOCb 6LI ,n;eJIO, netJ:ep B Onepe Mor CTaTL xopomHM cno-
C060M IIORa3a Tb CBOro IIOJIHYro HenpHtJ:acTHocTb. BCTpetJ:aeTcH II
-«,n;IIIIJIOMa THlIeCRoe JIerKOMbICJIHe ».
Be3YCJIOBnO, 6bIJIO 6LI npeYBeJIHtJ:eHIIeM nOJIaraTb, lITO Mopena
C03HaTeJIbHO TOJIRaJI TlOpro HaBCTpelIY KaTacTpo<pe.
Ho OB He meJIaJI CJIe,n;OBaTL 3a HUM.
Cl>aI{THlIeCRII renepaJIbHLIH I\OIITpOJIep 6bIJI B OTp;eJIbHbIe MOMeH-
TLI 6JIH30I{ R rH6eJIII.
MbI MOiKeM Tenep"b OCBeTHT:b ero pOJIb H nORa3aTb, RaI{ OH
HCIIOJIb30BaJI BpeMH B 8TH pemaIO Me p;HH.
B nOHe,n;eJIbHHK BetJ:epOM 11 BO BTOPHHI{ YTPOM Oll IIpOBO)J;IIJI CO-
Be aHlle B IIaplliKe. Bo BTOPHIII{ BO BTOpoii IIOJIOBI1IIO )];lIH OH
OTnpaBH,JICH B BepcaJI:b, LBCTpeBOiKeHHbIH JIOmHOH MepOH C TaI{Ca-
D;Heii [HK06bI BBe)];eHHOH KOpOJIeM] II meJIaH o6ecrretJ:HTb ce6e caMoe
rJIaBHoe: p;OBepHe ROpOJIH. Oll BepHYJICH B cpe,n;y B 10 tJ:aCOB, no
CJIOBaM ,[(lOnoHa (B IIOJI)];enb, COrJIaCHO Bepu). OIl 3aCTaJI nepeA
pe3H,n;enD;lIeii reHepaJIbHOrO ROHTpOJIepa BOIIHm;YIO TOJIny, ,n;eMOHCT-
pnpyroID;Yro 3anJIeCHeBeJIbIH xJIe6. OH CMor pa306paTbcH B cIITya-
D;HII. B ero OTCYTCTBHe Mopena CrrOI{OMnO iK)];aJI, nOCJIe Toro RaR
1J;aJI COBeT, K ROTOPOMY He npHCJIymaJIHCb; MapmaJI ,n;e BHpon pac-
nOpH)];HJICH IIpHcTynIITb K oCBH:m;enHlo 3HaMeH; JIeHyap orpaHH"CJHJI-
CH, TeM, tJ:TO IIpHKa3aJI oxpaHHTb KpbITbIii XJIe6HbIH pLIHOR; BeCL
ITapHm 6LIJI BO BJIaCTH rpa6HTeJIeH HJIH Ha6JIIO)J;aJl 3a HIiIMII, Tor)J;a.
RaK 6YJIOlIHHKH HaXOp;HJIHCb B OTtJ:aHHHOM nOJIOiRenHH. TaR MomeT
BalIaTbCH peBOJIIOD;HH.
Ho TIOpro 6LIJI He II3 Tex )J;o.KTpHHepOB, ROTopbIe rrpHXO,IJ;HT B
aaMemaTeJIbCTBO IIPH nepBOM I{OHTaKTe C meCTOROH ,n;eHCTBHTeJI
280
qACTb BTOPAH. «MyqHAH BORHA
HOCTLro. OH YKpeIIHJI CBOH aBTOpHTeT. qTOOLI 3aCTaBHTL IIOBHHO-
BaTLCR e BHpOHa, eMY e e HymHo 6LIJIO IIpe 'LJlBHTL c06cTBeHHe>-
pyqHLle nHCLMa K HeMY [Tropro] KOpOJlH 1, - nHCLMa, He OCTaBJIH-
IO He COMHeHHH OTHOCHTeJILHO HaMepeHHH MOHapxa. OH nOBTOpHJJ
B HOBOM <popMe MeTO , nplilMeHeHHLIM B ,[(liIiKOHe: aBTorpacp KOpOJIH
Ha IIliICLMe K JIaTYP IO IIeHY.
Tropro, 6eCCTIOpHO, OBJIa eJI nOJIOmeHHeM yme DO BTOpOH nOJIO-
BHHe HH, H aTHM 06'LHCHHeTCH onpe eJIeHHaJI aKTHBH3an;HH nOJIH-
n;HH K 3 lIaCaM nOnOJIY HH, 0 lIeM MomHO CY HTL no CBH eTeJIL-
CTBaM OlIeBH n;eB H no nepBLIM nOJIHn;eHCKHM npOTOKOJIaM 2. IIocJIe
aToro 6LIJIO npOH3Be eHO HeCRO:ILRO apeCTOB, PyrHe 6:&IJIH npOH3-
Be eHLI C HacTynJIeHHeM HOlIR - «TaHKOM», KaR nHmeT MeTpa.
IIoJIHD;HH eHCTBOBaJIa no MeTO,n;y, npHHJlTOMY eID B TaRoro po,n:a
eJIax. B OCHOBHOM OHa B03;J;epiRHBaJIaCL OT apeCTa Ha MeCTe npe-
cTynJIeHHJI, lIT06:&1 H36emaTb pe3Roro OTnopa. illnHKH B:&lcMaTpH-
BaJIII H CJIe HJIH 3a BeRoTopbIMn 6YHTOBID;HRaMH, C TeM 1IT06:&1 n03 -
Hee MomBO OLIJIO oTnpaBHTLcH K IIX iRHJIHm;y H TaM HX 3a6paTL,
KaK aTO eJIaJIOCL B ,D:HiKOHe.
TeM Be MeHee 3 MaJI 6LI:I0 apeCTOBaHO OBOJILHO MaJIO JlIOAeu.
qeJIO eK COpOR, no aHHLIM Pro,n:e, COrJIaCHO npOTOROJIaM, KOTopLIe
on H3yqHJI. M:&I HaC1JHT:&IBaeM Bcero 25 3a epiRanH:&IX, COrJIaCHO
«Orr:mClKY JIlIn;, co e,pma HXCJI B TIOpbMaX»3, no OH, He,COMHeHHO,
HerrOJIOIH.
B:&IJIH e e ape'CTLI 4 MaR H B .D1>yrHe, nOCJIe ylO He HlI.
B cpe;A;y BelIepOM, 3 MaJI, MHTeiK 3aROH1JHJICJI.
B ITapHiKe OB 60JILme He B0300HOBJIJIJICJI.
BeJIHKaJI 6HTBa «MY1lHoii BOHHLI» 6LIJIa BLIHrpaHa BJIaCTHMH.
1 CM.: D u Po n t. Correspondance avec Ie margrave de Bade. (8 C h e I-
Ie, t. IV, p. 48.)
2 CM.: R u d e. Op cit., p. 150.
S «CJIIICOK 311111;, co epma HXCR B paSHLIX TlOpLMax IIapBma II B DBLIX,
B CBRSU C rpa6emoM xJIe6a, sepua H MYRH, a TaKme aul'(, 06 yqaCTHB KOJlX
B TOM me C8!40M eJIe OLIJI6 COOO eHO) OLIJI JIIOOeSBO npe OGTaBJleH ]ta'K fo-
cy 'apcTBeBBoii OHOJIBOTeKOii 8M. CaaTLIItOBa- eAPBBa B JIeHHHrpaAe.
rJ1ABA IV. nPABIITEJ1bCTBEHHbIE MEPbI
281
-
r .ltaea IV IIpaBHTeJIbCTBeHHLIe
MepDI
IIOCJIE HIIE
BECIIOPf[ KI1
Docendus est populus non seC1LndU8 ".
reHepaJILHLIH KOHTpOJIep OCTaBaJICH XOSJIHHOM rrOJIOmeHHH. Ho
e e Ha)];JIemaJIO saRperm:TL rrOSHD;HH II rrpe)];OTBpaTHT:b BCHRoe BOS-
06HO:BJIeHHe MJITema.
B cpe,n;y BelIepOM Tropro rrepemeJI B nacTyrrJIeHHe Ha npaBH-
'TeJIbCTBeHHOM ypOBHe. B TY me HOlIb OH COSBaJI lIpe3BbllIaHHOe 3a-
ce,n;aHHe COBeTa l\IHHHCTpOB. He CTaBJI B H3BeCTHOCT:b Mopena, OH
lIoTp ' e60BaJI H ,n;06HJICJI BLIHym)];eHHOH OTCTaBKH reHepaJI-JIeHTe-
BaHTa nOJIHD;HH JIeHyapa, KOTOpLI:i 6LIJI 3aMeHen )];'AJIL6epOM,
OBepeHHLIM JIHD;OM TIOpro (n03,n;Hee ero CMeHHJI ct>apmec).
OTcTpaHHB JIeayapa, TIOpro OROH1laTeJILHO OTTOJIKHYJI OT ce6H
CapTHHa, TaR KaR JIeHyap 6LIJI ero npeeMHHKOM II nOJIL30BaJICH
ero rrOKpOBHTeJILCTBOM. Ho BpeMJI 6LIJIO Heno,n;XO)];H ee ,n;JIJI Toro,
QT06LI sa60TIIT:b'CR: 0 TaKHX MeJIOllax. K TOMY me Tropro nO)];O'3pe-
BaJI, lITO o6a ORH BeJlII HellHCTYro Hrpy B Tex 06CTOJITeJI:bCTBaX 1.
B rrHC:bMe R BeplI OT 13 MaR: Tropro, rOBopH 0 Mopena, nHCaJI:
* Hapo Ba}J;O Y TL, a He CJIeAOBaTL 3a HHM. - II PUM,. pea.
1 TaKoH CJIYx 61>131 nO}J;xBatIeH B «l'Espion devalise». IIoCKOJILKY a66aT
EO}J;o pacnpoCTpaBHJI CJIYXH, nopotIam;lIe CapTHHa, Tropro 6bIJI BbIHym}J;eH
3aCTaBIITL ero oTnpaBHTLcH !{ MHHIICTPY R npHHecTH CBOR H3BHHeHHH. CapTHH
tCtIeJI YMecTHLIM npoHBIITL BeJIIIRO}J;ymHe 11 He nOTpe6oBaJI HaKa3aHHH. Ho
3TOT HHD;H}J;eHT He HCnpaBHJI nOJIOmeHHH. (M e t r a. Ope cit., 1 juillet 1775.)
«rOcnO}J;HH Tropro 6LIJI BLIHymp;eH 3aRpLITL p;BepH CBoero p;OMa nepeA
3THM He06Y3}J;aHHLIM II HeCKpOMHLIM 9ROHOMHCTOM». (Ibid., 8 juillet 1775.)
B «HcTopHtIeCKHX 3anHCKax» OTMetIaeTCH, 'tITO, nOCKOJILI\Y CapTIIH 6LIJI
B A8JILHeiimeM BBep;eH B COBeT B Ka'tleCTBe MHHHCTpa, OH C1JeJI ce6H dToM eH-
BLIM 3a 3TII oCRop6HTeJILHLIe CJIYXH (p. 271).
282
TlACTb BTOPAH. «(MYTlHAH BOttHA".
«OH He aHaeT, RaRYIO H eMY ORaaaJI YCJIyry. ECJIH 6LI r-H JIeHyap
OCTaJICH, H HH aa lITO He Mor 6bI OTBellaTL» 1.
TIOpro JIHlIHO aa6paJI HanHCEl.d'"-ll.' e ROpOJIeM nHCLMO, H3Bem;aB-
mee JIenyapa 0 ero YBOJILHeHHH. B 7 lIaCOB YTpa OH HanpaBHJI
nHCLMO a pecaTy2 c co6cTBeHHoH npHnHcRoH. OH He npene6per
HHRaRHMH MeJIOllaMH: MorJIO CJIyqHTLCH, lITO OT ROpOJIH 06HJIHC:D
6LI OTMeHLI ero pemeHHH HJIH aa epmaJIH 6LI BpyqeHHe nHCLMa.
B nHCLMe «IIo aBmeMY B OT'CTaBRY» JIeHyapy TlOpro BLIpamaJJ
eMY CBoe JIHlIHOe OBepHe. OH YBepeH, lITO JIeHTeHaHT nOJIH HH c e-
JIaJI Bce, lITO Mor, lIT06bI npe OTBpaTHTL 6e LI npe bI y ero HH.
«Ho 6e LI npOHaOmJIH, H Y MeHH HeT COMHeHHH, lITO xapaRTepe
e:UCTBnH nOJIH HH JIHmL cnoco6CTBOBaJI paaBHTHIO C06bITH:U, ROTO-
pLIe, no MoeMY MHeHHIO, 6LIJIO 01leHL JIerRO npe BH eTL, TaK RaK,
o HHX yme onOBeCTHJIH». BLIJIH HaMelleHbI MepLI, HO OHH He 6LIJIH
npHHHTLI: «BaM CJIHmROM nJIOXO nOMOraJIH». HeJILaH nOJIaraTLCS
Ha BOJIIO CJIyqaH, «pIfCROBaTL nOBTopeHHeM TaRoro AHa:, RaR cero-
HH». HymeH JIe:UTeHaHT nOJIH HH, «xapaRTep ROToporo OOJIee OTBe-
qaJI 6bI TOMY, lIero Tpe6yeT HLIHemHee nOJIOmeHHe».
To 6bIJI HCHLI:U H HeYMOJIIIMLIH HaLIK rocy apCTBa.
ITOCROJILRY B AaHHOM CJIy ae Ba lIeJIOBeRa He CnpaBHJIHCb
nopyqeHHLIM AeJIOM, 6bIJIO IIOJIHTHlIeCRH paaYMHO, OTCTpaHHB O HO-
ro Ha HHX, npO BHHYTL pyroro. MapmaJI e .BHpOH 6bIJI lIeJIOBeROM
UHoro CRJIa a, HemeJIH JIeHyap. TIOpro He Mor no oapeBaTL ero B
AYPHbIX HaMepeHHHX. OH aHaJI ero RaK lIeJIOBeRa HC HIIJIHnMpO-
BaHHoro. MTaR, eMY OBepHIOT ROMaH OBaHHe BO:UCRaMH. ITepeRJIa-
LIBaH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTL aa 6ecnopH RH Ha cTpamy, MapmaJI B CBOI()
01lepe L Y1BOJIHJI 'H,arqaJILHH!K,a 3TMX no 'paa eJIeIHH:U, HeRoero JIa6y-
pepa, ROTOpbIH 6LIJI aaMeHeH JIa6aJIepHOM (JIa BaJIepHOM).
Ha TOM me aace aHHH COBeTa 6LIJIH op;o6peHbI BoeHHLIe pac-
nopHmeHHH B COOTBeTCTBHH C npHH HnOM, yme BDICRaaaHHLIM
Tropro BO BpeMH 6YHTOB B AHmoHe: Mo6HJIHaOBaTL aHallHTeJILHLI8'.
CHJILI. COrJIaCHO «McTOpHlIeCRHM aanHCRaM», npem e Bcero 6bIJIII
coa aHLI Be apMHH: O Ha, no Henocpe CTBeHHbIM KOMaH OBaHH-.
eM e BHpOHa, npHRpbIBaJIa ITapHm H 6JIHma:umHe ero ORpeCTHOCTH,.
pyraH, no ROMaH OBaHHeM MapRHaa e ITya:uaH, CTOHJIa B MJIL-
Ae-<1>paHce. HaH60JIee Ha emHLIe BO:UCRa, npHBHJIerHpOBaHHLIe "tJac-
TH ROpOJIeB'CROI'O ABopa, 6LIJIH npe aaHalleHLI JIH oxpaHLI BO HbIX
nYTeH: «qepHLIe MymReTepLI - Ha 6eperax MapHbI, cepbIe Mym-
ReTepbI - Ha 6eperax HHmHe:u COOLI, maH 3tpMbI, peHTa1pbI - Ha
6eperax BepXHeH CeHLI». Bce BpeMH OnaCaJIHCL, "tJTO c ecTByeT
HeRH:U TaHHLIH nJIaH BLIaBaTL rOJIop; B CTOJIH e. <1>paH yacRHe rBap-
eH LI, mBeii apCRHe rBap eH bI H HHBaJIH LI OJImH:bI 6LIJIH no-
npemHeMY oxpaHHTL npe MeCTLH H JIaBRH 6YJIOllHHROB.
t S C hell e, t. IV, p. 445 et 446.
2 STO n:nCLMO HaXOJJ;IIJIOCL B «IIaKeTe repn;ora }J;e JIaBpuuepa»..
rJIADA IV. nPARlfTEJIbCTBEHHbIE MEPbI
283
E,n;HHoe KOMaH,n;OBaHMe, cOCpef];OTOl.JeHIIOe B pYKaX MapmaJIa !Ie
BnpOHa, ,n;aBaJIO B03MomHOCTb 06eCnel.JMTJ:> AlIClJ)1ITJIHUY perYJIHpHbIX
qacTeii. «Ror,n;a MX IIOJIKOBHHH, - 3aMel.JaeT BepM, - Ha ,n;pyroii
,AeHL nOJIYl.JHJI Ha3IIal.JeHMe rJIaBIIoJ\oMaIIAYIo IIM [nOMCl{aMH] B
napHme Hero OKpeCTHOCTHX, OHH 3aHBHJIM, l.JTO OTHbIHe HHKaKMX
oecnopH,n;ROB He 6YAeT» 1.
Bce TaRme B COOTBeTCTBHH C ,n;HmOHCKHM nJIaHOM TlOpro nOTpe-
oOBaJI 6bIcTporo H npHMepHoro nOAaBJIeHHH 6YHTOB. 06bIl.JHOe cy,n;o-
npoH3BO,n;CTBO Ra3aJIOCL CJIHmKOM aaTHiI\HLIM - BoaMomHO, onaca-
.JIHCL BMemaTeJIbCTBa napJIaMeHTa.
CooTBeTcTBeHHo 6LIJIO pemeHO, lITO aallHHID;HRH MHTema «,n;OJIiI\-
IBM 6LITL aa,n;epmaHbI II Cy,n;HMbI neMe,n;JIeHHO npeBOTaJILHLIM
-cy,n;OM» * 110 aaROHaM BoeHHoro BpeMeHH. B eJIOM aTO 03Hal.JaJIO BBe-
,AenHe oca,n;Horo nOJIOmeHHH.
Ha TOM me aace,n;aHHH COBeTa 6LIJI npHHHT op,n;OHaHC, cy ecT-
neHHYro lIaCTL ROToporo COCTaBJIHJIO aTO pacnopHmeHHe. OH aanpe-
aJI, KpOMe TOI'O, co6HpaTLCH TOJInOH, BpbIBaTbCH HaCHJIbHO B JIaB-
RM, Tpe60BaTL npo,n;amH xJIe6a HJIH MYRH no eHaM HHme npHHH-
TbIX. Op,n;OHaHC YI-\a3bIBaJI, lITO BORCRaM ,n;an IIpMKaa OTKpbIBaTb
tOrOHL B CJIYlIae HaCHJIbCTBeHHbIX aKTOB.
HaI{OHeu;, BepOHTHO Ha TOM me aace,n;aHHH COB eTa (HJIH He-
'CROJILRO 1I0a,n;Hee), 6bIJIO pemeHO OTnpaBHTL Bcex KOMaH,n;yro HX II
IIHTeH,n;aHTOB B 1I0,n;Be,n;OMCTBeHHbIe HM IIpOBHH HH2.
TIoKH,n;aH aace,n;aHMe COBeTa, ROpOJIL 6y,n;TO 6bI CRaaaJI Tropro:
«TIo KpaHHe:n: Mepe HaM C BaMH He B lIeM ce6H YllpeKHYTL» - «CJIO-
na, ,n;OCToHHbIe lIYBcTBHTeJILHOH H l.JHCTOH ,n;ymH» 3 .
Y TBepm,n;aIOT, 6y,n;TO TlOpro nOJIyqHJI HeOrpaHHlIeHHLIe nOJIHO-
MOl.JHH H ,n;ame npaBa BepxoBHoro ROMaH,n;yroID;ero BceMH BoeHHLIMH
CHJIaM1I - BoeHHoro MHHHcTpa H MHHHcTpa IIapHiI\cKoro AenapTa-
MeHTa no ,n;eJIaM 0 BOJIHeHHHx 4 . 8TO He BbITeHaeT 113 RaKHX-JIH60
JJ;OKYMeHTOB H KameTCH HecepLe3HbIM. Ho TlOpro <paKTHlIeCRH OCY-
eCTBJIHJI BJIaCTL: OH B3HJI ee.
'1 V e r i. Ope cit., p. 291.
· ITpeBOTaJIbHbIe CY}J;bI - lIpe3BbPlaiiHLIe CY}J;bI, CY IIBmHe 6ea npaBa
aneJIJIHD;HH. - II pUM. pea.
.2 ITHCLMO KOpOJIH OT 4 MaH. COrJIaCHO HeI\OTOpbIM }J;aHHLIM, 8TOT npHKaa
.f\aCaJiCH H enHCKonOB «<Relation historique»).
.3 «Relation historique», p. 239 et 240.
4 CM.: Web e r. Memoires, t. II, p. 84. COrJIaCHO TOMY me HCTOlIHHKY,
ROpOJ[L, npe OCTaBJIHH Tropro HeOrpaHHlIeHHble nOJIHOMOlIIIH, OOHHJI ero 11
4CKaaaJI: «TOT, Y Koro, I{aK Y Bac 11 Y MeHH, lIHCTaH cOBecTL, - TOT He OOIlTcn
JIIO}J;eH».
BnpOlIeM, YTBepiR}J;eHJIe 0 nepe}J;alIe nOJIHOMOlIHH KaK 6Y}J;TO onpOBep-
raeTCR nHCLMOM ROpOJIH 9T 4 MaH, L1;HTHpOBaHHbIM BbIme. TaM rOBOpHJIOCL
?OlIUtO: «r -H Aro MroH HanpaBHJI MapmaJIY }J;e BHPOHY npHRaaI>I, RaR BbI 0
TOM npOCHJIH». TaRHM OopaaO:M, OOLIlIHbIH nopH}J;OK nepe}J;aqH npHKaaOB Be
tULIJI OTMeHeH.
284
qACTb BTOPAR. «MyqHAR BORHA
-
MapmaJI Ae BHPOH, CTaB rJIaBHOKOMaH,n;YIO HM, B030MHHJI ce6a
BeJIUKHM nOJIKOBO,n;n;eM II npe,n;cTaJI nepe,n; 06 eCTBOM B CMemHOM
BH,n;e. B03rJIaBIIB apMHIO B 25 TLIC. lIeJIOBeK, KOTopaH 06pa30BaJIa
crrJIOmnOH KOp,n;OH BOKpyr CTOJIUn;LI, OH nepe}J;aJI KOMaH,n;OBaHHe Ha
BepxneH CeHe ITyaiiany, na HnmHeii CeHe rpa4»y ,n;e Bo, a caM
3aCeJI B CBoeM }J;Bop e (OTeJIL Ae EHpon) B oKpymeHHH o6mHpHoro'
mTa6a II cyeTH HXC.R aA'LIOTaHTO:d, YCTpaHBaH pOCKomHLIe rrpHe-
MLI 1 . OH ClIHTaJI ce6s: CTOJIb He3aMeHHMLIM Ha CBoeM 110CTY, liTO,
crrYCT.R ITHTL He,n;eJIL, Kor,n;a HacTynllJIO nOJIHOe cnoKoiicTBHe, He
rrOiKeJIaJI rrOKHHYTL ero }J;ame }J;JI.R yqacTHH B n;epeMOHHHX, CBH3aH-
HLIX C KopoHa lIe:ii.
BLICMellBaH ero, rrapllmaBe BarreBaJIH: «TLI rrpOCTO iKaH-Myq-
llIlK». On 6LIJI 9THM BeCLMa YH3BJIe11. Ero pa3LIrpaJIH: OH IIOJIytIHJt
rrpe}J;Yl1pem}J;eHue, 6y,n;TO MHTeil\HHHII c06HpaIOTCH 3aXBaTFITb Bac-
THJIHIO H ApCeHaJI, H BeJIeJI 3apH,n;HTb H Han;eJIHTb nymKH.
« BLIJIII npOH3Be,n;eBLI rpaH,n;H03HLIe rrpllrOTOBJIeHHH, I{aH eCJIR
6LI BpameCI\aH apMHH C06HpaJIaCb rrplIcTyrrHTb H oca,n;e 3THX Hpe-
110CTeM» .
MTau, B IIapHme n;apHJI IIOpH,n;OI{: «<1>oHapH 3amHraJIIICL 3a,n;OJI-
ro ,n;0 HaCTYIIJIeHMH nOlIH; OHn OCTaBaJIHCb 3ammeHHLIMH BIIJIOTb ,n;o.
HaCTYIIJIeHHH ,n;11H; HX OIIYCKaJIH nOHllme, I{aK B )J;HII MHTeiKa, I{Or,na
OrraCaJIHCb KaKHx-HII6y,n;b neOiRH,n;aBBOCTeM».
AJIb6ep, co CBoe:n CTOpOHLI, IIpHHHJI 5 MaH rrpeBenTHBHDIe rrOJIII-
eicKHe MepLI. ROMHccapbI ,n;OJIiKBLI 6LIJIH 06XO,n;UTL CBoii KBapTa.n
C 5 ,n;o 10 lIaCOB YTpa H rrpe,n;ynpem,n;aTL ,n;OMOBJIa,n;eJILn;eB II X03HeB
rrpe,n;rrpHHTHH, qTO CJIyrH II pa60qHe, oc06eHHo RY3Hen;:w:, ,n;OJImHLI
CH,n;eTL na MeCTe. ECJIH B03HIIKHYT 6ecrropH,n;Ku, Kam,n;bIH 06H3aR
B03BpaTMTLCH H ce6e ,n;OMOH H 3arrepeTb ,n;BepH. He pa3pema OCb
}J;aBaTb rrpHIOT HHOCTpaH aM HJIH HOH3BeCTHLI}.tI JIHn;aM. 3arrpe eHo,
6LIJIO HOCHTb opymHe, nMeTb rrpH ce6e HrrCTpYMeHTLI 1:1 rraJIRu 2 .
AJIb6ep B3HJI B CBOM PYRH Taume paCCJIe,n;OBaHHe cy,n;e6HLIx ,n;eJI U
.TIHlIHO Ha6JIlo,n;aJI 3a BceMH ,n;eTaJIHMII CJIe,n;CTBIIH.
IIocJIe 4 MaH ,n;eHcTBHe 6LIJIO rrepeHeceHO, KaK H CJIe,n;OBaJI()
OiKH,n;aTb, rra IIapJIaMeHTCKYIO cn;eny. He3aBIIcHMo OT cBoeii CRJIOB-
HOCTU H ,n;eMarorHH napJIaMeHT He Mor He rrpOHBHTb HHTepeca K
IIo,n;o6HOMY 6pomeHHIO B 06II.'(eCTBe; OB OCYII.'(eCTBJIHJI He TOJIbROo
cy,n;e6HLIe <PYHKn;HH, HO II rrOJIHn;e:nCKHe - TaI\, CTpama (guet)
Haxo,n;HJIaCb TeOpeTHlIeCKH B ero Be,n;eHHH.
MTaK, roorro a, ,3ace,n;a,'BmHe B TI'apJIaMeHTe, He OCTaJIH'Cb 6e3-
pa3JIHQHLIMH I{ C06:t>ITHHM, npOHcme,n;mHM 2 H 3 MaH. Y me 2 MaH,.
1 EMY BLI aBaJIH Ba QpeSBLJ1IaHHLIe pacxop;LI 40 TLIC. JIIIBpOB, B, CBep];
Toro, OR p;OJImeR 6LIJI nOJIYQaTL 20 TLIC. JIIIBpOB B MeCHD;. «<Relation histo..
rique», p. 270.) \
2 IIconYUJIHI\oBaIIHLIH D;npKYJUIp. Archives Nationales, Y. 11 441.
rJIABA IV. llPABHTEJ1bCTBEHHblE MEPbl
285
--
)];0 nOe3,n;HH B IIapHm, Tropro npHHHJI Mep»! npe,n;OCTOpOiKHOCTH: OR
noCeTHn nepBOro npe3H,n;eHTa napJIaMeHTa H OBe ,n;0 ero CBe,n;e-
BBlI BOJIIO KOpOJIH: «IIycTL ero napJIaMeHT He B:MemHBaeTCH B ,n;ena
nOJlBD;HH». 8TO, HecoMHeHHo, 6bIJIa o,n;Ha H3 ?\Iep, COrJIaCOBanHbIX
MeiK,IJ;Y Tropro II KOpOJIeM, 0 HOTOpOH MHHIICTp JI;OJIOmHJI ROpOJIIO B
3an:n:cRe OT 2 MaH (rrpe,n;mecTBoBaBmeii l1epBOMY rrHCbMY ROpOJJH-
OTBeTY Ha 3anHCRY TIOpro) .
3 :MaH nepBbIH l1pe3H,n;eHT na pJIaMeHTa IIOJIY"tJIIJI nHCL1\110 KOpOJIH,.
co,n;epiKaHHe KOToporo CJIe,n;YIO HM 06pa30M H3JIOmeHO B «MCTOPU-
-qeCKHX 3anHCI{aX»: «Ero BeJIHtIeCTBO yme rr03a60THJICH 0 Mepax
no ,n;aJILHeimeMY HX (MHTeiKei) npeCetIeHHIO. Ero BeJI1IJ-rre,cTBo yme
-qaCTH1IHO paCRpbIJI HCTOtIHHRH 6poiKeHHH, opraHH30BaHlIoro JIIO,n;b-
MH 3JIOHaMepeHIIbIMH... Ero BenHtIeCTBO iKeJIaeT, tITo6bI napJIal\fenT'
He nOBpe,n;MJI ero nJIaHaM RaRHMH-JIH60 onaCHbIMII II nJIOXO npo,n;y-
MaHHbIMH ,n;eHCTBHHMH».
OnpaB,n;aTIHe nepe,n; rrapJIaMeHTOM, KOTopoe ,J;OJIiKHO 6bIJIO erC)
ycnoRoHTb, eCJIH ne OTCTpaHHTL, 3aKJIIOtIaJIOCb B TaHHCTBeHHOH'
HHcPopMan;HH 0 npOHCXOiK,n;eHHH 6ecnopH,n;ROB. BepCHH 3arOBopa
CTaJIa BbIpHCOBbIBaTLCH e e ,n;o Toro, RaI{ pa3blrpaJIHCL rJIaBHbI8'
C06bITHH. TIOpro rrpHmeJI K TaKOMY y6eiK,n;eHHIO nOCJIe C06bITHH B
.l(HiKoHe (nepBbIH ,n;OKJIa,n; JIaTYP ,n;IO IIeHa) H, BO BCHl\OM CJIy-qae,.
nOCJIe C06bITHH B EOMOHe, IIoHTya3e H BepcaJIe, B l\OTOpbIX OH
YCMOTpeJI 06 ylO CTpaTerHIO.
CBOHX c06paBmHXCH ,n;JIH 06cym,n;eHHH ,n;eJIa ROJI er rrepBbIH npe-
3H,n;eHT IIapJIaMeHTa OCBe,n;OMHJI o,n;HOBpeMeHHO H 0 BH3HTe TlOpro t
II 0 nHCLMe I{OPOJIH. IIocJIe tIero npe3H,n;eIITY IIOpyq:HJIH npe,n;CTa T:D
nepe,n; ROpOJIeM, tIT06bI 3aCBM,n;eTeJILCTBOBaTL ycep,n;He II npe,n;aH-
HOCTL napJIaMeHTa 1.
4 IMaH naJIaTbI napJIaMe,HTa c06paJIB!CL CHona. HeCKOJIb-
KO COBeTHHKOB c,n;eJIaJIH C006m;eHHH OTHOCHTeJILHO HHD;H,n;eHTOB, OTIH-
paHCb Ha CBe,n;eHHH, IIOJIytIelIHbIe «H3 HX 3eMeJIb» JIH60 HHLIM rry-
TeM.
IIocJIe 9Toro napJIaMeHT, ROTQPOMY e e He 6bIJI M3BeCTeH IIPH-
HHTbIH naI\anYlIe BetIepOM op,n;OHaHC, rrpe,n;YCMaTpHBaBlli:UH y-qpem-
AeHHe oc060ro cy,n;onpOH3Bo,n;CTBa, caM npHHHJI nOCTaIIOBJIeHHe 0
Ba-qaJIe paCCJIe,n;OBaHHH. 8TO 6bIJIa BnOJIne HOpMaJILHaH npoD;e,n;ypa.
Ho Tor,n;a npOH30meJI HHD;H,n;eHT, KOTOpbIH BepH 06'LHCHHeT Tex-
HHlIeCKOH omH6HoH.
IIpHHHMaH CBoe nOCTaHOBJIeHHe, napJIaMelIT OCTaBa;ICH B paM-
Rax CBOHX tIHCTO cy e6HbIx nOJIHOMOllHH. C ,n;pyroH CTOpOHbI, HCXO-
AH H3 CBOHX npeporaTHB B 06JIaCTH nOJIHD;eHCRHx Mep, napJIaMeHT
OAHoBpeMeHHo npHH.f.[JI CneD;HaJILHOe pemeHHe YMOJIHTL KOpOJIH
1 CornacHo O}J;HOH BepCHII, npeall eHT no rropY1JeHHIO rrapJIaMeUTa OT-
npaBHJICH B BepCaJIL ua paCCBeTe 4 MaH. Ou 6Y TO 6LI BCTpeTHn no opor&
KOPOJIeBCRoro RypLepa, KOTOpLIH Bea ynoMHHYToe nHChMO, nocne 1Jero rrpeaH-
AeBT BepHyncH 06paTHo. (Segur. Ope cit. 1 p. 178.)
286 F
qACTb BTOPAH. «MyqHAH BOHHA
«( nOHUaUTb lfeub ua ae pltO U x.lte6 ao CTa6KU, COOT6eTcT6yrol,lfeu
.ny:JICOa.M, uapoaa, tITo6bI JIIO H 3JIOHaMepeHHb1e 6bIJIB: JIHIDeHbI
rllOBO,n;OB H B03MomHOCTen B036ym,n;aTL YMbI».
8TO pemeHHe «6bIJIO npe,n;Ha3HatIeHO ,n;JIH BHYTpeHHero YII0Tpeo-
.JIeHHH caMoro TpH6YHaJIa» II ,n;OJImHO 6bIJIO OCTaTLCH nOBO;IJ;OM ,n;JIH
6paIJJ;eHIIH n ROpOJIIO 6e3 npe,n;aHIIH rJIaCHOCTH. O,n;HaRO «ITO He,n;o-
CMOTPy RaH eJIHpHH» OHO 6MJIO BRJIWtIeHO RaK rrpo,n;OJImeHHe n
TeRCT rrepBoro nOCTaHOBJIeHHH 1.
ITocTaHOBJIeHHe C ,n;orrOJIneHIIeM 6MJIO OTnpaBJIeHO B THnorpa-
4>HIO ,n;JIH H3rOTOBJIeHHH a<pHm.
B TOT iRe ,n;eHL II3 BepCaJIH 6bIJIa npHCJIaHa ROpOJIeBCRaH ,n;eRJIa-
rpa IIH, B ROTOpOH, COrJIaCHO C npHHHTbIM HaRaHYHe op,n;oHaHcoM,
f6bIJIO 06'DHBJIeHO 0 c03,n;aHHH «IIpeBOTaJILHOro cy,n;a».
CocTaB 3Toro cy,n;a ,n;OJIiRHa 6bIJIa orrpe,n;eJIHTL naJIaTa TYPHeJIL *.
TaRMM o6pa30M, lIamJIH H3H Hoe pemeHIIe, ,n;aw ee B03MOiKHOCTL,
'He OTCTpaHHH napJIaMeHT, YMeHLmHTL pHCK. O,n;HaKO napJIaMeHT,
'YBJIetIeHHbIH co6CTBeHHOH HHH MaTHBOH, He rrpHHHJI STOH YJIOBKH.
()H OTRa3aJICH 3aperHCTpHpOBaTL ,n;eRJIapa HI02, YTBepm,n;aH,
lqTO OHa «ynOJIHOMOtIHBaeT ero» ocym;ecTBHTL BJIaCTL, KOTOpOH rrap-
JIaMefHT 11 'TaR yme 06JIa.n;aeT no c,BoeH npH1po,n;e. C ,n;pyroH tCTO-
'POHbI, nap.rraMeHT YRa3aJI a yrrym;eHHe no <popMe, a HMeHHO ,n;eK-
JIapa HH 6bIJIa HarrpaBJIeHa HeITOCpe,n;CTBeHHO B yrOJIOBHYIO rraJIaTY
.(TYPHeJlb), MeiR,IQ7 TeM KaK ee Ha,n;o 6bIJIO HarrpaBHTL BOJILmOH
J:naJlaTe.
TaKHM 06pa30M, npaBHTeJILCTBO rrOTepneJlO ,n;BOHHYIO Hey,n;atIY.
B c<pepe cy,n;e6HOH: rrpo e,n;ypa, KOTOPYIO OHO 3 a,n;YM aJI 0, OI a3aJIaCL
'InpIIOCTaHOBJIeHHoii. B nJIaHe TaKTHtIeCKOM: rrapJIaMeHT npOHBHJI
tHHH HaTHBY, I{OTOPOH rrpaBHTeJILCTBO XOTeJIO H36emaTL.
Ho rrpenHTCTBHH B ocym;eCTBJIeHHH rrJIaHOB, He MeHee tIeM HX
..JIerROCTL, CTHMYJIHPYWT SHeprHIO. BbIJIH cpa3Y rrpHHHTLI CpOtIHLle.
"MepbI: THrrorpa<py npHRa3aJIH rrpHOCTaHOBHTL pacnpOCTpaHeHHe
"a<pHm; BepHble MymneTepbI rrpH6bIJIH, tITo6bI pa36HTL THnorpa<p-
CRYIO <POPMY; npo,n;ama 6bIJIa rrpHOCTaHOBJIeHa. HeROTopble SR3eM-
'1 Veri. Ope cit., t. I, p. 293. YqHTLIBaH }J;OBeplle, KOToporo aaCJIymllBaeT
!paCCRa3qHR, HaM RameTCH, 'liTO ero BepCHIO MomHO CqHTaTL BepBOH. Ho Mom-
'110 TaKme npH}J;epmHBaTLCH rHnOTe3LI, 'liTO TYT 6LIJIa }J;onYIIJ:eHa C08H,aTeAbH,aJl,
<omH6Ka CO CTOpOHLI RaROrO-JIH60 pLHHoro «aRTIIBHCTa».
* IIaJIaTa TYPHeJiL - yrOJIOBHaH naJIaTa napJIaMeHTa, nOJIOBIIHa CY}J;eH
!ROTOpOH nOnOJIHHJIaCL no oqepe 1I 113 qJIeHOB BOJILmoii naJIaTLI 11 CJIe CTBeH-
'HOB naJIaTLI; aace}J;aHIIH ee nepBOHaqaJILHO npoxo}J;HJIII B MaJIeHLKOH 6amHe,
np03BaHHOH «yrOJIOBHOH 6amHeH» «<tour criminelle»), TaK RaK TaM: paaoll-
t[J>aJIII yronoBBLIe }J;eJIa. - II pUM. pea.
-2 COrJIaCHO «Relation historique», IIMeBHO nOCLIJIKa 9Toro TeRCTa OLIJIa
'DOBO}J;OM }J;JIH aace}J;aHIIH 4 MaH (p. 243) . STO YT01lBeBlle npoTBBOpe1DlT
OCTaJILHOH 1IaCTII IISJIOmeHIIH, r}J;e onllcaH BHe3anHLIH coaLIB saCe aBH1I. Ha-
uOOOpOT, cornaCHO BepH, op}J;oHaBc KOpOJIH HBBJICH 1IeM-TO Bpo}J;e OTBeTa Ba
1\IIBII HaTIIBY napnaMeHTa (p. 893). AaHHaH BaMH xpoBonoru1leCRaJl BepCH1I
mpe CTaBJIHeTCH HaM QOJIee npaB}J;ono}J;o6Hoii.
l'JIABA IV. llPABHTEJIbCTBEHHblE MEPbI
287
-
IIJIHpLI acJnrm yme 6LIJIH paCRJIeeHLI; HX 3aRJIeHJIH op,n;OHaHCOM
ROPOJIH.
B TOT me eHL, 4 MaH, ROpOJIL HalIHCaJI TlOpro e e O,n;HO IIHCL-
MO, B ROTOpOM 06paTHJI BHHMaHHe Ha Tpy,n;HOCTH, C03 aBaeMLIe lIap-
JlaMeHTOM; Ha eJIe peqL mJIa 0 napJIaMeHTe PyaHa, KOTOpLIH e e'
He aaperHCTpHpOBaJI YRa3 0 cB060,n;e XJIe6HOH TOprOBJIH II c,n;eJIaH1
9TO 3HaqHTeJILHO n03me. Ho IIO omH6Re aTOT TeRCT CBH3aJIH C
C06LITHHMH, ROTopLIe B aTO me BpeMH pa3BepTLIBaJIHCL B IIapnm-
CROM napJIaMeHTe II 0 ROTOpLIX JIro OBHR XVI e e He 6LIJI OCBe-
1J;OMJIeH, Kor,n;a nHCaJI aTO nIICLMO 1. KOPOJIL, HecoMHeHHo, JIn:mb.
aHaqHTeJILHO 1I03,n;Hee Y3HaJI 0 nOJIOmeHHH B napJIaMeHTe. YTBep-
»\)J;aIOT ,n;ame, qTO Tropro pOBHO B nOJIHOqL npH6LIJI B BepCaJIL, qTO-
6bl BH«POpMHpoBaTL ROpOJIH II ,n;06HTLCH C03LIBa COBeTa 2. 3TO TO'
sace,n;aHHe, Ha ROTOpOM 6LIJIO pemeHO npeKpaTIITL TIy6JIHKa HIO
nOCTaHOBJIeHHH napJIaMeHTa, HO, BH,n;HMO, HHqerO Be 6LIJIO CRa3aHO
o Racca HH caMoro nOCTaHOBJIeHHH; aTO ,n;aJIO B03MomHOCTL napJIa-
MeBTY BTIOCJIe,n;CTBHH CqHTaTL CBoe nOCTaHOBJIeHIIe Bce em;e coxpa-
HHIO HM CHJIy3.
q TO RacaeTCH cy ecTBa ,n;eJIa, TO 6bIJIO pemeHO npOBeCTH 5 Mag.
B BepcaJIe 3ace,n;aBHe napJIaMeHTa B npHCYTCTBHH ROpOJIH. OTHOCn:-
TeJILHO MeTo,n;a ,n;eicTBHH cy ecTBOBaJIH pa3JIHqHLIe BapHaHTLI.
ITpe,n;IIOJIaraJIH npem,n;e Bcero aHHYJIHpOBaTL nOCTaHOBJIeHHe nap-
JIaMeHTa 0 3a,n;epmRe perHCTpa HH H 3anpeTHTL eMY BMemHBaTLCHr
BO BICe ,n;eJIa, RacalOID;n:eCH 3epHa. Ho nepe,n; CaMOH epeMOHHeH,
B 9 YTpa, MopelIa paClIopH,n;HJICH 06 H3MeHeHHH nJIaHa AeiicTBHHt
npH HeH3BeCTHLIX HaM 06CTOHTeJlLCTBax 4 .
TorAa 6LIJIO pemeHO 3aCTaBHTL npOCTO H 6e30rOBOpOqHO 3ape-
rHCTpHpOBaTL KOpOJIeBcKylO ,n;eKJIapa HIO, YTBepm,n;aBmyIO npeBO-
TaJILHOe cy,n;onpOH3Bo,n;CTBO, TY ,n;eRJIapa HIO, TeRCT ROTOpoii 6LIJI
nepe,n;eJIaH nOCJIe OTKa3a napJIaMeHTa. B aTOM HOBOM BapHaHTe yme
Be 6bIJIO peqH 0 naJIaTe TypHeJIL. IIoJIHOMoqHH 6LIJIH npep;ocTaB-
HeHbI fJIaBtHbIM npe:oo malHAapM.epHH ('prevots generaux de ma-
rechaussee) npH yqaCTHH cYAeH npe3H)J;HaJILHLIX Cy,n;OB (Cy,n;OB'
nepBoH HHcTaH nH) HJIH, B HX OTCYTCTBHe, JJ;pyrHx 3ace)J;aTeJIeii.
1 STY omHORY }J;onYCTIIJI CerlOp. Hame TOJIROBaHlle, COBna}J;alOm;ee K I
TOMY me C TOJIROBaHlleM ,r(lOoya e JI'SCTaHa, onYOJIIIROBaBmero 3TOT }J;OKY'"
MeHT, <I>opMaJILHO rrO}J;TBepm)J;aeTCH 11 ynoMHHaHlleM B rraparpa<I>e, 0 ROTOpOM'
U}J;eT pe1JL, r-Ha }J;e MOHTOJIOHa, OLIBmero nepBLIM npe311,n:eHTOM PyaHcKoro'
napJIaMeHTa, 11 r-Ha }J;e BeJILoe<I>a, OLIBmero TaM me reHepaJILHLIM npOKYpo'"
POM. TOT <I>aRT, 'tITO MIIHHCTp IOCTHn;1I11 1JaCTHLIM oopa30M OOpaTIIJICH «K nYlI-
mllM 113BeCTHLIM eMY YMaM rrapJIaMeHTa», OO'LHCHHeTCH TeM, 1JTO 11 OH,.
MupOMeHHJIL, npllHa}J;JIemaJI K 3TOMY me napJIaMeHTY.
2 CM.: S C hell e, t. IV, p. 423; «Relation historique», p. 244.
3 CM.: D a kin. Ope cit., p. 186.
4 3TO U3MeHeHHe OTMe1JeHO Y BepH, 110 ero paccKa3 npepbIBaeTCH Ha,
CJ!OBax: «ECJIII KOpOJIL nocTyrrllT B COOTBeTCTBHH C HamllM B1JepamHHM nna-
BOM. TO napnaMeHT nOll eJIaeT onpaB,n:aTL...» (p. 293).
288
qACTb BTOPAH. «MyqHAH BORHA»
IIaJIaTaM napJIaMeHTa II ,n;pyrHM Cy,n;LHM 6LIJIO 3aIIpe eHO 3aHR-
Ma TLCH 9THMH ,n;eJIaMH.
B CBOeH MOTHBllpOBKe ,n;eKJIapa MH CCMJIaJIaCL na 6eCnOpH,n;Kn.
rrpOBcxo,n;HBmHe 3 MaH, a TaKme B IIpe,n;LI,n;y He II nOCJIe,D;YIO He
)J;RII. 3TH 6eCIIopH,n;KH IIpHIIIICLIBaJIHCL «TOJIne rpa6I1TeJIeH», a nx
npeCTYIIJIeHHH 6LIJIH BaJIOmenLI TaR, KaK eCJIH 6LI ORH COBepma-
JIHCL O,n;HOH II TOH me 6aH,D;OH. rpa6emH MeJILHHn; B ,n;OMOB, pLIHKOB
II 6YJIOllHLIX, KpamH 3epHa, MYHH, xJIe6a, HaIIa,n;eHHH Ha 0603LI Ha
]J;oporax, BCIIopOTLIe MemKH, Ha6HTLIe B03HM LI, paarpa6JIeHHLIe
cy,n;a, RpaMOJILHLIe pellH...
¥TPOM B IIHTHHn;y 5 MaH n;epeMoHHHMeMcTep BPY1IHJI COBeTHH-
RaM napJIaMeHTa ROpOJIeBCRHH yKaa, IIOBeJIeBaIO HH 9THM rocrro-
,rr;aM HeMe,n;JIeHHO «B lIepHLIX MaHTIIHX» OTrrpaBHTLCH B BepCaJIb.
HallaJIIICL 06cym,n:eHHH, crrOpLI, 06MeH HOBOCTHMH, HO nHlIerO He
6LIJIO pemeHO, II Bce rrpOCTO OTnpaBHJIIICL B rrYTL, -qT06LI BLInOJI-
HHTL rrpHKa3 ROpOJIH 1.
TaKHM 06pa30M, He npomJIO H 110JIyro)];a nOCJIe 11 HOH6pH, KaK
ROpOJIro nplIIDJIOCL BHOBL OTnpaBHTLCH na 3ace,n;aHHe napJIaMeHTa,
'l{To6LI OCJIa6HTI> CHJIY onrr03n HH, HOTOPYIO OII CTOJIb He I O BpeMe-
nIl B03pO,n;HJI Ha npe,n:LI,n: eM aaceAaHHII.
r -,n:a 'l{JIeHLI napJIaMeHTa, CKaaaHO B «HCTOpHlIeCKHX 3anHCKaX»,
6LIJIH « 01IeHL xopomo npIIHHTLI». Mx yroCTHJIH 06e,n;OM B 3aJIe ,n:JIH
u
epeMOHHH, H aace,n;aHHe HalIaJIOCL TOJILRO B rrOJIOBHHe 1IeTBepToro.
& npOTOKOJIa, HOTOpLIH 6LIJI orry6JIHKOBaH, MLI yaHaeM no,n;po6HO-
CTH BLIcTynJIeHHH II n;epeMOHHaJIa.
ROPOJIL npOHaHec Bcero HeCROJIbI\O CJIOB, ROTopLIe OH BLIY1IHJI
HallaYCTb. «H AOJIiKeH, - CKaaaJI OH, - II iKeJIaIO npllOCTaHOBHTL
rpa6emH, HOTopLIe MorYT npeBpaTHTbCH B MHTeiR». XOTH rOJIOC Y
I\OpOJIH 6bIJI He 01leHL npHHTHDIH H He aBOHRHH, rOBopHTCH B «Hc-
TOp}IqeCI HX aarrHCKaX», TOR ero pellH 6LIJI 6JIaropo,n;eH H TBep,n;, B
BTO HCKYl1aJIO He,n;ocTaTRH rOJIoca.
rJIaBnaH pOJIL II rJIaBHaH pelIL IIopyqeHLI 6LIJIH xpaHHTeJI ne-
qaTH ApMaHY TOMa rro p;e MHpOMeHHJIIO; CorJIaCHO onHcaHHHM, OB
«6LIJI B MaHTHH H3 cpHOJIeTOnOro 6apxaTa, no,n;6HTOH MaJIIIHOBLIM
aTJIaCOM», H «clI,n;eJI B KpeCJIe, nOKpLITOM RonD;oM <pUOJIeTOBOro 6ap-
xaTHoro KOBpa, pacmllToro aOJIOTLIMH JIHJIHHMH, JIemaBIDero y Hor
KOpOJIH» 2 .
1I0 HpOHHH cYJJ;L6LI, rJIaBHOMY Bpary Tropro B npaBHTeJILCTBe
na,n;JIemaJIO HaJIOmHTb ero BarJIH,n;LI II 6LITL rroc06HHROM ero nOJIH-
THRH B 8TIIX pemaIO HX II TopmeCTBeHHLIX 06CTOHTeJILCTBax.
B peqH xpaHHTeJIH neqaTH MLI 06napymHBaeM ocpHD;HaJILHOe
1 110 HeROTopLIM CBe}J;eHHHM, napJIaMeHT 6y}J;TO 6LI }J;eMOHCTpaTIIBHO no-
Tpe60BaJI Tor.n;a YCTaHOBJIeHHH eHLI Ba xJIe6 B 2 cy aa CPYHT (D a kiD. Ope
cit., p. 188). Ho 9Ta BepCIIH onpOBepraeTCH B «Relation historique».
2 Pro cas-verbal d1!1lit de justice. Imprimerie royale, 1775.
rJIABA. IV. UPABI;fTEJIbCTBEHHbIE MEPbl
289
--
noATBepiR eHHe He TOHLRO BepCHH 0 «fpa6MTe HX», HO H BepCHH
() «3arOBope».
«ITO-BHP;HMOMY, CYIr(eCTBOBaJI IIHaH onYCTomHTL ,n;epeBHH, npe-
cetlb ICy,u;OXQ,n;\CT'BO, tBOCII;p,enHT'CTtBOlBaTb nepeiB03 1 Re xJIe6a... A
ero e L? 06pe"tJb Ha ro o,n; 60JILIDHe ,fopOl)J;a, H npem)J;e Dcero ITa-
pHiR}) ·
Qpe3lBLI"tJaMH:bIe MepLI orrp,aB}J;LIiBaIOTlcH aTOM tKpaMHe orrac-
HOB cHTyan;Hen. XpaHHTeJIb rreqaTH 061>HBHJI, qTO, Kor a CIIO-
f{OBCTBHe 6y eT BocCTaHOBJIeHO, B03BpaTHTcH K 06bI"tJHOMY IIOpH,n;-
RY cy,n;OIIpOH3Bo,n;cTBa. Ho B HacTOHIIJ;HH MOMeHT Ha,n;o «npeCeqb
3apa3Y» .
ITepBLIH rrpe3H)J;eIIT IIap aMeHTa ;IJ;'A Hrp, He OtIeHL RpaCIIope-
TIHBbIH OT npHpO;D;bl H paCTepHBmHHCH B CJIOmMBillHXCH 06CTOHTe b-
CTBax, XpaHHJI MOJIqaHHe 1. 3aMeCTHTeJlb npoRypopa CerLe, XOTH
ero H 6LI O TPY;D;HO 3aCTaTb Bpacn ox, orparrHqHJICH Tpe60BaHMeM
perMCTpan;HH.
KOf}J;a f- H ,n;e MHpOMeHHJIb, COrJIaCHO 06LItIalO, npHCTYIIH R
rO OCOBaHnIO, TO 3aMeTIIJIII, tITO TOJIbI{O npMH KOHTH H COBeTTIMR
no cpaMHJIHII <PpeTO 3aTeHJIM ,n;HCRYCCHIO. MHpOMeHHJIb C 1JeTBepTb
qaca OCTaBaJICH Y Hor ROpOHH, 1JTo6LI ,n;aTL eMY OTqeT 2.
KOpOJIb cnOBa B3HJI CJIOBO H TBep}J;o CI\a3aJI: «H BaM 3anpem;alO
RaRYIO 6LI TO nn 6bIJIO peMOHCTpaU;HIO».
BepHYBIDHCL B IIapHm, q eHLI rrapJIaMeHTa rrpHCTYIIH H R 06-
cym}J;eHHHM, HO CTOpOHHHRH IIpaBHTeJIbCTBa ,n;06HJIHCL OTCpOtII{H
)];0 c e,n;YIOm;ero ,n;HH. Ha aTOM HOBOM 3ace,n;aHHH CTpaCTH nOYTHXJIH,
II tI eHLI napJIaMenTa B03,n;epmaHHCL OT OTKpLIToro npOTeCTa. ITpo-
eTO rrpHHHJIH HOBoe nOCTaHOBHeHHe, COCTaBHeHHoe B caMbIX YMepeH-
HLIX BLIpameHHHX. B HeM co,n;epmaHaCb npocL6a I{ KOpOHIO, «tITO-
6bI OH COH3BO HJI npo,n;OJImaTL CBOR 3a6oTLI 0 xHe6e, KOTopLIe H
paHee ,n;HKTOBaJIa eMY JII060BL R ero Hapo,n;y». TIapHaMeHT H36paJI
«<POPMY HaHMeHee pe3HYIO, HO B TO me BpeMH Ha,n;emHYIO... 1JT0'6bI
BbI,pa3'HTL ICBoe 6eOnOI\OHICT\B ' 0 In IC,Boe ;y,cepJJ;He». IIocJIe afforo
OR rrOBTopH CiBoe ITpeJ];LI,I(.y ee nOCTa'H'OBJIe'HIIe, OT 4 .MaH. «8Ta
MHrROCTb rrapJIaMeHTa 6LI a HerrpOCTHTeJIbHoH», - IIMllieT aBTOp
«!1 J cTO'pH"tJe'c,I\JIIX 3aIIMiCOR», BLIpa3HTeJIb 'MHeIIHH pLHIHLIX «naTpH-
OTOB» .
B aTOM rrepBOM I{OH<pJIHRTe Ha rrapJIaMeHT rrpOH3Be a BIIeqaT e-
HHe TBep,n;OCTb BJIaCTeii, a, BepOHTHO, TaK)Re 11 cepbe3HOCTL IIO O-
meHHH.
OH JII06MJI HapO)J; - HO He pa3'bHpeHHLIM rrapo,n;.
1 YTBepiHp;aJIM, 'ITO p;'AJUIrp nopyqaJI COCTaBJICHHe CBOHX peqeii ap;BoRa-
Ty fI\epBe3Y, aBTopy HHHrH «Portier des Chartreux». (IIMcbMo BOJIbTepa p;e
JIHJIIO OT 14 :M:apTa 1776 r. D;HTHpyeTcH B: F 0 n C i n. Ope cit., p. 507.) Pa3Y-
MoeTCH, B p;aHHOM cHTyan;HH y Hero He ObIJIO BpOMeHH npH6erHYTb R YCJIyraM
a,n;BoRaTa.
2 CM.: «Relation historique», p. 246.
1 9 3. <I>op
290
llACTb BTOPAH. (fl\lY'IIIAH nO "JHA
OBP AmEHIIE
R YXOBEHCTBY
IiI P A3JIlIqHbIE
PEillEHIilfI
RopOJII> 6bIJI ,n;OBOJIeH C060H. 5 MaH OH nHCaJI Tropro ,n;OBepn:--
TeJII>HLIM TOHOM: «IIaMHTI> MHe H3MelIHJIa BO BpeMH rrepBoM pe-qII,
110 H c06paJICH C MLICJIHMH, KaK Mor, CTapaHCI> He pacTepHTLCH)}o
A 6 MaH OB nHCaJI: «BepHO TO, 1JTO H HcrrbITLIBalO 60JII>mee cMy e-
Hlfe rrepe.n; O,n;HHM 1JeJIOBeKOM, HemeJIH nepe,n; nHTI>IO,n;eCHTI>IO)}.
Y HOpOJIH II MHHHCTpa 6LIJIH IIo,n;03peRHH, lITO cym;ecTByeT 3a-
rOBOp. B nHCLMe ynoMHHaeTCH 0 rrOCbIJIHe ,n;BYX 6JIaHHOB YHa30B,
no,n;IIHcaHHLIX HOpOJIeM, 0 -qeM TIopro rrpOCMJI. «MeHH ymacaeT, -
npH6aBJIHeT HOpOJIL, - aTO no,n;03perrHe, I{OTOpOe y Hac B03IIHI{J!O,
II Tpy,n;IIbIe pemeHHH, HOTopLIe MLI ,n;OJImHbI I1PHHHTb, HO, K He-
c-qaCTblO, e e Roe-RTO rOBOlpHT 06 aTOM; H rra,n;eIOCL, 60 U.Mfl lleCTU
.Moeeo UMenu, -qTO IB'ce ORB - HJ!'e'BemH'HHH».
C-qHTaroT, 1ITO aTa cPpa3a OTHOCHTCH I{ rrpHHn;y KORTH; aTHM
061>HCHHeTCH HaMeR Ha «1JeCTb HMeHH)}, rrOCHOJIbKY pe'tJ:b mJIa 0
rrpHBn;e KpOBH.
1I3 9Toro CJIe,n;yeT, 1JTO HeKOTopLIe JIIO,n;H YKa3LIBaJIH Ha KOHTH,
II HX 6LIJIO HeMaJIO, HO Bce me HeJIb3H 6LIJIO HCKJII01JaTb H rrpe,n;rro-
JIOmeHHe 0 HJIeBeTe; ROpOJIL rrpe,n;rr01JHTaJI TaHoe 061>HCHeHHe.
HeCKOJILKO ,n;HeH crrYCTH BepCHH 3arOBopa rrOJIy-qHJIa no,n;TBep-
)R eHHe B nOBOB HHH HaTHBe rrOJIHTH1JeCROrO xapaKTepa.
Tropro pemHJI 06paTHTbCH K ,n;YXOBeHCTBY, 'tJ:T06bI IIOJIyqMTL ero
rro,n;,n;epmKY B ,n;eJIe coxparrenHH rropH,n;Ra.
BLICKa3LIBaJIHCL rrpe,n;rrOJIOmeHHH, 1JTO rrpH1IHHOH 06pam;eHHR
HBHJIOCL Y1IaCTHe OT,n;eJIbHMX rrpe,n;CTaBHTeJIei ,n;YXOBeHCTBa B 6ec-
nopH,n;Kax. HeKOTopLle 1I3 CBHm;eHHHKOB .n;eHCTBHTeJILHO 6LIJIH 01IeHL
B036YiR,n;eHLI 1. Ho JJ;PyrHe, Ha060poT, BCTaJIH Ha CTOPOHY nopH,n;Ka 2 .
BLIJIO 61»1 cOBepmeHHo HenpaBHJIbHO rOBopHTL 0 KaHoH-To e,n;n:-
HOH n03H HII Bcero ,n;yxoBeHcTBa. iRHBH cpe,n;H CBOHX npHxoman,
SHaH 06 HX 6eJJ;ax, CBH eHHHHH MorJIH pa3,n;eJIHTb HX 'tJ:YBCTBa, KaK
HM CJIY1JaJIOCL pa3,n;eJIHTL H HX neBemeCTBO.
1 CM. aJIee, c. 311-313.
2 KlOpe B Mepll OTKaaaJI B rrplPIacTIIH MHTemHHKaM. OK rrOJIyqHJI neB-
CillO B 200 JIHBpOB 11 ooe aHlle oeKe<pIID;HH. «<Gazette de Leyde», D;HTHpyeTca
B: S C hell e, t. IV, p. 442, note.)
ApyroB: KIOpe 06eaopymHJI 6YHToB IIKa, KOTOpbIii yrpomaJI eMY naJI-
RoB:; He 61>IJI JIJiI 9TO TOT me CaM1>Iii? (M e t r a. Ope cit., t. I, p. 358.)
CJl.A. BA IV. nPABHTEJIbCTBEHHblE MEPbl
291
--
06'bHCneHHe IIHHD;HaTHBbI TIOprO B 8TO I, HaK II B APyrHx CJIY-
qanx, l\10mHO HaMTII B ero npOIDJIOM onbITe. OR Bcer a npH aBaJl
t>OJlbIDoe 3na"tleHHe TOM pOJIII, KaKYIO MomeT nrpaTb AYXOBeHCTBO,
oco6eHIIO B ,n;epeBHe, nanpaBJIHH II npOCBe aH YMbI. OR yme He
pa3 HCIIOJIb30BaJI ero nOMO b, 6y,n;y"tlH IIHTeH;n;aHTOM B JIHMome.
On ClIeJI COBepmenno eCTeCTBeHHblM B0306nOBJIeHHe TaI\OrO onblTa
B MacmTa6ax D;eJIOH CTpaHbl.
B ,n;JIllnnOM HnCTpYR HH, ,n;aTHpoBaHHoH 9 MaH II nepe,n;aHHoH
1{lOpe "tJep03 enIICKOIIOB, Mbl BH,n;HM HapH,n;y C nOXBaJlaMH II YBeID;a-
UHHMH, eCTeCTBeHHblMH B ,n;OHYMenTe, npe,n;Ha3Ha"tleHHOM ,n;JIH CBH-
eHHHHOB, neII36emHoe, XOTH H CiKaToe nanOMIIHaHHe 0 3,n;paBblX
aI\OHOMH-qeCI llX npHnD;Hnax. CocTaBIITeJIb naCTaHBaeT Ha TOM, tITO
aKTHlIeCRH ne 6MJIO ,n;eMcTBHTeJILnOH neXBaTRH xJIe6a (Oll 6MJI
Bce BpeMH B ,n;ocTaTO"tlHOM ROJIHtIeCTBe Ha pblHKax HMeRHO B Tex
npOBHHD;IIHX, ROTopble no,n;BeprJIHCL rpa6emaM), He 6blJIO II tIpe3-
MepHoH HHID;eTbl: B npOmJIOM n;eHbI 6blBaJIH H 60JIee BbICORllMH.
R TOMY }Re 6blJIH OTI{PbITbl 6JIarOTBOpIITeJIbHble MacTepcRHe.
BHHoBHHRaMH 6YHTOB 06'bHBJIHJlH rpa6HTeJIeii, H MbI BH)J;HM,
RaR B 8TOM ,n;oI{YMeHTe YTOtIHHIOTCH l\1HOrHe 8JIeMeHTbI no,n;roTOBJIH-
eMoH ocp HaJIbHOH BepcHH.
B RaiK,IJ;oM cJIYlIae rpa6HTeJIH 6blJIH tIymaKaMH B rrpHxo,n;e.
Y HIIX 6blJIH AeHbrH, 1160, Aame nORynaH no ,n;emeBoH D;eHe, OHH
saKynaJIH 60JIbmHe KOJIHlIeCTBa xJIe6a, 3 Ha"tlHT , IIX rHaJIa He Hym,n;a.
ann YHlllITOmaJIH npo,n;OBOJILCTBHe.
OHll nO mHraJIH aM6apbI II 4>epM:bI. IJ:eJIb: BbI3BaTL rOJIo,n; B IIa-
pHme.
OHH XHTpO CC:blJIaJIHCb Ha pemeHHe ROpOJIH.
BCJIe,n; 3a rpa6emaMH - 3arOBOp. STOT Te3IIC YTOlIHHeTCH B o,n;-
HOH <p,pa3e: ,«Ror,n;a 'Hapo,n; Y3HaeT, RTO opraHH3aropbl, OHll :SHymaT
eMy oTBpam;eHHe 11 OH YTpaTHT K HHM )J;oBepHe; Ror,n;a Hapo,n; YBH-
)];HT nOCJIe,n;cTBHH, OHII YCTpamaT ero 60JIbme, lIeM caM rOJIo,n;».
CM:bICJI CKa3anHoro: 06BIIHeHHe B nOJIHTJ![tleCROM nary6HoM 3aroBope.
.COrJIaCRO .I(IOnOHY, 8TOT nYHI\T 6blJI BKJlIOlIeH B TeRCT JIOl\1eHH
.):i;e BpHennOM. TOT me .I(lonoH nOJIaraeT 8TH CJlOBa HeOCTopomHbI-
MH, 1I6o TeM caMbIM o6eID;aJlU BblcTynHTb C pa306JIatIeHHHMH, 't!ero
cJJ;eJIa Tb He MOrJIH.
CaMaH M:bICJIb 06 06paID;eIIHH H ,n;YXOBeHCTBY 6bIJIa crropHoH
H)J;een:. HeRoTopble KOMMeHTa TOpbI (Bpam,n;e6Horo HarrpaBJIenHH)
CtIu\aJIH 8TO 6eCTaHTHOCTLIO. «,[(yxoBencTBo, - rOBopHTCH B «MCTO-
Pu-qeCI{HX 3anHCKax», - 6blJIO CRaH,n;aJIH30BaHO TeM, "tITO Ero BeJIH-
"leCTBO rronYrRAalOT TaRHM 06pa30M rrOCHraTh Ha ero rrpaBa (,n;yxo-
BencTBa) II KaK 61>1 npIIIIHCbIBaIOT KOpOJIIO npaBO naCTaBJIHTh ero,
o "leM IIOYlIa Tb C n;epRoBHoH na<f>e,n;pbl». HeRoTopble enHCHOIIbI
JJ;ame IIo,n;03peBaJiH MHHIICTpa B 3a TaenHOM raJIJIHRaIIH3Me 1.
-
t
i9'fc
«Relation historique», p. 264 et 265.
292
qACTb BTOPAR. «MyqHAH BOnHA
TlOpro, HeCOMHeHHO, 6bIJI MaJIO o3a6olIeH TeM, qTO nO,rr;YMaeT
,rr;YXOBeHCTBO, ero 60JILIDe HHTepeCOBaJIO B03,rr;eHCTBHe, npOH3Be,n;err-
Hoe na 06m;eCTBeHHoe MHeHHe. He3aBHCHMO OT pe3yJILTaTOB, ,rr;OCTHr-
HYTbIX B ,rr;aHHOM CJIyqae, He BbI3bIBaeT COMHeHHH, qTO n;epROBIIaH
opraHH3an;HH o6JIa,n;aJIa B TO BpeMH IIH C qeM rre cpaBHHMOH ceTbIO
HH<popMan;HH H rJIaCHOCTH. PemelIHe rrpH6erHYTL I{ HeH 6bl:10
MbICJILIO, ,n;OCTOHHOH rocy,n;apCTBeHHoro ,n;eHTeJIH.
q To6bI 1I0ROHt.IHT:b C «rrOJIHTHqeCRHMH» rrOCJIe,rr;CTBHHMH MHTC-
ma, MbI ,n;OJImHbI B 3aRJIIOlIeHHe OTMeTHTL ,rr;Ba po,n;a Mep.
8 MaH COCTOHJIOC:b rrOCTaHOBJIeHHe COBeTa 0 pacrrpocTpaHeHHH na
onpe,n;eJIeHHbIe cyxorrYTHble ToprOBble orrepaIJ;HH (8JIb3aC, JIoTapHH-
rHH, TpH ErrHCI{OIICTBa) rrpeMHH 3a HMrropT, ROTopble rrpHMeH.fIJIHCb
yme paHee, HO OrpaHHlIHBaJIHCL BO,n;H1>IMH nYTHMH. 2 HIOHH ,n;BYMH
rrOCTaHOBJIeHHHMH COBeTa 6bIJIH OTMeHeIIbI BB03Hble nOmJIHIIbI
(oRTpya) Ha 3epHO, MYRY H xJIe6 BO ncex ropo,n;ax, Rpo:M:e ITap:nma
H MapCeJIH; paCClIHTbIBaJIH, lITO IJ;eHbI Ha npo,n;YRTbI CHH3HTCH 6JIa-
ro,n;apH OTMeHe 8TMX nOmJIHH, TeM 60JIee lITO IIa IJ;errax OTpama-
JIHCb H pa3JIHqHbIe 3JIoyrroTpe6JIeHHH rrpH HX B3HMaHHH. M3JIOme-
HHe MOTHBOB 1I03BOJIHeT npe,n;rrOJIara T:b, lITO caMH MYHHIJ;HrraJIHTe-
TbI CKJIOHHJIHCL R npHHHTl:I1O 8TOH MepbI. HM 6bIJIO rrpe,n;JIOmeHO 110
B03MomHOCTH B03MeCTHT:b CHHmeHHe <pHHaHcoBbIX lIocTYllJIeHHH
IIYTeM «3ROHOMHH H cOKpam;eHHH paCXO;n;OB», a B cJIyq:ae Heo6xo-
,rr;HMOCTH C 1I0MOm;:b1O ,rr;PyrHx Mep, He OTpamalOm;UX'CH Ha CTOIIMOCTR
IIpO,n;YKTOB lIepBOH Heo6xo,n;HMOCTH.
C ,n;pyroH CTOpOHbI, BepHbIH «,n;HmOHCI{HM» npHHIJ;l:IrraM, Tropro
cqeJI IHeo6xo,n;uMbI.M B0'3\MelCTHTb nOTepH m,e'pT,BaM :MHTema. ,IJ:IOIIOH
On;eHHBaJI y6bITI-\H B 610 TbIC. <ppaHRoB; TOTqaC me 6bIJIO yrrJIalIeHO
50 TbIC. JIHBpOB O,n;HOMY ROMMepcaHTY, ITJIaHTe, Cy,rr;HO KOToporo
6bIJIO paarpa6JIeno, «a 3epHO c6pomeHo B BO,n;y». Heo6xo,n;HMbIe <po H -
,n;bI ,rr;OJImHbI 6bIJIH 6bITL rrOJIytIeHbI 3a CqeT JIHRBH,n;aIJ;HH 3arraCOB
xJIe6a, OCTaBIDHXCH IIOCJIe rocy,n;apCTBeHHbIX ToprOBbIX onepaIJ;u:rn
C XJIe60M BO BpeMeHa Teppa 1.
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5 MaH Ha 3ace,rr;aHI:IH napJIaMeHTa B IIPHCYTCTBHH KOpO.ITH 6bIJIO
pa3pemeHO BBeCTH tIpe3BbIqaHHYlO IIpon;e,n;ypy Cy,rr;OllpOH3BO,n;CTB8
,rr;JIH KapaTeJILHbIX Mep.
1 TaKoBa HH<popMan;UH, Hcxop;lIID;alI OT ,IJ;IOITOHa. Mei-R,IJ;Y TeM HMelOTCR
YKaaaHHlI H Ha P;PyrHe HCTOtIHHKH ITOKp:bITHlI pacxop;OB. (CM. ITHC:bMO TlOpro
HHTeHJ(aHTY CyaccoHa OT 8 MalI 1775 r., Archives de rOise, C. 318.)
rJ1ABA IV. nPABHTEJIbCTBEHHhlE AlEPhl
293
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Memp;y 4 H 8 MaH rrOJIHI HH apeCTOBaJIa rreROTopoe -qUCJIO JIHD;,
o6BHHHeMb1x B yqaCTHH B MHTeme. COrJIaCIIO HCCJIe,n;OBaIIHHM JIro6-
JIlIIICI\OrO, 162 -qeJIOBeRa rrO)];BeprJIHC:b IIpeCJIe,n;OBaHHHM 3a «IIpe-
cTynJIeIIIIH no ,n;eJIY 0 3eprre» (B 8TOT }RO rrep:UOlJ; 6bIJIO apecToBaHo
em;e 122 -qeJIOBeHa 3a pa3JIH1JIIbIe IIpocTynI H, no -qam;e Bcero CBH-
3aIIHbIe C 06m;HM 6pomeHHeM).
He6oJI:bmaH rpYIIIIa JIIOp;eif 6b1JIa apeCTOBaHa B CBH3H C 6ecIIo-
pJl,n;KaMH B ,n;epeBHHX Toro 11-\0 3 MaH .II B nOCJIe,n;yrom;He ,[I;HH. PIo,n;e
HaCQHTaJI Bcero 260 apeCTOBaHHbIX B BpH H B MJIb-,n;e-cDpance H
145 no «napMi-RCRHlvf» ,n;eJIaM 1.
He CJIep;yeT CMernHBaTb C 8THl\IH apeCTaMH 6YIITonDJ;H1-\on «3a-
KJIIOQeHHe B TlOpbMbI» (embastillement) pa3JIHqHb1X p;pyrHx JIHD;.
IIpeBOTaJI:bJIbIH cyp; ,rr;OJImeH 6b1JI Bb1IIOJIIIHTb B03JIOmeHHYro rra
Hero MHCCHIO H cpep;H MeJIROH comRH B 06b1QHb1X TlOpLMax Tm;a-
TeJILHO oT06paTb 06BHHHeMbIX. Cy,n;, BO BCHROM CJIyqae ero npe,n;-
ce,n;aTeJIL, rJIaBHb1H rrpeBO KOHHeTa6JIeH H maH,rr;apMepHH <PpaHD;HII
ITarrHHoH, BHP;HMO, CHaqaJIa He rrpOHBJIHJI 60JILmOrO pBeHHH. CorJIac-
no «MCTOplPIeC1-\HM 3aIIHcRaM», repn;or ,rr;e JIaBpHHep Bb1Hym,n;eH
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H3 maT.ITe». IIoRa3aHHH 6b1JIH 3arrpOTOROJIHpOBaHbI B illaTJIe 8 MaH.
11 MaH rrpeBOTaJIbHb1H cy,n; rrpHrOBOpHJI ,rr;BYX 6YHTOBm;HI-\OB R CMepT-
HOll Ra3HH -qepe3 rrOBemeHHe. RaR YTOqHHeT Ap;a;H, rrpHrOBOp 6b1JI
rrpHBep;eH B HCnOJIHeHHe B TOT me ,rr;eBL B TPH qaca nOrrOJIy;a;HH.
,n:JIH 8TOll D;eJIH Ha rpeBCROH rrJIOm;a,rr;H 6b1JIH Bo,rr;pymeHb1 ,rr;Be BHce-
JIHD;b1 BbICOTOll BoceMHa,rr;D;aTL <PYTOB; IIJIOm;a,rr;L OCTaBaJIaCL IIYCTOH,
COJI;a;aTb1 6bIJIn: IIOCTpoeHbI B ;a;Ba pH,n;a, OP;HH pH;a; JIHD;OM BHYTPb
Rape, p;pyroH - napYi-l{Y. OCYi-I-\p;eHHb1e npH3bIBaJIH Hapo,n; Ha rro-
MOII!;L H KpHqaJIH, qTO YMHpaIOT 3a Hero 2 .
COCTaBHTeJIH XpOHHR He C006m;a10T rro,rr;p06Hb1X cBe,n;eHHll 06
8THX ,rr;BYX JIIO,rr;HX H HX BHHe, a HCTOpHRH He rrpOHBHJIH R HHM HH-
Tepeca. TOJILRO Ap,rr;n: cpep;H rrepBb1X H CerlOp cpe;a;H BTOpb1X rrOTp-y-
AIIJIHCb Ha3BaTL HMeHa Ra3HeHHb1X.
COrJIaCBO npHrOBOpy rrpeBOTaJI:bHOrO cy;a;a 3 , OP;HB H3 HHX -
1 CM. «CnJiICOR JIJiIn;, co,u;epmam;JiIXCH B TIOpI>Max» H CTaTI>IO B. C. JIIOO-
JIHHCRoro B: «BonpOCI>I JiICTOPJiIH», 1955, eM 11. Cl"I. ,u;aJIee, c. 310, npJiIM. 1.
2 «Relation historique», p. 255 ct 256.
3 neqaTHI>IH TeI{CT Haxo,u;I1TCH B Archives Nationales, K. 1022, eM 25,
a tIepHOBIII{ B peecTpe ceRpeTHI>IX 3ace,u;aHHH (Y. 10 525). IlOI{a3aHHH 06BII-
IHleMI>IX BocnpoIl3Be,u;eHI>I CJIe,u;YIOID;HM oopa30M:
)/(an /l,enu /l,enopr
CRa3aJI, qTO, JiI,u;H C pa60TI>I, 3arneJI BMeCTe C meHoH R iRap,u;eHY, 6YJIoq-
BHRY Ha YJIJiIn;e MY<PTap, a ero meHa B3HJIa TpJiI 6yxaHluI xJIe6a no 4 <PYHTa
H 3anJIaTHJIa 36 cy.
OH He cnpamIlBaJI iKap,u;eHa, CKOJILRO Y Hero xJIe6a, II BOBce He Y3Ha-
Ban, nOqeMY OH He 3aRpl>IBaeT 6YJIOtIHYIO, a P;OtIL ynoMHHYToro iRap,u;eHa
)];aJIa eMY caMa 6e3 npIIHYi-Rp;eHHH BOCI>MH<pYHTOBI>IM xJIe6. OH He npHMeHHJI
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294
qACTb BTOPAH. «MyqHAR BORHA_
maH ,IJ:eHH enopT, napHHMaxep, B npOmJIOM COJI,n;aT (TaHlKe 'tJe-
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maH KJIo,l( JI'8rHHe, no,n;MaCTepLe ra30Bm;HK. 06BHHHTeJILHOe 3a-
KJlIOlIeHHe rJIaCHJIO: ,IJ:enopT CHalIaJIa HBHJICH B JIaBI{Y o,n;Iloro
6YJIOlIHHKa, KOTOPOMY CKa3aJI: «He 3anHpaHTe, CeHlIaC npH,n;YT Bac
rpa6HTL. CHOJIbI{O Y Bac BbInelIeK? IIHTL? 8TO xopomo». B'cJIe,n; 3a
HBM HBHJIaCL TOJlna n 300 "tJeJIOBeK. OH yqacTBoBaJl TaHme BO BTOp-
menHH B ,n;PyrYIO 6YJIOlIIIYIO. Y nero HamJlH TPH 6yxaHHH xJIe6a.
qTO I{aCaeTCH JI'8rHie, TO ero 06BHHHJIII B TOM, lITO OH y,n;apHJI
HorOH B ,n;BepL H nO CTpeRaJI ,n;pyrHx BopnaTLCH B 6YJIolIrryro. 3TH
06CTOHTeJILCTBa n03BOJIHJIH ClIHTaTL 06BHHHeMbIX 3a"tJHHm;HKaMH, no
He CBH,n;eTeJILCTBOBaJIH 0 TOM, 'tJTO OHH COBepmHJlH oc06o THa{RHe
npecTynJIenHH. 8TH ,n;Ba "tJeJlOBeKa 6bIJlH BbI6paHbI CJlYlIaHHO cpe,n;1i
;n;pyrHx, ROTOpbIX JlerHO 6bIJIO 6bI YJlHlIHTL B aHaJlOrHlIHbIX nocTyn-
Kax H ,n;ame B 60JI 1 ee cepLe3HbIX aI{TaX HaCWIHH. 8TH ,n;Boe 6bIJIH
nOBemeHbI B Ha3H,n;aHHe ,n;pyrHM.
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JIB 6bI CJIYiKHTL 06"bHCHeHHeM CypOBOCTH ITpHrOBOpa H BbI60pa
HMeHrrO 3THX JlHn; ,n;JIH npHMepHoro IIaI\a3aIIMH: «OAHTI JJ3 HUX Yil{e
6LIJI o,n;n:am,n;bI RJleHMen: H BbICelIeH RHYTOM, a ,n;pyroH 6bIJI H3BeCT-
HbIl\f BOPOM» 1. O,n;rraI\O aBTOp BocnOMHrraHHH co06 aeT 3TH p;aJIIIT)Ie
no CJIyxal\f, OR ;!];an{e no ynoMHHaeT HMeHa ocym,n;en:HbIX. HHHaKHX
yna3aIIHH TaHoro po a neT IIH B npHrOBope cy,n;a, HH B 3aMeTRax
Ap,n;H, HH ,n;ame B «CITI1CHe JIHn;, co;n;epmam;HXCH B TIOpLMax» (a
aTOT ,n;OI\YMeHT BO MITOrHX CJIyqaHX co,n;epiKHT nOMeTI\H «H3BeCTHbIH
BOp» ). BOJIee Toro, no I paHHeH Mepe y o,n;Horo H3 06BHn:HeMbIx B03-
paCT HCHJIIOqaeT IIpe,n;ITOJIOmeHHe 06 yrOJIOBHOM pen;I1,n;HBe HJIH npo-
4>eccHOHaJILn:oH npecTyrrITOCTH. 8TO ,n;eHcTBHTeJlLHO HenpHHTHaH
,n;eTaJIL, 0 KOTOpoi CTpaHHbIM o6pa30M YMOJI"tJaJlH. B neqaTHOM TeR-
CTe npHrOBopa YI{a3bIBaeTCH MeCTOmHTeJlLCTBO II npo<I>eccHH ocya{-
,n;eHB1>IX, HO n:e HX B03paCT, ROTOpbI:H, BanpOTHB, 4>HrYPHpyeT B 'tIep-
BOBIIKe. ,D:Ba,n;n;aTb BoceMb JIeT 6bIJlO ,IJ:enopTY 11 me'CTHa;n;n;aTb
JI'8rHHe. IIopamaeT KpaHHHH MOJIO,n;OCTL aToro n:eClIaCTBOro MaJIL-
tIHKa, KOToporo rrOBeCHJIH 3a TO, tITO on: y,n;apHJI BorOH B ,n;nepb; na
CRaMLe no,n;cy,n;HMbIX on: CCbIJIaJlCH Ha TO, 'tITO 06bI'tIBO BeJi ce6H Xo-
porno. I1pOTHBn:HHH npaBHTeJILCTBa BHRor;n;a Be yrroMHRaJlH 06 3THX
Q>oppe. He 3HaeT HIIRoro H:3 Tex, RTO rpa6JiIJI xJIe6 B 6YJI01JHbIX. He p;orOBapu-
BaJICR HII C ReM 0 TOM, 1JT06bI BopOBaTb xJIe6. ·
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OR y,u;apHJI BorOH B P;BOpb 6YJI01JHofI, 1JTo6bI 3aCTaBIITb eo OTKpbITb; TaM 6bIJIO
I4HOrO Hapop;y, HO OH no c06CTBeHHOMY n06ymp;eHHIO yp;apHJI B ynoMRHYTYIO
J);Bepb, II npOCTO neC1JaCTbe P;JIH Hero, 1JTO OH ymeJI C pa60TbI H BbImeJI Ha
YJIHIJ;Y, QTO Oll Bcerp;a Bep;eT ce6R cnoKoiiHo II CTeneHllO II ero MaCTep MOj-ReT
9TO UO,IJ;TBep,IJ;HTb.
i Moreau. Ope cit., t. II, p. 194.
rJ1ABA IV. nPABHTEJIbCTBEHHblE MEPbl
295
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q,a:KTaX B CBOHX RpHTHlIeCKIfX BblcTynJIenUHX. HaBepHO, ORB Boo6-
e ne 3naJIU 0 HHX 1.
IIpeBOTaJIbHbIH cy,n; 3aHHJICH TOr,n;a }I\e ,n;eJIOM ,n;BYX BO,IJ;OHOCOll:
mana H Mrrraca ,I:(epHBOB. Ho orr pemHJI OTJIOmIIT:b BbIHeceHHe pe-
JIIeHHH no 3THM ,n;eJIaM ,n;o rrpHBe,n;eHHH B lICIIOJIHeHHe rrepBoro
npnroBopa 2 .
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nO,D;rrHCbIBaH rrpHrOBOp, a COrJIaCHO A p,n;H, OHH npe,n;ycMoTpHTeJI:bHO
B03,rr;epmaJIHCb OT YIIOMHHanHH CBoero HMeHH rro,n; rrplfroBopOM. 8TO
e e O,n;HO OTJIHtIHe Me}I\,n;y rretIaTHbIM TeRCTO I IIpHrOBopa H tIepHO-
BHROM.
,n:PyroH o6BHHHeMblM:, no HMeIIH Rappe, 6bIJI rrpHrOBopen B
BepcaJIe J{ TaI\OH me Ka3HII, O;n;naI{O, TaI{ HaH on COCTOHJI Ha CJIym-
6e Y rpa<I>a ,n;'ApTya, ero rrOMHJIOBaJIIf. TaRoe rrpHCTpaCTHe BbI3Ba-
JIO B03Mym;eIIHe, TaI{ KaK CtIHTaJIH, tITO on CKopee 3aCJIymHBaJI BHce-
JIHD;bI, HemeJIH ,n;pyrne. .IJ:eHcTBHTeJIbHO, OH rro,rr;CTpeKaJl rpOMHJI
OTIIpaBHTbCH B 3aMOK, r,n;e OHH naii,rr;YT JIHmb «JIIO,n;eii, ,IJ;pomam;HX
OT CTpaXa».
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MH ynopHo CTaBHJIH B BHHY TIOpro, oco6eHHO B 3IIHrpaMMax, pac-
rrpOCTpaIIHBmHXCH B rrOCJle,n;HHii IIepHO,n; ero rrpe6bIBaHHH Y BJIaCTH.
A66aT CYJIaBH, IIO,IJ;XBaTHBmHH 3TH ynpeRH, ,n;OBeJI BbICOTY BH-
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meHHe 3 .
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xy IIpOH3BeCTH TaKoe me BIIetIaTJIerrHe, I\aR B HamH ,IJ;BH. ITpH
CTapOM rropH,n;Re 3a BOpOBCTBO tIaCTO rrpHrOBapHBaJIH K CMepTHon
Ka3HH. BbIcmaH Mepa naKa3aHHH 3a 6YHT CtIHTaJIaCb HOpMaJIbllbIl\I
HBJI,eHHeM. TOMY eCTL HeMaJIO rrpHMepOB.
1 Ap,n;H B CBOHX 3anHCKax YT01JHHeT: TpH,n;n;aTL O H rOiJ; II BoceMHap;-
aTb JIeT; aTO YI\a3bIBaeT Ha TO, 'tJTO, BHARMO, B03paCT ocymp;eHHbIX HeMlloro
npeYBeJIH1JHJIJiI. Ho YKa3aHHH, cop;epmam;JiIeCH B npHrOBope, 6e3YCJIOBHO, CJIe-
;n;yeT npH3HaTb npaBJiIJIbHbIMH, KpoMe Toro, OHJiI nOp;KpenJIHIOTCH p;aHHbIMH
«CnHcKa JIHn;, co,n;epmam;HXCH B TlOpbMax». COrJIaCHO P;PyrOMY C006m;eHJiIIO
APP;H, MaTb HeC1JaCTHOro IOHOillH BnOCJIe,n;CTBHII CRa33JIa OP;HOMY 3HaROMOMY
eii CBHm;eHHHI{Y, KOTOpbIii B Te ,n;nJiI HaXOp;JiIJICfl BHe IIapHiI\a: «ECJIII 6bI DLI
6bIJIH 3p;ecb, MOM ChIH 6bIJI 6bI mHB». CBHm;enHHK 6b1J1 aTHM KparrHe B3BOJI-
BOBaH.
2 81 HX P;BYX HMOU neT B «CnHCKe JIHn;, c.o,n;epiKam;HXCH B TIopb Iax».
COrJIaCHO npOTOKOJIY 3ace,n;aHHH cyp;a, CYID;HOCTb HX nOKa3aHHM CBO-
;n;D:JIaCb K CJIeP;YIOm;OMY:
maH ,D;epHB, Bo,n;onoc. B3HJI xJIe6 B 6YJI01JHOii Ha YJIHn;e TJiIp-illaIIII. Ha
APyroii p;eHb B03MeCTHJI ero CTOHMOCTb.
MrHac J];epJiIB. 1l06bIBaJI JIHillb y op;Horo 6YJIOQHHI{a, KOTOpbI:ii caM aJI
eMy MaJIeHbKHii xJIe6en;. HHKoro HH R 1JeMY He no.n;CTpeKaJI II He 3HaeT HH-
Roro 113 Tex, KTO 3a6paJI xJIe6. OH IIOmeJI B JIaBKY, KaK 11 Bce, TOJIbRO 113
:Io60nbITCTBa, 1JT06bI nOrJIH,n;eTb, 1JTO npOHcxop;HT.
HarrpOTHB, O<pHn;HaJIbHbIH OT'tJ:eT Toro BpeMeHlI rOBopHT 0 BbICOTC B
nHTBa;n; aTb <PYTOB. Archives Nationales, It 1022-25.
296
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B TOT me ,rr;eH:b, 3 MaH, MeTpa 4>IIJIOc04>CRII 3aI{OHtIHJI CBOIO XpO-
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TOB HROB, 11, HeCOMIIeHIIO, 3aBTpa IIJlH IIOCJle3aBTpa HeROTopbIX 1I3
HHX nOBeCHT».
11 MaH B KOHn;e ;IJ;HH JIIO,l(OBHR XVI HarrlICaJI TlOpro e e o,n;na
IIHC:bMO, nOCJIc,n;Hee B 3TOH cepllH HX KoppecnOH,n;eH HH. OH ynoMH-
naeT 0 C06LITHHX 3Toro ,n;HH B TaI{IIX npOCTLIX CJIOBax: «r -H ,n;e JIaB-
pIIllep C006 HJI MHe 0 ,l(BYX Ka3HHX, COCTOHBIDHXCH cero,n;HH nc-rro-
PO {». HeH3BecTHo, 6bIJI JIH no,n;HHT Borrpoc 0 nOMHJIOBaHHII B npo-
MemYTHe Mem,n;y npHroBopoM H I{a3HLIO. qYBcTBHTeJILH:OIH I\OpOJJL
}J;o.1:iKeH 6bIJI CTpa,n;aTL H3-3a meCTOROCTH, Ha KOTOPYIO OH corJIa-
CliJICH H3 rocy,n;apCTBeHHbIX coo6pameHHH. B TOM me IIHCLMe OH
ITHCaJI: «ECJIH BLI MomeTe rro a,n;HTL JIIOp;eH, I{OTOpble CTaJIH JIMillh
mepTBOH nO,l(CTpeKaTeJI:OCTBa, TO nocTynHTe OtIeHL xopomo».
8TO rrOmeJIaHHe 6bIJIO IlCnOJIHeHO C Heo6bIKHOBeHHOH 6bICTpO-
TOB. YRa3, ,l(aTHpOBarrIThIR e e 11 MaH, npef];OCTaBJIHJI aMHH'CTHIO
BceM JI:m:r;aM, ROTopble He3aMep;JIHTeJILHO B03BpaTHTCH B CBOH npH-
Xo,n; H B03MeCTHT B HaType IIJIlI ,n;eHLraMH ym;ep6, npllQHHeHHLIH HX
ne3aKOHHLIMH H3"bHTHHMH.
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II no,n;CTpeKaTeJIeH» 1.
TaRHM 06pa30M, B TeQeHlIe CYTOR KpaHHHH CypOBOCTL CMeHII-
JIac:o BeJIHKop;ymHoH rOTOBHOCTLIO rrOMHJIOBaTL.
ECJIH OTBJIeq:OCH OT QIlCTO rYMaHHoro rro;IJ;xo,n;a rrpHMeHHTeJILHO
H HH,n;HBH,n;yaJI:bHbIM CJIyqaHM, TO rrepll0;IJ; Memp;y 4. II 11 MaH Momno
paCCMaTpHBaTL RaR rrpHMep 6LICTPOTLI, «3ROHOMIPIHOCTH» H 34>4>e1\-
THBHOCTII B JIHRBH;IJ;an;HII 6YPHoro 06m;ecTBeHHoro RpH3Hca 2.
I10CJIE HllE COBbITMH
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C 3 MaH.
«MYQnaH BOMBa» K 3TOMY BpeMeHII ,n;aJIeRO em;e He 3aKOHqHJIaCb,
J]:ame e e He ;IJ;OCTHrJIa cepe,n;HHbI CBoero pa3BHTHH. I1oCJIe;IJ;HlIe
3nLB:30;r:J;bI HBHO MelHele BamHbI, Q8'M n1epBble, C TOtIRH 3p , eH,HH nO.ltUTU-
tteCJi,oeo 8eUCT8Ufl; OJ]JHaKO OiRlH CTOJIL m1e 3H8IMeHaT 1 eJIbH:bI, ,n;aJl\c,
1 Tex JIHn;, ROTOp:bIe no-npemHeMY CTaHYT C06IIpaT:bCH B TOJIn:bI, OIIUI-
}J;aJIa CMepTHaH I\a3H:b. HHKTO He IIMeJI npaBa nORH)J;a T:b CBOR rrpHXOl];, He
nOJIY1JHB nO)J;nHcaHHYIO CHH)J;HKOM 11 RIOpe xapaRTepHCTHRY 0 )J;o6pOHpaBHOl\I
nOBe}];eHHH, HHa1Je OH nO}];JIe}RaJI HaRa3aHHIO no 3aKOHY 0 6po)J;HmH1I1JeCTBe.
(8 C h e II e, t. IV, p. 443.)
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OTnpaBHJIaC:b 06XO;a;HTL Bce <pepMbI B ORpeCTHOCT fiX ropo,n;a JII B ca-
MOM ropo,rr;e BpH. lIo 31'OMY nOBo;a;y HaJIOrOB:bIH rrpOI{ypOP IIOJIYTIHJI
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302
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,rr;BepH. q TO RacaeTCH OCHOBHoro BOlIpoca 0 TaRcan;HH, TO Ha,rr;o CJ{a-
3aTL, 'tITO BO Bcex CJIY'tIaHX IIJIaTemH IIpOH3BO,rr;HJIHCL - JIH60 3a Bce
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CJIyqaHx TOJILRO 3a He60JII>mYIO ,rr;OJIIO.
8TO no,rr;TBepm,rr;aeT, liTO Hapo,rr; HCKpeHHe CTpeMHJICH K TaRCa ITn
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o,rr;Horo RaIIOHHRa, y ROToporo 3a6paJIH 180 CeTl>e 3epHa H 3alIJIa-
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HbIX. B HeMype 60JII>maH TOJIlIa, rJIaBH:bIM 06pa30lVI "KeII HnI>I,
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D;nIO; B pe0YJI:bTaTe paCXH eIIIIO pI>IIII\a 6bIJIO IIpc,rr;OTBpa cno; OT-
)J;OJIhHble HHIJ;n,rr;eHTLI npOHcxo,rr;FIJIJI y cpepMepOB 3.
1 COrJIaCHO AaHHbIM p;orrpoca op;Hoii meHm;IIHJ>I, TaHTon, rrpHBJIetJPHHoii
no 8T0l\1Y f);PJIY, ITa pI)IHI\O B TOT AeH:b 6bIJIO He 60JIee P;BYX MIorr, XOTH OObI1JHO
ObIBaJIO 150 (B p;ORJIap;e BaRH rOBopHTCH 0 20 MIOH). Pa3HeccH CJIYX, 1JTO
6aJIbH gOBCpHb (aBTop BToporo AOI\JIap;a) YCTaHOBIIJI eHY B 12 <fJpanI\OB. OB
rrprrI\a3DJI OTKpbITb 3epnOXpallHJIIIII a II nplIcTyrrlIT:b I{ pacrrpep;CJIeTIIIIO. TaI
KaI-\ Bce He MOrJI:rI 6bIT:b yp;OBJIeTBopeHJ>I, TOJIrra OTrrpaBIIJIaC:b I\ <fJopMepaM,
1JTOObI RyrrllT:b xJIe6 ITO n;eHe, «YCTanOBJIeHHOii I{OpOJIeBCRIIl\t npOI\ypOPOM».
(CM.: R u d e. Ope cit.) fIepBJ>IH AOKJIaA ,[(OBepHfl 6T)TJI BCCJ>Ma JIaI\OTIn1JHJ>IM:
nO-BHAMMOMY, OB 6hTJI He BIIOJIHe YBepeH B YMeCTIIOCTII rrpHHflToro IIM pe-
meHUIT.
2 Archives Seine-ot-Marne, B. 3057; Fonds Joly de Fleury, 1150, fO 196..
3 CM.: R u d e. Ope cit., p. 162.
rJ1AB.4. IV. IIPABUTEJ1bCT13EHHbIE l\JEPbI
303
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MomeT HeCHOJIbI{HX 'tIaCOB, pemaJIOCL, 'tITO IIepeBeCHT - B036ym,rr;e-
liMe UJIH YMHp01'BopenHe. CTpax OHa3aJICH CHJIbHee.
7 MaH B MeJIaHe 61>IJIO 3aMeTHO JIHmL He06bIQHOe CROITJIeHHe
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repD;or ,rr;e J{yaH:bH ObIJI HarOTOBe C 25 cepbIMH MymI\eTepaMR H
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HCXO,IJ;MJIM 10 M:aH 6 B MeHHeccH, 6JIH3 I\op6eH, 11 Ha cpepMax B OK-
peCTHOCTHX IT pOBeHa.
1 MCTpa B sarrlICH, p;aTHpoBaHHoM 9 MaR, c006m;aeT 0 I\PYIIHOM BhlcTyrr-
JIeIHHI B IIPCAJ,IAym;YIO cy660TY, TO eCTb 6 MaR. l\{flTemHIIKH HK06hI 3aXBaTlIJIII
MyrnKeTepa; rBapAeiiU;bI rrpH6eil\aJIII, "tlT06bI ero OCBOOOAHTL, II OYATO 6bI «y6H-
JIll 23 6YHToBIIJ;IIHa, qT06bI pacceRTb OCTaJIbHblX».
MbI ne RaIIIJIH HHI\al\oro nOATBepm enJiJJI 8TOMY COOOm;OHlno 0 CTOJIL
meCTOI{OM no,[.(aBJIeHHH MflTeiI\a. I303MOiI\HO, 8TO HJIll BhIAYMaHHbIii 3IIH30P;,
IIJIII CHJIbIlO npeYBeJIHqeHHblii, HO B03HHI{HOBCHlIe TaI\oro CJIyxa, DO BCHHOM
CJIyqae, IIOI\a3aTeJIbHO.
2 APAliI co06w;aeT, rrpaBp;a, 0 TaI{CaU;HII Ha pbIHI\e B I{op6ee 7 MaH.
3 Fonds Joly de Fleury, 1159, fo 68. 3aIIlIcb B apXIIBax JIeHTeHJIR yrro-
MHHaeT B queJIe p;pyrnx 00 HHn;lIp;eHTe B ,[(YPAarre: HeOOJIbrnOH qeJIOBCI{ B
RpacHoM OACHHHH HcrryraJI maHp;apMa, saRBHB eMY, qTO p;OCTaBIIJI npHI\a3
ROpOJIH 0 npOAame 3epHa no 15 JIHBpOB II qTO, eCJIH iI\aHAapM 6yp;eT eMY CO-
npOTIIBJIHThc'H, ero noneCHT. IIeII3BeCTIIO, HMeeT JIll 3TOT aAeHp;oT OTJIOrneHHe
1\ BOJIHeHIiIHM 7 Ma.H.
4 Fonds Joly de Flenry, 1159, fO 49. .
5 Archives de Lantheuil, 12 mai; S C hell e, t. IV, p. 444 et SUIV.
6 AparYIIbI OrpaHIIqHBaJIHCL TeM, qTO rrpeCeKaJIH rpy60e npHMeHeHHe
CHJIbI, HO LIe IIaClIJIlIe KpecTLHH rrpH YCTaHOnJIeHHH n;eH. «AparYHbI He BblrrOJI-
HHJIH cBoii AOJIr, H I\OMaHp;OBaBIDnH lIMH oqnrn;ep p;OJImeH 6bITL HaI\a3aH».
(Archives de Lantheuil; S C hell e, t. IV, p. 444 et suiv.)
304
tJACTb BTOPAH. «(MYlfHAH BO¥lHA >
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napHmCRoro paiiona: HMeHHO TaM npOHcxo,n;HJIH HOBbIe H npIITOM)
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B 3/ana,n;HOM HanpaBJIeHIIH MLI HMeeM YRa3aHHH Ha BOJIHeIIHfD
BnJIOTL ,n;o Ape, 11 ,n;ame ,n;o BepHOHa 1.
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MOH,n;HJ];Le 2, ill 0 II 11 11 <Pep.
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ytIHHHJIH «IIamliI iKHTeJIII II iKIITeJI1I coceJ];HHx }J;epeBeH:b», TIo}J;-qep-
KHBaeT COCTaBHTeJl:& }J;oRJIa}J;a, KaR BH}J;IIO oaa60-qeHIILIH 6acIIen ()
paa60HHHKax.
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HBIIJIH H3BecTHYro MHrROCT:&. OHII CTpeMHJlHc:& npece-q:b HaCIIJI:bCT-
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6LIJIH pa3J1liIQHLI - 15 cppaHKoB, 18 cppaHKoB, «B 3aBHCIIMOCTH OT
ynopcTBa pa3HLIX rpynTI».
TOJina B 500 HJIH 600 -qeJIOBeK oKpymHJIa no"tJ:TMeHcTepa, If
Tor}J;a ,ClOCTaBHTeJl:& ,u;ORJIal,n;a rro,n;omeJl rR BeMY, "tITo6LI paccnpOCHTb,
«110 KaROH TIplI-qHIIe Hapo,u; TaR 03JI06JIeH rrpOTHB nero»; aTOT anM-
30}J; BeC:&Ma TIORaaaTeJIeH }J;JIH nCHXOJIOrHH MeCTHLIX 'tIlIIIOBIIHKOB..
1 CM. HHme, oco6eHHO rreno fl66aTOB eJIapIO II' JIe RaBaJIbe
2 Archives Somme, c. 88 (12).
rJ1ABA IV. nPABHTEJIbCTBEHHbIE MEPbI
305
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HyanoHe II B CyaccoHe.
B aTOM me pallOHe, B <l>epe, aKTbI HaCHJIHH, a TaKme perrpeCCIIIf
p;OCTHrJIH CBoe:n KYJILMHHan;HH. BBH,n;y OTCYTCTBHH opHrHHaJI:bHbIX
MaTepUaJIOB Toro BpeMeHH (apXHBbl cyaccoHcKoro 6aJIbHrt\a 6bIJIIf
YHHQTOmeHbI B 1814 r.) Mbl pacnOJIaraeM TOJILKO xpOnHKal\lH, orry6-
JlHKOBanHbIMIi B XIX B. B CBH3H C Harra,n;eIIHeM na )J;OM ToproBn;a
xJle60M no HMeHH Rpanap 14 6YIITOBID;HKOB 6bIJIH ocym,n;eHbl rrpe-
BOTaJILHbIM Cy,n;OM; H3 HIIX ,n;Boe 6:&IJIH rrOBemeHbI 1.
HaKoHen;, B BOCTOtIHOM HarrpaBJIeHHH M:&I o6HapymHBaeM CJIe,n;bI
6ecnopH,n;KoB B CaHce, r,n;e 6ropo 6JIarOTBOpHTeJILHOCTH 6:&IJIO C03)J;a-
no 7 arrpeJIH H r,u;e Tropro rrpH3HaJI rrpaBOTY rrpoKypopa CaH,n;pHe,
nOBe,n;eHHe KOToporo rrepBOHa'tlaJILHO 6:&IJIO On;eHeHO neBepHO.
E e ,n;aJIee Ha BOCTOR, B lKyaHbM, 10lMan HaJIOrOB:&Ii'I rrpOKYpoP'
ClIeJI HymHblM CQ06 HTD 0 MaJI03I1allHTeJILHOl\I, no HpJ\Ol\tI 3rrH30)];e;
11M Mbl H 3aBepmHM 3TY rJIaBY: MeCTHbIH I\aMeHID;HR HameJI IIHCLMO,
3arreQaTaHHOe KpaC'HblM cyprYQOM C II306paa eHHeM JIoma,n;u. TeI\CT,
HarrHcaHHbIH c rpy6bIMH rpaMMaTHlIeCKHMH OIIIH6KaMH, rJIaCIIJI:
«Hac ,n;Ba,n;n;aTL MIIJIJIHOHOB 'tIeJIOBeH YMHpaeT OT rOJIo,n;a, oO'be,n;lI-
nlI [CH nee B leCTe ,n;:IH nOCCTaHIUP) 2.
1 «qeTLIpHaA aTL HaH60JIee BHHOBHLIX - HJIII COqTeHHLlX Ta:ROBbIMH-
6bIJIIf rrpHroBopeHbI K IIOBemeHHIO. OCYiHp;eHHLle 6LIJIH npliIBeAeHLI Ha MeCTO'
Ra3HH, rraJIallH CXBaTHJIH O}J;Horo - H on TYT me rrOBIIC B rreTJIe... t.Iepe3 ne-
CKOJILKO MIIBYT OHH CXBaTHJIII BToporo, B3}J;epHYJHr II OTIIYCTHJIII, TeJIO IIO-
BHCJIO... rreTJIH 3aTHuYJIacL... ITpII BIIp;e JIIO}J;eii, Yl\IIIpaBIDHx B CTpaIIIHLIX
KOHBYJIhCHHX, TOJIna OKaMeHeJIa OT ymaca... B 3TO MrHOBeHliIe IIOHBIIJICH
KypLep H npllHec pemeHHe 0 IIOMHJIOBaHHH OCTaJILHLIX, II HX oTIIpaBIIJIII B'
TIOPLMY...» «His1oire de Coincy, Fero, Oulchy», par A. de Vertus. Laon, 18G4:
"Souvenirs de l'abbe de Vertus, ne a Coiney en 1733", p. 289-294.
« qCTBepo rJIaBHI>IX 3aQHHllJ;IIKOB 6LIJIliI apec.TOBaTI:bI, J(OCTaBJIeII:bI B
CyaCCOB, HeMe JIeBHO eY}J;HMLI IIpeBO maHp;apMepHH II rrpliIrOBopeHbI: P;BOO
K BHCeJIHl'(e, TpeTIIH K n030pHOMY CTOJIOY, a lleTBepTLlii K CCLIJIKe». (<Histoire>
do, Soissons dopuis les temps les plus recul6s jusqu'a nos jours». par I-Icnry
Martin et Paul L. Jacob. Soissons, 1837, p. 655-657.) CM. 1'aKme: «Annales
dn diocese de Soissons» par l'abbe Pecheur. Soissons, 1888, t. 'TII, p. 447-
449.
2 Fonds Joly de Fleury, 1159, fo 78. E e 0 HeCROJILKIIX IIIIIJ;JiIp;eIITaX
ynOl\H1HaeTcH B HIOHe B I\oppeCrroHp;eH HliI Tlopro, HO HeT HIHtaRJIX rrp1iI3H(H\OB,
n03BOJIHIODJ;HX CBH3aTL HX C «lVIYlIHOH BOHHOih). PellL H}J;eT 0 commeHHH 6JI1I3
MaHTa cpepMLI II eHeTBHHx, CMaXIIBaIOID;HX Ha OOLIRHoBeHBbIH rpa6eiK (rrIIcL-
MO OT 11 IIIOHH, S C hell e, p. 467), II, KpoMe Toro, 0 P;OBOJILHO HnQTOiflHOM
HHQHp;eHTe, KacaIO eMCfl HeRoero 6YJIOQnIIKa, rrOJIL3YIOm;erOCH Ayprroi'r (' JIa..
BOR. OH 3aHBJIJI Ha pLIHKe B BOMoHe: «rOCrrOp;a 3eMJIep;eJIL LI, P;O CIIX nop BLI
nplDRHMaJIII HapO}J;, TeIIepL npHIDJIO BpeMH rrpHma TL II Bac CaMHX». STOT Qe-
JIOBeK HMeJI peBOJILBep.. 8TO OLIJI «BOoPymeHHLlH 6yu TOBID;JI K» . (IIueLMo OT.
13 HIOJlH, S C hell e, IV, p. 468.)
20 3. <1>0(>
B06 qACTb BTOPAH. «(MYlJHAH BOl1HA,>
r .Itaea V ,Il eJIO
o 3arOBOpe
II peBOJIIO HOHHOe
RBJIeHHe
BCJlnaJl ucnpa e'bl3ol( aeT nO:JICap, eCJl.U
na{)aeT 1£a nO{)eOT08Jl.eU:uy1O n0 1 ley.
A66aT ne Bepu
IIPOBJIEMA
HCTOJIKOBAHliJI
MOiI\HO YTBepiI\AaTL, 'tITO 11 l\IaH - 8TO p;eIIl> «JIHRBH,n;aD;HH»
MHTOiRa co ncex To"tJeH 3peHHH. B ,n;epeBHHX B:bICTYIIJIeH11HM 6:bIJI
IIOJIOiI-\en I\orrel , a B IIaplime C perrpeCCnHM11 npaI{TII'tIeCI\H rrOHOH-
'tIIIJIJI, IIOBC({JIB P;BYX tIeJIOBeI{ B rra3H,n;aHHe ,n;pyrnM II 06'bHBHB 06-
YIO aMnnCTIiIO.
OAIIaHo aMIIIICTHH ne pacrrpOCTpaHHJIaCb Ha no,n;cTpeRaTeJIeiI.
B IIHCI")Me OT 11 Mall JIIO,n;OBllI{ XVI Bce eID;e rrHCaJI Tropro: «.H
il\eJIaJI 6:bI, "tJTo6bI YAaJIOCL o6HapymHTb rJIaBapeif 8Tnx fnYCH:bIX
H03TICH» .
A Ha ,n;pyroH ,n;eRL, 12 MaH, «ra3eTT p;e <PpaHC» nOBTOpHJIa
BaiI\nelim:rre ::>JIel\fOllTbI BepCIIJI, I{OTOpaH 6:bIJIa H3JIOiKeHa MHHHCTep-
CTBOM Hall B napJIaMenTe, YCTaMH p;e MHpOMeHMJIH, Tal{ 11 B D;npRY-
JIHpe, rrpeJ];lIa3Ha"tJeHROM ,D;JIH CBH enII:rrI{OB. ITo-npeiKHeMY pe'tlL
mJIa «0 Tex iRe caMbIX rpa611TeJIHX»... ORII He nYiKAaJIIICL HII B
xJIe6e, HI! B J];eH:brax... OHH OCTaBJIHJIH J];ame 30JIOTO TaM, r,n;e ORn
YCTaRaBJIHBaJIII D;eH:bI na xJIe6 IIHiKe ero CTOHMOCTH, «OUlI B:bI6pa-
C:bIBaJIH n pa36paCbIBaJIH npOAOBOJI:bCTBenHble npnuaCbI» 1.
1 HaII60JIee p;eTaJILHO 3Ta BepcHH H3JIOmeHa }])onoHoM KaK B ero «Me..
moires sur ]a vie do Turgot», TaI\ II B ero IIopeluIcI\e C MapKrpacpoM BalJ;eH"
CIUIM. BOJIbTep ee pa3BHJI B «Diatribe sur les Ephemerides» B Manepe 'tJHCTO
xYlJ;OII\ecTBrnnoii, HO nOlJ;p;arom;eHcH l\altOR-JIH60 HCTOpnqeCHOH KpHTlJRe, K TO-
MY iHe OB YCJIJlHJI BIIe 1 IaTJIeHIIe iI{IIBbIMH KpaCI{aMH aHTHKJIepHI{aJIH3Ma (CM.:
JI 10 6 JI II IT C 1\ II if B. C. BOJILTep II MYlIHaH BORHa). MopeJIJIe u BepH JIllmL
c,n;epiI\annO lIaMCI\aIOT na 3TY BepCHIO, II HX OCTOpOiRBOCTb 6JIH31\a K cneI\TU-'
rJ1ABA V. l{EJIO 0 3ArOBOPE H PEBOJIIOIl,1l0IIHOE HBJIEHllE
307
C aTOM BepCHeii, Ka'R IIO MeHbmei Mepe IIpaB')J;OIIO)J;o6HOi, CorJIa...
maJlHCL MHorHe conpeMeHHHHlI TlOpro, a He TOJILHO ero }J;PY3LH II
JIun;a, «CHMIIaTH3HpOBaBillHe» ero IIOJIHTHHe. ApyrHe OTHOCHJIHCL K
BepCHJtI CKeIITHQeCRH. HeB03MOiKHO CRa3aTb, I KaKO IY TOJI'KOBaHHIO
CKJIOHHJIOC:b 60JILmHHCTBO 06 eCTBeHHoro MHCIIHH, no HeCOMHeHHO,
lITO K "tlHCJIy rrepIB:&IX OTIHOCIIJIOCL 60JI:bIDBiHCTBO JIIO)J;eH ((nuutyUfux»,
BnJIOTb P;O a66aTa raJIHaHH H Ma,rr;aM .n;Io,rr;e<p an .
IIpHHHMaH Ha Bepy MIIeHHe COBpeMeHHHROB «My-rrHOH BoiRDI»,
a TaHme B CH.rry 6JIarOmeJIaTeJILHOrO OTIIomeHHH IIOTOMCTBa R on:&I-
TY TlOpro, Bce HCTOpHRH BIIJIOTL ,rr;o rrOCJIe,rr;Hero BpeMeHI:I rrpH3Ha-
BaJlH BepH:&IM, JIHllib C neKOTOp:bIMII OTTeHI{a'MJI, 3TO BbIM:&IillJIeH'"
Hoe HCTOJIROBaHHe C06bITHH. BOJILIDHHCTBO BbICKa3bIBaJIOCL OCTO-
pomHO no IIOBO,n;y caMoro «3arOBopa», lIO cor.rramaJIOCL C rJlaBHbIM
nOJIOmeHHeM BepCHH 0 «rpa6HTeJIHX», opraHH30BarrTI:&IX B maHI{H 1.
B3MY. MeTpa, Bo06m;e 6JIarOmeJIaTeJI:bHhIH no OTHomeHHIO K Tropro, no He3a-
BHCJiIMbIll, npflAaeT 3HaQeIUIe TaI\ na3bIBaeMbIM «AoKa3aTeJIbCTnaM» :::)TOH Bep-
CBB H rOBopHT 0 «3JIo6rrOll 11 OrraCHOlr HHTpllre, cTpeMHnmoMcH nory6uTb
reHepaJIbTIOrO KOHTpOJIepa» (t. I, p. 346). App;H, He 6epa na ce6H OTBeTCTBeH-
HOCTH, IIoBTopHeT caMbIC HeJIenbIe CJIYXII (3arOBOp B nOJI:b3Y rre3aI{OnnOro
pe6eHKa MapHH JIem;HHCKOH II T. n.). HanpOTIIB, aBTOp «l1cTopJiIqeCKHX 3anll-
CO I\» (nO-BHAHMOMY, IIII,n;anca ,n;e Mcp06ep), YHa3:bIBaH n CBoeM 3aHHTHOM
BBe)J;eHHU na cBoeo6pa3HbIll xapaI\Tep C06:bITHH, «3aCJIymuBarom;Hll IIOJIHTHqe...
CKOM OI\eHHH» (IICTOpIIH eIIJ;e He 3Halla Ta:Koro po,n;a MHTemeft), Bce me H36e-
raeT B:bICKa3:bIBaTbCa no cym;eCTBY JI C npOHIIeii rrpHBop;HT cenCaI\IIOHH:bIe
rHrrOTe3bI. «OTBeTCTBeHIIOCTb sa MHTemn, - rOBoplIT on, - n03JIaraJIII no oqe-
pe,IIH na I\arrn;JIopa, Ha a66aTa Teppa, Ha anrJIH'tJaH, Ha IIC3YIITOB, Ha P;YXOBeH-
CTBO, na q,HrranCliICTOB». On, BII,n;JIMO, OTp;aOT rrpep;rrOQTeHRe ,n;PyrOMY 06'bHCHe-
BRIO: «Te, I-\TO ne II30m;pneTCH B p;orap;Rax, BIIP;HT npliI'tJliIHY npOCTO B HOBOB
CIICTeMe ynpaBJIeIIJiIH, B CO'tJHrren]2IJIX 8I{OHOMHCTOB, B rrOCTanORJIenJIHX Co-
BeTa» (p. 267). CYJIaBII, RaK MbI YiHC OTMe'tJaJIII, IIoBTopfleT CJIYXII 0 TaHH'"
CTBeHHOM p;oc:be, YHBllTOiI eHiloM ROpOJIeM, II CCLIJIaeTC5I Ha CJIOBa, rrplInHchI-
BaeMI)Ie menaJIbe Tlopro. Oll nOBTop.rreT Ree p;OHa3aTeJIbCTBa BOpCRII 3arOBO-
pa, HO p;06aBJIHeT: «lVIYP;PbIH II OCTOpOiI\HbIll: HCTOpHK orpaHIPIliITCH TeM, qTO
OIIHmeT aTO BOCCTaHHe, ne 06BHHHa JIerKOM:bICJIeHHO rrapTIIII IIJIII OTp;eJI:b-
HTJIX JIH:D;» (t. I I, p. 300). lVlopo rronecTByeT 0 qJaI\Tax C 60JI:billOH: 06'beKTHB-
HOCT:bIO, HO He BbICI\a3:bIBaeT CBoero MHeHIIH. MbI yme OTMeqaJIII npe,n;nOJIO-
iI\CHRfl Be6epa (MllJIOCepfJ;He. KOpOJIa). CaM raJIllaHiI IIOp;p;epi-RIIBaeT BepCHIO
06 IIHTpHre: «CJIeAOnaJIO npelJ;nJIAeT:b B03HHKnOBCHRe aToll: rrOCTbIAHOii II Taii-
Ron: IIHTpHrlI, CBHAeTeJI:bCTBYIOm;en 0 TOM, qTO ee rJIaBH:bIM ,D;BHmym;HM MOTH-
BOM: 6T,IJIa 1JeJIOBe'tJeCI\an rJIyncCTb». BIIfJ;lIMO, rro aHaJIOfHH C MHTemaMII B Mal);'"
pH}J;e on CI\JIonen BO EceM BHHHT:b «MOHameCH:yro II nOrrOBCI\YIO 6paTHIO»
(livre I, p. 17G). J];aiRe npOTliIBHHKII TIOpro CKJIOHH:bI ObIJIJI nOnepIIT:b, 'tJTO MH-
TeiR 6:bIJI IIHCTIUpnponarr II opraHH30Ban. TaKoBbI, HanpHMep, ,D;OBOJI:bHO 3ara-
AOlffibIe 3aMeqaHIIa MaAaM J];ro,D;eq,aH: «BeAb }J;OJIrRHf,I 6:bIJIII ObITb PYI\OBOf);RTe..
1I1I, KTO iHe OHII? q TO OHH co60n: npe,D;CTaBJIHroT? llx MeponpIIHTBH nJloxo
np0lJ;YMaHhl. OHR YI\perrJI5IIOT TO, 'liTO XOTeJIII 6bI HlIcnpOBeprHYT:b» (nIIChMO
OT 13 Man K r-me }J;e Illya3eJI:b, Correspondance, t. III, p. 168; n;HTlIpyeTcH B:
F 0 n C i n. Ope cit., p. 213).
1 JIaBIICC: «OHM (MHTemHHKR), OtIOBliI,D;HO, XOTeJIH B:bI3BaT:b B CTOJlHn;e
rOJIOA» (p. 32); «neB03MomHO TO'tJHO onpel);eJIIIT:b OTBeTCTBenH:bIX B aTOM ,D;eJIe:
1\0pOJI:b YHH'tJTomllJI l);OC:be» (p. 34). JIeoR Ca: «Hap;emlJ;bI IIOlJ;CTpeI{aTeJIeii ,D;BH'"
iReHHH He ocym;ecTBIIJIIIC:b». illeJIJIh He HCKJlIO'tJaeT npH'tJaCTHOCTH npHHn;a l);9
RORTH: «BnOJIHe B03MomRO, qTO npliIHD; KpOBB eCJIII He BbI3BaJI, TO nO,D;l);ep-
20*
308
qACTb BTOPAH. «MyqHAH BOaHA
TOJIbRO B nOCJIe,n:HHe ro,n:bI pa60TbI alIrJIHHCI\Oro HCTOpHI\a PIO,n;e II
fCOBeTCROrO HCTOpHRa B. C. JII06JIHlICHOrO, OnHpaIO HeCH Ha H3Y1JC-
Hlle lIenOCpe,rr;CTBeIIHbIX HCTOqHHKOB, npHBeJIH !{ H3MeHeHHIO TO"tJRII
3pelIHH Ha 3TOT BOnpOC.
l'ICIIOJIb3YH TOT me MeTO,n: H npHBJIeHaH ,n:onOJIHHTeJI:bHbIe HCTO"tJ-
HHKH, MbI CYMeJIIi BKJIlOqHTb B Halli paCCRa3 0 C06bITHHX HeKOTopoe
HCJIO ,rr;aHIIbIX, KOTopbIe HaXO)];HTCH B npOTHBOpeqHH C rpa}J;HD;HOH-
HbIM HCTOJII\OBaHHeM.
HaM npe}J;cTaBJIHeTCH, 'tITO npHlliJIO npeMH nOIIbITaTbCH 0606-
ID;IITL cpaI{TbI H OCBeTHTL aTOT nepHO}J; HCTOpHH, KOTOpbIH HllI{aI{
HeJIb3H CtIllTaTb MaJIOBamHbIM:.
«MYtInaH BOHHa», HeCMOTpH Ha TO lITO ee H3yqelIIIe ,rr;OJIroe Bpe-
MH OCTaBaJIOCL nOBepXHOCTHLIM, e,n;HHo,n;ymlIo rrpII3HaeTCH RaK CO-
6bITHe 60JILmOrO HCTOpHqeCROrO II COD;HOJIOrHqeCKOrO 3Ha'tlelIHH.
06I1apymHBaeTCH CBH3L Mem,n:y Hapo,n;lIbIMH rOJIOJ];HbIMH 6YHTaMH,
TaKHMII -qaCTLIMII npH CTapOM nopH,n;Re, II nOJIHTHtIeCRHM ,n;BlIme-
IIHeM 3IIOXH peBOJIIOD;HH. C TOH TO'tlRH 3peHHH, C ROTOpOH 06LI'tIHO
paCCMaTpHBalOT «MytIlIYIO BOHHY», ee MomlIO CqHTaTL anH30,rr;OM,
npeHMyru;eCTBeHHO 3aBepmalO HM pa3BHTHe, HJIH 3nH30,n;OM, npe,rr;-
Be alO HM HOBbIH aTan, no B ,n;eHcTBHTeJILHOCTH eM B H3BecTHoii
Mape rrpHcY H 06e 3TH lIepTbI. alIa e e He 06J1a,n;aeT H,rr;eHHbIM
co,rr;epmaHlieM 1789 r., no yme BLIXO}J;HT 3a paMHH nplIBLItInDIX peaK-
IIH 1770 r.
8TO C06bITHe HBJIHeTCH pemaro HM MOMeHTOM He TOJILHO B MH-
HHCTepCKOH ,n;eHTeJILHOCTII Tropro, no H B TOM 3BOJlIOD;HH pemllMa,
ROTopaH rrpoHcxo,n;HT B KOHD;e BeRa.
Tpa,n;IID;IIOHHaH rrpe,rr;y6em,rr;eHHOCTL He MorJIa BOBce CRpbITL 3TH
acneKTbI, HO OHa, 6e3YCJIOBHO, HX 3aTeMHHJIa. M3-3a 3Toro Tpy,rr;rro
6LIJlO BepHO OD;eHHTL 3HalIelIHe C06bITHH H 113BJIeqb ypORH, He06xo..
,n;IIMbIe }J;JIH Hay"tJHoro HCTOJII{OBaHHH COD;HaJILlIblX HBJlelIHH.
MbI CtIUTaeM He06xo,n:HMbIM TOtInO BbI,rr;eJIIITb B HCTOpHH 3THX
C06bITHH, ,1J;JIMBIIIMXCH He}J;eJIH, BbIMbImJIeHHbIe 3JIeMeHTbI, HBJIeHHH,
CTaBllirre 06bItIHbIMH, H peBOJlIOII;HOHHbIe HBJIeHHH B IIO,rr;JIHHHOM
CMbICJIe cJlona.
iHIIBaJI CMYTY». Ho IIIeJIJIb corJIamaeTCH C 60JIee YMepeHHoH TOtIn:oH 3peHIIfl
MopeJIJIe: «lie CqUTaH, 'tJTO Bce npOHcmep;rnee HMeJIO JIHillb OP;HY rJIaBHYro II
8.IJ;lIIICTBeHilYro npIiI"t£HHY - aarOBOp... HeJIb3H He rrpH3na Tb, 'tJTO nOCJIe Toro,
flaK 6bIJI p;aH rrepB:bIH TOJIqOK p;BHiReHHro, ero CTapaTCJIbHO rrOp;p;CpiRIIBaJIII».
rOMCJIb: «MaXIIHan;HII, KOTOp:bIe Hap;o rrOCTaBHTb B BHny BparaM reHCpaJIhHOrO
I OHTpOJIepa». Cl>oHceH, HeHMapK, iIiooe3, ,[J;eKCH pa3p;eJIHIOT C pa3JIHTJHbIMH
OTTeHHaMII BepCHIO APY3eiI Tropro. A<I>aHaC:beB, KOTOp:bIH OTBepraeT 3TY Bep-
CHro rrpHMeHHTeJIbHO K )];HiROHY, CqHTaeT, 'tJTO B cyrn;ecTBonaHHII 3arOBopa He
rrpHxop;HTCfl COMHeBaT:bCH (<YCJIOBHH XJIe6HOH TOprOBJIH BO Cl>paHIJ;HH B
XVIII BeRe», c. 331-335). A CTOJIb I\oHcepBaTIIBHI>IH aBTOp, KaR CerIop, numeT:
«B caMOM p;eJIe, Bce rrOATBep,.Kp;aeT cym;ecTBoBaHHe 3aroBopa», BO, «XOTH
3JIOp;eHHlIe OtIeBHp;HO, cyrn;ecTByroT COMHeHIIH OTHOCHTeJIbHO rJIaBH:bIX BHHOB-
HHKOB» (p. 187).
iI'JlABA V. lI.EJIO 0 3ATOBOPE II PEBOJIIOIl,HOHHOE HBJIEHHE 309
B nepBYIO OtIepe,n;b M:bI ROCHeMCH B:bIM:bIlIIJIeHHI>IX <paRTOB, TO
eCT:b BepCJIH 0 «3arOBOpe» 1IJIJI 0 «rpa6JITeJIHX», paCCMaTpHBaH HX
D nOpH,n;Re rrpOBOAHBIlIHXCH paCClle,n;OBaHJIH 11 aHaHJI311pYH pa3HJItI-
HbIe 3HeMeHTI>I npe,n;HOmeHHOH paHee CXeM:bI.
PE3YJIbTATbI
PACCJIE OBAHMH
/I, OCbe no pOJtR
IToCJIe CTaTL1I B «ra3eTT ,n;e <PpaHC» 0 3arOBope HJIRaHJIX CO-
06 eHHH, HOCH JIX XOTH 61>1 B MaHeHllIeH CTerreHH o<pHD;Ha.rrbIII>IH
xapaRTep, c,n;e.rraHO He 6:bIJIO. JI1I60 HHtIerO He 6I>IJlO, JlH60 HI1tIerO
He y,n;aJlOC:b paCl\pl>ITb. JIH60, paCRpl>IB ROe-qTO, pemHJlH XpaIIHT:b
MOJltIaH1Ie - TaROBO MHeHHe HeROTOpl>IX MeMyapHcToB, BrrpOtIeM
CRHOIIHI>IX, RaR rrpaBHJlO, R MH<POTBOpqeCTBY.
ITo YTBepm,n;eHHIO CYJlaBH, ROpOJIb caM Ci-Her Bce 3arrHCH H ,n;o-
KYMeIITI>I, ROTapl>IMH OH paCilOJIarall l . ITo MHeIIJIID Be6epa, «M1I-
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1\fomno 6:bIJIO 110JIYQHTI:> JIHIII:b ROCBeHH:bIe ;rI;ORaaaTeJI:bCTBa, He3Ha-
1 CM.: Soulavic. Op. cit., t. II, p. 298-299.
2 Web e r. Ope cit., t. II, p. 81:.
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llCnOJIb3yeMble HIIme ;D;OKYMeHT:bI xpaHHTcH B: Archives Nationales ,
Y. 11441; Bibliotheque de l'Arsenal, Fonds de la Bastille, 12447.
312
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BeJIH B CeHT-ITeJIamH, apeCTHbIH AOM, Ryp;a 3aI\JIIO'tIaJIH 3a npocTyrrKH rrpOTHB
apaBcTBeHHocTII (9 mai, t. I, p. 355).
3J4
qACTb BTOPAR. «MyqHAR BOEHA
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9 MaH B 6ecIIopH Kax B BOMoH-au-raTlIuya, Bce OTpHn;aJl. IIa BO-
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paCKJleHBaBIDHx 06'DHBJIeHHH, o6e aBmHx ,n;eHbrH, OR OTBel:IaJl HOT.
BbIJIO ,n;aHO pacnopHmeHHe 0 B036ym,n;eHIIH ,n;eJIa npOTHB IIeT-
pH, CTeKOJlbID;HKa, H Ba,n;paRa, <popeUTopa r-Ha ,n;e MOHpa6oHa 13
8KYSHe, KaK 3aqHHID;HKOB rpa6emeu H XHID;eHHU B BHJIJIep-Jle-BeJlP.
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IIpHHn;a ROH,n;e B 8KY3He, OHH 6y,n;TO 6bI CKa3aJIH, qTO «60raTbIO
JlIO,n;H nOCJlaJlH HX rpa6HTb H ,n;aJIH HM ,n;eHer». TYT YiI\ I\aK 6y,n;TO
COBceM 6J1H3KO no,n;omJIH K paCI\pbITHIO 3arOBopa. 11 AJIL6ep nIl-
meT: «He TepHHTe HH MHHYTbI, onpOCHTe :3TIIX JIHn; II 3aCTaBbTe
ax npH3HaT:bCH, KTO 6:bIJIH 3TH 60raTbIe JIIO,n;H, KOTopbIe HX nOCJIa-
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meHOH, OTnpaBHBmHCb Ha MeCTO C06:bITHU, npHmeJl K BbIBO y, "ITO
p;eJlo 3TO HHlIerO He CTOHT.
IIoca,n;HJIH B BaCTHJIHIO HHKoJIa iKOJIHBe, rrOCTaB HI\a MY3bI-
KaJlbH:bIX HUCTpYMeHTOB Bopa ee BeJlHtIeCTBa, KOTOPOMY ero na-
pHKMaxep CKa3aJI: «RopoJl:b ,n;OBe,n;eT ,n;eJIO o Toro, 'tITO ero y6:bIOT»;
Tor,n;a noca,n;HJIH B BaCTIIJIHIO H no,n;MaCTepbe-napHKMaxepa ATO,
a OH YTBepm,n;aJl, lITO nOJIYlIHJI CBe,n;eHHH TaKoro po,n;a OT o,n;Horo
COJI,n;aTa, HO lITO caM OIl XpaHIIJI 3TO B ceRpeTe, KaK M nOJIaraeTCH,
II ,n;eJlHJlCH TOJl:bKO CO CBOIIMH KJIHeHTaMH.
HaqaJlH CJIe,n;CTBHe rrpOTHB HeKoero Io6ya no nOBO,n;y pelIeii,
KOTopbIe OH ,n;epmaJI B MeJleHe 13 MaH, Kor,n;a BOJIHeHHH yme rrpe-
KpaTHJIHC:b; OH 6y,n;TO 6bI CKa3aJI: «BoT ym COBceM rH6JIoe ,n;eJlo...
eCJIH qepe3 ,n;Be He,n;eJlH B IIapHme <PYHT xJIe6a He 6y,n;eT CTOHT:b
2 cy, TO ROpOJI:b nponaJI: Hau,n;eTcH 4 TbIC. qeJIOBeR, ROTopbIe no-
omrYT ropo,n; C 'tJeTbIpex ROHn;OB».
.
BeJIoc:b ,n;eJIO rrpOTHB ,n;BYX KOMMepcaUTOB, Rau,n;pa H IDaTJIeHa,
no o6BIIHeHHIO B pa3JIHlIHbIX MaXHHan;HHX ,n;JIH OBbImeHHH n;eH:b1
Ha xJIe6; 3TH ,n;eJla He rrpe,n;CTaBJIHIOT HHKaKoro HHTepeca. HaKo-
Hen;, RJIeMaH' RpO'BHJI:b 6bIJI yqaCTHIIKOM COBepmeRRO 3anYTaHHoro
p;eJIa, H3 KOToporo UeJI:b3H H3BJIelI:b HHqerO nOJle3HOrO 1.
MaeUCTpaTb
B BaCTHJIHIO rroca,n;IIJIH BJle30Ha, CJIeCapH, HaJlOrOBOro npOKYpo-
pa H3 BIIJI:bMOM6JIH, o,n;HOBpeMeHHO C RaMeHID;HKOM, Ka6aTQHKOM
JI'8nIIHoM II npHcoe,n;HHHJIH K IIX ,n;eJIY ,n;eJIO IDapJIeMaHH, 0 KO-
TOpOM MbI YiKe rOBOpHJIH. IIoca,n;HJIH TaKme Hey,n;a-rrJlHBoro IIOTa-
pHyca BaitH 1I3 BOMOHa H HeClIaCTHOro ByaJIa66e H3 IIoHTya3a.
HaM yme H3BecTHo, 'tIero CTOHT :3TH ,n;eJIa.
1 0 AeJIe IOpeJIH, apeCTOBaHHoro aa pacnpocTpaHeBHe «I>aJIbmHBOro
nOCTaHOBJIeHMH COBe"a (CUIICOK <DYHK-BpeHTaHo), CM. AaJIee, c. 320.
rJ1ABA V. l{EJ10 0 3ArOBOPE If PEBOJllOIT,IfOHHOE HBJ1EHHE 315
-
OO.ltUTUllecr;,ue ae.lta (JIanz.ltya - Copen -l/,YMepn)
K 3TOM KaTeropHII MOiltHO OTHeCTII apecT JIaHrJIya, 6bIBmero
.npe3H)J;eIITa BbIcIIlero COBeTa B PyaHe, CTaBJIeHHHKa Mony. Yme
l\a3aJIOCb, llTO npII eTcH Mony CJIOmHTb rOJIOBY Ha 3macpoTe, 3aMe-
qaeT no aToMY nOBo,I{y MeTpa, «HO OH (JIaHfJIya) BCKope B:bImeJI
(113 BaCTJIJlHII), II :3TO CJIymHT )J;OKa3aTeJIbCTBOM, tITO 06BMHeHIIH
npOTHB Hero 6bIJlH He060CHOBaHH:bIMII»1.
B ,n;e.TIO JIanrJJya M:bI lIe 06HapYfKHJIH HHqerO, KpOMe OIlMcn
II3'bHTbIX 6YMar, M3 I\OTOpbIX OCTaBJIeHO JIIImb O)J;HO eJIOBOe IIMCh-
MO, nO,IJ;nncaHHoe Bop)J;be II AaTHponaHHoe 5 anpeJIH (PyaH), B KO-
TOp0M peQb II,IJ;eT 0 IIOB:bImeHIIII n:en Ha xJIe6, 06 ynpa3)J;HeHHH CBO-
VO)];bI TOprOBJIM H 0 TOM BnetIa TJIeHIIH, I\aKOe 3TH )];Ba 06CTOHTeJIb-
CTBa npOM3'BO',IJ;HT na mIITeJIeH PyaHa 2. B'TO KameTCH HaM 'CiKYAHbIM,
II, )];OJIfKHO 6bITb, TaKMM ero II npII3HaJIII 3.
ECJIII Qepe3 JIaHrJlya paCCqHT:bIBaJIII )];06paTbCH )];0 MOllY, TO,
B03MOfKHO, B JIIID;e CopeHa II ,[(YMepKa, 6bIBIDHX ynpaBJIHIOID;IIX
rocy)];apCTBeHHbIMH TOprOB:bIMH onepaD;HHMH C XJIe60M, Ha)];eHJlHCb
HaHeCTII y,u;ap IIO Teppa. CJIe)];CTBHe npOTHB HHX BeJlOCb C ceHTH-
6PH, II OlIeqaTaHHbIe 6YMarH 6bIJIH IIOJlHOCTbIO MHBeHTapH30BaH:bJ
C KOH a HHBapH. O,u;HaKO CTapoe )];eJlO (TOJIbKO 6JIaro,u;apH COBua.
)];eHHIO 06CTOHTeJIbCTB) He MOrJlO onpaB)J;aTb nx BHe3aIIHoro apeCTa.
CHOBa OIlelIaTaJIH HX 6YMarH, HMtIerO He nalliJIH, H 06a I\OMIIaHb"
OHa B HIOHe BbImJlH II3 BaCTHJlIIH. }J, eMCTBIITeJlbHO JIH Ha)];eHJIHCb
paCKpbITb 'tJepe3 IIHX KaltMe-JIM60 HMTM 3arOBopa? IIpOTOKOJI:bI )];0-
npocoB, I\OTOpbIe BeJI caM AJIb6ep, He co,u;epmaT HHRaKoro onpe-
.n;eJIeHHOrO 06BHHeHHH M He CBM)];eTeJIbCTBYIOT )];ame 0 TOM, 'tJ:TO
CJIe,u;CTBHe 6bIJIO HanpaBJIeHO B 3TY ,CTOPOHY 4. CJIe,u;CTBHe nOJIyqHJIO
Heo)];o/6pMTeJIL'HYIO On;eH'I y 5. B Ha po,n;e B036y,u;MJlH JII060IlbITCTBO H
o3JI06J1eHMe, HO He CMOrJIH !IX YTOJIHTb HH pa306J1aqeHMHMH, HH
naKa3aHHHMH. TaK 6bIJIO C 3THM qaCTHbIM CJIyqaeM, TaK 6bIJIO II co
Bcen BepCMeii 60JIbmOrO 3arOBopa.
lIpRMbze o6eunenuR: npunlf 8e BonTu 6
B nMCbMe K MapKrpa<py BaJJ:eHCROMY ,[(IOIlOH BbI)];BIIHYJI 06BH-
HeHHe npOTMB Tpex «BomaROB» 3arOBopa: npHuD;a )];e !\OHTH, Kap-
-
1 Met r a. Ope cit., t. II, p. 38, 13 juillet.
2 Examen des papiers, 5 juillet 1775.
3 COrJIaCHO CIIHC:KY <DYHK-BpeHTano, CJIyra JIaHrJIya TOpeJIb 6bIJI aa-
RJIIOqeH B BaCTHJIIIIO BMeCTe C HHM.
4: CM.: Bibliotheque de l' Arsenal, Fonds Bastille, 12 447, ffos 111,
129, 134; Leon Cahen, «Revue historique», 1935, t. 173.
5 MOHTHHOH rOBopHT 0 HeM BeCbMa CypOBO, HO OH om1l6aeTCH B OT-
Hom.eHHn ).J;a Tb!.
6 CM. BblmeynoMHHYToe nllCbMO :KOpOJIH OT 11 MaH.
316
qACTb BTOPAH «MyqHAH BOnHA»
J];MIIaJIa p:e JIapom -8Mona H BeJIMHOrO npeBO <PpaHn;HH. 8TH JIMn;8
6:bIJIH BCTpeBOmeH:bI rrpOeRToM Tropro 06 yrrpa3,n;HeHHH n;exonoir
CHCTeM:bI; :3TOT rrpOeI\T elQe XpaHHJICH B .ceRpeTe, HO OHH npOCJIbI-
rnaJIH 0 HeM, H3-3a 60JITJIHBOCTH Bop:o H MopeJI.rre. IIpoeKT HaHO-
CIfJI YlQep6 HX <pHHaHCOB:bIM HHTepecaM. IIpHHIJ; KOHTH, B lIaCT-
HOCTH, H3BJIeKaJI )J;OXOP: B 50 T:bIC. JIHBpOB OT cp:a"tJ::H BHaeM rrOM:e-
ID;eHHH B npep:MeCTbe TaMITJI:b, ROTopoe 6:bIJIO ero co6cTBeHHocTblO
H nOJIb30BaJIOCb npHBHJIerHeH cBo6op::bI TOprOBJIH II 3aHHTIIH pe-
MeCJIaMH.
I HTaK, 1I3-3a BeCbMa Heorrpep:eJIeHHbIX orraceHHH nOTepHTb B
J];aJIbHeHmeM HeROTOp:ble P:OXOP::bI ROHTH 11 ero rrpHcnellIHHRH 11RO-
6:bI CrrpOBOIJ;HpOBaJIH «MyqHYIO BOHHY», HaHHB ;IJ:JIH aToro pa36oii-
HHKOB. Hap:o npII3HaT:b MaJIOrrpaBp:orrop:o6HoH B03MOi-KHOCTb TaRoiI
qy,n;OBH HOH H TaHOH p:oporocToHIQeH 3aTeH Ha OCHOBaHHII CTOJIb
JIOrI\OBeCH:bIX coo6pameHHH. "Y,Ra3:bIBaIOT RaK Ha YJIHRY Ha B03HHR
IIoneHHe rrepB:bIX BOJIHeHHH B BOMOHe H IIoHTya3e, paCIIOJIOmeHHbIx
B6JIH3JI JI'I1JIb-Ap:aMa. 8TO HHQerO He )J;OKa3:bIBaeT. B:bIJIH me 6ec-
IIOpHp:KH H B ,IJ:HmoHe!
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llIaIO eH: BO BpeMH 6eCrropH,IJ;KOB RpeCT:bHHe Orpa6HJIH BJIa,n;eHIIH't
rrpHHap:JIemaBIlIHe npHHn;y J\OHTH 1.
HaAo rrpe,n;nOJIOmHTb Y BeJIbMOiKH, CTOJIb 3a6oTHru;erocH 0 CBOIIX
;rJ;oxo,n;ax, crroc06UOCTJ:> R Heo6:bIKHOBeIlHoMY MaRHaneJIJIH3MY, eC.TIH'
OH rropyqHJI CBOHM HaeMHHKaM orpa6IITb CBOH me BJIa,n;eHHH.
TOT me aBTop YRa3:bIBaeT, lITO STOT paHOH lIaCTO 6:bIBaJi oqa-
rOM Hapop:HbIX p:BHmeHHH, oco6eHHO HaRaHYHe pe.BOJIroD;HH:.
A66aT p;e BepH Bcerp:a BeCbMa OCTopomHO OTHOCllJICH K 06BH-
HeHHHM no ap:pecy rrpHHD;a ROHTH. OH OTMelIaJl, qTO STOMY HeT
HHKaKHX )J;ORa3aTeJIbCTB: «He CJIep:yeT nYTaTb Tex, KTO pa3iKHra-
eT yme nalIaBmHHCH nomap, C TeMH, RTO YM:bIllIJIeHHO COBepmHJI
rroJ);m'or» 2. RpOMe Toro, 0 6eCCMbICJIeHHOCTH aToH 6aCHII CBH)];e
TeJIbCTByeT H <!>aHTaCTHqHOCTb pa3JIHqH:bIX H3M:bIllIJIeHHH OTHOCH-
TeJlHHO opraHH30Ba l HHOTO paa:6oH 3.
1/, onYMe1tTb T OM,a
,IJ:JIH rrOJIHOTbI II3JIOmeHHH yrroMHHeM 0 cy ecTBoBaHHH B apxII-
Bax JIaHTeHJIH 3arrHCOK HeKoero r-Ha TOMa, rrpomHBaIOm;ero Ha
1 CM.: Bibliotheque Arsenal, M. S. 12 727, Folios p. 324 et 325.
orrpoc JIYII Mape. (R u d e. Ope cit., p. 169, note 128a.)
2 V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 386.
3 B O)];HOM )];OKYMeHTe, rrpOTOKOJIe Aorrpoca BOTapllyca Ban, BCTpe-
qaeTCH YIIOMIIHaHlIe ° 6bIBmeM KarrHTaHe JIHqHOH oxpaHbI rrplIHn;a KOHTH.
Ho 9TOT qeJIOBeK HBHJICH BMeCTe C APyrHMII K BaHII, 'tJ:To6bI 06paTIITL ero
BHHMaHlIe Ha HaqaBmlIHCH MHTeiR. OH He IIMeJI HaMepeHIIH CIIoc06cTBO-
BaTL oeCIIOpHfJ;I\aM, a, Ha06opOT, XOTeJI rro6YAHTb BaRH YTIIXOMllplITL 6YHT,,,
rJ1ABA v. ;aEJ10 0 3ArOBOPE H PEBOJIIOII;HOHHOE HBJIEHHE 317
-
yJIHn;e YpCIIH, B ;rJ;oMe «rrpoTIIB nHBoBapa», ;rJ;aTIIpOBaHHLIX 25 an-
peJllI II 25 MaH. M3 aTHX ;rJ;ORYMeHTOB BbIHCHHeTCH, lITO TOM a
«JIpep;ynpem,n;aJI» Tropro 0 IIJleTy ]z[xcH R03HHX II HROOLI BCTpe-
qaJICH C HMM. OH YTBepm;rJ;aJI, lITO coopaHHe 3aroBop IIROB CO-
CTOlIJlOCb Y aooaTa Teppa B npHcYTcTBIIH npIIH a ROHTII. TOT me
TOMa HanoMMHaeT, lITO OH' caM npe;rJ;JIaraJI cIIcTeMY <pIIRcan;MH
XJleOHLIX D;eH.
GBepx Toro, OH npe,n;cTaBHJI xo,n;aTaicTBo no CHORM JIHlIHLIM
p;eJlaM. BII;rJ;HMO, aTH MaTepHaJI:bI COCTaBJIeHLI 3aBe,n;oM:&IM nonpo-
maHRoH II HHTpMraHoM. XOTH Tropro cOXpaHHJI ero 3aIIlIcRH, OH
HHKor,n;a 0 HIIX ne ynoMIIHaJI.
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BepcHH 0 3aroBope oIIHpaeTcH Ha pH,n; ROCBeHHLIX YJIHK, H3JIOmeH-
HLIX B o<pHD;lIaJILHLIX II O<PlID;lI03HLIX ,n;oRYMeHTax. B HHX rrepe-
lIH,CJIeH pa,n; MeJIKMX <paKToB, Kam,n;LIH 1I3 ROTOp:bIX, B3HTLIH B OT-
AeJI:bHOCTH, npe,n;cTaBJIHeTCH MaJI03HallHTeJlLH:bIM, HO Bce BMeCTe OHH'
npoII3Bo,n;HT BIIe-qa TJIeHHe.
He3aBlIcHMo OT HX n;eHHocTH RaR ,n;oRa3a TeJIbCTB pa3J1IIQH:bIe
rpynnLI nepellHCJIeHH:bIX <paKTOB He OLIJIII TBep,n;o YCTa'HOBJIeH:bI II'
Aame IIOllTII Bcer)J;a BLIMLImJIeHLI. 8TO BLITeRaeT yme H3 rrpo,n;eJIaH-
Horo HaMH aHaJIH3a TlInMlIH:bIX anH30,n;oB. TeM He MeHee M:bI BHOBb
OCBeTIIM pa3JIHlIH:bIe rpynn:bI <paRTOB.
11 eno ptt e1t1tbrU x./te6
Cpe)J;H ;rJ;OKa3a TeJI:bCTB cy ecTBoBaHMH 3arOBopa ,I(IOIIOH yno-
MHHaeT 00 HCrrOplleHHOM xJIeoe, ROTOp:bIH Oy,n;TO O:bI pacnpe,n;eJIHJI-
CH cpe,n;1I MHTemHMKOB: «Ero H3rOTOBMJIlI 3apaHee II rrpHHHJIH Mep:bI,
tITOO:bI OH 3aIIJIeCHeBeJI R MOMeHTY B3p:bIBa; aTOT xJIeo 6:bIJI B:bIne-
tIeu M3 HeOOJI:blliOH ,n;OJIM pmaHoii MYKlI C rrplIMeCbIO oTpy6eH H'
I1eIIJIa. TaKoH xJIeo pa3 aBaJIlI B )J;epeBHHX, B IIapHiI-\e H ocooeHHo
B MecTOIIpeO:bIB HMlI I,n;Bopa».
HeT HlIKaKHX ;rJ;OKYMeHTaJIbHLIX nO;rJ;TBepm;rJ;eHHH 3TOii HeBepo-
HTIIOH IICTOpMH, HO MomHO conOCTaBHT:b paCCRa3 AIOnoHa C ;rJ;BYMH
CXO.D;HbIMH BepCHHMII.
1. COrJIaCHO nlIC:bMY JIro;rJ;oBHKa XVI OT 2 MaH, OYHTOB HKH'
npe.D;'"bHBJIHJIM B BepcaJIe 01leHb cRBepHLIR HlIMeHHLIH xJIeo, ROTO-
pbIR OHlI. no MX CJIOBaM, RynHJIII no 2 cy. HeT HMKaRHX nO;rJ;-
318
tIACTb BTOPAR. «(MytIHAH BORHA)}
TBepm;rJ;eHIlH TOrO, 'tlTO 3TO He 6:&IJI ;rJ;eiCTBIlTeJILHO rrJIOXOH xJle6 113
HlIMenlIOi MYKII.
2. Ha APyroi ;rJ;eHL, Hor;rJ;a TlOpro, B03Bpa aHC:b 113 BepCaJIH,
npll6LIJI n MHHMCTepCTBO <pIlIIaHCOB, r;rJ;e ero m;rJ;aJl .D:lOnoH, 6yn-
TOB IIKII nOKa3bIBaJIH 3anJIeCBeBeJI:bIft xJIe6. Bepn paCCKa3:bIBaeT
06 aTOM 3nH30;rJ;e H npIlBO;rJ;IIT ,n;eTaJIIl, I OTOp:bIe COBna,n;aIOT C pac-
CRa30M AlOnOHa, HO TOJIbKO 'tIaCTIftIHO:
«HeCKOJl:bKO RYCHOB 3Toro xJIe6a 6:bIJIO IICCJIe,n;OBaHO 3I\cnep-
TaMIl, H OHII YCTaHOBIIJIIl, 'tITO OB 6:bIJI BLIne'tleB B TOT me AeHJ:>,
nplI'tIeM HCKYCCTBeBHO ;rJ;06HJIHC:b Toro, 'tITo6:bI OB rr03eJleHeJI 11 no-
'tIepBeJl» 1.
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fJIaCHO Bepu, OH 6:bIJI B:bIIIe'tleH n TOT me ;rJ;eB:b. 3TO He npOII3BO;rJ;HT
cepbe3Horo BII e"tJ a T JIeHMH.
B TO BpeMH BOBce Be HymHa 6:bIJIa XHMH"tJeCKaH 06paOOTKa, 'tITO-
6LI rrpIl;rJ;a T:b xJIe6y OTTaJIKIIBalO HH BH;rJ;. 3TO 6:bIJIO 06LI"tJHLIM HB-
JIeHHeM, TOMY 6LIJIO HeMaJIO npIlMepOB He3aBIICHMO OT BCHKHX
npe;rJ;nOJIOmeHIIH 0 npOBOKan;IlHX.
HarrOMHIIM, 't!TO BO BpeMH HeypOiI aH B JIHMY3eHe TlOpro caM
)];Bam,n;bI nOCbIJIaJI reHepaJI:bHoMY HOHTpOJIepy 06pa3D;LI xJIe6a, cno-
co6Horo B:bI3BaTb Y Hero B03My eHHe.
«HeB03MomHO, cy;u;ap:b, B3rJIHHYB Ha TaKOH xJIe6, He IICnLITaTL
-cO'tlYBCTBHH K JIIO;rJ;HM, 06pe"tJeHHbIM IIHTaT:bCH no,n;o6HOH ymacHoH
nllm;eH»2. QTo6:bI rrpH;rJ;a Tb eMY TaKOH BII;rJ;, He 6:bIJlO Ha;rJ;o6HOCTII B
Cnen;IIaJIbHOM npnrOTOBJIeHHH.
rOJJ;OM paHee, 13 IIIOIIH 1774 r., COrJlaCHO 3anHCHM APAII, B Bep-
caJIe npo,n;aBaJIH CTOJI:b nJIOxylO MYKY, 't!TO 6a3apHLIe ToprOBKH
OTnpaBHJIIIC:b K KOpOJIIO, 'tITo6bI nOKa3aT:b ee 06pa3n;:bI. 16 IIIOHH
B TIUya3H Hcnop"tJeHHoe 3epHO B:&I6poCIIJIII B peKY.
B llHCbMe, a,n;peCOBaIIHOM B 1775 r. reHepaJI:bHOMY rrpOKYpopy
JlepH, HeI Ili1: «6ypmya 113 Bapa», 'tIeJIOBeK, 06JIa,n;aBm1lH H3BeCT-
HOH HYJI:bTYPOH" nOTpe6oBaJi nplIHHTb MepLI ,n;JIH cHa6meHlIH XJIe-
60M, rrpHrO)J;HbIM ;rJ;JIH JlIO,n;ei: «TOT xJIe6, KOTOpbIH CeH'tIaC npo;rJ;a-
eTCH, ro,n;eH pa3Be 't!TO ,n;JIH C06a ' K» 3.
HaJIOrOB:bIH npOKYpoP 1I3 RYPTen3 B CBOIO O'tlepeJ.(L rOBopHT
«0 xJIe6e H3 oTPy6eft, KaK 6Y;U;TO ,n;JIH C06aK» 4.
B rpanBIIJIbe O:bIJI HaJIOmeH mTpa<p IIa HeI\oero Baccepa 3a TO,
IIITO Oll, rrpO;rJ;aBaH MemKH C 3epHOM, HaCLInaJI cBepxy xopomHH TO-
Hap, a BHH3Y 6bIJIO «npopOcmee 3epHO, COBepmeHHO 'tIepHOe II C
COpHbIMU TpaBa'MH» 5.
TaI\oro pO;rJ;a npneMLI JIerKO MOrJIH npHBeCTH K 113rOTOBJIeHHIO
1 V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 290.
2 25 OKTH6pH 1770 r. (8 c h e 11 e, Ope cit., t. III, p. 143.)
Fonds Joly de Fleury, 1159; 7-8 (6ea YI{aaaHIIH TOtIHOH }J;aTLI).
4 Ibid., fO 62.
5 Ibid., fo 76.
rJl ABA v. lI.EJ10 0 8ArOBOPE H PEBOJ1lO11,HOHHOE flBJ1EHHE
.
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eJIbIO BbI3BaTb rpaOemH».
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AenCTBIITeJIbHO, pacnpOCTpaHHJIOCb no,n;)J;eJIbHOe 1I0CTaHOBJIeHIIe
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:a;apL, 1I0CTaHOBJIeHHe COBeTa, I OTopoe BbI MHe IIpnCJIaJIH; ero co-
CTaBHJI qeJIOBeR oe3 3HaHIIH 3aROHOB, Y Hero HeT 3)J;paBoro
CMLICJIa » .
COfJIaCHO «MCTOplPIeCRIIM aaIIIICRaM», «IIO)J;,n;eJlLHbIe IIOCTaHOB-
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CJIe)J;OB H3rOTOBJIeHIIH IIO)J;)J;eJILHLIX 1I0CTaHOBJIeIIHH COBeTa IIJIIt
f Archives departementales, Seine-et-Oise, serle B. Versailles, PrevO-
te de l'Hotel du Roy. Proces 1775. II;IITHpyeTcH B: R u d e. Ope cit., p. 149,
note 29.
2 II pHMepOM MomeT CJIymllTL npOTOKOJI Aonpoca meHID;HHLI no <pa-
MHJIHH AeKapT KOMHccapoM EOMOHOM 9 MaH 1775 r. {<CnpomeHHaH, no
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PLlHKax, OTBeqaJIa: «HeT, OHa He BHJ];eJIa TaKHX JIIop;eii, HHRTO He nOI\a3LI-
BaJI eM cKBepHoro xJIeoa JiI He ooeIIJ;aJI AeHer».
3 «Relation historique», p. 254.
.1320
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2 KOIIHH 3Toro YBep;OMJIeHHH HMeeTCH B p;HeBHHHe App;lI, B aallMCR
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1 R u d e. Ope cit., p. .171-173 et notes.
2 CM. npOTOKOJILI )J;onpocoB 3THX JIBl'( B: Archives NationalQs
Y.11441.
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JIeHHH B ,n;pyroe, TO BqepamHHe KOpeHH:bIe mliITeJlH cero,n;HH CTaHO...
tBliIJlliIC:b IIpHmJl:bIMH, H Hao6opOT. MeCTH:bIe mliITeJlliI, KaK npaBliIJlO,
epmaJlliICL CKpOMHee, IIO KpaHHeH Mepe npH BTopmeHliIH B ,n;OMa
'qaCTH:bIX JlliID;. IIo-lIeJloBelIecKliI TaKoe nOBe,n;eHHe BnOJlHe nOHHTHO.
:3THM 06'DHCHHIOTCH H OTMeqeHH:bIe B:bIme anliI30,n;:bI, Kor,n;a <pepMep,
IBLIHym,n;eHH:bIH npo,n;aBa T:b IIO npliIHy,n;liITeJlLHoH n;eHe, npliIrJlamaJI
CBOHX coce,n;eii npliIHHT:b yqaCTliIe B pacrrpe,n;eJleHHliI.
KpoMe Toro, ,n;ORYMeHT:bI CBliI,n;eTeJlLCTBYIOT 0 TOM, lITO B Kam-
OM cJlyqae JlerKO y,n;aBaJlOC:b YCTaHOBliITL JlliIqHOCTL orrpe,n;eJleHHOrO
1tIHCJla YlIaCTHliIKOB. B CBH3liI C C06:bITliIHMliI B BOBe, B liIIDHe, 6LIJlO
YCTaHOBJleHO, lITO 157 lIeJlOBeK B03MeCTliIJlliI y6:bITRliI, a 26, KOTopLle
t6LIJIH TaKme OII03HaH:bI, OCTaBaJIHrCb no.,n; ,CJle,n;CTBHeM 2.
KOHelIHO, MomHO ce6e npe,n;CTaBliIT:b, lITO 60Jl:bmliIHCTBO pacxlI-
"THTeJleH liIJlH «TaKCaTOpOB» COCTOHJlO liI3 MeCTH:bIX mliITeJleii HJlH
dRHTeJleH coce,n;HliIX CeJleHliIH, a TaHHCTBeHH:bIe no,n;CTpeKaTeJlliI npliI-
()LIJIII CO CTOpOH:bI, lITo6:bI B:bI3Ba TL MH1'em, liI nocJle aToro CKpLIJlHC:b.
Ho TaKoe 06'DHCHeHliIe Haxo,n;liITCH B npOTHBOpelIliIliI C BepCliIeii
]J:lOnOHa: Be,n;b Tor,n;a ORa3aJlOCL 6:b1, qTO rpa6HTeJlliI caMliI He rpa-
()HJIH.
CBepx Toro" eCJIliI 6:bI ,n;eJlo 06CTOHJlO liIMeHHO TaR, TO B npOTO-
I\OJIax ,n;onpOCOB o6Ha pymHJlHC:b 6:b1 CJle,n;:bI no,n;cTpeKa TeJl:bCTBa.
ApeCTOBaHHbIe RpeCT:bHHe He yrrYCTliIJlliI 6:b1 B03MomHOCTliI CHHTL
-
1 CM. paHee, c. 233.
2 B MOH,IJ;U,IJ;be B UIOJIe 6LIJIO B03Bpam;eHo ,IJ;Be TpeTu nOXUm;eHHoro
aepHa. (TIepeqeHb, 3anpomeHHLIH TIOpro. IToxHm;eHo 636 ceTbe, B03Bpam;e-
HO 445,5 ceTbe). Archives Somme, C. 88. 12.)
I*
324
qACTb BTOPAH. «MyqHAH BOnHA
c CeOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCT:b, CCLIJlaHCL Ha TO, liTO liIX IIO,n;CTpeRaJlliI 1110-
AliI CO CTOpOHLI.
l\oMHCCap:bl, IIO,n; BJIHHHliIeM O<pliIn;liIaJlLHOH BepCliIliI, CaMH CTa-
BIIJIliI Ha CJle,n;CTBliIH 3TOT BOnpOC. O,n;HaRO OTBeT O:blJI HeliI3MeHHO
OTpHn;aTeJlLH:bIM 1.
CrpareeUR f}eucr8uU
HaKoHen; OCTaeTCH aprYMeHT, IIpOliIaBO,n;H HH BIIellaTJIeHHe: CO-
rJlaCOBaHHaH CTpaTerliIH ,n;eHCTBliIU, IIJlaH, eJlb KOTOpOrO BM3BaTb
rOJIo,n; B IIapliIme. Ho M:bl yoe,n;HJlHCL, liTO paCIIpOCTpaHeHliIe MHTeiKa
OLIJlO pe3YJlLTa TOM BJlHHHHH, 3apa3liITeJlLHOCTH IIpHMepa.
3TO pa3BliITHe COOLITHii He OLIJIO, BnpOlleM, HliI perYJlHpHLIM, HII
aanJlaHliIpOBaHHLIM, KaK YTBepm,n;aJIII. B:bIJlliI B:blcTynJleHliIH, y,n;aJIeH-
HLIe OT n;eHTpa. BYHT IIJlH BOJIHeHHH oOHapymHBalOTCH B caMLIX
paaJlliIqH:bIX nYHKTax, BIIJIOTL ,n;o HoiioHa, CyaccoHa, CaHJIliICa,
l\oMIIbeHa, illaTo-TLeppH, CaHca, JJ:pe, BepHoHa Ha peKe 3p...
HaRoHen;, BTOpOH nepliIO,n; «MyqHOH BOHH:bI» He MomeT OLIT},
OO'D'HCHeH B paMKax 3TOH rHIIOTe3LI, IIOTOMY liTO Tor,n;a Kp)T1IIHOe
BLIcTynJleHliIe B napliIme yme IIOTepIIeJlO KpymeHHe.
II TaK, BepCHH 0 3arOBope liI pa300HHliIKax He no,n;KpelIJIeHa HH-
KaKIIMH ,n;OKaaaTeJlLCTBaMliI. OHa He BLI,n;epmliIBaeT KOHTpaprYMeH-
TOB. He O:blJIO HH rrpe,n;HaMepeHHoro 3aM:bICJIa, HH IIJlaHa KaMIIaHHH,
HII BepooBKH arIITaTOpOB, HliI pacrrpe,n;eJIeHHH ,n;eHer, HliI H3rOTOB-
JIeHIIH HCIIOplleHHOrO xJle6a, HH YHllqTOmeHliIH rrpo,n;OBOJI:bCTBHH.
HalII.poTRB, nomcro,n;y HaOJIIO,,n;aJIEJCL IHalpo,n;H:bI'e B:blcTyrrJIeHHH, OA-
HOBpeMeHHO H crUXUUT-lb e, 11 nan 6b C8RaaT-l1-tb e MeJICfJy co6ou.
RamAoe BLlcTYIIJleHHe 6:bIJIO 06ocHoBa'Ho IIpe,n;:bIAY IIM H caMO 'KaH
OLI IIepeJlliIBaJIOC:b no BpeMeHH H MeCTY ,n;eHcTBliIH B IIOCJle,n;yrom;ee.
TliIlIHlIHOe BLICTYIIJIeHliIe HMeJIO ABoHCTBeHH:bIB: xapaKTep: o,n;HOBpe-
MeHHO liI B3p:bIB"tIaT:bIH, II pa3YMHLIH. B3p:bIB1IaT:bIH - 3TO IIpOH.B-
JIeHliIe CAepmliIBaeMoro rHeBa II MHTemHoro ,n;yxa, KOTopLIe MHOfHe
Ha6J1ro.n;aTeJlH MOrJlH 3apaHee II'pe,n;BHJ:(eTL. PaaYMHLliI, IIOTOMY
qTO oYPHaH CTopOHa COO:bITliIH, paCXH eHHH, IIOBpem,n;eHHH, yrpo-
3LI - Bce 3TO O:blJIH JIliIill:b II060"tlHLle HBJleHHH, BIIpOlleM HeH30eiR-
1 J(erropT II JI'8rHHe, nOBemeHHI>Ie B Ha3Hp;aHHe p;pyrIlM, II 6paTbR
]J;epHB, KOTOpbIM 3TO Tome yrpomaJIO, 3aBepHJIH, 'ITO IIX HHKTO He nop;-
CTpeKaJI.
CM.: R u d e. Ope cit., p. 167. meH IIHa no <paMliIJIIIII TaHToH OTBe-
TliIJIa Ha p;orrpoce, 'ITO ee HHKTO He nop;CTpeKaJI. CnpomeHHaH, BepHO JIB,
'ITO eM TIJIa TIIJIH p;eHbrII 3a TO, 'IT06bI OHa nop;CTpeKaJIa JIIOp;eH K 3TOMY
MHTemy, OTBeTHJIa HeT. CM. TaKme paHee p;onpoc meHID;IIHbI no <l>aMBJIHB
AeKapT.
rJIABA V. l{EJIO 0 3ArOBOPE H PEBOJ1lOI1.HOHHOE H.BJIEHHE 325
able. BLICTYIIJIeHHH caMH no ce6e CTpeMlIJIHCb ;n;06HTbCH pe3YJI:b-
TaTOB, KOTopLIe yqacTHHKliI CTIHTaJIH npaBHJIbHbIMliI liI 3aKOBB:bIMH,
OUB meJIaJIliI no pRlJna, a He 6ecnopH)J;Ka. STOT nopH.D;OR, 1\ KOTO-
pOMY HOKpeHHe CTpeMHJICH .HapO]];, 3aKJIIOQaJJCH B pacnpen JIeHHB
npO]];OBOJlLCTBHH IIO pa3YMHOH eHe.
B 60JlLmHHeTBe cJlyqaeB TOBap OnJIatIHBaJICH XOTH 6:bI qaCTHTI-
ao; MHorHe Gro BepHYJlliI liIJlH OrrJlaTliIJIH, KOr]];a yaHaJIH, TITO onepa-
HH npH3HaHa HeaaKOHHOH. ECJlH YCTaHaBJIHBaeMaH eHa TIQTITE
Bcer,n;a paBHHJIaCL 12 JlliIBpaM, TO 3TO npOHCXO)J;HJIO nOTOMY, TITO
TaKaH CTaBKa ClIHTaJlaCL HaliI60Jlee crrpaBe;rpIHBOii - ee YCT aHaBJIH-
BaJIK HalllIHaH C nepBLIX HH H;n;eHTOB B BOMOHe H B IIoHTyaae; Ha-
KOHe , IIOCJle OIIJlomHOCTH KHHaH ,n;e IIya, OHa KaR QbI 6bIJIa OCBe- '
II:(eHa aBTopHTeTOM caMoro KOpOJlH. O]];HaKO HeCOMHeHHO, lITO Hace-
JIeHHe 6LIJlO rOTOBO COrJlaCHTLCH H Ha )J;PyrylO eBY; aTO Ha6J1I01];a-
JIOCL BO Bcex CJlyqaHx, Kor,n;a 3aRJlIOlIaJIOCL HetITO Bpo,n;e COTJlame...
HHH Mem]];y MHTemHliIKaMH H a]];MliIHHCTpan;Heii liIJIH Mem;n;y MHTem-
HHRaMH liI ToprOB aMliI, a lIa e Bcero B CJIYllae TpeXCTopOHHero
COrJlameHliIH - MeiK]];Y TOJIIIOif, rrpO]];aB aMII H MeCTII:bIMliI tIIIHOBHH-
KaMH. TaKOBa eHa 20 JlHBpOB, YCTaHOBJleHHaH EyaJla66e B IIoH-
Tyaae, eHa 18 JIHBpOB B illyaaH, C)J;eJIRa B ApiRaHTee 0 n;eHe
Ha MYKY OT 15 ]];0 18 JIliIBpOB, a B mOHH ,r(aiI\e 0 D;eHe 24 ;IllBpa
H T. ]];.
IIapa]];oRcaJl:bHo, HO HMeHHO 3TH OTHOCHTeJI:bHO pa3Yl\IH:&Ie II IIpO-
AYMaHHLIe ]];eifCTBliIH oc06eHHO HaCTOpOmHJIH COBpeMeHHHKOB. qep-
T:bI IIopH)J;Ka B 6eCIIopH,n;Kax 6:bIJIH BocnpHHHT:bI RaR rrpH3HaR npen-
HaMepeHHOCTH, opraHliI30BaHHOCTH, a CJle}J;OBaTeJlbHO, IIpecTyrr-
BOCT..
HCCTAPH
3HAKOMbIE
HBJIEHMH
ECJlH OTBeprHYTL y,n;o6Hoe 06'LHCHeHHe co CCLIJIKOH aa 3arOBOp,
TO MomHO JIH aaKJllOlIHTL, lITO MaHCKHe C06bITHH liIMeJIH xapaKTep
BapO;n;HLIX BOJIHeHHH 06LPlHOrO TliIIIa, rrpH3HaTb IIX «HCCTapH 3Ha-
ROM:bIM HBJIeHUeM»?
B:bIJIO aaMelleHO, lITO nOJIOiKeHliIe co cHa6meHHeM 6LIJIO He xy-
me, 1IeM yme 6:bIBaJIO He pa3, )J;ame eCJIH HMeTL B BIIAY TOJIbRO
BeAaBHHe BpeMeHa. IIpo;D;yKTOB XBaTaJlO; lITO KacaeTCH n;eH, TO, ec-
JIB OBH H 6LIJIH BLICOKHMH, BO BpeMeHa Teppa ORH nOlIHHMaJlliIC:b
em;e B:bIme - COOTBeTCTBeIIHO 14 cy II 16 cy.
8TO 06CTOHTeJlLCTBO IIOpaaliIJlO KaR IIpOTliIBHHKOB Tropro, TaR
B ero CTOpORHliIKOB: BIIpOtIeM, Ka1.K,n;an CTopOHa C;n;eJIaJIa liI3 aToro
CBOH BLIBO;D;LI. MLI o6HapymliIBaeM aTO 06CTOHTeJI:bCTBO B HRCTPYK-
326
qACTb BTOPAH. «MyqHAH BO#HA»
U;HH CBH eHHHKaM TlOpro H B C01lHHeUliIH IIHJJ:aHca ,n;e Mepo6epa
«MCTOpliIqeCKliIe 3anliICKliI».
T e liI3 COBpeMeHHHKOB C06:bITliIH, KTO He COfJIamaJICH C BepCliIeii
CTOpOHHHKOB Tropro, HO 'I:bH npoHliIqaTeJIbHOCTb He ,n;oxo,n;liIJIa ,n;O
npe,n;CTaBJIeHliIH 0 peBOJIIOD;HOHHOM HBJIeHHH (npe,n;nOJIaraeTCH, 1ITO
3TO KOHcepBaTHBH:bIe 8JIeMeHTbI), 06JIa,n;aJIliI rOTOBLIM 06':bHCHeHHeM.
11M Ka3aJIOCL }J;OCTa TO'lH:bIM B03JIOiKHTb OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb aa CO-
6:bITHH Ha 3aKOHO}J;aTeJILH:bIe pe4>opMLI, Ha BBe}J;eHHe JIliI6epaJILHOfO
peiKHMa, 06YCJIOBJIeHHOfO IIOCTaHOBJIeHHHMII OT ceHTH6pJl II HOH6-
pH 1774 r. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc*.
HeocTopoiKHOCTL aaKOHO}J;aTeJIJI caMa no ce6e ,n;OJIiKHa 6LIJIa
nopO}J;HTL 6ecnopH,n;KliI. 3TH 6ecnopH,n;KliI }J;OJImHLI 6LIJIH BCIILIXHYTL,
RaK TOJIbKO HaCTYIIHJI TPY}J;H:bIR IIepHO}J; BHe,n;peHliIH HOBmeCTB.
8TOT Te3HC 6bIJI HeCKOJILKO n03}J;Hee B:blpaiKeH B peMOHCTpaD;HHX
IIapHiKcKoro IIapJIaMeHTa OT 4 MapTa 1776 r. no IIOBO}J;Y a,n;HKTa,
OTMeHHBmero OC06:bIe YCTaHOBJIeHHH, P:bIHOqHLle perJIaMeHTLI ,n;JIH
IIapHiKa:
«B nopy perJIaMeHTOB Hapo,n; BHHHJI B CBOHX 6e,n;ax He6JIaro-
npHHTHYIO nOfO}J;Y. TenepL OH o6BHHHeT HOBYIO a,n;MHHHcTpaqHIO»1.
3Ta BepCliIH 0 6YHTe «npOTliIB 3aKOHO}J;aTeJILCTBa» He JIliIllIeHa
H3BeCTHoro CMLICJIa. O}J;HaKO ee Ha,n;o liICCJIe,n;OBa TL BHRMa TeJILHee.
He .npHxo,n;IfTICH OCIIapHBaTL, 111'0 HOBoe 3aKOHo,n;aTeJIL'CTBO OT-
pa3HJIOCb npaKTH'IeCKH Ha XJIe6HOM pLIHKe. Ho MLI yme KOHCTa-
THpOBaJIH, lITO cliITyaqHH B 1775 r. 6LIJIa He xyme, 'IeM B rrpe,n;LI,n;y-
He ro,n;:b!. 3TO HCXO}J;HLIH nYHKT ,n;JIH aHaJIH3a np06JIeMLI 2 .
3Ha'lHT, peqL MOfJIa H}J;TH TOJILKO 0 nCHXOJIOrliIQeCKOM B03}J;ei-
CTBHH, 0 'IeM, BnpOtIeM, H rOBopliITCH B TeKCTe peMoHcTpaqliIU.
BMeCTe C TeM aTO nCliIXOJIOrHqeCKOe B03}J;eHCTBHe MOiKHO liICTOJI-
ROBaTL pa3JIliI'IHLIM 06pa30M.
COfJIaCHO IIepBOMY 06':bHCHeHHIO, KOTopoe co,n;epmHTCH B napJIa-
MeHTCKHX aaMe'laHHHX, mHpOKHe CJIOliI HaCeJIeHHJI OTHOCHJIHCL 6JIa-
rOmeJlaTeJI:bHO K CTap:bIM perJIaMeHTaM, KOTopLIe liIX B 06 eM Y}J;O-
BJIeTBOpHJIH, H 6:blJIH 6bl B03My eHLI, YBH,n;eB, 'ITO perJIaMeHTLI
6oJI:bme He C06JIIO,n;aIOTCH.
COrJIaCHO ,n;pyroH rHnOTe3e, Hapo , HanpOTHB, BOaJIaraJI 60JIb-
mHe Ha}J;eiK}J;bl Ha HOBblH nopH}J;OK, He BHHKas: rJIy6oKo B CYTL npo-
6JIeMLI. C Toro BpeMeHliI KaK OTKa3aJIHCb OT nary6Hou npaRTliIKH
a66aTa Teppa, Bce }J;OJIiKHO 6LIJIO H}J;TH HaHJIyqmHM o6pa30M. 06-
HapymHB, lITO }J;eJIa H,n;YT TaR me nJIOXO, KaR II paHee, JIIO,n;H IIcnbI-
TaJIH iKHBeiimee pa30'lapOBaHHe.
* IIocJIe 9Toro - SBaQIlT BCJIe}J;CTBHe 9Toro (AaT.). - IlpUM. pea.
1 PeMoHcTpa HH OT 4 MapTa 1776 r. Archives Nationales, XI B. 8967.
2 BOJIee Toro, YKa3 OT 6 HOH6pH He H3MeHHJI OC06LIX YCTaHOBJIeBUB
}J;Jl1I TOprOBJIH B ITapHmcKoM paRoue, a B caMOM IIapume - paROHe Hall6o-
JIee SBatJUTeJlbHbIX 6eCnOpH,IJ;KOB - pbIHotJHbIe npaBUJIa no-npemHeMY OCTa-
BaJIBCL B CHJle.
rJIABA V. l{EJIO 0 3ArOBOPE H PEBOJIlOIJ,HOHHOE HBJIEHHE 327
8Ta BTopaH rliIIIOTe3a Ha nepBLIH B3rJIH npe CTaBJIHeTCH 60JIee
npaB}J;ono o6HOH, HemeJIH IIpe LI yrn;aH. O HaRo OHa HaXO HTCH
B npOTHBOpetIHliI C HeYCTaHHLIMliI npe YIIpem eHHHMliI TIOpro 0 TOM,
qTO B IIJIOXHe rO LI xJIe6 He MomeT He B3 opomaTL - }J;oporOBH3H8
npOTHB rOJIo}J;a.
TpeTbH BepCHH. COrJIaCHO aBTOpy «MCTOpJ.iItIeCRHX 3aIIJ.iICOK»,
HMeHHO Ta HaCTOHqliIBOCTL, C ROTOpOH Tropro IIpOB03rJIamaJl MLICJIL
o HeH36emHOH }J;oporOBH3He, 6Y}J;TO 6LI BDI3BaJIa peaR HIO B cpopMe
Bceo6 ero rHeBa.
Hu O}J;HO liI3 8THX HCTOJlROBaHliIH He HaXO}J;HT HH MaJIeiimero
nO}J;TBepm,n;eHHH B <!>aRTax liI ,n;ORYMeHTax.
HH OAHH 1r3 3a}J;epmaHHLIX H }J;oIIpomeHHDIX YlIaCTHliIROB BLICTY-
UJleHHH He YRa3LIBaJI Ha npeHMym;ecTBa npemHero }J;HpHmJ.iI3Ma liIJID
sa npeYBeJIH1IeHHLIe Ha em,n;DI, B03HHRmHe nocJle npliIHHTJ.iIH HOBLIX
npaBHTeJlLCTBeHHLIX Mep.
II pOCTLIe }J;ymH He nOCTliIraJIH CYTII BeJIHRliIX CIIOpOB. IIIHpORaB
uy6J1liIRa He nOHliIMaJIa }J;ame, I{aROBO npOTHBOpetIliIe Meifi}J;Y CHCTe-
MOH CB060}J;LI TOprOBJIH II IIOJlHTHROH TaRca liIlI HJIliI 06LICROB. TaR,
B uHcLMe, a}J;pecoBaHHoM reHepaJlLHoMY npoRYpoPY iROJIH }J;e (i>JIe-
pH, HeRliIH 6ypmya H3 Bapa pemliITeJILHO 0}J;06pHeT CB060}J;y ToproB-
JIH, HO B TO me BpeMH Tpe6yeT, 'tITo6LI 6LIJIH YCTaHOBJleHDI TBep]J:LIe
{(eHLI II tIT06LI IIpOliI3BO}J;HJlHCL 06LIC:{\H B aM6a pax 1.
BLICRa3LIBaHCL TaKHM 06pa30M, MLI Bce me He C'tIHTaeM, tITO
HymHo IIOJIHOCTLIO HCKJIIO'tIHTL rHIIOTe3Y 0 BJIHHHliIH HOBoro 3aRO-
HO}J;a TeJlLCTBa. OHO MOrJIO CRa3a TbCH }J;BOHRHM 06pa30M, II B 060liIX
CJIyqaHx 60JILmOe 3HaqeHHe HMeJIO nOBe}J;eHHe MeCTHLIX BJIaCTeH.
1. lloaulfuR 1tapooa.
Hapo,n: He npOHBJIHJI HH COmaJleHliIH 06 OTMeHe npe}J;LI}J;ym;ero
aaKOHO}J;aTeJlLCTBa, HliI 0}J;06peHHH HOBoro. Ho JIIO}J;H 6LIJIH IIopame-
BLI TeM, 1ITO 'tIHHOBHJ.iIRH H MarHCTpa TLI, BMeCTO Toro lIT06LI, RaR
npem]J:e, npOHBHTL RaKYIO-JIH60 60Jlee HJIH MeHee y,n:a'tlHYIO HHHD;Ha-
TIIBY, OCTaBaJlHCL naCCliIBHLIMH. Bo Bcex CJIY'tlaHX, ROTopLIe MLI HC-
CJIe}J;OBaJIH, Hapo,n:HLIe MaCCLI }J;OMOraJlHCL BMemaTeJILCTBa a}J;MHHH-
CTpa liIH.
Oc06eHHo 6eCIIOROHJIH JlIOlJ;eH 'tIliICTO npaKTHtIeCRliIe nOCJle]J:CT-
BUH HOBoro JIH6epaJILHOrO aaKOHO}J;aTeJILCTBa, a HMeHHO: KaK TOJIL-
1\0 OTRpLIB,aJIHCL pLIHKH, TYT me nOHBJIHJIHCL RynD;LI-oIITOBHRH II
Ba'tlHHaJIHCL 3JIoYIIoTpe6JIeHHH, 'tIliIHHMLIe X.lte61tblMU TO peo8lfaMU;
nepenpo ama xJIe6a C Ha]J:6aBROH TYT me Ha pLIHRe 6LIJIa npliI'tIliI-
BOH MHorHX nepBLIX liIH liI]J:eHTOB.
2. BO-BTOpLIX, H IIpem]J:e Bcero, noaUlfUR MeCT1tblX 8.Jtacreu.
BeccnopHo, tIliIHOBHHRH liI MarliICTpaTLI, BLIHym eHHLIe OTRa-
8aTbCH OT }J;aBHHX IIpliIBLPIeK H npHeMOB, 6LIJIH }J;e30pliIeHTHpoBaHLI
1 Fonds J oly de Fleury, 1159, fo 78.
328
qACTb BTOPAR. «MyqHAH BOHHA.
H tlyncTBOBaJiB ce6H 6e30pymHLIMH IIPB IIepBLIX IIpOHBJIeHIIHX Ha-
pO,rJ;HOrO 6pOmeHliIH.
ORB 60JILme He MOrJIH npHKa3LIBaTL, CTporo HaKa3LIBaTb, 6JIO-
HHpOBaT:b TpaH3liIT TOBapOB, OTKpMBaTL aMoapLI, IIpOliI3BOAHTb
06bICKH.
ECJIH Aame He IIpe,n;nOJIara T:b, qTO OHII IIpOHBHJIliI ,n;yx HenOBHRO-
BeRIIH H CKJIOHHOCT:b K ca6oTamy, OHB CQIlTaJIliI eCTecTBeHHLIM, 'qTQ
na pOA caM 3aHMeTcH TeMI1 AeJIaMB, KOTopLIe paHee 6:bIJIliI B03JIO-
iHeHbI Ha HliIX.
8THM H 06'1>HCHHeTcH cJIyqaif, Kor,n;a MarHcTpaT CIIpOCHJI 'tIeJIOBe-
Ka, oKpYiKeHHoro TOJInOH, 'tIeM OH BLI3BaJi ee HpOCTL, liIJIH ;n;pyroH
CJIy-qaH, KorAa 'tIliIHOBHIIK nplIKa3aJI OTKp:bITL aMoa p, liI T. II.
RaK oo ee IIpaBIIJIO, BJiaCTI1 CTapaJIliICL IIPHHTH K COrJIameHHIO
C MHTemHHKaMliI. MLI 3TO BHAeJIliI B IIoHTya3e y ,n:eMOHTHOHa II
ByaJIa66e, B ApmeHTee y }J;e maBeHa, B BepcaJIe y KHH3H ,n;e IIya,
3aTeM B BpH H T. A.
TaKaH II03liID:HH Hapo,n;a H BJIaCTeH, OOYCJIOBJIeHHaH pe3KHM
IIOBOpOTOM B 3aKoHo,n;aTeJI:bCTBe, MomeT OTQaCTH OO'bHCHHT:b HaCH-
JIliIH H mHpOKHH xapaKTep Hapo}J;HLIX BLIcTYIIJIeHHH liI, B qaCTHOCTH,
3apa3HTeJI:bHLIH YCIIex TpeOOBaHliIH TaKcaD:HliI. Ho TaKoe 06'1>HCHe-
HH:e caMO no ce6e npeACTaBJIHeTCH HaM He,n;OCTaTOqHLIM H, ,n;ame
eCJIII OHO l1paBO IO HO, nee paBHO He HCKJIIO'tIaeT peBOJIIO HOHHLIX
TeH}J;eH HH. Mem,n;y Tpa,n;HD;HOHHLIMII IIHD:H,n;eHTaMH B ,n:HmOHe H co..
6LITliIHM1I B ApmaHTee HJIH B BpH MLI BH,n;HM CBoero po,n;a nOCTY-
naTeJl,bnOe oeu:JICenue MHTema. B IIOBe,n;eHHH TOJIIILI, cpe}J;H HeH3-
oeiKHoro 6eCIIopH}J;Ka liI HHAHBH,n;yaJI:bHLIX 3JIOYIIOTpe6JIeHliIH MomHO
YJIOBHTL HOBLIe TeH,n;eHD;liIH:
pa3YMH:bIR 3JIeMeHT MHTema; IIOHCKH CIIpaBe,n;JIHBOH n;eHLI;
COJIliI}J;apHOCT:b Hapo,n;H:bIX Macc, BLIpamaBmaHCH B IIpeeMCTBeH"
HOCTH 11 IIOArOTOBKe B:bICTYIIJIeHHH;
HaKOHeQ, CTpeMJIeHlIe llO}J;MeHHTL a,n;MHHliICTpaTliIBHLIe BJIaCTH,
aBaT:b 'tIHHOBHHKaM YKa3aHliIH HJIliI IIO MeHLmeH Mepe BeCTliI C HliIMH
neperOBophl. 1vlacca OC03HaeT ce6H He TOJILKO Jli,an CU.ltY, HO 11 KaK
8.1taCTb. B TeMHhIX HeApax KOJIJIeKTHBHoro no,n;C03HaHHH yme ,n;aeT
ceOH 3HaTh HeqTO lloxomee Ha aaxeaT cyeepenUTeTa.
PEBOJIIOl(HOHHOE
flBJIEHME
haKYIO 6LI POJI:b, Ha Ham B3rJIHA OrpaHliI'tIeHHYIO, He HrpaJI Ta-
Koro po,n;a cpaKTOp, KaK «,n;eHCTBHH MeCTHLIX BJiaCTeH», HMeHHO
peBOJIIOD;liIOHHLIH xapaKTep BLICTYllJIeHliIH ,n;aeT HaM B03MomHOCTL
OTBeTHT:b Ha OCHOBHOH Bonpoc, CTOJI:b aaHHMaBmllH COBpeMeHHHROB
C06bITHH.
rJ1ABA V. l/,EJIO 0 3ArOBOPE H PEBOJ1lOIl,HOHHOE H.BJIEHHE 329
ITOTIeMY Hapo,n; BOCCTaJl npoTliIB npO)];amliI xJle6a no 14 cy II
npOTliIB Tropro, B TO BpeMH KaK OH He BOCCTaBaJl npOTHB n;eHbl
B 16 cy H rrpOTHB Teppa?
Mem)];y TeM TaKaH nOCTaHOBKa Bonpoca, OTpamaIO aH YMona-
CTpoeHHH Toro BpeMeHH, HCKamaeT CYTL np06JIeMLI.
1. 8Ta nOCTaHOBKa Bonpoca <paKTHtIeCRH yqliITbIBaeT 8blCUlue
TOtlJli,U B )];BliImeHliIH n;eH, a He cpeOl-tUU YP()8el-tb n:eH. Be)];L nOTpe...
6HTeJlL 60JIee HJIliI MeHee OCTpO om;y aeT nOBLImeHHe n;eH B 3aBH-
CHMOCTH OT Toro, B KaKOH Mepe OH HCtIepnaJI CBOliI pe3epBLI.
.L(eHcTBliITeJILHO, ro,n; Tropro 6LIJI xy)];mHM, HemeJIliI ro)]; TepP3.
YpomaH B 1774 r. 6LIJI oco6eHHo CKy,n;HLIM. B CBO)];HOM o630pe,
KOTOpLIM MLI Tenepb pacnOJIaraeM II KOTOpLIH OXBaTLIBaeT nep:no
1774-1789 rr., YPOjUaH 1774 r. OKa3LIBaeTCH HaH60Jlee HH3KIIM,
COCTaBJlHH 7/ 12 06LItIHOrO, H nOBTopHeTCH BHOBL TOJILKO B 1789 r.
COrJIalCHO aTOH nepHO rqHOCTB, 1100,n:LI, npe,n;meOTa30lBaBm'He 1774 f.,
6LIJlH, no BceH BepOHr.DHOCTliI, HeCKOJlhKO 60Jlee ypomaihILIMH.
q TO KacaeTCH n;eH, TO ,n:JlH IIapHmcKoro <pliIHaHcoBo-no,n;aTHoro
OR!pyra (relHepaJl:bCma) cpe,)J;HHiH n;eHa B 1775 r. .paBHHJlaCb 27,1,
Mem]J;y TeM KaK B npe]J;LI,n;y He rO]J;LI OHa COCTaBJlHJIa:
1774 r.
1773 r.
1772 r.
.
23
24,12
22,16 1
2. IToBLImeHHe n;eH liIMeeT caMO no ce6e OrpaHHtIeHHOe 3HatIe-
BliIe, nOKa OHO He npeBLICHT onpe)];eJIeHHLIH ypOBeHL TeprreHHH,
KOTOpLIH MomBO Ha3BaT:b yp08neM l-tUUfeTbl, H KOTOpLIH MomeT
CTaTh yp08neM 80CCTanUR. TaK BOT, npH n;eHe 14 cy aTOT ypOBeHb
yme 6LIJI npeB30H,n:eH. J]:eHcTBliITeJlhHO, npliI TaRoif n;eHe npOCTOll:
pa60TIIIH: yme BLIHym,n;eB ypeab1,8aTb U 6ea Toeo a.!tJli,uu ual-tel-t-
nblU MunUMYM nOTpe6.!tenuR ceMbU. HaqHHaH C aToro MOMeHTa
caMO <pH3HtIecKoe cy ecTBoBaHHe qeJlOBeKa yme OKa3LIBaeTCH no,n;
yrp030H.
JJ:aHHLle, OTHOCH HeCH K TOMY BpeMeHH, HCHO 06 aTOM CBliI)];e-
TeJIbCTByroT. E e 60JlLmee BneTIaTJleBHe npoliI3Bo,n;HT 3TO B nepe-
C'IeTe Ha HaffiliI ,n;eHLrlI. II pe,n;cTaBHM ce6e npocTo, tITO B HamH
ARB: "IepHopa6oqliIH, 3apa6aTDIBaIO HH B ro)); 400 TLIC. <ppaHKoB,
BLIHym,n;eH\ paCXO]J;OBaTh 383 ThIC. cppaHKoB Ha xJIe6 B a6COJIIOT-
HOH CTOHMOCTliI (a B OTHOCHTeJlLHOH - Ha 164 TLIC. cI>PaHKoB 60JIL-
me, qeM B npe,n;LI,n;y eM ro,n;y); OH 6y,n;eT CHJlLHO B03Mym;eH, ,n;ame
1 Etat des prix, Archives N ationales, F. 294. .D;aHHble nOtJTII COBna-
d aIOT c ;n;aHHbIMII JIa6pyca. (L a b r 0 U sse. Esquisse du mouvement
es prix et des revenus 1 t. II p. f12.)
330
qACTb BTOPAH. «MyqHAH BOHHA»
e e ,n;O TOrO, RaK eMY npliI,n;eTCH pacxo,n;oBaTL 438 T:bIC. <ppaHKoB
aa XJIeO 1.
TaKliIM 06pa30M, BOCCTaHHe 1775 r. 6:bIJIO BOCCTaHliIeM HH eTLI.
MTaK, M:bI nonpOCTY BepHYJIliIC:b R Bonpocy: nOlleMY HapO}]; BOC...
CTaJi HMeHHO B }];aHHOe BpeMH, a He B ,n;pyroe, Kor,n;a cy ecTBoBa-
JIH aHaJIOrHlIH:bIe YCJIOBliIH?
Ho 8TO, 01leBliI,n;HO, HeBepHaH nOCTaHOBRa Bonpoca.
PeBOJIIO HOHHaH cliITyan;HH, no cy eCTBY, B03HHKaeT Tor1J;a,
Kor,n;a JIIO,n;H nepeCTalOT TepneT:b nOJIOmeHHe ,n;eJI, KOTopoe OHH ,n;o
CHX nop TepneJIH.
¥ TaKHX cHTyan;HH eCT:b )]:Be CTOpOHLI: rJIy60KaH Heo6xo}];HMOCTL
H HeIIOCpe}];CTBeHHaH npliItIliIHa. OHM 06YCJIOBJIeH:bI ,n;JIHTeJILHLIM pa3-
BHTHeM, a B:bIpamaIOTCH B MrHOBeHHbIX BCIILImKax. IIocJIe Toro
Ka,R 'C06:bITHH yme np011l30mJIH, 'KameTICH, lITO, no 'cy eCTBY, nx
MomHO 6:bIJIO IIpe}];BM}];eTL, HO Kor,n;a OHH npOHcxo,n;HT, OHB: HeHa-
6emHo KamYTcH HeOmliI)];aHH:bIMliI.
IIo8TOMY BIIOJIHe HOpMaJIbHO, lITO COBpeMeHHliIKH He IIOHHJIB
3HalleHHH Tex C06:bITHH, ROTOpI>Ie IIPOliICXO}];liIJIliI y HliIX Ha rJIa3aX,
II lITO OHliI IILITaJIliICL CBH3aTL HX C lIliICTO CJIytIaHH:bIMliI IIpIIlIH-
HaMM.
1 MLI HCnOJIL3yeM npHMep no eHID;IIRa, KOTOpLIH sapa6aTLIBan
20 cy B }J;eBL B TeqeHHe 200 HeH, TO eCTL B 1775 r. OH nOJIyqaJI 200 paB-
KOB B rog, a ;D;JIH nOTpe6JIeHHH ceMLII eMY HY}KHO 6LIJIO 3 <PYHTa xJIe6a
(H3 HHX nOJITOpa HJIH O;D;HH H TPH tIeTBepTII YHTa gJIH Hero O;D;Horo; 3TO
n;H pLI nOTpe6JIeHHH }J;JIH COJI a T II na pHmaH). Ero pacxog xJIe6a B ro ,
TaKHM 06paSOM, BbIpa'HaJICH B CJIegyroID;Hx D;H pax:
8 cy sa 4 YHTa . . . .. 108,5 paHRa
14 cy » . . . .. 192 <ppaHKa (npII6JIHSIITeJILHo)
16 cy » . . . .. 219 «ppaHRoB
TaKoH pa60qllH sapa6aTbIBaJI 6LI TenepL (no HameMY BH}J;eKcy ne-
pec eTa 1 : 2000) 400 TLIC. paHKoB B ro .
OTMeTHM, tlTO aTH paCqeTLI npoBepeHLI Ha npuMepax, IIsyqeHHLIx
Hep;aBHO JIH paHoHa Mo. KaTeropHH npo eccIIH, sapa6aTbIBaBmIIx B
1789 r. 200 paHKoB B rog, TenepL sa pa6a TLIBaroT 409 TLIC. <ppaHKoB.
(CM.: End res. Rapport du 83 e Congres des Societes savantes, 1958,
p. 219.)
lIs 400 000
8 cy sa 4 cPYBTa (l'(eBa f 775 r.) . . . . . . . . 219000
f 4 cy» . . . . . . . . 383 750
16 cy» . . . . . . . . 438 000
3TH D;lIcPPLI 06'L1ICHHIOT HaCTpoeBIIH, llJIJIIOCTpal'(HeH ROTOpLIX CJIymaT
CJIOBa, npllBe;D;eHBLIe HaMil ;D;JIH npHMepa: «Hac 20 MJIB. qeJIOBeR YMHpaeT
OT rOJIo a» II «MLI npe nOqHTaeM, qT06LI Hac nOBeCIIJIH, HemeJIII YMepeTL
OT rOJIop;a» 11 T. n.
MLI He OJImHLI npeHe6peraTL 9TIIMII paccym eBIIHMII nepBOCTeneu-
Boro SBa1JeBUH no BJIIIHHUeM TaKIIX CJIyqaiiBLIx «paRTOB, KaK yqaCTUe B MlI-
Temax SamIlT01JBLIX JIIO eii. 8TO HBJIeBlle, Be xapaKTepHoe JIH cym;ecTBa e-
JIa, HMeeT TaRoe me SBa"lleBlle, KaK yq:aCTHe BOpOB llJIII CJIY1JaiiHLIX paCXB-
THTeJIeii sepBa. Bcer a BaXO HTCH JIIO}J;II, meJIalOm;He HamHTLCH BO BpeMJI
BOJIBeBUii, npOIlCXO)K eHlle KOTOpLIX HX He KacaeTCH.
Torga nOJIyqaTc1I TaRHe D;II«PPLI:
rJIABA v. l1.EllO 0 3ArOBOPE H PEBOJIIOll,HOHHOE HBJ1EHHE
331
-
B TOH Mepe, B KaKOH 3TH npliIQliIHLI cy ecTBOBaJIH, OHH JllImL
YCKOpHJIliI C03peBaHHe cliITya HliI, KOTOpOe, RaK 06HapYiKliIJlOCb B
1789 r., HacTynHJlO 6e3 BCHRoro BJlliIHHliIH JlH6epaJILHDlX pe<f>opM.
ECJlH 6LI, B o6 eM nJlaHe, 06m;ecTBeHHoe MHeHHe 6LIJlO B co-
eTOJlHliIH pacrr03HaTL HacTynJIeHliIe peBOJIIO liIOHHOH cliITya HH, TO
BHKorAa He 6LIJlO 6bI peBOJlIO HH, nOTOMY QTO C)];eJlaJlliI 6LI Bce
aeo6xoWIMoe )];JIH Toro, qTo6LI HX H36emaTL (yqliITLIBaJl, qTO pe
BOJIIO HJI HHKor}J;a He pa3pamaeTCH cpa3Y, 6ea rrpe)];meCTBYIOm;ero
eH 6pomeHHH).
TaKliIM 06pa30M, rrCHXOJIOrHqeCKliIe C}J;BHrliI rrpHCYIQH peBOJlIOII;H'"
OHHOMY HBJIeHHIO B TaKOH me Mepe, KaK liI 3ROHOMHtIeCKliIe C}J;BH-
fH, KOTopLIe HM Henocpe}J;CTBeHHO npe}J;meCTBYIOT. B HameM CJIyqae
o6a 3TH npoqecca IIpOHBJIHJIHCL O}J;HOBpeMeHHO II HeCYT paBHYro
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTL 3a C06LITHH.
ECJIH 6LI MomHO 6LIJlO HapHCOBaTL rpa<f>HK KOJlJIeKTHBHOH rrCH-
XOJIOrHH, rro}J;o6Ho TOMY KaK BLItIeptIHBalOT KPHBYIO }J;OXO}J;OB, TO,
HeCOMHeHHO, o6HapymHJIH 6LI, qTO KpHBaJl MHeHHM, pacnpOCTpa-
HeHHLIX B HapO;J;e, perYJIHpHO OTKJIOHHeTCH OT RpHBOH 06 eCTBeH-
Horo MHeHHH (rrOCJIe}J;HJIJI 3aBHCHT OT CYMMLI MHeHliIH JIIO}J;eH, CIIO-
C06HbIX aTO MHeHHe BLIpa3liITL), TOtIHO TaK me, KaK H KpHBaH rro-
RyrraTeJIbHOH crroco6HOCTH HH3mHX CJIOeB HaCeJleHHH OTKJIOHHeTCJI
OT IIO)];LIMaIO eHCH KpliIBOH BaJlOBOrO Ha HOHaJlbHOrO }J;OXO}J;h.
06UfeCT8ennoe Mnenue - HJIH no oKpaHHeH Mepe TO, lITO IIO
8TliIM IIO)];pa3YMeBaIOT, - He B COCTOHHHH OOJIee nOHHTb aBOJIIOD;lIIO
IICHXOJIOrHH Macc.
CJIe}J;OBaTeJlbHO, «MytIHaJl BOMHa» rrpe;r(CTaBJIHeT }J;JIH Hac HC-
KJllOqHTeJlbHLIH 06'DeRT }J;JIH Ha6J1IO}J;eHHH: pom}J;eHHe peBOJIIOII;HOH'"
Boro KOMIIJIeKCa 1. Ee MomHO CtIeCTL rrOrpaHHtIHLIM py6eiKoM B HC-
TOpHH CTaporo rropH}J;Ka.
-
f MomHo B H3BecTHoH Mepe Y HBJIHTLCH TOMY, 'tJTO Tropro Be nOHHJI
BapO}J;Horo xapaKTepa BOCCTaHHH H He c}J;eJIaJI Tex BLIBO OB, KOTopLIe Hap;-
JIemaJIO Cp;eJIaTL. OH aJIeKO onepe HJI CBoe BpeMfI, oco6eHHO B On;eHKe pHC-
Ra, CBfI3aHHoro C coxpaHeHHeM cym;ecTByrom;ero nOJIOmeHHfI Bem;eH. Ero
npupO}J;HaH npOHIIII;aTeJILHOCTb 6LIJIa, HeCOMHeHHO, OCJIa6JIeHa CaMOJII06HeM
M:n:HUCTpa 11 pa3}J;pameHueM, KOTopoe OH HCn:bITbIBaJI, BHp;n, 'tJTO CTOJIb
HeYMeCTHafI peaKII;HH no pLIBaeT ero nOJIHTHKY, KaK pas HaH60JIee 6JIaro...
npUHTHYro P;JIH HHTepeCOB HapO HLIX Macc.
40.-
qacTb TpeTbSI II PO BAJI
334 'lACTb TPETbH. IIPOBAJJJ
r Jtaea I JIeTHee
COJI eCTOmme
Bo 'IlTO 8'bt 8JKeWU8aeTeC'b, (JopoeaJ£ ce-
CTpa, 8 CJKeHY JKUHUCTp08? A 8'bL cnpa-
WU6a.4U ce6J£, no nanoJKY npa6Y 6'bL 6JKe-
tuU8aeTeC'b 8 eocy(JapCT6eHH'bte (Je.4a t/Jpau-
tl-yacnou JKOHapxuu? 'l eJKY 8'bt y1tU.4UC'b?'
RanuJKu 3HaHURJKU 06.4aOaeTe?
(IIpoeRT nHCbMa
Hocu<l> II
MapHH AHTyaHeTTe.
HIOJIb 1175 r. 1)1
MroHfi 1775 r. 6y eT pemarom;HM JIH 3KcnepHMeHTa Tropro It
Qepe3 HeKOTopoe BpeMH CTaHeT POKOBfiIM. 8TO O,n;HH H3 Tex nepH-
O,n;OB, Kor,n;a HCTOpHH, eHCTBYH no,n;o6HO HCKYCCTBeHHOMY cep,n;n;y t
rOHHT apTepHaJIfiHYro KpOBfi rJIy6HHHfiIX npon;eCCOB B KanHJIJIHp'"
HYro ceTfi 3nH30,n;HQeCKHX C06fiITHH. MH,n;HBH,n;yaJI:bHOe npHxo,n;HT Ha.
CMeHY KOJIJIeKTHBHOMY, CJIyqaHHOCTfi CTaJIKHBaeTCH C aaKOHOMep-
HOCTfiro: H3BeCTHO, qTO HX B3aHMOCBH3fi HBJIHeTCH npe,n;MeTOM <pH
JIOCO<pCKHX ,n;HccepTan;HH.
IIocJIe nOTpHceHHH, BLIHBHBmHX Bce yrJIy6JIHrom;HHcH 3KOHO..
MHQeCI\HH He,n;yr II Bce YCHJIHBarom;HHcH nCHXOJIOrJIlleCKHH, TeKY-
m;aH iRH3Hfi, no KOHTpaCTY II no CBoeMY JIyKaBCTBY, aeT HaM
KaK 6fiI rrepe,n;LImKY - HeCKOJIfiKO 6e306H,n;HLIX H OTBJIeKaronJ;HX
anH30 OB, C06fiITHH OiRH,n;aeMfiIX II MaJI03HaqHTeJIfiHLIX, TaKOBLI KO
pOHan;HH KOpOJIH B PeHMce, 3aMeHa repn;ora e JIaBpHHepa, HO O -
HOBpeMeHHO C 3THM H B0306HOBJIeHHe HHTpHr IIepeXO Hm;HX B Ha-
cTynJIeHHe mya3eJIHCTOB, HOBoe nOHBJIeHHe KOpOJIeBLI Ha nOJIHTH-
qeCKOH apeHe II COOTBeTCTBeHHO OCJIa6JIeHHe IIOJIOiKeHHH reHepaJIfi-
Horo KOHTpOJIepa.
1 STO nHCbMO 6:bIJIO HanHcaHO 110cH<poM II nOCJIe HecKpoMHoro nHCbMa,.
IIOCJIaHHOrO MapHeH AHTyaHeTToH rpa<py P03eH6epry 13 HIOJIH 1775 r., 0 'tJeM
nOH).1;eT pe'tJb HHiRe. MapHH Tepe3HH nOMemaJIa CbIHY nOCJIaTb ero B TaKOMi
BR).1;e. (CM.: 1\1 e r C y - A r g en tea u. Correspondance secrete, t. II, p. 363.)
6'JIABA 1. JlETHEE COJlHIJ,ECTOHHHE
335
MaHCKHe 6YHTI>I HaHeCJIH TIOprO rrepBLIH HeCOMHeHHI>IH ypOH:
nOTepro BpeMeHH, rrOBJIeRmyIO 3a C060R 3a,n;epiKKY ero BeJIHKOrO
IIJlaHa pe<pOpM. «lIpOeKTI>I r-Ha TIOprO pemHTeJII>HO yrrpHTaHI>I rro
cy,KHoO... OHH rrOCJIaHHI>I Ha paCCMOTpeHHe B <DoHTeH6JIo», - 'IIHilleT
'DamOMOH I . .IJ:IOIIOH ClIHTaeT, tITO HX 3a,n;epmaJIH Ha meCTI> He,n;eJI:b,
ao 3TH meCTI> He,n;eJIb IIpaKTHtIeCKH BLIJIHJIHCb B eJII>IH ro , H60
:HeJIb3H 61>IJIO ocym;ecTBHTI> 60JIbmOH <pHCKaJIbHbIH H IIOJIHTHtIeCKHH
npoeKT ,n;o Ha'tIaJIa <pHHaHCOBoro ro,n;a, TO eCTb O ceHTH6pH. lIo
8TOMY rrOBO,n;y .IJ:IOIIOH 3aMetIaeT, tITO «3Ta 3JIOCtIaCTHaH «MyqHaH
(BOHHa)}... 6bIJIa, B03MOiKHO, O,n;HOH H3 IIpHtIHH Bcex 6e,n;CTBHH Pe-
BOJIIO I1;HH » .
Ho KaK HH BeJIHKO 6bIJIO 3HatIeHHe TaKOH OTCpOtIKH, B TO Bpe-
.MH 3TOT <paKT He OCJIa6HJI nOJIOmeHHH MHHHcTpa. IToBepxHOCTHI>IH
Ha6J[IO aTeJIb Mor 61>1 ,n;ame CtIeCTb, tITO OHO YKpeIIHJIOCb, IIOCKOJIb-
y .'flOpro IIpOHBMJI 6eccIIopHO BbICOKHe KatIeCTBa H 06HJICH IIOJI-
Horo YCIIexa (B 06JIaCTH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH 06m;ecTBeHHoro IIopH Ka,
XO'fH 3TO H He 6bIJIO ero ,n;eJIOM).
STOT BOIIpOC CTOHT paCCMOTpeTb IIo,n;po6Hee. 'Y CIIex TaKoro po a
<conpHiKeH C HeKOTopbIM pHCKOM. 'Y TIOpro, HeCOMHeHHO, YiKe 6bIJIH
cepbe3HI>Ie BparH, HO JIHmb cpe,n;H OIIpe,n;eJIeHHbIX H HeMHOrOtIHC-
JIeHHbIX KpyrOB: cpe,n;H n;epKOBHHKOB H KopIIopan;HII <pHHaHCHCTOB.
()THbIHe y Hero 6y,n;eT HX HeHCtIHCJIHMOe MHOiKeCTBO H BceB03Mom-
Horo po,n;a, alI-\e cpe H IIpOCTOJIIO,n;HHOB. Ero KPHTHKYIOT; rraM<pJIe-
THCTbI Harra,n;aIOT Ha Hero ropa3,n;o 60JIee 3JIo6HO, tIeM Kor,n;a-JIH60
npem,n;e. .IJ:o 3Toro BpeMeHK paCIIeBaJIH JIHmb HeCKOJILKO KYIIJIeTOB
no,n; Ha3BaHHeM «Pe<PoPMbI», BLIpamaBmHX Ao6po,n;ymHYro HaCMem-
KY, HO 6bIJIO H HeCKOJIbKO IIOCJIaHHH B CTHxax, IIpOCJIaBJIHBIIIIIX
TlOpro. lIocJIe MHTemeH TOH MeHHeTCH H rrOHBJIHIOTCH HOBbIe 311H-
,rpaMMbI: «.IJ:oporoBH3Ha xJIe6a», «8KoHOMHtIeCKHH OIIbIT» H, Ha-
ROHen;, 3HaMeHHTaH «MytIHaH BOHHa», BIIpOtIeM HanpaBJIeHHaH
-oOJIbme rrpOTHB MapmaJIa BHpoHa:
BemaJI PLICD;Oro reBepaJI,
Tropro }J;OCTOHHLIH Y'tJeHHR,
Co Bcex OB YJIHD; rOJIo}J; rHaJI,
Hy npOCTO iKaH-MyqBHK 2.
BI>IJIa TaKme OtIeHb HeIIOtITHTeJIbHaH KapHKaTypa Ha repn;orH-
810 ,n;' AHBHJIb. CIOlI eTOM ee 6bIJIO IIa,n;eHHe «BBepx TopMamKaMH»
ynpHiKKH 9KOHOMHCTOB.
Ho Bce 3TO He cBH,n;eTeJIbCTByeT 06 HCTHHHOM H3MeHeHHH Ha-
-cTpoeHHH 06m;ecTBeHHoro MHeHHH, H co CTOpOHbI ,n;aiKe He HameT-
CH, lITO MHHHCTp YTpaTHJI CBOIO nOIIYJIHpHOCTb. lIOHBHJICH TOJI:bKO
1 3anHcb OT 22 MaH 1775 r. (B a C h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., t. VIII,
p. 41.)
.2 «Journal historiqua», t. VII, p. 328 at suiv. S c hell e, t. V, p. 133
et suiv.
336
llACTb TPETbR. IIPOBAJJ
HeKOTopDIH OTTeHOK COMHeHHH, KOTOpOrO rrpeiK,n;e He 6DIJIO, JIHml>
He60Jl:bmOH c,n;BHr.
Tropro rro-rrpemHeMY nOJII>30BaJlCH nOJlH:bIM ,n;oBeplIeM KOpOJIH.
JIro,n;OBHK XVI, no,n;,n;epiKIIBaBmHH ero, Mor rrOCTaBIIT:b ce6e B 3a
CJIyry ycnex CBoero MHHIICTpa.
Pa3YMeeTcH, M:bI BII,n;HM, tlTO Ha CMOTpe <ppaH Y3cKIIX II mBeli...
apCKIIX rBap,n;eH eB 26 MaH 6DIJlO OtleH:b MaJlO npHBeTCTBeHH:bIX
KpIIKOB, ,n;a II TYT «tlYBcTBOBaJlOC:b, tlTO aTO JIlIill:b pe3YJI:bTaT e)J;-
pOT rrOJIII IIH...» 1. IToe3,I(Ka Ha KopoHa lIro ,I(OJliKHa 61>IJIa B03Mec-
TIIT:b aTO pa30tlapOBaHlIe.
«MeCH cnycTH, - rrlImeT l\oH,n;opce, - no ,n;opore B PeMMc
KOpOJI:b npoexaJI rro MeCTaM He,n;aBHlIx MHTeiKeH II BCTpeTHJI TaM
JlHm:b Hapo,n;, 6J1arOCJIOBJIHBmIIH ero rrpaBJleHlIe» 2 . STOT npHeM, Ka-
3aJIOC:b, no,n;TBepm)J;aJI CTOJl:b YTemIITeJI:bHOe npe,I(nOJlOiKeHHe 06 IIC-
KYCCTBeHHO B:bI3BaHH:bIX 6ecnopH,n;Kax.
B caMOM PeHMce B HaqaJIe anpeJlH HatlHHaJICH MHTeiK 3. O)J;HaKO
KOpOJlI> H KOpOJIeBa 6:bIJIII TaM BCTpeqeHI>I C aHTY3IIa3MOM. B aTOM
HeJl:b3H COMHeBaT:bCH rrOCJIe paCCKa3a MapHII AHTyaHeTTI>I ee Ma-
TepH MaplIH Tepe3IIII: «IIpII BII)J;e TaKOH TpOraTeJlI>HOH BCTpetln;
...H He MOrJIa y epiKaTI>CH, II CJIe3:bI 6p:bI3HYJlII Y MeHH H3 rJIa3».
M 6e,n;HaH KOpOJleBa B CJIe,n;yro eH <ppa3e ,n;eJIaeT 3aMeQaHlIe, KO-
Topoe 3BYiqHT Tenepl> TparHtleCKII: «HIIRor,n;a He 3a6yAY aTOT )];eHb
KopO'Ha HII, np0:JICU6U .R, XOTb CTO .lteT» 4.
qlICTO nOJlIITlIqeCKIIH an1I30,n; ,n;aeT HaM rrpe,n;cTaBJIeHlIe 06 OT-
HomeHIIHX MeiK,n;y KOpOJIeM II MHHIICTpOM II 06 IIX nOBe eHIIII B
9TOT ,n;eHI>.
Tropro, KaK rOBopHT rro,n;,n;epiKaHHI>IH MaJI:b3ep60M, c,n;eJIaJI no-
n:bITKY 1I3MeHIIT:b <POPMYJllIpOBKY KopoHa lIoHHoH rrplICHrlI KOpOJIH.
B HeH co,n;epiKaJlHC:b apXa1I3MI>I, HanplIMep KJlHTBa IICTpe6JIHT:b epe-
TIIKOB, He npO aT:b ,n;yaJlHHTOB II T. ,n;. JJ:ronoH OTMeqaeT, tlTO K TO-
MY me HII reHplIx IV (II He 6e3 OCHOBaHIIH), HH JIro,n;OBIIK XIII,
HII JIro,n;OBHK XIV He rrpOlI3HOClIJIlI aTOT YCTapeBmlIH TeKCT, KOTO-
pl>IH BOCCTaHOBIIJlII ,n;JlH JIro,n;OBIIKa XV. reHepaJI:bHI>IB: KOHTpOJlep
COCTaBIIJI HOBI>IH TeKCT II rrpe,n;JlOiKlIJI ero KOpOJIIO. MTaK, MI>I BII-
1 Bachaumont. Ope cit., t. VIII, p. 49, 28 mai 1775.
2 Con do r c e t. Ope cit., p. 140. ABTOp 06aBJIHeT: «Ero XOTeJIH
aaCTaBHTb nOiKepTBOBaTL CBOHM MHHHCTpOM Ha 60HSHII HapO}J;HLIX BOCCTa-
HHH, HO ero CJIOBa, C BOJIHeHlleM nOBTopseMbIe pacTporaBHoH Han;lIeii:
«TOJIbKO r-H TIOpro H H JII06HM Hapo}J;», - 6LIJIII Barpa}J;oH MHHHCTPY II
HaKaaaHHeM ero BparaM». 8TO Tpora TeJIbHOe aaMe'tJaHlle 6LIJIO CAeJIaHO
aHaqHTeJIbHO noame, H, KameTCH, ero He CJIeAyer npllnHcLIBaTL JIIOAoBII-
KY XVI; HO no MHeHHIO a66aTa }J;e BepH, OHO npHHaAJIemHT RaKOMY-TO
paOOqeMY, 'tJbH CJIOBa sKo6LI nOBTOpHJI KOpOJIb, a caMoro pa60'tJero, KaK
rOBOplIJIH nOTOM, HK06LI nOAOCJIaJI caM MIIHHCTp. (CM.: V e r i. Ope cit.,
t. I, p. 406.)
3 «Journal historique», 7 avril, t. VII, p. 236.
4 Mer c y - A r g e n tea u. Correspondance, t. II, p. 343, nllCLMO OT
22 IlIOHH.
rJlABA I. J1ETHEE COJ1HIJ,ECTOHHHE
337J
,1J;HM, lITO OH He CTpa;n;aJI HHKaKIIM «KOMIIneKCOM» H3-3a MaHCKHX
C06bITHH II, He 3a;n;YM:bIBaHCb, CHOBa - II Ha 3TOT pa3 6e,3 Heo6xo-
HMOCTH - B:bIIDeJI 3a paMKH CBOHX o6H3aHHocTeH.
M:bI 3HaeM, lITO TIOpro - rOpHqHH IIpHBepiKeHen; rrpHHII;IITIOB-
peJIHfH03HOii TepnHMocTH. OH CHOBa B:bICKaiKeT 3TH B3rnH,n;bI no.
nOBO Y 6paKOB C IIpoTeCTaHTaMH H 3aTeM B IIpoeKTe MeMyapa
BepOTepnHMQCTH l . OH paCCMaTpHBaeT He TOJI:bKO <pllnOCO<pCKHH'
acneRT Bonpoca, HO TaKiKe Hero 3ROHOM1PIeCKHe nocne;n;CTBHH.
«Bo <l>paH HIO BepHynocb 6:bI MHOfO ceMeii, nOKHHYBIDIIX pOJ.J;HHY...
r -H TIOpro 01IeH:b 3Toro iKenaeT, OH ;n;enaeT 3TO o;n;HoH H3 OCHOB
cBoeH nonHTHKH H ;n;aiKe CBoero ynpaBneHHH <pHHaHCaMH». Ho OlP
ae;n;OOD;eHHBaeT CHJI OTIrr03HD;HH. qTO KacaeTCH KopoHan;HoHHoii
npnCHrH, TO JIIOJ.J;OBHK XVI He nocne;n;OBan aHHOMY eMY COBeTY.
Ho OR HanHcan no 3TOMY TIOBO,n;y 3anHCKY,. ,n;aTHpOBaHHYro
10 HIOHH, TO eCTb HaKaHYHe KopOHaII;HH, KOTopaH He OCTaBJIHeT
fiH Maneumero COMHeHHH B ero YBaiKeHHH K TIOpro H MOiKeT J.J;a-
me cnymHTb CBH,n;eTenbCTBOM ero npe,n;ynpe}J;HTenbHOCTII: «.fl npe}J;-
noqeJI ,n;aTb BaM OTBeT B nHCbMeHHOH <popMe KaK CBH,n;eTeJIbCTBO'
Toro, qTO H .n:YMalO 0 Bac no 9TOMY n0130J.J;y» 2.
B HeKOTopLIX COMHHTeJlbHLIX MeCTax CBoeH rrpHCHrH JIIO,n;O-
BHK XVI, no CJI,OBaM JJ:lOnoHa, OrpaH1PIHJICH HeBHHTHLIM 60pMO-
TaHHeM.
1 II poeKT MeMyapa 0 BepOTepnllMOCTII CO}J;epmllT opllrllHaJIbHYIO'
H}J;eIO. TIOpro C1JHTaeT, qTO TOJILKO npaBIITeJIbCTBa, Be IIMelO lIe BepLIt'
MorYT OTpllD;aTb BepOTepn1lMOCTb, TaK KaK B TaKOM CJIyqae ).1;JIH HIIX BTO
qHCTO nOJIHT:nqeCKHH Bonpoc. AaJIee TIOpro cTflpaeTCH ;n;OKaaaTb, qTO ro-
CY}J;apb KaK TaKOBOH He npll3BaB CY}J;IITb 0 peJIHrHII, 1160 rocY).1;apll paaHLIX.
CTpaH He 1ICnoBe;n;yIOT O}J;HY 11 TY me Bepy.
MLI yme ynoMIIHaJIII 0 nOSlIl'(HII TIOpro no Bonpocy 0 BepoTepnHMo-
CTII BO BpeMH napJIaMeHTCKoro nep1l0).1;a H. ero HHTeH}J;aHTCTBa B JIIIMome
H, HaKon en;, B 6YMarax, OTHOCH IIXCH R nepllo).1;Y ero oTcTaBRH, MLI MO-
meM HaHTII eID;e O}J;HY aaMeTKY, }J;oKaaLIBaIO YIO nO;n;JIIIHHLIH ;n;yx Bepo-
TepnllMocTII TIOpro. B nllCbMe K }J;OKTOpy IIpaHcy OH KpHTHKyeT nOJIO-
memIe aMepllRaBCKOH ROHCTIITYl'(lIl1, KOTopoe YTBepm;n;aeT Hell36l1pae-
MOCTb {)YX08enCT8a. TIOpro BII).1;IIT B aTOM npllaHaR Hf:}TepIIIIMOCTII B npo-
THDOnOJIOmHOCTb nOJIOmeHllIO, cy eCTBYIOID;eMY BO <I>paBD;HH. (IIHCLMo,
OT 23 MapTa 1778 r. 8 c hell e, t. V, p. 633; V e r i. Ope cit., t. It
p. 252.)
Bonpoc 0 6paRax C npOTeCTaHTaMII H npaBe HaCJIe;n;OBaHIIH }J;JIH ;n;e-
Tei, nO-BII}J;HMOMY, 06cym}J;aJICH BO BpeMH accaM6JIeH ).1;YXOBeHCTBa B HIOJI9'
1775 r. B aTOM cJIyqae TIOpro nOJIyqllJI nO;n;;n;epmKY MaJIb3ep6a, HO Mope-
na, XOTH ero 11 Tpy;n;Ho sano}J;oapllTb B ceKTaHTCTBe, }J;epmaJICH OqeHb C).1;ep-
manno: «B aTOM o6ID;eM CMemeHIIII npOTeCTaHTOB 11 KaTOJIIIKOB OH BII.IJ;IIT
6ecnopH}J;OR, CXO).1;HLIH C BpeMeHaMII JIllrll». (V e r i. Ope cit., p. 385.) CM.:
B a C h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., 29 juillet.)
2 «H }J;YMaIO, qTO mar, ROTOpLIH BLI npe).1;npIlBHJIII, 06paTIIBmllCb ROo
Mne, HCXO T OT OqeHb qeCTHOro H OqeHb npep;aBHoro MHe lIeJIOBeKa;
n DaM aa aTO BLIpamalO caMYIO rOpHqyro 6JIaro}J;apHocTb. He MeHbme 06H-
san H DaM H aa COBeT, 11 BLI MomeTe 6LITb YBepeHLI, qTO H coxpaHIO ero.
B TaUHe, RaR npomy Bac xpaHIITL 11 Moe nHCLMO». (8 C hell e, t. IV,.
p. 554; D u Po n t. Ope cit., p. 194.)
22 9. <I>op
338
'lACTb TPETbH. npOBAJ1
TaKOB:&I 4>aKT:&I H nO p06HOCTH, KOTOp:&Ie y6eiK alOT Hac B TOM,
-qTO «MyqHaH BORHa» MOrJla noceHTfi B C03HaHHH KOpOJlH, Ka
Ja B C03HaHHH Bcero 06 eCTBa, HeKoe 3epHO COMHeHHH B npaBHJlL-
HOCTH CHCTeM:bI cBo6o;n;LI XJle6HOH TOprOBJIR H, 3HaH xapaKTep KO-
pOJlH, HeKoe HeOC03HaHHoe He OBOJl:&CTBO caMHM TIOpro, H60, KaR
IcnpaBe JlHBO CKa3aJl Be3aHBaJlfi, «HeT HHqerO xyme, tIeM HaCHJI:&HO
aaCTaBJlHTb JIIO eH IIpHHHMaTb pemeHHH, Ha KOTOp:ble OHR HeCIIO-
Co6H:b!» 1.
Tpy;n;Hee IIpOaHaJIH3HpOBaTfi OTHomeHHH Mem y Tropro H Mope-
na. "Yme paHbme Ha6J1IO aJlHCfi Koe-KaKHe CHMIITOM:bI, YKa3:&IBaB-
mHe Ha TO, qTO MemAY HHMH 6:&IBaJlH TpeHHH. E e B HatIaJle Ae-
l\a6pH 1774 r. Mopena 6YATO 61>1 CKa3aJl Tropro: «Cy apb, 3aHM-
MaHTeCfi HamHMH cero,n;HHmHHMH <pHHaHcaMH, nQ3a6oTbTecfi 0 Ha-
CTOHm;eMJ IiI He PMCKYHTe CJIOMaTfi ce6e rOJlOBY, CTapaHCL npOBeCTU
cym;ecTBeHHble H3MeHeHHH»2. OR He 3aHHMaJI HHKaKOH n03IIIJ;HH
BO BpeMH «MytIHOH BOMH:b!», KOTopaH ero He HHTepeCOBaJIa, HO eMY
npMnMC:bIBaJIII «CKJIOHHOCTb K CTapLIM npHHIJ;HIIaM», BepOHTHO KaR
qeJlOBeKY npemHeH a,n;MHHHCTpaTMBHOH B:&lyqKH 3 . M:&I yme BH eJlB
ero HeMHoro ;n;BYCMbICJleHHOe nOBe;n;eHMe B pemalO MH AeHfi 3 MaH.
OH, HaBepno, nOqYBCTBOBaJI ce6H YH3BJIeHHbIM, YCJIblmaB Ha...
CMernJlHBYIO neceHRY 0 ero nocem;eHMH OnepbI. Ero, HeCOMHeHHO,
OrOptIHJlH Be;n;ym;aH pOJIb TIOpro H O;:J;epmaHHaH HM rro6e;:J;a. ]\tIope...
na 3aBH,n;OBaJI ;n;OBepHIO KOpOJIH K Tropro M Mor rrO;:J;YMa Tb, qTO
pacTYII(HH aBTopMTeT I\OJIJIerH yrpomaeT ero nOJlOmeHHIO. ITo :MHe
BHIO AIO'nOlHa I e HeMypa, «Mopena Hie lM.or npOCTHTb re'BepaJl:&-
,HOMY ROHTpOJIepy, tITO TOT O HH epmaJl B PYKax 6pa3 :&I npaBJle..
HHH B nepBble rrHTb ;n;HeH 6ecnopH KOB».
CaM TIopro B nIICbMe KOpOJIIO OT 30 arrpeJIH 1776 r. eJIaeT
JIBH:&IM HaMeK Ha qYBCTBO 3aBHCTH Y MeHTopa. BCJle CTBHe 3Toro
OTHomeHIIH Mem;:J;Y ,n;BYMH ROJlJleraMH HeCKOJIfiKO OMpatIHJIHCb, HO
«npHMlIpHTeJIIO» BepH OBOJIbHO 6:bICTpO y aJIOCb pacceHTL Ha6e...
iEaBmIIe TYtIH.
lIo MHeHHIO Toro me IOIIoHa, Mopena RMeHHO no TOM me IIPH-
qHHe OTrOBOpHJI KOpOJIH CJIe OBaTfi COBeTaM TIOpro B BOllpoce
.() npHCHre H, He rOBopH npHMO, nOCTapaJlCH IIpe CTaBHTb TlOpro
RaK tIeJlOBeKa, ROTOp:bIM BeqHO ;n;OCTaBJlHeT HenpHHTHOCTH. « B TOT
MOMeHT, Kor,n;a Bbl TOJlbKO tITO B:blillJIH H3 6ypH MHTema, nO HHToro
1I3-3a xJle6a, no,n;BepraTfi Barny MOJlO OCTL OIIaCBOCTH peJIHrH03-
H:&IX cnopOB II 60pb6:&1 cyeBepHM 6:blJIO 6:&1 BeJlHtIaHmeM HeocTopom-
HOCT:&IO)}. XOTH no o6Hble petIH H nOBe eHHe BnOJlHe B Ayxe JIac-
,ROBoro H BKpa,n;qHBOrO MeHTopa, HHTepnpeTa:[ HIO AlOnoHa CJle-
1 B e s e n val. Ope cit., t. I, p. 317. 8TH CJIOBa 6LIJIII CKaSaHLI,
rKCTaTII, no p;pyroMY CJlyqalO.
2 Met r a. Correspondance, t. I, p. 125, nllCLMO OT 7 p;eKa6pH 1774 r.
3 «Journal historique», t. VII, p. 328; CM. TaKme «Relation histori..
que».
rJIABA I. J1ETHEE COJ1H ECTOHHHE
33
--
AyeT npHHHMaTb C OCTOpOmHOCTbIO. BO-nepB:bIX, Ha,n;O OTMeTHT:b,
qTO rrHCbMO TIOprO KOpOJIIO, npHJIOmeHHOe K ero rrpoeKTY rrpHCHrH
(naii,n;eH 61>IJI TOJIbKO aTOT TeKCT), 6:bIJIO OT 9 HIOHH (<BqepamHee
JlHCI>MO», YTOqHHeT KOpOJII», a OTBeT JIIO,n;oBHKa XVI HanHcan
10-ro, HaKaHYHe KopoHan;HH. Ho M'operra He 61>IJI B PeHMce 11, 3Ha-
qHT, He Mor o6cym,n;aTb ero C KOpO'JIeM, ROTOp:bIH nIImeT: «C rex
nop H BHIIMaTeJII>HO paCCMOTpeJI ero H rrOCOBeTOBaJICH C HeKOTOpI>I-
?dB JIHn;aMH». Pa3YMeeTCH, aTOT Borrpoc Mor 06cymJ];aTbCH paH:bme,.
so TaKaH XpOHOJIOrHH Bce me BI>I3:bIBaeT COMHeHHH B TOtlnOCTBJ
CTOJI:b 6e3aneJIJIHn;HOHHoro paCCKa3a AlOnOHa.
C }];pyroH CTOpOHI>I, BTOpOH :3rrII30,n;, HarrpOTHB, KaK 6y,n;TO CBH-
p;eTeJILCTByeT 0 rrpOTHBOrrOJIOmHOH TeH}];eHII;HH. ROpOJIL H KOpOJIe....
Ba, B3BOJIHOBaHHI>Ie TopmeCTBeHHOH n;epeMOHHeii KopOHan;HH, 6bIJIH
HcnOJIHeH:bI B03BI>ImeHH:bIX qYBCTB H 6JIarOpO}];HI>IX HaMepeHHH. OHa
nIImYT 06 aTOM B rrOtlTII o,n;HHaKOBI>IX B:bIpameHHlIX. MapHH AHTya-
aeTTa B yrroMHHYTOM BI>Ime rrHCbMe K MaTepH: «ROHetlHO, eCJIH'
M:bI BII,n;HM, qTO JIIO,n;II npH BceM HX HeCqaCTl>e BCTpellalOT Hac TaR
xopomo, MI>I ,n;OJImH:bI e e 60JIbme Tpy,n;HTbCH pa,n;H HX CqaCTLH».
A JIIO,n;OBIIK XVI B 3anHCKe, HarrHcaHHOH ero PYKoii H IIOCJIaHHOH
Moperra B IIoHmapTpeH: «BnOJIHe cnpaBe,n;JIHBO, liTO H ,n;OJIiKeB
Tpy,n;HTbCH, qTo6bI c,n;eJIaTb CtlaCTJIHBI>IM HapO}];, KOTQP:bIH co,n;eiiCT-
ayeT MoeMY CtlaCTblO... .H HaJ];eIOCb, liTO B:bI rrOJ];YMaJIH 0 cpe,n;CTBax,
Be.J];1> M:bI c Ba'MH 0 HHX yme r0130pHJIH...» Moperra }J;aJI rrpOqeCT:&
3TO rrHCLMO a66aTY J];e BepH. «Cpe,n;cTBa, - CKa3aJI OH, - He rJIaB-
Hoe 3aTpY}];HeHHe. STO J];eJIO r-Ha TlOpro, OH HX Haii,n;eT. Ho CHJIa-
BOT B lIeM Tpy,n;HOCTb» 1. STOT paCCKa3 nOKa3I>IBaeT, qTO B TOT rre-
pHOJ]; Mopena, HeCMOTpH Ha He6oJIbmOe HeJ];OBOJIbCTBO, no-npem-
HeMY paCCqHTI>IBaJI Ha TlOpro H COXpaHHJI K HeMY ,n;OBepHe. Ee3aH-
BaJIb B:bICKa3I>IBaeT MHeHHe, paCKp:bIBalOm;ee caMYIO CYTb IIX OTHO-
meHHH co BceMII OTTeHKaMH: «r-H TIopro B aTO BpeMH em;e ,n;ep-
maJICH 3a r-Ha Mopena... r-H Mopena yme HaqlIHaJI IIOBHMaTb,
lITO OH Mor omn6HTbCH B CBoeM B:bI6ope, HO nOKa e e }J;epmaJICH
sa r-Ha TIOpro»2.
B HTore TlOpro coxpaHHeT CBOH ,n;Be KJIlOqeB:bIe n03nII;HH: OTHO-
EIIeRHe K HeMY I\OpOJIH II OTlIomeHHe Moperra, - HO B HIIX yme eCTb.
HeSaMeTHI>Ie Tpem;HH:bI.
O,n;HaKO Tenepb HaMeqaeTCH II TpeTbH KJIlOtleBaH rr03HD;HH-
OTHomeHRe ROpOJIeBI>I. ROpOJIeBa ,n;o Tex rrop He 3aHIIMaJIaCb IIOJIH-
THROii, KpOMe o,n;Horo CJIyqaH, Ror,n;a ,n;06HBaJIaCb OrraJIM repn;ora
A'8rHHOHa, KOToporo HeHaBHJ];eJIa, rrOCJIe lIero OHa rrepeCTaJIa IIHTe-
peCOBaTbCH 'tIeM 61>1 TO HH 6I>IJIO, ,n;ame, KaK M:bI yme BII,n;eJIJiI, B:bI-
60POM ero IIpeeMHHKa. R TlOpro OHa HCn:bIT:bIBaJIa JIHmb CMYTHoe'
YBameHHe, a K ero rrpoeKTaM }];OBOJIbHO 6JIarOiKeJIaTeJI:bHOe 6e3-
1 V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 307, 16 juin.
2 B e s c n val. Ope cit., t. I, p. 324 et 328.
22*
340
tJACTb TPETbH. IlPOBAJl
pa3J1I'[1IHe. TeM H3 ee oKpymeHHH, KTO HMeJI Ha Hee BJIHHHHe, 6:&1-
JIO, ,n;OJlmHO 6:bIT:b, COBceM JlerKO JleIIIIT:b 113 8Toro BOCKa tITO HM
B3,n;YMaeTCH. HHTpBraH:bI H3 napTIIH lIIya3eJlH, 6:bIBmlIe Bcer,n;a Ha-
qeKY, cpa3Y 3aMeTHJllI aTY OTKp:bIBmYIOCH nepe}]; HIIMII B03MomHOCTL
II o,n;HOBpeMeHHO e e O,n;HY - CTaBmero YH3BIIM:bIM MIIHHCTpa. OHH-
TO pa3rJlH}];eJlH JlYtIme KOpOJlH II JIytIrne Moperra, KaK MHoro CllJl
nOTepHJI TlOpro nocJle MaHCKoro HCn:bITaHIIH. OHB He MOfJlH YIIYC-
TilTh cJIyqaH II He HanaCTL Ha OCJla6eBmero IIpOTIIBHHKa, B:bI6paB
IIpll aTOM caMYIO BDIfo,n;HYIO ,n;JIH HHX IIOlIBY. O,n;HaKO 9TOT MaHeBp
6DIJI TOJl:bKO lIaCT:b1O IIX nJIaHa. OH Mor 6:bI IIMeT:b JllIm:b OrpaHlIqen-
Hoe 3HatIeHlIe, eCJIH 6DI caM TlOpro, COBepmeHHO He IIo,n;03peBaB-
mHii 06 oIIacHocTH, He CTaJl IIpeIIHTCTBlIeM ,n;JIH ocym;ecTBJleHIIH
HX APyrlIx npoeKTOB H TaKIIM 06pa30M He IIOCTaBIIJI ce6H IIO,n; y,n;ap,
KaK MlImeH:b Ha cTpeJI:b61Im;e.
M:bI lIMe eM 6ecn:eHHoe CBII}J;eTeJl:bCTBO tIe.n:OBeKa, CTOHBmero BO
rJI aBe HHTpHrH, - 6apOHa }];e Be3aHBaJlH. M:bI 6y,n;eM npHCYTCTBO-
BaT:b IIPH CTpaHHOM II e,n;IIHCTBeHHOM B CBoeM po,n;e noe,n;HHKe Mem-
JUT npOTIIBHHKaMH, KOTopDIe He IICKaJIII p;pyr p;pyra. TlOpro HIIKOf,na
II HHrp;e He ynoMHHaeT }J;ame HMeHII Be3aHBaJlH. qTO AO Be3aHBa-
JIH, TO OH e}J;Ba aaMeqaeT TlOpro, K KOTOPOMY OTHOCHTCH C npeHe-
6pem8HlIeM.
Tenep:b HaM nplIp;eTCH IIOBeCTII paCCKa3, HeMHoro OTCTYIIHB
aa3ap;, II npe,n;CTaBIITL p;eiiCTBYIOID;IIX Jilin:: caMoro Be3aHBaJIH, HQ
CHaqaJIa KoponeBY.
MapHH AHTyaHeTTa eBHTHaA aTL HaT. «IIpIlH ecca 6LIJIa BLI O-
Ra II xopomo CJIOmeHa», - rOBoplIT O,n;IIH H3 ee 61I0rpacpoB. Ho ee
SBaJIII TaKme «p:bImeH p;eBlIOHKOU» 1, II Be3aHBaJIL YTBepm,n;aeT, tITO
«OHa He 6:bIJIa xopomo CJIOmeHa». Opac ¥OJIIIOJI BOCKJlIIKHYJl C BOC-
XIIII(eHlleM: «<DJIOP:bI, EJIeHLI II rpan:HH IIpOCTO YJIIflIHLIe nOTac-
RymKII PHP;OM C HeH», - HO BeSaHBaJIL YTOqHHeT: «XOTH OHa He
6DIJIa HH IHa,CTOJIII(eii KpalcaBlIn:eH, HH ,n;ame xOpOmeH:bKOii, HO npe-
JIeCTHDIH n;BeT JIHn:a, OtIeH:b KpaCIIBaH IIoca,n;Ka rOJIOBLI, He06LIKHO-
BeHHoe H3Hm;eCTBO Bceu ee WHrYP:bI II03BOJlHJllI eu nOCIIOpIIT:b C
npIIBJIeKaTeJI:bHOCT:bIO MHOfHX p;pyrHx meHII(IIH, 60JIee m;e,n;po o)];a-
peHH:bIX nplIpO}];OH)}. A BOT MHeHlle ,n;e MOH6apa: «CBOIIMII MaHe-
paMII, 60JI:bme tIeM nplIpO}];HLIMH rrpeJleCTHMH, OHa C03,n;aHa, tIT06:b]
HpaBIIT:bCH H IIJIeHHT:b Bce cep}];n:a». BceM 1I3BeCTeH maJlKIIU ypo-
BeH:b ee 06pa30BaHIIH, ee HeBemecTBo, «nycToTa rOJlOBKH ROpOJle'"
BLI)}, KaK CKa3aJI BepH, a TaKme ee JlerKOM:bICJIHe, JlI060Bfi KO BCg...
RIIM pa3BJIeqeHHHM II MOTOBCTBY, CTpaCT:b K YKparneHIIHM, K CaM:bIM
a cTpaBaraIHTlHDIM nplNeCIKaM C [I'9pLHMII, II, YBLI, K 6pIIJIJI'lIaRTaM 2.
t M 0 U fIe d'A n g e r viII e. Histoire du regne de Louis XV,
t. VI, p. 364; D'E s t r e e e tea 11 e t. Ope cit., p. 161.
2 Mme C amp a n. Ope cit., t. It p. 94; Mer c y-A r g e n tea u. Ope
rJ1ABA I. JIETHEE COJ1HIJ,ECTOHHHE
341
-
J1 BOT e e }J;Be, MeHee H3BeCTH:bIe 1:J:epT:bI, OTMe1:J:eHH:ble Be3aHBa-
lIeM: «MaJIo HCKpeHHeH BeCeJIOCTH H 6eCn;epeMOHHOCTL, YMaJlHB-
mall YBaiKeHlIe K Hei».
TaKOBa COBceM MOJlOJ];eHLKaH iKeH IIHa, KOTopaH 6YJ];eT TerrepL
n:rpaT:b pOJlb B rrOJlHTHKe, II caMaH nopa3lITeJI:bHaH 1:J:epTa B ee rro-
Be,n;eHHH - 8TO caM <paKT, 1:J:TO OHa MO}KeT J];eHCTBOBaT:b. RaKYro
nOJlY"tJI1J1a KOpOJIeBa }J;JlH 8Toro nOJ];roToBKY, na 1:J:eM OHa MOllieT
OCTaHOBHT:b CBoe BHHMaHHe? 8TO Borrpoc, KOTOpLIH 3aJ];aeT ce6e
l1oCH:'<p I I B CBOHX THiKeJI01JeC ' H:bIX, HO crrpaBe,I(JIHB:bIX 3aMe1:J:aHHHX.
RaK H CJIe}J;OBaJlO OiKH}J;aT:b, MapHH AHTyaHeTTa HHTepecyeTcH IIO-
JlHTHKOH JlHm:b C TOlIKII 3peHHH JlHlIHOCTeH, 6e3 nOHIIMaHHH npo6,
JleM 11 e}J;IIHCTBeHHO nOJ]; J];aBJIeHlIeM CBoero Henocpe}J;CTBeHHoro
oKpYiKeHHH, BJIIIHHIIIO KOToporo OHa OqeH:b JlerKO nO}J;}J;aeTCH,
«ocam}J;aeMaH BepOJlOMH:bIMII HHTpHraHaMH, COCTaBJlHIO IIMII ee
06 eCTBO». IIo8TOMY MLI He YBH}J;HM B ee rrOBe}J;eHHH HHKaKOH 06-
eH JIHHHH, HIIKRKOH pa3YMHoH IIOCJle,n;OBaTeJlbHOCTH, a TOJlbKO
cepHIO pa3p03HeHH:bIX IIocTyrrKoB II CBoero pOJ];a OTJ];eJIbH:bIX «rrap-
TIIH», KOTopLIe OHa X01:J:eT BLIHrpaTb, nocJle 'tIero OHa 0 HIIX 60JI:b-
me He }J;YMaeT, eCJlII TOJlbKO npOTIIBHHK He B:bICTYIIHT C OTBeTH:bIM
Y}J;apOM. MaplIH AHTyaHeTTa YBJIeKaeTCH rrOJIHTIIKOH, CJlOBHO Hrpoi,
u eo cTpacTblO a3apTHoro IIrpoKa.
3aTeM Hac MOiKeT nOpa3lIT:b KOHTpacsr Mem}J;y 06LPIH:bIM JIerKO-
M:bICJllIeM KOpOJleBLI, y6oiKecTBOM eJleH, KaKHe OHa ce6e CTaBHT
B aTOM 06J1aCTII [nOJIIITHKII], II COBOKYilHOCT:b1O Tex ee Ka1:J:eCTB
I[ cpe,n;cTB, KOTOp:ble OHa ynoTpe6JIHeT, 1:J:To6:bI ocy ecTBIITb CHOH
Sa:M:bJCJlbI. OHa crroco6ua Ha XIITpOCT:b II nplIT,BOpCTBO I:I nopOH
«YCKopHeT XOJ]; C06:bITHM no CBoeMY YCMOTpeHHIO, 'tITo6:bI H36eiKaT:b
B03pameHIIH» II IIOCTaBHT:b Bcex nepeJ]; COBepmlIBmlIMCH cpaKTOM,
a nopoi, HanpoTHB, «npIITBopHeTcH, 1:J:TO OTKaaaJlaCb OT CBOHX Ha-
Me,peHRH, lITo6:bI TeM BepHee 06HT:bCH cBoei eJlII» 2. MepcH-Ap-
maHTO, KOTOp:bIH BHJ];HT ee KaiKJ];:bIH J];eHb, II AaiKe no J];Ba paaa B
AeH:b, paCCKa3:bIBaeT, KaK JIOBKO OHa 1I36eraJIa BCTpe1:J: C HIIM Hae}J;H-
He BO BpeMH KpHTlI'IecKOH HeJ];eJIH B Mae 1776 r. OHa YKJlOHHJIaCb
OT pasrOBopOB J];ame C }J;e rIIHOM, B:bIKaSLIBaH eMY nOJlHOe paBHO-
r(ymne, 'tITo6:bI Jlyq:me nOJ];rOTOBIITb CBOIO no6eJ];y n, J];OJlmHO 6:bIT:b,
HCII:bITaT:b eIIJ;e 6oJI:bmee TopmeCTBO. 8Tn KOHTpaCT:bI B xapaKTepe
MapHH AHTyaHeTT:bI Ha J];eJIe TOJIbKO MHHM:bIe, n60 MLI Hepe}J;I{O
cit., t. II, p. 469, nlICbMO OT 16 IIIOJIH 1776 r. O.n;HIIM 113 nepBLIX .n;eHHIIH
KOpOJIeBLI (BO BpeMH noe3 KII B MapJIII) 6LIJIa nOKynKa y IOBeJIlipa
BeMepa (3aMemaHHoro B IICTOpll1l C OmepeJILeM KOpOJIeBLI) meCTII rpy-
meBH HLIX 6pllJIJIIIaHTOBbIX cepemeK sa 360 TbIC. <ppaHKoB; em;e He yc-
neB YIIJIaTIITL aTY CYMMY, OHa nOKynaeT TaHKOM 6paCJIeTLI sa 100 TLIC.
:U\IO.
2 Mer c y - A r g e n tea u. Ope cit., t. II, p. 291 (nIlCbMO MapllB
Tepe31I1I OT 4 <peBpaJIH 1775 r.) et p. 498 (nIlCbMO OT 1 ORTH6pH
1776 r.).
'342
tIACTb TPETbH. IIPOBAVll
BH,D;HM, liTO CrrOC06HOCTb cOCpe,D;OTO'tlHBaTbCH II rrpOHBJIHTL yrrop-
CTBO ,D;JIH ,D;OCTHmeHHH HH'tITOmHLIX II;eJIeH tIaCTO IIpOHBJIHeTCH Y'
HrpOKOB, a TaKme Y eTeH. ,n:OJIro c epmHBaeMbIe meJIaHIIH, JIH-
TeJIbHLIe 06H DI, caMbIe XHTpbIe MaXHHaIl;HH 06bItIHO He CBH3aHLJ
C BeJIHKHMII II; eJIHMH.
RpaHHHH MOJIOJ];OCTb II HeorrLITHOCTfi MapHII AHTyaHeTTbI MO-
rYT XOTH 61>1 OTtIaCTII 06'LHCHHT:b ee He06Y3,n;aHHoe, HerrOCJIe,n;OBa-
TeJIbHOe II 06MtIHO cYMac6po,D;Hoe rrpHCTpaCTHe K a3apTHoH Hrpe.
O,n;HaKo CJIY'tlaeTCH, liTO II B3pOCJII>Ie JIIOJ];II B caMDIX BOJIHYIO HX
Ha'tlHHaHHHX H YT TOJII>KO HrpbI CTpaCTeH.
TOHKoe 3aMe'tlaHHe Be3aHBaJIH 06 OTCYTCTBHII BeCeJIOCTH Y KO-
pOJIeBbl no,n;TBepm,n;aeT 06'LHCHeHHe aToro CBOHCTBa 6ecc03Ha TeJIb-
HblM rrepeKJIIO'tIeHHeM HeHCrrOJI:b30BaHHOH aHeprHH II, KOHe'tlHO, ceK-
cyaJIbHbIM 6e3,n;eHcTBHeM. <I>peiiJ];HcTcKoe TOJIKOBaHHe, K KOTOPOMY
Mbl rrpH6eraJIH, rOBopH 0 JIIO,n;oBHKe XVI, KameTCH HaM e e 60JIee
orrpaB aHHbIM no OTHomeHHIO K KOpOJIeBe.
HeY OBJIeTBOpHIOm;HH Mym npe,n;rrOJIaraeT Hey;n;OBJIeTBOpeHHYro
»\eHY. STOT BHJ]; nOBce,n;HeBHOH cyrrpymecKoH 60Pb61>I, pe3KHe CJIe-
AbI KOTOp H rrpocTyrraIOT TO TYT, TO TaM B ee neperrHCKe, HeH36em..
HO nopom,n;aeT COCTOHHHe HepBHoro HarrpHiReHHH, CHJIbHO BJIHHro..
IQee Ha xapaKTep H rrOBe;n;eHHe KOpOJIeBbI BO Bcex ,n;pyrHx 06CTOH"
TeJIbCTBaX ee mH3HH. ,Ram,n;oe ,n;eJIO, 3a KOTopoe OHa XBaTaeTCH
CTaHOBHTCH KaK 6bI HCKYCCTBeHHbIM rrpHKJIIO'tleHHeM, rJ];e rrepemH"
BaHIfH caMoJIro6HH 3aMeHHIOT JIro60BHI>Ie BOJIHeHHH, a meJIaHHe
BJIaCTBOBaTb 3aMeHHeT meJIaHHe 06JIa,n;aTI>. B ee omHJ];aHHlI ycrrexa
qYBCTByeTcH HeTeprreJIHBOe meJIaHHe, ,n;eJIarom;ee ee He'tlYBCTBH-
TeJII>HOH KO BCHKOMY ,n;OBO)];Y, KO BCHKOMY pa3YMHOMY co06pameHHIO,
KO BceMY, tITO rrpII J];pyrHx YCJIOBHHX MOrJIO 6bl ee y6e,n;HT:b HJIEP
TPOHYTb. «IIOpOH HeT HHKaKoro cpe,n;CTBa 3aCTRBHTb ee CJIymaTb
p;OBO;n;bl paccy;n;Ka» 1. BCHKoe B03pameHHe OTBepraeTCH, BCf.lI{Oe rrpe-
UHTCTBHe ,D;OJIiRHO 6bITfi CJIOMJIeHO. RorJ];a OHa )J;06HBaeTCH ycrrexa,
OHa XOtIeT, 'tIT06bI OH 6bIJI TeM 6JIJiICTaTeJIbHeH, tIeM Tpy,n;HeH ero
6bIJIO ,n;06HTbCH; OHa OT,n;aeTCH eMY C TeM 60JIbmHM YBJIe'tleHIIeM,
qeM 60JIbme rrOTpaTHJIa CHJI, lIT06bI ero rrO}J;rOTOBHTb II 3aBoeBaTb;
OHa meJIaeT, 'tIT061>I ycrrex 6bIJI rrOJIHbIH, HeBH,n;aHHbIH, tIT06bI eMY
corrYTCTBOBaJIH nopamaIOID;He Bo06pameHHe C06bITHH, HarrpHMep
OHa 3a,n;YMaJIa ,D;06aBHTb K rr06e,n;e ,n;e rHHa 1I3rHaHHe BepmeHHa
II apeCT TIOpro. A 3aTeM OHa qYBCTByeT ce6H oCB060m,n;eHHoH B
rrepecTaeT HHTepecoBaTbcH IIOCJIe,n;cTBHHMH CBoero BMerrraTeJI:bCTBa.
OHa rrpH,n;aeT 60JIbrrree 3Ha'tleHHe oT,n;eJIbHbIM rrocTYIIKaM, lIeM Bceu
cIITyaIl;HH B n;eJIOM. Terrepb OHa CHOBa CMOTpHT Ha Bce co cBoeu
06bI'tIHOH TOtIKII 3peHHH; HaKaJI tIYBCTB, KOTOpbIH OHa IICrrI>ITaJIa,
npoxo,n;HT, II OHa He Bcer)J;a CTapaeTCH OTOMCTHTb TeM, KTO OKa3aJI..
CH Ha ee rrYTH. II B aTOM rrpOHBJIHeTCH em;e O,D;HO, HO TOJIbKO Ka..
t ' Mer c y-A r g e n tea u. Ope cit., t. II, p. 197 et 447.
rJIABA 1. JIETHEE COJIHIJ,ECTOHHHE
343
-
jJ\y eeCH npOTHBOpelIHe B XapaRTepe MapHH AHTyaHeTTbI, ROTO-
pYIO H306pamalOT TO RaR iKeHm;HHY 6e3maJIOCTHO 3JIOnaMHTHYIO,
TO RaR iKHBYIO H HenOCpeJJ;CTBeHHYIO HaTYPY, CnOC06HYlO Ha BeJlH
o ymHe, JIerRO 3a6:&IBalOm;ylO 06HJJ;:&I H JJ;aiKe rOTOBYIO npH3HaTL
.cBOH omH6RH. HaJJ;o p 3JIHqaT:& MOTHB:&I ee nOBeJJ;eHHH. OHa MOiKeT
.o:&IT:& 6 e3iKaJIOCTHOii, RorJJ;a JJ;YMa eT, qTO ee XOTeJIH YHH3HT:& H oc-
I\Op6HT:&, TeM 60JIee eCJIH OHa He OJJ;epiKaJIa Bepx. OHa, HanpOTHB,
TaHOBHTCH CHHCXOJJ;HTeJI:&HOH II JJ;ame JJ;06pOiKeJIaTeJI:&HOH, RorJJ;a,
npeOJJ;OJIeB npenHTCTBHe, B:&IJJ;epmaB Hcn:&ITaHHe H JJ;06HBillHCb yc-
nexa, nOHHMaeT, qTO eH npOTHBHJIHC:& CJIyqaHHO HJIH BbInOJIHHB
cCBOH JJ;OJIr, HO 6e3 HaMepeHHH ee CJIOMHT:& HJIH YHH3HT:&.
CHaqaJIa MapHH AHTyaHeTTa paCCMaTpHBaeT nOJIHTHqeCRHe
J(eJIa JIHm:& B caMOM npHMHTHBHOM H 8MO HOHaJIbHOM nJIaHe, BHAH
B HHX JIHm:& JJ;Ba nOJIlOca. IIOJIOmHTeJIbH:&IH nOJIIOC - 8TO IIIya3eJI:&,
KOToporo OHa eHHT RaK YCTpOHTeJIH ee 6paRa, JJ;Pyra ee POJJ;IIHbI H
« TOMY me npOTHBHHRa JJ;'SrHHOHa. STOT nOCJIeJJ;HHH - OTpH aTeJI:&-
.fi:&IH IIOJIIOC, RaK 6:&IBmHH npHcnemHHK )J:106appH, pacrrYCRaBmHH
BMeCTe C Herr HenOqTHTeJIbH:ble TOJIRH 0 ROpOJIeBe, 1\0rJJ;a oua 6bIJIa
em;e meHOH JJ;O<PHHa 1 , H BJJ;06aBOK RaR npOTHBHHR IIIya3eJIH 2 .
£>aCIIOJIOme'HHe LK napT H mya31 JIHCTOIB II t]]pel(y6em,n;eHHe npOTHB
napTHH 8rnHOHHCTOB 6:&IJIH JJ;.TIH Hee JJ;OJIroe BpeMH RaTeXH3HCOM
ynpaBJIeHHH rocy,n;apcTBoM. TaR RaK OHa C caMoro HalIaJIa JJ;06H-
.JIaCb B 8TIIX ,n;BYX Bonpocax meJIaHHOrO eH Y)J;oBJIeTBOpeHHH: YBa--
meHHH, OI{a3aIIHOro IIIya3eJIJo, npHrJIameHHoMY RO JJ;BOPy, H He-
MHJIOCTII II y,n;aJIeHHH JJ;'SrHHOHa, - TO OHa rOTOBa 6bIJIa BHOBb
BepHYT:&CH It CBOHCTBeHHOMY eH nOJIHTHqeCROMY paBHO)J;ymHIO.
11 BrrOJIHe MOrJIO CJIyqHTbCH, qTO OHa HHKorJJ;a He CTaJla 6bI 3aHH-
.MaTbCH HH'tJeM, RpOMe CBOHX HapHJJ;OB, rrpa3JJ;HHROB, pa3H:&IX B:bIJJ;y-
MOR, paCTOqeHHH MHJIOCTeH CBOHM npH6JIHmeHHbIM H na3HaqeHHH
Roe-iRoro no,n;nOJIK:OB'HHRaMH 3. Ha JJ;eJIe .B TelqeHHe Bcero nepHOJJ;a
C HIOHH 1774 no HIOH:& 1775 r. OHa nOlITH COBceM He ;n;OI\YlIaeT
MHHIIcrpaM, eC'JIH He ClIHTaT:& CTaTbH paCXOJJ;OB, H Tropro, 3a HC-
RJIlOqOHHeM 8Toro Bonpoca, He nOJJ;03peBaeT HHI{aROH onaCHOCTH
c ee CTOpOH:&I.
1 PetIb, KameTCH, H,n;eT 0 ,n;BYX pasHLIx anHso,n;ax. C O,n;HOH CTOpOHLI,
.A'8rHHOH Ha31i1BaJI MapHIO AHTyaHeTTY «KOKeTKOH». (CM.: S e g u r. Ope
eit, p. 66, COfJIaCHO «Reflexions historiques» rpa<l>a II pOBaHCKoro) C P;PY-
rOH - f-ma I06a pPH npe,n;OCTeperaJIa JIIO,n;OBHKa XV npOTHB orraCHoro
JIerKOMLICJIHH aToH «pLImeH ,n;eBtIOHKH».
2 MLI ynoMHHeM ,n;JIH naMHTH xo,n;HBmHe B TY anoxy HeJIerrbIe CJIYXB,
6y,n;TO myaSeJIb - HCTHHHLIH OTen; MapHH AHTyaHeTTLI! OmJIH ,n;o Toro,
tITO CTaJIH npoBepHTL a TLI ero nOCOJILCTBa, KOTopLIe, KCTa TH rOBopH, «He
COBna,n;aJIH» .
3 CM. SHaMeBHTLIH paCCRas MOH6apa. (M 0 n t bar e y. Ope cit., t. II.
p. 195-213.) .
344
tIACTb TPETbH. llPOBAJ!
OJ);HaKO Ha KOpOJIeBY nOCTOHHHO OKaa:&IBaIOT J);aBJIeHHe, HO pa3-
H:&IMH cnOC06aMH II B npOTHBOnOJIOiRH:&IX HanpaBJIeHIIHX.
MepCH-ApiRaHTO H a66aT J);e BepMOH nOCTapaJIHC:& C HCKYCCT
BOM H HaCTOHqIIBOCTblO, J);OCTOHH:&IMH 60JIbmerO ycne a, IIOJ);rOTO-
BHT:& ee K pOJIH KOpOJIeB:&I-COBeTHHII;:&I H HeBHJ);HMoro npeM:&ep-Mn-
HHCTpa. OHa J);OJIiRHa CJIymaT:&, co6HpaT:& CBeJ);eHHH, He B:&ICKa3bI-
BaT:& HHKaKHX co6CTBeHH:&IX Tpe6oBaH1IH, He 6paT:& Ha ce6H OTBeT-
CTBeHHOCTH HH 3a KaKoe pemeHHe. CJIOBOM, OHa J);OJImHa BeCTH ce6a
npOTHBHO co6cTBeHHoMY xapaKTepy, KaRHM M:&I ero OnHCaJIH, H no-
iRepTBOBaTb nOJIHTHKOH OTJ);eJI:&HMX aRII;HH B yroJ);Y rrOHHT1IqeCKOH
JIHHHH. oBepeHH:&Ie JIHII;a CHallaJIa He HapaJ);YIOTCH, BHJ);H ee nOKOp-
HOCT:& (H xopomYIO rraMHT:&), HO BnOHHe eCTeCTBeHHO, qTO oco6a c
TaKHM 6YPH:&IM TeMnepaMeHTOM BeJ);eT ce6H 6JIarOpa3YMHO TOHbKO'
TorJ);a, KorJ);a OHa He aaHHTepecoBaHa. He MeHee eCTeCTBeHHO, qTO,
Bce ee oKpymeHHe COCTOHT H3 myaaeJIHCTOB, nOCKOJIbKY 8rHHOHHC-
T:&I K HeH He J);orry eHbI II J);aiRe He nOM:&ImJIHIOT TYJ);a npOCKOJIb-
aHYTb. A myaaeJIHCT:&I, KOHeqHO, HaJ);eIOTCH 11 HHTp1lrYIOT, H HX
HaJ);emJ);aM H HHTpHraM 06cToHTeH:&cTBa J);alOT HeKOTOpylO nHm;yo
qeM nOJ);orpeBaT:& lIYBCTBa KOpOJIeB:&I K illyaaeJIIO - a 8TH 'tIYBCTBa
aaBoeBaHId, HO YiRe He8<p<peKTHBH:&I, - ropaaJ);o JIerqe pa3iRHraTh
ee HeHaB1ICTb R J);'8r1lHOHY, nOTOMY qTO OH OKa3aJICH BI!HOBH:&Il\!
B TaKoro pOJ);a npocTynKe, KaRHX OHa HHKorJ);a He npo aeT, 11 K TO-
MY iRe, norraB B HeMHJIOCTb, OH Bce TaR me OCTaBaJICH Ha aBaH-
CII;eHe. 0 HeM rOBopHT, ero BHJ);HT, OH no-npemHeMY KanHTaH-JIeH-
TeHaHT* peHTapOB. OH rrOHBHHeTCH B napHa eHTe H npOBOJ);HT 3HMY
B IIapIIiRe. EMY npHnHC:&IBaIOT - cnpaBeJ);JlHBO 1IJI1I HeT - pa3H:&IB
aHOHHMHlde COqHHeH1IH, oCKop6HTeJI:&H:&Ie J);JIH ROpOJIH 11 KOpOJIeB:&Io
II 8TO He npOCTO J);OCYiKHe B:&IM:&ICJI:&I: HX nOJ);TBepiRJ);aIOT B:&ICOKO-
nOCTaBHeHH:&Ie OC06:&I. rHaBH:&IM 6:&IJI naM<pJIeT, rJ);e aBTOp J);eJIaeT
HaMeK - 11 He 6ea OCHOBaH1IH - Ha 6eCCHJI1Ie JIIOJ);oB1IKa XVI It
npeJ);OCTeperaeT HcnaHCKYIO BeTB:& J);HHaCT1IH npOTHB onaCHoro
rrpeJ);nOJIOlKeHHH, 6YJ);TO y ROpOJIeB:&I MOiReT pOJ);HTLCH pe6eHoK!
CHaqaJIa nOJ);oapeHHH B aBTopCTBe naJIH Ha BOMapme, C1IJ);eB-
mero Tor a B TIOp:&Me, HO CapT1IH, OCTaBm1lHCH B xopomHX OTHO-
meHHHX co CBOHM npeiRHHM areHTOM, CTaJI Ha ero aa HTY 11 nOCJI9
ero oCBo6omJ);eHHH J);aH eMY CTpaHHoe nopyqeHHe - cKynHT:& Bce
HaJ);aHHH naM<pJIeTa; rropyqeHHe 8TO aaBeJIO cYMac6poJ);Horo aBTopa
B ABCTp1lIO, rJ);e OH 6LIJI CHOBa apeCToBaH rrOCJIe :n;eJIoro pHJ);a He-
BepoHTH:&IX np1lKJIIOqeHHi 1 . TOT iRe CapTHH (npHqeM ero nOBeJ);e-
· KanHTaH-JIeHTeHaHT (capitaine-lieutenant) ocy eCTBJIHJI «paKTB-
qeCKOe PYKOBO CTBO BoeHHLlM coe HHeHHeM, nOqeTHLlM me oM (capitaine)
KOToporo 6L1JIO KaKOe-JIH60 BLlCOKonOCTaBJIeHHOe JIHD;O, npHHl'( KpOBH, KO-
pOJIeBa llJIH KOpOJIb. - llpUM. pea.
t CM.: L 0 men i e. Beaumarchais et son temps, t. I, p. 392 et suiv.
o naMcpJIeTe CM.: D'A 1 mer a s. Les Amoureux de Marie-Antoinette y
p. 192; Mer c y-A r g en tea u. Correspondance, t. II, p. 233, note.
/g'JIABA I. J1ETHEE COJ1HIJ,ECTOHHHE
345
---
,ulle - H,CKpeBB.e 'OBO HJIH IBeT -RameTiOH BllOJrHe JIODHlIH:bIM) nepe-
goCHT nO 03peHHH Ha rep ora '3rHHOHa II He BYCMLICJIeHHO YKa-
3bIBaeT na Hero MepCH-ApmaHTO. IIOHHTHO, liTO KOpOJIeBa IIMeJIa
.oCUOBaHHH OBepHT:b 06BHHeHHro, ROTopoe npH3UaJIH npaB ono o6-
.flDIM rocy,n;apCTBeHHLIH ceKpeTap:b MopCKoro Be OMCTBa, 6:bIBmHH
TeUepaJI-JIeHTeHaHT nOJIH HJ2I, a TaKme nOCOJI ee CTpaHLI. Ee HeHa-
.BHCT:b K ,n;'8rHHOHY He MOrJIa OCJIa6eTL nOCJIe TaKoro co06 eHHH.
11 BOT IIOHBJIHeTCH HOBoe 8KCTpaBaraHTHoe eJIO, B ROTOpOM
rep or ;n;'8rHMOH Tome B KaKOM-TO Mepe 3aMemaH, e e O,n;HH RJIY-
.60R 3MeH - nepBoe eJIO ,n;e fJ2IHa (BTopoe )J;eJIO e rHua f>y,n;eT
Henocpe,n;CTBeHHoiI npHtIHHOH OnaJILI Tropro). rpacp e fHH, B TO
fBpeMH <ppaHD;Y3CRHH nOCOJI B JIoH,n;OHe, 6LIJI lIeJIOBeKOM Illya3eJIH,
HO OH npnHa,n;JIemaJI TaI\me K «OKpymeHHIO» KOpOJIeBLI H 6LIJI
1)JIH3 I\Hl\I ;n;pyroM rpa<pIIHH iKroJIH ,n;e I10JIHHLHR, KOTopaH C JIeTa
1775 r. CTaHOBHTCH <paBopHTKOH MapHH AHTyaHeTTLI. RaKHM Bce
.3TO HaM KameTCH aJIeKHM OT Tropro, OT ero Tor,n;amBHX 3a6oT:
rOCY,I(apCTBeHHoro ynpaBJIeHHH OMeHaMH, 6op:b'6LI C 8nH300THeH,
OTRynoB Ha npOH3Bo,n;CTBO nopoxa! A Mem,n;y TeM Bce 8TH HHTH
HeYMOJIHMO npHBe,n;YT Hac K pemarom;eMY Y3JIY C06LITHH, nOTOMY
'tJ:TO rpa<pUHH ,I(e I10JIMII:bHK coe,u:HHHT napTHIO Illya3eJIH, MapHIO
AHTyaHeTTY II Moperra.
IIoMHMo CBOHX CBJI3eH C mya3eJIHCTaMII, rpacp ,n;e fHH Boo6 e
Mor H YMeJI HpaBHT:bCH. By,n;yqH nOCJIOM B BepJIHHe, OB IIOKOpHJI
t$pH,D;puxa BeJIHKOrO, HrpaH C HHM Ha cpJIeHTe; 06a HrpaJIH npeBOC-
XO,D;HO. «OH CJILIJI O HHM H3 CaM:bIX JIro6e3HLIx JIIO eH IIPH Bope;
'YMeJI OCTpHT:b TOHKO H H3BHTeJIbHO... 6LIJI O'tleH:b ,CHJIeH B HaCMem...
'«ax II, mYTH, OCTaBaJICH HeB03MYTHMO Cep:be3HLIM» 1.
CBOllM roMOpOM 11 YMeHHeM ,n;epmaTLCH noco.1J nOJI:b30BaJICH TaK
ycnemHO, lITO CTaJI repoeM MHorHX IIpHKJIlOlIeHHH, eJIaBmJ2IX ero
nopOH OlleH:b neY,D;06H:bIM COTPY,D;HHROM ,n;JIJI ero IIORpOBHTeJIeH; K
"C"tJaCT:b1O ,D;JIJI Hero, OHII 6LIJIH BeC:bMa CHHcxo,n;HTeJI:bHLI. IIOCMOTpHM
me ero nepBoe eJIo.
nOCOJI 06BHHHJI CBoero ceRpeTapH <Popa ,n;e JIao COH a B pa3H:bIX
RenOpH OlIH:bIX II 6eClIeCTHLIx IIocTynKax: pacTpaTe, cneKYJIH HH Ha
QHpiKe BBepeHH:bIMH eMY ,n;eH:braMH, pa3rJIameHHH ceRpeTHbIX CBe-
JJ;eHHH BO BpeMH 60JI:bmorQ 6HpmeBoro 6YMa, BbI3BaHHoro CJIyxaMH
o B03MOiRHOH BOHHe tMeiR.I(y <PpaHD;Heii 1I AHrJIHeH M3-3a <PoJI'!{JIeH,IJ;-
1 Lev i s. Ope cit., p. 159. BHorpacp paCCKa3bIBaeT 0 HeM 3aoaBHbIH
:aaeK,n;OT. OH 6L1JI ,n;OBOJlbHO TyqeH If, meJIaH KaSaT:bCH TOHbme, HOCHJI
CJIlImKOM Y3Koe rrJIa T:be. «,IJ;JIH KaiH,n;oro KOCTIOMa y Hero ObIJIO ,n;Be rra phI
{)PIOK pa3Horo rrOKpOH. Kor,n;a OH o,n;eBaJICH, ero KaMep,n;I:IHep crrpaIIUIBaJI
fLO'ITHTeJI:bHO: «r-H rpa<I> 6y,n;CT c,ero HH ca,n;HTbCH?» ECJIH CMY rrpc,l];CTOHJIO
TOHTb, OH BJIe3aJI Ha ,n;Ba cTYJIa H onycKaJICH B 6PIOKH, KOTophIe C BYX
CTOpOH epmaJIH ,n;Boe cJIyr. R 1JeMY HaM CJIya:tHT YM?»
346
'CfACTb TPETbH. llPOBAJI,
CKHX OCTpOBOB. Ha OCHOBaHHH ROpOHeBCROro YKa3a 0 3aTO eHHH
e,ro 3aKJIIOqHJIH B 1771 r. B BaCTHJIHIO. STOT CeRpeTapL BbIllieJI H2
TIOpLMDI B 1772 r. H BbIcTynHJI npoTHB CBoero 6LIBmero HaqaJILHH-
Ka, YTBepm aH, lITO AeHCTBOBaJI no ero HHCTPYKD;HHM H B ero HHTe-
pecax. IIocTpa aBmHe aHrJIHHCKHe 6aHKHpLI, CTapaHCL BepHYTL
CBOH ,n;eIILrH, nOAAepiKaJIH 8TH npeTeH3HH, TaR me I<aIi H PyroH
ceKpeTapL, no HMeHH Pome, H nepeIIHC HK no lIMeHH eJILnemo
R 8TOMY eJIY IIpHBJIeKJIH TaKme HHTeH aHTa IIOCJIa, Byai1e, HrpaB-
mero pOJI:b areHTa B 8THX npeCTYIIHbIX MaXHHalD;HHX. Ha IIpOn;ecce,
HaqaTOM napJIaMeHTOM B 1773 r., 06e CTOpOHbI, B TOM qHCJIe II IIO-
COJl, nO aBaJIH 6eCKOHeqHLle MeMyapbI, aanpOC:bI H B03pameHHH.
8TO «npo:Qe ypHoe lIy,n;oBH e», KaK IIHmeT «iKYPHaJIL HCTOPHR»,
6LIHO BeCLMa YHH3HTeHLH:bIM apeJIH eM, npe,n;cTaBmHM nepe,n; rJIa-
aaMH BceH EBpOII:bI I . O,IJ;'HaKO IIPH qeM 3J];eC:b repn;or '8rHi1oH? On,
e e He 6bIJI MHHHCTpOM HHOCTpaHH:bIX ,n;eJI, Kor a aTa HCTOpHH na-
qaJIaCL, OH YiKe ymeJI 113 MHHHCTepCTBa, Kor,n;a OHa IIOJIHOCTLIO pa3-
8epHYJIaCL. Ho e rHH H IIapTHH mya3eJIH 06BHHHIOT ero ,n;OBOJI:b"
HO HeBpa3YMHTeJILHO B TOM, qTO OH 6:bIJI TaHH:bIM no,n;CTpeKaTeJIeM:\
n;eHoro aarOBopa npOTHB IIOCJIa 2.
TenepL M:bI nepeXOJ];IIM K cepHH TeMHDlX 8nH30,n;OB II aanYTaH-
H:bIX 06CTOHTeJIbCTB, Ka'I\-TO: llIIC:bMO e rHHa JIIO)J.OBHRY XVI Ii'
pe3KIIH OTBeT ,n;'8rHHOHa, 06a npOllllTaHH:bIe B COBeTe; IIpOCL'6a 06e-
UX CTOpOH 03HaKOMHTLCH C AHIIJIOMaTHqeCKOH nepeIIHCKOH, a 3aTeM
HcnOHL30BaTL ee B cy,n;e; ony6JIHKOBaHHe aTHX ,n;OKYMeHTOB ,n;e rH-
HOM B MeMyape H 3a,n;epiKKa ero MeMyapa COBeTOM; OTMeHa pemeHHH
COB eTa JIIO,n;OBHKOM XVI II YKaaaHHe KOpOJIH cy,n;y maTJIe, 1ITO OB'
paapemHJI ,n;e rHHY HCnOJIL30BaTL Bce 8TH p;OKYMeHT:bI C yCJIOBHeM-
He Hana,n;aTL Ha repn;ora ,n;'8rHHOHa. HaKoHen;, 2 HIOHH 1775 r. cyft
B:bIHeC IIpHrOBOp, npHHHTDlH ceMLIO rOJIOCaMH npOTHB meCTII, OH
06'LHBHJI 06BHHeHHH <Popa KJIeBeTHHlIeCKHMH II IIpHrOBOpHJI ero K
B03Mem;eHHIO pacxo,n;OB CBR,n;eTeJIHM H mTpacpy 300 JIHBpOB. O,n;Ha-
KO ,n;e rHH He IIOJIyqHJI IIOJIHOrO y;,n;OBJIeTBOpeHHH, H, B qaCTHOCTH,.
CorJIaCHO ,!(OBOJILHO CTpaHHOMY pa.CIIopHiKeHHIO meCTaH qaCTb cy-
,n;e.OOI:bIX 1f3' e\piKeJK 6:bIJIa pa3,,n;eJIeHa nOnOJIaM MeiK,n;y CTopOHaMH 3.
1 CM.: «Journal historique», t. VIII, p. 27, 42, 44, 53, 69, 73, 101,
120, 168, 190, 234, 237, 256.
2 «iRYPHaJIL HCTOPIIK» (11 eBpaJIH 1775 r., c. 101) nHmeT no nOBoAY
O)J;Horo HS MeMyapoB, nO)J;aHHLIX a)J;BOKaTaMII }J;e rHHa: «HaM KameTCS
BalI60JIee HHTepecHLlM )J;JIH ny6JIIIKH HelI3MeHHaH HenpHHsHb nOCJIa K rep-
[(ory ,n;'8rHHoHY, Tor,n;amHeMY MHHHCTPY IIHocTpaHHLIx ,n;eJI, Ha KOToporo
OH, npaB,n;a C 60JIbmOH c,n;epmaHHOCTbIO II OCTopomHOCTbIO, yKasLIBaeT Halt
Ba no,n;CTpeKaTeJIH HJIH no MeHbmeH Mepe TaHHoro nOKpOBHTeJIH TeMHOH
HHTpHrH rrpOTIIB rpa<I>a ,n;e rlIHa, XOTH HeBOSMomHO nOHHTb, KaKlIe y MH-
aHCTpa 6L1JIH npHtIHHLI npeCJIe,n;OBa Tb .CBoero nOCJIa, pa3Be JIHmb HaK
CTaBJIeHHHKa rep ora ,n;e IDyaaeJIH».
3 CM.: Archives Nationales, Y. 10, 525 (TeKcT nplIroBopa R pacnpe,IJ;B-
.n:eHHe rOJIOCoB).
rJIABA I. JIETHEE COJIHIJ,ECTOHHHE
347
--
XOTH J);e rHH CtIeJI aTY IIo6ep;y nep;OCTaTO"lIIIOii, a npHrOBOp He-
J{enbIM, ero napTHH Hane"tJaTaJIa orpOMIIbIMH 6YI BaMH pemeHna
cy,u;a Ii paCKJIelIJIa ero Ha Bcex yrJIax, c;:(eJIaB BMP;, lITO o;:(epmaJIa
IIOJIHT1f1IeCtRYlIO no6e,n;y 1. Op;HaKO, IIOCKOJIbKY ;)TO I1MlITOmHOe J);eJIO
6;lOmeT saHHTepeCOBaTL HCTOpHKOB, CJIe;n;yeT CKa3a TL, 'tJTO eCJIII y
iliac HeT HHKaKoro ;n;OKaSaTeJlLCTBa 6eCqeCTHOCTII J);e rHHa, TO HaT
'Pfa:Kme H HH"tJero, B qeM MomHO 6bIJIO 6bI 06BHHHTL )J;'8rHHOHa, H MbI
rae MomeM ;n;ame nOHHTL ynpeKH, KOTopLle eMY nOCTOHHHO II BeCLMa
VYMaHHO IIpeJ);'bHBJlHJIH.
A KOpOJIeBa? qTO au sa ;n;eJIO ;n;o STOR sanYTaHHou HHTplIru?
tOHa B3HJIa ;n;e rHHa no;n; CBoe nOKpOBHTeJlLCTBO, 11 ee IIepBoe BMe-
maTeJIbCTBO npOH30mJIO B aBrycTe 1774 r. 2 . 3aTeM oHa, OqeBH):(HO,
BMeillHBaJIaCL B ,n;eJIO J);e rHHa MHoro pa3. 8TO OHa ,n;o6HJIaCL Y KOpO-
JIll o;n;noro 3a ;n;pyrHM ,n;BYX pemeHHH: ;n;e3aBYHpOBaHIIH KOMneTeHT-
moro MHHHCTpa II 3aTeM COBeTa. IIepenHcKa JIro;n;oBHKa XVI C Bep-
meHHOM nORa3bIBaeT HaM, 'tJTO KOpOJIH OXBaTHJIa HaCTOHm;aH naHH-
Ra, a MHHHCTp CTaJI 'tJpe3BLIqaHHO OCTopomeH. JIro):(OBHK XVI J);aJI
npe,n;nllcaHHe, 'tJTo6bI HK06:&I II36aBHTL COBeT OT 3aTpy;n;HeHHH, KOTO-
pbIe MOrJIO B:&I3BaTL aTO ,n;eJlo. «RopOJIeBa, - OTMeqaeT BamOMoH,-
tIIOJlLsyrom;aHcH Bce 60JILmHM BJIHHHlleM Ha KOpOJIH, coo6m;IIJIa Ero
BeJIH'tJeCTBY, KaK 6bIJIO 06MaHYTO ero ,n;9BepHe. OHa pa306JIaQlIJIa
:3J10H reHHH ;n;'8rHHOHa...» OHa ;n;ame ynoTpe6JIHJla ;n;pyrHe BLIpa-
-meHHH, rOBopH, QTO KOpOJIL 6:&IJI «BTHHYT B HHTpHry, 060n,IJ;eH,
06MaHYT» 3. OHa .n;o6HJIaCb TaKHM 06pa30M ero BMemaTeJIbCTBa B
cy,n;onpOHsBo,n;CTBO, TaK KaR nHCLMO OT KOpOJIH B maTJIe, ;n;ame Ha-
IIHcaHHoe OQeHb C;n;epmaHHO, He MOrJIO He ORa3aTL BJIHHHIIH na
)J;eJIO, pemeHHoe 60JILillHHCTBOM B O;n;HH rOJIOc. TaKHM 06pa30M, XOTH
caMO pemeHHe cy;n;a HaM KameTCH BnOJIHe 3aKOHH:&IM, Hey,n;HBU-
'TeJILHO, 'tJTO OHO 6:&IJIO npHnlIcaHO KOCBeHHOMY JIHHHHro MapHH
AHTyaHeTT:&I. M TyT MLI KaK 6y,n;TO CJIbImHM cepJ);HTbIH rOJIOC
HocH<pa II: «Bo lITO B:&I BMemHBaeTeCL... XOTIITe BLIHrpaTL cy;n;e6-
mriI npo:Qecc?»
B aTOH o6cTaHoBKe Henpep:&IBH:&IX MeJlKIIX CT:&ItIeK nOHBJIHeTCH
ra:acTollID;HH reHepaJI, HCTIIHHbIH CTpaT.er. OH OKH,IJ;:&IBaeT B3rJIH,n;OM
r1 CM.: Met r a. Correspondance, t. II, p. 62, nHCLMO OT 22 HIOJIlI
J1775 f.
«JI. C. <Dop co cBoei CTOpOHLI nporYJIHBaeTCH C HesaBHCHMLIM BH-
OM, 11 Y Hero HeMaJIO CTOpOHHHKOB, HeCMOTpH Ha ero nopameHlfe». (8 e-
.g U r. Ope cit., p. 214.) OH nO}J;aJI aneJIJIJll'(HIO If BLIHrpaJI }J;eJIO no BceM
tCTaTLJlM.
2 CM.: Mer C Y - A r g e n tea u. Ope cit., t. II, p. 221, nHCbMO ()t'
15 aBrYCTa 1775 r.; t. II, p. 313, nHCbMO OT 18 MapTa 1775 r. IIo-BH HMO-
My, ee nepBOe BMemaTeJIbCTBO KaCaJIOCb paSpemeHHH 03HaKOMHT:bCH C
HnJIOMaTHqeCKHMH p;OKYMeHTaMH, a BTopoe - HX orry6JIHKOBaHlIH.
«Memoires du Ministere d'Aiguillon», p. 69.
348
TlACTb TPETbH. npOBAJ1
DOJIe 60H, BHJJ;HT, lITO IIepBLlii IIpOTIIBHI:IK pa36HT, HJIII IIOtITH pa3-
61IT, - rrpemJJ;e Bcero ero HaJJ;O rrpeCJIeAOBaT:b H )J;06HT:b. 3aTeM na,n;o
3a,BJIa eT:b TeppHTopHeii, 3aXBaTHT:b II O,)J;CTYII:b1, IIO)J;rOTOBHT:b 3Ta-
IILI 3aXBaTa BJIaCTH. ErMY Ha):(JIemHT pa3pa6oTaTL IIJIaH orre-
pan;nH, H'CnOJIb30BaT:b RaR Mom"HO JIYtIrne 3anaJI Hana):(aIOm;HX,
TO eCT:b IIpem e Bcero ROpOJIe1JLI. STOT CTpaTer - 6apoH JJ;e Be3aH-
BaJI:b.
Be3aHBaJI:b, RaK II rpaq. )J;e flIH, npHHa)J;JIemHT K aIIH3o)J;1f\IeCROH
HCTOpHH. STO He O)J;HU H3 Tex uymH:bIX JIIO,n;eH, KOTOpLIX MLI OiKH-
p;aeM HaHTH Ha HymHoM MeCTe B RymHLIH lIac, TaRHx, RaK TIOpro
B 3)J;aHIIH rocy,n;apCTBeHHoro ROHTpOJIH, npHHIJ; ,n;e ROHTH Ha nepe,n;-
Hen CRaM:be IIapJIaMeHTa, JIIO,n;OBHK XVI B ero RY3HHn;e, a Moperra
Ha ero aHTpeCOJIHX. HelIpe,n;BH)J;eHHaH cy,n;:b6a - Bce paBHO tITO BLI-
!lo)J; 6JIeCTH ero aRTepa BHe nporpaMMLI.
ITo HaType npeJK,n;e ,Bcero HHTpIITaH, Be3aHBaJI:b He 6LIJI aBaBTIO-
pHCTOM. XOTH OH pO)J;HJICH B COJIepe, OU He 6:blJI lIHCT:bIM 'mB.eHn;ap-
n;eM 1, a 6LIJI CLIHOM caBOHCRoro )J;BopHBHHa (6:bIBmerO <ppaHn;Y3CRO-
ro npe)J;cTaBHTeJIH B CaRcoHHH) H MaTepH-IIOJI:bRH.
8TOMY cMemaHHoMY npoHcxom)J;eHHIO OB, nO-BH)J;HMOMY, 06H3aH
pa3Bo06pa3HLIMH H npHBJIeRaTeJI:bHLIMH lIepTaMH CBoero xapaRTepa,
OJJ;HOBpeMeHHO e,n;poro H XHTporo, BCnLIJI:bllHBOro H npOHHn;a TeJI:b-
Horo, paCqeTJIHBOrO H CBoeHpaB'Horo. qeJIOBeR BoeHHLln, OB nOKa-
BaJI npHMep aa)J;opHOH xpa6pOCTH Ha nOJIHX cpameHHii, a BIIOCJIe,n;-
CTBHH BeJI ce6H TaR me II nepeJJ; peBOJIIOn;HOBHLIM CY)J;OM. BYJJ;ytI:n
.
IIo,n;nOJIROBHHROM mBenn;apcRHx rBap)J;eHn;eB, OH no nOJIOmenHIO
6LIJI CBHaan C repn;oroM illya3eJIeM, reHepaJI-IIOJIKOBHHKOM 3THX
qacTeii. Be3aHBaJI:b BOCXH aJICH 11M; OR OCTaBIIJI 0 HeM HeCROJI:bKO
OtIeH:b MeTKIIX 6IIOrpacpHtIeCK1IX 3aMeTOR H IIOCJIeJJ;oBaJI 3a HHM B
IDaHTJIY. RorJJ;a Be3aHBaJI:b BepHYJICH KO ,n;BOPy JIIOJJ;oBHKa XVI, OH,
eCTeCTBenHO, 6LIJI IIOCJIaH Ha cJIym6y IIO)J; HallaJIO rpa<I>a JJ;'ApTya,
3aMenHBmero IIIyaaeJIH BO rJIaBe mBenn;apcKoH rBap)J;HH. C IIOMO-
bIO repn;ora IIIapTpcRoro elMY YJJ;aJIoc:b y6e)J;HT:b HOBoro reHepaJI-
IIOJIKOBHHKa c,n;eJIaT:b BeJIHRoJJ;ymnLIH meCT H BepnYT:b 6LIBmeMY
KoOMaHIJ);Hpy ero MeCTO, no KOpOJI:b )J;Bam DI rrpeceR 3TY nOII:bITKY 2..,
TeM IBpeMeneM Be3aHBaJI:b OtIeH:b JIerRO BOmeJI B JJ;OBepHe R KOpO-
1 «OH o6JIa aJI JIOBKOCTbIO, CTOJIb cBoicTBeHHoH ero COOTeqeCTBeHHH-
RaM, KOTopbIe, XOTH H BLIrJIH HT TOJICTbIMH YBaJIbHHMH, 06JIa aIOT ropas o
60JIbmeii npHpO HOH TOHKOCTbIO, qeM <ppaH YSbI». (L e vis. Ope cit.
p. 147.) «OHa (KopOJIeBa) HaSLIBaJIa 6apOHa e BeSaHBaJIH CJIaBHLIM mBei-
ap eM». (Mme C amp a n. Ope cit., t. I, p. 179.)
2 «MOJIO OH npHH sarOpeJICH 3TOH H}J;eei 11 rOBOpHJI 0 HeR c KOpO-
HeM, HO nOJIyqHJI JIHmb BeCbMa cyxoii OTKas. Kor a OH BepHYJICH K 3TOMY
pasroBopy BO BTOpOH pas, KOpOJIb HHqerO He OTBeTHJI, a JIHmb B pas pa-
meHHK nOBepHYJICH K HeMY CnHHOH». (M e r c Y - A r g e n tea u. Ope cit.,
t. II, p. 349, nHCbMO OT 23 HHBapH.) BOSMOiKHO, "ITO KOpOJIeBa BMemaJIaCb
8 3TO eJIO, H60 B TO BpeMH 6bIJIa 01leHL 6JIHSKa C rpa<I>oM 'ApTya. O Ha-
KO MepCH ynoMHHaeT TOJILI{O BeSaHBaJIH (0 KOTOpOM rOBOpHT S eCb Bnep-
BLIe) H repn;ora illapTpCKOrO.
rJ1ABA I. J1ETHEE COJIHIJ,ECTORHHE
349
--
JleBe: peKOMeHJJ;a HeH eMY CJIYiKHJIa JJ;PYiK6a C KHH3eM illTapeM-
6eproM, cTapDIM JJ;oBepeHHLIM JIH OM MapHII Tepe3HH. lIo CJIOBaM
BepH, OH CHHCKaJI paCnOJlOiKeHHe MapHH AHTyaHeTTLI, HayqllB ee
erpaTL B TpHK-TpaK.
9Ta TaKTHKa - o6yqeHHe lIrpe B KapTLI, 'tJeCTL KOTOPOH iKlIpO-
!1.y npHnHCLIBae'l AI06apJJ;o-BepTeJlo B pOMaHe «BeJIJIa», 6bIJIa B TO
BpeMJI OlleHL pacnpOCTpaHeHa cpeJJ;H nOJIHTHKOB JJ;Bopa. Ho y Be3an-
8aJlJl eCTL H JJ;pyrHe cnoco6bI 060JlLm;aTL. OR MomeT nJIeHHTL KOpO-
JIeBY HCKYCCTBOM caJJ;OBOJJ;CTBa - OR nOMoraeT BLIpaCTHTL B TpHa-
HOHe peJJ;KHe nopOJJ;bI paCTeRHH, BbIBe3eHHbIX H3 illeH6PYHRa, - a
raKiKe H'CKYCCTBOM BeCTH 6ece,n;y, JJ;apOM npeKpaCHoro paCCKa31IHKa,
B lIeM MDI MomeM y6eJJ;HTLCH no pa3p03HeHHbIM OTpbIBI\aM H3 ero
«MeMyapOB»; OH MomeT HaHJlytImHM 06pa30M HCIIOJIL30BaTL CBOH
pe,u;KHe cnoco6HOCTH 6J1aro,n;apH npOHH aTeJILHOCTH II 3HaHHIO lIeJIO-
BelleCKOH nCHXOJIOrHH, II03BOJIHBIDHM eMY pa3ra;n;aTL HCTHHHbIH
x:apaKTep MapHH AHTyaHeTTbI - «MeJlaHXOJIHlIHYIO cyeTHOCTL», KaK
rOBOpHJIH B pOMaRax KOH a XIX B. 9Ta npHH:Qecca aJIeKO He TaR
aeceJIa, KaK KameTCH; ee Ha;n;O 3a6aBJIHTL. « Y KOpOJIeBLI 6bIJIO OlleHb
1(o6poe cep;n; e, HO npH aTOM HeClIaCTHaH CKJIOHHOCTL K HaCMemKe.
OH nOTaKaJI 8TOMY He;n;OCTaTKY» 1.
Be3aHBaJIIO IIHTL;n;eCHT lIeTLIpe ro;n;a; OK He H3 Tex MOJIO;n;DIX
D:IO)J;eii, 06m;eCTBa KOTOpLIX, KaK yme ynpeKaJIH KOpOJIeBY, OHa
HCRaJIa, KO H'3BHCTHO, "liTO IIPH «BeC:bMa BnyIDHT'eJl:b'HOH <I>lIrype
OH o6JIaJJ;aJI JIH OM, nJleHIITeJlLHLIM B MOJIO)J;LIe ro;n;LI H 110 JIHLIl'f1
OCTOHH'CTBa - B 3peJILIe» 2. OH HMeJl OtIeHL 60JI:bmOH ycrrex y iKen-
Ir{HH, HO, no CJIOBaM JIeBHca, KOTOpLIH ero He JII06HT, «;n;epiKaJlCH C
HIIMH CJIHmKOM pa3BH3HO, JII06e3HOCTII ero.6LIJIH J(ypHoro TOHa, a
6ece)J;a CKopee HHHlIHa, 'tJeM OCTpOYMHa». Ero IIO'tJTeHHLIH B03paCT,
ce)J;LIe BOJIOCLI II npHBJIeKaTeJILHaH BHemHOCTL MorYT, BepOHTHO,
06'LHCHHTL, nO'tJeMY KOpOJIeBa, He nHTaBmaH K HeMY, KaK MLI YBH-
n;HM, nemHLIX 'tJYBCTB, npOHHKJIaC:b TaKHM HCKJIIO'tJHTeJI:bH:bIM ;n;OBe-
pReM, liTO OTKpLIJIa eMY ;n;ame TaHHY CBOHX 6palIHLIX OTHomeHHH.
BnpOlIeM, .HHTlTO He ,r(OKa3:bIBaeT, lITO OTKpOBeHHOCTL ee 6LIJla HaKa-
saBa, TaR RaK M:bI 3.HaeM.06 aTOM He OT Hero, a H3 IIepenHCKH MapHH
TepeaHH C MepcH-ApmaHTo: «IIpHaHaHHe, C;n;eJIaHHOe ero 6apoHY
BeaaHBaJIIO H KacaIO eecH JlHlIHO KOpOJIH, - e e OJ(HO J(oKaaaTeJlL-
CTBO ee 6eapa , ccy;n;CTBa» 3.
STY BJIaCT:b, rr,pH06peTeHH)71IO Ha;n; KOpOJIeBOH, Be3aHBaJlL, eCTe-
CTBeHHO, nOCTaBHT Ha CJIYiK6y TOMY, KTO npHo6peJI nO;n;06HYIO me-
BJIaOTL Ha;n; HHM CaMH1M. OR HatIHeT O;n;HY 3a JJ;pyroH TPH OIIepan;HH?,
npOBeJJ;eT TPH KaMIIaHHH: onepa HIO ;n;',8rHHOH, orrepan;HIO ;n;'8HHe-
pH - CapTH'Ha OIIepa HIO Moperra.
1 Lev i s. Ope cit., p. 136.
2 B e s e n va!. Memoires. Notice.
IIuc:bMO MapRH TepesHH OT 5 OKTH6pH. (M e r C y - A r g e n tea Do.
p. cit.. t. II, p. 383.)
'350
'CfACTb TPETbH. RPOBAJl
B nOpH,IJ;Ke Otlepe,n;1I0CTH OH HaMelIaeT ce6e KaK rrepBYro D;eJIb
Ha,n;OJIro Y,IJ;aJIHTL repn;ora p;'8rHHOHa. B nOJIL3Y aToro pemeHHH OR
npHBop;HT ,n;Ba ,n;OBo,n;a, BnpOqeM MeHee BeCKHX, 1IeM TpeTIIH, KOTO-
;pbIU: OH YTaHBaeT. Bo-rrepBbIX, paCnJIaTa: ,n;'8rIIHOH - HCTlIHHbIH
BIIHOBHHK na,n;eHHH IDya3eJIH. «II HcnLITLIBaJI nOTpe6HOCTL ero
l'.BaKa3aTL». BO-BTOpLIX, OCTOpOiKHOCTL: ,n;'8rHHo.H-rJIa1Ja 'KJIHKH npo-
TKBHHKOB. CJIe,IJ;OBaTeJILHO, ee Ha,n;o 06e3TJIaB1fTL. OH OlIeHL JIOBOI
'H ,n;epiKHT Kyqy HaeMHLIX aMHccapOB. «illya3eJIL He CMOiKeT Bep-
HYTLCH 06paTHO, a ROpOJIeBa He 6y,n;eT 3HaTL nOROH, nORa STOT
"1IeJIOBeK pa3rYJIHBaeT no I1apHiKY» 1. Ho HCTHHHaH n;eJIL mya3e-
JIHCTOB, KaR CqHTaeT a66aT ,n;e BeplI - H aTO KameTCH TOHKO paCCqH-
TaHHLIM XO,n;OM, - nopa3HTL 1Iepea ,n;' 8rHHoHa ero ,n;H,IJ;ro Mopena,
B:bI3BaTL y Hero «OTBpa eHHe», tlT06LI o.H ymeJI CaM. I1,pOMeiKYTOtJ-
.naH D;eJIL _6bIJIa ,n;OCTHrHYTa, a KOHelIHaH - HeT, BOT, BepOHTHO, no-
'IeMY BeaaHBaJIL He ynoMHHaeT 0 HeH B CBoeM paCCKa3e. ¥)J;aJIHTL
1J;'8rIIHOHa H3 IIapHiKa 6LIJIO ropaa,n;o JIerlle, lIeM BLIaBaTL y Mopena
'OTBpam;eHHe K BJIaCTH. 8Ta nOCJIe,n;HHH aa,n;alIa 6LIJIa He no CHJIaM
'caMOH XHTPOYMHOH HHTpHre.
BeaaHBaJIL y6eAHJI KOpOJIeBY 6e3 Tpy,n;a H 6e3 npOMe,n;JIeHHH;
'KOpOJIeBa y6e,n;HJIa KOpOJIH, HO eH nOTpe60BaJIOCL Ha aTO .HeKOTopoe
peMH - meCTL He,n;eJIL, KaK 0 TOM rOBOpHJIH. A'8rnoH p;0JIiKeH
'[IOJIyqHTL npHKaa y,n;aJIHTLCH B Bepen; BOaJIe Typa, r,n;e y Hero eCTb
iIlOMeCTLe, o,n;HaKO 6ea ceKpeTHoro KOpOJIeBCKoro YKa3a (lettre de
cachet). RO ,IJ;a KOpOJIeBa BO Bpe'MH OXOTLI c006II1;aeT 06 aTOM Be-
aaHBaJIIO, OH BOCKJIHn;aeT: Bepen; CJIHmKOM 6JIII301\ OT IIapHma. Ha-
AO OTnpa'BHTL ero B 8rHHOH (n AiKeHya).
MeiK,n;y TeM repn;or A'8fHHOH, C npHcym;IIM eMY 6JIeCKOM, fOTOB
YiKe OTnpaBHTL CBOR '1aCTH B PeUMC, npHfJIaCHB HX o<pHn;epOB B
CBOH aaMOK, r,n;e HM 6y,n;eT o6eCnetleH KpOB H CTOJI. II TYT OH nOJIY-
1!JaeT npHKa3 06 OT'CTaBKle. A aaT'eM CJIe,n;YIOT H ;n;PYfne C06LITHH.
30 MaH B BoeHHOM JIarepe MapJIH COCTOHJICH CMOTp BOHcKaM,
OTOpDIH npOBo,n;HJIH KaiK,n;LIe lIeTLIpe ro,n;a H np03BaJIH «lIepTOBO
rrreRJIO». B HeM npHHIIMaJIa yqacTHe lIaCTL npHBHJIerHpOBaHHLIX
BOHCK ,n;Bopa, TaK Ha3LIBaeMLIe «KpaCHLIe», B TOM 1IHCJIe ,n;Be pOTLI
MymKeTepOB, maH,n;apMLI H... JIerRaH Ka'BaJIepHH. I1e 1 pe ' ,IJ; 3TOH n;e'pe-
'MOBlleR ,n;'8rHHOH nomeJI nOJIyqHTL pacnopHiKeHHH KOpOJIeBLI.
«TIolieMY BLI He OTnpaBHJIHCL B CeH-BpeH HcrrpoCHTL pacnopHiKe-
HHH y r-iKH ,n:ro6apPH?» - OTBeTHJIa OHa. O,n;HaRO ,n;'8rHHOH HBHJICH
:ua CMOTp. ROpOJIL Ha HefO ,n;aiKe He fJIH,n;HT, a Kor,n;a OB npoxo,n;HT
MHMO KapeTLI 1\0pOJIeBLI, OHa aa,n;eprHBaeT mTOpy na OKHe; rOBopHT
,n;ame, ,6Y,IJ;TO OHa nOKaaaJIa eMY H3LIK 2. IIa .,n;pyr:HX H'CTOqHl?LKOB aMLI
1 OTpLIBKII, HTHpyeMLIe 6es YKa3aHHH HCTO'1HHKa, BSHTLI JIH60 113
«MeMyapOB» Be3aHBaJIH «<Exil du duc d'Aiguillon», p. 310 et suiv.),
JIu60 H3 «.lJ;HeBHHKa» ,n;e Bepu.
.2 06 aTOM CMOTpe 6e3 ,n;aJIbHeiimHX nO}J;p06HOCTeii CM.: B a c h a u-
m 0 n t. Ope cit., t. VIII, p. 56 (31 MaH 1775 r.). 0 noc.rre,n;OBaBIDnx co-
rJ1ABA I. J1ETHEE COJIHIJ,ECTOHHHE
351'
--
Y3HaeM, lITO 06 1I3rHaHlIlI ;u;'SrlInoHa y KOpOJIH 6LIJI pa3rOBOp C Mo-
pena, a y Mopena - IC KOpOJIeBoi. IToCJIel,7J;HHH npOM30me'JI 3 HIOHH.
«qama TepneHlIH nepenOJIHIIJIaCL, - CKa3aJIa KOpOJIeBa, - ee Ha,n;o.
B:bIllJIeCHYT:b... .fI B03:bMY Bce Ha Ce6H». ,ZJ:eJIo 8TO npe,n;aJllI r.rraCHO-
CTH e e ,n;o Toro, RaK OHO 6LIJIO pemeHO. Mopena II BepH Tm;eTHO
U YT nplf1IlIHLI aTOH Bce B03paCTaIOm;en CypOBOCTlI. ,ZJ:eJlo ,n;e rlIHa,
ROHe'IHO, KaiKeTCH HM ne,n;ocTaTO'IHbIM, OHlI ,n;aiKe He rOBopHT 0 HeMJ
II llOKa em;e He no,n;oapeBaIOT, lITO lIrpy Be,n;eT Be3aHBaJl:b. B CBeT-
CRUX Rpyrax Bce Tome B nOJlHOM He;n;OYMeHHlI, TO JIH nOTOMY, 'ITO'
BCe ,6LJ.CTPO 3a,6LIBaIDT, TO JIH IIOTOMY, 'ITO He IIpe,n;CTaBJUI,IOT ce6e,
:KaK 3JIOrraMHTHOCT:b MOiKeT 6LITL CTOJIL ynopHon; Roe-KTO ,n;aiKe
p;yMaeT, 6y,n;TO ;n;'SrHHoHY CTaBHT B BHHY... paBHo,n;ymlIe HapO;n;a BO
BpeMH CMOTpOB! 1 STOT CJIyqaH 3aCTaBJlHeT aa;n;YMa'T:bCH a66aTa ,n;e.
BepH. C npHcym;eii eMY He06LIKHOBeHHOH IIp030pJIlIBOCT:bIO OH rrpe,n;-
BlI,n;lIT r1I6eJILHOe BJIHHHlIe ROpOJIeBLI Ha rocy;n;a pCTBeHHLIe ;n;eJla Dr
nOllHMaeT, RaKoii Bpe,n; OHO MomeT npHHelCTllI MOHapXmI. MLI Haxo-
;n;1fM TYT O;n;lIH lIa JIYlImlIX o6paa OB ero CMeJIOCTlI, paaYMeeTcH r
RaK 06LI'IHO, cTapaTeJI:bHO CfJIameHHOii, HO He MomeM OTpHn;aT:b HH
CHJILI ero aHaJIHaa, H1I BepHOCTlI npe;U;CKa3aHHii: «BJIHHHlIe KOpOJIe-
BM Ha rrOJIHTlIlIeCKlIe ;n;eJla (eCJIlI OHO lIMeeT MeCTO) He rrplIHecer
6JIara ,n;JIH rocy,n;apCTBa... Ee rOJIOBa cJIa6ee ee cep,n;n;a, OHa ,n;JIH 8TO-
fO MaJIO npHrO;n;Ha... Ee Mym 6y;n;eT nepBLIM, KTO OT Hee nOCTpa,n;a-
eT... rope Han;HlI, eCJllI Bpam,n;yrom;lIe napTHH 3aXOTHT lICRaT:b rro,n;-
epmKlI B BOHCKax... TenepL COJI,n;aTLI paCCYiK,n;aIOT H He no,n;'IlIHH-
IOTCH npIHKa3aM, RaiK Mam:mHLI. Pecny6.1tunancnue uoeu u uoe
paeenCTea Tauno 6pOORT e YMax...» Bo BpeMH II'oe3AKH Ria KopOHa-
1:1;1110, RaK 1I OiKH;n;aJIlI 06e rrapTlIH, nplIKaa 06 H3rHaHHlI rro-rrpem-
HeMY 6e3 ROpOJleBCKOro YKa3a 6LIJI nepe,n;aH lIepe3 repI(ora JIaB-
plIHepa, ;n;JIH KOToporo aTa MlICCHH 6LIJIa, 6LIT:b MomeT, nOCJIe;n;HeHi
H repn;ory ,n;'8rlIiioHY rrpHmJIOC:b yexaTL BMeCTe C repn;orHHeii B CBOi¥'
aJIeRlIii aaMOR, «aa6pOmeHHLIH 1I nYCTOH». ITo CJIOBaM CYJlaBH,
06LI'IHO ;n;OBOJILHO COMHHTeJlLHLIM, HO Ha 8TOT pa3 BIIOJIHe rrpaB,n;o-
no,n;06HLIM, KOpOJI:b, pa'CCTaBaHCL C Mopena, BLIpa31IJI HeKOTopYI()4
HeYBepeHHocTL. Ho MlIHlICTp, TOHKHii ape;n;Bopen;, a TaKme Xopo-
milD: CTpaTer, CKaaaJI: «3a6y,n;:bTe 060 BceM, H caM noe;n;y B IIoH-
mapTpeH, lIT06LI y,ClIIOKOHT:bCH B'03JIe MOHX KaprrOB». ITepBall '
napTHH 6LIJIa BLIHrpaHa... 1I npOBaJIlIJIaCL.
MarHaHlIe ;n;'8rniioHa IIOpaalIJIO ,n;ame CTOpOHHlIKOB illya3eJIH,
B oc06eHHo iKeHm;lIH, KOTopLIe KplIlIaJIH 0 THpaHHH. CypoBLIe Mepld'
-
6LITHHX CM.: D'E s t r e e et C a II e t. Ope cit., p. 253; Bell e val. Sou-
venirs d'un chevau-Ieger, p. 184 et suiv.; «Memoires du Ministere d'Aiguil-
Ion», p. 70. Ha eJIe repl'(or 'arHBoH }J;eBcTBHTeJILHO oTnpaBHJICH HaBeCTHT».
r-my ,n:ro6appH B ee HOBOB pesH eHn;HH B CeH-BpeHe, 6JIHS ApnamoHa.
1 ITHCbMO rpa<PHHH p;e ByameJIeH K BaJIJIepya OT 6 HIOHH 1775 r..
«<Bulletin du Bibliopnile», 1882, p. 104.)
352
TJ:ACTb TPETbH. npOBAJ1
.npOTHB OT,r(eJlbH:bIX JIH He MOrJIH HpaBHTLCH JIIO,r(HM, KOTOp:bIe caMH
nona,r(aJIH B orraJIY HJIH 60HJIHCL norraCTL. HHKTO He nOHHMaJI,
.nOlIeMY, eCJIH ,r('8rHHOH 6LIJI BHHOBeH, ero OJIro IHe HaRa3:bI-
BaJlH 1. M:bI yme BH eJIH, lITO rrOJllITHqeCKH 8TO 6:bIJIO «pH'KTHBHOe
p:eJIo.
O,n;HaKo ROpOJIeBa 6:bIJIa B BOCTopre H HH 0 lIeM He paS,r(YM:bIBa-
JIa. 8TO HMeHHO TaKaH rro6e,r(a, KaKHe eH HymH:bI; HHlITO He MOrJIO
YCTOHTL nepe,n; HeH: rrpHKa3 rpHHYJI KaK rpOM cpe,n;H HCHoro He6a,
e ,n;PYSLH JIHKYIOT, BparH nOpameH:bI, 8TO OT,n;eJILHaH aK IIH, KOTO-
paH ee o,n;HOBpeMeHHO B036ym,n;aeT H oCB06om,n;aeT. OHa ,n;aiRe ,n;eJIa-
.eT ,r(BOHHOH Xo,n;, H60 6JIaro,n;apH BceMorym;eCTBY ee meJIaHHH HaKa-
saHHe 3JIOrO reHHH Bcer,n;a corrpOBom,n;aeTCH narpam,r(eHHeM 6JIaro-
po,n;Horo repOH. CaMa HJIH no no,n;CKaSKe Be3aHBaJIH (STa M:bICJI:b
MOrJIa HeomH,n;aHHO npHiiTH H eil B rOJIOBY, H60 pelIL H,n;eT 0 TOM,
"'ITo6:bI C]:(eJIa TL ,n;JIH ;D;Pyroro H B TO me BpeMH ,D;JIH ce6H caMOH TO,
lITO eft Bcero rrpHHTHee, - Y;D;OBJIeTBOpHTL CaMOJII06He), oBa rrpH-
AYMaJIa aT:b B PeHMce aY,D;Henn;HIO caMOMY repn;ory ,n;e illya3eJlIO.
OBa Bocxnm;aeTCH co6CTBeHHOH ,r(epSOCTLIO H XBaJIHTCH cBoeii XHT-
pOCTLIO B nHCLMe K ,n;pyry ,n;eTCTBa rpa«py P03eH6epry, B TOM caMOM
-UHCLMe, KOTopoe paSrHeBaJIO MapHIO TepeSHIO H B:bISBaJIO B03MY-
eHHe HocHcPa II. MapHH AHTyaHeTTe ,r(eHcTBHTeJILHO rrpllmJIoc:b
lIOJIY1IHTL corJIacne KOpOJIH, 1160 OHa SHaJIa ero npe,n;y6eiR,n;eHHe.
«BaM He ,n;ora,n;aTLCH, KaKYIO JIOBKOCTL H rrpOHBHJIa, lITo6:bI eMY He
UORa3aJIOCL, 6y,n;TO H npomy y Hero pa3pemeHHH». OHa c,n;eJIaJIa BH,D;,
QTO ee 3aTpy,n;HHeT TOJILKO B:bI60p no,n;XO,n;Hm;ero ,D;HH, H CTaJIa cepL-
e3HO COBeTOBaTLCH C KOpOJIeM Ha STOT ClIeT: «.fl BeJIa ce6H TaK
aerrpHHym,n;eHHO, lITO 6e,r(HHra caM B:bI'6paJl ;D;JIH MeHH CaM:bIH y,n;o6-
H:bIH lIac». OHa HH na MHHYTY He sa,n;YMaJIaCL 0 TOM, KaKYIO nOJIL3Y
.MomeT npHHeCTH 9TO CBH,n;aHHe 6es nepcneHTHB, nOJIyqeHHoe C
fiOMOm;LIO o6MaHa H Morym;ee cos,n;aTL y «6e,D;HHrH» (B:bIpaiReHHe,
60Jlbme Bcero BOSMYTHBmee MapHIO Tepe3HIO) BrrelIaTJleHHe, lITO
.ero 06BeJlH BOKpyr naJlLn;a. 8TO HII Ha mar He l\10meT npH6JIH3HTL
IDya3eJIH K MH'HHCTepCIT,BY H CKopee y,n;aJIHT ero em;e 60JIbme 2: tlTrO
3a 6e,n;a, 3aTO OHa em;e pa3 B:bIHrpaJla nrpy. Em;e Tpenem;a OT CBOHX
no6e,n;, OHa MOrJla TenepL rro,D; rpOMKHe KPHRH TOJIrr:bI rrpe,n;aBaT:bCH
()JIarHM rropbIBaM, 0 KOTOp:bIX M:bI YiRe ynoMHHaJIH; H nOCJIe Toro,
1 CM.: B e s e n val. Ope cit., t. I, p. 316.
2 BOT CBe,n;eHHH, C006 eHHbIe MepCH-ApiKaHTO (CaMbIe TOTIHbIe H ca-
MbIe Ha}J;eiKHbIe), 0 TOM, KaK npOmJIO BTO CBH}J;aHHe: «rep Or }J;e illyaSeJIb
He BLICKaSaJI HHKaKHX onpe}J;eJIeHHLlX npoc:b6 no nOBO,n;y CBOHX ,n;eJI, HO He
npeMHHYJI HanOMHHT:b B HCToplPleCKOM IIJIaHe Bce 6e,n;:bI, KOTopLle eMY
npHmJIOC:b npeTepneTb, B 1JaCTHOCTH Kor,n;a ero JIHmHJIH }J;OJIiKHOCTII reHe.
paJI-IIOJIKOBHHKa mBeH apCKOH rBap,n;HH. B mYTJIHBOM TOHe OH IIepe1JHCJIHn
lice, 1JTO Morno OrrOpOtIHT:b H:bIHemHero MHHHCTpa. 01£ 8b'LC.MeJl,A, an oH
Y.Me.l£, .l£100eu JttanTUU, H H SaMeTIIJI BnOCJIe CTBHH, 1JTO BTa 1JaCT:b ero 6e-
.ce bI OCTaBHJIa CJIep; B YMe KOpOJIeBLI». (KypCHB Ham. «Correspondance),
t. II, p. 357, nHCbMO OT 17 HIOJIH 1775 r.)
('J1ABA 1. J1ETHEE COJ1HIl,ECTOHHHE
353
-
i\aK OHa ynRJIaCL MeJIKHMH TPHYM<P aMH , eH OCTaBaJIOCL B03,n;aTL
ce6e p;OJIlliHOe 3a CTOJIL B03B:blmeHHOe npe,n;CTaBJIeHHe 0 CBoeM ,n;OJIre.
B- STO Bpe:MH OHa e e He ,n;YJIaCL Ha TlOpro, ero e e He orOBOpHJIH
nepe,n; Hei; OH Bcer,n;a Ka3aJICH eii 'tIeJIOBeKOM npHHTH:bIM H aaCJIY-
n\HBalOID;H:M YBameHHH; K TOMY me TlOpro - aTO 6JIaro Hapo,n;a, aTO
pe<pOPM:bI. «l\.opOJIeBa caMa CHa3aJIa r-HY TlOpro B PeHMce, 'tITO no
B03Bpa eHHH B BepCaJIL XO'tleT no,n;,n;epmaTL ero nJIaH:bI, KOTOp:ble
npep;CTOHT ocy ecTBHTL». OTa 3anHCL a66aTa BepH c,n;eJIaH8
19 IIIo'HH. Ho Herrocpe,n;CTBeHHO BCJIe)]; 3a TeM Ha'tlIIHaeT B:brpHCOB:bI-
BaTLCH BpaiK)];e6H:bIH MaHeBp H npHHOCIITL CBOH nepBDIe nJIo,n;:bI,
nOTOMY 'tITO YiKe 27 HIOHH BepH rOBopHT 0 «COBceM HHOM nJIaHe
eHCTBHH» .
«BHp;H, 'tITO aTaKH Ha r-Ha )];'OrnHOHa He B:b13:bIBaIOT Y r-Ha ,n;e
Mopena Toro OTBpa eHHH, Ha KOTopoe OHH paCC'tIHT:bIBaJIH, ee
(KopOJIeBY) CTaJIII no,n;TaJIKHBaTL K C6JIHiKeHHIO C aTHM Mory ecT-
BeHH:bIM MIIHIfCTpOM...» «HaH60JIee aaMeTH:bIM pe3YJILTaTOM BJIHHHHJI
(mya3eJIHCToB) Ha KOpOJIeBY 6:bIJIO OTBpa eHHe, KOTopoe OHH BHY-
mHJIH eM R r-HY TlOpro, K KOTOPOMY OHa ,n;o Tex nop OTHOCHJIaCL
c AOBepneM II YBameHHeM. OHR, HaBepHoe,' paCC'tIHT:bIBaJIH, 'tJTO
cPHHaHCOB:ble onepan;HH R XJIe6H:bIe ,n;eJIa ,n;a)];YT 60JI:bme nOBo,n;OB )];JIH
Bana OK Ha Hero». PaaroBOp:bI KOpOJIeB:bI no B03Bpa eHHH Ha PeHM-
ca CBH,n;eTeJILCTBYIOT 06 aTOM BJIHHHHH, H CTOpOHHHKH illyaaeJIH
npOHBHJIR HeMaJIYIO co06paaHTeJILHOCTL, pemHB JIY'tIme HanaCTL H8
r-Ha Tropro, lIeM Ha r-Ha Mopena. BoapaCT nOCJIe,n;Hero H paarOBO-
p:bI 0 1 6 OTCTaBKe ,n;aBaJIH HM Ha,n;em,n;y Ha ero CKOpDIH YXo,n;, Tor}J;8
HaK YCTOHlIHBOe nOJIOmeHHe TlOpro 6DIJIO HeCOBMeCTHMO C BoaBpa-
m;eHHell illyaseJISI» 1.
O,n;HaKO BTopaH KaMnaHHH EeaaHBaJIH He CTaBHJIa ce6e D;eJILIO
paccopHTL Mopena C TlOpro, XOTH yme Tor,n;a 9TO 6:blJIO, HeCOM-
HeHHO, H8.MeQeHO Ha 6y,n; ee. B ,n;aHHoe BpeMH EeaaHBaJIL HMen
MeHee SHalIHTeJILHYIO H 60JIee KOHI{peTHYIO sa}J;alIY, BDI,n;BHHYTYIO
06CTOHTeJILCTBaMH.
OH SHaeT, KaK II Bce, "ITO repn;or ,n;e JIaBpHHep nOCJIe KopOHa-
D;HH nOKHHeT CBOH IIOCT. «XOTH OH H rJIYXOBaT, OH Bce me paCCJILI-
maJI, KaK Bce TBep,n;HT, "ITO eMY nopa YXO,n;HTL, a TO KaK 6LI y Hero
nepe}J; HOCOM He SaXJIOnHYJIH }J;BepL», - nmneT MapHH AHTyaHeTTa
B nHCLMe K PoaeH6epry. Ero CJIe,n;oBaJIO saMeHHTL, H EeaaHBaJIL
OCTaHOBHJI CBOH B:b160p Ha CapTHHe: «KOpOJIeBa HHCKOJILKO He Boa-
pamaJIa H COrJIaCHJIaCL C MOHM nJIaHOM». EeaaHBaJIL ,n;ame YTBep-
m,n;aeT, lITO eMY npHmJIOCL nOCTapaTLCH, "IT06:bI «paCCeHTL HeKOTO-
p:ble T H», OMpalIaBmHe OTHomeHHe KOpOJIeBLI K 8TOMY MHHHCTPY.
XOTH nOCJIeAHHH no,n;p06HOCTL Haxo,n;HT no,n;TBepm,n;eHHe H B ,n;pyrHx
t V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 310.
23 9. <l>op
354
TJACTb TPETbH. npOBA'Jl
HCTO'llHHRaX - 6:bIJIO BpeMH, Kor):(a KOpOJIeBa, He):(OBOJILHaH CapTH-
HOM, Haa:bIBaJIa ero «CJIaAKOpe'llHB:bIM JIiKeD;OM», - BeCLMa BepOHTHO
qTO BeaaHBaJIL npeYBeJIII'IIIIBaeT CBOIO pOJIL, TaK KaK KOpOJIeBa yme
aBHO rrOAYMMBaJIa 0 Ha3HaqeHHH CapTIIHa MHHHCTpOM KOpOJIeB-
CKoro ABopa - ):(OJIiKHOCTL, BeCLMa rrOAXO):(Hm;aH AJIH Hero nOCJIe-
rrpe6:bIBaHIIH Ha nOCTY reHepaJI-JIeiITeHaHTa nOJIHD;HH. M:bI aHaeM co
CJIOB MepcH-ApmaHTo, 'liTO MapHH AHTyaHeTTa yme BLIHamHB'aJIa
8TOT rrpoeKT B nepHOA Bap<POJIOMeeBCKoiI HO'llH MHHHCTpOB 11 OCTa-
JIaCL eMY BepHa B anpeJIe 1775 r. 1.
O):(HaKO Be3aHBaJIH HHTepecyeT He caM CapTHH H ero KapLepa
a ero oCB060iK):(alOID;HHCH nOCT, H60 OH XO'lleT, "IITo6 Ha MeCTO MOp-
CKoro MHHHcTpa Ha3Ha'llHJIH oAHoro Ha ero ):(PY3eH - A'OHHepU,.
Tome CTaBJIeHHHRa illyaaeJIH, TOJILKO 'tITO BepHYBmerOCH B I1apHm,
OCTaBH-B nOCT rJIaBHOKoMaHAylOID;ero * MapTHHHKH, a aaTeM CaH-
AOMHHro. BeaaHBaJIL 06'LHCHHJI KOpOJIeBe em;e B PeiIMce, 'tITO H3rHa-
Hlle ):('orHHOHa - TOJILKO «nepB:bIH mar K BJIaCTH». TenepL He06xo-
AHMO «C03AaBaTL MHHHCTPOB», Ha KOTOp:bIX OHa MomeT nOJIOiKIITLCJI'
OH OTKp:bIJI CBOH HaMepeHHH TaKme illya3eJIIO, H TOT ero OA06pHJI.
3aTeM OH caM norOBOpHJI c CapTHHOM, KOTOp:bIH npHTBOpHJICH YAHB-
lIeHH:bIM 11 KaK 6Y):(TO COrJIaCHJICH, HO 6ea oc060iI OXOT:bI: OH 6:bIJI
O'tleHL npHBHaaH K MOPCKOMY Be):(oMCTBY. BeaaHBaJIL CTaJI HCKaTL
IIocpe):(HHI\a H 06pa THJICH K r- HY ):(e KaCTpH, HO TOT, XOTL II 0):(06-
pHJI rrpoeKT, OTKJIOHHJI 8TY MIICCHIO, COCJIaBmHCL Ha npe):(CTOHID;ee
aMY rrYTemeCTBHe. B 8TO BpeMH BeaaHBaJIL onaCaJICH, H He 6ea
OCHOBaHHH, onnoaH'D;HH TlOpl'O Hero BJIHHHHH Ha Mopena. I108TO-
MY OH HaCTaHBaJI Ha TOM, 'IIT06:bI KOpOJIeBa rrOCJIaJIa aa Mopena,
rrOMHpHJIaCL C HHM H B 3HaK HacTynHBmero COrJIaCHH nonpOCIIJIa
y Hero Ha3Ha'tleHHH ):('OHHepH MOpCKHM MHHHCTpOM. KOpOJIeBa
06em;aJIa, no He cnemllJIa - OXOTa CMeHHJIaCL nporYJIKOH, nporYJI-
Ka - cneKTaKJIeM... H TaK 6:bIJIH IIOTepHH:bI 'IIeT:bIpe AHH. «A TlOp-
1. «mYPHaJIb IICTOPHK» ,n;eJIaeT pa3HLIe HaMeKH Ha 06BHHeHHH, BLI,n;BII-
HYTLIe npOTHB CapTHHa B HIOHe 1774 r., HO TOT onpaB,n;aJICH nepe}J; ROpO-
JIeM. ITo 3TOMY nOBO,n;y ra3eTa OTMeqaeT 25 HIOHH (1. VI, p. 72): «HeH3-
BeCTHO, y,n;aJIOCb JIH eMY TaKme nepey6e,n;HTb KOpOJIeBY, KOTopaH, KaK ro-
BOpHT, Ha3LIBaeT ero CJIa,n;Kope'tlHBLIM JImen;OM». Ha,n;o ,n;YMaTb, qTO KOpO-
JIeBa 6MCTpO H3MeHHJIa CBoe MHeHHe IIJIH He npII,n;aBaJIa OTpHn;aTeJIbHOrO
OTTeHKa 3TOMY np03BHm;y, CJIH l\lepcII-ApmaHTO, C006m;aH 06 aBrYCTOB-
CRHX C06LITHHX, nHCaJI 28 ceHTH6pH 1774 r.: «RopOJIeBa, KOTopaH n;eHHT II
OTKpMTO no,n;,n;epmHBaeT 3Toro MHHHcTpa, nomeJIaJIa, 'tJT06M ero OCTaBHJIH
,n;JIH 3aMeHbI repn;ora ,n;e JIaBpIIHepa» (<Correspondance», t. II, p. 237), - a
20 anpeJIH 1775 r. co06m;aJI: «Ee BeJIIIqeCTBO TOpOnHJIa KOpOJIH oTcTpaHHTb
repn;ora JIaBpIiiiepa II rrepe,n;aTb ero MeCTO r-HY CapTHHY» (Ibid., t. III)
p. 323).
* B TY 3noxy rJIaBHOROMaH.n;YIOIIJ;IIe 6LIJIII q,aKTHlIeCKHMH 3aMeCTIITe-
JIHMH reHepaJI-ry6epHaTopoB B npOBHHn;HHX, TaR KaK nOCJIe,n;HHe He HMeJIU
npaBa 6e3 Crre HaJIbHOrO pa3peDIeHHH KOpOJIH nOHBJIHTbCH B CBOHX npOBHU-
IIHX. POJIb rJIaBHOKOMaH,n;YIOIIJ;HX He OrpaHHqHBaJIaCb O,n;HHM BoeHHLIM yn-
paBJIeHHeM, OHII 3HeprHqHO BMeDIHBaJIHCb H B qHCTO rpam,n;aHCKHe ,n;eJla
MeCTHOH a,IJ;MHHHCTpan;HH. - II pUM. pea.
t'J1ABA I. JlETHEE COJ1HII.ECTOHHHE
355
ro, - no paCCKa3Y Be3aHBaJIH, - He TepHJI BpeMBH1I ,IJ;apOM, O'B
bI,B;BIIHYJI KaH,IJ;H):(aTYPY MaJIL3ep6a», H, KOr,IJ;a KOpOJIeBa norOBopH-
JIa HaROHen; C Mopena 1, TOT C HeBHHH:bIM BH):(OM OTBeTIIJI, lITO KO-
OJIL yme c):(eJIaJI B:bI60p 11 8TO eJIO pemeHHoe. TaKOB paCCKa3
Be3aHBaJIH, ROTOp:bIH MHoro n03me Y3HaJI 06 OCJIOmHeHIIHX, B03-
BHKmHX B IIOCJIe):(HHH lIac, 0 lIeM BepH, nOJIyqaBmHH CBe):(eHIIH OT
PyroH CTOpOH:bI, paCCKa3:bIBaeT no po6HO.
A ):(eJIO 6:bIJIO ,n;enCTBHTeJILHO He TaK npOCTO. TlOpro yme )];aBHO
xo-qeT, lITo6:bI MaJIL3ep6 3aHHJI CTOJIL BamH:bIH C 61O,IJ;meTHOn TOllKH
:3peHHH IIOCT, Ha,IJ;eHCL peaJIH30BaTL CBOII nJIaH:bI 8KOHOMHH. Bep-
.meHH, MHpOMeHHJIL 11 ,IJ;ame caM Mopena COrJIaCH:bI C HHM. Mopena
rOBopHT C KOpOJIeM, KOTOp:bIH corJIamaeTCH, HO HeCKOJILKO HeyBe-
peHHO, 1160 OH, KameTCH, yme 3HaeT 0 npOHCKax MapHH AHTyaHeT-
'T:bI B nOJIL3Y ):('8HHepH. Ho TYT eCTL eID;e O):(Ha 3arB03,IJ;I\a: MaJIL-
aepo He meJIaeT 6:bITL MIIHHCTpOM, OH He HaCTOJILRO lIeCTOJII06HB 11
He HaXO HT y ce6H Heo6xo,IJ;HM:bIX cnoco6HocTen - TaKaH BonllaH
.aHOMaJIHH XOTL H OlIeHI> pe,IJ;KO, HO, KaK M:bI BH,IJ;HM, Bce me BCTpe-
qaeTCH.
OII:bIT nOKa3:bIBaeT, 1}TO B 60JILmOH nOJIHTHKe He CJIe,IJ;yeT na-
C1IJIOBaTL npH3BaHHe. CKPOMHOCTL, no cy eCTBY, He HBJIHeTCH ):(0-
.cTOIIHCTBOM rocy apcTBeHHoro ):(eHTeJIH.
Cero,n;HH HaM ,IJ;OBOJILHO TPY):(HO npe CTaBIITL ce6e MaJIL3ep6a
B ero peaJILHOM, nOBce):(HeBHOM 06JIHlILe, nOTOMY -qTO 6JIeCK ero
eHTeJILHOCTII B MarllcTpaType 11 Ha rocy apcTBeHHoM nocTY, n03-
B:bImeHHOCTL ero YMa H cep):(n;a, HaRoHell;, 6JIarOpO CTBO, npOHBJIeH-
Hoe 11M B ApaMaTHlIeCKHX 06CTOHTeJILCTBaX B ROHn;e ero mH3HH *,
.np1l,IJ;aIOT eMY B HamllX rJIa3aX oco6oe BeJIHQHe, KOTOPOMY He COOT-
BeTCTBOBaJIH ero BHellIHOCTb H OTCY CTBHe B npaKTHQeCKHX eJIax
'TOM YHepeHHocTH, KOTOpOM OR OOJIa)];aJI B CBOHX yqeH:bIX Tpy,n:ax,
peQax II B:bI'CTYlIJI8HHHX.
B aTOM 06pa3D;oBOM IOpHCKOHCYJILTe eCTI> lITO-TO OT «):(06poro
MaJIoro». EMY ):(aJI1I aTO np03BH e, 1\aK Kor):(a-TO JIa<poHTeHY. OH
():bIJI K TOMY me -qeJIOBeKOM TY'llH:bIM, 11 BHemHHH BH,IJ; ero He COOT-
BeTCTBOBaJI 3aHHMaeMOMY nOJIOmelIHIO. ByaccH A'AHrJIa pl:lcyeT HaM
ero B KOpH'IIHeBOM KOCTIOMe C 60JIbmHMII I\apMaHaMH, 30JIOT:bIMlI
nyroBHn;aMH H MYCJIHHOB:bIMH l\laHmeTaMH, B 06C:bInaHHOM Ta6aI\OM
ma60 H KpyrJIOM, IIJIOXO npH'IIeCaHHOM 1:1 KpHBO HaTHHYTOM IIapH-
1 110 CJIOBaM MepCII-ApmaHTO, KOTOpLIH B TO BpeMH em;e, nO-BII,n;HMO-
My, Be pa3ra,n;aJI pOJIH Be3aHBaJIH, rpa«pHBH ,n;e BIIPOH, ceCTpa illya3eJIH,
«BHymIIJIa KOpOJIeBe Te CJIOBa, KOTopLIe Ee BeJIIIlIeCTBO BLICKa3aJIa» Mo-
perra. KOpOJIeBa BCHtJeCRH H36eraJIa BCTpe nI C MepcH II BepMoHoM: «Ee
YM 6LIJI )];0 Toro B036ymgeH, tJTO MLI pHCKOBaJIH BhI3Ba Tb y Bee B3phIB Be-
ro,u;OBaHHH CBOHMI1 npe,n;oCTeperReHHHMH». (M e r C y - A r g e n tea u. Cor-
respondance, t. II, p. 357, nnCbMO OT 17 HIOJIH.)
* B 1792 r. OH BbIcTyrraJI 3am;HTHHROM JIro,n;oBHKa XVI BO BpeMH cYAa
Ba,n; HRM B ROHBeHTe. B 1794 f. 6hIJI Ka3HeH no 06BHHeHHIO B saroBope
npoTHB pecny6JIHKH. - n PU.M,. pef}.
23*
356
QACTb TPETbH. I1POBA
Re 1. BJIIOOJIeHH:bIH B OOTaHHRY (OH HanHCaJI KpHTH1IeCKYIO CTaTLI()
o BIO<P<P0He), OH O:bIJI aaBCer,u;aTaeM p:bIHKa BOTaHHqeCKOrO ca,n;a,
rp;e ero npHHHMaJIH nopOH aa ToprOBD;a JIeKapCTBeHH:bIMH TpaBaMH,
nopoH aa anTeKapH. 110cJIe cBoeR nepBoR OTCTaBKH OH nYTemecT-
BOBaJI no <PpaHD;HH RaK HaTypaJIHCT-JIIOOHTeJIL no,u; HMeHeM r-rra
rHHoMa. Y Hero HeT HH KanJIII «npeaH,u;eHTCI\OH cneCH, KOTOpYIO'
HMeHyroT ,n;OCTOHHCTBO'M» 2.
B HHTeJIJIeKTyaJILHOM OTHomeHHH aTO THrr HCTHHHoro JIHOepa-
JIa, HeMHoro ;a;OrMaTIPIHorO, oea OOJILmOrO TaJIaHTa B :3TOH OOJIaCTH,
HO TeM He MeHee orrepe;a;HBmero CBoe BpeMH Ha ;a;OOp:bIX nOJIBeI-\a.
OR cnpaBe):(JIHB, TepnHM II CHHCXO;a;HTeJIeH. HaaHalleHH:bIH ,u;HpeK-
TOpOM KHMiKHOH TOprOBJIH, RO:P,1];a yme O:bIJI rrpe3H)];eHTOM B:bICmero>
IIo;a;aTHoro cy;a;a, OH CTaJI P;OOp:bIM reHHeM JIHTepaTopOB. 110cJIe B03-
Bpa eHHH rrapJIaMeHTOB, KOToporo OR meJIaJI 11 KOTOPOMY cnoc06-
CTBOBaJl, nOJILaYHCL CBOIIM BJIHHHlleM, OH ,u;OOHBaJICH YMHpOTBope-
HHH, aMHHCTHH, ,u;pymeJIIOOHH H, HeCMOTpH Ha I\pHTIIRY KaK rOHH-
M:bIX, TaK H rOHHTeJIeii, HaJla;a;HJI nepB:bIe CBH3H cBoeii rraJIaTLI C OT-
KOJIOBmHMHCH COBeTHHKaMII, YHHiKeHH:bIMII II paCKaHBaIO HMHCH7'
ROTOpLIX ;a;epmaJIH B KapaHTHHe. Ero MHOrOqHCJIeHH:bIe ;a;OCTOHH-
CTBa IIOJIyqHJIH e e OOJILmee npHaHaHlle, TaR RaK O:bIJIH yKpame-
H:bI p;apOM RpaCHOpeqHH. 8TO O:bIJI qeJIOBeK, Bcer;a;a iKeJIaBmHH eJJ;H-
Ho;a;ymHH: C TeMH, Koro OR HCKaJl, II C TeMH, KTO HCKaJI KOHTaKTOB
C HHM.
TaKHM O:bIJlO II HaopaHHe ero BO <PpaHn;yaCKYIO aKa;a;eMHIO 3a
HeCKOJILKO MeCHn;eB nepe;a; TeM. 110 ero CJIOBaM, OH ObIJI «YBeHlIaH
aKa;a;eMHT:IeCKHMH JIaBpaMH IIO):( CBoero po;a;a IIpllBeTCTBeHHbIe RJIH-
KII» - ,HHKbr):(a TaM He npHCYTCTBOBaJIO 'CTOJI:b'KO meHn:t;IIH, - B
npOHaHec CBOIO TopmeCTBeHHYIO peqL Ha «IIpOrpeCCHBHYIO» B TY
Uopy TeMY 0 cy;a;e OOm;eCTBeRHoro MHeHHH. II pomJIO HeCKOJI:bKO
ae;a;eJIL C Tex nop, KaK 6 M H 1775 r. OH IIpe,u;ce;a;a TeJI:bCTBOBaJI H&
aace,u;aHHH B:bICmero no,u;aTHoro cy,u;a, r;a;e O:bIJIII npHHHT:bI 3HalVle-
HIIT:bIe IIpe,u;CTaBJleHHH KOpOJIIO, B:&IpamaBmHe B COOTBeTCTBHH C'
1J;oporoH ;a;JIH Hero CPOPMYJIOH «e,u;HHo,u;ymHoe meJIaHHe HaD;HH». 8TH
npe,n;CTaBJIeHHH - IIO,u;JIHHH:&IH, ;a;OBOJI:&HO npOCTpaHHI>I:H MaHH.peCT
HHOepaJIHaMa, MomHO, nomaJIyiI, ,n;ame CKaaaTL, ,u;eMOKpaTHqeCKoro.
HHOepaJIHaMa. OHH KJIeHMHT CBepXOOJIOmeHHe reHepaJILHbIX OTKY-
nOB, KOTopoe npHBO;a;HT K nOTepe rocy):(apCTBOM «MHOiKeCTBa rpam-
AaR, HOO qaCTL Ha HHX CTapaeTCH OOMaHYTL, a ;a;pyraH CTapaeTCII IIM
IIOMemaTL». 11 pe,u;CTaBJIeHHH rrponOBe):(YIOT ynameHHe K CBooop;e
HHT:IHOCTH 11 npOTeCTYIOT npOTHB npOHaBOJIa KOpOJIeBCRIIX YKaaOB
06 apeCTax (lettres de cachet). II HaKOHen;, npem,u;e Bcero QHII
1 B 0 i s s y d' A n g I a s. Essai sur la vie, les ecrits et les opinions
de M. de rvlalesherbes. Paris, 1819-1821.
2 G a i II a r d. Vie ou Eloge historique de M. de Malesherbes. Pari
1805.
rJ1ABA I. JlETHEE COJlHII,ECTOHHHE
357
-
rpeOYIOT C03:bIBa renepaJILH:bIX mTaTOB IIJIH rro MeHLmeH Mepe rrpo-
BBB lIaJILn:bIX mTaTOB 1.
TaKOB:bI HAeH, TaKOB 9TOT 1IeJIOBeK. If I\or,n;a TlOpro 11 Moperra
X:OTHT JIIOOOH n;eHOH BBeCTH ero B COCTaB MHHHCTpOB, rrOf(OOH:bIll
BLIOOp !{ameTCH HeOCrrOpHM:bIM, HO... Ho... BO BpeMJI COBceM neAaB-
Bero pa3rOBopa C MaJIL3epOOM ByameJIeH, apXHerrHCKOII 8Kca, CKa-
aaJl eMY: «II Bce OOJILme yoem,n;aIOCL, 1ITO HII YM, HK ):(0 op o,r;;e TeJIH,
fiR B03B:bImeHH:bIe Hf(eH He f(eJIaIOT qeJlOBeKa xopomHM rrpaBIITe-
JIeM, a TOJILKO TBepf(:bIH xapaKTep». If MaJIL3epO yme Torf(a OTBe-
TIIJI: «BOT rroToMY-TO JI 11 He oy):(y XopomllM MHHHCTpOM. Y :M:eHH
COBceM He TBepf(:bIH xapaKTep>}. «qTO B1>I rOBopHTe, - 3aMeTIIJI,
CMeHCL, r-n BJIOH,n;eJIL, - Y Bac He TBepf(:bIH xapaKTep?» «HeT, YBe-
. pSIO Bac, 8TO HMeHHO TaR», - OTBeTHJI MaJIb3ep6 2 .
IIO-BHj1;HMOMY, H TYT 9TOT HerrorpemHM:bIH 'tIeJIOBeR Tome He
OmHOaJICH, II orr:bIT rrOATBepmf(aeT ero OJIaropOf(H:bIe COMHeHHH.
«Bce omHoalOTCH, naCTaHBaJl on BO BpeMH nepBoro TpeX1IaCOBOro
paarOBopa C TlOpro II Bepn, C'tIIITaH ero crrOCOOH:bIM 3aHHMaTL Mec-
TO, r,n;e na):(o CTporo B:bIrrOJIHJITL eme,ru:reBH:bIe OOJI3aHHOCTH... OB
yMeeT TOJILKO rOBOpllTL II B:bI,n;BlIraTL HOB:bIe lIf(eH», OH MomeT O:bIT:b
xopomHM COBeTHIIROM, HO «He rOAHTCH AJIJI ,n;OJImHOCTH, rf(e HaJ];O
eiCTBOBaTL». If TaR KaR on TaR me xopomo rrOHIIMaeT nCIIXOJIO-
rllIO ,n;pyrnx, KaK H CBOIO, TO f(OOaBJIJIeT, qTO KOpOJIL B KOHe1IHOM
CqeTe oy,n;eT Bcer,n;a YCTyrraTL KOpOJIeBe H 'tITO HeB03MOiKHO pa3YMHO
npaBHTL 'CTpaHOH rro,n; PYKOBO,n;CTBOM aTOM ocy):(ap:bIHH.
ECJIH O:bI pe'tlL mJIa TOJILKO 0 TOM, 1ITO, rrOJIyqHB rrO):(f(epiKKY
MaJIL3epOa, OHH ,,n;OOb1OTCH HeK'OToporo rrpeHMy ecTBa, TlOpro II Mo-
perra MOrJIH O:bI YCTynIlTL. Ho C Tex rrop, KaK Mopena rrorOBOpHJI C
KOpOJIeBOH, f(eJIO 1I3MeHHJlOCL. TerrepL yme pe1IL mJIa He 0 TO?\-I, 'tITO-
6:bI B:bIHrpaTL HJIH lIe B:bIHrpaTL, a 0 TOM, 'IITo6:bI H36emaTL KaTa-
CTpOtP:bI. B,n;ooaBoK KO BceM CBOHM B:bIf(aIO HMCH Ka'tleCTBaM MaJIL-
1 ITo CJIOBaM O}J;Horo HS oHorpa<I>oB, OJIH3KO SHaBmero MaJILSepOa, caM
OB Be OLIJI CTOpOHHHKOM C03LIBa reHepaJILH:bIX roTa TOB (BTO TpeOOBaHHe CTaJIO
RaR OM CTHJIHCTHlIeCKHM npHeMOM B napJIaMeHTCKOH JIHTepaType). O}J;HaKO
raiiap He YTOllHHeT p;aTLI pa3rOBopa, Ha KOTOpLIH OR CCLIJIaeTCH. Pa3YMBee
npeAnOJIOmHTL, 'liTO MaJILSepO OLIJI OJIH30K R n03HD;HH Tropro, BLIpameHBoi
8 IIpoeKTe MYHHl'(HUaJILHLIX coopaHHi. (CM.: G a i 11 a r d. Ope cit.)
2 Pa3rOBOp rrpo}J;OJImaJICH CJIe}J;yroID;HM 06pa30M:
B 31 0 H e 31 L: «O HaKO H BH eJI, KaK TBep}J;O BLI CTOHTe Ha CBoeM,
Kor}J;a BamH yoem}J;eHHH CJIOmHJIHCL».
I a 31 L 8 e p 0: «Ho H Be YBepeB, 'liTO Y MeBH eCTL TBep}J;LIe yoem eBHH
DO nOBO)1Y Tpex lIeTBepTeH Bcex BorrpOCOB».
KOHe'llHO, B BTHX CJIOBaX eCTL H3BeCTHaH }J;OJIH pHCOBKH, H60 Y MaJIL...
aep6a, nO-BH}J;HMOMY, OLIJIH TBep}J;LIe yoem eHHH, XOTH OM no rJIaBHLIM npo-
oneMaM. «HeCMOTpH Ha 9TH npHSHaHHH, KOTopLIe He JIHmeHLI OCHOBaBHH,
s xoqy, 'IITOO OH CTaJI MHHHCTPOM». - SaKJIIOlIaeT aooaT }J;e Bepu. (Op. cit.,
t. It p. 311.)
3513
qACTb TPETbll. IIJP(j)BAJl
3ep6 o6J1atJ;aJl e e OtJ;HHM HeOn;eHHMLIM tJ;OCTOHHCTBOM: OH He 6bIn
A'SHHepH.
M K TOMY me Mopena CKa3aJl, lITO aTO ):(eJIO pemeHHoe, - HeJIb-
3H me, lITo6bI ero YJIH1IHJlH BO JImH 1. CBHtJ;aHHe Moperra C KOpOJIe-
BOH COCTOHJlOCL 30 HIOHH nepe,I:{ Be'llepOM, H no cJlyqaHHoMY COBna-
eHBIO BepH OTJIOmHJI AO Be1Iepa BpyqeHHe KOpOJIIO nHCLMeHHoro
OTRa3a npetJ;rrOJIaraeMOro MHHBCTpa. HeJlL3H 6bIJIO npB3HaTL ):(eH-
CTBHTeJILHbIM :3TOT HerrO)];aHHbIH OTKa3. B TOT me Bellep 11 HaYTpo
rrpOIlCXO):(IIT BoeHHbIH COBeT Mem)];y Moperra, BepH H TIOpro. Ha
IIOMO L 30BYT ):(ame a66aTa )];e BepMOHa. B 10 lIaCOB YTpa TlOpro
H Mopena HBJlHIOTCH K KQPOJlIO 11 "Iepe3 nOJI1Iaca nOJIyqalOT OT Hero
nHCbMO MaJlL3ep6y, KOTopoe Bepll OTHOCHT a):(pecaTY C HOBOH nop-
n;neH YBe eBaHHH. Ha f(PyroH tJ;eHb, 2 HIOJJH, Bepll npllHOCIIT KOpO-
JIIO corJlaClIe HOBoro MHHHCTpa KOpOJIeBCKOro ABopa. «I{TaK,
r-H Mopena ;t;o6HBaeTcH no6etJ;bI, - 3aMe"IaeT Be3aHBaJlL, - a KOpO-
JleBa, RaK BbIpamalOTCH HHTpHraHbI, nOJlyqaeT nO elIHHY».
3a aTY nOID;e"IIIHY I\OpOJIeBa 3aTaHJIa 3JIo6y npOTHB TlOpro -
npOTHB Hero Of(HorO, - a MbI 3HaeM, "ITO 3JIo6a ee MomeT pacceHTb-
CH JIllmb nocJle n06e)];bI. 19 OKTH6pH MepcH nHmeT: «Tenepb O):(Im
TOJILKO reHepaJILHbIH KOHTpOJlep BCTpelIaeT Y KOpOJIeBbI XOJlOtJ;HbIH
npHeM» 2.
IIocJIe ycnexa tJ;eJla C '8rHHoHoM II npOBaJIa ):(eJIa c A'8HHepn
Be3aHBaJIIO OCTaBaJIOCL TOJILKO Ha"IaTL CBOIO TpeTLIO KaMnaHIlIO,
KOTopaH f(OJImHa 6bIJIa CTaTL pemalO eH H BeJIa K yCTaHOBJIeHHIO
CBoero potJ;a COlO3a Mem):(y KOpOJIeBOH II Mopena. Ho Be3aHBaJlL
KaK 6y;t;TO HeMHoro MetJ;JIHJI. OH OTnpaBHJICH B IDaHTJlY 11 no B03-
u
Bpa eHHH 3aCTaJI CBOHX ;t;pY3eH B TpeBore 3a Hero; OHB rOBOpHJIH
o B03MOiKHOM H3rHaHHH H 60HJIHCL RaKHX-JIH60 npeCJIef(OBaHHH co
CTOpOHbI MBHHCTepCTBa. CaM OH 60JILme Bcero onaCaJICH TlOpro,
KOTOpLIH, B03MomHO, C06HpaJlCH ero H3rHaTL HJIH XOTH 6bI npHnyr-
HYTb. Ho :3TO JIHmL YKpenHJIO ero pemHMOCTb OCyII(eCTBHTL CBOH
[lJIaH. R TOMY me Ha :3TOT pa3 OB HameJl B):(OXHOBHTeJlLHIln;y II
COI03HIln;y B JIHn;e rpacpHHH ):(e IIOJlHHbHK, KOTopaH TenepL aaHHMa-
JIa nepBoe MeCTO Cpe)];H cpaBopllTOK KOpOJIeBbI 11, 6Yf(yqH nJIeMHH-
HHn;eH Mopena, TeCHO CBH3aHHOH C HHM, nO-BIlf(HMOMY, HrpaJla pOJIb
.n;BOHHoro are'HTa Mem)];y CTapbIM MHHHCTpOM H napTHeii illya.3eJIH 3.
1 PaccKa3 Bepll B aTOM MeCTe He BnOJIHe COBna,n;aeT C paCCKaSOM Be3au-
BaJIH. BepH c'tJIITaeT, 'tJTO r-H Moperra OTBe'tJaJI KaK 'tJeJIOBeK YMHbIH, He iRe-
JIaIOm;HH 6paTL Ha ceOH HHKaRIIX 06H3aTeJlbCTB... «O.u;HaKO BOSMOiRHO, 'tJTO OD
CKa3aJI KOpOJIeBe 0 Ha3Ha'tJeHHH MaJIb3epOa 11, BO BCHKOM CJIY'tJae, CKpLIJI OT
Bee ero OTKa3». «ECJIH ObI OTBeT r-Ha MaJILSep6a ObIJI nOJIOiRIITeJIbHbIM,
HC'tJe3JIO ObI BCHI\Oe 3aTpY HeHlle, TaK KaK KOpOJIL COrJIaCHJICH npe JIOiRIITL
eMY BTO MeCTO, 11 OHO C'tJHTaJIOCb ObI 3aHHTbIM».
2 Mer c y-A r g e n tea 1L. Ope cit., t. II, p. 387.
3 Mer c y-A r g e n tea u. Ope cit., t. II, p. 437, 445.
rJIABA 1. J1ETHEE COJIHII.ECTOHHHE
359
rpa«pHHH t];e IIOJlKHLHK 06'bHCHHJla EeaaHBaJIIO TO, qTO OH yme
IIOfiHJI K caM, a BMeHHO, 'liTO el\fY CJIe)J;yeT )J;orOBopIlTLCH C Mopena,
TaR KaK HeJILaH Ha)];eHTbCH nOKoJle6aTL ero BJIHHHHe; II OHa yKaaa-
JIa BeaaHBaJIIO, KaK BaiKHO )];JIH Hero BaHTL Ha ce6H 9TO )J;eJIo c6JIII-
meHHH. 8TH )];BOe npHt];BopH:bIX B/CTpeTHJIHCL 11 pa'CTHHYJlH Ha IIpH-
JlUtlH:bIH CpOK (1];HeH )];eCHTL- 1];BeHa)J; aTL, rOBopllT EeaaHBaJlL)
Y,r(OBOJILCTBHe BeCTH neperOBopDI, r1];e OHB MOrJlH COnepHHqaTL B
J:HTpOCTH II npllTBopCTBe. «H OqeHL qaCTO npHXO)J;HJI R HeMY nocne
o6e)];a... II npOBOt];HJI He Ot];HH qac C HHM Hae):(BHe... B npO YIILIBaJl
ero co Bcex CTOpOH, rOBopH 000 BceM, 'liTO rrpHXO)];HJIO B rOJIOBY».
1JTOO:bI YC:bInHTL n01];OSpHTeJILHOCTL CBoero xoaHIIHa, EeSaHBaJlL,
[10 ero COOCTBeHHLIM CJIOBaM, CHaqaJla YBepHJI Toro, qTO rep or
]J;e illyaSeJIL He nlITaeT Ha):(eiKt];DI BepHYTLCH. «OH 1];YMaeT, RaK O:bI
YJl IIIHTL H YKpaCHTL CBOB BJlat];eHHH, a He 0 TOM, KaK aaHHTb
Bame MeCTO. ,D:o CHX nop B:bl OLIJIH e)J;HHCTBeHHDIM rrpHMepOM 'tJeJlo-
BeKa, rrpon;BeTaBmero B HerMHJIOCTH, rrOBepLTe, qTO OH HBJIHeTCH
BTOPLIM». Ho )];PyrHe B:bICRaSLIBaHHH EeaaHBaJIH BLlaLIBalOT Y Hac
COMHeHHH B HCRpeHHO'CTH 8THX YBepeHHH: illyaaeJlL, rOBopBT OB no
nOBO)];y ):(eJIa )];'8HHepH, «OqeHL HCKYCHO CRpDIBaJl iKBBmee B ero
cep)];n;e TaiiHoe iKeJlaHHe BepHYTLCH Ha CBoe npemHee MeCTO...»
Ot];HaRO Ha )];eJIe MHorHe HHTpHraHDI HS napTHH illyaseJlH yme BLI-
rrYCTHJIR HS BR)];y nepBOHa"laJlLHYIO eJIL CBOHX npOHCKOB H HHTPH-
rOBaJIH ):(JIH caMHX ceOH, HJlH pa)];B y)];OBOJlLCTBHH, HJlK npOCTO no
HHep HH, B MLI BnpaBe aa)];aTL Bonpoc: He Be1];eT JIB II caM Beaan-
BaJl:b, q:bH rrpHBHsaHBOCT:b K illyaseJIIO HeCOMBeHBa, CBOIO Hrpy?
A6,6aT I e BeipH 10LIJI OCBe.n;01MJle ' H 100 9TBX ne'peroBopax. BrrpOqeM,
OH rOBopHT JlHllL 0 nepBOM CBR)];aHHH. 3aTeM Moperra OTnpaBHJlCR
B IIloBIIIa pTpe,H, a calM BepH t];OBOJI:bBO t];OJIro OTCYTCTBOBaJl. It TOMY
me, BOSMomHO, Mopena He XOTeJl pacnpOCTpaHHTLCH 0 CBOHX )J;JIH-
TeJlLHLIX neperOBopax, TaR KaK ero JlIOOeaHOCTL C BeaaHBaJIeM Mor-
JIa y)];HBHTL BepH H BCTpeBomHTL ero KaK 1];Pyra TIOpro. BeSaHBaJIL,
XOTH caM OH H He Bt];aeTCH B 9TH nOt];pOOHOCTH, )];eHCTBHTeJILHO
HanpaBHJI Tort];a CBOH nepB:ble CTpeJlLI npOTHB reHepaJlLHOrO KOHTpO-
JIepa. Mx OLIJIO no MeHLIIIeH Mepe TpH: 1) ROpOJleBa npHnHCLIBaeT
O)];HOMY TIOpro Bce nepeiKHT:ble eIO HenpHHTHOCTH; 2) «oesYMHLIO
CBCTeMLI... yme nOTpHJCaJIH KOpOJIeBCTBO». 3TO aHaqHT, "ITO OB BeCb-
Ma RCTaTH HanOMHHJI Mopena 0 ero COMHeHHHX no nOBO)];Y CBOOO-
ALl XJleOHOH TOprOBJlH H BCKOJILIXHYJI THmeJlLle BocnOMHHaHHH 0
«MyqHOH BOHHe»; 3) HaROBen;, TIOpro XO"leT, «"ITOOLI ROpOJIL 1];OBe-
PHJI eMY Ot];HOMY». 8Ta nOCJle)];HHH CTpeJIa - yme OTpaBJleHHaH.
Moperra Mor TOJI:bKO sa H aTb CBoero MHHHCTpa, "ITO OH II )];e-
JlaJI, no ero CJIOBaM, BO BCHROM CJIyqae Ha 9TOT paa. Ho ORaSaJIOCL,
qTO no HeomH):(anHOMY COBna1];eHHIO RaR paa B aTO BpeMH MeiK):(Y
Tropro H Moperra BOSHHRJIH HOBLle paSHorJlaCHH. BepB e e paa
rrpHMBpHJI HX, 6:bIT:b MomeT He TaI{ y):(alIHO, RaR Bcer,n;a: He IIOMe-
maJIB JIB eMY neperOBopLI C Be3aHBaJleM? «H ):(YMaJI, "ITO MHe y)J;a-
JIOCb Bce I YJIa,n;HT:b, HO BaTHHYTOCT:b BepBYJIaC:b... ee RopeHL He OLIJI
360
TfACTb TPETblI. HPOBAJ1
J3:bIpBa1I. OHH OTnpaBHJIIICL B rocy):(apCTBeHH:bIH COBeT, a H - B
IDapTp».
BepH yexaJI, HO Be3aBBaJIL OCTaJICH. Kor):(a OB ClIeJI, lITO ero
naCTOHlIHBOCTL B03:bIMeJIa JJ;eHCTBlfe, OH CKa3aJI Moperra, lITO eMY
YJJ;aJIOCL y6eJJ;HTL KOpOJIeBY, a KOpOJIeBe CKa3aJI, lITO rro,n;rOTOBHn
Moperra, II I\am,n;OMY H3 HlfX, lITO IIpHmJIO BpeMH 11M )];OrOBOpHTLCH.
CBHJJ;aHHe COCTOHJIOCL B ceHTH6pe. BepH coo6 aeT 0 HeM 60JIee
IIo)J;po6HO, lIeM Be3aHBaJiL. II paB)];a, rrOCJIe):(HHH 3HaeT 06 aTOM CO
CJIOB KOpOJIeB:bI, a ee paCCKa3:bI He OTJIHlIalOTCH TOlIHOCTLIO, Tor,n;a
HaK a66aTa MomHO Ha3BaTL HCTopllorpa<pOM Moperra. O)];HaKO 06a
paCCKa3a B OCHOBIIOM COBrraJJ;alO'T. KOPOJIL BXO):(IIT I\aI{ 6:bI cJIYlIaiI-
HO BO BpeMH HX pa3TOBopa. 3a TeM CJIe,n;yeT arr1I30,I( HeOiRH)];aHH:bI :,
a MOiReT, H no,n;rOTOBJIeHH:bIii: KOpOJleBa, BCTaBaH C JJ;HBaHa, pOHHeT
CBOll: I'OJlOBHOH y6op, «KOTOP:bIH Moperra, CKJlOHlfBmlfHcH, 'tJ:To6bl
nO eJlOBaTL PYKY KOpOJIIO, ycneBaeT 1I0,IJ;XBaTHT:b. Bce 9TO B'bI3BaJlO
ueI\YIO Tpora TeJIbHYIO II BeCeJIYIO CYMa TOXY, C03)];aJlO ,n;pymecKoe
COfJIaCHe, ROTopoe npo,n;OJImaeTCH If )];0 CHX nop», rrHIlleT BepH B
CBoeM: JJ;HeBHHKe yme 3HalIlfTeJlbHO II03me, a IIMeHHO 25 IIOH6pH.
TpeTLH KaMrrBHIIH 6:bIJla B:bIHfpaHa. POJIb CTpaTera ROHtIHJlaCb
rrpem,n;e, lIeM OH ycrreJI ):(a TL ce6e B aTOM OTlIeT. Be3aHBaJib IIpHmeJI
B TOT me BetIep K Moperra, lIT06:bI HaCJIa,n;HTbCH CBOHM ycrrexoM II
BbIY)];HTL HeCROJl:bHO ,n;orrOJlHHTeJILHbIX no,n;po6HocTeH. OH clf):(eJl 3a
CTOJlOM B03JIe Hero H BLIiRH,I(aJI... HaKoHen; Mopena COrJlaCIIJlCH pac-
CI-\a3aTL eMY TO, lITO TOT yme 3HaJI, H nOCJle,n;HIOIO IIo):(p06HOCTL:
I OpOJIeBa CKpOMHO y):(aJIHJlaCL, nOKa OH rOBOpHJI C KOpOJIeM 0 ):(eJIax,
Tor)J;a HaK Moperra OXOTHO HatIaJl 6:bI no):(o6H:bIH pa3rOBOp IIPH Heif,
« To6M IIPHYlIHTL KOpOJlH K 6ece):(aM BTpoeM, C y-qaCTHeM KopOJIe-
8:bl». He JJ;oroBapHBaHcL, HOBbIe COlO3HIIKH B IIOJIHOM COrJlaCHJI
C:bIMrrpOBH3HpOBaJIII CBOH BLIcTyrrJIeHHH Ha Cn;eHe: pa3Be OHH He
6:bIJIJI C03,I(aH:bI, tITo6:bI IIOHHMaTL ,n;pyr ,n;pyra? «r -II Mopena, - 3a-
I\aH HBaeT Be3aIIBaJlL, - He ,n;o6aBIIJI HHKaKHX JII06e3HOCTeii IIO
MoeMY a,n;pecy. Kor,n;a nO)];aJIH «PPYKT:bI, OH npOCTO IIO)];HHJI 60RaJi
CJIa,n;Roro BlfHa. «3a BaIlle 3)J;opOBLe, - CKa3aJI OH, - II B 3HaK IIPII-
BRa TeJILHOCTH».
Mopena H IIpaB,n;a MomeT nO)];HHTL 60KaJI: OR HaCTOH Hii no6e-
)];HTeJIL. 3a HeCKOJILKO nOCJIeJJ;HHX He,n;eJIL, He npllHHMaH aKTHBHoro
ytIaCTHH B pa3BepHYBmlfXCH IIHTpHrax, OH aaCJIymHJI 6JIarOCKJIOH-
HOCTL ROpOJIeB:bI, YKperrHJI ,n;pymecKoe ):(OBepHe KOpOJIH, ,n;OBOJILHOrO,
liTO OH OKa3aJICH B HHTIIMHOM I-\pyry cyrrpymeCI\oro H MHHHCTep-
CKoro COrJIaCHH, - H Bce aTO JIllmL n;eHOH B:bIC:bIJIKH B ,n;aJILHHe KpaH
IIJIeMHH'HlfKa, Ha KOTOpOTO eMY 6:bIJIO rrpOCTO HarrJIeBaTL. TlOpro iRe,
rrarrpOTHB, B:bI3BaJI BpamJJ;e6HOCTL KOpOJIeB:bI, e e YCHJIHBmYIOCH IIO-
CJIe JJ;eJIa MOHMopaHCH 1, II JIHmHJICH IIO,I(,n;epmKH Mopena; BCJIeA-
1 CM. }J;aJIee, c. 368.
rJ1ABA I. J1ETHEE COJ1Hll,ECTOHHHE
361
-
CTBHe STOB ,n;BOBHOU nepeMeHLI OH OT,n;aJlHJlCH OT JIIO,n;oBHKa XVI.
llepBoro BIOJlH, B ,n;eHL, Kor,n;a 61>IJlO nOCJIaHO nHCLMO MaJILSep6y,
KOpOJIL B nepBl>lB pa3 B:bICRaSaJI HerrpHHsHeHHoe cyiK,n;eHlle 0 TIOp-
fO 1. M TaKOB, n;eHOH reHepaJILH:bIH 'KOHTpOJIep ,n;06HJI'CH JIHllib
cOTpYAHJI1IeCTBa npeBOCXO,n;HOrO MHHBCTpa, HO rrpaRTJl'IeCKH HenpH-
rOAHOrO [,n;JIH STOB ,n;OJIiKHOCTH]. OH OCTaJICH O,n;HH, OH npOHrpl>lBa-
eT, OH YiKe rrpOBrpaJl. H Bce aTO AeJlo PYR HeCROJILRHX anHso,n;HtIe-
CKHX nepCOH8.iKeU, KOTOp:bIe, CRasaB CBOIO penJIBKY HJIH SaROntIHB
CBOH BLIXO,n;, nOKHHYJIH Cn;eHY. rpacp ,n;e rllH BepHYJICH B CBoe
nOCOJILCTBO B OiKH,n;aHHB HOBOB pOJIH, ROTopaH He saCTaBBJIa ce6a
m,n;aTb. A'8H'HepH, MeTRO rrpOSBaHHl>lH CapTHHOM - «9TaKHH XHT-
pl>IB ,HeBem)J;a», - BHOB:b OTnpaBlIJIC.a Ha CaH-AoMHHfO, r,n;e BCKO
pe YMep 2. BapOH ,n;e BeSaHBaJIL nOTepHJI BeJIHKYIO 6JIarOCKJIOH-
HOCTL KOpOJIeB:bI: TO JIll 113-aa onpOMeTqllBOCTH B JlI060BHLIX AeJIax,
KaR rOBopHT r-iKa KaMnaH, TO JIB CJIeACTBHe BHTpBr:o:, cnJleTeHHOH
ero peBHIIB:bIMH conepHHRaMII, RaK npeAnoJlaraJl OR caM, TO JIB, qTO
BepOHTHee Bcero, H3-sa BCTpellHOB BHTpHrll MepCH II BepMOHa, HO,
TaR IlJIII IIHaqe, O'H Ha neKOT'opoe npeMH rrpeKpa aeT CBOIO nrpy 3.
1 «BbI CJIbImaJIH, - CRa3aJI OH, - TOJlbKO ero }J;PY3LH SaCJIYiRHBaIOT YBa-
meHHH, H TOJIbKO ero lI}J;eH XOpOmH». 8TO cym}J;eHHe, nepe}J;aHHoe HaM BepH,
6bIJIO BLICKa3aHO nOCJIe 6ece}J;bI TIOpro C KOpOJIeM B npHcYTcTBHH Mopena. Bo
BpeMH BToro pasroBopa TIOpro rOBOpHJI 0 KaH}J;H}J;aType <PpaHca Ha nOCT MOp-
CKoro MHHHCTpa. OTO OqeHL CTpaHHO, TaK KaR KOM6HHa:[ HH, OTCTaJIBaeMaH
Mopena H TIOpro, He npe nOJIaraJla OCB060iR}J;eHHH nOCTa MopCKoro MHHHcTpa.
HanpoTHB, eCJIJI 6bI CapTHHa BaSHaqHJIH MHHHCTpOM KOpOJIeBCKOro )J;Bopa,
Tor a MOrJIa 6bITL BLI}J;BHHYTa KaH}J;Hp;aTypa <PpaHca. 3HaQJIT, Hap;o aaRJIIO-
qHTL, QTO KOpOJIL Hero MHHHCTpLI npeJ:(;nonaraJIH TaKiRe B03MOiRHOCT:b OTRa3a
MaJILSep6a.
2 Be3aHBaJIL B PyroM MeCTe CBOHX MeMyapoB ( «A ven tures de la
societe», p. 172 et suiv.) paCCKaSaJI lIaCTL HCTOpHH, KacaBmeHcH '8HHepJI.
3 IIo nOBO}J;Y nepBoH npHlIHHLI CM.: lVIme C amp an. Ope cit., t. I, p. 189.
IIo nOBO Y BTOpoi CM.: B e s e n val. Ope cit., t. II, p. 10 et suiv. HaM Ka-
meTCH, lITO caMOYBepeHBOCT:b, npOHBJIeHHaH BeSaBBaJIeM, onpOBepraeT P;O-
MLICJILI r-iRJI KaMnaH HJIH no MeBLmeB: Mepe C}J;eJIaHHbIe eIO BLIBO}J;bI. IlocJIe
CMepTH rpa<I>a AIO MIOH, npoHcme}J;mei 10 OKTH6pH, 6apoH saTeBaeT HOBYIO
HBTpHry, B nOJILsy r-Ha e KacTpH; OB paCCQHTbIBaeT Ha 6JIarOp;apHocTb Mo-
pena H, KaR BH}J;HO, He COMHeBaeTCH B no,n;}J;epmKe KOpOJIeBbI. H TYT OH 3aMe-
qaeT ee OXJIam}J;eHHe, B lIeM 06BHHHeT Tpex npH}J;BopHbIX: repn;ora e KyaHbH,
meBaJILe }J;e JIIOKceM6ypra H repn;ora }J;e JIoseHa. rrO TBepm}J;eHHeM TpeTLeii
BepCHH npHQHHbI XOJIOP;HOCTH KOpOJIeBbI, KOTOpyIO pa3p;eJIHeM H MbI, CJIYiRHT
nepenHCKa MepCH-ApmaHTO, BbICRa3aBmero HaMepeHHe eHCTBOBaTL npOTHB
Be3aHBaJIH H BOCnOJIb30BaBmerOCH noe3}J;ROH B <l>oHTeH6JIo, BO BpeMH ROTOpoi
BeSaHBaJIL OTCYTCTBOBaJI. MepCH nHmeT 19 OKTH6pH: «BapoH }J;e BeaaHBaJIb-
O)J;HB H3 rJIaBHLIX YlIaCTHJIKOB BbImeynoMHHYTOi napTHH [mya3eJIHCToB].
KOpOJIeBa no-npemHeMY 6JIarOCRJIOHHa K HeMY, H H nocTapaIOcL BO BpeM.R
Hamero nYTemeCTBHH no B03MOiRHOCTH YCTpaHHTL BTY nOMexy». (Op. cit.,
t. II, p. 389.) MomHo BOSpa3HT:b, lITO nHCLMO BTO HanHcaHO nOCJIe nepBoi He...
Y)J;a1JH BeH3aHBa.7.lH, HO MepcH, BeCOMHeHHO, R TOMY BpeMeHH yme HallaJJ
AeHcTBoBa Tb C IIOMOm;LIO a66a Ta p;e BepMoHa B TOM HanpaBJIeHHH, 0 KaKOM
n:ameT MapHH Tepe3HH. C ,n;pyroi CTOpOHLI, BeaaHBaJIb C006I1\aeT, lITO, Kor)J;a
OR paCCKa3aJI 0 CBoeM }J;oca HOM BneqaTJIeHHH rpa<j)HHe }J;e IIOJIHHLHR, OHa
npH3HaJIaCL, QTO H caMa SaMeTHJIa, KaK H3MeHHJIOc,L K HeB OTBomeHHe KOpo..
362
QACTb TPETbFl. npOBAJ1
O,n;BaKO B 1779 r., KortJ;a KOpOJIeBa aa6oJI ' eJIa KOpLIO, M:bI BHtJ;HM,
QTO HMH 6apoBa «PHrYPHpyeT B CIIHCKe qeTLIpeX «Ha6paBB:bIX», IIO-
JIyqHBIDHX npHBHJIerllIO CII;t;eTL Y KpOBaTII KOpOJIeB:bI B KalleCTBe
CH;t;eJIOK. OB CJIyqaHHo OKaaaJICH B BepcaJIe, II BO ;t;Bopn;e IIo;t;y-
MaJIH, lITO OB ee pa3BJIe'tleT 1. Ha CJIe;t;YIOII(HH rO;n; OB YiKe CHOBa
l);eJIaJI MHHHCTpOB 2.
neBLI. A BJIHHHHe MepcH 6bIJIO HanpaBJIeHO HMeHHO npoTHB 3THX P;BYX ee
o:pH6JIlliReHHLIx. B nHCbMe OT 15 HOH6pH (t. II, p. 397) OH nHIDeT: «H npH-
BO}J;HJI <I>aKTLI, KOTOpl>Ie HeJIbSH 6LIJIO onpoBeprHYTb, H YRa3LIBan eli, tITO 311160
0:0 nerROMLICJIHIO, JIH60 H3 meJIaHHH npH}J;aTL ce6e Becy rpa<pHHH }J;e IIo-
mIHbHK, a em;e 60JIee 6apoH }J;e Be3aHBaJIL He pa3 61>IJIH nOBHHHLI B CBoero
pO}J;a npe}J;aTeJILCTBe», H60 OHH HCRaiRaJIH petIH KOpOJIeBLI H SJIoynoTpe6JIHJIH
ee }J;OBepHeM. MepCH YMaeT, tITO 3TH npaB}J;HBbIe CJIOBa, npHHHTLIe CHatIaJIa
Bep;OBeptIHBO, B KOHl'(e KOHD;OB nYCTHJIH pOCTKII B ee YMe: «H HCHO YBH}J;eJI,
1ITO ee 6JIarOCRJIOHHOCTL K 6apOHY e BeSaHBaJIIO eCJIH H He COBceM HCCHKJIa,
TO Bce iRe 3aMeTHO y6aBHJIaCL».
t «C BTOH MHHYTLI OHH SaBJIa eJIH KOMHaTOB: KOpOJIeBLI H C 7 tIaCOB
YTpa }J;O 11 BetIepa BLIXOP;HJIH H3 Bee TOJILKO tIT06LI noeCTL. MLI C a66aTOM
BepMOHOM nOJIL30BaJIHCL BTHM nepepLIBOM Ha }J;Ba HJIH TPH tIaca, tIT06LI nOBH-
AaTL KOpOJIeBY O}J;HY». (M e r C y-A r g e n tea u. Ope cit., t. II, p. 305, nHCLMO
OT 19 anpeJIH 1779 r.)
2 CM.: B e s e n val. Ope cit., t. II, p. 85 (Comment M. de Castries et
M. de Segur sont parvenus au Mini.stere»).
rJlABA II. BTOPOE l{bIXAHHE 363
r .ltaea II BTOpOe
DIXaHlle
(OT TeXHHKH ynpaBJIeHHH
K BeJIHKHM pe<popMaM)
... qTO n01£a3bL6aeT, 7tanux Tpy{J08 1taJII
CTOUT y806JLeT60pUT'b ny6JLuny, 8 e ec.4U
MbL 3a6oTU.MCJl 0 ee C1taCTbe.
Metra. Correspondance, 30 aot1t 1775
CJIYiRBA
llOQTOBbIX COOB EHMfI
II IIEPEB030R
HecMoTpH Ha TPY HOCTH, BbI3BaHHDIe «MyqHOi BOB:HOB:», Be-
CMOT H Ba Be Y HeCH npOTHB Tropro IIHTpHrll, 0 KOTOpLIX OK Be
Mor BHlIero He 3HaTL, HeCMOTpH Ha «BCeB03MomHbIe nOMeD, nOBcro-
l1.Y npenHTCTBOBaBmHe ero eHTeJILHOCTH» 1, Tropro BenpepLIBHo
IIpO OJImaJI HaJIamHBaTL TeXHHKY YnpaBJIeBHH II oC eCTBJIeBBe
CBOHX npoeKTOB. He npomJIO II HeCKOJILRHX BeB: nOCJIe ero B03Bpa-
eHHH 113 PeB:MCa, KaK OB yme ;n;OBeJI ;n;o Ko a - 0 lIeM MLI yme
rOBopHJIH BLIme - peopraBH3a Hro nopOXOBoro eJIa, Ba3HallHB
aAMHHHCTpaTopOB rocy apcTBeBHoro ynpaBJIeBHH. 1l0cJIe, lIero OH
HeMel;n;JIeHiHO 1B3HJICH 3a pe<POPMY TaKoro me 'po;n;a, ,HO 60JILmerO
pa3Maxa: opraHH3an;HIO rocy;n;apcTBeHHoro ynpaBJIeHHH nOllTOBO-
naccamHpcKHx nepeB030K.
M:bI yme 3HaeM, ,Ka:woe 60JlbmOe 3Ha1I8HHe npH;n;aBaJI TIOpro
YJIyqmeHHIO BHYTpeHHHx nYTeii co06 eHHH, IIMeH B BH Y nOJIHTH-
Ky mHpoHoro 3KOHOMHlIHCKoro pa3BHTHH. HaJIor, npe;n;Ha3HalleHH:bIH
3aMeHHTL npemHloIO ;n;OpomHYro nOBHHHoCTL, OJImeH 6DIJI n03BO-
JIHTL npoBe'cTH MO;n;epIm3a HIO ;n;OpomHoH ceTII, HO 3TO 6LIJIO Tpy;n;-
Hoe ;n;eJIO, KOTopoe OTKJIa;n;bIBaJIH MeCH 3a MeCH eM. BnOJIHe eCTe-
CTBeHHO, liTO TIOpro HeMe;n;JIeHHO 3aHHJICH ;n;HJIHiRaHCaMH, KypCH-
pOBaBmHMH no 9THM oporaM. OH H3yqHJI np06JIeMY C Tpex TOlleK
apeHHH: <pHHaHCOBbIX HHTepeCOB rocy;n;apcTBa, 3HOHOMHlIeCKOH eH-
TeJILHOCTlI B eJIOM II, BaKOHe , y;n;06cTBa ny6JIHKH. Co Bcex TOlleR
1 IIucLMo K Bepu, aBrycT 1775 r.
364
lJACTb TPETbH. IIPOBAJI
apeHHH OH AOCTHr B aTOM AeJIe, ClIHTaBmeMCH He3HalIHTeJILHLIM,
nOJIllorO ycnexa.
B TY anoxy nepeB03KH npOH3BOAHJIHCL Ha OCHOBe apeHAHL1X
orOBopOB, HO He C reHPpaJILHL1MH OTI\yn HKaMH, HaK aTO 6bIJIO
I1PH c60pe HaJIOrOB, a n}TeM eJIoii cepHH lIaCTHLIX apeHA 1. OTCIO-
Aa npOHCTeRaJIa HeCOrJIaCOBaHHOCTL pacnHcaHHH, HeCOOTBeTCTBHe
TapH<pOB H, rJIaBHOe, KpaHHHH AJIHTeJILHOCTL nepeB030K B THmeJILIX
JTCTapeBmHx KOJIL1Marax, 6epJIHHaX HJIH AHJIHmaHcax. IIpHXOAHJIOCL
1'a HTLCH AeCHTL AHeB: AO CTpac6ypra - H TO OHH OTnpaBJIHJIHCL
JPRillL pa3 B IHe e:rrIO, no lIernepr ' aM, - 'lIe/AeJIIO AO AHme (TOJILKO
IrO nHTHHIJ;aM), ABe neAeJIH AO BOPAo (no cpeAaM), a npoe3A B
6epJIHHe AO IDapTpa CTOHJI CTOJILKO jHe, CKOJILKO B KapeTe AO
PyaHa.
<DoRceH npHBoAHT iKHBonHCHLIB: paccKa3 PaMe 0 nYTemecTBHH
(f3 IIapHma B Appac, KOTopoe 3aHHJIO lIeTBepO CyrOK, C HOlIeBHaMJ.I
B IloH-CeHT-MaKceHce, B Pya, OMeKype H B IlepoHHe 2.
IlpH Ta1{OM IIOJIOmeHHH 6L1JIH B03MomHb1 TPH peilleHHH He ClIII-
raH CTaTYC-KBO. MomHo 6L1JIO nepeAaTL Bce aTO AeJIO MO HOH rpyn-
ue reHepaJILHL1X oTKyn HKoB; OHa CTaJIa 6L1 a1{CnJIyaTHpoBaTL CBO-
HX RJIHeHTOB, HO, HaBepHoe, YJIYlIillHJIa 6L1 nepeB03KH. MomHo
6LIJIO YCTaHOBHTL nOJIHyIO cBo6oAY nepeB030R, H TIOpro, HeCOM-
HeHHO, npeAnOlIeJI 6LI ABHraTLCH B aTOM HanpaBJIeHHH, HO npOillJIO
OLI HeMaJIO BpeMeHH, nORa nOHBHJIaCL 6LI AOCTaTOlIHaH ceTL 'tIaCT-
HLIX npeAnpHHTHB:, K TOMY iKe npHXOAHJIOCL ClIHTaTLCH C YMOHa-
CTpoeH'HHMH Toro BpeMeHH, H60 JIIOAH, «HHRorAa He BHAaBmHe
CBo6oAHOH TOprOBJIH, HcnLITLIBaJIH npeYBeJIHlIeHHLIH CTpax nepep;
-KOHKypeHD;HeH» 3. TaKHM oopa30M, TIOpro npHillJIOCL npHHHTL
TpeTLe pemeHHe: BBeCTH rOCYAapCTBeHHL1e nOlITOBL1e nepeB03KH-
omIT, KOTOpLIH OH yme TpHmAL1 npHMeHH:J. Ha 9TOT pa3 rOCYAap-
CTBeHHoe ynpaBJIeHHe OAepmaJIO Bepx Ha HOpMaJILHOB: CHCTeMOH
3'KO'HOMHlIeCKOH KOHKypeHIJ;HH. H,o OH paCCMaTpHBaJI ero TOJILKO KaK
nepeXOAHYIO <POPMY, lITO H 6LIJIO yKa3aHo B nOCTaHOBJIeHHH COBeTa
OT 7 aBrYlcTa 4.
STOT onLIT 6LIJI YAa'tIHO npHMeHeH. B repMaHBH, BOT n01J:eMY
Tropro nopyqHJI TeXHH1J:eCKOe ynpaBJIeHHe rOCYAapCTBeHHLIMH n01J:-
TOBLIMH nepeBOSKaMH (ocpH HaJILHO AOBepeHHoe AeHH Bepro)
HeKoeMY BepHapy, 6LIBmeMY paHee reHepaJILHLIM HHCneR'fOpOM
nOllT npYCCKoro ROpOJrH 5.
Ho IOpH,n;H1J:eCKOe H ,n;ame <pHHaHCOBoe npeoopaSOBaHHe - TOJIL-
1 3TH npHBHJIemo: 06LI1JHO BKJII01JaJIH, KpOMe npaBa nepeB03K11 nacca-
mHpOB, TaKme npaBO nepeB03HTL He60JILmHe rpysLt - o 50 «PYHTOB BeCOM.
2 F 0 n C i n. Ope cit., p. 276. CM. «Almanach royal» sa 1775 r., HTH:-
pyeMLIH aTHM aBTopoM.
3 Con d 0 r C e t. Ope cit., p. 109.
4 CM. paSHLIe TeKCTLI B: S c hell e, t. IV, p. 378 et suiv.
5 8TOT caMLIH BepHap HeSa OJIro IIepe TeM BLI BHHYJICH cpe H 3KOHO-
MHCTOB, BLIIIYCTHB 6pomIOPY 0 npeHMy ecTBax Bceo6 ero Ka aCTpa (M e t r a.
CJIABA II. BTOPOE l1.bIXAHHE
365,
1\0 1IaCTL eJIa II JIlImL Cpe;n;CTBO 06eCneqHTL TO, lITO MLI Ha3LIBaeM
,cerO)J;HH MO,n;epHH3an;HeH, pan;HOHaJIH3an;Heii, KOOp;n;mIan;He:u pa3-
llIbIX CJIYiI\6. IIo,n;oOHO TOMY I\aK THiI\eJIOBeCHLIH aIIrrapaT 6eCqHC-
:n:eHHLIX KOHTpaKTOB 3aMeIrnJIH rrpOCTO:U <pOPMO:U, TaK H HeyKJIIOiI\ee
.c:KOnB e pa3HOo6pa3HLIX THj-KeJILIX H YCTapeBIDHX pbI;n;BaHOB 3aMe-
HIIJlH HOBbIM THrrOM JIerRHX Ra peT, ROTopbIe rry6JIHRa rrp03BaJla
«TIOprOTHHaMH» 1. OrJIaCHO TeKCTY IIOCTaHOBJIeHHH, KapeTLI ;n;OJIiK-
'lIb! 6LIJIH 6bITL JJerRHMH, c xopomHMH peccopaMH, a MeCTa npop;a-
eaTLCH 3a YMepeHHYIO l1JIaTY. R TOMY iKe - H 9TO, BepOHTHO, rJIaB-
Hoe HOBOBBe,n;eHHe - IIX ,n;OJIiI\HbI 6LIJIH B03HTL 1101ITOBLIe JIOma;n;H.
TIOllTMeiicTepaM BMeHHJIOCL B 06HaaHHOCTL «;n;aBaTL JIorrra,n;ei 6e3
BCHKoro npOMe.n;JIeHHH, c 6LICTpOTO', Heo6xo;n;HMOD: ;n;JIH 3TOii CJIyiK-
U:bI». 8TH KapeTLI HMeJIH ,n;eBHTL, meCTL HJIH lIeTbIpe MeCTa. OHn
,AOJIiKHLI 6LIJIII OTIIpaBJIHTLCH B TOllHO YCTaHOBJIeHHLIe ;n;HH H 1IaCLI
II 06CJIYiKHBaTL Bce 60JILmHe ;n;OporH. IIOlITOBLIe CTaHn;HH HaXO;n;H-
JIHCL lIepe3 Kam,n;LIe ,n;Ba JILe. IIJIaTa 3a npoe3;n; 6LIJIa neMHoro
flUiKe npemHei, a HHor;n;a H HeMHoro BbIme, HO naccamHpLI 9KOHO-
MHJIII e e aa paCXo;n;ax Ha IIOCTOHJILIe ;n;BOp:bI 2. q TO iKe KacaeTCH
CKOpOCTH, TO ;n;OCTaT01IHO YKa3aTL, lITO noe3;n;Ka B 110qTOBOM 3KHna-
;me )];0 Bop;n;o, KaK JIro6HJI rOBopHTL MOH6ap9 (KOTOpLIH ;n;OJILme
Bcex Ha3LIBaJI ero «TllOprOTHHOH»), Tpe60BaJIa TOOep:b rrHT:b C rrOJIO-
BHHOD: J];He:n, BMeCTO npeiKHHx lIeT:bIpHa;n;n;aTH. B nH'CLMe OT 9 aBry-
'CTa 1776 r. r-iKa ,IJ:ro;n;e<paH, BeJIHKaH IIpOTHBHHn;a TlOpro, nOJIyqHB
nOCLJJIKY C <PPYKTaMH B caMOM xopomeM COCTOHHHH, HanHCaJIa, Ral\
BH)];nO, C HacMemKo:u, HO He OTpHn;aH <paKTa: «,IJ:a, JI COrJIaCHa, lITO
r-H Tropro 6LIJI BeJIHKHM MHHHCTpOM: Hamu nOlITOBLIe nepeB03RH
CTaJIH npOBopHee, qeM rrpeiK,n;e!» 3.
He'CMOTpH Ha JIBHLIe ;n;OCTOHHCTBa 9TOU pecpopMLI, OHa nO;n;Bepr-
JIaCL CIIJILHLIM Hana;n;KaM B COBeTe MHHHCTpOB, RameTCH CO CTOpOHbI
OCTopomHoro BepTeHa, C ROToporo, nO-BH,n;UMOMY, OKOH1laTeJILHO
ComeJI JIOCK «9KOHOMHCTa», a aaTeM KpHTHRe nYOJIHKH, no,n;CTpeRae-
MO:U TeMH "IaCTHLIMH npe,n;npHHlIMaTeJIJIMH, HHTepe'CLI ROTOpLIX OLIJIH
aa,n;eTLI. TlOpro OTTOJIKHYJI OT ceOH TaKiKe CHJILHYIO napTuro tIaCT-
ULIX npe;n;npHHHMaTeJIeU, 3aHHMaBmHXCH nepeB03KaMH (XOTH 6LIJIO
pemeHO BLIIIJIaTHTL HM B03Me eHHe) 4, ROTopLIe «BeJIH illHpOKHH
Ope cit., t. I, p. 157-158, 9 janvier 1775.) O HaKO TIOpro Be OCTaBHJI ero y
COOH. «<Gazette de Leyde», 29 decembre 1775.} BnOCJIe}J;cTBHH Bepuap no-
HBHJICH cpe}J;H JIIO}J;eu, oKpymaBmHx HeKKepa.
1 Bo BpeMH OnaJILI TIOpro ero Be}J;pym B BacMemKY oRpeCTHJIH TaR
OC06:bIH BB}J; Ta6aKepOK, paHee Ha3:bIBaBmHXCH «nJIOCKHMH». (B a C h a u m 0 n t.
Ope cit., t. IX, p. 105, 5 mai 1776.)
2 Met r a. Ope cit., 5 aoftt 1775 - 30 aoQt 1775.
3 Mme DuD e f fan d. Correspondance, t. III, p. 236.
4 B apXHBax JIaHTeUJIH HaXO}J;HTCH HHTepecHLIe }J;OKYMeHT:bI, nOKa3:bI-
BaIO He, KaK eiiCTBOBaJI TIOpro: COBepmeUHO KoppeKTHO, HO B TO me BpeMH
Bep}J;O, XOTH H C HpOHHeu no OTHomeHHIO K 6LIBmHM KOHn;eCCHOHepaM. Pe-
opraBH3al'(HIO HeJI:b3H 6:bIJIO npOBeCTH cpa3Y, H HM 06LI'tJHO npHXO HJIOCb B
nepeXO}J;BLlH nepHOJI 06CJIYiRHBa TL HOBLIe neDeB03KH Ba onpe]{eJIeHHLIX YCJIO-
366
'lACTb TPETbH. npOBAJI
06pa3 iKR3HH, JJ;aBaJIH tt:bImH:bIe npa3JJ;HeCTBa...», H HX nOJJ;OnelI,H:bIX t
HMeBIDHX IIpaBa HJIK HaxJIe6HHKOB - «MHOiKeCTBO JIIO,n;eH, 60HB-
mHXCS: JIHmHTLCS: pOCKOmH:bIX o6eJJ;oB y r-iKH 8p6ep, r-Ha IllaH-
TeKJIep» H T. JJ;. 1. Cpe,n;H HHX HaXOJJ;HJIHC:b H npH,IJ;BOpH:bIe, H JJ;am&
rep or ,n;'8rHB:OH, KOTOp:bIB: IIOJIyqUJI B HaCJIe,n;CTBO OT 6apOHa ,n;e-
BOBe Heo6DIlIHYlO IIpHBHJIerHIO: IIOiKH3HeHHoe IIpaBO «OTnpaBJIHTL
JI1060& KOJIlIlIeCTBO KapeT, ,n;HJIHmaHCOB, Ka6pHOJIeTOB H 9KHnaiKeu
MeiK,n;y IIapHmeM H MeCTaMH, r,n;e 6y,n;eT Haxo,n;HTL'CH KOpOJIL, er()
CeM:bH .II ero COBeT:bI» 2.
B TO BpeMS: paCIIeBaJIH:
IIycKai TBOH CMemHaH n01JTa M1JUTCH no nOJIHM
H YBe3eT Te6H KO BceM 1JepTHMI
Ao CMemHoro Bce npeYBeJIIPIHBas:, Kp1f1laJIH, "ITO nOllTa pa30pHT
20 T:bIC. lIeJIOBeK. Ho TaK RaK IIo,n;o6HaH KpHTHKa He MOiKeT pac-
ClIHT:bIBaTL Ha JJ;JlHTeJILH:bIH YCIIex, npe,n;IIO"IJIK a,n;peCOBaT:b Tropro
cMexoTBopHDIH ynpeK, 6y,n;TO OH MemaeT JIIO)J;HM BOBpeMH IIoce aTb
ep'KOBH:bIe CJIym6bI 3, H.JIH JJ;pyroH ynpeK, KOTOp:bIH 3a)J;e.rr HeROTO-
BHHX. B OTBeT Ha IIX 6eCKOHe1JHLIe B03pameHHH 11 npOTeCTLI TIOpro npe}J;JIO-
mHJI HM HeMe}J;JIeHHO nHKBH HpOBaTL }J;eJIa 11 onnaTHTb HX npaBa HaJIJil1JHLIMH..
TaIioe pemeHHe nOKa3aJIOCb HM, nO-BH HMOMY, MeHee BbIrO}J;HbIM, 1160 OHD
B3HJIH Ba3a}J; CBOH maJI06LI. (Carton 19.)
1 Met r a. Ope cit., t. II, p. 150, 6 septembre 1775.
2 Job e z. Ope cit., p. 312 et citations.
3 rJIaBHLIi ynpeK BbICKa3aJI a66aT IIpyaiap, aBTOp KHHm c MHor03Ha-
1JHTeJIbHLIM HaaBaHHeM «JIIO}J;OBHK XVIII ero 3aCJIym B 60Pb6e C pa3Bpa eH-
HOCTbIO CBoero BeKa». IIpemHHe npe}J;npHBHMaTeJIH nepeBoaoK 6LIJIH 06H3aHLJ
«}J;aBaTb B03MomHOCTb nYTemeCTBeHHJilKaM 'npOCJIymaTL Meccy... pe opMa ne-
peB930K y eMJIHeT npaBa KaneJIJIaHOB; nYTemeCTBYIO He B «TIOprOTHHaX».
npHYllaIOTCH 06XO}J;HTbCH 6ea MeCCLI, KaK nocTynaeT H caM TIOprO». (8 C h e.}-
i e, t. IV, p. 381.) 8TO IIOCJIe}J;Hee 3aMe1JaHHe HanOMHHaeT HaM 6bITOBaBmHB
B TO BpeMH paCCKa3 0 pa3rOBope, HK06LI IIpOHcme}J;meM Mem}J;y JIIO}J;OBH-
KOM XVI H Mopena. JIIO}J;OBHK XVI, KOToporo BacTpaHBaJIH npOTHB TIOpro
H ero HJIOCO CKHX BSrJIH}J;OB, HK06LI CRa3aJI 0 HeM Mopena: «OH He XO}J;HT
K MeCCe». Ha lITO Mopena OTBeTHJI y6e}J;HTeJIbHOi penJIHKoi: «CHP, a66aT'
Teppa XO}J;HJI K Mecce Kam}J;LIH }J;eHb». Pa3YMeeTcH, aTO JIHmb aHeK}J;OT (Mem}J;y
np01JHM, y Hero eCTb II CTHXOTBopHaH BepCIIH), a JIIO}J;OBHK XVII, XOTH 11 6bI.D
HCKpeHHe BepYIO HM 11 cTporo C06JIIO}J;aJI 06PH}J;bI, OTHIO}J;b He 6bIJI TeM, 1JTO
ua3bIBaeTCH xaHmOH. CM. «ITHCbMO meBaJIbe TIOprO» (8 C hell e, t. IV,
p. 280, OT 28 }J;eKa6pH 1775 r.), KOTOpLIi C1JHTaeT BenpaB}J;ono}J;06HbIM TaKoB
OTBeT Mopena, «1JeJIOBeKa CJIHmKOM oCTopomHoro, 1JT06LI c}J;eJIElTL nO}J;06Hoe-
Sa:Me1JaHHe». OHO 11 B caMOM }J;eJIe 6bIJIO 6bI }J;epSOCTbIO C ero CTOpOHLI. CM.:
B a C h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., 17 janvier 1775, 11 «Journal historique», 16 janvier
(}J;Be BepcHH B cTllxax); Met r a. Correspondance, t. I, p. 203 28 fevrier 1775..
STOT aHeK}J;OT BnOJIHe Mor 6LITb «JIHTepaTypHoi» BepCHei 60JIee npaB}J;ono-
Ao6HOi Cl'(eHLI, 0 KOTOpoi co06 aeT BOJIbTep 12 aBrYCTa 1774 r. (B nHCbM8'
K ROH}J;opce): «BLI HanOJIHHJIH CBHTOD: pa}J;ocTLIO Moe cepAl'(e. KOr1];a paccKa-
SaJIH, KaK KOpOJIL OTBeTHJI KJIeBeTHHKaM, rOBopHBmHM eMY, 1JTO TIOpro aH H-
KJIOne HCT: «OH IIOpH}J;01JHLIi H IIpOCBe eBBLID: 1JenOBeK, C MeBH 9TOr'O }J;P-
BOJIbHO»». BOJIbTep 3aTeM c TaKHM me BOCToprOM npHHHMaeT JIereH 06
a66aTe Teppa H IIoce eHHH MeCCLI. (ITHCbMO RpHcTaHY OT 9 HHBapH 1775 r.)
Bo BCHKOM CJIyqae, BamoMoH, lIei paccKaa npeAmecTByeT paccKasy
MeTpa, rOBOpJlT 0 HeM KaK 0 HBHOH <<.BLI}J;YMKe».
If'JIABA II. BTOPOE p'bIXAHHE
367
-
pbIX ero ,n;pyaeH, 6y,n;TO OH aaHHMaeTCH CJI1IillKOM BTopOCTeneHHbIM
,AeJlOM no cpaBHeHHlO C ero «HaBeCTHbIMH BeJIHKHMI:I HaMepeHHHMH».
B cpHHaHCOBOM OTHoweHHH 1"'ropro ,n;aJI HOBOMY focYAapCTBeH-
BOMY ynpaBJIeHllro nepeBoaKaMII, KaK 11 B npe,n;DI,n;y IIX CJlyqaHx,
cepLeaHyIO 11 npOlIHYIO OCHOBY. A,n;MHHIICTpaTopbI-nopyq:O;TeJIH
nOJlYlIaJIH 6 TbIC. JIHBpOB B rOA H, KpOMe Toro, nporpeCCIIBHDIe KO-
MHCCHOHHble, ,n;OCTlITalO He o,n;Horo cy C JIIIBpa, eCJIH ,n;OXo,n; npeBbl-
man 1500 Tb1C. JIIIBpOB. 110 CJIOBaM AIO\nOHa, ,n;OXo,n; paBHHJlCH HMeH-
ao 3TOH CYMMe, cooTBeTcTBoBaBmeH caMDIM onTHMHCT1I1IeCKIIM
npe,n;cKaaaHHHM. 8Ta OD;eHRa KameTCH HeMHoro aaB:blmeHHO:U, TaR
gaR apeH,n;HDIH ,n;orOBOp, aaKJlIDlIeHHDIH B 1782 r., npe,n;ycMaTpl:IBaJi
1 MJIH. JllIBpOB 1. Bo BCHKOM CJIyqae; aTO 'llIICTDIH ,n;O x o,n;. 3aTeM, no
CBH,n;eTeJILCTBY KOH,n;opce II AlOnoHa, TIOpro C0611paJICH HaBJIelIL Ha
.3TOrO ynpaBJleHHH nepeBoaKaMH ,n;OIIOJlHHTeJI:bHY'IO BDll'O,n;y ,n;JIH YBe-
Jlll1IeHMH fOCY1,n;apCTBeRH:bIX cpe,n;CTB, "tJ:TO nOaBOJIHJlO 6:b1 peme npH...
6eraTb K paaOpHTeJlbHOH IIOMOID;H 6aHKHpoB H c6oPID;HKOB HaJIOrOB.
Coa,n;aHHe rocy,n;apcTBeHHoH CJIYiK6:b1 nO"tJ:TOB:bIX nepeBoaOR 6blJlO
OnOJIHeHO HaaHaqeH1IeM 'l'ropro cynepHHTeH,n;aHTOM nOlIT. IIo-
CKOJIb.KY HOBoe rocy,n;apCTBeHHoe ynpaBJIeHHe OCHOBDIBaJIOCL Ha
HCnOJlbaOBaHHH nOlITOBblX cTaHD;HH KaaeHH:bIMH ,n;HJIHiKaHCaMH, Ka-
3aJIOCb eCTeCTBeHHDIM nepe,n;aTL reHepaJILHOMY KOHTpOJlepy, «KOTO-
POMY nopYlIaJlCH Ha,n;aop aa Be,n;eHHeM 3Toro ,n;eJIa... He06xo,n;HMYIO
BJIaCTb Ha,n; nO"tJ:TMeicTepaMH)}. B COOTBeTCTBHH C noaHD;HeH, aaHH-
TOH 'llOpro B OTHomeHHH reHepaJIbHblX oTRynoB, OH ,n;eMOHCTpaTHB-
no OTKaaaJICH OT Bcex Bblro,n;, CBHaaHHblX C aToM ,n;OJIiKHOCTblO,
J\oTopaH npHHOCHJIa ,n;o 25 T:bIC. JIHBpOB ,n;oxo,n;a B ro,n; aa c,n;aqy B
.apeH,n;y nOlITOBblX CTaHD;HH, 'liTO 6blJIO «o«;pIID;HaJILHOH» B3HTROH.
repu;or,n;e lllyaaeJlL, aaHHMaBIDHH nepe,n; TeM aTY ,n;OJIiKHOCTL,
-aa6paJI Bce aTH ,n;eHbfH cpaay II BDepe,n;. HaaHatIeHHe 1'IOpro npo-
.HaOlliJlO ;) ceHTH6pH, HO B 610JIJIeTeHHX Toro BpeMeHII 0 HeM yno-
MIIHaerCH C 26 RIOJlH 1775 r. 2 .
O,n;RaRO 113 HMelOID;HXCH y Hac ,n;ORYMeHTOB He BII,n;HO, lIT06:bI
TlOpro pa3BHJI OtIeHL 60JIblliYIO ,n;eHTeJlLHOCTL B CneD;HaJlLHOM ,n;e-
.napTa:MeIITe ,nOtITOB:bIX ,CTaH H 3.
1 N e c k e r. 0 p. ci t., t. I, p. 19.
2 CM. rrOCTaHOBJIeHHe COBeTa OT 3 ceHTH6pH 1775 r. (8 C hell e, t. IV,
p. 701; Met r a. Ope cit., t. II, p. 170, 26 juillet 1775.)
.3 E,n:HHCTBeHHaH HHHn;HaTHBa TIOpro B STOB: 06JIaCTH, 0 KOTOpOH MLI
ysuaeM HS HaneqaTaHHOro OKYMeHTa, 6LIJIa ocy eCTBJIeHa o ero HaSHaqe-
HHH; peqb U}J;eT 0 nepenHCKe C HHTeH}J;aHTOM KaHa, B KOTOpOB: rOBopHTCH 0
TOM, "IT06hI 06HSa Tb HeKOTOpLIX nO"lTMeicTepOB a\HTb B TOM MeCTe, r}J;e HaXO-
AHTCR HX CTaHn;HH, a He, KaK STO 6hIBaJIO, B 8, 14 HJIH }J;ame 24 JIbe OT Bee,
H He oPyqaTL 06CJIYiKHBaTb ee nOCTopOHHHM JIIO}J;HM. «B TaKOM CJIyqae na-
TeUT nOqTMeB:CTepa CTaHOBHTCH TOJIbKO npOTHBosaKOHHbIM npaBOM na rrpSBH-
.nerHH. IIpH TaKOM nonYCTHTeJIbCTBe 6YP;YT 6paTL OT,u;aJIeHHbIe nOQTOBhIe
CTaH HH, 3a 40 HJIH 50 JIbe, cp;aBaTL HX B apeHP;Y HJI1I npop;aBaTb naTeHT, II
.He 6Y}J;eT 60JILme rocy,u;apCTBeHuoro ynpaBJIeUIIH». (8 C hell e a 1. Va p. 126
.et 425.)
368
t[A.CTb TPETbH. npOBAJJ
rrO-BH HMOMY, HCTHHHOe HaMepeHHe Tropro, KOr a OH 06HBaJI-
CH aTOrO na3HalIeHHH, BLIXO HJIO 3a npe eJlbI Oq,HD;HaJILHO YKa3aH-
HLIX n;eJIeB. BJIarO apH HOBOB )];OJIiKHOCTH OH HaMepeBaJICH 3a6paTh
B CBOD: PYKII CJIYiK6y nepJIIOCTpan;HH nHCeM, «1IepHLIH Ka611HeT »
PllrOJIe 'Y aHLR, II npeKpaTIITL ero 3JIoynoTpe6JIeHIIH. MHorna
COBpeMeHHIIKII II HCTOpHKD: ClIHTaJIII, BnpOlIeM omH6o'tJ:HO, lITO OB
)];06HJICH CBoeH n;eJIII 1. Hellero 6LIJIO II yMaTL 0 TOM, lIT06LI npllHY-
)];IITL JIIO OBHI\a XVI OTRa3aTLCH OT ero JII06HMoro pa3BJIe'tJ:eH:HH,
HH OT 06LI'tJ:Horo nOCTaBIqHKa IIo)];06HLIX pa3BJIelIeHHH. OTMe'tJ:aIOT
JIllmL O HO IIOCTaHOBJIeHHe COBeTa OT 29 IIIOJIH 1775 f. no nOBO)J;Y
KaKorO-TO 1IaC'THOro eJIa, r e HanOMIIHaJIOCb 0 HenpIlROCHOBeHHO-
CTII lIaCTHOB nepenHCKII 2.
II K 60JILmOMY HeC'tJ:aCTLIO HOB oro cynepHHTeH aHTa, rp03HLID
)];'YaHbH eOXpaHIIJI eBoe OTBpaTHTeJIbHOe MaJIeHbKOe Be OMeTB03.
O HaKO aTOT anH30 , npOllcme mllH cpa3Y nOCJIe IIIOJILCKH
nepeMeH B MHHHCTepCTBe, IIOCJIYiKHJI npIPIHHOH He OBOJIbCTBa KOpO-
JIeBLI 6e3 BCHKOH IIOJIL3LI )];JIH Tropro. OJIiKHOCTL cynepHHTeH)];aH-
Ta, OCT'a'BmaHCH, R Y HBJIeHHIO, CBo60)];HOH nOCJIe H3rHaHHH illya3e-
JIH, Ka3aJIaCL BeCLMa npHBJIeKaTeJI:bHOii, H ROpOJIeBa HMeHHO B 9TO.
BpeMH (RaK OHa He nO)];YMaJIa 06 aTOM paHbme!) pemHJIa )];06HTbCB
ee )];JIH CBoero q,aBopHTa meBaJIbe e MOHMopaHCH. Ho KOpOJIL
cpa3Y npHHHJI npe JIOiKeHHe TlOpro, KOTopoe 6LIJIO paBH03HalIHO'
KaK 6LI OTMene aToro nOCTa II )];aBaJIO aROH01\'IIIIO. «KOpOJIeBa, -
rOBopllT MepCH-ApiKaHTO, - 6LIJIa TaR pa3)];O'ca)];OBaHa, 'tJ:TO, Kor,n;a,
reHepanLHMH ROHTpOJIep nOHBHJICH nepe)]; nei, He IIpOH3HeCJIa HD
CJIOBa; HO TlOpro B npOCTOTe )];ymeBHoH npHHHJI aTO COBepmeHHO'
cnOKOHHO II 3aHBHJI CBORM )];PY3bHM, 'liTO OH BIIOJIHe )];OBOJIeH npHe-
MOM KopOJIeBbI» 4. MY)];PLIH a66aT )];e BepH - XOTH, IIO-BH.)];HMOMY,.
OH He 3HaJI 0 HaMepeHIIHX MapHII AHTyaHeTTLI - OTHeCCH Bce me-
O'lleHL 'C)];epiKaHHO R 9TOH HHHD;HaTHBe CBOel'O neOCTopOiKHoro
;a;pyra 5.
1 TaRoBo, B tJaCTHOCTH, MHeHHe <I>oHceHa (p. 281), ROTopLni C1flITae1"
TIOpro H MaJIb3ep6a B}J;OXHOBHTeJIHMH nOCTaHOBJIeHHH OT 29 HIOJIH, tJTO, O}J;Ha-
l O. HHtJeM He nOATBepm}J;aeTCH, Tor}J;a RaK CapTHH, nO-BH}J;HMOMY, mHBO IIHTe-
peCOBaJICH 9THM }J;eJIOM. ,lJ;ame caM repn;or }J;'8rHHOH }J;YMaJI, lITO Tropro, KaIG
cynepHBTeH}J;aHT, BCKpLIBaJI neperrHCRY rHHa BO BpeMH ero BToporo }J;eJIa.
(ITHCLJ40 OT 25 eBpa H 1776. r:, «Bulletin du Bibliophile», 1882, p.. 120.)
2 Met r a. Ope Clt., 29 JUIlJet 1775; S C hell e, t. V, p. 125.
3 «IIeIIocpe}J;cTBeHHbIH }J;HpeKTOp 3Toro KOBapHoro 3aBe.n;eHHH CTaJl Bam-
BOH nepcoHoii 11 }J;ame yrpomaJI MHHHCTpaM. r -H .n;'YaHbll coxpaBHn: CBOD
AparOl'(eHHYIO nepenHCKY C KOpOJIeM» . (Veri. Ope cit.)
4 Mer C y - A r g e n tea u. Ope cit., t. II, p. 366, note. AeIIema OT'
16 aBrycTa 1775 r.
5 V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 329. KaK }J;O, TaK H nOCJIe OnaJILI TlOpro onacaJI-
CH «tJepHpro Ka6HHeTa». OH ynpeKaJI ROH.n;opce sa 6ecnetJHocTL: «Bama CaMag
60JILmaH omH6Ra, lITO BLI nOC])IJIaeTe llHCLMa IIOtJTOH» (nHcLMo OT 17 aBrycTa..
1774 r., «Correspondance», p. 192). II03me OB IIepenHcLIBaeTcH C AlOnoHoM
nOCLIJIaH nHCLMa C TOprOBl'(eM CKOTa. (S C hell e, t. V, p. 546.) Bce CBom
DHCLMa r-me ' AUBIIJIL II 1WymM OH OTnpaBJIHeT C paSH])IMH nOCJIaUI(aMII-
rJlABA II. BTOPOE l{bIXAHHE
36
-
BEJIHRHfl:
ITPOERT
O):(HaRO OT TIOprO iK;n;aJIH OOJIee 3HaqHTeJILHLIX pe<pOPM, lIeM'
peOpraHH3aD;HH nOqTOBO-naCCaiKBpCRHX nepeB030R. KOpOJI:b HaXO-
,D;1IJICH no,I( BJIHHHHeM ;n;OOpLIX HaM peHHH, npHHHTLIX npH ROpO-
Han;HH; Mopena pa3;n;eJIHJI HX H HaXO;n;BJI, 'liTO reHepaJILHLIH ROHTpO-
JIep Me;n;JIHT C npOBe;n;eHHeM B iKH3:HD CBOHX npOeRTOB: «r-H TIOpr
He ToponHTCH npe;n;CTaBHT:b HaM CBOH nJlaHLI» 1. ELIT:b MOiK6T, OB
OLIJI npaB: caM a60aT Eo;n;o ronOpHT, 'liTO TIOpro - «RonyH», HO He
113 JleHOCTH, a H3-3a qpe3MepHOH ;n;OOpOCOBeCTHOCTlI.
ITo CJIOBaM BepH, «OH CJImn:KOM ToponHTCH orJIaCHT:b HaMeqeH-
HLIe BM HOBOBBe;n;eHIIH... a 3aTeM CJIHmROM ;n;OJIro KonaeTCH BO Bcex
,n;eTaJIHX» 2.
Ho CROpO Haii,n;YT, 'liTO OH CJImn:ROM cnemHT.
eiCTBHTeJI:bHO, rJIaBHLIH npoeRT TIOpro em;e He OLIJI rOTOB; 011
HHKor;n;a He OLIJI nOJIHOCTLIO 3aROHqeH H, C TeM OOJILmHM OCHOBa-
HHeM, HHRor,n;a He OLIJI npOBe;n;eH B iKH3HL. PeqL H)J;eT 0 ero ;n;BOH-
HOM npoeRTe-<pH'CKaJILHOM H nOJIHTlPIeCROM, ROTOpLIH (MLI 9TO YiKe
BH;n;eJlH) B03HIlli RaK HeH30eiKHoe CJIe,n;CTBHe ero JIHMOiKCImX na 04
OJlIO;n;eHHH H pa3HLIX paOOT. Pe<popMa HaJlOrOBOH CHCTeMLI rrpe;n;-
CTaBJIHeTCH eMY HeOOXO)J;HMOH (nOMIIMO CXOJlaCTHlIeCRUX H nOBepx-
HOCTID>IX )J;ORa3aTeJILCTB TeopHH «pII3HOKpaTOB) ,n;JIH paSBHTHS'
npOH3Bo,n;HTeJILHOCTH CeJILCROrO X03HHCTBa, YJIyqmeHHH nOJIOiKeHHf.I'
HCIIOJIL HROB H BOOOIqe ,n;JIH 9KOHOl\1:lf1IeCROrO pOCTa. 8Ta HaJIOrO-
BaH pe<popMa Tpe6yeT YCTaHOBJIeHHH HaCTOHm;eH MYHHD;UnaJlLHOH
a,n;MHHIICTpaD;HH, CIIOCOOHOH nOJIOiKHTL ROHe rJlYOORO nOpOllHOH
CHCTeMe COOpm;HROB HaJIOrOB, OTBeqaBmHX CBOHM HM eCTBOM 3a
ue;n;OOOp (asseeurs-collecteurs). AaiKe eCJIH 0 Y Hac He coxpaHH-
JlOCL HHKaRHX ;n;ORYMeHTOB, MLI He MOrJlH OLI COMHeBaTLCH, 'liTO 9TOT
nJlaH YiKe C03peJI B YMe Tropro, Ror;n;a OB CTaJI renepaJILHLIM ROH-
TpOJIepOM, H lITO BMeCTe CO CBooo,n;oii XJleOHOH TOprOBJIH OB HBJIHJICH
OCHOBOH BceH ero nporpaMMLI.
IIoaToMY BHalIaJIe Hac OlIeHL y,n;HBJlHeT, lITO B TeqeHHe ,n;Ba,n;n;aTW
MeCHn;eB reHepaJI:bHLIH ROHTpOJIep He HameJI B03MOiKHOCTH 3aHHTe-
peCOBaTL COBeT, BLICRa3aB eMY ROHRpeTHLIe npe)J;JIOiKeHHH, BHalIaJIe
XOTH OLI B OOm;eH <popMe, RaK npe,n;MeT J(JlH H3yqeHHH. He OLIJIO 3a
aTO BpeMH H HHRaRHX cOBe aHHii C HHTeH,n;aHTaMlI. II HaRoHei:J;, MLI
He HMeeM OROHqaTeJlLHO OTpaOOTaHHoro TeRCTa RaK peaYJlLTaTa er()
Tpyna.
3TOMY OLIJlO HeCROJlLRO npHqHH. C OAHoi CTOpOHLI, RaR MLI yme'
OTMeqaJlH, BpeMH, y,n;OOHoe ,n;JIH rrpe,n;CTaBJIeHHH rrpoeKTa 11 rrpOBe;n;e-
-
f V e r f. Ope cit., t. I, p. 339.
2 Ibid., p. ::J34.
24 S. fl>op
370
qACTb TPETbH. npOBAJJ
H1HH ero B iRH3Hb IB 1776/77 <pJiIHancoBoM 1'0P;Y, yme npomJIO, TRH
KaR ,n;OKYMeHT (brevet), onpe,n;eJIHBmIlH 06 yro CYMMY TaJI:b1l 11 ee
paCRJIa,n;Ry Mem,n;y reHepaJI.:bcTBaMH, yme 6:bIJI IIo,n;nHcaH :KOpOJIeM
B KOHD;e ceHTH6pH. II03ToMY MOrJIO Ka3aT:bCH 60JIee ,n;HIIJIOMaTHlI-
H:bIM He «paarJIama Tb» npem,n;eBpeMeHHO TeKCT, KOTOp:bIH B TelIeHlIe
MHorHX MeCHn;eB 6y,n;eT no,n;BepraTbCH Hana,n;KaM H RpHTHRe.
Ho C ,n;pyroH CTOpOH:bI, Tropro TaR H .He 3aBepmHJI CBOro pa ' 60TY,
II MomHO npe,n;nOJIOiKIIT:b, lITO OH H caM He 6:bIJI YBepeH B HeROTOp:bIX
ee BamH:bIX ,n;eTaJIHX, rJIaBH:bIM 06pa30M B BOIIpoce 0 HaD;HOHaJI:bHOM
IIpe,n;CTaBHTeJI:bCTBe. OH XOTeJI npem,n;e nOJIYlIlITb 0,n;06peHHe ROpO-
JIH. ROH,1J.OpCe 06'DHCHHeT HaM ero COMHeHHH. OT Hero M:bI 3HaeM,
tITO «r-H Tropro pa3pa6aT:bIBaJI 3TOT IIJIaH 3a,n;OJIrO ,n;o Toro, KaK BO-
meJI B MHHHCTepCTBO». OH 06,n;YM:bIBaJI ero B D;eJIOM H H3YlIaJI BO
Bcex ,n;eTaJIHX. OH HalIaJI C Toro, lITO npe,n;YCMOTpeJI «YlIpeiK)];enHe
OC06:bIX MYHHD;HIIaJIHTeTOB», a 3aTeM «B:bI60PH:bIX C06paHHB:». IIep-
BOH 3a,n;alIeil 3THX accaM6JIeil 6:bIJIa «pe<popMa HaJIOrOB». Ho CJIe)];o...
BaJIO JIH H)];TH )];aJI:bme? PemHT:b 3TO MomHO 6:bIJIO, JIHmb OTKpOBeHHO
C006niHB KOpOJIro, C KaKHM pHCROM COIIpHiKeHa no,n;OOHaH OIIepan;HH.
« II pe)];ynpe)];HT:b ROpOJIH, lITO, eCJIH OH B:bInOJIHHT BO BceM ero
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ero rpynn:bI ,n;OBepeHH:bIX JIIO,n;eB:. «HYiKH:bI O:bIJIH lIeTRHe YRaaaHHH
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TeMY, 0 KOTOpOH OHH CnOpHJIH C HHM... npH HeM 6:bIJIO lIeTLIpe-nHTb
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1 Con d 0 r c e t. Ope cit., p. 154 et suiv.
2 CYJIaBH ony6JIHROBaJI TaR Ha3LIBaeMLIe «3aMeTRH» JIIO}J;oBHRa XVI,
1];aTHpOBauHLIe 15 <peBpaJIH 1788 r., HR06LI HaIlHcaUHLIe KoponeM Ha nOJIHX
MeMyapa TlOpro 0 MYUHIJ;HIIaJIHTeTax. (8 0 u I a vie. Ope cit., t. III, p. 139 et
suiv.) STOT TeRcT He }J;aeT HaM }J;OCTaTOllHLIX AORa3aTen1»CTB cBoei nO JIuJl-
HO TH, lIT068I 8rG HOH.1IO ROMMeHTHpOBaTIt..
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lIIe ya ero He paa}J;pamaTL, Kor}J;a OH He npaB J II ame TeM 60JIee KorAa OB
Be npaB...» (8 C hell e, t. IV, p. 573).
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2 CM. Hamy ynoMHHaBmyrocH BLIme pa60TY «Les Bases... de Ia politique
economique de Turgot» H nHCLMO Tropro P;OKTOPy IIpaD:cy OT 22 MapTa 1778 r
(8 C hell e, t. V, p. 532 et suiv.)
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aaM:ellaeT: «STO TaR me IIoxome Ha MOH H,n;eH opraHH3aD;HH MYHHD;U-
naJlhHLIX c06pa'HHH, KaK BeTpHHaH MeJILHHD;a IIoxoma Ha JIY'HY» 2.
Meil\,n;y C03,n;aHHeM rocy,n;apCTBeHHoro YIIpaBJIeHHH IIOllTOBhIX
nepeB030K - MepOH, B He3HalIHTeJILHOCTH KOTOpoii YIIpeKaJIH Trop-
fO, - H MYHH HIIaJILHOii KOHCTHTYD;Heii, KOTOPYIO caM OH ClIHTaJI
CJlHmKOM caMOHa,n;eHHHOH, Y Tropro OCTaeTCH B03MOil\HOCTL cocpe-
,n;OTOllHTL CBOH YCHJIHH Ha npOBe,n;eHHH pe<POPM 06LIlIHOrO MaClliTa-
6a, TaKHX, KaK BTOpOH aTap: oCB060m,n;eHHH XJIe6HOH TOprOBJIB,
OTMeHa ,n;opomHoii IIOBHHHOCTH, yme ,n;aBHO Ha3peBmaH, H pe<popMa
D;eXOBoii CHCTeMLI, 3a l ,n;)ToMaHHa'H HeCKOJILKO II03i1\e. 8TH pe<I>opM:bI,
C HeROTopLIMH ,n;pyrHMH, MeJIKHMH MepaMH, H COCTaBHJIH TOT « oe3,n;»
ap;HKTOB, KOTOpDIH OH IIo,n;rOTaBJIHBaeT H 3aIIYCKaeT B HallaJIe 1776 r.
H ROTOpLIH npHBe,n;eT ero Ha rpaHL KaTacTpo<pLI. Ho IIpeil\,n;e, lIeM
IIPHCTYIIHTL K HX H3YlleHHIO, MLI XOTHM CHallaJIa paCCMOTpeTL, Bo-
IIepBLIX, pa3HLle TeKY He ,n;eJIa H, BO-BTOpLIX, 3BOJIroD;HIO 6IO,n;iI\eT-
HOB IIO.1IHTHKH.
1 Tropro npe;D;HaSBa1Jan: Man:Laep6y (cHoBa eMY!) nOCT npeaH;D;eHTa 3TO-
ro Y1Jpem,IJ;eHnH. TIOtITH aHaJIOrlPIllble npe,IJ;JIOmeHHH M:bI HaXO,IJ;HM B MeMyape
Mony, npe)J;CTaBJIeHHOM B 1789 r., a HanHcaHHOM, no HeKOTOp:bIM YKaaaHBJlM.
em;e B 1774 r.
2 TIHcLMO ,ZJ;IOnoHY OT 28 HIOJIH 1778 r. (8 C hell c, 1. V, p. 552.)
l'J1ABA II. BTOPOE l{bIXAHHE
375
--
P A3HbIE
AEJIAI
B CaMOM Ha-qaJle BTOpOrO nepHO,I(a TIOpro npHlliJIOCb 3aHHTLCH
J(ByMH ,r(eJIaMU, RacalO HMHCH nepCOHaJIa, BepHee, ,r(eJIaMH ,r(BYX
JIIO,r(ei, H MbI BHJ];HM, RaK OH npOHBJIHeT HeTepnHMOCTb H HepB03-
HOCTb, npOTHBOpelIa He TeM MeTO,r(aM, KaKHM OH npoJ];OJImaeT CJIe-
AOBaTb B lIHCTO TeXHHlIeCKHX AeJiax ynpaBJleHHH. MomHo JIH yme
.o6'bHCHHTb 3TO YCTaJIOCTbIO, pa301IapOBaHHeM, o y eHHeM, 'tITO
BOKpyr Hero nJIeTyrcH HHTpHrH? CJleJ];yeT JlH BH,r(eTb B 3TOM nepBbIH
npH3IIaK OmeCTOlIeHHH? MbI He MomeM 3Toro YTBepmJ];aTb, H60 ero
peaKnHH MomeT TaKme 06'bHCHHTbCH B KamJ];oM oT,r(eJIbHOM cJIYlIae
H conYTcTBYIO HMH 06CTOHTeJIbCTBaMH. J
IIepBoe H3 aTHX ,n;eJI THHYJIOCb yme ,n;ocTaTO'tIHO )];aBHO - BoceMb
MecHIJ;eB, KaK rOBopHT 27 aBrYCTa a66aT ,r(e Bepu. Pellb mJIa 0 «HO-
BOM Ha3HalIeHHH» 106IO,r(e JIoHmaHa, 0 ero cy ecTBoBaHHH H
ocoooro po,n;a )];OCTOHHCTBax MbI yme rOBOpHJIH Bblme. I10-BH,n;HMO-
MY, eMY 6:bIJlO 06e aHO MeCTO e e AO npHxoJ];a TIOpro B MHHHcTep-
CTBO, H aTO ,r(oKa3bIBaeT, 'tITO ynpa3,r(HeHHe ero ,r(OJImHOCTH 6bIJIO B
npHBIJ;HIIe pemeHo no npocb6e a66aTa Teppa, XOTH H ocy eCTBJIeHO
TlIOpro. TlOpro He 6bIJI BbICOKoro MHeHHH 0 JIoHmaHe, H y Hero C
TPY,r(OM BblpBaJiH aTY YCTynKY, KaK pa3 B TOT MOMeHT, KOr)];a OH
AOJImeH 6bIJi BbIKa3a Tb 6JIaro,r(apnOCTb K Mopena sa ero TBep,n;yIO
no,n;J];epmKY npH na3HalIeHHH MaJIbSep6a. «He BHOCHTe B 3TO ,n;eJlo
Bamy 06bIlIHYIO BeJII06e3HOcTb, - CKa3aJl ,r(e BepH, nocJle tlero 6J1a-
ropa3YMHO pemHJI nOCOBeTOBaTb ,n;e BaHY YJIaJ];HTb aTOT Bonpoc Ha-
eAHBe C Mopena. - M,r(HTe K HeMY OAHB, 6e3 3)];eCb npHCYTCTBYIO-
m;ero rOCIIO,r(lffia, TaM ne nyiKHbI yrpIOMble JIH:o;a» 2.
B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3aKOHOM 0 KOHTpaCTax, KOTOpbIH MbI IIO'tITU
Bcer}J;a Ba6JIIOAaeM, cpaBHHBaH rocy,n;apCTBeHHoro )];eHTeJlH Hero
nepBoro nOMO HHKa, ,n;e BaH 6bIJI HecpaBHeHHO 60Jlee CrOBOplIHB,
traM TlOpro. 8Ta Cl'OBOplIRBOCTb, KOTOpOH on 6bIJI 06H3aH CBOHM
COCTOHHHeM, MOrJIa nOCJIymHTb npHlIHHOH ero OIDH60K H, BO BCHKOM
CJIYlIae, ,n;eJIaJla ero 60Jlee YH3BHMLIM. I10CJIe JIeTHerO COJlH:o;eCTOH-
HUH, HaBepHoe, pemHJIH, 'tITO ero MomHO YHSBHTb H HaHeCTH TeM
t M:bI He c06HpaeMCH ,u;aBaTL a,u;eCL nOJIH:bIH 0630p Bcex }J;eJI, 06cymp;aB-
MKXCH B 3TOT nepHO,u;. HeKOTOp:bIe lIa HIIX 6:bIJIII paCCMOTpeHbI HaMII paHee
BCJle)J;CTBIIe HX po,u;CTBa C H3JIaraBmHMHCH BonpocaMH IIJIH errt;e 6y,u;YT pac-
CM:aTpHBaTbCH B CJIe,u;yrorrt;Hx rJIaBaX (XJIe6HaH TOprOBJIH, n;eXH II 6rop;meT).
2 V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 319, 320, 329. 3aHHMaeM:bIH ,lJ;ro6ro p;e JIoHmaHoM
BeUYiRHLIH nOCT RaaUaqeH RaCCLI norameHIIH rocy,u;apCTBeHH:bIX ,u;OJIrOB 6LIJI
ynpaa,u;HeH 1I3 co06pameHHH 3KOHOMHH. (CM. BLIme, qaCTL nepBaH, rJIaBa VII.)
ABTOpLI, ynoMHHarorrt;IIe 06 3TOM ynpa3}J;HeHHH, He rOBopHT 0 «HOBOM HaaHa-
1feUHU». BTOpOH CJIyqau KacaeTCH f);e BaHa.
3'76
tJACTb TPETbH. llPOBAJJ
CaM:bIM YAap Tropro, KOTOp:bIH 6:bIJI HeYH3BHM. IIepB:bIH naCKBIfJIb.
npOTHB ,n;e BaHa nOHBHJICH B HIOJIe no,n; Ha3BaHHeM «IIHc:bMO rrpocf>a--
Ha rrpenOAo6HOMY a66aTY BOAO H3 YlleHOH H B03B:bImeHHOH CBo6oA-
HOB SKOHOMHCTCKOH JIOiKH». STOT 6e3,n;apH:bIH IIaCKBHJI:b ynpeRa.n
Ae BaHa (KaiKeTCH, omH6ollJlo) B TOM, lITO OH C:bIH JIaKeH, 6:bIJI 3a-
KnIOlIe'H B illapaHTOH * H nO'3HaJIpa3H:bIe rnpo<peCCHOHaJI:bH:bIe H'ey a-
"1IH; HO, IIOMHMO aTHX JII06e3HOCTeii, ero 06BHHHJIH 11 B 60JIee ROB-
RpeTH:bIX neAeJIHKaTH:bIX nOCTYIIKax: B TeMH:bIX MaXHHan;HHX C
,IJ;OMeHaMH B JIoTapHHrHH, npOABHiKeHHH CBoero TeCTH CaJIbBepT8
B COCTaB reHepaJI:bH:bIX OTKYII:rI(HKOB, - rOBOpHJIH H 0 TOM, lITO on
,caM BOmeJI B AOJIro (lIeTBepTaH lIaCT:b) K oTKyn:rI(HKY BaJILpomy,
H T. ,n;. Jl.e BaH 6:bIJI BeC:bMa B3BOJIHOBaH 9THM Hana,n;eHHeM H no II DI
TaJICH OT6HT:b ero, HO He IIpHMO, a OKOJI:bH:bIM IIYTeM, lITO 6:bIJIO cBOli-
CTBeHHO ero xapaKTepy, HO OTHroAL He CBH,n;eTeJILCTBOBaJIO 0 ero
aellHCTOH COBeCTH. OH nOll:bITaJICH CKYIIHTL BeC:b THpam naCKBHJIH
3a 50 JIYH; 9TOT MaHeBp, 06:bI1lH:blii B TY aiiOXY, ,3aKOHlIHJICH CTOJJb
me HeYAallHO, KaK H IIo,n;o6H:bIH MaHeBp BOMapme: O,AHB aK3eMllJIHp
Y'CKOJI:b3HYJI B rOJIJIaH,n;HIO 1. B TO iKe BpeMH, OJ];Ba'KO, IIpO OJIma-
JIHC:b nOHCKH. «B KHHiKH:bIX Mara3HHax Bce nepeBepHYJIH BBepx
BOM H3-3a aTOH CaTHp:bI», - 3aMellaeT BamOMOH. CeKpeTapb
'AJIaM6epa Jl.ro RpOK ,n;e JIa Ryp 6:bIJI CKOMIIpOMeTHpOBaH H B:bIC-
JIaB: TO JIH 3a YlIaCTHe B MaXHHan;HHX C nepeKYIIKOH, TO JIll 3a TO j
qTO XpaHHJI TIOK C naCKBHJIHMH. RHHrOToprOBe BYPiKya npOCTO
c6emaJI 2.
XOTH aBTOp nHC:bMa IIOCTapaJICH He 3aAeTL Tropro (<ero ,n;OBe-
pHe 6:bIJIO o6MaHYTo 9THM xHTpen;OM») - a 6:bITL MOiKeT, HMeHHO
IIoaTOMY, - reHepaJILH:bIH KOHTpOJIep 60JIeaHeHHO OII{yTHJI y,n;ap, Ha-
HeCeHH:bIB: ero )):OBepeHHOMY JIHn;y. «rOBOpHT, 6YATO r-H Tropro 'Ie-
T:bIpe paaa nepellHTaJI 9TY caTHpy». EMY 6:bIJIO He,n;OCTaTOllHO coxpa-
HHTL CBoero COTpy,n;HHKa H 3a:rI(HTHTL ero. Ou pemHJI ,n;06I1TLCH ,n;JIH
Hero 6JIeCTH:rI(eii KOMneHcan;HII B BHAe o,n;Hoi H3 Tex MHJIOCTei ,IJ;BO-
pa, KOTOp:bIe eMY caMOMY IIO CKJIa,n;y xapaKTepa 6:bIJIH lIym))::bI (o,n;Ha-
KO 9Ta MHJIOCT:b I!HKaK He 06peMeHHJIa Ka3HY). PellL mJIa 0 nOJIY-
qeHHH ,n;JIH ,n;e BaHa MeCTa lITen;a KOpOJIeBCKOro Ka6HHeTa, H TIOpro
3aHHJICH aTHM ,n;eJIOM C TII:(aTeJI:bHOCT:bro H YIIOPCTBOM, KOTopDIe
BKJIa,n;:bIBaJI BO Bce, 3a lITO HH 6paJICH. EMY He y,n;aJIOCL YQe,IJ;HTb
GenaKa e MeHJIaIHa, BJIaAeJI:bn;a aTOH ,IJ;OJIiKHOCTH, c.,n; eJI a TL ,IJ;e BaHa
CBOHM nOMOII:(HHKOM, HO eMY y)):aJIOCL Ao6HTLCH HaaHalleHHH,n;e-
Ba1Ia lITen;OM B KOpOJIeB.CKHX nOKORX, a MeHJIaH OCTaJICH lITen;OM
npll Ra6HHeTe, II no 9TOMY CJIYllaIO Tropro pemHJI HanHcaTL CBoeMY
nO,IJ;OnellHOMY nOXBaJILHOe nHCLMO, nOCpaMJIHro ee ero npOTBBHH-
· J{OM f);JIH YMaJlHmeBBLlx. - IlpuM. pefJ.
1 F 0 n c i n. Ope cit., p. 599; S c hell e t t. V, p. 141; S e g u r. Ope cit. t
:po 312 et suiv.
2 B a c h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., t. VIII, p. 153, et 186 (22 aot1t et 18 sep-
tembre 1775); t. VIII, p. 208 (18 oktobre).
TJIABA II. BTOPOE nbIXAHHE
377
--
\i\OB 1. M3 TeRCTa 3TOrO llHCbMa, llpe,n;Ha3HaQeHHOrO )J;JIH lletIaTlI If
.IIane't!a TaHHOrO 2, BH)];'HO, tITO Tropr.o He TOJILRO COJIH)];a p1I3ye-TCH co
rCBOHM nepB:bIM IIOl'tIOIIJ;HHROM, HO H qYBCTByeT, qTO aTaHa Ha caMOM
."AeJIe 6:bIJIa HanpaBJIeHa npOTHB Hero. II01\1:HMO ,n;PymecRHx qYBCTB,
9TO B:&lcTynJIeHHe He JIlfmeHO HeROTopOH JIOBROCTH, H, 6y;o;b Ha
MeCTe Tropro RTO-HH6y,n;b ;o;pyroH, MomHO 6:&IJIO 6:&1 3anO)J;03pHTb
ero B CTpe:M:JIeIIHH R caMOpeRJIaMe. «Ha,u;o CRa3aTb ce6e caMOMY TO,
QTO CRa3aJI Mae ROpOJIb B ,n;eHb Bep,CaJIbCKOrO MHTema: ,,3a HarC
(J10BOpalT Harna lIHCTaH 'COB8ICTb, BOT nOQeMY M:&I 01IelHb CIIJIbH:&I"».
BCROpe ,u;e BaH nOJIYlIHJI eII:(e o,u;ny ROMrreHcan;Hro; B HOH6pe
:t 775 r. e:M:Y nOmaJIOBaJIH ;o;BOPHHCRYro rpaMOTY C rep60M: «JIa3YP-
H:&IH <p on , 30JIOTaH RyporraTRa Ha cepe6pHHOM nOJIe, a Ha mee y
Bee cepe6pHHbIH IIOJIYMeCHn; H )J;Be 30JIOT:&Ie 3Be3;O;OlIRH». 8Ta "t1:eCTb
D:&IJIa 01leHb RCTaTH, TaR RaK B TO BpeMH pacnpOCTpaHHJICH HOB:&I:D:
t1I3CKBIIJIb, HanHcaHH:&I:ii B TOM me )J;yxe, HO RaR 6y,n;TO p;pyroi py-
goi: «IIHcbMO r-HY Tropro OT O,!l;HorO 113 ero p;pY3eH». EbIJIH npo-
J8e,n;eHLI 06LICKH. Ha aT.QT pa3 KHHroToproBeD; Bypmya 6blJI Haii:;o;eH H
i8 l pecToBaH. 3aTeM 6:&IJI TaKme aa,u;epiKaH ap;BoRaT no HMeHII BJIOH;o;
IIU1K aBTop BToporo naCRBHJIH, B 'tIeM OH H npH3HaJICH, o,u;HaKo OTPH-
n;aJI CBOro npiitIaCTHOCTb R nepBoMY H 3aHBHJI, 'tiT 0 ;o;eHCTBOBaJI
TOJIbKO pa,n;H 6JIara rocy,u;apCTBa.
'HeRoTopbIe COBpeMeHHHRH H HCTOpHRII ocyiK;o;aJIH Tropro aa TO,
!lITO OH nYCTHJI B XO;o; aTH IIOJIHn;eHCRHe MepbI, a MaJIb3ep6a 3a TO,
ItITO OH BonpeRH CBOHM BeJIHRHM npHHn;HnaM CB06o,u;bI JIH'tIHOCTH CO-
I'JIaCHJICH no ,u;pym6e Bbl,u;a T:& ,n;Ba YRa3a 06 apeCTe 6ea cy,u;a, o,u;HaRO
OHK 6M H 01leHb CROpO OTMeHeHM: napJIaMeHT paCCMOTpeJI ,n;eJIO
.a,n;BOKaTa, a ,n;e BaH npOHBHJI BeJIHRo,n;ymHe, - H BCRope 06 aTOM
..n;eJIe 60JIbme tHe rOBOpHJIH 3.
TeKym;He ,u;eJIa B aTOT BTOpOH nepHO,u;, RaR If B nepBbIH, CBH,u;e-
orreJIbCTByroT 06 o6rnHpHoH ROMneTeHD;HH H 3HaHHHX reHepaJIbHOrO
i Met r a. Correspondance, p. 142 et 190 (18 septembre); CM. TaKiKe
p. 146: «HaKaaaHHe 3aBHcTHHKa - RHTaHcKaH npHTqa, COqHHeHHaH e BaHoM
B OTBeT ero XYJlHTeJlHM, B <popMe anOJIOrHH».
2 «Bce uaXOAHT IHICLMO r-Ha Tropro TaKHM He06LIKHOBeHH:bIM, qTO cne-
ma T CHHTL C Hero 1\0nHH. \ OHO OKaaLIBaeT 60JI:bmyro qeCTL nOCJleAHeMY [Ae
BaBY], eCJIH TOJI:bKO He 6LIJIO HanHcaHO HM caMHM H no HeAOCTOHBOMY CorJIa-
meBHro 0 06peHO H nOAnHcaHO MHHHCTpOM, qeMY HeBOaMOiRHO nOBepHTL».
(B a C h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., 18 octobre). «OUO nOJIYqHJIO TaKYro OrJIaCKY, qTO
BbI, uaBepHO, npOqHTaeTe ero B raaeTaX». (IIHcLMo M-JI:b f);e JIecnHHac K KOH-
Aopce OT 24 ceHTH6pH.) (8 C hell e, t. IV, p. 306.)
3 Mas son. Ope cit. Bypmya np06bIJI nOA apeCTOM C 20 HOH6pH ;;t;0
:20 HHBapH, a BJIOH}J; - Bcero C 20 no 29 HHBapH. 06:bICK 6:bIJI npoHaBeAeH TaK-
4i\e y }J;e JIa illapMya, CBHaaHHoro C ueKHM oTKyn HKoM, iKHpapoM Ae Me-
"3\anoM, ceRpeTapeM AJIH nopyqeHHH rpa<I»a IIpoBaHcKoro, qLe HMH 6bIJIO
uaaBauo B naCKBHJIe cpe}J;H pyrnx iKepTB AeHTeJILHOCTH e B9Ha. C 9THX nop'
()KpymeHHe 6pa Ta KOpOJIH CTaJIO rHeaAOM HHTpHr npOTHB Tropro, 11 noame'
a Hero nOJleTHT naCKBHJIH, HanpaBJIeHHLIe npOTHB caMoro reHepaJILHOrO
I\OBTpOJlepa.
378
TfACTb TPETbH. IIPOBAJI
ROHTpOJlepa II MHOro06pa3HH HHTepeCOB "IIeJIOBeRa, 3aHHMaIO ero
3TOT nOCT, a TaKiKe 0 ero Tpy,n;ocnoc06HOCTH; CJ{YllaeTCH, lITO OD
:B)KTyeT )];0 BoceMHa,n; a TH nHoeM B eHL, II nopoH 01leHL ,n;JIH.HBldX 1.
RpOMe <pHHaHcOBLIX ,n;eJl, Mid BH)];HM, "liTO OB 3aHHMaeTCH Bonpoca-
MH, KOTopLle B Hame BpeMH Ha3BaJIH 6LI «3,n;paBooxpaHeHHe H Ha-
CeJIe'HHe». JIeKapcTBO ,OT COJIHTepa 2, BeHepHlIeCKlIe 60JIe3HH y Ae-
TeH, cnaceHHe YTonaIOID;HX, 6J1arOTBOpHTeJILHLIe IIOCbIJIKH JleKapCTB
B IIpOBHH lIH (2268 ,He6oJIbllIHX Kopo60K BMeCTO 742) 3 H, HaKOHe ,
60Jlee BamHaH np06J1eMa: npHo6peTeHHe KOpOJleM OC06LIX JleKapCTB.
ROpOJIeBCKHH op)::(OHaHC OT 2 anpeJIH 1776 r. onpe)::(eJIHeT (He Cqu...
TaH Tex JIeKapCTB, KOTopbIe 6y,n;YT npH06peTeHLI caMHM KOpOJIeM)
o6 He npaBHJIa, ROTOpLIM nO)::(lIHHHeTcH 3aKoHo)::(aTeJIbCTBO 0 <pap...
Ma eBTHlIeCRHX TOBapax H B Hamil ,n;HH: JleKapCTBa He )::(OJImHLI
6bITL nOTepHHbI HJIH H3MeHeHLI, OHH )::(OJIiKHbI 6bITL orpam)::(eHLI OT
BCHKoro 3JIoyrroTpe6JIeHHH, H nOTOMY He06xo)];HMO coxpaHHTb pe enT
HX HaYllHoro H3rOTOBJIeHHH (c HeKOTopLIMH OC06bIMH orOBopKaMII
B CJIy-qaHX, Kor,n;a rrpo,n;aBen; XOlleT coxpaBHTL ceRpeT npOH3Bo,n;CTBa
O CBoeH CMepTH IIJIH Ha orrpe,n;eJIeHHbIH CpOK) 4. JIH Tropro 3TO
ROBaH 06JIaCTb )::(eHTeJILHOCTH. MHalle 06CTOHT ,n;eJIO C BonpOCOM 0
HH e'HCTBe, KOTOpLIM OH yme 3aHHMaJICH B nopy CBoero RHTen,n;aHT-
CTBa B JIHMome, H Tenepb OB c06HpaeTcH ,n;aTL mHpOKoe npHMeHe...
RHe BbIBo')::(aM, 11\ KOTOpb:EM OH npHmeJI B TOT nepHO,n; 5. OMa rrpH3pe-
HHH JIH HH HX ,n;OJIiKHLI 6LITL cORpa eHLI AO o,n;Boro Ha Ram)::(ldD
<pHHaHcoBo-no)::(aTHoH oKpyr, a nOTOM ,n;o nHTH ,n;JIH Bcero. KOpOJIeBCT-
Ba 6. B COOTBeTCTBMH C 3TOH eHTpaJIH3a HeH B ,n;OMax IIpH3peHHH
1 F 0 n C i n. Ope cit., p. 416. Ha OCHOBaHHH peeCTpOB o<I»HI(HaJILBOH e-
peDHCKH.
2 rOBOpHJIH, TO TlOpro }J;aJI ce6H 06MaHYTL H BeJIeJI KynHTL ;D;JIH KOpOJlH
JIeKapCTBO, H3BeCTHoe e e co BpeMeHH raJIeHa [SHaMeHHToro Bpa a aBTH'I-
HOCTH]. IIoBoe HJIH CTapoe, HO JIe:KapCTBO nOMOraJIO. (M e t r a. Ope cit., 24 sep-
tembre 1775.)
3 CM.: S C hell e, t. V, p. 118-120. PacnopHmeHHH, KacalOm;HeCH Me;D;lI-
D;HH:bI, B:bITeKaIOT H3 60JIee paHHero nJIaHa H OTHIO,u;L He HBJIHIOTCH HHHI(Ha-
THBOH reHepaJIbHOrO KOHTpOJIepa. (S C hell e, t. IV, p. 120.)
4 CM.: S C hell e, t. V, p. 423. .
5 STOT Bonpoc 61>131 rJIaBHbIM npe,u;MeTOM 06cym,u;eHHH Ha cOBem;aHBB,
COCTOHBmeMCH B OKTH6pe B MOHTHHhH Y TplO}J;eHa, C y acTHeM MaJIL3epoa.
AJIL6epa H apxHenHcKona TYJIY3CI{OrO JIoMeHH ,u;e BpHeHHa.
CBe,u;eHHH 06 aTOM c006IIJ;aeT llepH Ha OCHOBaHHH nHCLMa caMoro TIOpro.
II nOToMY OHH He BhI3:bIBaIOT COMBeBHH (t. I, p. 363.). O HaKo Y;D;HBHTeJIhBO,
QTO nO;D;06Hoe COBem;aHHe Be nOCJIYiRHJIO Ha aJIOM HX COBMeCTHOH pa60TLI. ITo
CJIyxaM Toro BpeMeHH, H3 cOBe aBHH B MOHTHHLH }J;OJImHhI 6bIJIH 06cym,u;aTb
60JIee pa3Ho06pa3H:ble Borrpocbl, TaRHe KpynHbIe, KaK <I»HHaHCOB:bIe, BoeBHLle,
cnoc06bI BRJIIOt.IeHHH B '(HICJIO npOBHHD;HH, HMeIOID;Hx mTaTbI, OWIacTU
meKC (Pays de Gex), a TaKiKe ynpa3,IJ;HeHHe }J;opomHOH nOBHHHOCTH H JIHKBJI-
,IJ;an;HH HHm;eBCTBa. (M e t r a. Ope cit., t. II, p. 216, 24 octobre.)
6 B CeB-AeHH, Type, BOPAO, Bypr-aH-Bpece 11 illaJIOHe B illaMnaHH; MY
3HaeM 06 3THX YRa3aBHHX 113 nHceM HHTeH,u;aHTY KaHa, HO MomHO rrpe;D;IIOJlo-
iRHTL, TO pe h H,u;eT 06 06m;eM pacnopHmeHHH, 0 KOTOpOM 6hIJIH TaKme H3Be-
eHhI II ,u;pyrHc HIITCHAaIIT:bI. (CM.: S C hell e, t. IV, p. 515. et t. V., p. 426.)
rJfABA II. BTOPOE l{bIXAHHE
379
--
p.Jl1I HHII(HX CJIe)];yeT )];epmaTb TOJILRO OrraCHLIX cy6'DeRTOB. Te, RTO
se B COCTOHHHH pa60TaTb H He HMeIOT IIOMOIr(1I OT pO)J;HLIX, MorYT
nOJlyqaTb IIeHCHIO OT 30 )];0 50 JIIIBpOB B rOA, lITO AacT HM B03Mom
SOCTb mHTb B"He ,n;OMOB rrpH3peHHH, II 8TO,; HeCOMHeHHO, npHHeceT
e e HeRoTopyIO 8KOHOMIIIO. Tpy)];ocnoc06HLIe me AOJImHLI pa60-
TaTh; 11M rrpe)];JIOmaT, rJIaBHLIM 06pa30M MOJIO)J;LIM, rrocTyrrllTL Ha
AeBHTb JIeT Ha BoeHHYro cJIym6y, B CneU;HaJIbHbIe pOTbI rrpOBHH H-
aJlbHbIX pa60"tlHX, r)];e OHB 6y,n;YT rrOJIYllaTb maJIOBaHbe OT 10 )];0
12 cy B )J;eHb H y"tlaCTBOBaTb B rrp1l6LIJIHX (1/5 qHCTOrO npo,n;YRTa).
3Ta Bep60BKa ,n;OJImHa rrpOBo,n;HTbCH TOJIbRO Ha pa3YMHLIX OCHOBa-
UHHX, C Y"tleTOM B03paCTa, pOCTa, CJIOmeHIIH, «nOBa)J;OR» 3all1lCJIHe-
MLIX, 11 TlOpro )J;O Toro BHHMaTeJIeH KO BceM MeJIOllaM, tiTO IIpOBe...
pHeT C"tleTa HHTeH)J;aHTa KaHa; C,TaRHM me BHIIMaHlieM H 6ecrrpH
cTpacTHocTbro OTHOCIITCH OB R pacTopmeHHIO ,n;oroBopoB, 3aKJIIO-
qeHHbIX C cOAepmaTeJIH'MH Tex ,n;OMOB rrpH3peHHH, ROTopbIe ,n;OJImHLI
6LITb yrr.pa3,n;HeHbI.
HaROHen;, Ha OCHOBaHIiH Bce TOB me rreperrHcKH C IIHTeH)];aHTOM
KaHa SCMaHrapOM, Tropro npHnHcLIBaroT 3aCJIyry opraHH3an;HB
nepBoro o<pIID;HaJIbHOrO CTaTIiCTH'IIeCROrO ynpaBJIeHBH, ,n;OcToHHoro
TaKoro Ha3BaHHH, 11 emerO)];HbIe nO)];CqeTLI (etats) HaCeJIeHHH, KOTO...
pLIe nOCJIymHJIIi OCHOBOH )J;JIH TpaRTaTa HeRRepa 06 a)];MIIHHCTpa...
0;1111 cpHHa'HcoB, BbIme)J;mero B 1784 r. i He CJIe,I(yeT, o,n;HaKrO, qpe3-
MepHO rrpeYBeJIlIlIHBaTb 3aCJIyrB Tropro, 'IIeM rpemaT ero 6Horp a <p LI ,
KOTopLIe rOTOBbI BII)J;eTb B HeM HeRoero ROJIYM6a, OTRpLIBaIO ero
Bce AMepHKH. Ho Ha)J;O npll3HaTb, 'liTO OH 06JIa)J;aJI )];apOM nepBOOT'"
KpLIBaTeJIH. I-IanpHMep, OH 3aHHMaJICH onpe)J;eJIeHHeM He06xo)J;HMOH
AJIHHLI MaHTHHKa, OTM:elIaIOm;erO ceRYH)J;LI Ha mHpOTe 45°. SKcne-
pllMeHT ero 6LIJI OTJIOmeH 110 CJIYlIaHHLIM 06CTOHTeJILCTBaM. OR
e,n;Ba He CTHmaJI JIaBpOB H306peTaTeJIH MeTpHlIeCKOH CIiCTeMbI; ero
MeTp, KaK r,oBopHT, 6LIJI lIYTb-lIYTL KOpOlIe Hamero 2.
MHoro 3a60T 11 TPY)J;OB )J;OCTaBJIHIOT reHepaJIbHOMY ROHTpOJIepy
npe CTaBHTeJIH mHBOTHoro MHpa, ropa3,n;0 60JIbme, lIeM npe)J;CTaBH-
TeJIII 'IIeJIOBe"tleCROH IIOpO)J;LI. 8TO OTHOCIITCH He TOJILRO K RpOJIHKaM.
IIocTanoBJIeHHe OT 21 HHBapH 1776 r., npe)J;IIHCLIBaro ee HX YHH-
t{TomeHHe B KOpOJIeBCRIIX OXOTHIIQLHX oRpyrax, CCLIJIaeTCH Ha TeRCT
OT 1669 r. H 06H3aHO CBoeH COMHHTeJIbHOH CJIaBOH JIHmb TOMY, 'ITO
1\0POJIb caM HalIHCaJI ero "tlepHOBHK: «BLI IIOJIaraeTe, "tJTO H COBceM
Be pa6oTaro?» 3
-
1 CM.: 8 C hell e, t. V, p. 428.
2 CM.: F 0 n c i n. Ope cit., p. 285 et suiv. «ECJIH 6 npaBJleHHe Trop-
ro npO}J;JIHJIOCh em;e 6 MeCH eB, MeTplIQeCRaH CHCTeMa 6hIJIa 6hI YCTaHOB-
JIeBa Ha 30 JleT paHbme» (,ZJ;IonOH). CM. nlICbMO OT 3 OKTH6pH 1775 r.
rocno,u;aM qJIeHaM AKa,u;eMIIII uaYR. (8 c hell e, t. V, p. 31.)
3 D u P 0 n t. Ope cit., p. 264; 8 c hell e, t. V, p. 424. «Ha,u; 9THM
OOCTaHOBJIeHHeM HarrpaCHO HaCMeXaJIHCh», - rOBopHT <DoHceH. HymHo 6LI.
J10 JIUqHOe pemeHHe KOpOJUI, 1I6o KpOJlIIRII mlIJIH B er BJIap;eHIIHX, HO
OUB TaR 6hICTpO pa3MHOmaJIHCL B ero JIecax, qTQ CTa.JIH 6e.n;CTBlIeM ,u;JIH
380
QACTb TPETbJI. npOBAJ1
Ho rJIaBH:bIM 06pa30M aTO OTHOCHTCH K nOrOJIOB:bIO pOraTOrO CKO-
Ta. ITo 3a6aBHOMY COBna eHHIO, KaK H B nepBIdH nepHO [MHHII
CTepCTBa Tropro], B0306HOBJIeHHe anH300THH, oco6eHHO YCHJIIIB-
meiicH C ceHTH6pH, H Ha aTOT pa3 Ha HeCKOJIbRO He eJIL npe,n;mecT-
ByeT HOBOMY npHcTyny no arp:bI Y Tropro, TaKoMY iRe AJIHTeJIbHoMy
II 60JIe3HeHHoMY, RaR H nepBbIi. «fl nOHHMaro JIYlIme, lIeM RTO-
JIH60 APyroi, - nHCaJI Tropro 6 <peBpaJiH 1776 r. 60p OCKOMY Ifll-
TeH aHTY KJIroHbH, CBoeMY 6y ym;eMY npeeMHHKY, cTpa aBme:My
TeM me He yroM, - KaRHe CTpa aHHH npHlIHHHeT npHcTyn no,n;arpbl
H KaKHM THiRRHM 6peMeHeM CTaHOBHTCH Tor;n:a paOOTa» 1.
HTaK, MbI CHOBa BepnYJIHCb B 06JIaCTL aROHOMHKH. MepbI, nplI-
HHTbIe BO BpeMH BToporo nepHo a, eCTeCTBenHO, RacaroTcH ;n:BYX
rJIaBHbIX BonpOCOB, lIaCTO B3aHMOCBH3aHHbIX: CHHiReHHH HaJIOrOB II
CBo6o bl [ToprOBJIH].
qTO RacaeTCH CHHiReHHH HaJIOrOB, TO MepbI Oom;ero nopHJ.J;Ra
6bIJIH npHHHTbl TOJIbKO B He3HalIHTeJIbHbIX CJIYlIaHX, TaKHX, RaK
pacmHpeHHe npaKTHRH OCBooom,n;eHHH OT aMopTH3an;HOHHbIX COO-
pOB, Ror;r(a peqb n;:r;eT 00 aKTax, RacaIOm;HXCH YCTynKH ,n;eCHTHHbI 2,.
H OTM8Ha o6JIOiRenHJl .B pa3Mepe MapKH C iRaJIOBaHbH Boe'HHO-
CJIYiRa Hx. E e RHTepecHee BBHJ(Y ae06bIlIHOCTH O'ocTOHTeJIbCTB
OTMeTHTb ,n;Ba lIaCTHbIX CJIytIaH: OCBOOOiR.n;eHHe OT HaJIOrOB BJIa-
,n;eJIbn;eB JIeCOB BO <I>panm"1I\oHTe 11: <pHCKaJIbHbIH ycraB OOJIaCrH
meRC.
H3BecTHo, KaRoe BaiRHOe MeCTO 3aHHMaJI COJIeBapeHHLIi opo-
MbICeJI npH CTapOM nopH,n;Ke, - MeCTO HeCOH3MepHMoe C TeM, RaR06'
OH 3aHHMaeT B Hame BpeMH, HOO MHCO, rrOTpeOJIHeMOe B TY llOpy
HaCeJIeHHeM, COXpaHHJIOCb rJIaBHbIM 00pa30M B BH e COJIOH1Illf>I, T<lH:
KaK npOKopMHTb CROT 3HMoi 6bIJIO TPy,n;HO. O,n;HH 113 n;eHTpOB 3Toro
BaiRHoro ceKTopa aROHOMHR1I HaXO,11.HJICH H3,11.aBHa BO <I>paHm-RoHT8'
B CaJIene, KOTOpbIH AOJIroe BpeMH ObIJI nOqTII CYBepeHHuH ceHb-
opHei. ,
IIpHroToBJIeHHe COJIHHOrO paCTBopa TpeOOBaJIO OOJIbmOrO ROJIH-
qeCTBa ,n;pOB, TaRoro 60JIbmOrO, lITO HeKOTopbIe COJIeBapHH, TaRlIe,
KaR rp030H If JIoH-JIe-COHbe, rrpHmJIOCb 3aRpbITh 113 -3a BbIPYORll'
, JIeCOB B HX OKpeCTHOCTHX. CaJIeHY, 'Haxo,n;HBmeMYCH B [ eHTpe JIec-
Bcex OKpeCTHLIX 3eMeJIL. JIIOAoBHKY XVI, CJIeAOBa TeJIbHO, npHIDJluCL no-
mepTBOBaTL He TOJILKO qaCTbIO CBoeH }J;HqH, HO H CBoen OXOTHHqbeii
CTpaCTblO paAH HHTepeCOB 3eMJIeAeJIHH (p. 413, 414).
1 CM.: F 0 n C i n. Ope cit., p. 416.
2 CM. Bblme, qaCTL nepBaH, rJIaBa V, c. 119. OCB060mAeHHe OT a:Mop--
TH3an;IIOHHLIX C60POB Ha ABa rOAa OTHbIHe CTaHOBIfTCH OKOHqaTeJILBbDf,
C APyroii CTOpOHbI, OHO CHaqaJIa OrpaHHqHBaJIOCb CJIyqaHMH YCTynKH )J.e-
CHTHHbI B 06MeH Ha .n;eCHTHHY C BHOBb OCBoeHHLIX 3eMeJIL, a TenepL pac..
npOCTpaHHJIOCb Ha Bce p;orOBopbI. CM.: S C hell e, t. V, p. 317; F 0 n c i ll'r
-Ope cit., p. 414.
rJ1ABA II. BTOPOE l{bIXAHHE
3811
--
tloro MaCCHBa, 3TO He rp03HJIO, HO BJIa.neJI:bD;:bI JIeCH:bIX 3eMeJIL Ha
paCCTOHHHH meCTH JI:be BORpyr 6:bIJIH nOCTaBJIeH:bI B CHJIY CTap:&IX
perJlaMeHTOB B nOtITH pa6CRYIO 3aBHCHMOCT:& 01"' COJIeBapeU, TaR
Ka:K OOH3aH:bI 6:&IJIH cHa6maT:& HX ,n;pOBaMH. OHn: He pa3 B:bIcTynaJIH
c maJI06aMH. IIo,n;06Hoe me nOJIOmeHHe cy ecTBOBaJIO Ha COJIeBap-
HHX B MOHMOpO. B TetIeHHe HeCROJI:bRHX JIeT pa3pa6aT:bIBaJIH 06mnp-
lIbIH npoeKT, B COOTBeTCTBHH C ROTOp:bIM nOCTpOHJIH COJIeBapHIO B
ApR-a-CeHaHe, pacnOJIOmeHHYIO Ha RpaIO 60JI:&moro ROpOJIeBCRoro'
JIeca IDo. TYJ];a, R HOBOMY rrpeJ];rrpHHTlIIO, rrOCTpoeHHOMY JIeJ];Y B
OC060M apxHTeRTYPHOM CTHJIe npOM:&IlliJIeHHOH «YTonHH», ROTopbI:[Ir
BOCXH aeT Hac ,n;o CHX nop, ,n;OJImeH 6:&IJI rrocTynaT:b rro, RaHaJIY M:a-
TOtIH:&IH paCTBOp H3 CaJIeHa. BnpOtIeM, aTOT 3RcrrepHMeHT, CRopell,.
He onpaB,n;aJl Ha,n;emA. TIOpro He npHHHMaJl YtIaCTHH B aTOM ,n;eIJTIe
aa-qaTOM ,n;o ero rrpHxo,n;a B MHHHCTepCTBO. OH npOCTO npHHHJI pe-
menHe YCROpHT:& oCB060mJ];eHHe lIaCTH:&IX BJIa,n;eJI:bn;eB JIeca OT 6pe-
MeHH H B:&IrrOJIHHJI 3TO ,n;o cpORa, Be ,n;omH,n;aHC:b OROHtIaHHH pa60T
no aToMY rrpoeKTY (1 ORTH6pH 1778 f.). Ho oCB060mJ];eHHe Kaca-
JlOC:b TOJILRO JIeCH:bIX YtIaCTROB, pacnOJIOmeHH:bIX Ha paCCTOHBHlI'
qeT:bIpeX, nHTH H meCTH JILe OT CaJIeHa H MOHMOpO. OTO THnH1IHoe.
CMemaHHoe MeporrpHHTHe, ,n;aIO ee O)J;HOBpeMeHHO 06JIertIeHHe Ha-
JlOrOB H cB060J];Y ,n;JIH ,n;eJIOBOH aRTHBHOCTH. 06BHHeHHH HeRoero.
BopHHHHa, ROTOp:&IH He meJIaJI, 1IT06:bI ero JIHmaJIH npaBa BJIal-J;e-
HHH aeMJIeii, H no,n;aJI maJI06y B cy,n;, ,n;aJIH B aTOT He6JIarOrrpHHTH:bIH
nepHOA HOBYIO rrH y AJIH KaMrraHHH HeJIerr:bIX CJIYXOB, HarrpaBJIeH-
HLIX npOTHB TIOpro: (PaCcRa3:&IBaJIH, 6YJ];TO OH 3aXBaTHJI rrOMeCT:&e,
yrrJIaTHB 3a Hero 60JI:&mne ,n;eHLrH, tIT06:bI ocy eCTBJIHTL TaM Ha
npaKTHKe CBOH HOB:&Ie H,n;eH» 1.
,I(eJIO 06JIaCTH meRC 6:bIJIO 60JIee mHpORoro MacmTa6a. ¥tIaCTJ.Ie,
ROTopoe rrpHHHJI B ero YJIamHBaHHH BOJI:bTep, H rroJ];HHT:&IH HM mYl\lr
npH)J;aJIH aTOMY ,n;eJIY mHpORYIO II rpOMRYIO OrJIaCRY. mHTeJIH 06-
JIaCTH meRC, KOTOpLIM «CTap:bIH, tIYT:& mHBOH <pepHenCRIIH OTmeJIL-'
BIIR», RaK OB caM ce6H HMeHOBaJI B nHCLMe R TIOpro, XOTeJI o6ec-
netIHT:b J];OBOJI:bCTBO H CtIaCTLe 2, CTpeMHJIHC:b H36aBHT:bCH OT 06 eii'
CHCTeM:bI KOCBeHH:bIX HaJIOrOB II OT ROHTpOJIH reHepaJILH:bIX oTRyrr-
IqHROB. reorpa<pHtIeCROe H rrOrpaHHtIHOe rrOJIOmeHHe aTOM MaJIeH:b-
ROB 06JIaCTH, «BRJIHHHBmeHcH MemJ];Y 3eMJIHMl! meHeB:bI, mBeH a-
plI H CaBOHH: H oT,n;eJIeHHOH OT J];PyrHx <ppann;Y3CRHX rrpoBHHD;IIH ro-
paMH IOpa», )J;eJIaJIo ee 3eMJIeH 06eToBaHHoH )IJIH ROHTpa6aH,n;lIcToB
II TeM caM:&IM Hcrr:&ITaTeJI:&H:&IM 06'beRTOM J];JIH 06:bICROB II perrpeccHii.
«qIlHOBHHRH H KOHTpa6aH)J;HcT:&I 6:bIJIH B paBHoH CTerreHH 6e CTBII '
eM J];JIH MHpH:bIX mHTeJIeH». CpeJ];H pa3HLIX rrOJ];BHrOB TaMomeHHII-
1 IIocTaHoBJIeHHe COB eTa OT 4 MapTa 1776 f. (8 C hell e, t. V.,..
p. 314; F 0 n c i n. Ope cit., p. 420.)
2 «BOJIbTepy TaM npllHap;JIemllT 60 ,TI;OMOBII3 80. OH, HeCOMHeHHO ..
C03p;aTeJIL II OTen; 3Toro KpaH. OH OCLInaeT ero 6JIarOp;eHHIIHMH»..
(B a c h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., 17 janvier 1775.)
882
IfACTb TPETbH. npOBAJI
ROB BOJIbTep yrroMHHaeT 0 HOBbIX rreJIeHKaX, CHHTbIX C MJIa eHn;a,
OCTaBJIeHHOrO rOJlbImOM, 0 3a epmaHH:bIX npOe3mHX, BbIHym;a;eHHLIX
ITJIaTHTb BLIKyn, 0 nopyraHH:bIX MOHaXHHHX H T. ,n;. Yme ,n;aBHO ro...
BOpHJIH 0 nepeHeCeHHH <pHCKaJlbHOrO ROHTpOJIH Ha rpaHHn;y 06JIaCTB
meRC H 0 3aRJIIOlIeHHH C reHepaJIbHLIMH oTRynm;HRaMH ,n;orOBopa,
r,n;e 6LIJIH 6bI 06YCJIOBJIeHLI pa3MepLI nOmJIHH Ha COJIL H Ta6aR.
.8THM me 3aHHMaJICH Tpro,n;eH. BOJILTep He 6e3 OCHOBaHHH pem1:lJI,
'lITO npHXO;a; R BJI3CTH TIOpro Hero rpynrrLI OTRpLIBaeT ,n;JUI Hero
HOBbIe B03MOiI,HOCTH.
IIpomJIo yme rrHTHa;a;n;aTb JIeT C Tex nop, RaK TlOpro npHe3maJI
B <DepHe no HHHD;HaTHBe 'AJIaM6epa. HenpHHTHLIH CJIYllaH C a66a-
TOM ;a;e JIaam ,n;e BYPHe 1 He nOBJIHHJI Ha HX ;a;pym6y HH co CTOpOHbI
BOJIbTepa, ROTOp:bIH He pa3ra,n;aJI, RTO 6DIJI nepeBo,n;lIHROM « H,n;O-
Hb!», HH CO CTOpOHLI Tropro, XOTH nOXBaJILI BOJILTepa H Ka3aJIHCb
eMY C Tex nop COMHHTeJILHLIMH. Y BOJILTepa 6LIJIO MHoro ;a;pY3eH li3
oRpymeHHH Tropro: a66aT MopeJIJIe, ROTOpLIH ClIHTaJI ce6H RaR 6bI
rrOBepeHHbIM B ero ;a;eJIax, ,I(lOnoH ;a;e HeMYP, ,n;e BaH, R JII06e3HoMY
ITOCpe,n;HHlIeCTBY ROToporo BOJIbTep rrpH6eraJI, lIT06LI 1I36aBHTLcH
,OT YCJIyr rrOllTLI H TaRHM o6pa30M H36emaTb n;eH3ypLI 11 nOllTOBLIX
pacxo,n;OB, H OT ROToporo K TOMY me nOJIYllHJI nopTpeT Tropro, cHa6-
..meHHLIH CTHxaMH JIarapna, oTRy,n;a B03HHK TpOraTeJILHDIH aHeK;a;OT
o iKaHe K03epe 2. BLIJI em;e <I>apmec, HHTeH,n;aHT <pHHaHOOB, KOTO-
'POMY BOJIbTep nHCaJI, Kor,n;a 60HJICH YTOMHTb Tropro pa3HLIMH «Me-
JIOllaMH». RpOMe Toro, MLI YBH;a;HM, lITO npH HeKOTopLIX 06CTOHTeJIL-
CTBax OH rrpH6eraJI K YCJIyraM CrreD;HaJIbHOrO areHTa B JlHn;e r-mu
,n;e CeH-iKIOJIbeH, rrp03Ba ' HHOH Ba6ollKOH-<pHJIOCO<pOM, KOTopaH, XO-
TH II 6LIJIa rrpOBHHn;HaJIKOH 3, rrp1l'Ha,n;JIemaJIa K meHCKOMY OTpH;a;y
fIpOCTHLIX aKOHOMHCTOK, KOTOpLIM Tropro, IIO CJIOBaM Be3aHBaJIH,
.6LIJI o6H3aH 60JILme Bcero CBoeH JIeCTHOH penYTan;HeH, BO BCHKOM
CJIyqae, OHH Bcer;a;a HMeJIH K HeMY cBo6o',n;HDIH ,n;ocTyrr. TeM BpeMe-
HeM aBTopHTeT BOJIbTepa em;e 60JIee B03pOC 6JIaro.)J;apH 3aHH'fOH HM
rr03HD;HH B Borrpoce 0 XJIe6HOH TOprOBJIe (<<MaJIeHLKaH 3aMeTKa 0
IIOCTaHOBJIeHHH COB eTa») II 6JIaro,n;apH nO;a;;a;epmI{e, oKa3aHHoH IIM
o.<PHD;HaJIbHOH BepcHH CTOpOHHHKOB Tropro OTHOCHTeJIbHO npHlIHB
«MyqHOM BOHHL!» ((Diatribe a l'auteur des Ephemerides»).
q To6LI ,n;06HTbCH CBOHX n;eJIeH, OH rrpOHBJIHeT Heo6LIKHoBeHHYro
aRTHBHOCTL B lIepelIHCRe, TO H ,n;eJIO mJIeT nocpe;a;HHROB, npn6eraeT
.K rHlIep6oJIaM: «CaM 60r rrOCJIaJI MHe r-my ;a;e CeH-iKroJIbeH», «r-H
1 nop; 3THM nceB,u;OHHMOM Tropro nOCJIaJI BOJILTepy CBOR nepeBo
«AH}J;OHbI» (BHprHJIHH). BOJIbTep nOXBaJIHJI ero, He qHTaH.
.2 BOJIbTep BeJIeJI 06paMHTb nopTpeT H nOBeCHTb ero y H3rOJIOBbH
cBoeif KpOBaTII HanpOTHB nopTpeTa HeKoero maHa K03epa. «He nOTOMY,
QTO maH K03ep CTOHT r-Ha Tropro, a nOTOMY, 'tJ:TO OH HapHCOBaH B B03pa-
CTe 130 JIeT». (nHCbMO BOJIbTepa p;e BaHY OT 18 MapTa 1775 r. F 0 n C i D.
Ope cit., p. 171.)
3 CeCTpa KOMeHp;aHTa 06JIaCTH i!,eKc 11 iKeHa rJIaBHOrO C60,pm;HKa
lIo,u;a TeM B nOJlb3Y P;YXOBeHCTBa 3TOR npOBHHD;IIH.
rJ1ABA II. BTOPOE 1{bIXAHHE
383
--
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VI; livre III, chap. XII. QHTaTbI B3RTbI H3 nepenHcKH, npHBo}J;HMOH1
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:384
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pa3, eCTeCTBeHHO, pe1:Jb H,n; T TOJIbRO 0 <ppaHn;Y3CRHX npOBHHD;RHX).
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caution) ** gJIH nepeIBo3a TomapOB H3 O,IJ;noH npOBBjHD;HB: B ,T(pyrylO.
Ho 11 AeHcTBHIO caMOll aTOll CHCTeMLI, RaK OHa HH aMnHpH'tJ:Ha, em;e
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abI BOCCTaHOBHTL (npe,n;OCTaBHB rocy,n;apCTBY 3aeM) npaBO B3HMaTb
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11 nOTOMY ToprOBaH naJIaTa JIHJIJIH, CCLIJIaHCL Ha oco6Lle nOCTaHOB-
JIeHHH }J;JIH <DJIaH,IJ;pHH, BOCCTaJIa npOTHB aTOH npeTeH3HII JIHolIa H
nOTpe6oBaJla B ;u;aHHOM, 'tJ:aCTHOM CJIytIae ,n;JIH O}J;Horo 113 CBOHX rpam-
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* IIpOBHHD;HH nHTH 60JIbmHX oTRynoB (MJIb-}J;e-<PpaHc, HopMaH HH,
IIMKap}J;MH, illaMIIaHb, ByprYHp;MH, Bpec J.iI BIOme, Byp6oHHa, BePPH, IIyaTY,
OHHC, AHmy, MeH H TypeHb) Ha3bIBaJIHCb TaR nOTOMY) 'lITO Rorp;a-TO B HHX
83HMaJIHCb nOmJIHHLI, pacnpep;eJIeHHLIe Memp;y nHTLIO oTKynaMH, KOTOp:bIe
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1664 r.
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t MeMyap KOpOJIIO 0 BHYTpeHHHX Ta:MOil\HHX, II 0 JIHOHCI{OH TaMOiR-
He B 'lJaCTHOCTH. CM.: S c hell e, t. V, p. 358. CM. nOCTaHOBJIeHHe COB eTa,
OTMeHIIBmee rrpaBO ropop;a JIHoHa B3HMaTb BbIB03HYIO nOmJIHHY C xJIe6a
25 3. <I>op
386
tJACTb TPETbH. npOBAJ1
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Hero BpeMeHH. IIpHqeM ropop;CKHe BJIaCTH caMH rrpOCHJUI 00 HX OTMeHe,
TaK KaK OHH CORpam;aJIH TOBapoooopOT. (8 c hell e, t. V, p. 99.)
1 IIocTaHoBJIeHHe COBeTa OTBOCHTeJIbHO Pom<popa ObIJIO npHHflTO
22 eRa6pH 1775 r. (8 C hell e, t. V, p. 94), OTHOCHTeJIbHO CeH-BpHc-
14 MapTa. (Ibid., p. 369.) B TOM me rJIaBe MomBO n03HaROMHTbCH C pa3..-
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387
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BMeCTO BCer)];a ry6I1TeJI:bH:bIX OrpaHH"tleHHH».
23 aBrYCTa 6:bIJIH OTBeprHYT:b1 IIpeTeH3HIf RopIIopa HH xHpyproB
JIHoHa, CC:blJIaBmeHCH Ha perJlaMeHT, «ROTOP:bIH, eCJIH OH BIIpaB)];Y
OLIJI TaKIIM, KaK 0 HeM rOBopHT, cnoc06eH 6:bIJl 6:bI YHH'tJ:TOiKI1Tb
BCHKYIO OXOTY K copeBHoBaHHlo H OTTOJIRHYTb OT 3TOH KopIIopaII;HH
JlyqmHX KaR)];11)];aTOB» 2.
M OHOBa JIHOH. 29 aJBrY1CTa :TOMY me Kyne'tJ:e'CROMY CTapmH'He 6:bIJI
]J;aH npHKa3 pa3pemHT:b, HeCMOTpH Ha OIIII03H HIO MaCTepOB-CMOTpH-
TeJIeii <pa6PHKH, B:blIIOJlHeHHe 3aKa3a )];JlH repMaHHIf - HeCKOJl:bKO
RYCKOB aTJIa'Ca He IIpe)J;YCMOTpeHHOH perJla'MeHTOM mHpHH:bI C TKa-
H:bIM Y30POM 1I3 JI:bHa. 12 ceHTH6pH 6:blJIO aHO pa3pemeHHe OTKp:bIT:b
1\1aCTepCKYIO aHfJIHHCHHX mJIHII.
JIH6epaJlLU:bIe pemeHHH 6:bIJlH HarrpaBJIeH:bI He TOJILKO npOTHB
peMeCJleHH:bIX I{OprrOpan;HH. 16 HOH6pH TlOpro HanOMHHaeT CBoeMY
. ROJIJIere CeH - iI\epMeHY, liTO «Kam)J;:bIii rpam}J;aHHH HMeeT npaBO
3aHHMaT:bCH TOprOBJIeii <pypamOM»; TaKHM 06pa30M, op}J;onaHC
HHTeH)J;a'HTa 8JI:b3a,Ca, rrpe)];OCTa'BRBomHH 3TY IIpIrnHJIerHIO IIpe}J;IIpH-
HIIMaTeJIIO, cHa6maBmeMY <pypaiKoM KaBaJIepIIIO, «6:bIJI npH3HaIH
He)];eHCTBHTeJILH:bIM» .
11 }J;eK-a6pH TIopro )J;aeT pa3pemeHHe OTKp:bIT:b B RypceJIe MaHY"
4>aKTYPY paCKpameHH:bIX mKaTYJlOK BonpeKH B03pameHHHM reBe..
paJILH:bIX OTKYlI 11KOB.
B HH:bIX CJlYtIaHX npHXO}J;HTCH H}J;TH rrpOTHB napJlaMeHTa, HanpH-
!vlep pyaHcKoro. IIpem)];e Bcero no rrOBO}J;y CBo60}J;HOH TOprOBJlH )J;pO-
DaMH. B 6e)J;CTBeHH:bIH )J;JIH PyaHa nepHO)J; napJlaMeHT B036y;a;HJ1
-1 D;UpI\YJIHp HHcneKTopaM, D;HPRYJIHp UBTeH;l);aHTaM CM.: S c hell e t
t. V, p. 629. Ha MeMyap ToproBD;eB Tlopro OTBeTHJI, 'ITO OH He 1«eJIaeT
6LITb O,D;HOBpeMeHHO CYP;beH H HCTD;OM H n03TOMY HaMepeH npOCHTb KO-
POJIH Ha3HaqHTb ROMHTeT H3 rOCY}J;apCTBeHH:bIX COBeTHHKOB. «Bce 3TH 3a-
TPY,D;HeHHH MorYT JIJlmb 3ap;epjI{a Tb npOBep;eHHe B 1«H3HI> ero BOBOH Hp;eH».
(B a c h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., t. VIII, p. 94, 28 juin 1775.)
2 Cnop B03HHK H3:3a OTKa3a }J;onYCTJ.iITb K BK3aMeHaM Ba 3BaHue
MaCTepa RaHp;H,D;aTOB, ROTOp:bIe 06JIa;n;aJIH He06xo;n;HM:bIMH Ka'IeCTBaMH, HO
QT KOTOpLIX Tpe60BaJIH CJIHmROM 60JIbmOrO saJIora. ITa pHiI\CKHH na pJIa-
MeHT YiI\e BLIHec BpeMeHHoe pemeHHe B nOJIb3Y KaHp;Hp;aTOB, a Tropro
npOCTO nOnpOCHJI Ryne'IeCKOrO cTapmHHY npoBecTH paCCJIeAOBaHHe.
25*
388
tJACTb TPETbH. nFOBAJI
)];eJIO rrpOTHB rrOCTaBoIt pOB ropo y raBpy. llo'tleMY rrOTaKaTL Ol];HO-
l\IY ropo y. B y ep6 )];pyrOMY? - CrrpamHBaeT Tropro. «Bce rrOJ( alI-
HMe ROpOJIH HMelOT paBHOe rrpaBO Ha ero rrORpOBHTeJIbCTBO II H
cBo60 Hoe IIpHoopeTeHHe Bcero He06xo HMOrO». (6 <peBpaJIH.)
CJIY'tIaeTCH TaRme, "tlTO caMH MaCTepa iKeJIalOT oCBo60m eHH L
TaK, KOpOJIeBCRaH l];eKJIapan;HH OT 12 HHBapH OTMeHHeT rrOCTaHOB-
JIeHHe COBeTa OT 1711 r., Tpe60BaBmee OT HopMaH CKHX CTeKOJIb
III;HROB o6H3aTe.ttbHLIx rrOCTaBOR CTeRJIa .1IH CTOJIHD;LI B orrpe)J;eJIeJ-I-
HOM ROJlH'tIeCTBe H IIO YCTaHOBJleHHOH n;eHe. B TO BpeMH RBa paT-
HLIe OROHHLIe CTeKJla IIpHmJlH Ha CMeHY BHTpaiKaM CO CTeRJlaMH: E
BH)J;e pOM60B, H B llapHiKe He XBaTaJIO CTeROJI; pyaHCKHll: rrapJIaMeIlT
BOCIIOJIb30BaJlCH cJly'tlaeM H rrpe)J;IIHCaJl TaKHe iKe 06H3a TeJILH:bIB
IIOCTaBRH H JlH CBoero ropo)];a. IIo3TOMY OH 6:bIJI He)J;OBOJleH BOCCTa-
HOBJleHHeM CBo6o M TOprOBJlH II OTTHHYJI Ha 43 HH perHCTpan;HID
3TOH eRJlapan;1III.
llpoTHBHHR BCHKHX OrpaHII'tIeHHii, Tropro B COOTBeTCTBHH C IIpO-
B03rJlameHHLIM HM IIPHHJJ;HIIOM 6J1arOmeJIaTeJIbHO OTHOCHTCH K Bce-
R03MOiKHLIM cpopMaM rroo peHHH, HatIHHaH OT Cy6CH HH B rrpHMOIW
CMMCJle 8Toro CJlOBa (xJlorr'tlaT06YMalKHoH MaHycpaRType, rrHCLMO H
llamo }J;e MapmeBaJlIO, 30 ceHTH6pH) }J;O }J;eHemHoro B03Harpaml];e-
HHH J(JlH <pa6pHKaHTa TIIRa B 8Bpe (18 HIOJlH), rrpHo6peTeHHH B'
repMaHHH TKan;KHX CTaHKOB (YKa3aHHe <I>JleCCeJIIO, 12 ceHTH6pH)
R03HarpaiK)J;eHHH <pa6pHKaHTa MYCJIHHa H3 Tapapa H H306peTaTeJlH
q,OJlLrH (YRa3aHHH <l>JleCCe.1llO, 10 H 16 HOH6pH), He rOBopH 0 IIpH-
aHOM JIH )J;O'tlepH H306peTa TeJIH JIa CaJl.ITH, KOTopaH caMa «IIPHHH-
MaJla Y'tIaCTHe B ero pa60Te». aHa 6LIJIa BRJllOtIeHa B "tlueJIC
« eBymeK Ha BbI aHbe», BLI6paHHLIX ropO CRHM COBeTOM JIHOH3
110 CJlY'tIaIO rrpHe3 a Ma aM RJIOTHJIb LI, CTaBmeH npHHn;eCCOHi
IIbeMoHTcROH. Ho, BepHMH CBoeH JIHMOmCKOH rrpaKTHKe, Tropro
OCTaeTCH BeCbMa c epiKaHHLIM, Kor a )];eJlO H eT 0 IIOiKaJlOBaHHIl1
BOpHHCKHX rpaMOT KYIIn;aM HJlH IIpOMLImJleHHHKaM (19 HIOJIfi
IIHCbMO CapTHHY no rrOBO Y THTYJIa MapKH3a JIH OccYMa If 17 aB
rYCTa IIHCLMO BepTeny 110 IIOBO Y 'rHTYJla rpacpa ;a;JIH JIoTaHiI a),
H OTRa3:bIBaeTCH }J;aTb 3BaHue KOpOJleBCKOH MaHy<paKTYPLI (IIHCb 10
CeH-llpHcTY, 31 1IIO.1IH).
CaM:bIM 3Ha'IHTeJIbHLIM pemeHHeM Toro BpeMeHH, IIOMHMO TOX,;
qTO BOmJIH B TaK HaSLIBaeM:bIH «IIOe3 » 3 HRTOB, 6:bIJIO perr;reHHe G
cB06o;a;e BHHHOH TOprOBJIH. OHO He <PHrYPHpOBaJIO B "tlHCJle 3 HKTOB?
n 06'bHCHHeTCH 3TO TeM, "tlTO OHO ;a;OJlmHO 6LIJlO 6:bITb 3aperMCTpHpO-
BaHO He B IIapHi-KcKOM IIapJIaMeIITe, a BO MHorlfX rrpOBHHJJ;HaJILHbIX
lIapJlaMeHTax. 8TO pemeHHe, YTBepiK)J:eHHoe B anpeJIe 1776 r., 6bJJJ(/
Ol];HHM H3 rrOCJIe)];HHX MeporrpHHTHH Tropro, HO OTHIO L He Cal\lbI
Ue3Ha"tlHTeJlbH:bIM; BIIpOtIeM, OH rOTOBHJI ero YII e }J;aBHO 1. 8Ta pe-
1 Cu. neperrHCKY, I:ITl:IpyeMYIO <!>OHceHOM. (F 0 n c i D. Ope ciLr
p. 495 et suiv.)
rJIABA II. DTOPOE l{bIXAHHE
389
-
<pOpMa 6blJIa npe,n;CTaBJIeHa KaK Mepa, aHaJIOrlPIHaH nOCTaHOBJIeHHIO
o Xne6HOH TOprOBJIe. «8TO rrpeKpaCHOe ,n;OnOJIHeHMe» [K a,n;HKTY 0
cBo60J(e XJIe6HOll TOprOBJIH], - 3aMeTHJI BOJIbTep.
ECJIM 06II aH H,n;eH aKOHOMH"tIeCKOH CBo60,n;bl XapaKTepHa AJIa
060HX CJIyqaeB, TO rrp06JIeMbI, KOTOpbIe OIIH CTaBHT, COBepmeHHO
pa3JIHQHbI. PerJlaMeHTa HH' BHHHOll: TOprOBJIJtI BbI3bIllaeTCH OTHIO)];b
lIe 60H3HblO He,u;OCTaTKa npo,n;YKTa (,u;a OIl II He H:aJI{OTCH TaKHM me
cepbe3HblM, Be)];b He 6blBaeT BIIHHoro rOJIo,n;a). ana CTaBHT cBoeiI
n;eJIblO He 3am;HTY BepHO lIJI11 Henepno nOHHTblX HHTepeCOB rrOTpe-
UHTeJIeii, a 3am;HTY MHTepeCOB npOH3BO)];HTeJIeii. 8TO He ,u;HpHmJI3M
B HHTepecax nonynareJtfl, a )];MplImH3M B, HHTepecax npooa8lfa.
f.rraBHblM ueHTpOM aTOll perJla:M:eHTaD;HH 6blJIM ropo,u;a Bop)];o II
MapCeJII . IIepBblH 6blJI caMLIM 3Ha'tJHTeJIbHLIM BBH,n;y mHpOKoro pa3-
BHTHH BHHOrpa)];apCTBa B aTOll 06JIaCTH, H MHorHe ,u;pyrHe ropo,n;a
CJIe)];OnaJlH ero npHMepy. «BHHHaH 1I0JlHD;HH» * (KaK rOBOpHJIH B
Bop)];o, r)];e 3a ee C06J1IO,u;eHueM CJle,n;HJIH rrpHCHmHLle nop; KOHTpOJIeM
napJIaMeHTa) npem,u;e Bcero Tpe6yerr, 'tJT06bI B ropo,u;e He nOTpe6JIH-
JIB: HHRaKHX ,IJ;pyrHx BUH, KpOMe BHH MeCTHoro npOH3BOJJ;CTBa:
«BJla,u;eJlLD;LI BHHorpa,u;HB:KOB, pacnOJlOmeHHLIX B BOp,u;OCKOM ceHe-
maJlLCTBe, HMeIOT npaBO 3anpe aTb nOTpe6J1eHHe M npOp;aiI\Y B
ropo]J;e Bop,u;o BCHKoro BHHa, KpOMe MeCTHoro, H3rOTOBJIeHHOrO B
CeHemaJIbCTBe ». CBepx Toro, caM BJla,u;eJIeQ MomeT npO,IJ;aBa Tb CBoe
BRHO B p03JIHB, TOJlbKO eCJlH OH HBJIHeTCH mHTeJleM Bop o H mHBeT
B ropo,u;e CO CBoeH ceMbeH He Mellee meCTH MeCHD;eB B ro;n;y. ,[(Boii-
HaH MOHOnOJIHH mHTeJIeH Bop,u;o - BJIa,u;eJIb eB BHHorpa,u;HHKOB Ha
npOH3BO;n;CTBO B: Ha TOprOBJIIO. MMeHHO aTOT ropo,u;eKOll arOH3M, KaK
MLI BH,IJ;eJlII, H 3aKJIeM,MHJIH ,n:IOrrOH H TIOpro.
Ho aTO eII(e He Bce. BHHa 113 ;a;pyrMx IOmHbIX npOBHH Hii (,JIaH-
re,u;OKa, IIepHropa, AmeHya, RepcH II T. ,u;.) He TOJIbKO HeJlb3H HM
IIHTL, HH npop;aBaTb B Bopp;o, HO HX HeJIb3H )];ame cB060,u;HO rrpOBO-
3HTb 'tJepe3 ropo,u;: 60QKH C BHHOM MorYT OCTaBaTbCH 3 eCb na
CKJIa,u;ax JIHillb Ha caMblX meCTKHX YCJIOBHHX H Ha ollpe,n;eJIeHHblH
CpOK. ,n:ame nepeB03Ka 11X 110 peKaM 3aTpy,u;HeHa. BHHa H3 JIaHre-
l(OKa He nponYCKaJIH BHH3 no rapOHHe paHbme ):(HH CB. MapTHHa
[14 anpeJIH. - Pea.] H )];0 1 ,IJ;eKa6pH HX He pa3pema.lIH npo,n;aBaTb!
BHHa H3 ,IJ;pyrHx IIpOBHHD;HH HeJIb3H 6bIJIO IIpHB03HTL B Bop,n;o p;o
pomp;eCTBa. OHM MOrJIH Jlema Tb Ha CKJla;n;aX Bop,n;o He ,IJ;OJILme qeM
AO 8 ceHTH6pH [TO eCTb ,IJ;O BpeMeHH nOHBJIeHHH BHHa HOBoro ypo-
maH. - Pea.], nOCJIe 'tJero, eCJlH OHH He 6LIJIH IIpo,n;aHbI, HX )];OJIlliHbI
6blJIH YB03HTL HJIH neperOHHTb. R TOMY me aTH BHHa CTaHOBHTCH
061»eKTOM cerpera HH: HX MomHO 6bIJlO pa3Me aTL Ha CRJIa,n;ax
TOJILKO B onpe)];eJleHHOH 'tJaCTH npe,n;MeCTbH, B OC06bIX norpe6ax
(r,u;e aanpeIT(aJlH )];epmaTb 60pP;OCKHe BHHa) H B 60'tJKax OC060H
TaR a3:bIBaJIIiI D eJIOM perJIaMeHT:bI no
1J PUM. peo.
=Ie
BHHHOH TOprOBJIe. -
390
TIACTb TPETbR. npOBAJ1
<POpM"bI, U3 1\lenee npO"tJHOrO )J;epeBa, C MenhlliUM: -qHCJIOM o6py"tJ.eil,
I\1eHee rrpMrO,[l;H:bTX )J;JIH )];JIHTeJIJ:>H:bIX rrepeBO 30R, RpOMe Toro, el\IROCTb
31I1X 60-qeR 6:bIJIa neB:bIrO)J;Ha )];JIH TOprOBJIU na p;pyrHx p:bIHRax.
8TH CTapI1HHbIe npIfBHJlerHIf, rrpOHcxom)J;eHHe KOTOp:bIX TepHeT-
CH B I'JIy6HHe BeI\OB, HO ROTOp:bIe lIe pa3 BOCHpemaJIU BHOB:b, BLI3bI-
naJIH rrpOTeCT:bI ropO)J;OB U rrpOBHHD;HH, Tpe6oBaBIDHX, -qTo6:bI rrpM-
BMJIerUH 3TH 06'bHBHJIH «rrO)J;JIOmH:bII\IH» H «06ManHLIMH». TaR, B tIa-
CTIIOCTI1, COBeT nOJIy-qHJI maJIo6y OT ropo)J;a Raopa.
B TO jRe npeMH Bop)];o CJIYiI\HJI rrpHMepOM ;n;ai-Re )J;JIH Cal\IHX ma-
JI06 HKOB. ropo)J;a H npOBHH HH, rop)J;HBmHeCH YCTynRoH B HX
nOJl:b3Y npaBa 6aHBeHa, 3anpeII(aJlH BB03 Ha CBOIO TeppHTopHIO BHH
113 APyrHx ropO)J;OB H npOBHH HH 1. TaKOB:bI ,[(OMM, BepmepaK (rr:bI
TaBillHHCH )J;ame 3anpeTIIT:b rrepeB03KH no ,[(OPAOHH), BeJIBHC B IIe-
pHrope, MOnna3:be, Ba)J;e<f>oJl:b (Ha OCHOBaHHH pemeHHH napJlaMen-
Ta), nrraT:bI BeapHa (pemeHHe ROTOpLIX COBeT OCY)J;HJI no maJIo6e
Europa) If ropo)]; Ben B npOBHH HH ,[(o<f>HHe, OTRpOBeHHO CC:bIJIaB-
HiicH Ha «nJloxoe RaqeCTBO CBoero BHHa», KOTopoe HeJlL3H 6y,n;eT
npo,n;aT:D 6e3 aanpeTHTeJl:DHLIX Mep npOTHB BB03HLIX BHH, a TaI{me,
nO-BIf)J;HMOMY, MHorHe ,n;pyrHe.
COBepmeHHo Hecypa3HLIM rrpHMepOM 6LIJI ropo,n; MapCeJIL, rrpH-
TH3aHHH KOToporo 6:bIJIH CTOJl:D me ,n;aBHHl'4H, KaK H Y Bop,n;o. XOTH
3TOT ropo,n; «ne rrpOIf3Bo,n;HJI He06xo,n;HMoro KOJlHtIeCTBa BHHa ,n;JIH
Hym.n; CBoero rpOMa,n;Horo HaCeJleHHH», «BHHH:bIH Ha,n;30p» caMLIM
CTporHM 05pa30M CJle,n;HJI 3a C06J1IO,n;eHHeM 3anpeTa Ha BB03 BHHa,
II BOallHKH,_ KOTopLIe OCMeJlHBaJlHCL rrpHBe3TH B ropo,I( «lIymoe BHHO»,
HaKa3LIBaJlHC:b KHYTOM; rOpO,I(CKHe BJlaCTH IILITaJlHC:D ,n;ame 3aIIpe
THT:D 3KHIIamaM BXO,n;H HX B nopT Kopa6JIeii IIHT:D BHHO H TIHBO H3
co6CTBeHHLIX 3arraCOB; OHH ,n;OJlmH:bI 6:bIJlH nORynaT:b MapCeJl:DCKOe
BHHO, HHa'tJ:e HM rp03HJI OTI\a3 B B:bI,n;a-qe «RapaHTHHHoro CBH,n;eTeJl:b-
CTBa».
BceCTopOHHe rrpOaHaJlH3HpOBaB 3TO TIOJlOmeHHe, Tropro B npe-
aM6YJIe nOCTaHOBJIeHHH H3JIaraeT aprYMeHTa HIO, ROTopaH HaM yme
lf3BeCTHa. OH rOBopHT 06 HHTepecax nOTpe6HTeJleH, HHTepecax ca-
1 Tropro c nOJIH:bIM OCHOBaHlIeM 3aMeTfaeT, 'tJTO npaBO 63HBeHa ne
OJImBO BeCTH K TaRIIM nOCJIe}J;CTBHHM. BHaTfaJIe STO 6LIJIO cpeo aJIbHOe
npaBO, n03BOJIHBmee CeH:bOpy B TeTfeHlIe onpe,n;eJIeHHOrO BpeMeHII npo}J;a-
BaTb B p03JIJIB CBoe BilBO, He onacaHCb KOHKypeHD;HII. KOpOJIb BnOCJIe -
CTBHII pemHJI YCTaHoBIITb TaRoe ilie npaBo K cBoeH B:bIrO e TaM, r e He
cym;ecTBOBaJIO p;OMeHHaJIbHOrO IIJIII ceHbOpHaJI:bHOrO oaHBeHa II r}J;e He
npHMeHHJIOCb OOJIOmeHHe npo amIil nanHTROB. II paBO STO HMeJIO CIIJIY B
TeqeHHe 40 HeH, II ero CTaJIII npo.n;aBa Tb, npHqeM ceHbopLI H ropo.n;a
nOJIb30B3JIIICb npe rrO"tJTeHlIeM II .n;06:bIBaJIII ero 6e3 Tpy.n;a. TaR, HeKoTopLIe
ropo}J;3 nplIo6peJiH STO npaBo y JIro oBIIKa XIV. Ho OHO RaCaJIOCb JIHmb
TOprOBJIIiI B p03JIHB, OLIJIO OrpaHHqeHO onpe.n;eJIeHHLIM BpeMeHeM II He
MOrJIO 6LITb npOp;JIeHO Ha HeorpaHH"tJeHHLIH CpOK II 3aTparHBaTb caMO
nOTpeOJIeHHe. K TOMY me Tropro C"tJHTaeT, 'tJTO D;e.rr:bIO nORynRII SToro rrpa-
Ba ropop;aMH O:bIJIO oo.rrerq:nTb nOJIOmeHHe CBOHX rpai-R.n;aH, 3 He C03p;aBaTb
f(JIH HHX HOBoe 6peMH. (CM.: S c h e 11 e, t. V, p. 375.)
rJIABA II. BTOPOE l{bTXAHHE
391
MHX npOH3BO HTeJlOH, HHTepecax rOpO,IJ;OB, CTOJlb JIOmRO nOHHTLIX,
n60 3aTpY,IJ;HHeTCH I\aI{ rrpO,IJ;ama, TaI'l M nOI\ynI'la. A 60Jlbme Bcero
oB rOBopHT 06 HHTepccax Bcero rOCY,IJ;apCTBa B :o;eJIOl\1: H 3I'lOIIOMH"tJe-
CROB: 3RcrraHCHH: «Ha TeppHTopHHX, JIHllieHH:bIX npHBHJIerHR, 3eM-
JIe,n;eJIHe rrpHXO,IJ;HT B yna,IJ;OH». HeooxoJJ;Hl\1::bI M306HJIMB rrpO,IJ;YHD;HH,
nporpecc 3eMJIe,IJ;eJIHH, \ nporpecc nCRYCCTBa BHnO,IJ;eJIJifH, OiKHBJIeHHe
ToprOBJIH, 'tJ:T06:bI o6ecrre'tJ:HTb rocy,n;apCTBY «nOBhIe 60raTCTBa».
Pe-q:b H eT 0 TOM, 'tJ:To6:bI rrocpe)J:CTBOM «caMoro IDnpOI'lOro C6:bITa
,.,
npOP;YI'lTOB 3eMJfM II rrpOM:bIlliJIerrHOCTH...» P;OOJITbC H ((yee.JtU1-lenUfl
(JOXof)06, .Ft6.Jt.Ft1Ow;eeOCR C.Jtef)cT6ueM nep60eO». CBo6on:a, 3RcnarrCHH.
o60ra eHHe.
B pemeHHH )];eJIa 0 cB06op;e BHHHOR TOprOBJIH TJopro U3ue/Ha.TI
nOCTOHHHOB: nep;06p0}l{eJIaTeJI:bHOCTJI ITapHiKcRoro rrapJIaMeHTa. Ho
OTHomeHHe npOBHHD;HaJI:bH:bIX rrapJIaMeHTOB R 3J];HRTY 0 CBOOOAe
BHHHOH TOprOBJIH OKa3aJIOC:b, eCTeCTBeHHO, pa3JIH"tJH:bIM. Be3 BCHKHX
aaTpyp;HeHHH 3P;HKT 6:bIJI 3aperHCTpHpOBaH rrapJIRl\1:eHTaMH TYJIY31>I
II ,n:o<pHHe H B:bICmHM COBeTOl\I PYCCHJILOHa, p;pyrHe me npHHHJIH ero
JIHm:b nOCJIe rra)J;eHHH TIOpro, B "tJaCTHOCTH napJIaMenT Bopp;o C He-
KOTOp:bIMIiI H3MeHeHHHMH, IiI, nO-BHp;HMOMY, Roe-"tJ:TO IiICKJIIO'tJ::HJIH H3
Hero l . ITo tCJIOBaM ,n:IOrroHa, 3TO 1]03B0JI1HJIO pa'CllilIpHT:b :JKcrropTHYIQ
TOprOBJIIO B MHpnoe BpeMH )];0 60 MJIH.
1 F 0 n c i n. Op. cit., p. 501 et la note. IIeTIID;HH iRHTeJIeii EycKa.
a pecOBaHHaJI HeKKepy B 1780 r. H HaHp;eHHaH <I>oHcerroM B apxHBax en.
mHpOH,IJ;a, CCbIJIaeTCH ITa H3MeHeHIIe a,D;HKTa, pa3pemeHHoe YI\a30M KOpOJIH.
O,IJ;HaKO aBTop HenpaBHJlbHO aaKJII01JaeT, 6Y,D;TO caM a,D;HI\T OLIJI OTMeHeH.
392 tIACTb TPETblI. npOBAJ1
r ./laea III HpanJIeHble
RapT:bI
- Bot 31iaeTe, 1tTO 6aw eOe7iUbtu .MU-
1£UCTp 1£U 1£a 1tTO He eooe1£, "'TO 01£ noey6uT
Gawy ap.MU1O... Ho 6bL npoe6nUTe eeo JtUWb
roeaa, noeaa Gce npuoeT e Ta'ltOe pac-
CTpoucTeo, 1tTO yme UU1teeo 7ieJtb3.F£ 6yoer
ucnpaeuTb.
- q epT e03boMU, nO:HCa.4Yu, ebt npaebL,-
OTeeTUJt OU' epOM'ltO pacxoxoTaewucb.
Ee3aHBaJIb.
(,l{uaJW2 C j\1.opena) J
3 HIOJIH 1775 r., Ha PyroH )J;eHb IIOCJIe Toro, KaK H83Ha'tJ:eHHe
MaJIL3ep6a 6bIJIO B IIplIHD;Hne pemeHO (o<pHD;HaJILHO OHO 6bIJIO 06'b-
HBJIeHO JImnL 21), B MonaCTLIpe aBrYCTHHn;eB c06paJIaCL accaM6JIea
.u;YXOBeHCTBa. ITpe;n;ce)J;aTeJIbCTBOBaJI na HeM CTapbIH Kap)J;IIHaJI
)J;e JIapom-8MOH, apxIIeIIHCKoII PeHMCKHH, KOTOpbIH TOJILKO trTO
6J1arOCJIOBHJI Ha D;apcTBO JIIO)J;oBHKa XVI II tILeH OTCTaBKH BCKOpO-
CTH OiKH)J;aJIH. « Y me )J;OJIroe BpeMH OR 60JITaeT BCHKHH B3)J;Op II e e
lIOJIbme BbI3bIBaeT npe3peHHe Bcero 06 eCTBa»2. STa accaM6JIeH,
C03bIBaBmaHCH Kam)J;bIe IIHTb JIeT, )J;OJImHa 6bIJIa IIpem)];e Bcero
YTBep,IJ;HTb «,IJ;06POBOJIbHbIH p;ap», TO eCTb cpOPMY <pHHaHCOBoro YlIa-
CTHH n;epKBH H )];YXOBeHCTBa co BpeMeHH )];OrOBOpa B IIyaccH B rocy-
.n;apCTBeHITbIX pacxop;ax. STOT «)];ap» Bcerp;a 03HatIaJI CBoero pop;a
nJIaTY 3a HX IIpMBHJIerHH, 11:, XOTH 8TOT B3HOC 6bIJI 3UatIl;:TeJIbHO
HRme TOll CYMMbI, KaKYIO OHM IIJIaTMJIH 6bI B CJIYlIae IIO)J;aTHoro
paBeHCTBa Bcex COCJIOBHH, ;n;YXOBeHCTBO O'tJ:eHb KpeIIKO ;n;ep1KaJIOCb
3a BbI)];YMKY, 6Y)J;TO oCBo6om)J;eHHe ,n;YXOBeHCTBa OT HaJIOrOB - rrpa-
80, ;n;apOBaHHoe eMY CBbIme, If IIOTOMY 8TOT B3HOC Mor 6bITL C ero
CTOpOHbI TOJILKO COBepmeHHO )J;06pOBOJILHbIM p;apOM.
1 B e s en val. Ope cit., t. II, p. 32. B aTOM pa3rOBope Be3aHBaJIb
CTaBHT Ha O,IJ;HY ,rr;OCKY CeH-iEepMeHa II Tropro, yme IIOJIYtIUBmerO OTCTaB-
KY. OH C'tJHTaeT, 'qTO nepBLIH nory6HT apMHIO, I\aK BTOpOH nory6HJI 4>11-
HaHChI.
2 V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 340.
rJIABA III. RPAnJIEHbIE RAPTbI
393
ClIHTaJIOC:b, lITO ,n;YXOBeHCTBO OTHOCHTCH R TlOpro C HerrpHH3HbID
us-sa Toro, lITO OH He,n;OCTaTOlIHO Ha6omeH, H H3-3a ero 6JIH30CTH
c rpyrmoH <pHJIOCOcPOB. ra3eTbI Toro BpeMeHH rrO;n;,n;epmHBaJIH 3TO
npe,n;B3HToe cym,n;eHHe. rOBOpHJIH ,n;ame, lITO 3TO rrpe,n;y6em,n;eHlle
pacrrpOCTpaHHeTCH H Ha MaJI:b3ep6a BCJIe,n;CTBIIe «,n;pymecRHx Y3»,
CBHSbIBaBIDHX 6y,n; ero HOB oro MHHHCTpa H reHepaJIbHOrO KOHTpO-
nepa. XO,D;HJIH CJIYXH, "'I1'O 9TH ,n;Ba lIeJIOBeRa rro,n;rOTaBJIHBaIOT BMe-
eTe pa3H:bIe rrpoeRTbI, «3a,n;YMaHHbIe BO Bpe,n; ,n;YXOBeHCTBY», II B
qaCTHOCTH XOTHT rroTpe6oBaT:b OT Hero ,n;eRJIapa HH 0 Bcex ephOB
HLIX HMy ecTBax, RaR 3TO yme rrOrrLITaJICH c,!(eJIaTb B 1749 rl
Mamo 1. CJIYXH 3TH 6bIJIH JIHmeHbI B HRoro OCHOBaHHH. Tropro 6bIJl
J];aJIe'R OT MbJICJnI c,n;eJIaTL TaROH orrpOMeTlIHB:bIH mar. M:bI YBH,!(HM
Aame, lITO OH ,n;o caMoro ROHD;a H36eraJI 06JIaraT:b ,n;YXOBeHCTBO na-
JlOrOM, BBe,n;eHHLIM B3aMeH ,n;OpOiKHOH rrOBHHHOCTH. Kor;n;a ,n;YXOD8H-
CTBO y6e,n;HJIOC:b, lITO eMY HelIerO OrraCaT:bCH co CTOpOHLI 3Toro HOBa-
Topa, HeCMOTpH Ha BeCb ero arHOCTHD;H3M, OHO CTaJIO OT3bIBaT:bCH 0
TlOpro caMbIM ,D;o6pOmeJIaTeJIbHbIM 06pa30M.
11 HIOJIH TlOpro rrpe,n;CTaJI rrepe,n; accaM6JIeeH ,n;YXOBeHCTBa B Ie-
CTe C ,n;PyrHMH «ROMHCCapaMH ROPOJIH»: repn;orOM ne JIaBplfiiepoM,
<DeH,n;o ,n;e MapBMJIeM, OTn;OM H CbIHOM OpMeccoH3MH. COrJIaCHO
rrpHHHTOMY n;epeMOHHaJIY, ROMMccapOB BCTpeTHJJH rrepe,n; MOHaCTbI-
peM IIOCJIaHD;bI ,!(YXOBeHCTBa, 3aTeM IIX rrpMBeJIM RO BXO;IJ;Y B 061ifTP,TIb,
r,n;e lfX OmH;IJ;aJIM ,n;errYTaTbI accaM6JIeH, H HaROHen; BBe.TIM B xpaM.
JI3BpHMep B03rJIaBJIHeT 3TY rpyrrrry H rrpOH3HOCIfT Tpa;IJ;M[(HOHHYIO
pe1Jb: TaR RopoJIeBcRHH MRHMCTp If rrpeJICenaTeJI:bCTBYIOID;HH I\ap-
DJIHaJI MorYT BMeCTe HaCJIa,n;MTbCH rrOCJIeJ];HHMH IIOqeCTHMH B fIX
paBHO ,!(JIMHHOH H paBHO rrocpe,n;cTBcHHoH Rapbepe. ABa ,ItHH crrYCTH,
no.rrY1:fMB BTopoe rrMCbMO ROpOJIH, 06'bHCHHIO ee «rrOJIOmeHHe ero
IIeJI», ROMHccapbI B03Bpa aIOTcH H rrepexo,n;HT R o6cym,n;eIDIIO np'aK-
TH"tJeCRHX BonpOCOB. repn;or ,n;e JIaBpHHep rrpOCHT ,n;YXOBeHCTBO c,n;e-
JIaT:b ,n;ap B pa3Mepe 16 MJIH., CCLIJIaHC:b Ha 3ROHOMlPleCRHH ,n;OBO,n;,
HBHO rro;IJ;CRa3aHHbIH eMY Tropro. CBo6o,n;a xJIe6noH TOprOBJIH"
AOJImHa 6bI,n a YBeJIHqHT:b ,!(OXO,n;LI SeMJIeBJIa,!(eJIbD;eB, a 3Ha qMT, II
nOXOJ(bI n;epHBH, npyrrHoro 3eMeJI:bHOrO c06cTBeHHHRa H rrOJIyqaTeJIHT
.n;eCHTHHLI. A66aT ,n;e BorlO3, HHHD;HaTOp C03:bIBa accaM6JIelI, rrpOH3-
Hec CJIOBa, HOTopble MomHO 6bIJIO HCTOJIROBaTL JIHID:b KaK XBaJIeO-
ITbIH OT3bIB 0 rrpaBJIeHHH TlOpro: «rocy,!(apcTBeHHble HHaHcbI
BHOBb 06peJIM rrepBOHalIaJILHYIO CHJIY, rocy,n;apcTBeHH:bIH Kpe,IJ;UT
Oil\HBaeT... COHpam;eHMe paCXO,!(OB... BeJIHI{Oe ,!(eJIO Bceo6rqero OCBO....
6om,!(eHHH...» He RameTCH JIH BaM, "tfTO BLI CJILImHTe pelIK 3hOHO--
MHcTa? ApxncIIHcRoII Oma, rro,n;qepRHYB Tpy,n;Hoe rrOJIomeHHe ,n:yxo....
BeHCTBa H pOCT ero ,n;OJIrOB, BbICRa3aJICH, o,n;HaHO, B rrOJIb3Y « ,n;oo-
POBOJIbHOrO ,n:a pa».
II 16 MJIH. <ppaHRoB 6bIJIM YTBepm,n;eHbI 6e3 JIIIIDHeM TOprOB,TIIr,
1 CM.: B a c h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., t. VIII, p.. 113. et. 129, 11 et
30 juillet 1775.
394
flACTh TPETbH. npOBAJI
XOTH na npeAbIAy eH aCCaMOJIee, cocToHBmeHcH B 1772 r., rOBopH-
JIH JIHmb 0 10 MJIH. 8TH 16 MJIH. <ppaHRoB npeBpaTHJIHC:b, BIIpOlIeM,
B 15,5 MJIH., TaK RaR rOCYAapCTBO COrJIaCHJIOCb, lITO 500 TbIC. non-
AYT B <poHA rrorameHHH AOJIra 1. YXOBeHCTBO AOJIiKHO ObIJIO AOObITb
3TH AeH:brH, CAeJIaB 3aeM H3 4 0/0. TIOpro COCTaBHJI APyroH rrpoeKT,
no BbIHyiKAerr ObIJI OT Hero OTRa3aT:bCH. «8Ta accaM6JIeH, - rrHmeT
a60aT Ae BepH, - AaJIa KOpOJIIO 16 MJIH. OHa He 3aXOTeJIa rrpeAo-
CTaBHTb 3aeM OT HMeHH AYXOBeHCTBa, TO eCT:b 3aeM rroA HeooJI:bmoii
IIpo eHT, cpeAcTBa ROToporo rrpeAHa3HalIaJIHC:b Ha rroKpbITHe pacxo-
AOB I\a3Ha"lleH'CTBa H 01IeHb AaBHHx AOJIrOB KOpOJIeBCROH KaSHbI.
,[(yxoBeHcTBo OOHJIOCb AOBepHT:bCH OYAY HM rrpeeMHHRaM Tropro II
KiOpOJIH, :II Te [TlOpro :H 1\iOpOlJIb. - Pea.] :H'e ObIJIIH 3THM 01IHH:b OO[H-
meHL!» 2 .
Co CBoeH CTOpOHbI AYXOBeHCTBO ObIJIO AOBOJI:bHO MHHHCTpOM, :XOTn
OH H !He TIOce aJl M'eCCbI: «ACCaIMOJIeH AYXOBeHCTBa He maJIyeTcH
na r-Ha TIOpro... OHa OOHJIaC:b, lITO He OTAeJlaeTCH TaR AemeBO».
,IJ:a H caM MIIHHCTp OTHOCHJlCH K AYXOBeHCTBY AOBOJl:bHO oepeiKHO,
pemaH B ero rrOJI:b3Y HeKOTopbIe He3HalIHTeJI:bHbIe <pHCKaJl:bHbIe
crropL!3. IIpHBHJIerHpOBaHHL!e opraHH3a HH BcerAa rrpeAIIOlIHTaIOT
KOHTH Ha OOJI:bmHe iKepTBbI, HO coxpaHHTL CBoe rrpHBHJler:o:pOBaH-
]loe rrOJIOiKeHHe, lIeM ObITL BLIHYiKAeHHbIMH OTKaSaT:bCH XOTH OLI
lIYTb-rqyT:b OT 3Toro nOJIOmeHHH 4 .
IIpeiKAe "IeM pa30HTHC:b, aCCaMOJIeH AYXOBeHCTBa 3aHJlJlaCL BO-
rrpocaMH peJIHrHH. Ho OOCTOHTeJl:bCTBa CJIOiKHJIHCL TaKHM oopa30M,
lITO 9Ta rrOCJleAHHH lIaCT:b ee paOOTbI COMKHYJlaCL C rrpOOJIeMaMH
3ROHOMHlIeCROH IIOJIHTHI\H. ACCaMOJleH pemHJIa CAeJIaTL rrpe.n;CTaBJIe-
HHH IRQlPOJIIO noQ IIOfBO'AY ,pacTy eDo HeBepHH 5 . ApXHerrHCRorr TYJIY3-
1 CM.: F 0 n C i n. Ope ci t., p. 299. MLI P;OJIiRHLI OTMeTHT:b, llTO 3TOT
aBTOp B CBoeH P;06pOCOBeCTHOH pa60Te p;onYCKaeT rpy6yIO omH6KY, BLICllB-
TLIBaH peaJI:bH:bIe paCXop;:bI. CYMMa nop;JIeiRam;HX OnJIaTe npOn;eHTOB p;o-
CTHraJIa G20 T:bIC. <ppaHKoB, a norameHHe p;OJIra - 600 TLIC. <ppaHKoB, H3
qero OH 3aKJIIOqHJI, qTO «P;YXOBeHCTBO BbInJIallHEaJIO 3a p;eCHT:b JIeT ua
HYiK,D;:bI rocyp;apcTBa 1200 T:bIC. <ppaHKOB, TO eCT:b 122 TLIC. B rop;». Torp;a
HaK 4% rop;OBbIX Ha 15,5 MJIH. COCTaBJIHIOT 620 TbIC. <ppaHKoB B eoB, a He
B BeCR,Tb AeT.
2 V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 344 et 381.
3 CM. BbIme, BTopaH qaCTb, rJIaBa II; TpeTbH qaCT:b, rJIaBa II.
4 MbI MOiReM nanOMHliIT:b, C yqeTOM Bcex Heo6xop;HMbIX COOTHome-
HHM If orOBopOK, 'ITO B YCJIOBHHX COBpeMeHHOH <pHCKaJIbHOH CHCTeMLI aK-
n;HOHepH:bIe 06m;eCTBa Bcerp;a npep;nQ..'lHTaIOT COrJIaCHTbCH Ha YBeJIHqeHHe
Cnen;HaJIbHOrO HaJIOra Ha HX P;O X O,D;LI, qeM p;onYCTHT:b H3MeHeHHH B npa-
nliIJIaX onpep;eJIeHHH CYMMbI, nop;JIeiRam;ei 06JIOiReHHIO, H JIHmeHHe HX
Tex HJIH HH:bIX npHBHJIerHH, Bpop;e oCBo6omp;eHHH OT BaJIOra Ha CKJIap;LI.
4 «RopoJI:b OTBeTHJI Cp;epiRaHHO H p;aiRe c HeKoTopoH HpoHHeH, npep;-
JIOiRHB, B qaCTHOCTH, enHCKonaM, qTo6:bI «8 C80UX enapXUR,X OHH CJIYiRHJIH
npHMepOM, cnOC06H:bIM OiRHBHTb Bepy H npHBHT:b p;o6pOp;eTeJIH». (8 e g U f.
Ope cit., p. 261.)
Ha accaM6JIee 6bIJIO TaKiRe BHeceHO npep;JIOiReHHe, nop;p;epiRaHHOe
BceMH peTporpap;aMH, pa3pemHT:b npHHHMaT:b MOHameCKHH 06eT HaqHHaJI
c meCTuap;n;aTuneTuero BoapaCTa.
rJIABA III. RPAnJ1EHbIE RAPTbI
395
CI\UH JIoMeHH ,n;e BpHeHH, «B3HB CJIOBO, npOH3HeC CHJILHYIO H ,n;O-
CTOHHYIO peQb». 8TOT npeJIaT - ne BepHBillHM B 6ora, no CJIOBaM
JIIO,n;oBHRa XVI, - 6:bIJI H36paH rrpe,u;ce,n;aTeJleM ROMHCCHH no
BonpocaM peJIHrHH II epROBHLIX nponoBe,n;eii. B rrpe,n;cTaBJIeIIHlI
KOpOJIIO YRa3bIBaJIOCb, B "IIaCTHOCTR, Ha 6e3HaHa3aHHocTb, I\aI oi
nOJIb3YIOTCH 6e36oiKnLIe HHHrH. Cpe,n;1I nHX caMoii 3aMeTHOH ObIJIa
BOJlbTepOneKaH «,n:HaT'pH'6a» ((Diatribe...»). B aTOB 6pollilope
BOJIbTep B:bI'CRa3:bI\Bae I T'CH B IrOJIb'3Y cBo6o,n;:bI XJIe6rrOM TOprOBJIH, HO
B03J1araeT Ha ,n;YXOBeHCTBO, KCTaTH BOBce He 3aCJly.meHHO, qaCT:b
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a XJIe6H:bIe 6YHT:bI. JIarapn nOMeCTHJI xBaJIe6nyIO
CTaTbIO 06 aTOM 6pomIOpe B mypHaJIe «MepRIOp». ITo maJIo6e ,u;yxo-
BeHCTBa 9Ta CTaTbH 6DIJIa H3'.bHTa, a nponYCTHBmHH ee n;eH30p
OTCTpaHeH OT ,n;OJIiKHOCTII. IIapJIaMeHT BOCnOJI:b30BaJICH CJJY"IIaeM,
QT06:bI rrpHMRHYTL K Hana,n;RaM epRBII. OH npHrOBOpHJI !{ COiRrl\e-
HHIO pa60TY BOJILTepa rrocJle 06BHHHTeJILHOH peQIl Cer:be, no,n;-qepJ -
HYBilleii: TeCHbIH COI03 Mem,IJ;Y MarHCTpaTYPOH H ,n;yxOBeHCTBoM.
ACCaM6JIeH BbIpa3HJla CBoe y,n;oBJleTBopeHHe 3aMeCTHTeJlIO rrpoRYpo-
pa H rrepBoMY rrpe3H,n;eHTY ,[ napJlaMeHTa]. 8TH ,n;Be TaR ,n;OJIro Bpam-
AOBaBmHe CHJI:bI rrpHMHpIlJlHCb, 06'be,n;HHHBmHCb npOTHB nOJIHTIIHI1
TIOpro. BOJI:bTep TYT He omH6cH: «HHRTO He CTaJl 6:bI rrpOJIHBaTL
RpOB:b 1I3-3a ,n;HaTpII6:bI... Mep3aBD;:bI XOTeJI'1I )J;aT:b eJl"llOR r-HY l'IOp-
ro, BOCrrOJIb30BaBillHC:b HOCOM JIarapna». «BCHKOe rro,n;06noe B:bI-
cTynJIeHlle CBII,n;eTeJI:bCTByeT 06 yna,n;Ke», - 3aMeQaeT co CBoeH CTO-
pOH:bI BeplI. « qeJloBeR 3,n;OpOB:bIH 11 rrOJIH:bIM CHJI HHROMY He maJlY-
eTCH... qeJIOBeR y ep6H:bIH iKaJIyeTcH Ha Bce, iKaJlyeTcH BceM:...»
JlH TlOpro pemeHHe accaM6J1eH ,n;YXOBenCTBa OKOH'IaTeJILHO
rapaHTHpOBaJIO 06eCrreQeHHe Hym,n; Ka3Ha-qeHCTBa, RaR II npe,u;BH,u;eJl
9TO Teppa. 'Y JIyqmeHHe rocy apcTBeHHoro Hpe,n;UTa npo,n;OJImaJIOCb
B Te"lleHHe Bcero BToporo nepHo,n;a npaBJleHHH TIopro.
MMeHHO B 06JIaCTII 6IO,n;meTHOH rrOJIHTHHH CJle,n;OBaJIO, eCTeCT-
BeH'HO, OiKH,n;aTb rrOJIOmHTeJIbH:bIX pe3YJIbTaTOB HJIH no l\tIeH:billen
Mepe 6JIarOrrpHHTH:bIX CHMnTOMOB. Ha3Ha-qeHHH MaJl:b3ep6a MHHH-
CTpOM ROpOJIeBCI\OrO ,n;Bopa, a 3aTeM, B OI TH6pe, CeH-iRepMeHa
BOeHH:bIM MHHHCTpOM .n;OJllliH:bI 6:bIJl1I cIIoco6cTBOBa T:b B ,n;BYX Rpyn-
iteiimnx 06JIaCTHX rocy,u;apCTBeHH:bIX pacxo,u;oB ocym;eCTBJIeHHIO
«npe,n;BapHTeJIbHDIX HaMeTOK» MHHHcTpa - paCnopH,IJ;HTeJIH Kpe,n;H-
TOB. TaKoBa 6bIJIa Ha,n;em,n;a Tropro, TaKOBa 6bIJla ero OCHOBHaH
M:bICJlb, TaROBa 6:bIJIa BepOHTHOCTb. Ho C06:bITHH HX He IIo,n;TBep,n;HJII1..
B:bI60p rrepBoro MHHHCTpa o6Ma:ayJI na,n;em,n;bI, a BToporo - ORa3aJI-
CH oTBpaTHTeJlbHDIM.
MaJI:b3ep6 HallaJI CBoe ynpaBJIeHHe npll 06CTOHTeJIbCTBaX, MaJIO
6JIarOnpHHTCTBOBaBillHx cOI\pam;eHHIO rocy,u;apcTBeHH:bIX pacxo1J;OB.
Yme B HIOne MecHD;e qMa;rr;aM TeTRH» BHKTOpHH II CO<pHH, iKHBmHe
396
qACTb TPETbH. llPOBAJI
8MeCTe, pemHJIH pa31>eXaTbCH. «IIpHmJIocL C03,IJ;aTL OTAeJILHLIH
;J;BOP ,IJ;JIH Ma,IJ;aM CoqrHH, - IIHmeT MapHH AHTyaHeTTa. - OTO e e
pacxo , 11 MHe OqeHh ,IJ;oca HO». IIHcbMo 3TO aTHpOBaHO 22 HIOHH,
TO eCTb 110 B03Bpam;eHH1I C KopOHan;HH, qeM, HaBepHoe, 06 HCHHeT-
CH Heo6bIQHOe }J;JIH KOpOJIeBbI YMOHaCTpoeHHe. Peqb IlIJIa 0 TOM,
QTo6bI KYIIHTb B Co nOMeCTbe repn;ora IIaHTbeBpa 11 nOCeJIHTL TaM
MaJJ;aM COcp1lIO. ITo 3TOMY CJIyqaIO TIOpro CJIHIDKOM pLHHO Topro-
BaJICH, KaK CqHTaJI 3TOT KpynHbIH: BeJIbMOma, KOTOPOMY npHnHCbI-
BalOT CJIeJJ;YIO ee 3aMeqaHHe: «r-H reHepaJIbHbIH KOHTpOJIep, H
3HaJI, "tITO BLI npOIIOBeJJ;yeTe CB060JJ;y, HO He ,n;YMaJI, "tITO BbI rOTOBbI
elO 3JIoynoTpe6JIHTb». .[(eJIO npOBaJIHJIOCL, 11 I\OpOJIb OTAaJI TeTHe
CBOH 3aMOR B BeJIbBIO 1. B TOM me HIOHe MeCHn;e npHmJIOCL nOHTH
Ha paCXOJJ;bI em;e JVIH OJJ;Horo JJ;Bopa - JJ;JIH He pOJJ;HBilierOCH em;e
peoeHKa rpacpHHR JJ;'ApTya. HeK1IH Byp6YJIOH, Ka3HaqeH aTOH npJIH-
D;eCCbI, meJIaH COpBaT:b XOpOIDHH Rym, npeJJ;CTaBHJI ClIeT Ha 350 TbIC.
JI1IBpOB. Ero 3aMeHHJIH, KaI{ rOBopHT, no Tpe60BaHHIO Tropro, roc-
nOJJ;HHOM .[(pya JJ;e CaHTepoM, KOTOpbIH YCTaHOB1IJI, lITO ,IJ;BOp rep ora
BypryHJJ;cKoro npR IIOJJ;06HbIX iRe 06CTOHTeJIbCTBaX 060meJICH Bcero
B 130 TbIIC. JIHBpOB. «CqeT 6bIJI H3MeHeH no 3TOMY o6pa3D;Y» 2.
rJIaBHbIM C06bITHeM B aBrYCTe 6bIJI 6paR. MaJJ;aM RJIOTHJIbJJ;bI,
ceCTpbI KOpOJIH, IIpOCJIaBHBmeHCH CBoeH JJ;OpO}J;HOCTbIO II np03BaH-
HOB: «Ma}J;aM TOJICTyxa», C IIpHHn;eM IIbeMoHTcKHM. BpaqHbIH ROH-
TpaKT 6bIJI IIOJJ;IIHcaH 16 aBrYCTa, 6paROCOQeTaHHe COCTOHJIOCb
21 aBrYCTa. IIpHJJ;aHoe paBHHJIOCb OJJ;HOMY MHJIJIHOHY 3. BbIJIIi eIIJ;e
H HerrpeJJ;BHAeHHbIe paCXOAbI, cBaJJ;e6Hoe nYTemeCTB1Ie, npa3J];HeCT-
Ba. ITo :aeKOTopbIM C006m;eHHHM, TIOpro (1160 rOBopHT TOJIbRO 0 HeM
II HRKorAa He YIIOMHHaIOT MaJIb3ep6a) YJJ;aJIOCb B 3TOM CJIYlIae
JJ;06HTbCH HeKOTOpOB: 8KOHOMRH: «IIpa3JJ;HecTBa 6bIJIII rrpOBe,n;eHbI B
CTporOM COOTBeTCTBHH c aTHKeTOM H 6e3 BCHKHX JIHmHHX paCXOJJ;OB».
Bcero OJJ;RH 6aHKeT, O}J;IIH 6aJI, O,IJ;IIH CIIeRTaRJIb B BepcaJIe: nbeca
f1l6epa «!\OHHeTa6JIb Byp60H» Tome KaK 6Y,IJ;TO IIpOmJIa no,n; 3Ha-
hOM 8KOHOMHH - Ha aTOT pa3 8KOHOMHH TaJIaHTOB 11 xopomero
BHyca. «TeIIepb KOHen; BceM CIIeKTaRJIHM, - n1lmeT Opac Y OJInOJI,
It OTqaHHIIIO JIeJJ;R Map1l RYI\, - 1160 r-H TIOpro OqeHL aROHOMeH».
O HaRo B «IIepeIIHCRe» MeTpa 0 n'pa3J];He'CTtBaX B IIIaM,6epH MbI qH-
TaeM: «Ha cBaJJ;b6e 6bIJI1I Cp;eJIaHLI BeJIRKOJIeIIHbIe IIoAapKII C TOH :II
C pyroB: CTOpOHbI, II Ha 3TOT pa3 6LIJIH CHona paCTpalIeHbI MliIJIJIHO-
1 B a c h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., t. VIII, p. 165, 2 septembre 1775.
2 Ibid., p. 81, 16 juin 1775.
.3 CaBoe -}J;o6pHK meJIaeT
IIOJIyqUTb OllJIaTY CllOJIHa.
B 06MeH meHY IIOJIyqaeT.
IIpaBo, mupHaH n;eHa.
(KYllJIeT TOM 3rrOXH. CM.: Mme C amp an. Ope cit.,
t. II p. 63.)
([,J1ABA Ill. RPAIIJIEHblE RAPTbl
397
IILI». TaK KaK KOpOJIL ,u;aJl CBOeMY rrOCJIY rpaCPY ,u;e BHpll Bcero
75 TLIC. JIHBpOB, TO 1I0COJI «,D;06aBIIJI K HRM IIO MeHLmeH Mepe CTOJIL-
1\0 me caM» 1.
Ho HCTHHHLIe Tpy,u;HOCTH pom,n;aJIa ROpOJIeBa. Ee ,n;oopbIe HaMe-
peHHH rrOCJIe KopOHan;HH OqeHL CROpO pa3BeHJIHCL HaK ,u;bIM. IIpe,n;-
,JIOrOM ,u;JIH ee nepBOB IIpHXOTH rrOCJIymHJI yxo,n; B OTcTaBRy ee cppei-
.JIHHbI rpacpHHII ,n;e HoaH, CTaBmeH meHoi MapmaJIa Ae MymH,
I OTOPYIO OHa (RopOJleBa) rrp03BaJIa «Ma,u;aM 8TIIReT» H ROTopaH,
no CBH;rr;eTeJlLCTBY r-JRII RaMrraH, CJIymHJIa rrOCTOHHHOH MHmeHLIO
'{)CTPOT a66aTa ,u;e BepMOHa 2.
8TOT yxo,n; ;rr;aJI ROpOJIeBe y,n;OOHbIH cJlytIai OCYID;eCTBHTL B03HHI\-
mUM y Hee em;e paHee 3aMbICeJl: BOCCTaHOBHT:b ,u;OJliKHOCTL cyrrep-
HHTeH,n;anTa (MHHHcTpa) ,n;Bopa ROpOJleBbI II rrpe,u;ocTaBHTL ee IIpIIH-
:n;ecce ,u;e JIaMOaJlL. B aTO BpeMH KOpOJIeBa BHe3arrHO rrpOHHRJIaCb
ropHqei CHMrraTlIeH R rpacpHHe iKIOJlII ,n;e IIoJlHH:bHK H, nO-BH,n;H-
:MOMY, XOTeJla ,u;aTL cBoei npemHeH cpaBopHTRe, HCKJlIOqHTeJlLHoe
nOJlOmeHHe ROTOpoii ORa3aJlOCL no,n; yrp030n, o,n;HoBpeMeHHo B03-
Harpam,n;eHHe II ROMrreHcan;HIO. lIo rrHCLMaM Mepcu BH,n;HO, "liTO
.3TOT rrpoeRT C03peJl yme 17 UIOJIH H "liTO I{OpOJIeBa rrOJlytIHJIa, XOTH
II TaHHO, COrJIaCHe ROpOJIH.
AOJlmHOCT:b cyrrepHHTeH,n;aHTa, OTMeHeHHaH HeCKOJILKO JIeT Ha-
.3a,u;, ObIJIa, 110 CBH,n;eTeJILCTBY ,n;e BepH, «qHCTO rrpeCTHiKHoii, ,n;opo-
rOCTOHm;ei H oopeMeHHTeJILHOH 113-3a ee OCOObIX rrpaB». qTO ,u;o
acxo,n;OB, TO CHaqaJla peqL mJIa 0 70 TbIC. JIHBpOB, HO ORa3aJIOCL,
''lITO rrocJle,n;Hei ,u;aMe,' 3aHHMaBmeH aTOT nocT, M-JI:b ,u;e BYPOOH,
y,n;aJIOCb C rroMoID;LIO pa3HbIx YXHID;peHIIH YBeJIUqUTL CBoe maJIO-
BaHLe ,n;o 150 TMC. JIHBpOB (B,u;Boe OOJlLme ORJIa,u;a reHepaJILHOrO
'ROHTpOJIepa) .
IIpHHn;ecca ,n;e JIaMOaJIL, RaK II ee conepHUn;a rpacpHHH ,n;e IIo-
JIHHbHR, OTHIO,n;L He OTJlHqaJIa'C:b oeCRopbICTHeM H He corJIamaJlaCb
,RH Ha CHHiKeHHe CBoero OKJIa,n;a, HU Ha OrpaHHqeHUe CBOHX IIpepo-
'raTIIB. CBeI\Op rrpHHn;eCCbI repn;or ,u;e IIaHTLeBp He paapemuJI 6bI en
HMHaRoro YMaJIeIDIH ee npaB - OHa BbICRa3aJIa Bce 9TO ROpOJIeBe,
<qeprraH rro,u;,u;epiKRY B CJIe3aX, a Ta TOJILKO II AYMaJIa, KaK 6bI YCTY-
nHT:b. He"llero CKa3aTL, rro,n;xo,u;HID;HH MOMeHT OLIJI BbIopaH - «RaI\
pa3 Kor,u;a rrpaBHTeJI:bCTBO 6bIJIO saHHTO COKpam;eHHeM pacxo,u;OB II
3I\OHOMHeH». M B,n;ooaBOK K 8TOMY pacxo,u;y CJIe,n;OBaJIO npH6aBHT:b
rreHcHro r-me ,n;e MymH: 50 TbIC. JIHBpOB s .
1 Met r a. Correspondance, 1 er septembre 1775.
2 3TO pemeHHe KOpOJIeBa npHHHJIa H3 KaKorO-TO HIPITOmHOro He.u;o-
BOJIbCTBa, HO em;e BepHee, 'tIT06LI BLIIIOJIHHTb meJIaHHe MapmaJIa .u;e My-
mB, OTMeqaeT MepcH-ApmaHTo (18 ceHTH6pH).
3 A66aT .u;e BepMoH nO}J;rOTOBHJI BMeCTe C MepcH BOBLIH YCTaB .u;JIH
J);OJDRHOCTH MHHHcTpa }J;Bopa KOpOJIeBbI, a HMeHBO: OTMeHBJI Hecypa3Hoe
398
t[ACf b TPETbll. llPOBAJ1
Mopena, BeCbMa ,n;OBOJIbHLIH CBOHM npHMHpenHeM C KOpOJIeBOii,
He Mor BCTyrraTb C HeH B ROH<pJIHKT. R TOMY me BeCbMa B03MomHO,
lITO HOpOJIeBa TaR OXOTHO nomJIa Ha npHMHpeHlIe KaR pa3 JIH TO-
ro, lITo6LI 06eCnelIHTb ycnex CBoeMY 3aMbICJlY, C I{OTOPbIM OHa B
TO BpeMH HOCHJlaCb.
MaJIb3ep6 me, ,n;eJIaBIDHH TOJIbKO nepBbIe marH Ha MHHHCTep-
CKOM nonpH e, OKa3aJlCH BeCbMa nOKJlaJ];HCTbIM.
Tropro, KOTOPOMY II TaI{ yme He )10BepHJIII, rre Mor corrpOTHB-'
JIHTI>CH B O,n;HHOlIKY - eMY rrpHIDJIOCb IIJlbITb no TelIeHHIO. B ,n;aJlb-
HeMIDeM ero pOJIb B TaKoro pOJ];a J];eJIax CTaHOBBJJaCb Bee Menep
3aMeTHOH. MepcH coo6IIJ;aeT, liTO KOpOJIeBa J];OBOJIbIIa MaJIb3ep601Vf
II Mopena, a BepH OTMe"llaeT, "liTO Mopena H MaJIb3ep6 J];OBOJIbHhI
ROpOJIeBoH. OJ];HaHo o6 ecTBo 6LIJIO aJIeKO He TaR ,n;OBOJIbHO: onHTb
eMY He Bce CKa3aJIH. H KpHTHKOBaJlH HMeHHO TIOpro 3a TO, liTO on
«He npe'ceI\ :3TO B0306HOBJIeHH ' e 3JIoynoTpe6J1eHHH» 1.
)]:JIH HOB oro MHHHCTpa KOpOJleBCI{OrO Bopa maJIOBaHbe cynep-
HHTeH aHTY ,n;Bopa ROpOJIeBM He 6MJIO oTcTynJIeHHeM OT TBep o
H36paHHoH nOJlHTHlIeCKOH JIHHHH, Ha ROTopoe OH COrJlaCHJICH ITO
3peJlOM pa3MLIIDJIeHHH, H3-3a BeCbMa neCHHX coo6pameHHH BbICO-
KOB J];HITJIOMaTHH. lIo cBoeMY xapaKTepy OH 6bIJI Boo6:rn;e qeJIOBeKO 1
CrOBOpqHBbIM. On OTI\pOBeHHo npH3HaJlCH a66aTY J];e BepH: «¥ Me-
HH TaKaH HaTypa, liTO MHe OlIeHI> XO"tleTCH, lITo6bI BCHKHH BomeJ];-
mHH B MOM I{a6HHeT OHa3LIBaJICH npaB». If nOToMY Bce 6LIJIH 01Ja-
pOBaHbI MaJIb3ep6oM, KpOMe - Ha o oT aTb eMY cnpaBe,n;JIHBOCTb-
ero caMoro. KorJ];a ROpOJIb OKa3aJl eMY, liTO ero oKpymaeT
Bceo6 aH ,u;o6pOmeJIaTeJlbHOCTb, OR OTBeTHJI: «8TO J];OHa3bIBaeT, "liTO
H rrJIOXO BbInOJIHHIO 06H3aHHOCTH, KOTopbIe MHe ,n;OBepHJIH. 1160, eCJIlI
6:bI H BbInOJlHHJI HX xopomo, MeHH oKpymaJla 6bI TOJIrra mqJlo6-
HKOB». B CBH3H C :3THM pa3rOBopOM, npOHcme IDHM B HOH6pe, MT)I
MomeM BTOpOH pa3 OTMeTHTb CJ];epmaHHoe 3aMe"llaHHe KOpOJIH no
aJ];pecy Tropro. «8TO BpOJ];e reHepaJIbHOrO KOHTpOJlepa, - CKa3aJl
MHe KOpOJIn, - ero HHKorJ];a He 6y,u;YT JII06HTb»2.
TeM BpeMeHeM MaJIb3ep6 BeJleJI BceM pacnopH HTeJIHM Kpe H-
TOB ROpOJIeBCROro J];Bopa rrpeJ];CTaBHTb eMY C1!eTa HX pacxo,n;OB. Ho,
06CY,D;RB HX C Mopena, OH 'He HameJI :B HIHX HH1JerO cym;ecTBeHTIOrO,
3aCJlymHBaIOII1;ero OCY;KJ];eHIIH. C Te"lleHIIeM BpeMeHJi.I MaJIn3ep6 y6e-
,D;HJICH B npaBHJIbHOCTH CBoero nepBOHallaJIbHOrO cym;a;eHHH: OH He
nO,D;XO,D;HT ,D;JIH :3TOrO nOCTa H eCJIH Tpe6yeTcH rrpOBeCTII pe<POPM:y, TO
rrpano, no KOTOPOMY BH O,1J;MB 'tfeJIOBeK npn p;nope ROpOJJenbI He Mor llbI-
nOJIBMTb rrpHKa3 HJIH nopyqeHHe, .n;aHBoe Berrocpe.n;CTBeHHO Ee BeJIJiPIe-
CTBOM, He rrOJIyqMB no.n;TBepm.n;eHHH MHHHCTpa .n;nopa! «!\0pOJIena O,n;06PH-
JIa BOBLIH YCTaB II c06cTBeBBopyqHo no,n;nIIcaJIa ero». Ho nOCJIe OTRa3a
rrpHH eccLI JIaM6aJIb «HOBbIM YCTaBoM npeHe6perJIH, RaR Hero COCTaBH"
TeJIHMH, II npH ,1J;Bope npOAOJImaJICH npemBHH xaOC». (M e r c y - A r g e n..
tea lie Ope cit., 13 octobre.)
1 V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 368.
2 V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 373-374.
l'JIABA Ill. KPAIIJ1EHblE 1(AP7'LI
399
()H He TOT "IIeJIOBeI\, HTO MomeT 3TO CAeJIaT:b: «H Mor 6:bI nOArOTO-
BIITb AJIH ne,e MaTepUaJI:bI, HO rJIy6oRO aa6JIYiK,n;aIOTCH Te, I\TO
m,u;eT, lITO 11 ee rrpoBeAY. H Ha 9TO He crroc06eH B CHJIY CBoero xa-
paHTepa».
lIo CBOHM CKJIOHHOCTHM OH 60JILme THrOTeJI K IOpu,n;lf1IeCRHM
eJIaM CBoero Be,u;oMcTBa; OH pemHJI aaHHT:bCH TIOp:bMaMU, rrepe-
CMOTpeT:b I\OpOJIeBCRlIe YKaS:bI 0 aaTOlIeHUH (lettres de cachet) H
JIYlIme 06eCne1IHT:b Ha 6y,n;ym;e,e cBo6'O,n;y JIH"IIHO'CTH. ,l];JIH 9TOH n;eJIH
OR coa,n;an cy,u;e6HYIO KOMIfCCHIO, C KOTOpOH ,n;OJImH:bI 6:bIJIH ROHCYJIL-
THpOBaTLCH rrpH aaKJIIO"IIe.HHH B TIOPLMY. O,n;HH 113 ero 6uorpa<pOB
YTBepm,n;areT, 6Y ToO 'OB OCB0601,n;HJI 'T:bI'CHttH 38JRJIIOlIeHH:bIX, HO, no
3HaMeBHTOMY aHeK,n;OTY CeHaRa ,n;e MeHnaHa, 9TO "IIHCJIO COKpaTH-
nOCL ,n;o 60JIee CRpOMHOH n;Hwp:bI - ,n;BYX "IIeJIOBeR 1. CaMoe 60JI:b-
moe y,n;OBJIeTBOpeHHe OT CBoero yrrpaBneHHH MaJIL3ep6 rrOJIyqaJI
TorAa, Kor,n;a HaxOAWI BeCRHe npHlIHH:bI oCB060,n;HTLCH OT KaKHX-
JIH60 113 CBOUX 06H3aHHocTeH. TaR, OH rrepe,n;an B Be,n;eHHe CeH-
iKepMeHa oWUn;epcKHH Koprryc KOpOJIeBCKOro ,n;Bopa (Maison mili-
taire), ropo,n;'CKHM BJIaCTHM IIapHiKa - Orrepy, a AKa,n;eMHR HaYR-
3a60TY 0 neHCHHX ,n;JIH yqeH:bIX 2.
O,n;HaKO BpeMH OT BpeMeHH BcnOMHHaJIH 0 BeJIHKOM npoeKTe
peWOpM:bI «ROpOJIeBCROro ,n;Bopa». 0 HeM rOBOpHJIR B ceHTH6pe, BO
BpeMH HCTOpRH C HaaHalleHHeM rrpHHn;eCCLI JIaM:6aJIL: «Bce rOBopS:T,
qTO 9TH ABa MHHHCTpa Ha ,n;HHX npHMYTCH 3a pewopMY pacxo,n;OB
.woopa H Ha1J1HYT C RYXHH, ROHIOmeIH, I ,n;e XHm;eIHHH J];OCTHrJLH orpOM-
H:bIX pa3MepOB». 06 3TOH pecpopMe C'HOB'a 110BO'pHT B H':mBape HapH)J;Y
c noeHHLIMH pe<popMaMH CeH-iKepMeHa: «r-H MaJILSep6, co CBoeii
CTOpOH:bI, HaBo,n;UT ymac Ha Bcex rrpHxne6aTeJIeH KOpOJleBCKOro
]J;Bopa» 3. MaJIL3ep6 HaBo,n;HT YiKac!
O,n;HaKO nepe,n; YXO,n;OM MaJIL3ep6 KaK 6y,n;TO COCTaBHJI MeMyap
o pe<popMe KOpOJIeBCKOro ,n;Bopa. HeKOTOp:bIe HCTOpUKH rOBopHT
o HeM, nOJIaraHCL Ha CYJIaBH, orry6JIHKOBaBmero OTp:bIBRH H3 TeI\-
CTa, HaHAeHHoro B 6YMarax TIOHJILpH. STOT ,n;ORYMeHT, rro,n;JIHH-
HOCTL I\OTOpOro He,n;OCTOBepHa, BO BCHKOM CJIyqae, HHCKOJILKO He
nOXOiK Ha npoeKT pe<pOPMLI. OH co,n;epiKHT TOJILRO 06 He co06pa-
iReHHH. B:bIT:b MomeT, 3TO JIHmL Ha6poCKH ,n;JIH IIHCLMa 06 yxo,n;e B
oTcTaBKy4. AYMaIOT, QTO MaJIL3ep6, IIO-BH,n;HMOMY, paCClIHTDIBaJI na
()6em;aHHe TIOpro caMOMY pa3pa60TaTL «06 H rrJIaH 9ROHOMRqe-
1 no CBH eTeJIbCTBY CYJIaBH, saHHB CBOB nOCT, MaJIbaep6 oCB06o-
]J;HJI HS BaCTHJIHH ceML aaKJIIOqeHHLIX. ECJIH }J;ame COrJIaCHT:bCH npH6aBHTb
R 3TOMY qHCJIO Tex, 0 KOTOpLIX rOBopHT CeHaK .u;e MeHJIaH, TO Bce paBHO
B HTore nOJIyqHTCH Bcero .u;eBHTb qeJIOBeK.
2 «Gazette de Leyde», 19 et 26 decembre 1775.
3 Met r a. Ope cit., 24 septembre 1775; fer janvier 1776.
4 Cerrop TaKiRe Ouy6JIHKOBaJI qepHOBHK nHC:bMa 06 OTCTaBKe, KOTO-
PLIH 06pLIBaeTCH Ha caMOM HHTepeCHOM MeCTe, Kor}J;a MaJIb3ep6 co6UpaJICH
H8JIOmHTb HCTHHHoe nOJIOmeHH8 eJI B ero Be}J;OMCTBe. (8 e g u r. Ope cit.,
'\). 330 et suiv.)
(00
QACTb TPETbR. npOBAJ1
CRoro npe06pa30BaHHH». II TOJI:bRO ero BbIrrOJIHeHHe - IIOCJIe YTBep-
iK eHHH KOpOJIeM - 6y eT rropyqeHo Be oMcTny MaJIb3ep6a. «Mne
6bIJIO HeTpy HO IIpe BH eTb, lITO aTO BbIIIOJIHeHHe HallHeTCH JIHIDL
IIOCJIe Toro, KaK H yme YH Y 113 MHHHCTepCTBa!» Bo BCHKOM CJIy-qae,
MaJIb3ep6 He YTpym aJI ce6H aTHM eJIOM H «OiKlI aJI ero YCIIexa,
IIOCJIe Toro KaK rpaw ,u;e CeH-mepMeH 6bIJI Ha3HalIeH BoeHHbIM
MHHHCTPOM». B nOCJIe,u;HeM pa3,u;eJIe CBoero MeMyapa MaJIL3ep6
rOBopHT TOJIbRO 0 pe«popMax CeH-iKepMeHa, a He 0 CBOHX, HHKor a
He HMeBrnHX rrpO"tIHOH OCHOBbI. A TenepL HaM rrpII eTCH IIOCJIe O-
BaTL ero rrpHMepy.
3aMeHa rpawa AIO MIOH, CROHlIaBrnerOCH 20 ORTH6pH BO BpOM1r
onepaD;HII, He Bbl3BaJIa Tpy,u;HOCTeH, no,u;o6HblX TeM, :KaRMe B03Hnl '"
JIH rrpH 3aMeHe repn;ora JIaBpHHepa. Pe,u;RO CJIytJ:aJIOCL, lITo6b1
3aMeHa ,u;OJIiKHOCTHoro JIIID;a 6blJIa TaR JIer:KO YJIameHa, H pe,u;Ro oHa
6bIBaJIa CTOJIL HeOiHII,IJ;aHHOH. OCBo6o,u;HBillHHCH rrOCT, eCTeCTBeHHO
Bbl3BaJI MHoro rrpHTH3aHHH H rropo,u;HJI MHoro HHTpHr. B o6 e-
CTBe Ha3blBaJIH HMeHa r-Ha ,u;e RaCTpH, rpawa e BpOJIbH, Ta6ypo.,
6apOHa ,u;e BpeTeii, 3aTeM r-Ha ,I(e Bo, repn;ora ,u;e JIapOill<pYKO, r-HS
,u;e Hap60HHa <I>pHD;JIapa, r-Ha e JIa raJIe3bepa. «HeT HI:! O Horo
caMoro 3axy,u;aJIoro renepaJIa HJIH caMoro HHtJ:TomHoro ,IJ;OHJIa t{IIKa
rO'cy apcTBeHHoro COBeTa, ROTOpblH He HOCIIJI 6bl B ,n:yme XOTL CJIa..
60H Ha,u;em,u;LI». B TO me BpeMH XO,IJ;HJIH CJIYXH, ROTopble He l{a3a-
JIHCL HerrpaB,I(ono o6HbIMII: 6Y TO 6blJI rrpoeKT H3"blIT:& Y BoeHHoro-
Be,u;oMcTBa Bce ,u;eJIa, I aCalOrn;lIeCH yrrpaBJIeHHH rrpoBHHD;MHMII, a
TaKme «pHHaHcoBLle eJIa 1. JIerHo ce6e npe,u;CTaBHT:&, C,ROJI:D IIo,u;06-
HaH rrepcneI THBa MOrJIa npeJIbID;aTL TlOpro. Ha ,n;eJIe OIl ero He 3a-
HHMaJICH.
B,e3aHBaJIb, Y3Han 0 Co6bITHH, OTRpblBaBmeM Talru:e B03MomHO-
CTH ,u;JIH ero HHTp'Hr, nOMtJ:aJICH B <J)OHTeH6JIo. Ha nOtJ:TOBOH CTaHD;HH
IIoHTbeppH OH BCTpeTHJI Mopena, CTaJI y6em,u;aTb ero, tJ:TO Heo6-
XO HMO Bbl6paTL tJ:eJIOBeKa He H3 cy,u;enCKIIX, II peKOMeH OBaJI eMY
,u;e RaCTpH, HO, KaK H CJIe,u;OBaJIO omH,u;aTb, BblTHHYJI y Hero JIlIillb
YKJIOHtJ:HBbIH OTBeT. 3aTeM OH IIYCTHJI B XO,n; TOT me MarreBp II C I O-
pOJIeBOH. CHatJ:aJIa 06ID;HH npHIID;Hrr: He Bbl6HpaTb cy,u;eiCRoro, -
3aTeM ,u;OBepIIT'eJIbHbIH, no TO"tJHbIH COBeT: e KaCTpH. «ROpOJIeBa, J!\aI{
Bcer,n;a, COrJIaCIIJIaCL co BceMII MOHMII nJIaHaMH». Ha ;rr;pyrolI ,u;eHb
OHa OTBeJIa ero B CTOPOHY II CI a3aJIa Ha yxo: « Harne ,n;eJIO Ha Ma3H,
y Hac 6y,n;eT HaBepHHKa He cy eHCKIIH». HHtJ:ero 60JIbme BblTHHYTb
Y Hee eMY He y,n;aJIOCb. 8TO 6blJI rrepBLIH IIpH3Hal oXJIaiR eHHH,
3aTeM HeCROJILKO He:H OH He Mor ee YBH,u;eTL.
BeJIHRHH HHTpHraH OTKpMJI B CBoeR Y1IeHHn;e MaCTepa CBoero
AeJIa.
1 Met r a. Ope cit., t. II, p. 212, 21 octobre 1775.,
,'llABA III. RPAnJIEHbIE HAFTbl
401
BbI60p Hla OOMQ)h: )!I;eJIe 6bIJI C,IJ;eJIaH OtIeHb 6bICTpO. HeCOMHeHHO,.
If(o'pOJ1eB,a 'Y''-£<B 3H:8:JI'a 0 neM B ,n;eHL BToporo CBH,n;aHHH C Be3aHBa-
'l1eM, HO OOx.paHlHJIa ceRpeT. Bo BCHROM CJIY"tJae, 17 ORTH6pH OHa
!cOOO HJIa 06 aTOM MepCH: «CHa"tJaJIa Moperra rro,n;eJIHJICH co MHOR
'CBOHUH 'bo 6pameHHHMH, XOTH e e He c,n;eJIaJI OI{OH"tJaTeJILHOrO
)Bb10dpa)}. 'HOBbIH COI03 IIpO BeTaJI, II KOpOJIeBa 6bIJIa B BOCTopre.
:«llOTOM OH C006 HJI MHe 0 BbI6ope, KOTOpbIH rrpe,n;JIOmHJI KOpOJIIO.
-910 r-H ,n;e CeH-mepMeH,. TOT, "ITO OCTaBHJI cJIym6y BO <DpaH HH
fpaJ:(H CJIym6bI B aHHH. OHH ,n;epmaT Bce B CTporOM ceRpeTe, rrORa
j He IIOJIyqa T OT Hero OTBeTa».
KOpOJIeBa pa3blrpaJIa Be3aHBaJIH, II, BeC:b?tIa BepOHTHO, Moperra'
Tome pa3blrpaJI ROpOJIeBY, ,n;eJIaH BR,n;, 6y,n;TO IIpe,n;BapHTeJIbHO Co-
BerryeTcH C HeH. Ero IIJIaH 6bIJI 3a,n;YMaH e e ,n;o Toro, HaR OH yexaJ1
83 IIapHma II BCTpeTHJI Be3aHBaJIH B IIoHT:beppH. BepH IIpHBO,IJ;HT'
HaM Bce IIo,n;po6HOCTH aToro ,n;eJIa, a H3BeCTHo, qTO ero TOtIHOCTL.
BHe COMHeHHH.
« -H ,n:IO MIOI! YMep, Kor,n;a MHHHCTp H KOpOJIb 6bIJIB'
B pa3HbIX MeCTax. TIOpro npHeXaJI 113 ,n;epeBHH, r,n;e Tor,n;a naxo-
,IJ;HJI,CH». «¥ M'eHH eCTb MbI,CJIb, ROTOpyIO BbI CO"IJTeTe HeJIe'IIOH...-
CKa3aJI OR, BOH,n;H K MopeIIa. - H IIo,n;YMaJI 0 r-He CeR-iKepMeHe».
« q TO me, cy,n;ap:b, eCJIII BamH MbICJIH ReJIeIIbI, TO H MOH Tome, Be,n;h
H COOHpaIOC:b eXaT:b B <I>oHTeH6JIo, llTo6bI rrpe,D;JIOmHT:b ero KaH1J;H,D;a-
TYPY KOPOJIIO».
COrJIaCHO TOMY i!{e paCCRa3Y, Tropro, Moperra H MaJI:b3ep6,
o6cym,n;aJIH BTpoeM :3TOT BbI6op. Mopeila HameJI MeMyap, nOCJIaH-
HbIH eMY CeH-mepMeHOM, ROTOpbIH Mor JIHm:b YKpenHT:b HX XOpO-
mee MHeHHe 0 HeM. «KOpOJIeBa, K KOTOpOH Mopeila oTilpaBHJICH C
C006m;eHHeM, He Bblpa3HJIa HHHaKoro He,n;OBOJI:bCTBa, XOTH pemeHHe
H npOTHBOpellHJIO ee iKeJIaHHHM». HeBHHK BepH H nHC:bMO MapUII'
AHTyaHeTTbI, TaKHM 06pa30M, BnOJIHe COBna,n;aIOT.
lIo BeCLMa rrpaB,n;ono,n;o6HbIM CBe,n;eHHHM OHorpa<pa CeH-iKep-
Mella, TIOpro nOJIyTIIIJI 0 nOCJIe)1;HeM 01leHL 6JIarOnpHHTHbIH OT3bIB
OT HX o6m;ero )1;pyra BJIOH)1;eJIH 1, a MaJI:b3epO - OT Ha'tfaJILHHKa
cTpamH ,[(I06ya. HeH3BeCTHO, KTO ORa3aJI BJIHHHHe Ha Mopena, TaR
I,aR MaJIOBepOHTHO, qTo6bI OH paHbme IIOTPy,n;HJICH npOllHTa r .rb
MeMyap CBoero KaH,IJ;H)1;aTa. B aTOM )1;eJIe MeHTOPY rrpHIIHCbrnalOT
caMbIe ROBapHble no6YiK)1;eHHH. HeKOTopble CllHTaIOT, "tJTO OH Hap01I-
1 «I\OTOpLIH YiKe co eiiCTBOBaJI YCTPOHCTBY rpa<pa CeH-iKepMeHa Ha
CJIYiI\OY PeHHcKoro ll<paJIbn;rpa<pa H npH ABCTpHHCKOM BOpe}). I06ya 6bIJI
ero a 'bIOTaHTOM. (CM.: «Vie du comte de Saint-Germain. Correspondance
particuliere)>, live I, p. 62.) RpOMe Toro, I06ya 6bl:1 3aBcer}J;aTae I B Ca lIOHe-
r-iRH BJIOH}J;eJIb. (F 0 n C i n. Ope cit., p. 346.)
110 CJIOBaM BamOMOHa (B a c h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., t. VIII, p. 228,.
29 octobre 1775) H MeTpa (M e t r a. Ope cit., t. II, p. 222-224, 31 octobre.
1775), BMemaTeJIbCTBO MaJIb3ep6a HMeJIO pemarom;ee 3HaqeHHe B BbI60p&
CeH-iKepMeHa. 8TH coo6pameHHH He MorYT onpOBep£HYT:b paCCI<a3 a66aT&\
BepH.
26 S ct>op
402
IJACTb TPETbH. IIPOBAJ1
no BLI6paJi TaKoro iRe ynpHMoro pecpopMaTopa C TaHHoH eJlblO
OTBpaTHT:b HOpOJIH OT BCHI{HX pewopM. iKopiReJI:b rOBopHT, "liTO on
C03HaTeJIhHO IIO epiRaJi HeJIenbIH BbI60p, "IIT06LI IIOTOM CBaJIHTh
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTh 3a Hero Ha Tropro 1 . rOpa3 O IIpow;e AYMaTh, llTO
Mopena, IIOMHMO coo6pameHH:U:, onpe eJIHBmHX pemeHHe ero KOJI-
JIer, OJIiReH 6LIJI BeCLMa 6JIarOCKJIOHHO OTHeCTHCL K Ha3HaqeHHIO
qeJIOBeKa, CTOH ero OC06HHKOM II He HMelO ero «ORpymeHHH».
TaI\OH nOCTOHHHO 6LIJIa ero TaKTHRa (B qaCTHOCTH, nplI Ha3Halle-
HHH BepiReHHa, a H caMoro TlOpro). «aTO qeJIOBeK 6es CBoeH KJIH-
KH H CBoeH napTHH», - IIHmeT COBepmeHHO HCHO r-iRa Mopena
a66aTY BepH 2 .
O HO COBepmeHBO HeCOMHeHHO, "liTO TlOpro C COrJIaCHH Mopena
H MaJIL3ep6a B3HJI Ha ce6H MHCCHIO C eJIaTL KOpOJIIO Ha JIeiRaII(ee
npe CTaBJIeHHe H peKOMeH OBaTL STOT B:bI6op. II03me OB HCHO Ha-
nOMHHJI 06 aTOM B nHCLMe JIIO OBHKY XVI3.
HHKor a HH O HH ceKpeT TaR xopomo He COXpaHHJICH. TlOpro,
BbInOJIHHB CBOIO MHCCHIO, AaiRe IIOKHHYJI KOpOJIeBCKHH BOp. OB
OTIIpaBHJlCH B MOHTHH:bH, qTo6LI 'OOSBaTh Ta:M ROHq,ep'e HIO no
BOIIpocaM nOMOII(H HeHMYII(HM II 6JIarOTBOpHTeJILHOCTH. BecL ,I(BOp
KHneJI OT HeTepneHHH II, He HMeH B03MOiRHOCTH naSBa"llaTL MHHHCT-
pOB, H30II(pHJICH B OCTpOTax. «RaK BH HO, - rOBOpHJI rpa4>
1J;'ApTya, - XOTHT ynepHTLcH, TITO Y 6y ym;ero KHHHCTpa HeT KaM-
HH B nelleHH, KaK y ero npe,I(meCTBeHHHKa, BOT nOTIeMY ero TaR
AOJIro 30H HPYIOT»4.
TeM BpeMeHeM a66aT )]:106ya, 6paT Ha"llaJIhmII(a cTpamH, oTnpa-
BHJI,CH (B JIaY1Tep,6ax, B BepxHeM 8JIh381Ce, K \BOBOMY QHjH HIHHaTY,
KOTOpLIH iKHJI TaM B OTCTaBKe, B CTeCHeHHLIX ,06CTOHTeJILCTBax. OR
SaCTaJI ero B oropo,I(e, C KpaCHLIM mepCTHHLIM KOJInaKOM Ha rOJIO-
Be; no O HOH BepCHH, CeH-jffepMeH caiRaJi OBOIIJ;H 5 , a no PyroH -
1 TOT me aBTOp YTBepm}J;aeT, tITO caM Tropro pacc1:uITbIBaJI JIerKO }J;O-
6HTbCH COrJIaCHH CeH-iEepMeHa Ha paa}J;eJIeHHe ero MHHHcTepcTBa H nepe}J;a-
tIy <pHHaHCOBbIX }J;eJI B Be}J;eHHe reHepaJIbHOrO KOHTpOJIepa. OH HK06bI }J;eu-
CTBHTeJIbHO 6ea TpYf(a nOJIyqHJI COrJIaCHe, HO CeH-iffepMeH no HacToHHHro
cnOHX CJIYiIi6 BCKope BaHJI ero 06paTBO, tITO HeMe,D;JIeHHO BblaBaJIO ccopy 3THX
}J;BYX JIIO,D;eii. KaK MbI yme OTMeqaJIH, C006m;eHHH iffOpmeJIH He aaCJIymH-
naIOT 60JIbmOrO }J;oBepHH. (CM.: G e 0 r gel. Memoires..., t. I, p. 415.)
2 IIHcbMo r-iRH Mopena a66aTY BepH, npHBe}J;eHHoe HM CaMH:M. (V e r i.
Ope cit., p. 361.) B IIHCLMe K repn;orHHe }J;'SrHUOH OT 25 OKTH6pH 1775 r.,
I HTHpyeMoM CerIOpOM (8 e g u r. Ope cit., p. 267), r-ma Mopena npHnHCbIBaeT
1aKYIO me TOqKY apeHHH H caMOMY KOpOJIIO: «OH He nplIHa}J;JIeiRHT HII K op;-
.dOH napTHII. BOT O,D;Ha H3 nplPIHH, nOqeMY Hero BbI6paJI».
3 B nHCLMe OT 30 anpeJIH 1776 r. CM. f(aJIee, rJIaBa VII.
4 L a u z unA. L. Memoires. Paris, 1858, p. 160, note.
S HJIH nOf(peaaJl }J;epeBLH. (CM. nHCLMO PHBbepa npHHn;y CaKcoHcKOMY
OT 24 ORTH6pH.) COrJIaCHO TOMY me paccKaay, CeH-iKepMeH nOnpOCHJI He-
CKOJIbl\O 1J;Heii OTCPOqKH, lITo6bI aaKaaaTb ce6e HOBbIH KOCTIOM H KYUHTb
ROJIHCKY. KaK 6LI TO BB 6blJIO, OR nplI6bIJI B <I>01ll"eu6no paBLme, lIeM ero
UiI\ HJIajIlI.
rJIABA III. RPAnJ1EFIbIE RAPTbI
403
:KOpMUJI D;:blnJIHT. «3HalIHT, ABOp e e nOMHHT 060 MHe», - CKa3aJI
rpa<I> U HeMe JIH BHHYJICH B Aopory.
26 OI{TH6pH, npH6:bIB B <PoHTeH6JIo HHHorHHTO, OH HHKaH He Mor
YCTPOHTbCH B rOCTUHHD;Y H3-3a HanJI:bIBa rocTei, omHAaBmHX npH-
e3Aa HOBoro BOHHHoro MHHUCTpa. «r-H Ae M'ope1na 11 r-H e MaJIb-
aep6 BCKope npU6:bIJIH 3a HUM B Xap'tleBHIO»l.
Ero Ha3Ha'tleHHe Bcex Y HBUJIO, HO 60JIbmHHCTBY OHO nOHpaBII-
JlOCb HaCTOJIbHO, 'tITO He OBOJIbH:ble nepBoe BpeMH MOJIlIaJIH. Cerr-
lliepMeHa «npHBeTCTBOBaJIH Bce BOeHH:bIe, 3a HCKJIIOlIeHHeM He-
CROJIbKHX 60JIbmHX BeJIbMOm», - 3aMelIaeT MapHH AUTyarreTTa.
TIOpro npaBHJIbHO OD;eHHJI nOJIOmeHUe, Hor a nncaJI Bepn: «STOT
B:bI60p He O'tleHb no BKYCY BOeHH:bIM npH ABope, no HpanliTCH 60e-
B:bIM o<pHD;epaM, napHmCKOMY H npOBUHD;HaJIbHOMY 06m;eCTBY».
B r.rraaax mupOKOH ny6JIHKH caM B03paCT HOBoro MHHHCTpa, YAa-
JIeHHOCTb OT ABopa, ero CKpOMHOCTb, CKY Hoe COCTOHHHe, pacrrOJIO-
meHHe K HeMY TOBapHm;eH no opymHIO - Bce rOBOpUJIO B ero
nOJI:b3Y. TaUHCTBeHH:ble H HpaCOlIH:bIe 06CTOHTeJIbCTBa ero Ha3Ha1:Je-
HHH, 3arr03AaJIOe, HO 6JIHCTaTeJI:bHOe TopmeCTBO ero He npU3HaBae-
MDIX paHee AOCTOUHCTB npU aBaJIU ero HCTOpUU TpOraTeJIbHYIO IIO-
Y'tIUTeJIbHOCTb pom eCTBeHCKOH CKa3KU.
BbIJIO ame BO BceM aTOM lITO-TO em;e rJIy6me 3aTporrYBlliee
06m;eCTBeHHoe C03HaHHe H pa36Y;1;HBmee ;1;peMaBlliHe B He)! lIYBCT-
na naD;HoHaJI:bHoH rop ocTH H mam bI TopmecTBa cnpaBe JIHBOcTU.
JIIO HM XOTeJIOCb YMaT:b, 'tITO C Ha'tlaJI:bHHKOM TaKoro CKJIa a Mom-
HO 6y eT u36emaTb HeKOTOp:bIX HeB3ro II YHHmeHHH. J1IO H
CKpOMH:ble, 060H eHH:bIe 'tIUHOM, Ka3aJIOCb, nOJIY'tIaJIU B ero JIHD;e
Y OBJIeTBOpeHue 3a CBOU Hey a'tlU. B ero B:bICOKOM Ha3Ha'tleHUU OHH
BH eJIH CBoero po a KOMneHcaD;HIO, aHHYIO UM aToH n06e oH, KOTO-
POH caMH OHU He A06uJIUCL, HecMoTp.a Ha UX 3aCJIyru.
Toii nopoii
rOJIOC TBOii
II06eAY npeABe aJI,
Ho HHKTO HHllerO
If CJIymaTb He meJIaJI 2.
IIpeC:bI eHHaH ny6JIUKa Ha aTOT pa3 YBJIeKJIaCb HOBl>IM MHHU-
CTpOM. PaCCKa3:bI 06 oropoAe, 0 XaplIeBHe, anlI30A C napUKMaxepOM,
aeKOTOp:ble IIOKa3H:bIe npOHBJIeHUH yrpIOMoH 6JIarOTBOpHTeJIbHOCTH
1 IIo CJIOBaM PHBbepa, CeH-iPlepMea BaeXaJI B rOCTHHHIUT «OJIeab» aa
I[JIow;aAH lIIap60n, rAe XOBHIIH era He BHaJI H OTRa3aJI eMY B HOqJIere, YBe-
PHH, qTO Bce KOMRaTbI BaHHTbI npHexaBmHMH lIB IIapHiKa BoenHbIMH: OHII
meJIaIOT YBH}J;eTb HOBoro BoeHHoro MIIHHCTpa, npH6:&ITHH KOToporo omlIAaIOT.
TorAa CeH-iKepMeH OTnpaBHJICH B XaplleBHIO, r}J;e ero paB:&ICKaJlH no nplIRaBY
Mopena, qT06bI nOMeCTHTb B npemHei KBapTHpe IO MIOH, r}J;e HlIqerO He
6:&1310 npHrOTOBJIeBO 11 Ky a eMY npHHeCJIH «ero ymHH HB XapqeBHH».
(25 OKTH6pH.)
2 «JJ:OBOJIbHO saypH BaJl neCBH cTaporo maBCOHbe ATeBbHBa 0 B03BLI-
meBHH CeB-7KepMeBa». (CM.: Met r a. Ope cit., t. lIt p. 263, 9 decembre 1775.)
26*
404
lJACTb TPETbH. npOBAJI
c,n;eJIaJIU U3 Hero Ha BpeMH qeJIOBeKa Mo,n;Horo. «Bce KpyroM CTpe-
'MHJIHCb ero YBu,n;eT:b, CHUM n03HaKOMHT:bCH». Ram,n;:bIH ero meCT,
Ram,n;oe CJIOBO JIOBUJIU Ha JIeTY, o6cym,n;aJIH, CMaKOBaJIU H npeBo3-
HOC'HJIH 1 . Ho HeKoTO'p:ble 8HTY I 3IIaCT:bI [Bice me 'cO paHHJIH RanJIIO
cKenTHD;u3Ma, qTO CKB03HT B CJIOBaX r-mu ,n;e iKUBpaK: «STO BeJIH-
KOJIenH:bIH B:bI60p, TaKHM OH U ,n;OJImeH 6:bIT:b, UHalIe OH Mor 6bI
ClIHTaTbCH 8KCTpaBaraHTH:bIM»2. 3a rpaHu eH npYCCKUH KOpOJIb
{J)pu,n;pux I I aeT 0 HeM 6JIarOnpUHTH:bIM OT3:bIB: «JI ,n;aBHO 3HaIO
8Toro xpa6poro o<pUD;epa, OH 06JIa aeT BceMU Heo6xo,n;UM:bIMU ,n;o-
.C'tOUHCTBaMU... U BeCbMa nOXBaJIbHbIM CTpeMJIeHUeM K 06m;eCTBen-
HOMY 6JIary»3. MapUH Tepe3UH 11 Ha 8TOT pas npOHBJIHeT CBOH 3 pa-
'BbIH YM: «C ero CTpaHHOCTHMH OH He 3a,n;epmHBaJICH nH B O,I(HO [
M:e'CTe, r,n;e CJIymUJI: HH B BaBapuu, HU Y Hac, HH BO <PpaHD;HlI, HU
B ,[(aHInI». aHa no,n;03peBaeT, lITO ,n;pyrHe MHHHCTp:bI npUMHpHJIHCJ
CHUM nOTOMY, TITO OH He IIOJIb3yeTcH 60JI:bmHM BJIHHHUeM, a 8TO
,n;eJIaeT ero JIH HUX 6e30naCHbIM. Mepcu-ApmaHTO 06'bHCHHeT 8TOT
60JIee qeM CTpaHH:bIH B:bI60p rOJIo,n;oM Ha cnoco6HbIX JIIO,n;eii. «STOT
rOJIOp; a,n;e'Cb leHJIe H oco6e,HHo B IBoeHIHOM cpe,n;e» 4 .
qTO KacaeTCH rJIaBHOro aaUHTepeCOBaHHoro JIUD;a, TO MOH6ap3
OTMeqaeT: «MHe 6:bIJIO HeTpy,n;Ho 3aMeTHTb, TITO OH TIpe3B:bIlIaHnO
o6pa OBaH' ICBOIIM B03B:bImeHUeM, XOTH II ,n;eJIaelT BII,n;, 6y,n;TO ero
nyraeT 8TO THmKoe 6peMH 11 OH maJIeeT 0 cBoeH mU3HU "cpUJIOCO-
q,a-tOTmeJIbHUKa" »5;a
fpa<PY e CeH-mepMeHY BepTaM603Y 6:bIJIO B TO BpeMH meCTb-
..n;eCHT BoceMb JIeT; OH npoucxoABJI US 3Ha THOM, HO 6e,n;HOH ceMbII
113 <PpaHm-KoHTe, 6:bIJI meHaT Ha ;n;eBymKe U3 3HaMeHHToro CTa-
pHHHoro po;n;a 'OCTep, no He HMeBmeH 3eMeJI:bHOH co6CTBeHHO-
.CTlI; ,n;eTeH Y HIIX He 6:bIJIO. Ero Kapbepa 6:bIJIa Be'CbMa nepeMen-
tIHBa. CHaqaJIa OH ytIHJICH B mKOJIe B JIoH-JIe-COHbe U co6Hpa.rrcfI
,CTaT:b ue3YHTOM. OH BCTynUJI B 9TOT op,n;eH H, KaK rOBOpUJIH, BeJI
neCKOJIbKO MeCHn;eB KJIaCC PUTOpUKU. B ceMHa,n;n;aT:b JIeT OH y6emaJl
H3 MOHaCT:blpH U3-3a CBOUX «Heno,n;XO Hm;HX ,n;JIH MOHaxa CKJIOHHO-
CTeH» .
BCJIe,n; sa OTD;OM OH CJIymUJI o<pHn;epoM B OnOJIqeHHU, no y6HJI
1 CM.: B e s e n val. Ope cit., t. II, p. 25. HCTOpHIO c rrapHKMaxepOM,
KOTOpLIH BCHqeCJ{H paCXBaJIHBaJI CeH-mepMeHY, He 3HaH, C ReM OR rOBopHT,
HOBoro MIIHHCTpa, rrOCJIe qero CeH-mepMeH Ha3HaqlIJI ero CBOHM KaMepAJiI-
HepOM, CM. B: Met r a. Ope cit., t. II, p. 236-238, 11 novembre 1775; «Vie
de Saint-Germain», t. I, p. 66.
2 IIpHBo}J;IITCH B: M 0 rea u. Ope cit., t. II, p. 233.
3 TIHcbMO K BOJIbTepy OT 4 AeKa6pH 1775 r. «(CEuvres posthumes»,
t. X, p. 304.)
4 IIHcbMO MapHH Tepe3HH OT 2 HOH6pH 1775 r. (M e r C y-A r g e n tea u.
Ope cit., t. II, p. 392.) IIHcbMO MepCH-ApmaHTO OT 12 HOH6pH 1775 r.
5 M 0 n t bar e y. Ope cit., t. II, p. 140.
rJIABA III. RPAnJIEHbIE RAPTbl
405
sa yaJIH l:{eJIOBel a H CIIOBa 6emaJI. 3aTeM on CJIymHJI y I{YP<PIOP-
CTa PenHCI{OrO - If yrneJI OT Hiero, y IIMnepaTopa - H ymeJI OT
nero, y KYP<pIOpCTa BaBapCKoro, CTaBmero BeHrepCKIIM KOpOJIeM
(n re pMaHCKIIM HMnepaTopOM), - II Tome ymeJI OT nero. OH Bep-
SYJICH B.O <DpaH IIIO B 1746 r., YlIaCTBOBaJI BO MHOr1lX RaMnaHHHX,
Jl;OCJIymllJICH o renepaJIa, 6bIJI BeCbMa YBaiKaeM, HO nOCTOHHHO
,upenllpaJICH H BpaiK)J;OBaJI C BbICm1lM KOMaH)J;OBaHHeM. B 1761 r.,
nOCJIe eJIoro pH)J;a HenOHHTHbIX OCJIomHeHHH C MapmaJIOM Ae BeJIb-
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neHC1IIO B 10 TbIC. JIIIBpOB: « oTa CYMMa Aame BeJIHKa )J;JIH )J;e3epTR-
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t/6axe, AeJIH CBoe BpeMH Mem y oropOAOM 11 MOJI1ITBaMJI, 1160 6bIB-
mllH 1IeaY1lT CHOBa CTaJI 6JIar01JeCTHBbIM. lIa 1JYBCTBa 6JIaro)J;apHo-
CTH OH paaOCJIaJI HeCKOJIbKUM MIIHHCTpaM CBOH MeMyap, KOTOpbIB
BIIOCJIe)J;CTBIIH COCJIymHJI eMY xopomyro cJIym6y, IrO ero Tpy,n;HO
3anO)J;oapHTb B KaKOM-JIH6o paClIeTe. Ero 6uorpacp K TOMY me
YTBepm)J;a'eT, llTO C'eH- mepMeH HanH'CaJI 11 nOCJIaJI HX neCKOJIbHO, "tJTO
6bIJIO OBOJIbHO eCTeCTBeHHbIM aaHHTHeM JIH 1JeJIOBeKa C ero
xapaKTepOM 11 B ero nOJIOmeHHII.
IIo 06HaH Kapbepa HBJIHeTCH CBoero pO)J;a aH e<paJIOrpaMMoM.
TaKoe KOJIIIlIeCTBO paap:bIBOB - H nopoH co CTOJIb HpOCTHbJM ome-
1 Ero P;PY3bH YTBepm,n;aJlIl, TO OH nepep;aJI STY JIeHTY na CJIyqai1, eCJIR
Y Hero ee nOTpe6YIOT, neKoeMY r-HY }J;e KpeMHii, KOTOpbIii HenpaBHJIbHO BbI-
IIOJIHIIJI ero nopyqeHlIe; TO CeH-1KepMeH CQIITaJI HeKoppeKTHLIM coxpaHHTb
3TY Harpa,n;y B TO BpeMH, Kor}J;a OH CJIymHT 3a rpaHHn;eii. rOBOplIJIH TaKme,
'tJ:TO HeKOTopLIe IIHTplIrH, KOTopbIe nJIeJIHCL BOKpyr r-mH p;e IIoMnap;yp, CTa-
DIIJIII ce6e n;eJILIO 3aCTaB1ITL MapmaJIa p;e BeJIb-MJIH H rpa4>a }J;e CeH-1I\epMe-
Ba B3aUMHO nory6HTL p;pyr ,n;pyra. (CM.: «Vie de Saint-Germain», p. 34 et
suiv.; B e s e n vaL Ope cit., t. II, p. 25.)
2 IIocJIe ,n;paMaTIIQeCKHX C06bITHii, nOTpHCmllX aTOT P;BOp, ero ynpeKaJIH
B npOHBJIeHIIH CIIMrraTHIiI K nOTeprreBmeMY Heyp;aQy }J;eJIY KOpOJIeBbI KapoJIIiI-
11Ud 11 ee JII06HMOro MIIHHCTpa.
406
TfACTb TPETbH. npOBAJ1
CTOlIeHHeM - He MomeT 6bITb 06'bHCHeHO TOJIbKO CJI aHHDIM CTetIe-
HHeM 06CTOHTeJIbCTB HJIH IIOCTOHHHbIMH omH6I aMH )J;PyrHX. Ou
nerrpepbIBHO Bpam)J;yeT co BceMH CBOHMH HalIaJIbHHKaMH, 3a HCKJIIO-
qeHHeM JIHmb O)J;Horo (MapmaJIa MopH a CaRCOHCI{Oro); H «MomeT
JIB: 6bITb, tfTo6bI OH Bcer)J;a 6bl'JI npaB, a OHH Bcer)J;a BIfHOBaTbI?» 1
Kor)J;a ero IIpOTHBHHRH, no CJIOBaM BepH, 06BHHHIOT ero B «IIO)J;Bep-
meHHOCTH HaCTpoeHHHM H HeymHBlIHBOCTH», TO TaKoe orrpe)J;eJIeHI1e
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Hble rrpII3HaHII 'CRJIOHHOCTH I{ mH30<ppeHIIH, MaHInI IIpe'CJIe)J;OBaHHH,
a 06CTOHTeJIbCTBa ero CMepTH KaK 6y):rro nOATBepm)J;aIOT 3TOT Ha-
rH03.
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pm\H cnopHT 0 HeM II 0 ero )J;eHTeJIbHOCTH, 11, XOTH npOTeKJIO CTOJIb-
KO JIeT, MbI )J;O CHX nop "fIYBCTByeM npHTHraTeJIbHYIO CHJIY aTOll
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HHH C BblmeCTOHm;HMH, OH 6bIJI, HanpOTHB, OlIeHb npOCT B 06pam;e-
HHH co CBOHMH nO)J;"fIHHeHHbIMH. Ero 6Horpa<p, HacTpoeHHbIH, O)J;Ha-
KO, BeCbMa KpHTHlIeCKH, nOKa3bIBaeT HaM ero B noxo,n;e, B6JIH311
paCnOJIOiKeHHH npOTHBHHKa: OH npHXO)J;HT nOCJIe YiKHHa IIOCH,n:eTb
Y KOCTpa Ha aBaHnOCTax H OCTaeTCH TaM, oRpymeHHbIH CBOHMH O<pH-
D;epaMH, ,n;o YTpa, )J;aBaH HM HHCTPYKD;HH H «HaCTaBJIHH HX B BoeH-
HOM )J;eJIe». OH nOJIb30BaJICH aBTopHTeTOM ,n;aJIeKO 3a rrpe)J;eJIa:M:I1
lIaCTeH, HaXO)J;HBmHXCH no,n; ero KOMaH)J;OBaHHeM. '''Ero «np1f1lY)J;JIH-
BaH» Kapbepa He TOJIbRO He npHHe'CJIa eMY Bpe)J;a, HO )J;aJIa TaKYIO
3aI{aJIRY, KOTopaH COCJIymllJIa eMY xopomylO cJIym6y B mH3HH. rO,n;bI
06yqeHHH H CJIym6bI B HHOCTpaHH:DIX BOHCKax B KalIeCTBe HaeMHH--
Ka y6eperJIH ero He TOJIbKO OT )J;BOPD;OB:DIX HHTpHr, HO H OT He06)J;Y-
MaHHbIX IIOp:DIBOB naTpHOTH3Ma H OT CTpeMJIeHHH K nORa3HOMY
JI1f1IHOMY repOHCTBY. OH CTaJI IIepBOHJIaCCH:DIM BoeHHbIM cnen;naJIH-
CTOM. B aHTIITe3e BepHap,n;a moy - repoii H COJI,n;aT - OH 6bIJi
BOIIJIo:rn;eHHeM CneD;HaJIHCTa, BOIIJIo:rn;eHlleM COJI)J;aTa. II nOTOMY,
XOTH ero xpa6pocTb HHl{or)J;a He BbI3:DIBaJIa COMHeHHH, eMY He npn-
IIHC:DIBaJIH HHKaKHX no,n;BHroB. BOT xapaKTeplI3YIOm;aH ero "fIepTa:
« OH pe)J;Ko CI\a"fIeT raJIOnOM». On 6eper CBOHX JIoma)J;ei, KaK 11
JIIO,n;en, B: 6:DIJI c,n;epmaH KaK HallaJIbHHK. OH CTapaJICH pa3Y3HaTJ
pacnOJIOmeHHe BOMCR, pa3ra)J;aTL HaMepeHHH IIpOTHBHIlKa. IIpHpo,n:
c03)J;aJIa ero <pJIerMaTHlIHbIM, a onbIT c,n;eJIaJI paC"fIeTJIIIBbIM. qacTR,
1\0TOpbIMH OH I{OMaH)J;oBaJI, Bcer,n;a BbIXO)J;HJIH ycnemHo H C 'tJeCTJ, It j
H3 caMbIX 3aTpy,n;HHTeJIbHbIX IIOJIOiI eHHii. OH ,n;ocTHr BepmHH1,(
cBoeH CJIaBM B 6HTBe IIPH Poc6axe (r)J;e OH COBeTOBaJI H3MeHHTb
pacnOJIOmeHHe BOMCR), B onepaD;HH, HBJIHIOm;eHCH JIYllmeiI npoBep-
-
1 cVie de Saint-Germain», p. 120.
rJIABA III. RPAIIJIEHbIE RAPTbI
407
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apMHH ClIJIaMH «OT eJIbHOrO Kopnyca, KOTOpbI:H BbICTOHJI ne por-
HyB». If IIOTOMY I{a)J;pOBbIe OcPHu;epbI II COJI)J;aTbI, Te.. Horo Tropro
na3bIBaeT «60eBbIM:U BOHHaMH», ClIHTaJIH ero CBOHM. OHH BOCXlI a-
JlHCb B HeM TeMH KalIeCTBaMH, KOTopbIe eHHJIH BbIme Bcero. RalIe-
CT,BaMH H,CTHHHO nporfiecCUOl-ta./tbl-tbZMU, OT ROTOpbIX 3aBH'CHT He
CTOJIbKO ycnex, 60JIee HJIH MeHee raAaTeJILHbIiI, HJIH nO)J;BHr, nO;IJ;lIac
oOMaHlIHBbIH, a mH3HI> JIIO;IJ;eH H caMa ooecnocooHoCTb apMHH. 8TO
6LIJI Be nplIABopHbIH BOHKa H TeM OOJIee He CJIyqaHHbIM Tea TpaJIL-
HbIH repoii, KaKHX ObIJIO MHomeCTBO B TY snoxy, HO HacToH Hii
{<ooeBoH reHepaJI», OTJIHlIalO HHcH OT OOJILmHHCTBa CBOHX I{OJIJIer,
KOTopLIe, no CJIOBaM MOHoapa, Ka3aJIOCb, 3aHHMaJI1:ICb CB01:IM pe-
MeCJIOM OOJILme paAH npHJIHlIHH, lIeM H3 JIIOOBH K eJIY.
B eHL ero Ha3HalIeHHH MHHHCTpOM, KOTOpbIH 03HaMeHyeT
nOCJIeAHee pa301IapoBaHHe JIH ero nOKpOBHTeJIH TlOpro II nalIaJIO
pe3Koro na eHHH KpHBoM nOJIHTHKH pecPoPM, K KOTOp1>IM XOTeJIH
'ero npHO'oIqlITI" M1>I nocTapaeMcH npe 'cTaBHTI, ceoe nOCJIeAHerO
repOH STOB nLeC1>I.
ITo onHcaHHHM, aTO lIeJIOBeK cpe Hero pOCTa, xopomo CJIomen-
H1>IH, C npHHTHOH BHemHocTI,ro H TBepAOH BLInpaBKoii; BOJIOCbI II
{)pOB1I Y Hero CBeTJI1>Ie, rJIa3a Cep1>Ie C rOJIYObIM OTJIHBOM, OlIeHI>
mHBLIe, pOT OOJILmOH, JlH O JIHBHOe II OBOJIbHO OJIe Hoe. « r OJIOBa
Y Hero 01>IJIa n"OJIHa IIAeHMII, H BLIpamaJI OH HX OlIeHI, HCHO H H3H -
no». ¥MH1>IH H TOHKHH, OH YMeJI HpaBHTLCH, no CJIyqaJIOCL, lITO OH
HapOlIHO CTapaJICH OLITL HenpHHTHLIM. OH BJIa,n;eJI HCKYCCTBOM YBJIe-
KaTeJILHO paCCKa3bIBaTL CaM1>Ie npOCT1>Ie HCTOpHH, ObIJI HaCMem-
JIHB, H3BHTeJIeH H OCTpOyMeH; ero «HeMHoro rnycaBLIH rOJIOC» npH-
)laBaJI oco6yro OCTPOTY ero aHeKAOTaM II capKa3MaM. 8THMH
pa3Boo6pa3HLIMH lIepTaMH OH HanOMHHaJI Mopena, HO Moperra e)J;-
Horo, CKJIOBHOro K neCCIIMH3MY, HeBpaCTeHHH H MaHHH rrpeCJIe)J;o-
BaHHH.
8Ta IIOCJIe HHH lIepTa nOOYAIIJIa cpaBHHBaTL ero C iKan-iKaHOM
PyCCO. Ho C Mopena ero pOAHHJIO e e oco6oe yMoHacTpoeHHe..
CBOHCTBeHHoe JIro HM 1f3rHaHHbIM H BHOBb npH3BaHHbIM: OH lIpe3-
BbIlIaiHO ,n;opOmHJI CBoeH ,n;OJImHOCTLIO. IToCJIe Toro KaK OB cnOKOH-
HO, Be TepHH caMoO'OJIaAaHHH, npOBeJI rOAbI B H3rHaHHH, OB OOJII>Ille
Bcero OOHJICH CHOBa TaM OKa3aTLCH. IIpOHBJIHH HenpeKJIOHHOCTb
BCHKHH pa'3, Kor( a ,HIIlIero 'H'e yrpomaJIo ero rJIaBHOMY lIHTepecy, OR
61>IJI rOTOB TOTlIaC YCTynHTL, RaK TOJILKO lIYBCTBOBaJI XOTb MaJIeii..
mHH pHCR. OB OKa3aJICH MeBee JIOBKHM B aTOH Hrpe, lIeM MeHTOp,
TaR RaR Y Bero ObIJI PyroB xapaRTep. OH naCopaJI nepe Mopena,
nepe)); Kopo.rreBOH H ame nepeJ]; CJIa01>IM KOpOJIeM, lITO npOTHBope-
'IHJIO ero 06bllIHOMY nOBe eHHIO II nOCTeneHHO OCJIaOJIHJIO ero rrOJIO-
menlIe, TOr));a KaK Be3aBHCHMOCTL ero 01>1 YKpenHJIa. lIo MHeHHIO
Mon6aps, CeH-mepMeH BomeJI B MHHIICTepCTBO Ha AeCHTb JIeT n03-
me, qeM CJIe1J:O B aJIo. ITpomeJ];mHe rO));1>I, 1I3rHaHHe, MHorHe HCIIbITa..
408
q ACTb TPETDH. IJPOBA.!l'
HHH YCHJIHJIH CaMbIe HerrpHHTHble ero "tIepT:bI. O,D;HaR.O OR COxpanUJI
BHemHee 06aHHHe H nJIeHHJI KOpOJIH JIIO,D;OBHKa XVI ,n;o TaHoi CTe-
neHR, "tITO 0 HeM na"tlaJIH rOBopHTL RaH 0 6Y,D;y eM: npeeMHMRe
Mop,ena. 3aTO OH YTpaTHJI YMe'HHe BeCTH ce6s c nO)];"tIHHeHHbIMH;
XOTH, 6LITb MomeT, OH )];epmaJICH HerrpHHYiK,n;eHHO TOJIbRO BO BpeMH
noxo,n;OB, C COJI)];aTaMH. B MHHHCTepCTBe OH BbICMeHBaJI II OTHpbITO
H3,n;eBaJICH Ha,n; Ha"tlaJILHHRaMH CBOHX cJIym6 H nOTOMY IIOJIyqaJI OT
HHX OlleR!> ne60JILmyIO rroMoIIJ;L. CaM OH paOOTaJI MHoro, HO, ne
HMeH CHCTeMbI H no,n;)];epmI{H, pa60TaJI rrJIOXO, a ero no,n;oapHTeJIL-
BOCT!> c03,n;aBaJIa rrOCTOHHHble TPY)];HOCTH. OR B:bIXO,n;HJI H3 CBoero
Ka6HHeTa TOJILHO B 8 HJIH B 9 qaCOB Be"tlepa, rOp:bRO maJIOBaJICH II
Bcex CBO.HX COTpy,n;HHKOB, H rrpem)];e Bcero Ha Tex, C KeM TOJILKO llTO
pa60TaJI.
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CBoeMY arOn;eHTpH3MY OH rrpe3HpaJI pa60TY CBOHX npe)];meCTBeHIlJI-
KOB II, HaROHen;, 6JIarO)];apH CBoeMY ne J CCHMH3MY 0H BH,n;eJI Bce B'
Mpa"tlHOM CBeTe - Bce 3TO BMeCTe HaCTpaHBaJIO ero Ha pe<pop fhI.
Ho pe<popMaTop-rreCCHMIICT He O"tIeHL xopomHH pe<popMaTOp. B lIa-
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apMHH». « q TO me BbI C HeH C)];eJIaJIH?» - HaCMemJIHBO cnpocn."1
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HHRy,n;a He rO,n;IfTCH, Ha)];O CIIa"tIaJIa Bce CJIOMaTL». fIo MHorHM COB-
lIa)];alO HM paCCI{a3aM, KOTopJ>Ie KamYTCH HaM B OCHOBHOM BepHbI.
Mil, XOTH nopoH H He)];o6pomeJIaTeJIbHbIMH, CeH-iKepMeH rrpHHa)];JTe-
maJI K IIopo,n;e «p e <p o pMaTopOB-pa3PymHreJIeH», He TaROH yme pe -
Roi, HaK ,u;YMaIOT, HO He BCer)];a JlMeIO eH B03MomHOCTL pa3BepHYTb
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B3rJIH,n;aM He XBaTaJIO IIOCJIe)];OBaTeJILHOCTII. OH He YMeJI pacnOJIO-
mHTL B )];oJImHoii CBH3H pa3Hoo6pa3HJ>le H)];eH, pom,n;eHHble erG'
HeYTOMHMOH MbICJILIO.
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,n;YIO He TPH rrpHHD;HIIa:
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Ba, ,n;eJIa, KOTopoe OH 3HaJI no onJ>ITY, TO OH nporpeCCHBeH: OR
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HJ>IX BH.D;OB opymHH TOR 3rrOXH (OR rrOKa3aJI ceOH cpaBRHTeJILHO
lrJIABA III. RPAnJIEHbIE RAPTbI
409
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J<pa TOB. Ho caM OH, He 6Y)];YlIH rrpOCTOJIIO,n;HHOM, 6bIJI npOTHBHlIKOM
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MY )];BOPHBCTBY. 8TO lIHCTO cy6'beKTHBH:bIH B3rJIH)];, B KOTOpOM BH,n:eB
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ROHcepBaTOp, - OH y6em,n;eHHbIH rracceHCT [npoTHBH:HK rrporpecca] .
Ero TOCKa no CTapbIM BpeMeHaM, KaR OH HX ce6e IIpe)J;CTaBJIHJI, ero
onbIT CJIYiK6bI B rep:M:aHcKoH apMHu' aa6aBHO C01JeTaJOTClI c nene-
nOH Ha60mHOCT:bIO, npHBo)J;H ero R HeIIpHMHpHMLIM B3rJIH aM: meCT-
lKaH ,n;HCn;HrrJIIIHa, CMemeHIIe n;epKoBHoro H MHpcI\oro, MOHame-
,CKaH ROHn;errD;HH BoeHHoH CJIYJK6bI, KOTopaH Bblpajl\aeTCH Y Hero B
'CYMaC6pO)];HbIX rrpe)];JIOmeHIIHX.
ECJIII nO)];BeCTII HTor - OB CTOpOHHHK COBpeMeHHOH, TeXBIIqe-
.CKII OCHam;eHHOH apMHII, B03rJIaBJIHeMOH pbln;apCI\J1M op,n;eBOM B
'CoCTOHII:{en H3 COJI,n;aT-MoHaxoB.
IIpoTHBopelIHBOCT:b 8TlIX B3rJIH)J;oB ,n;eJIaeT ero He pe<popMaTopOM,
.a, CKopee, «rrepeTaCOBII:{IIKOM».
IIpH Bcex CBOIIX He,n;OCTaTI\aX OB 06JIa,n;aeT BHaqaJIe 6eCn;eHHLIM
npeHMym;ecTBoM - aTO qeJIOBeK )J;eH'CTBHH. OR IIpHHa)J;JIeiKIIT R uap-
TIIH, CTpeMHID;eHCH I{ )J;eMCTBHIO, 11 B rJIa3aX ny6JIHKH o6pa3yeT C
TlOpro H MaJIb3ep60M TPllYMBHpaT, KOTOpbIll I\a;l\eTCH eM TaI{HM me
.6JIarOTBOpHbIM, I\aKHM IIpej-KHHH I\aaaJICH rrary6HbIM. ECJIH 6bl 8TO
6bIJIO TaK, eCJIII 6bI Cerr-JI-\epMeH 6bIJI cnoco6eH )];eHCTBOBaTb COB-
MeCTHO C HUMI!, ero CIIJIbIIaH JIHlIHOCTb 6bIJIa 6bI )J;parOn;eHHbIM
IIO)];I{peIIJIeHH8M f];JIH TIopro. Oll Mor 6bI ,n;ame H3MeHHTb )J;BHmeHHe
RpHBOH, ,n;aTb IIocJIeAHIIM maHC, CTaTb 'IeJIOBeI{OM, IIOCJIaHHbIM Cy)];b-
60H. Ho OH OKa3aJICH JIHmb CI1MBOJIOM aToH BoaMomBOCTH, a Ha ,n;eJIe
crroc06CTBOBaJI 06paTHoMY p:BHmeHHIO.
O,n;HaRo ero nepBbIe marJ:I, I{aaaJIOCb, OTBelIaJIH Bce06m;HM oiKH-
AaHtIHM II cIIoco6cTBOBaJIH HaMepeHIIHM TlOpro HJIH, BO BCHKOM
CJIy-qae, 11M He npOTHBOpelIHJIH. Ero OCHOBHaH H,n;en 6blJIa neCbl\13
pa3YMHa )];JIH BoeHHoro MHHIICTpa: OH XOTeJI yneJIH"IIHTL BOeTIHYIO
MO b, He YBeJIH-qJ1naH paCXO)];OB, IIPII TOM me 61O,LJ;meTC yneJIIIlIHTb
'tIHCJIeHHOCTb apMIIH, 1160 BoeHHbIe p:enapTaMeHTbI He npI13IIaIOT 31,0-
HOl\JIHH, I{OTOpaH He H,n;eT n;eJIHKOM Ha HX Hym,n;bJ. CeH-iKepMeH
'HaMeTHJI RaI{ 6YP:TO BrrOJIHe pa3yMHYIO n;H4>py )J;onOJIHI1TeJIbHbIX
':BOMCR - 40 TLIC. qeJIOBeK. OTO OTMeqaeT II MapHH AHTyaHeTTa, Ha
410
TlACTb TPETbJI. npOBAJ1
9TOT pa3 3aHHTepeCOBaBmaHCH Cep:be3HJ>IM BonpOCOM, a TaRme II
JIOp CTOpMOHT 1. CTapaHC:b HaRTH HCTOTIHHR JIH 8RonOMHH, Cen-
iKepMeH, eCTeCTBeHHO, OCTaHOBHJI CBOB B3rJIH Ha ROpOJleBCHRX
rrpHBIIJIerHpOBaHHbIX BOHcHax (Maison militaire), KOTOp:DIe cepbe3-
HbIe YMJ>I Bpo e BepH C'IHTaJlH nYCTbIM IIpecTHmHbIM paCXOAOM, He
rrpHHOCHBmHM HHKaI{OH peaJl:bITOR IIOJI:b3bI H 1I0rJlOII(aBmHM 8 MJIII
O HaKo C 1I3BeCTHOR TO'tlRH 3peHHH Cep:be3HJ>Ie yMbI Omn6aJIHCho
Moo 8TH napa)J;nble OTpH)J;bI ObIJIH, IIO cy eCTBY, caMOH Ha)J;emnoii
OIIOpOH MOHapXHII. Bce 8TO HCHO YBH eJIH B )J;HII «MyqnOH BOHHhI»,
Kor)J;a BMemaTeJl:bCTBO cepbIX H 'IepHbIX MymKeTepOB TOTllaC BOCCTa-
HOBHJlO nopH)J;O'K. O)J;HOH H3 CJlaObIX CTOpOH CTaporo lIopH)J;Ka ObIJI8I
He3HallHTeJl:bHOCTb CHJI oxpaHbI 1I0pH)J;Ka. CaM BepH B )J;pyroM MeCTe
3aMellaeT: «CeM:b HJlH BOCeM:b COTeH 'tIeJIOBeI{ COCTaBJlHIOT cTpamy
IIapHma, a 3500 HaBaJIepHCTOB KOHHOH maH apMepHH, pa30pocaH-
HbIX IIO IIpOBHHn;HHM, OOeClIe'tlHBaroT oe30IIaCHOCT:b nepeJ];BHmeHHH
no oporaM 11 YJIHn;aM )J;JIH 124 MJIH. mHTeJIeH»2. RaK OJ>I TaM HH
ObIJIO, CeH-mepMeR oe3 KOJleOaHUH B3HJlCH 3a BbIIIOJIne'HHe CBoero
IIJIaHa, IIOCKOJl:bKY pe'tl:b mJIa 0 pa3pymeHHH. TplI op,n;OHanca OT
15 )J;eKa6pH 1775 r. YlIpa3)J;HHJlR ooa OTpH)J;a MymKeTepOB - cepbIX
11 TIepH:DIX - 11 OTpH)J; ROHHJ>IX rpeHa,n;epOB. I\or)J;a on npHHHJICH 33
ma apMOB, TO BCTpeTHJI COnpOTUBJIeRHe MapmaJla )J;e CYOlf3a II
COrJIa'CHJlCH OCTaBHT:b eMY 50 'IeJlOBeK. MopelIa IIOJIb3yeTcH CJIyqa-
eM, TITOOJ>I B CBOIO O'tlepe)J;L cnaCTII 50 Bca)J;HHI\OB JIerKOH RaBaJIepHlJ
)J;JIH HX KOMaH)J;upa, CBoero IIJIeMHRHUKa HeC'IaCTROro repn;ora
)J;'8ruHoHa. Kor)J;a ero aa 9TO pa30paRHJI )J;e Bep1l, OR CBaJlHJI BHRY
Ha KOpOJlH, a KOpOJIb CBaJIHJI ee oopaTHO Ha Mopena. IIocJIe)J;HHe
OTpH)J;J>I maH)J;apMOB OJ>IJIII pac<popMupOBaH:bI B 1787 r., K OOJl:bmoMY
y,n;OBOJl:bCTBHIO ROpOJleBJ>I, HOTOpOH «He HpaBHJlOC:b, "lITO I{paC'Hble
Myn,n;upJ>I pa3rYJlHBaroT B BepCaJl:bCKOH raJIepee»3. HaKOHen;, CeH-
iRepMeH ype3aJI Ha O,n;HY 'IeTBepTL JllPIHYIO oxpany II mBeiin;ap-
CKYIO rBap)J;Hro. IIpHMepHo B TO me BpeMH (12 )J;eRaopH) OR npOBeJl
peq,opMY COBceM )J;pyroro pO)J;a, KOTOpyro, IIO CJlOBaM rolIoHa, eMY
peKOMen)J;OBaJI Tropro, HanlIcaBmHH K 8TOMY op)J;oHaHcy npeaM6y-
JlY. Pell:b mJla 00 OTMene cMepTHoH Ka3nII 3a ,n;e3epTlIpCTBO BnYTpn
CTpaHbI. B TO me BpeMH ObIJla npOBe)J;eHa aMHIfCTHH paHee rrpHrOBO-
peHHJ>IX. Op)J;OHaHCOM OT Toro me )J;HH ObIJla Yllpem)J;eHa KaTopra
)J;JIH BoeHHbIX npecTynHHKoB, KOTopbIe ,u;OJliItnbI ObIJlII paOOTaTL «[fa
THiKeJIbrX 11 onaCHbIX paOOTaX». M HaROBell;, 15 )J;eKaGpH BbImeJ!
op)J;OHaHC, ynpa3)J;BHIoID;HH npOBUHll;lIaJI:bRble nOJlKH.
IIJlaH CeH-mepMeHa, COCTOHBmUH CRopee B nepepacrrpe,n;eJIeRHII
pacxo,n;OB, 'tIeM B 8KOHOMHH, He rrpOTUBOpellHJI OOm;IIM n;eJIHM TIopro?
1 IIHCI>MO MapHH AHTyaneTTbI OT 15 )];eI{a6pH 1775 r. (CM.: Mer c y.
Ope cit., t. II, p. 404.) IIJilCbMO CTopMOHTa OT 1 HHBapH 1776 r. HTJilpyeTcH B:
D a kill. Ope cit., chap. XIV, note 91.
2 V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 83.
3 Mme C a ill pan. Ope cit., t. I, p. 161.
rJIABA III. RPAIIJ1EHbIE RAPTbI
411
I\aK MLI HX Jl3JIOiKJiIJIII BbIme. feHepaJILHbIR KOHTpOJIep ynpeKa.rr
<p ' paHD;Y ' 3C,KYIO apMIIIO IB TOM, "tJTO, paOllO.rraraH paBHLIMJiI CHJIaMII C
p;pyrHMII apMIIHMH, OHa 06XO,n;HTCH 3HaQIlTeJIhIIO ,n;opOiJ{e. 81'0 6LIJIa
yMeJIaH Ta,KTIlqeCKaJI n03,HD:HH. Ho Tropro He Mor OiHH,n;aTb 60JILIDOH
nOJIL3LI ,n;JIH C'BoeH 6IO,n;meTnOH illOJIHTJiIKH 01' npOCToro nepe'He,ceH,HH
pacxo,n;OB 113 o,n;nOR CTaTLH B ,n;pyryIO. ITO-BII,n;HMOMY, B 8TH nepBble
He,n;eJIH ,n;PYiKeCKoro COrJIaCIIH on np060BaJI ,n;06HThCH 01' CBoe.ro l{OJI-
nerK neKoToporo cOKpa enHH pacxo,n;oB B "tJHCTOM BII,n;e. ITo CJIC Hal\1
.IJ:IOTIOHa, OH IIOCJIaJI eMY no 8TOMY nOBO,n;y ,n;Ba MeMyapa. O,n;HH - 0
B03MomHOCTII HeMe,n;JIenno npOBeCTH 8KOHOMHro B pa3Mepe 2 l\IJIII.
.IJ:pyroii - 0 npOBe,n;enllH pe<poPM, KOTopLIe Qepe3 ro,n; ,n;a,n;YT 15 MJIli.
3KOHOMIIH. 8TH ,n;OKYMenT:bI He 6LIJIII Hai,n;eHLI. no CJIOBaM Toro me
.IJ:lOll0Ha, Tropro ,n;aBaJI To"tJHLIe rrpaI{TU"tJeCKHe coneTbI: peiI{C nepe-
6pacLIBaTL rapnH30HLI C MeCTa Ha MeCTO, ynpa3,n;HIlTL nYCTYIO He
YKpenJIeHHLle 3aMKH II RpenOCTIl, peOpraHI:I30BaTL 8I{OJIL MHJIHTep
(BoeHHYro mKOJIY) H OM HHBa.rrlI,n;oB 11 nOCTeneHHO ynpa3,n;HHTL
6eCIIOJIe3HLIe H pa30pHTeJILHLIe ,n;OJIiKHOCTH reHepaJI-ry6epHaTopoB
rrpoBHHll;E:H 1. HaRonell;, Tropro H CeH-iRepMen ,n;oroBOpHJIHCL 06
YJIyqmenBH COJI,n;aTCKoro xJIe6a, no COBeTY IIapMaHTLe. 8TO 6LIJIO
nOCJIe,n:Hee npOHBJIeHlle HX ,n;06poro corJIaCHH.
IIepBaH «CTLI"tJKa» npOll30mJIa no nOBo,n;y ,n:eHer Ha o63aBe,n;e-
HIle )J;JIH Boennoro MHHHcTpa. Cen-iRepMen nOnpOCHJI 344 TLI'C. JIHB-
pOB Ha Me6JIllpoBKY RBapTllpLI. Tropro nOllLITaJICH MHrKO YKa3aTL
eMY, 1JTO 8Ta CYMMa "tJpe3MepIIO BeJIHKa. AIO MroH y,n;OBOJIL'CTBOBaJI-
CH 100 TLIC. JIHBpOB, MHpOMeHHJIL - 120 TLIC., MaJIL3ep6 npHMep-
HO TaKOR me CYMMOR, TIopro caM HCTpaTIIJI 80 HJIII 90 TLIC. JlIIB-
pOB, KOTopLIe B3HJI 113 co6CTBeHHLIX cpe,n;CTB. I\poMe Toro, iKaJIO-
BaHLe CeH-iRepMena 6LIJIO Ha 250 TLI'C. JIHBpOB BLIme iKaJIOBfI HLH
p;pyrllx MHHHCTpOB. CeH-iRepMen, KaKHM MLI ero yme 3naeM, He
Mor npHHHTL 6e3 0611,n;LI TaRoe 3aMelIaHHe Tropro. «C 8Toro BpeMeHH
Bce oKpymeHHe 8Toro M1IHIICTpa, a 6LITL MOiKeT, H OH caM, CMOTpeB-
mHii Ha Ra3Hy KOpOJIH rJIa3aMII 3aXBaT"tJHKa, 3aTaHJIH B ,n;yme rJIY-
xoe paa,n;pame'HHe». «8Toro HHKaR He OiKH)J;aJIH 01' TaKoro Y)J;aJlHB-
merOCH 01' ,n;eJI <pHJIOco<pa», - 3aKJIrolIaeT BepH 2 . 81'01' npHMep, RaK
1 CM.: D u P 0 n t. Ope cit., p. 122; F 0 D C i D. Ope cit., p. 351.
3Tn pa60Tbi HaqaJIJilCb B ROH e OKTH6pH, o na}J;eHHH TlOpro. qTO RacaeTCH
3HOJIb MHJIHTep n AOMa HHBaJIH}J;OB, TO MaJIO BepOHTHO, qT06bl nJlaH:b1 TlOpro
COBnaJIH C TeMH MepaMH, ROTOpble C06npaJICH IIpe}J;lIpnHHT:b Cen-iKepMen. Ha
9TOT CqeT Y Hero 6blJIH, RaK MLI YBHP;HM p;aJILme, CBOH OqeHL CTapLle II BJIOJI-
He CJIOmllBmHeCH BarJIHp;LI. HaKOHe MomHO eIIJ;e OTMeTHTb, qTO npHMepRO
B 3TO BpeMH TlOpro OKa3aJI p;pymeCKYIO YCJIyry BoeHHOMY Bep;OMc,TDY, OTMO-
HnB IIpaBO B3HMaTb IIJIaTY 3a aMopTHaan;HIO KaaapM (cp;aHHbIX BHaeM B HO-
rrapnaJIbHOM 1I0pH}J;I\e) B Te lIepnOp;bl, Rorp;a OHH nYCTOBaJIH. (F 0 n c, i n. Ope
cit., p. 352, 22 novembre.)
2 V e r i. Ope cit., t. '1, p. 458-459. BJilOrpaq,bl CeH-iRepMeHa co06 aIOT,
qTO KOpOJIb p;aJI eMY 100 TbIC. 3KIO. O)J;HaKO ORH He YKaablBalOT, 6bIJla JIn eMY
)J;aHa 3Ta CYMMa CBepx p;eHer Ha 06aaBep;eHne.
412
tJACTb TPETbH. llPOBAJr
II IIpHMep Mopena, HCllO IIORa3:bIBaeT, '1TO H3rHaHHDIe q)lIJIOCOcI>bI
e Ba BepHYBmllC:b H3 H3rHaHHH, TOTlIaC 3a ' 6:bIBaroT 0 CBOeD: <pMJIO-
CO<p HH .
HaBepHOe, CeH-j-RepMeH BCTpe'tlaJI TaRme C pa3 pameHHeM Me-
Myap:bI Tropro, KOTOp:ble, Ra3aJIOC:b, IIoyqaJIII ero, RaK BeCTH ere
co6CTBeHHDle eJIa. ,[(ne CJIyme6H:bIe '3anH'CI\H reHepaJI:bHOrO HOHTpO-
JIepa IIO Borrpocy «pypamHoro ,u;OBOJI:bCTBHH OT 16 HOH6pH II 18 ,n:e-
na6pH, oco6eHRo BTopaH, ToiRe MOrJIH paCCep HT:b BoenHoro MHITH-
CTpa, TaR JIerRO B:blxo,n;HBmero H3 ce6H.
IIocJIe ReCI\OJII>RHX co06pameHHH, RacaBmHXCH 6ro,n;meTITOll
rrpaRTHI H, Tropro c,n;eJIaJI CJIe YIOIIJ;ee 3 aRJIIO'tJeHHe : «Pa3Be MI>I 06s.-
C BaMH He CTpeMHMCH II36emaT:b CTap:bIX, TYMaHHI>IX :II 3arrYTaIIHI>IX
«pOPM, ROTOp:ble 6e3 BCHROH nOJI:b3:bI JImn:b 3aTpy,n;HHIOT ClIeTOBO -
CTBO? MHe, npaBO, He TeprrHTCH rrorOBopHTL 06 9TOM C BaMH» 1.
BYPH pa3pa3HJIaCI> HeMHoro rr03me, rrOCJIe 06Mena rrHC:bMaMH no
rrOBO]U7 MeMyapa 0 rrpO)J;OBOJI:bCTBeHHI>IX 3arracax, IIOCJIaHROrO TlOp-
ro, HO He ome,n;mero O Hac. Cerr-iRepMeH OTBeTHJI eMY rpy60cTLIO:
«Bame OBepeHHoe JIHD;O ClIHTaeT MeHH JIH60 TyrrHD;eH, JIH60 mYJIH-
ROM. .ff 3HalO, cy,n;ap:b, 'tITO Bac Ha'CTpaHBaIOT rrpOTHB Bcero, 'tJ:TO R
eJIalO». Tropro YBepHJI ero B CBOHX ,n;06PLIX HaMepeHHHX 2, HCi\,
6e3ycnemHO: OR yme 6LIJI He B CHJIaX ero y6e,I(HT:b.
C HallaJIa 1776 r. TO JIH rrOTOMY, lITO OTllomeHHH Mem,n;y HUMB'
6:bIJIH yme CHJI:bHO HaTHHYT:bI, TO JIH IIOTOMY, lITO Tropro 6:bIJI caM
CJIHmI OM 3aHHT CBOHMH rrpoeI TaMH, HO B eHTeJII>IIOCTII CeH-iKcp-
MeHa HHRaR He Om; aeTCH BJIIIHHIIH reHepaJI:bHOrO KOHTpOJIepa.
HanpOTHB, BCRope HaXO HTCH HOB:bIH rrOBO,n; ,n;JIH I\OH«pJIIIRTa. CeII-
iRepMeH rrpem,n;e Bcero B3HJICH 3a pewopMY BoeHHoH mROJI:bI, lITO
03RallaJIO l];JIH Hero pa3pymHTL ee ,n;o ocrrOBallHH. OH pemHJI rrpo-
l];aT:b 3J-J;aRIIH mROJII>I. TaRIIM 06pa30M, OR 3a,n;YMa.J.r ocym;ecTBHTb
CBoe aBHIImHee CTpeMJIeHIIe, BI>ICRa3aHHoe H { em;e B rrepeTIHCI\e
1753 r., - rrOMeCTHTI> BoeHHYIO IDI\OJIY B ,[(oMe HHBaJIIIl];OB. C TOll
me nOp:bI OR MellTaJI 11 0 pewopMe BoeHHoro 0'6pa30naHHH, ROTopoe."
rro ero MrreHHIO, CTOHJIO Ha CJIlIillROM BI>I'COI OM ypOBHe l];JIH o<pIIn;O
f PaCxO,D;bI Ha <pypaiR ,D;JIH RanaJIepHH COCTaBJIHJUr OI\OJIO 5 MJIH. II qep-
nan:HC:b H3 Cpe,D;CTB Ha qpe3BbrQaHHbIe BoeHHbIe paCXO,D;l>I. Cerr-lliepMeH rrpe,n;-
JIOtKHJI pemeHHeM COB eTa 06JIOiRHTb, CBepx Toro, HaJIOrOM B 2 MJIH. npoBHH-
n;HH 3n:b3ac H <I>paHm-KoHTe ITa OnJIaTY ,D;OOaB01JHOrO <pypaiRHOrO ,D;OBOJIh-
CTBHH H «,D;pyrHx pacxo,D;OB». IIoHHTHo, 1JTO TIopro rroTpe60BaJI 06'bHCHeHliIft
II IIpOHBIIJI 60JILmyro C,D;epiRaHHOc'Tb. (8 C hell e, t. IV, p. 488-490.) B nHCL-
Me OT HOH6pH, TOiRe IIOCJIaHHOM Tropro Cerr-iKepMerry, rOBopHTCH 0 np06JIeM0
3RCilopTa 3epHa, npIIHa,D;JIeiRam;ero HHOCTpaHD;aM. Pe'tJb H)J;eT 0 ,D;eJIax HeBoeH-
RbIX, BXO,D;HBmIIX B KOMIIeHTeHD;IIIO CeH-mepMena JIHmb IIOTOMY, 1JTO era)
MHHIICTepCTBY ObIJIa nO,D;'lHHeHa a,D;MHHHCTparr;HH HeKOTopLIX npoBIIHD;HH
(8 c hell e, t. IV, p. 483 et suiv.)
2 8 C hell e, t. V, p. 230 et suiv., 16 et 17 avril 1776.
rJIABA III. RPAIIJIEHbIE I1APTbJ
,tIS
POB, KOTOp:bIM He cym,n;eHO 6:bIJIO rro,n;HHT:b'CH B:bIme lIHHa rro,n;ITOJIKOB-
JJHKa.
«8Ta lIaCTb o<pHn;epOB Y Hac CJIIImKOM 06pa30BaHHa. MM HymBbl
TOJILKO rrpHMepHoe rrOBe,n;eHHe, ,n;HCn;HrrJIHHa H rrOBHHOBeHHe» 1. OR
pemBJI pa3,n;eJIIIT:b BoeHHYIO mKOJIY Ha HeCI{OJI:bRO OT,IJ;eJIeHHM H
nopyqHTL BocrrllTaHHe MOJIO,IJ;bIX o<pHn;epOB MOHaxaM, a :3TO 3HalIH-
JIO BHOBL BepHYT:bCH K rrpemHeMY II «Ha3DIBaT:b BoeHHbIMH mKOJIaMlt
.IJ;eCJITL KOJIJIemeH, yrrpaBJIHeM:bIX 6eHe,n;HRTHHn;aMH H <ppaHn;HCKarr-
n;aMH». TaKOB 6bIJI HOBaTopCIiHH YM lIeJIOBeIia, IiOToporo TIOpro
npH3BaJI ce6e B rrOMOII:J;HHKH.
tITo6:bI 06eCrrelIHTL ce6e <pHHaHCOBYIO 6a3Y, H60 TaRaH rrepeTa-
COBKa II He rraXJIa aROHOMHei, «CeH-iKepMeH Hero rrpHcrremHHKH)}
3a,n;yMaJIH opraHH OBaT:b JIOTepeIO rro,n; Ha3BaHHeM «JIoTepeH BoeIIHOH
mKOJI:bI», KOTopaH BMeCTe C HaJIOrOM Ha HrpaJILHbIe KapT:bI ,n;OJImHa
6DIJIa CTaTL HCTOlIHHIiOM cpe,n;CTB ,n;JIH aToro 3aBe,IJ;eHHH. OHH co6Hpa-
JIBCL YCTPOHTL Crren;HaJILH:bIH p03bIrp:bIm B KpyrrH:bIX rrpOBHHD;IIaJIL-
H:bIX ropo,n;ax. Bepn paCCIia3bIBaeT, lITO CeH-iKepMeH caM rrpOBaJIIIJI
CBoi. rrpoeKT, C006:r:qHB 0 HeM Moperra, a TOT, 03HaKOMHBmH'CL C HHM,
06'.bHBHJI, lITO KOpOJIL ero OTBepr. Tropro co cBoei CTOpOH:bI, pa3Y-
Me'eTlCH, Tome BbICKa3aJICH rrpOTHB. OH ,n;ame CRa3aJI Ce'II-iKepMe,HY,.
1fTO meJIaJI 6:bI, lITo6bI JIOTepeH 6:bIJIa OTMeHeHa, O,IJ;HaRO TOT rrpo,IJ;OJI-
maJI Ha'CTaImaTL Ha CBoeM rrpoeRTe ee pacmHpeHHH. Tropro B aTOM
cJIY'Iae OTHIO,n;L He CTpeMHJICH rrpeITHTCTBOB8.TL CBoeMY KOJIJIere;
BrrOCJIe,n;CTBIIII OH HarrOMHHJI eMY B rrHC:bMe, lITO TOJILRO CJIe,IJ;OBaJI
CBoeMY Bcer,n;amHeMY rrpHHn;Hrry (OH OTBeTHJI TaKHM me OTI\a30M
TI.'AHmeBHJILe, X01'eBmeMY rrpB6erHYTL K aTOMY cpeACTBY ,n;JIH CTpOH-
TeJIHCTBa tH013:bIX 3 aHHi) 2.
Ho B MapTe MeCHn;e CeH-iKepMeH pa3BepHYJICH BOBCIO. Sa BoceMb
,n;HeH OH B:bIrrycTHJI ,n;BeHa,n;n;aTL op,n;oHaHcoB no CaM:bIM pa3HbIM
rroBo,n;aM :If pa3Horo 3HalIeHHH. BeCLMa BepOHTHO, lITO BoeJIHRHi BoeH-
H:bIH pe<popMaTOp HCrr:bIT:bIBaJI HeKOTOpyro 3aBHCTL K BeJIHROMY
pe<popMaTOpy <pHHaHCOB. CBOHMH ,n;BeHa,n;n;aTLIO op,n;OHaHcaMII OB
rrpeB30meJI meCT:b 3,IJ;HKTOB reHepaJI:bHOrO KOHTpOJIepa H, BO BCHI{Ol\I
CJIyqae, ,n;aJI eMY YPOK CTpeMHTeJI:bHOCTH. HeKOTOp:bIe H3 aTHX Mep
6bIJIH xopomH, ,n;pyrHe CrrOpH:bI, a HeKOTopbIe npOCTO CMeIlIHbI 3 .
O,n;HOH H3 JIYlImHX ero H,IJ;eH 6bIJIO pa3,n;eJ[eHHe apMIIH Ha ,IJ;HBH-
3111I, 06'.be,n;IIHHlOID;He ,IJ;Ba pO,IJ;a BOH'CI{; HX rrpHYlIaJIH TaKHM oopa30M
K B3aHMo,n;eHCTBHIO. OT aToro OTI\a3aJIHCL rrOCJIe ero OTCTaBRH. ,[(PY-
roi MepoH 6bIJI OTI\a3 OT B3H1fIaHHH rrJIa T:bI 3a ,IJ;OJIiKHOCT:b, nOCJIe
Toro KaK OHa lIeT:bIpe pa3a 3aMem;aJIaC.b HOBbIl\I OcpHn;epOM 4 .
1 «Correspondance particuliere», p. 53, 63, 72.
2 CM.: V e r i. Ope cit., p. 437. I1HCbMO TlOpro CeH-iKepMeHY CM. )J;aJIee.
3 CM. HX nepeqeHb B: «Correspondance particuliere», t. I, p. 128.
4 Ram)J;aH )J;OJImHOCTb, oCBo6o)J;HBmaHcH BCJIe)J;CTBlle CMepTH, OTCTaBKm
RJIH no )J;pyroM npH'tIIIHe, TepHJIa qeTBepTb c,Boen CTOHMOCTII. B 1790 r. npo-
J];ama AOJImHOCTeH B neXOTO nOqTII COBceM npeKpaTHJIacb.
414
qACTb TPETbH. IIPOBAJI
OH C03,n;aJI ,n;OJImHOCTL rrOMOIT\HHKOB KOMaH,n;Hpa rrOJIHa B 3BaHHII
nOJIKOBHHKa, lITO OJiarOrrpHHTCTBOBaJIO o<pHD;epaM, He HMenmUM
COCTOHHHH.
II03,n;Hee OH yqpe,n;HJI X03HHCTBeHH:ble COBeT:bI B rrOJIKaX H rrpo-
BeJi HeCKOJILKO rrOJIe3HblX pe<POPM B 06JIaCTH HHTen,n;aHTCTBa II
CJIymO:b1 CHaomeHHH.
IIOMHMO 3THX Mep, rrpHHHT:bIX C rrOXBaJILHblMH HaMepeHHHMH,
rpa<p CeH-iRepMeH ,n;aJI BOJIIO CBoeH <paHTa3HH, rrooym,n;aeM:bIH IOITO-
meCKHMH YBJIeqeHHHMH HJIH BocrrOMHHaHHHMH 0 CJIymoe 3a rpaHH-
D;eH. ¥rrpHMO rrpHBOAH B HCrrOJIHeHHe CBOH rrpoeKT yrrpa3,n;rreHHH
,IJ:oMa HHBaJIH,n;OB, OH pemHJI pa30CJIaTL OOJILmOe lIHCJIO ero rreHCHO-
HepOB rro rrpOBHrrD;HHM. E:r:qe B 1753 r. OH rrH'caJI, lITO «OHH Be,n;yr
mIl3HL, rre,n;ocToHHYIO MOHaXOB» (Bce Ta me rraBH3qHBaH H,n;eH 0
MOHamecTBe), H rrpe,n;rrOlIJIH ObI mlITL Ha CBooo,n;e, XOTH H C MeH:b-
IDHM ,n;OCTaTHOM. OH rrOJIyqHJI HarJIH,n;Hoe orrpOBepiI\eHHe. HeClIaCT-
Hble HHBaJIH,n;:b1 YXO,n;HJIH B CJIeaax, H MHorHe CJIe3aJIH co CBOHX rro-
B030K na rrJIo:r:qa,n;H BHKTyap, "tITOO:b1 orrYCTHTL1CH ITa HOJIeHH rrepe,n;
cTaTyeH JIIO,n;oBHKa XIV, «Ha3:brBaH ero CBOHM OTn;OM II BOCKJIHD;aH,
lITO HeT y HHX OOJIbme 3amHTHHKa».
B ,n;IfC:qIIrrJIHHapHbIH YCTaB OH BKJIIOlIHJI TeJIeCH:ble HaKa3aHHH:
y,n;apbl CaOJIeH IIJIamMH; CHalIaJIa OH ,n;ame ,n;yMaJi paCrrpaBJIHTLCH
rraJiKOH. O<pHn;epDI rrJIal{aJIH, Y3HaB 0'0 aTOM. rOBOpHJIH, lITO O,n;HB
cepmaHT rrOI\OHlIHJI C COOOH 1. 8TO KaK Oy,n;TO He3HalIHTeJILHOe ,n;eJIo
rrpHHeCJIO eMY HerrorrpaBHM:bIH Bpe,n;.
CeH-iKepMeH TaKme rrpHKa3aJI, lITOObI YHTep-O<pHn;epbI BO,n;HJIB
COJI,n;aT Ha n;epHOBH:ble CJIymO:bI. OH COKpaTHJI lIHCJIO npHoopOB II
OJIIO,n; Ha CTOJIaX reHepaJIOB H BblcmHX o<p epOB. Ho OHR CYMeJIB
OOOHTH aTO rrpaBHJIO, 3aCTaBJIHH rro,n;aBaTL HeCKOJILKO KyruaHHH Ha
O,n;HOM 6JIIO,n;e.
IIo3me OH HaCTOHJI Ha HOBOH <popMe ,n;JIH BOHCK. «rpOMa,n;HDIe
qeTDIpexyrOJILHDIe marrKH, KaK ODI crrJIIOID;HBaBmHe rOJIOB:b1 COJI,n;aT,
qa e Bcero B:b13DIBaJIII HaCMemKII».
B TO BpeMH, a 3aTeM H rr03me MHoro CrrOpHJIH 0 nOCJIe CTBHHX
pe<POPM H yrrpaBJIeHHH CeH-iKepMeHa C TOlIKH 3peHHH HX aw<peK-
THBHOCTH ,n;JIH BoeHHoro ,n;eJIa. 8Ta TeMa B:bIXOJJ;HT 3a npe,n;eJI:b1 HameD
pa60T:bI. HeCOMHeHHO, lITO caMble 3HalIHTeJILH:ble H3 ero pe<POPM
COOTBeTCTBOBaJiH OOJIee rrepe,n;OBOH KOHD;errD;HH C TeXHHlIe l CKOH B
COD;HaJiLHOH TOlI l eK 3peHHH, Tor,n;a KaH y IMeJII{HX pe opM HaOJIIO-
,n;aJIaCL oopaTHaH TeH,n;eHD;HH. 110 oo eMY MHeHHIO (B03MomHO, TaI{
OHO H OblJIO), OB CKOMrrpOMeTHpOBaJi rJIaBH:ble CBOH pe<POPM:b1 CJIY-
lIaHHl>IMH MeJIKHMH MepaMH. Ero rrJIOXO rrpo,n;YMaHH:ble MeporrpHH-
THH O:bIJIH K TOMY me rrJIOXO rrpOBe,n;eHbl. B orrpeAeJIeHHOM rrOJIome-
HHH BCHKoe H3MeHeHHe, HaBH3aHHoe OpraHH'3MY ,n;ame ,n;JIH ero oJIa-
1 F 0 n c i n. Ope cit., p. 468; S e g u r. Louis XVI et N,ecker, p. 130
et suiv.
rJIABA 111. KPAnJ1EHbIE RAPTbI
415
ra, n'pH1BO,IJ;HT JII1ID:b r.I{ OAHOMY pe3YJlbTaTY - OHO ero 'OCJla6J1HeT 1 .
PeaKD;HOHHble nliICaTeJIH BpO}J;e Be3aHBaJIH H MOH6apa, CTOHBmHe
na CTpame HHTepecoB cym;ecTBoBaBmero rropH}J;Ha, ne omH6aIOTcH,
Kor}J;a maJIeIOT 0 pe3YJlbTaTax 9THX nepeMen, oc06eHHo 06 yrrpa3p;-
neHHM npHBHJIernpOBaHHbIX KOpOJIeBCHHX BOMCR. C «pHHancoBoii
TO'tlKH 3peHliIH aTH pecpopMbI HHHOHM 06pa30M He }J;aJIH 9KOHOMHII
H CTOHJIII B eJIOM ,n;JIH CTpaHLI HeCKOJILKO ,n;OIIOJlHHTeJI:bllbIX rvIIIJI-
JIHOBOB.
I1a,n;eHHe TIOpro CeH-mepMeH BCTpeTIIJI C HenpHJIHlIHOH pa,n;o-
CTLI0 2 . OH 6LIJI rJIy6oKo HerrpaB. HecMoTpH Ha BeCL CBOH YM, XHT-
pOCTL II IIHCTIIHKT caMocoxpaHeHHH, OB He nOHHJI, 'tfTO rrpH3BaBmliIH
ero reHepaJILHLIH KOHTpOJIep Mor 6bITL eMY RperrKOH OIIOpOH. q TO
6bI OH HH ,n;yMaJI, a Bce pe«popMaTopbI 6bIJIH COJIH,n;apH:bI. C yXOp;OM
Tropro II MaJIL3ep6a OH OCTaJICH B nOJIHOM O}J;HHo"tJeCTBe. ITocJIe
Bblxop;a ero HOB:bIX op}J;OHaHCOB 25 MaH a66aT. }J;e BeplI rrliImeT:
«KPHKH B03Mym;eHIIH npOTIIB CeH-mepMeHa npOH3BOJl:HT Ha Mope-
na II KOpOJIH TO me }J;eHCTBHe, KaK'Oe, no MOHM Ha6J1IO,n;eHHHM,
MaJIO-nOMaJIy OK2l3bIBaJIH Ha HHX RPHRH npOTIIB Tropro». TaK RaR OB
He 06JIa,n;aJI DB TBep,n;OCT:b1O Tropro, HII 6e r CI\OpbICTlIeM MaJIL3ep6a,
eMY y,u;aJIOCL npop;epmaT:bCH em;e HeROTopoe BpeMH, COrJIaCHBlliHCL
B3HTL ,ce6e B H2llIe'CTBe rrOMOm;HHKa rocy,n;apCTBeHHoro ceKpe-
TapH MOH6apa - CTaBJIeHHHKa Mopena, Ba3:bIBaBmero ero [MOH-
6apa] mYTJIIIBO «BaCJIe}J;HLIM npIIHn;eM». MH3aHTponHH CeH-mep-
Mena YCHJIHBaJIltC:b. OH H36eraJI aY,IJ;HeHn;HH H Kam}J;bIH ,n;eHL rrpOBO-
]J;IIJI MHoro lIaCOB co CBOHM }J;OKTOpOM II anTeRapeM. HecMoTpH Ha
ynopHYro npHBH3aHHOCTL K CBoeMY nO'CTY, OB o,n;Ham}J;bI no OIIJIOm-
HOCTH 3arOBOpBJI 06 OTCTaBKe, ero cpa3Y nOHMamI Ha CJIOBe. II OB
TYT me yMep3.
1 «KaKoe OLI H BH COCTaBHJI ceoe npe}J;CTaBJIeHHe 00 OTCYTCTBHH }J;HCD;Hn-
JIHHLI H Hepa30epHxe, n;apHIIJ;eii B apMHH, npH oJIHmaiimeM 3H8KOMCTBe OHH
OKa3aJIHCL eIIJ;e ropa3}J;0 xyme, lIeM H }J;YMaJI». (B e s e n val. Ope cit., t. II,
p. 36.)
2 V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p.. 447.
3 II pep;JIOrOM JIH ero OTCTaBKH nOCJIymHJI npoeKT pe<POPMLI, KacaBmeH-
CH BOHCKOBLIX CBHm;eHHHKOB, KOTOpOH OH 01IeHL }J;OpOiRHJI. Ha Hero Hanap;a-
nH, C1IHTaH, QTO OH COOHpaeTCH BepHYTL He3YHTOB. 3am;HIIJ;8HCL, OIl sarOBOpHJI
C Mopena 0 CBoen OTCTaBRe. HeKoTopLIe aBTopLI C1JHTaIOT, lITO HaMepeHlIe ero
OLIJIO IIC:KpeHHHM EDITL MomeT, aTO ODIJI MIIMOJIeTHDIH yna,n;OR ,n;yxa. Bo BCH-
ROM CJIyqae, IIeT HHRaKIIX COMHeHHU, lITO OH }J;OJIroe BpeMH ynopHo «n;en-
JIHJICH» 3a cnoM nOCT. HarrpHMep, B nepenHCRe JIecRIOpa, He OTHOCHBmerOCH
K BeMY Bp8rI\,n;eono, MDI Haxo,n;HM CJIep;YIOm;ee SaMelIaHHe: «He MOry nOHHTD,
R8R MOJf\HO npOHBJIHTb TaRYIO CTOHKOCTL H yrropcTBO, KaHHe npOHHJIHeT
r-n )J;e CeH- iRepMeH... ROTOp:bI:R HII 3a 1JTO lIe XOlIeT nOKIIHYTb MeCTO, rp:e OH
ropHT Ha Me,n;JIeHHOM orHe». (3 8npeJIH 1777 r., p. 41.) «r-H p;e CeH-iI\epMeH
JJ;epiRHTCH KpeIIJ\O II CTOMRO rJIOTaeT nce CDInJIIO lIeCH Ha Hero OCI{OpO.'ICHIUI...
OB crHoaeTcn, YCTyrraeT, HO He BDlrrYCKaeT CBOIO ,n;OObIlIY». (18 HIOJIH 1777 r.,
p. 79.) OH nOJTYQHJI rrenCIIIO B 40 TDIC. JIHBpOB II 3a 3TO BpeMH ycnCJI BcprrYTb
BeCi», HJIH n01JTH BeCL, nOTepHHHDIH B raMoypre RarrHTaJi. On nOKIIHYJI ,n;BOp
B eeHTH6pe 1777 r. H YMep 16 nHBapn 1778 r.
16
tJ:ACTb TPrTbR. npOBAJl
,I:(lOnoH npOBeJi RpOnOTJIHBOe 06CJIe,n;OBaHHe ClIeTOB 1776 r., lITO-
,6bl ,n;ORa3aTb, lITO TlOpro, YXO,n;H, OCTaBHJI ,n;eJIa B JIyqID'eM COCTOH-
HHH, 'tJeM nOJIYlIHJI, I\or,n;a OH BCTynHJI B ;n;OJIiRHOCTb. STOT <paHT
IOqeBH,n;eH, O,l];HaKO YJIyqmeHHe O"tJeHb HeBeJIIIKO. IIoCKOJIbRY 610,1];-
iReTHble cpe,n;CTBa II cpe,n;CTBa Ha3HalIeHCTBa CMemaHbl, a H3MeHeHIIe
ICTaTeH pacxo,n;OB He3HalIHTeJIbHO, HaM HellHTepeCHO 3a,n;epmHBaTbCH
na aTOM aHaJIH3e. Yrrpo aH, MomHO 3aKJIIOlIHTb, lITO Tropro nOJIY-
IIIJI 8 MJIH 9 l\IJIH. peaJlbHOH aKOHOMHH 3a ClIeT paCXO;n;OB no 3aHMY
H cpe,n;CTB I\a3Ha eftcTBa HJlH B BB,n;e rrpH6MJIH OT CBOHX rocy,n;ap-
'CTH8HHbIX ynpaBJI8IIHH H -qTO aTOT ,n;OXo;n; IIOlITH n;eJIHROM ymeJI na
lIOKpbITHe YBeJIHlIHBIDHXCH pacxo,n;OB KOpOJIeBCKOro ,n;Bopa (lIaCT1PI-
lIO pa30Bblx) II pacxo,n;OB BoeHIIoro MHHHCTepCTBa- P;BYX cTaToH,
I\OTOpble KaK pa3 II CJI ,n;OBaJIO COKpaTHTL.
Ho aTOT cnop npe,n;CTaBJIHeT JIHmL BTopocTeneHHbIH HHTepec. He
no aTBl\I ,I(OBOJIbHO CRy,n;H.bIM, XOTH 11 nOJIOmHTeJILHbIM pe3YJIbTa Tal\I
CJIe,n;yeT On;eHHBaTL <pHHaHcoByIO nOJIHTHKY Tropro. He CJIe,n;yeT aTO
.AeJIaTb H Ha OCHOBe ero OTBJIelIeHHbIX TeOpeTHlIeCKHX HOHn;enn;HH.
TIOpro pa3pa6oTaJI IIJIaHbI, H -qaCTb H3 HHX 6bIJIa yiRe peaJIH30BaHa,
HJIH ny eHa B xo,n;, HJIH XOTH 6bI HalIaTa.
1. BOT npHMep ycnemHO IIpoBe,n;eHHoro MeponpHHTHH: Y1Ipem-
.n;eHBe 24 MapTa 1776 r. YlIeTHOH KaCCb!. OHa ,n;OJIm'Ha 6blJIa o'6ec-
rreqHTL rocy,n;apcTBeHHoH Ra3He Kpe,n;HT B pa3Mepe 10 MJIH. JIHBpOB
'H3 4% H o,n;HOBpeMenHO yqHTbIBaTb BeKCeJIH no TOH me CTaBI{e,
3aHHMaTbCH TOprOBJIeH 30JIOTOM H cepe6poM, npHHHMaTb Ha xpa-
HeHHe BKJIa,n;bI, nYCKaTb B o6pa eHHe n;eHHbIe 6YMarH Ha npe,n;'bH-
BHTeJIH, TO eCTb 3aHIIMa TLCH ,n;eJIaMH, KOTopbIe Be,n;eT HbIHe <l>pan-
'U;Y3CKHH 6aHK, o,n;HaKO yxo,n; OCHOBaTeJIH OrpaHHlIBJI pa3Max ee
p:eHTeJIbHOCTH. HeCOMHeHHO, lITO o,n;nOBpeMenHbIH ycnex rOJIJIaHp;-
-CKoro 3aHMa H YlJeTHOH RaCCbI Mor 6bI npHBeCTH C nOMo bro CHB-
,iReHHJI YlIeTHOrO npOn;eHTa H pan;1I0HaJIbHOH opraHB3an;HII Kpep;BTa
,R 3B.alIHTeJIbHbIM pe3YJILTaTaM He TOJILKO B «pHHaHCOBOM nJiaHe, no
e e 60JIbme B nJIaHe aKOHOMHlIeCKOM.
2. A Tenepb npHMep nalIaTOH onepan;HH: rOJIJIa'Hp;CKHH 3aeM.
IIpoeKT aTOH onepan;HB OTHOCHTCH K HIOHIO-HIOJIIO 1775 r., no CBJI-
eTeJI}}CTBY a66aTa ;n;e BepH. PelIL mJIa 0 3aHMe H3 3,5 0/0, IIpe,n;na-
3HaQeHHOM ,n;JIH norameHHH caMbIX THmeJIbIX <pHHancoBbIx o6H3a-
TeJIbCTB. ,TaR RaI{ rOJIJIaH,n;n;bI nHTaJIH HeKoTopoe Hep;oBepHe K <ppan-
'n;Y3CKOMY Kpe,n;HTY, TO CHa lIaJIa npe,n;rrOJIaraJIH npe,n;JIOiKHTb HM
rapaHTHIO mTaTOB <l>JIaH,n;pIIH II ApTya 1, HO aTH nOCJIep;HHe CRMB
'nOCiaBIIJIII nenprlIeMJIeMble YCJIOBHH. B 1776 r. Tropro BepIryJICH H
9TOMY npOeI{TY, HO B ,n;pyroH «popMe. rOJIJIanp;n;bI II 0 p; a Jill MbTe-JIb
-0 rapaHTHHX HcnaHCRoro KOpOJIH, iii TIOpro HaIIIICaJi no aTOMY nOBO-
l1.Y 3anHCRY ;n;JIH BepmeHna. TlOpro npH,n;aBaJi 60JlLmOe 3Ha"tJeHHe
.9TOMY 3aHMY, TaK KaK, HeCMOTpH Ha CBoe OTBparu;eHHe R nOiI\M3-
t CM.: V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 321.
rJIABA III. RPAllJ1EHbIE RAPTbI
417
lIeHlI:bIM peHTaM, COrJIaCHJICH IIPHHHTb IIOJIOBIIHY 3aHMa B 9TOH
<pOpMe 113 8 0/ 0 , a JJ;pyryro nOJIOBHHY B BHJJ;e peHTbI 113 4 0/0. B HTore
60 MJIH. «ppaHKoB, H3 KOTOp:bIX 1IeTBepTL B rocYJJ;apcTBeHH:bIX eH-
BDIX 6YMarax... JJ;OJIiRHbI 6LIJIII JJ;a TL 45 MJIH. HaJIlIlIHLIMIi. TlOpro
.n;eH'cTBOBaJi TOHKO II npeJJ;YCMOTpllTeJIbHO II IIO'CTapaJICH H30emaTb
yqacTIUI IIa,pHmCKHX KaIIHTaJIHCTOB B nOJJ;IIHCKe Ha 3aeM. KOHe1lHO,
9KOlIOMIIH Ra IIpOn;eHTe OCTaBaJIaCL 6bI TaKOH iRe, HO JIHmHJIIfCL ObI
TaKoro npeHM eCTBa, KaK npeJJ;JlOiKeHHe 3Ha1lHTeJILHbIX KanHTa-
JIOB Ha napHmCKOM pblHlie. HeCOMHeHHO, 8TlI BbICB06oJJ;HBmHeCJI
45 MJIH. <ppaRKoB OKa3aJIli ObI JJ;aBJIeHHe B CTOpOHy IIOHHiKeHHH.
YXo,n; Tropro npepBaJi BbInOJIHeHHe 9Toro 3aMe1laTeJIbHOro nJIana B
TO BpeMH, KorJJ;a, 110 CJIOBaM ,IJ:lOnoHa, YiKe 6blJIa OOeCIIe1leHa no,n;-
IIIICRa Ha 33 MJIH. <ppaHKOB 1.
O<pHn;HaJiLHaH n;eJIL 9Toro 3aHMa, KaK rOBOpllJIOCL B MeMyape
KOpOJIro II B 3aIIHCKe BepmeHny, COCTOHJIa B IIorameIDIH aHTIiCHIIa-
D;HH [HaJIOrOB, 3aopaHHbIX BIIepe7J;] II JJ;pyrHx 01leHL ,n;aBHIIX rocy-
J];apC'TBeHHbIX 06H3aTeJIbCTB. TaKOBO 6bIJIO H 06'LJI'ORe1HB)e ,IJ:roII'OHa:
«IIpHBe'cTH B IIOPHJJ;OK <pJIHanCbI II CJ];eJIa'TL HeHyiRHbIMH TeM caMLIM
Bce paCXOJJ;bI Ha ynJIaTY 6aHKaM 3a pa3HbIe YCJIyrll».
Ho TIOpro JIeJIeRJI TaHHYIO MbICJIb, IiOTopaH npHJJ;aJIa 6LI 8TOMY
npoeKTY oc06eHHO BaiKHLle H HeOiKHJJ;aHHbIe nOCJIeJJ;CTBIiH.
OR paCC1IIITLIBaJI, 1ITO CMomeT YIIOTpeOIiTL JIHKBII,n;HDIe cpeACTBa,
KOTopbIe JJ;aCT eMY rOJIJIaHJJ;CKHH 3aeM (HJIH XOTH ObI HX lIaCTb), Ha
B03Me eHHe [BJIa,n;eJIbn;eB YIIpa3,n;HHeMLIX] JJ;OJIiKHOCTeH npH ,n;Bope,
qTO HBJIHJIOCb npeJJ;BapHTeJILHbIM YCJIOBHeM IIOJJ;JIHHHOH pe<POPM:bI
9Toro JJ;Bopa.
«B TOT MOMeHT ero rJI8.BHOH n;eJIblO ObIJIa pe<popMa KOpOJIeBICKO-
ro JJ;Bopa, - OTMe-qaeT ao6aT JJ;e BepH nOCJIe OTCTaBKH Tropro.-
TaK HaK OJJ;HHM H3 rJIaBRLIX npenHTCTBHH OLIJIa HeOOXOJJ;HMOCTb B03-
MeCTHTL BJIaJJ;eJILn;eB JJ;OJImROCTeH, TO OR n013eJI IIeperOBopLI C rOJI-
JIaH,IJ;HeH 0 3aHMe H3 4 % ...»
CaM TIOpro rrHmeT B nHCLMe OT 5 HIOHH 1776 r.: «MCTOpHH C
rp8JHJJ;OM [aMcTelp aMcKHH 'oanK . - Pea.] BLI3LI.Bae ' T y MeHR eIDje
OOJIbmyIO JJ;O'ca,n;y Ha MaJIb3ep6a. IIpeJJ;cTaBbTe, lITO 6LI MLI CJJ;eJIaJIH
c 50 MJIH. naJIHlIHblMH H lITO M:bI nOTepHJIH H3-3a ero IIO'CIIemHO-
CTH» 2.
M Tali, JJ;eJIO, Hacalo:r:qeeCH Iia3HalleHCTBa, JJ;OJIiKHO ObIJIO JJ;aTb
liJIIOlI Ii pemeHHro OCHOBH:bIX 3aJJ;aq 6IOJJ;meTHOH IIOJIHT1:IKH H ,IJ;aiKe
I1p06JIeMbI rO'CY,IJ;apCTBeRHOH nOJIHTHKH B n;eJIOM.
3. HaRoHen;, TIopro C03,n;aJI e,IJ;HH:bIH CTpOHR:bIH 61O,IJ;iRe'THbIH
I1JIan, nopamaIO HM RaK CBOHM pa3MaXOM, Tali H opHrHHaJI:bHO-
CTbIO.
1 8 c hell c, t. V, p. 308 et suiv. 3acM Y rOJIJIan,IJ;HH ODIJI ocy eCTBJIeH
B 1779 r. HeKKepoM na YCJIOBHHX, KOTopDIe Tlopro c'tJHTaJI ryoHTCJIDH:bIMH.
(8 c hell e, t. V, p. 593.)
2 V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 457; 8 c hell e, t. V, p. 493.
27 3. <I>op
418
f.J:ACTb TPETbH. IIPOBAJJ
Ero H3J1araeT HaM IOrrOH, C MaCCOH D;II<PPOBLIX no,n;po6HOCTCli,.
KOTopLIe 6LIJlO 6LI YTOMHTeJl:bHO rrepeqHCJlHTb, H K TOMY me TOqHOCTJ:>
HX He Bcer,n;a Ha,n;emHa. BamHa ero OCHOBHaH H,n;eH, a ee MLI MomeM
ClIHTaTL npaBHJlbBO IIepe,n;aHHoii.
oToH OOHOBHOH H,n;eeH HBJlHeTICH ((YC.lt061tbZU 61Oa:JICer 60enn020
6peMenU), HJIII, ,elCJIH MOmLHO TaK ,BLrpa3HTbcH, ((rpancifJopMupyeMblU
610 a:JICe r ).
MLI 3HaeM, "tJTO reHepaJILHOrO KOHTpOJIepa rrpeCJle,n;oBaJIa MbICJIb
o <pHHaHCOBLIX I\aTacTpo<pax, KOTOpLIMH yrpomaJI BoopymeBlibIll
KOII<pJlHIiT; CTpax 3TOT He 6blJI HanpaCHLIM, KaK MomHO B TOM y6e-
]J;HTbCH Ba rrpHMepe BOHHLI B AMepIIKe II MBOrOqHCJIeHHblX ee no-
CJIe,n;cTBHH.
ITO:3TOMY TIOpro XOTeJI npeJJ;ycMoTpeTL B OOLlqHOM oIO,n;meTe
MHpIIoro BpeMeHH TaKHe CTaTLH pacxoJJ;oB, KOTopLle MomHO 6e3
OC06blX aaTpYJJ;HeHHH OTCpOlIHTL Ha BpeMH BOHHLI H nepenecTH na
Qpe3BLPIaHHLle BoeHHble pacxo,n;LI.
PaaYMeeTcH, TaKHe CTaTLH olOJJ;meTa B MHpHoe BpeMH OKaaLIBa-
JIH OLI 6J1arOTBOpHoe BJIHHBHe Ha :3KOHOMHKY.
PYKOBOJJ;CTBYHCb :3TOH HJJ;eeH, TIOpro npe,n;ycMoTpeJI, C o,n;Hoi1
CTOpOH:bI, CTaTLIO norameHHH ,n;OJIrOB, a C ,n;pyroH - CTaTLIO pacxo-
AOB Ha OCHa:r:qeHHe.
Cpe,n;cTBa JJ;JlH norameHHH ,n;OJIrOB JJ;OJIiRHbI OLIJIII nOnOJIHHTbCH
C nOMO bIO paaHoro pOJJ;a Mep :3KOHOMHII. ,n:onOJlHHTeJI:bHaH opHrH-
HaJI:bHOCT:b nJIaHa COCTOHJla B TOM, lITO TlOpro npe,n;YCMOTpeJi He
TOJIHKO norame:HHe OJIrOB IHO H conpaUfe1tue na./t0206. Bce 'Boa pac-
TaIOm;aH lIaCTL emerO HblX nocTynJIeHHH JJ;OJImHa OLIJIa y eJIJITbCH
Ha YMeBLmeHHe HecnpaBe)J;JIHBOrO H, rJlaBHOe, BpeJJ;Horo JJ;JIH 9KOHO-
MHliH HaJIOra, C KOTOpLIM TIOpro OOPOJICH em;e B JIHMome, IIHTaR
K HeMY ,n;aBHIOIO HeHaBHCTL, a HMeHHO TaJILH.
CTaTbH Ha OCHam:eHHe ,n;OJliKHa 6blJIa BKJIIOlIaT:b B ceoH paooTbI
B npOBHHD;HHX, pacxo,n;LI Ha HOBbIe coopymeHHH H Ha co,n;epmaHM0
B IIopH,n;Ke CTapblX, BKJlIOlIaH H OJIarOTBOpHTeJIbHLle MaCTepCKHe.
B BoeHHoe BpeMH OYJJ;eT ,n;OCTaTOlIHO, C oABOH CTOpOHbl, OTCpO-
tJ:HTL norameHHe JJ;OJIrOB (cpe,n;cTBo, HaHMeHee o6peMeHHTeJIbHOe JtI:t
Tex, KaKHe MOiRHO HaHTH B IIO,n;OOHbIX 06CTOHTeJILCTBax), C APY-
rOB - BpeMeHno npeKpaTHT:b HOBbIe paOOTbI H OrpaHH'IHT:bCH TOJIb-
KO nOJJ;,n;epiRaHHeM B nopH,n;Ke CTapLIX npeJJ;npHHTHU.
COrJlaCHO D;H<ppaM ,n:IOnOHa (MLI IIPHBOJJ;HM TOJI:bI\O lIaCTb H:
HHX), emerO HLle aaTpaTbI Ha OOm;eCTBeHHLle paOOTLI B CYMM8
18500 TLIC. <ppaHKoB (H3 HHX 10 MJIH. OT HaJIOra, BBe,n;eHHoro B3Cl-
MeH ,n;opomHoH rroBHHHoCTH) MomHO CBeCTH K pacxo,n;aM no rro,n;,n;ep-
maHHIO B rropH,n;Ke JJ;opor II cTpoeHHH, a HMeHHO K 2500 TLIC. <ppaII-
KOB 1.
1 D u P 0 n t. Memoires sur la vie et les ouvrages de M. Turgot. phila-
delphie, 1782, t. I, p. 400 et suiv.
r J1ABA III. RPAIIJ1EHbIE RAPTbI
,--
419
PeaJlbHOCT:b aTOrO npoeKTa, no I\paHHeH Mepe B ero OCHOBHbIX
qepTaX, O,IJ;TBepiK,n;aeTCH npeaM6YJIOH a,n;HI{Ta 06 YHHlITomeHHII
opomHoH nOBHHHOCTH, H IIoaTOMY MOiKBO CKa3aTL, QTO OH yme
ga-qaJl npoBo,IJ;HT:bCH B iKH3HL caMIIM aTliIM a,n;HKTOM. Tropro rOBOpHT
43 HeM 6YKBaJI:bHO CJle,I(yro ele: nonepeMel-tl-tO TO paCXOObZ na ocna-
UfeHue (8 Mupnoe epeMfl), TO ttpeaebZl-laUl-tbZe paCXOObZ (8 eoennoe
.e peMR) 1.
Uo aTHM HeCI{OJI:bKHM rrpHMepaM M:bI BH,IJ;HM, 1ITO 6ro,IJ;iReTHaH
nOJIHTHI{a TropfO nblxo,n;HJIa ,IJ;aJleHO 3a npeAeJILI npocTo xopomero
a MHHHCTpaTIInrroro yrrpaBJleIIIIH, a TaKiRe lITO OBa MOrJIa 6bI npe-
op;OJIeTb ney,n;a1:III, rrOCTHfIDlIe ee no BHHe JlIO,IJ;eH.
J(JUI '"rlopra OIop;meT 1\ TOMY iRe 6bIJI TOJILKO cpeAcTBOM, cpeJ];-
CTDOl\I 6aJTbIIToii 3ROHOMHlIeCI\OH nOJIHTHKH. RaKHM 6:bI HII 6bIJI era
IInTepeC K cpHCHaJI:bHOH pe«popMe II aKoHoMHH, ero 113JIro6JIeHHOM
TeMoH OCTaeTCH TO, lITO MOiKHO Ha3BaTL «aKcnaHCIIOHH'CTCKHM JIH6e-
paJIH3MOM» (liberalisme expansionniste), rrpHMeHeHHLIM CHallaJI8
1\ 3epHoBoH rrp06J1eMe, a 3aTeM 1\0 BceM ,IJ;pyruM ceKTopaM rrpOH3-
BO,I(CTBa H pacnpe,IJ;eJIeHliIH. Ha aTOM IIOJIe OH ,IJ;aCT CBOH nOCJIe,IJ;HHH
eoii, BLIllrpaeT ero, a ce6H IIory6HT.
1 CM. CJIeJJ;YIOITJ;YIO TJIaBY.
27*
420 tJACTb TPETbH. npoBAJJJ
r ./taea IV IDeCTb
aAHKTOB
reHepaJL'b'H:btu OT1tynUJun:
«(3a1te.M 6CJl1tUe U06utecT6a?
Paa6e U(Z.M nJLOXO U6eTCIl,?)
(ITpHBonHTCR y KOHAopce>
Ha3HalleHHe Cen-iKepMena, Ka3aJIO'CL, YKperrHJIO rrOJIOiKeHMe
Tropro B MHHHCTepCTBe. OHO yrrpOllHJIO ero aBToplITeT H B rJIa3aX
o6 ecTBeHnoro MHeHHH. CHoBa rrOHBHJIHCL CTHmRH B lIeCTL MHHH-
CTepCTBa.
MaJILSep6 BeCLI B PYKax cmHMaeT,
Tropro cpHHaHcLI BOSrJIaBJIHeT,
Mx CeH-mepMeH 060poHHeT,
A Mopena, pasYMHeH 'Bcex,
rOTOB ynpOqHTL HX ycnex 1.
B HOH6pe pacrrpOCTpaHHJlHCL CJlYXH, 6y,n;TO reHepaJlLHLIR Kon-
rpoJIep rOTOBHT BaiKHLIe ,n;OKYMeHTLI, II rrpe,n;cKa3LIBaJiH ,n;aiKe KO-
1 «Chansonniers historiques», live IX, p. 75. O}J;HaKO pacnpOCTpaHHJIIlc.b
II IIaCRBIIJIH, HO B PYKOIIHCHOM BII}J;e, TaR KaK HX 6bIJIO TPy,n;HO HaneqaTaTb.
B KOHn;e ro,n;a Tropro CTaJI MHmeHbro O'tleHb SJIoro rraMcpJIeTa, ROTOpblii
3aHMCTBOBaJI cpOPMY Bo06pamaeMoro KaTaJIOra. Cpe,n;H IIepeqHH cpHrYPHpOBaJl
HeKIIH «Antigunaika» - HH3KHH HaMeK Ha TaHHLIe Cepp;eqHLIe }J;eJIa Tropro,
a TaRiI\e HeCKOJlbKO OqeHL 3JIbIX BbIIIa,n;OB rrpOTHB CMepTHbIX Ka3HeH B Mae
1775 r. HaIIpHMep: «OTBeT Tropro po,n;HTeJIHM }J;BYX mepTB, KOTopbIe 6bIJlU
Ka3HeHLI 3a TO, 'tITO B3H.lIH 6yxaHKY xJIe6a». MomHO OTMeTHTb TaKiI\e «I1HTb-
,n;eCHT MyqeHHKOB J}'MJlb-A,n;aMa, HJIH IIpaBHTeJlLCTBO r-Ha Tropro» - 3TO,
rrO-BH,n;HMOMY, HaMOR Ha RpOBOIIpOJIHTHOe CTOJIKHOBeHHe, peaJlbHOCTb ROTOpO-
ro He ,n;ORa3aHa.
ClVI. TeRCT 3Toro rraMcpJleTa B: Met r a. Ope cit., t. II, p. 297, 1 er janvier
1776. «STOT rraMcpJIeT - HOBoro,n;HHH nO}J;apOK ,n;JIH }J;enTeJIeU, CTOHID;HX y BJIa-
CTH», - rOBopHT MeTpa, HO BamOMOH OTHOCHT ero nOHBJIeHHe K 11 Hon6pn.
«¥BepflIOT, qTO MHHHCTp, KOTOpbIH ,n;OJliReH 6bITL BbIme 3THX rHyc.HbIX o6Bn-
neHHn, npHHHJI HX 6.JIH3KO K cep,n;n;y». (27 HOH6pH.)
o naM<pJIeTe npOTHB }J;e BaHa CM. BLIme, rJIaBa II.
l'J1A BA IV. UIECTb 8JrHRTOB
---
421
OJleBCKoe 3aCeJ);aHHe rrapJlaMeHTa. BeC:bMa B03MOiKHO, lITO B 8TOT
epHO TlOpro ,n;eiiCTBHTeJILHO 3aHHMaJICH COCTaBJIe HeM CBOJlX
9,!(1fKTOB II HeMHOrO 3ap;epiKaJICH - OTlIaCTH H3-3a CBOeH KpOnOTJIH-
BOCTH, a OTlIa ' C'TH H3-3a rrOJ);arpbI, KOTopaH nOMemaJIa eMY )];ame
npHCYTICTBOBaTL Ha 3alceJ);aH:m: COB eTa 26 HOH6pH. rO 'OpHJIH 0 rOTO-
BHro;eHcH OTMeHe J);OpOiKHOH IIOBHHHOCTH H n;eXOBOH CHCTeMbI, HO
rOBOPUJllI TaKiKe 0 Hecy ecTByro IIX npoeKTax Bpop;e CHHiKeHHH
a:aJIorOB Ha BHHO II Ha COJIL 1.
JIo JlHmL B HalIaJIe HHBapH ero rrpOeKT:bI HR'IHHaIOT nocTyrraT:b
B COBeT, KOTop:bIH 3aKaHlIHBaeT HX paCCMOTpeHMe "tIepe'3 MeCHIJ;; OHH
AaTHpoBaHbI 6 «peBpaJIH.
8J);HKTOB B'cero meCTL, B Tpex paCCMaTpHBalOTCH BaiKHbIe BO-
npoCbI: pbIHOlIHaH rrOJIHn;HH H perJIaMe'HTbI XJIe'6HOH ToprOBJIH,
JJ;opomHaH nOBHHHOCTL II n;eXOBaH CHCTeMa. B OCTaJI:bHbIX Tpex-
BonpOCbI BTopOCTerreHH:ble: p:bIHOlIHaH rrOJIHIJ;HH Ha rrpHCTaHHX II Ha-
6epemHbIx, iKIIBOTHbIe mHpbI H Ka'cca B IIyaccH.
PbIHOqHAH IIOJIIIUIIH
II PErJIAMEHTbI
XJIEBHOn TOprOBJIII
RaH J);O, TaR i1 IIOCJIe «MyqHOH BOHHbI» XJle6HaH rrOJIHTHRa, He-
COMHeHHo, OCTaBaJIaCL rJIaBHOH 3a6oToH Tropro 2 . II TaK mo, KaK
npHCKop'6HbIe IIOCJIeJ);CTBHH rOJIoJ);a B JIHMY3eHe TOJILRO YRpenHJIB
ero JIH6epaJILHbIe y6eiKp;eHHH, TaK II cepLe3HbIe HeYJ];alIH B l\fae He
BaCTaBHJIH ero oTcTyrrHTL OT HaMelIeHHOH rrporpaMMbI. OH 6:bIJI
y6emp;eH, lITO MHTeiKH 6:bIJIH B:bI3BaHbI HCRYCCTBeHH:bIM rrYTeM, HO
II B IIpOTHBHOM CJIyqae OH 06'DHCHHJI 6bI HX HenOHHMaHHeM ny6JIHI{H
H omH6KaMH IIOJIHn;eHCKHX BJIaCTeH Ha MeCTax; Bce 8TO eCTeCTBen-
HbIe HBJIeHHH B rrepeXOp;H:bIH rrepHOJ);, II C HHMH MomHO nOROlIlIliIT:b,
eCJIH B TelIeHHe Heo6xop;HMoro BpeMeHH TBep)];O ,n;epmaTL'CH rrpa-
BHJI:bHorO I{ypca. R TOMY me Tropro HHKor,n;a He 6bIJI lIeJIOBeI\OM
yrrpHMbIM II rrOCTapaJICH rrpHHHTL Bce npep;OCTopomHOCTH, COBMec-
TUMble C ero rrOJIHTlPIeCKOH JlHHHeH. TaK 06CTOHJIO J];eJIo CO c,n;eJII\a-
1 (<Gazette de Leyde)}, 5 decembre (KoppecIIoH eH:O;HH OT 26 HOH6pH).
CJIYXH 0 CHHJI\eHHH naJIora Ha BHHO MOrJIH B03HHKHYTb B CBH3H C npoeRToM
Y1fpemJJ;eHHfI cBo6o bI BHHHOH TOprOBJIH. BamoMoH HaMOI\aeT na npo(,f,TbI
OTMeHbI JJ;OpOiRHOM nOBHHHOCTH 5 OKTH6pH H :o;exoBoM CJICTeMbI 22 OJ\Tfl5pH.
IIJIaHbI TlOpro Ha aTOT C1JeT 6bIJIH, 01JeBH}J;Ho, yme H3BeCTHbI BCJIe CTB[[C rrpo-
neJJ;eHHbTx HM orrpOCOB.
2 Cerrop eJIaeT 60JIbmylO omH6KY, Kor a OTHOCHT HOBbIM a HRT 0 pbI-
HoqHOA nOJIHUHH H pernaMOHTax XJIe6HOi TOprOBJIH K BTopocTcrreHHMM o-
I\YMeHTaM. (8 e g u r. Ope cit., p. 273.)
422
QACTb TPETbH. IIPOBAJ1
MH, KaCaBillHMHCH cHa6iReHHH I1apHma. STOT CJIyqan OillH601JITO
CQHTaJIH -qaCTHqHbIl"l OTKa30M OT JIH6epaJIbHOH XJIeOHOH no-
JIHTHKH 1 . BeCbMa B03MOiRHO, qTO TIOpro B JII060M CJIyqae 3aKJIIOQn.1J
ObI HX, aiRe eCJIH 6:DI He 6ldJlO «MyqHOH BOHHId». Bo BCHKOM CJIY-
qae, OHH 6:DIJIH He OTpH aHHeM, a OnOJlHeHHeM ero nOJIHTHKH, He
o TCTyrrJIeIHHeM, a cpe,n;CTBOM rrpO}J;BHiReHHH lBn1epe,n;. STOT Bonpoc,
HOTOpbIM -qaCTO npeHe6peralOT, aaCJIymHBaeT HeKOToporo YTOqHe-
HHH.
B nepBOM, He,n;aTHpOBaHHOM MeMyape 0 XJIe6HOH ToprOBJIe, ROTO-
pJ)TH 6bIJI, neCOMHeHHO, narrHcaH B O}J;HO BpeMH C rrOCTaHOBJIeHHeM
OT 13 ceHTH6pH, renepaJIbHbIH KOHTpOJIep paTOBaJI aa JlIIKBII,n;aI HIO
aanaCOB aepna na CKJIa,n;ax B Rop6ee, Ha HOBeHIIDIX MeJILHHIJ;ax,
l\yrrJIeHHbIX KOpOJIeM y MaJIHCce. RpoMe Toro, OH rrpOCHJI ROpOJIH
«)J;aTL COrJlaCHe Ha TO, 't{To6LI rrOCJIe npo,n;amH HaCTOHJ::qHX aarraCOB
6:DIJIa npeKpa eHa BCHKaH nORynKa H rrpO)J;aiKa aepHa aa ero CtIOT»,
no )J;o6aBIIJI: «3a HCKJIIOqeHHeM Mep, KOTopLIe nOHa,n;o6HTCH P;JIH
06eCne"IemrH npO)J;oBOJILCTBHeM CTOJIH bI II rrpOBHH HH»2.
IIpo,n;ama ,n;eHCTBHTeJILHO COCTOHJIaC:b, no rrpH KaRHX 06CTOH-
TeJIBCTBaX - OCTaeTCH ,n;OBOJILHO HeHCH:bIM. HeKOTopLIe aBTopLI
YTBepm,n;aIOT, 1ITO 8TY OIIepa HIO AJIL6ep nopY"IHJI 16 OKTH6pH
1774 r. He'KoeMY POJIaHy, KOToporo BCKope nOCTHrJIH paaH1>Ie He-
C"IaCT:bH 3 . If rrpo,n;ama HK061d 6:bIJIa rrpOBe,n;eHa B KOpOTKHH CpOH.
Tropro yrrpeRaJIH aa 9TY JIHKBH,n;aIOlIO, C1IHTaH ee He6JIaropaayMHoi.
Roe-KTo H3 aBTopOB rrpe,n;rrOJIaraeT, lITO aarraCLI aepHa 6LIJIH cpa3Y
BbI6pomeHLI Ha pLIHOK, II rr08TOMY, Kor,n;a B arrpeJIe-Mae HalIaJICH
KpH3HC, OCTaJIHCL COBceM 6ea 3anacoB 4 . O,n;HaKo MbI HMeeM nOJIHOe
OCHOBaHHe C"IHTaT:b, "ITO 9TO COBepmeHHO HenpaBHJILHOe TOJIRO-
BaHBe.
IloHHTHo, "'ITO Tropro B rrplIH Hrre pem1IJI npH6erHYT:b K JIHKBM-
.n:a lIlI, H60, KaK rOBopHT ,I:(IOrroH, 9Ta Mepa 6LIJIa Heo6xo,n;IIMa, ,n;a6bI
nOKaaaTL ToprOB aM, "ITO co CTapLIMH MeTo aMH TerrepL rrOKOHtIeHO.
Ha,n;o 6bIJIO TaKiKe caHK :o:oHHpoBaTL KOHe rocy,n;apcTBeHHoi TOp-
rOBJIH. Ho Tpy,n;HO rrOBepHTL, lITO TIOpro ,n;eHcTBOBaJI C HeHyiKHoM
nocrremHOCTLIO H TaK Herrpe,n;YCMOTpHTeJILHO. MeMyap, COCTaBJIeH-
HLIi, rrO-BH,n;HMOMY, Ha OCHOBaHHH nOJIHoi ,n;OKYMeHTa HH, yKa3bI-
BaeT, "ITO npo,n;ama rrpOHaBo,n;HJIaCL rrOCTerreHHO, C OKTH6pH 1774 r.
,n;0 OKTH6pH 1775 r. s .
1 OH H3MeHHJI CBoeMY npHHD;Hny, Kor}J;a OT}J;aJI B PYKH 1JaCTH:bIX JUJU;
XJIe6H:ble CKJIa,n;:bI B Kop6ee Ha YCJIOBHH, 'tJTO B p:bIHo'tJH:bIe ,n;BH OHH 6YAYT
rrOCTaBJIHTb B ITapHm orrpe}J;eJIeHHOe KOJIH1JeCTBO xJIe6a H npo,n;aBaTb ero no
p:bIHO'tJH:bIM n;eHaM. (B a C h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., 5 novembre 1775.)
2 Archives Nationales, K 908; B i 0 II a y. Le Pacte de Famine. Paris,
1885, p. 218.
3 CM.: Gus t a v e B 0 r d. Le Pacte de Famine. Paris, 1887.
4 S e g u r. Ope cit., p. 158. Cerrop l'(HTHpyeT r. Bopa, KOTOp:bIH He rOBO-
pHT HH1JerO onpe,n:eJIeHHoro.
5 Archives N ationales, F 11, 294.
rJIABA IV. mECTb 8I{HRTOB
423
--
B nepenHCKe BepTLe ,n;e COBHIILH MbI naXO,n;HM YKa3aHHe Ha
npo,u;amy 3epHa 24 anpeJIH Ha 2 cy HHme pbIHOlIHOH eHbI, 'tJ:TO CBH-
p;eTeJIbCTByeT 0 cy ecTBoBaHHH 3anaCOB. OTMelIaIOT TaKme, C
o,u;HOH CTOpOHbI, Tpy,n;HOCTH, lIMIIHMble napJIaMeHTOM npo,n;ame npo-
p;yKTOB, npH3HaHHbIX HCnOplIeHHbIMH, a C ,n;pyroH - nomap, npOHC-
I1Io,u;mIfH Ha MeJILIr11n;ax B l\op6ee B OI\TH6pe 1775 r. H ynHlITOmHB-
IIIHH 3anaCbI 3epHa.
«TaR CTa IO HeMHoro MeHLme e,n;bI, npe,n;Ha3Ha1.1aBIIleHcH ,n;JIH HH
ID;HX», - OTMeqaeT MeTpa 1.
HaKOHen;, caMbIe peIIlalOITJ;He YTOlITIeIIHH ,n;aIOT BrrOCJIe,n;CTBHH
6paTLH JIeJIe B O,n;HOH H3 CBOHX' IltlMHTHbIX 3anHCOK, r,n;e coo6m;a-
lOT, lITO, rrpHcTyrrHB K ynpaBJIeHMIO MeJIbIIHn;a:MH B Rop6ee, OHB
aaIDJIH TaM 5 TbIC. MemKOB MYKH. 8TO npOH30IIlJIO B ceHTH6pe
1775 r., XOTH B 3arrHCRe YHa3aH - HCJIe,n;'CTBlIe HBHOH orrHCKH -
Ce'HTH6pL 1774 r. pyrHe ,n;OKYMeHTbI, OCTaBmHeCH OT JIeJIe, no,I(-
TBepm,n;aIOT, "({TO OHH npHHHJIH ynpaBJIeHHe B 1775 r., 11 R TOMY me
OHH caMH YKa3bIBaroT, lITO Ha3HalIHJI HX HHTeII,n;aHT <Papmec, B03-
fJIaBJIHBmHH Tor,n;a npo,n;OBOJILCTBeHHbIH JJ;errapTaMeHT. A <Papmec
BCTYImJI B aTY ,n;OJImHOCTL B Mae 1775 r., CMeHHB AJIL6epa. 3Ta
omH6Ka B ,n;aTe BBeJIa B 3a6JIym,n;eHHe aBTopOB, rro,n;,n;epmaBmHX
BepCHIO 0 HeMe,n;JIe'HHOH JIHKBH,n;an;HH 3arrarCOB. CJIe,n;oBaTeJILHO, MbI
MomeM C"tlHTaTL ,n;ORa3aHHLIM, lITO 3arraCbI xJIe6a B Kop6ee He 6LIJIH
pacrrpo,n;aHbI n;eJIHKOM R TOMY BpeMeHH, Kor,n;a 6paTLH JIeJIe CTaJIH
BO rJIaBe MeJIbHHn; Kop6eH 2 . TlOpro 3aKJIIOlIHJf C HH 1H KOBTpaKT
o cHa6meHHII IIapHma; MbI He 3HaeM TOlIHOH ,n;a'TbI ero ITO,n;ImCa-
HBH, HO BeCLMa B03MomHO,' lITO OHa COBrra,n;aeT C ,n;HeM nOJIyqeHRg
11MB MeJILHHn; B Kop6ee, HO BCTynHJI OH B CHJIY 1 HHBapH.
3HalIHT, Tropro npHHHJI MepbI, lITo6bI o6e'CrrelIBTL IIapHm rrpo-
,n;OBOJIDiCTBHeM, 3a HCHJlJO-qeH:HeM, 6bITb MomeT, caMoro nOCJIe,n;Hero
nep1lo,n;a 1775 r. 3TO nepHO,n;, I\orJ1;a 06bIlIHO I\OII'bIOHH'Typa He BbI-
3bIBaeT 6ecrrOKOHCTBa. B ,n;aHHOM CJIYlIae B HOH6pe eHbI Ha aepHO
6LIJIH HH3KHe H xJIe6 meJI no n;eHe 11 cy 6 ,n;eHbe 3 .
oroBop, 3aRJIIOlIeHHLIH C 6paTLHMH JIeJIe, ,n;aeT HOBoe, ,n;BOH-
Hoe CBH,n;eTeJILCTBO KaK rrOCTOHHCTBa HaMepeHMH Tropro, TaI\ Hero
IICRJIlOlIHTeJILHOH BHPTY03HOCTH KaK Cnen;HaJIHCTa; MomBO ,n;ame
CI\a3aTL, "tITO OH OOJIa,n;aJI HCTHHHO I{OMMeplIeCI\HMH crroco6HOCTHMH,
KOTopbIe IIOCTaBHJI Ha cJIym6y rocy,n;apCTBY. OH XOTeJI H36emaTb
Toro, lITo6bI rocy,n;a pCTBO BblcTynaJIO nORyrra TeJIeM H npo,n;aBn;O:M
1 Met r a. Ope cit., t. II, p. 216, 24 octobre 1775. COrJIaCHO IIHCbMY
PIIBbcpa, HTO-TO cny raJI MCJIbHHIJ;Y c p;pyroii nOCTpOHKOH, 'tITO H nOCJIynUIJIO
npnqnHOH 3Toro paCCKa3a. «Ha caMOM p;eJIe cropeJI JIBmb CKpOMHbIM ,n;OM
CTOJIHpa)} (19 OKTH6pH). O,n;HaKO H3 3Toro CJIe,n;yeT, 'tITO, no 06 eMY MHeHIIIO,
B Kop6ee em;e cOXpaHHJIHCb CKJIa,n;bI 3epHa.
2 TlOpro yme 06pa aJICH K 6paTbHM JIeJIe, n06ym,n;an: HX BB03IITb 3ep-
no H3 .ceBepHbIx 06JIaCTeH; onepaIJ;HH 3TH, no BX CJIOBaM, OKa3aJIBCb y6bITO'tl-
IIbIMH, HO OHB 6bIJIH npOBep;eHbI 3a HX CtJeT.
3 «Gazette de Leyde», 24 novembre.
424
flACTb TPETbH.. npOBAJI
TOBapOB. CJIe,n;OBaTeJIb'HO, HHKaKOrO rocy,n;ap'CTBeHHOrO ynpaBJIeHHH
TOprOBJIeii 1 .
MbI 3HaeM, lITO TlOpro C06HpaJICH nepeiiTH K npO<peCCHOHaJIbHOii
TOprOBJIe, HO, nOKa MeXaHH3M JIH6epaJILHbIX Mep em;e He Mor o6ec-
UelIHTb eii ,n;OCTaTOlIHOii Ha,n;eiRHOCTH, ee CJIe}J;OBaJIO nO;a;,n;epiRHBaTb
C nOMOm;blO rH6Koii CHCTeMbI rapaHTUH H nOOm;peHHii. 8TO «JIH6epa-
JIH3M Ha KOCTbIJIHX», HO OT STOB Tpa}J;HD;HH He OTKa'3aJIBCL ,n;o
CHX nop.
Y CJIOBHH ,n;orOBopa 6bIJIH npOCTbI. KOPOJIb, OCTaBaHCL BJIa,n;eJIb-
eM MeJILHHD; B Kop6ee, rrepe}J;aJI HX B paCrrOpHiReHHe JIeJIe. IIocJIe,n;-
HHH 06H3aJICH rrOCTommo coxpaHHTL Y ce6H 3arrac B 25 TbIC. Mem-
ROB MYKH (rro 325 <PYHTOB Kam}J;bIii) H cHa6iRaTL MYKOH rrapHiR-
CKHH pLIHOK B'CHKHH pa3, Kor,n;a Ha HeM OKaiRe'T'CH B HaJIHlIHOCTH
MeHLme 2500 MemKoB 2 . 25 TbIC. MemKOB )];OJIiRHbI 6bIJIH )];OCTaB-
JIHTbCH Ha rrapHiRCKHH p:bIHOK B 'tJeTbIpe rrpHeMa (B rrepBOM KBap-
TaJIe - 7 T:bIC., H B CJIe}J;YIOn:t:He TPH - rro 6 TbIC. MemKoB) M
UOrrOJIHHT:bCH Ha CKJIa,n;ax B TOM iRe pHTMe. B BH;n;e KOMIIencaD;HM
JIeJIe rrOJIyqaJI, nOMHMO nOJIL30BaHHH MeJILHHn;aMH Kop6eH H rrHTLIO
MeJILHHD;aMB, rrpHHa)];JIeiRam;HMH 60JILHBD;e (l'H6pital), oCBo60m-
eHHe OT TaJILH H aCCHrHOBaHHe 25 TbFC. JIHBpOB B ro,n; (KoTopoe
OJIiRHO 6bIJIO nOKpLIBaTLCH }J;e'6eToBLIM ClIeTOM Ha rrOlITH paBlIYIO
CYMMY BBH,IQT rroKyrrKH JIeJIe pHca, HaXO}J;HBmerO'CH em;e B Kop6ee).
STOT rrOCTOHHHO B0306HOBJIHeM:bIH KOHTpaKT (contrat «revolving»)
aeT ,rrOJrHYIO rapaHTHIO H BLI;n;e'piRHlBa'eT JII06yro KPHTH'KY. Tropro
6bIJI xop:omHM KOMMepcaHToIM, H ;n;ODOiBOp OKa3aJI,CH BbIro,,n;HbIM J:(JIH
rocy a CT,B'a. A JI'eJIe IIOTeprreJI y6bDTOIK. B 1777 r. HeKKep y;n;BOHJI
eMY CYMMY aocHrHoBaHHii, a rrO'TOM IHeClKOJIbKO 'pa3 YBeJIH'1IIrBaJI KO-
JIHlIeCTBO IDOCTaBJIHeMOrO xJIe,oa H 06H3aTeJIbCTBa. )]:oroBop rrpo;n;OJ[-
(I aJI ;n;e:rncTBoBaTb ,)];0 P'eBOJIIOD;HH II ,HH pa3Y IHe BbII31BaJI ne,n;OBOJIbCT-
Ba B HapO}J;e. COrJIaCHO MeMyapy, HarrHcaHHOMY Ta6ypo B 1777 r.,
)J;orOBOp c JIeJIe ,rrOCJIe YBeJIHlIelHHH o6eCrr,erqHJI Ga 70 TbI,C. <ppaiHiROB
B ro,n; TO, lITO BO BpOMH yrrpaBJIeHHH Teppa 06XO,n;HJIOCb B 2 MJIH. 3.
1 MorJIo 6bl y,u;HBUTb, 'tITO TlOpro TaK ,u;aJIeKO OTXO,u;UT B ,u;aHHOM CJIy'tlae
OT CIICTeMbI BMemaTeJIbCTBa, KOTOPYIO OH rrpHMeHReT B ,u;pyrHx ,u;eJIax (Ha-
npHMep, He3a,u;OJIrO ,u;o Toro B nO'tlTOBbIX rrepeB03Kax), CBR3aHHbIX C KOMMep-
qeCKOH ,u;eRTeJIbHOCTblO. 8TO ,u;OKa3bIBaeT, 'tITO y 3Toro TeopeTHKa eCTb 'tIYBCTBO
ueJIeCOOOp33HOC'f1I H cBoenpeMcHHocTH JI tITO OIl lIe TOJlbKO JI\OIIOMHCT, HO H
nOJIIITJIJ\. 11.60 B XJIe6IlOH TOprOBJIe CJIc,a;yeT orrac.a TbCR Toro, 0 'tIeM He rrpH-
XOJJ;HTCR 6ecnOKOUTbCH B ,u;eJIe C ,u;HJIHiR3HCaMH, - rro,u;03pHTeJIbHOCTH Hapo a,
CKJIOHHOrO 06BHHHTb a,n;MHHHCTpan;HIO B He3aI\OHHOH TOprOBJIe, crreKYJIHIJ;HH.
2 ROJIH'tIeCTBO, CJIerKa npeBbImalOrn;ee He06xo,u;HMoe ,u;JIR nOTpe6JIeHHH
600 TbIC. rrapHiRaH, H3 paC'tIeTa nOJIYTopa <PYHTOB xJIe6a Ha 'tIeJIOBeKa.
3 AoroBop C JIeJIe He Haii,u;eH. Bee BbImeH3JIOiReHHbIe CBc,u;eHHH B3HTbl H:-1
pH,u;a ,u;OKYMeHTOB: ynoMRHYToro HaMH MeMyapa 1790 r., ,u;OKJIa,u;a Ta6ypo, Ha-
xo,u;Hrn;erOCR B HaIJ;HOHaJIbHOH 6u6JIHOTeKe rro,u; mH<PPOM Vp. 2680, H, HaKOHen;,
aeCKOJIbl\HX ,n;OKYMeHTOB, HCXO,u;Hrn;HX OT 6paTbeB 8JIya JIyu H AOMHHHKa Ce...
3apa JIeJIe H COCTaBJIeHHbIX B CBH3H C nOCJIe,u;YIOIIJ;HMH KOH<pJIHHTaMH. CM.:
rJIA BA IV. WECTb 8l{HRTOB
--
425
AorOBOp c JIeJIe HMeJl ,n;JIH nOJlHTHKH TlOpro rOpa3}J;O 6oJI:bmee
3lIa"lleHHe, "IIeM IIOJIaraJIH ,n;o CHX rrop. AJIH MHHHCTpa }J;eJIO mJIO He
TO bKO 0 TOM, "IITo6M TaKOH 9MrrHpH"IIeCKOH MepOH npe}J;oxpaHHT:b
ce6H OT pHCKa HOBblX BOJIHeHHH, HO H 0 B03MomHOCTH C}J;eJIaTb HO-
Bbli mar: OTIMeHIITb perJIaMeHTbl napHmlCKOH pbIH01FHOH TOprOBJIH.
npeiK}J;e lIeM MbI OCTaHOBHMCH Ha aTOM ,n;eJIe, Mbl ,n;OJImUbI yrro-
MlIHyT.b 0 HeKOTopblX rrpOMemYTOlIH:bIX pemeHHHX H rrOrrbITI-lax.
:3 HIOHH 1775 r. TlOpro BeJIeJl rrpHOCTaHOBIITL B3HMaHHe ropo,n;aMM
BB03HblX rromJIHH (octroi) II C60Pbl B rrOJIL3Y naJIalleH (executeurs
de la haute justice). To 6blJIa Tal{TM"IIec.KaH Mepa, "IIT06bl rro,n;,n;ep-
maTL CHHmeilHe eH, no B TO me BpeMH nO}J;rOTOBKa K HaCTOH eB
pe<popMe, KOTopaH }J;OJImHa 6blJIa YTBep}J;HTL OTMeHY aTMX rrpaB C
YCJIOBHeM B03Me eHHH HX 06JIa,n;aTeJIeH. Mepa 9Ta Bbl3BaJIa HeBep-
Hl>le TOJIKOBaHHH: Koe-r}J;e CO"llJIH, "liTO ceHLOpHaJILH:ble rrpaBa Ha
c60p nOmJIHH C xJIe6a 6blJIH TaK}Ke npIIOCTaHOBJIeH:bI. Pa3YMeeTcH,
TaKaH Mepa He mJIa 6bl Bpa3pe3 C meJIaHHHMH MHH'HCTpa, KOTOpblH
He Mor 0,n;06PHTL 8TH <poo,n;aJI:bHble C60PbI. Ho OH He 6bIJI Tal{ neOCTO-
pomeH, lITo6bl peIIIHT:bCH BOCCTaHOBHTL rrpOTHB ce6H ,n;BOpHHCTBO.
C }J;pyrOll: CTOpOHbI, ero IOpH,n;HlIeCHMH YM II CI{pyrrYJIe3HO 6epemHoe
OTHomeHHe I{ rrpaBY c06CTBeHHOCTH He }J;orrYCKaJIH B03MomHOCTH
mmIHT:b HOrO-JlH6o IIpHo6peTeHH:bIX rrpaB 6e3 B03Me eHHH. IIocTa-
HOBJIeHHe COBeTa OT 20 HIOJIH YTO"llHHJIO, "liTO rrpaBa 3TH He 6blJIH
3aTpOHYTbl, H ocym,n;aJIo «TOJII\OBaHHe, CTOJIL HeBblrO}J;Hoe ,n;JIH 06JIa-
]];aTeJIeH rrpaB, HOTopble He MorYT 6:bITL Hapy,meH:bI, rrOKa Ero BeJIH-
qeCTBO He 06'DHCHHT CBOH HaMepeHHH KaK OTHOCHTeJIbHO OTMeHbl
3THX rrpaB, TaK II OTHOCIIITeJILHO rrOJIaralO eroCH 3a llUX B03Me e-
HHH» 1. Ho cpa3Y BCJIe,n; 3a aTHM rrOCTaHOBJIeHHeM IIOCJIe}J;OBaJIO
HOBoe, OT 13 aBrYCTa, rrpe}J;rrIICblBaBmee BceM 06JIa,n;aTeJIHM lIpaB
npe}J;CTaBIITL ,n;OI{YMeHTbl, rro,n;TBepm}J;aIOIIJ;II'e :ox rrpaBa Ha B3IIMa-
HHe rrOmJIMH, "({T061>I MomBO 6blJIO orrpe}J;eJIIITL CYMMbl B03Mem;eHMH
(11 B TO me Bpel\fH, BepOHTHO, lIT06bI rrpeKpaTHTL HeKOTopble He3a-
KOHHble rro60pbl).
Comptes-rendus Vp. 2681: «Observations sur Ie deuxieme men10ire de la
communaute des boulangers Paris - Mardeville». B 60JILmHX pa6oTax,
paccMaTpHBaloDJ;HX XJIe6HYIO TOprOBJIIO, p;eJlOM 0 p;orOBope C JIeJIC OOJ>PIHO
npeHe6peraloT. 0 HeM He rOBopHT HH Aq,aHaCLeB [y Aq,aHaCLeBa eCTL RpaT"
Roe ynoMHHaHHe 06 aTOM p;orOBope. CM.: r. E. A q, a Hac L e B. YCJIOBHH xJIe6-
ROB TOprOBJIH BO <PpaHD;HH B XVIII BeRe. Op;ecca, 1892, c. 365. - PeB.], HB
Cerrop, HII iK06ea, BHoJIJIa - 01leH:b MaJIO (p. 218), a illeJIJlL ynoMHHaeT 0 HeM
nUm!> CJIYllaHHO. TOJIbKO rlOCTaB Bop p;aeT HeCROJI:bKO HenOJIHbIX, a nopoH
apOTHBOpetlHBbIX cBop;eHHH. OH YKaa:bIBaeT - H MLI ClIHTaeM aTO OffiIIOKOii,-
liTO ynpaB eHHe JIeJIe HallaJIOC:b 1 ceHTH6pH 1774 r. (HamH p;oKaSaTeJIbCTBa
CM. BbIme).
1 CM.: S C he 11 e, t. IV, p. 455-479. illTaTLI ByprYHp;HH caMH pemHJIH
OTMeHHTb ceHbOpHaJIbHJ>Ie npaBa npH COOTBeTCTBYIOm;eM B03HarpaiRJ];eHHH...
(CK.: V e r i. Ope cit.)
426
TJACTb TPETbH. TIPOBAJ1
Bee 3TH MepbI JIMillL YTO"tlHHJIH Cym;eCTBYIOm;ee IIOJIOmeHHe H
110,n;rOTOBJIHJIH 6y,n;ym;ee. 3TO 6y,n;yru;ee TIOprO rrO,n;rOTaBJIHBa.JI, BbI-
UYCTHB 12 OI{TH6pH rrOCTanOBJIeHHe 0 Ka6oTamHoM IIJIaBaHHH. IIpe,n;-
BalpIITeJILHO aHYJIlIpOnaJIM OrpaHM1JMTeJlbHbIe M'epbI, BBeJ];eHIIbIe npH
.a66aTe Teppa, R BepHYJIHCb K CHCTeMe, IIpRHHTOH B 1763 r. OTHbIHe
TOprOBJIH Mem,n;y rropTaMM MorJIa ocym;eCTBJIHTbCH eno6o,n;Ho na
.OCHOBe CrreD;HaJIbHbIX pa3pemeHHH. STO 6bIJIO JIOrMlIHbIM ,n;orrOJIHe-
HHeM I cBo6o,n;e BHYTpeHHeH TOprOBJIH Mem,n;y rrpOBHHD;HHMH. E,cTe-
CTBeHHO, "lITO TOprOBJIH B,n;OJIL 6eperOB, MOpCKRM rrYTeM ,n;OJImHa
6bIJJa neCTJICb TaI\ iRe CBo6o,n;HO, KaI{ no cyxorrYTHbIM HJIH pe"tlHbIM
;IJ;oporaM. :VI B TO me BpeMH aTO 6bIJIa rrepBaH IIorrbITRa rrpHcTyrrRTb
R oCBo6om,n;eHHIO Mem,n;YHapO,IJ;HOH MOpCROH TOprOBJIM, TaR KaK 9TH
]J;na Borrpoca 6bIJIH Bcer,n;a TeCHO CBH3aHbI.
q TO J\acaeTCH 8RcrropTa, TO Tropro OCTaBaJICH BepeH aTOH rro-
CJIeJJ;Hen tlaCTH CBoero rrJIaHa R ,n;ame C06HpaJICH rrpMCTYIIHTL K
neMY He OTRJIa,n;bIBaH. Ho OH ,n;eHcTBOBaJI OCTopomHO R 3a6oTHJICH 0
co paHeHnlI IIIJIaHa ceKpeTe. IIo8T0.MY MbI 'He HMeeM no 8TOMY
Borrpocy HHRaKHX ,n;OKyMeHTOB, KOTopbIe 6bIJIH 6bI orry6JIHKOBaHbI
B TO BpeMH HJIR ,n;ame rr03me. Ho B apXHBax JIaHTeHJIH coxpaHH-
JIaCb 3anHCKa BepmeHHa OT 27 ,n;eRa6pH 1775 r. B OTBeT Ha 3anpoc
TlOpro no 3TOMY Bonpocy 1. STOT ,n;OI\YMeHT He TOJIbKO CBH,n;eTeJIL-
cTByeT 0 HaCTOHlIHBbIX YCHJIHHX rrlOpro OCYIqeCTBHTb CBOH rrJIaII,
HO rrpe,n:CTaBJIHeT TaKme 60JIbmOH RHTepec CBOIIMR coo6pameHHHMII
110 cym;eCTBY Borrpoca. BepmeHH, C"tJIITaBmHHCH O,n;HHM H3 MHHHCT-
pOB, BCTpeTHBIDHX C O,IJ;o6peHReM a,IJ;1lKT 1774 r., rrO,IJ;lIepKHBaeT
peaJILHYIO TPy,n;HOCT:b rrp06JIeMbI, KaR MbI, BrrpO"tleM, H yKa3bIBaJIH.
8Ta TPY,IJ;HOCTL, 0 KOTOpOH TlOpro He rOBOpIIJI, XOTH, pa3YMeeTCH, ee
Bn,n;eJI, rrpORCTeKaJIa R3 reorpa<pHlIeCKHX YCJIOBRH, KOTopbIe neB03-
MomHO 6bIJIO R3MeHHTL. HeROTOp:bIe rrpllrpaHIPIHbIe <ppaHD;Y3CRIIe
npOBHHD;HlI ORa3bIBaJIHCL rrpH CIICTeMe CBo6o,IJ;HOH TOprOBJIH B nOJIe
nplITflmeHHH coce,n;HRX IIHOCTpaHHbIX pblHROB B ym;ep6 60JIee OT,n;a-
JIeIlHbIM <ppaHD;Y3CKHM rrpOBHH HHM, TeprreBrrm:M He,n;OCTaTOR B rrpo-
)J;OBOJlbCTBMH. CJIe,IJ;OBaTeJIbHO, BorrpeRH TOMY, lITO Bcer,n;a YTBepm,n;aJI
TloprQ, HeBepHO, 6Y,IJ;TO nOBbImeHRe D;eH II03BOJIHT BOCCTaIfOBHTL
paBHOB8'CHe Ha BHYTpeHHeM pbIHKe, TaR KaK OHO KOMrreHcHpyeTcH
pa3IIIID;eH B eHe rrepen030K. B ,n;eHCTBlITeJIbHOCTH JIerqe nepeBO-
3HTL 113 BypryH,IJ;RH B mBeHD;apHIO, 11eM B JIRMY3eH. BepiKeHH H3Y-
-,qaJI aTOT Bonpoc 60JIee nOJIHoO, 11eM HeKKep II raJIHaHH,
3aTpOHYBmRe ero JIHmL B 06m;eM. OH YKa3bIBaeT, 'If TO HHOCTpaH-
Hhle 06JIaCTR, rpaHHlIam;He C Q>paHD;HeH, B 60JILilllIHCTBe 1\aR pa3
rrpRHa,n;JIemaT CTpaHaM, HcnbITbIBalOIIJ;IIM neXBaTKY 3epHOBbIX,
TaROBbI, B lIaCTHOCTH, HHn;n;a, CaBOHH, mBeH apHH, mBapD;BaJIb,n;.
't:I TO K3cae'TCH II <I> a JIbD;a II TpHpa, TO rOpH:bIe 06JIaCTH, 60raT:bIe BH-
Horpa,n;HHRaMII, nOrJIOm;aIOT 1I3JIIIIDKH ypomaH ,n;OJIHH. QBeH6pIOK-
:1 CM.: Archives de Lantheuil. Carton 19.
rJIABA IV. m ECTb :3l1,I1RTOB
427
-
J{eIl, 6eJILrHHCRHe Ap}J;eHHLI, JIIOKceMoypr, aB'cTpni1:cKHe Ap,n;eHHbI,
SaD - Bce HMnopTepbI. E}J;HHCTBeHHO ypomaHHbIe, lIMelOID;He, KaR
npaBHJIO, H3JIHmRH 06JIaCTII - 3TO aBcTpnHcKaH <PJIaH}J;pHH, paiion
TypHe H Bpa6aHT.
HaRoHen;, BepmeHH AeJIaeT TaRme ynop na 3HOH01\1JIQeCKOM
co06pameHHH, pep;RO OTMeQaeMOM B cnopax. AeHbrH, Halt rrpaBHJI0 1
J];eme1JJIe sa rpaHII eH, lIeM BO cDpaHD;HH. HanpHMep, B IIIBei1:D;apHIl
u: rOJIJIaH,n;nll 3TO COOTHomeHHe BLIrJIH}J;HT naH 3 1\ 5 HJIH I o. Te:M
JlerlIe ,n;JIH 3THX CTpaH 3anacaTLCH IIpo,n;YRTaMH BO <PpaHD;HII II one-
peiKaTL BHYTpeHHHH cnpoc.
8TO 3aMelIaTeJIbHOe HCCJIe,n;OBaHlle IIo,n;HnMaeTCH AO 0606 aro-
HX 3aI{JIrolIeHBH, B KOTOpbIX aBTOp IIpIICoe,n;nHHeTCH I{ MOlITccHLe:
«llCKYC'CTBO IIOJIHTHRH }J;OJIlliHO COCTOHTL B I1CnOJIL30BaHHH Bcex
BepHbIX H pa3YMHbIX cpe,n;CTB B 3aBHCIIMOCTH OT 06CTOHTeJIbCTB II
COCTOHHHH YMOB; 3TO HCHYCCTBO SaKJIlOlIae'TCH B AOCTHmeHHH Han-
60JlbllTIIX pe3YJILTaTOB B03MOlliHO HallMeHLmnMH cpe CTBaMH» ).
O}J;HaKO 113 OTBeTa BepmeHHa MomHO aaI{JIlOlIHTb, lITO Tropro He'
lIpe,n;JIaraJI HeMe}J;JIeHHO YCTaHOBHTL CBo60}J;Y 3RciiopTa. Ero HHTepe-
COBaJIO, MOil\HO JIH YCTaHoBHTb cHcTeMY ToproBbIx cOrJIameHJlH Tnrrru
« BYCTOpOHHIIX OI'OIBOtpo,B» C 'He'KOTOpLIMH lIHOCTpaHHbIMH rocYAap-'
CTBaMII. TaI{ne cOrJIameHHH, IIO MHeHHIO BepmeHHa, HeB03MomHbI,-
II OH YKa3bIBaeT TOMY IIPHqHHbI.
KaRoe 6bI BJIIIHHHe HE: OKa3aJIO Ha Hero MHeHHe ero ROJIJIern,
Tropro OTIta3aJICH IIORa aaHHTL'CH MeiK}J;YHapo,n;HOH TOprOBJIei1:. K TO-
MY iRe 6bIJIO 60JIee JIOrHlIHO a4iBepmIITL CHalIaJIa BHYTpeHHlO1O pe-
.pOPMY. 1l00cJIe YCTaHOBJIeHHH cB060ALI BHYTpeHHeH TOprOBJIH MemAY
npOBHHD;HHMH (}J;oIIOJIHeHHOH CBOOO}J;OH Ka60TamHbIx IIepeBoaoR)'
CJIeAYIO HM 3TarrOM }J;OJIiKHa 6bIJIa CTaTL OTMeHa OC06bIX PbIHOqRbIX.
perJIaMeHTOB B 60JlLmE:X ropo,n;ax. TaR OHO H 6bIJIO.
llapHm BbI3LIBaJl oco60e oecIIoHoHCTBO. Ho ,n;oroBop c JIeJIe--
MbI OTMelIaJIH a}J;ecL ero BaiKHOCTL - HalIHHaH C 1 HHBapH pa3BH3bI--
BaJI PYKH.
Tor}J;a TlOpro IIO}J;rOTOBHJI 3}J;HRT 00 OTMeHe B llapHme PbIHOlI--
BOH IIOJIHn;HH H perJIaMeHTOB XJIe6HOH TOprOBJIH. «BbIJIO 6bI HeB03-
MOiKHO IIOBepHTL, HaCKOJILRO a6cyp,n;HLI cym;eCTBYIOm;ne perJIaMeH-'
TbI, eCJIII 6bI Bee HX He 3HaJIH». K TOMY me, 3aMelIaeT OH, HX
HHltor,rra He C06JIIO,n;aJIH. MHaqe IIapHiK He IIPOI{OpMnJICH 6bI 11
o,n;nHHa,n;D;a TH ,l];Hei.
TorAa MOiliHO cnpocnTL, B qeM me HeY}J;06cTBO? «3TH perJIa-
MeRTLI - BcerAa 3aHeceRHbIH MelI, ROTOpbIM M:arnCTpaTbI M:orYT
'1 «HeT HHqerO JIerqe JHI qeJIOBeKa, 3aHHMalOm;ero onpe eJIeHHOe nOJIO-
iReHHe, lIeM nopasHTb BeJIHI\HM npOeI{ToM. B aTOM eCTb qTO-TO cpaJIbillUBoe. He...
cpe}J;cTBa ,IJ,OJIiKHLI 6bITh 6JIeCTHm;H, a OCHOBHaR n;eJIL. HCTHHHaR nOJlIITHKa--
3TO )J:OCTHTHYTJ> n;eJIH CKpLITbIMH nYTHHH». (MoHTecKLe.)
428
t[ACTb TPETbH. npOBAJ1
UOIpaalIJTb, pa30pHT:b 11 '06eClIeCTIITb TOp'rOBn;a. E,IJ;HHICTBeHHaH IIOJIb3a
perJIaMeHTOB COCTOIIT B TOM, lITO OHII ,n;aIOT B03MomHOCTL MarHICTpa-
TaM BbICTa'BJIH'Tb HanOKa3 CBOIO OTelIeCKYIO 3a6oTY 0 HapO,IJ;e «BO
BpeMH rOJIo,IJ;a». ,«HaKOIHen;, aro pb llaa 6.1taCrU, 6ceaoa f)opoaoii cepf)-
lfY rex, Yi,ro UM nO.ltbayerCfl» 1. Mbl BH'AH'M TYT e IH,CTlBeHHYIO OlliH'6-
RY B pa'ccymp;eHHHx TIOpro, KOTOPYIO MomHO rrOCTaBHTL eMY B BHBy
.aa Bce BpeMH pemeHHH npo6JIeMbI XJle6HOH TOprOBJIH. OH He XOlIeT
rrpH3 r H , a I Ba'Tb ncUXO.ltOaUlleCYi,OaO anallenUfl 8THX 3JIOClIalCTHbIX perJIa-
MeRTOB. E'CJIH, op;HaKO, npep;rrOJlaraTL (HBHO npeyBeJIHlIHBaH), 'lITO
Bce Mar1fCTpaTbI Bcerp;a 3 a6oTHTCH rrpH 9TOM TOJILKO 0 CBoeM rrpe-
CTllme, TO KaK MomHO He BHp;eTL, liTO, eCJIII OBH TaKIIM 06pa30M
nop;HHMaIOT CBOH rrpe'CTHiR B rJIa3aX Hapop;a, 3 HalIlIT , Hapop; HC-
KpeHHe o,n;o6pHeT nOp;06H:bIe ,n;eHCTBIIH? JIHmaH HX B03MOmHOCTI1
06MaHbIBaTL Hapo,n;, y HIIX TeM caMbIM oT6HpaIOT II cpe,n;CTBa ero
YCllOKaHBa TL.
.D:aJIee TIOpro 3aMelIaeT, liTO 9TH perJlaMeHTbI - B:bIrrOJIHHIOTCH
OHH HJIH HeT - KaK 6bl 6JIOKHPYIOT IIapHmcKHH oKpyr II rrepepe3a-
roT HOMMYHHKaD;HH MeiR,n;y ByprYH,IJ;Hen II illaMrraHLIO, C G,n;HOH
CTOpOH:bI, H HopMaH,n;lIeH - C ,n;pyron. CJIe,n;OBaTeJlLHO, 9THM rrpo-
BHHIJ;HHM MemaIOT OKa3:bIBaTb rroMoID;L ,n;pyr ,n;pyry H rrO,IJ;,IJ;epiRH-
BaTL ,n;pyrlIe BHYTpeHHlIe rrpOBHHD;HII. «He Ha,n;o OCTaBJIHTL ,n;eJIO
oCBo6om'p;eHHH 'He3aBlepmeHHb]]M» 2.
TaKaH me rrp06JIeMa CTOHJIa II ,IJ;JIH ,n;pyrHx 60JILmHX ropo,n;oB,
r,n;e YiRe rrpIICTynHJIH K ee pemeHIIIO. B Bop,n;o 6bIJIH OTMeHeHbI OCO-
6:ble nomJIIIH:bI; B PyaHe 6bIJIa yrrpa3,n;HeHa rrpHBHJIerHpOBaHHaH
RoprrOpaD;IIH XJIe60TOprOBD;eB. E:bIJlH ype3aH:bI rrpHBIIJIerHH H JIHoHa,
:r,n;e co6npaJlIICL ynpa3,n;HHTL XJIe6HbIe CKJIa,IJ;bI.
OTMeHa pbIHOlIHOH rrOJI IIH H perJIaMeHTOB XJle6HOH TOprOBJIH
B IIapHiRe p;OJIiRHa 6LIJIa nOBJIelIL 3a C060H ynpa3p;HeHlIe lIHHOBHH-
KOB pbIHOllHOH rroJIHD;IIH Ha Ha6epeiKH:bIX, pbIHKax H rrpHC'TaHHX, lITO
6bIJIO OTMelIeHO B TOM me ,n;OKYMeHTe. 8TO yrrpa3)J;HeHlIe ,n;OJIiRHO
6bIJIO, eCTe'cTBeHHo, pacrrpocTpaHHTLcH 3a npe)J;eJI:bI XJIe6HOH TOp-
rOBJIH II KOCHYTLCH «rrpHCHiRHbIX rrpo,n;aBD;oB PbI6:b1>). Tropro rrpe)J;y-
cMaTpHBaJI B03Me:rn;eHHe 06JIap;aTeJIeH 9TIIX ,n;OJIiRHOCTeH, OTlIaCTH B
3BOH'J oif MoneTe 3. 8TOMY 6bIJI rrOCBHm;eH cneIJ;lIaJILHLIH 81)J;HRT, KOTO-
pbIH caM no ce6e He OTHOCHTCH K rrOJIHTHKe XJIe6HOH TOprOBJIII, HO
KO'TOpbIH MOiRHO paCCMaTpHBaTL HaK p;OnOJlHeHHe K HeH, - 9)J;IIKT
D6 ynpa3)J;HeHHM tIHHOBHHKOB pbIHOlIHOH nOJIHD;HH Ha Ha6epeiRHbIX.
TIopro rrO)J;rOTOBIIJI em;e O,n;HY Mepy, H3BeCTHYIO HaM no apXHBaM
JIaHTenJIH: yrrpa3)J;HeHHe npaBa MOHOrrOJIIIH Ha rrOMOJI XJIe-
1 KYPCHB B TeKCTe. CM.: «Memoire au Roi sur les six projets»,
S C h e II e, t. V, p. 155.
2 Ha KopoJIeBcKoH eKJIapan;HH, oTMeHHBmeii pLlHOlJHl>Ie perJIaMeBTLI,
TaK iRe KaK H ToprOBO-nOJIHn;enCKHe p;OJImHOCTH H C60PLI B HX nOJIl>3Y C xJIeo-
HOH TOprOBJIH B IIapHme.
3 06m;HH pacxo,n; COCTaBHJI 4 MJIH.
rJIABA IV. mECTb 811,HRTOR
429
6a. Peq:b II,n;eT 0 BeqHOH np06JIeMe, H60, XOTH II B ,n;pyrHx <pop-
'Max, OHa CTaBIITCH H B HamH ,n;HH 1. ITpOH3Bo,n;HTeJIH He 6:bIJIH CBO-
160J];HhI B B:bI60pe MeJI:bHHD;bI, r,n;e OHH MOrJIH 6:bI CM I OJIOTb OBoe 3epHO
(onH He CBo60,IJ;HbI B BbI60pe II cero,n;HH). 3Ta 06H3aHHOCT:b IIO,IJ;qH-
BJITbCH MeJILHHqnOMY 6aHaJIHTeTY (MOH'OilOmIH), 3a,n;yMaHHaH BHa-
qane ,n;JIH y,n;06CTBa nOTpe6HTeJIH, 06epHYJIaC:b ,IJ;JIH Hero IIOMeXOH
H HOB:bIM 6peMeHeM. Ha caMOM ,n;eJIe MeJI:bHnK, II36aBJIeHHbIH OT
.13CHKOH KOHKypenD;IIH, tIaCTO HCnOJIL30BaJI CBOro MOHOrrOJIHIO, lIT06bI
Tpe60BaTL HenOMepHOH nJIaT:bI, ,n;a e e HaTypOH (1/ 16 , 1/ 12 H ,n;ame
I/S nOMOJIa) 2. 11 em:e O,n;HO Hey,n;06cTBO, MeHee 3aMeTHoe Ha nepBbIH
83rJIH,D;, HO Ha ,n;eJIe 60JIee cy ecTBeHHoe: X03HHHY MeJILHHD;:bI HeT
HHHaKODO paCtIeTa YJIyqmaT:b 060py,n;OBaHHe CBoero IIpe,n;npHHTHH 11
fKa-qeCTBO nOMOJIa, Tor,n;a KaK 9KOHOMH:bIH nOMOJI Mor rrpHHeCTH 60JI:b-
myro B:bIro,n;y BceH 06 HHe. X03HIIH MeJIbHHD;:bI ,n;ame 3aHHTepeCOBaH
,13 06paTHOM, TaR HaK rpy6bIH rrOMOJI yneJIIPIHBaeT nOTpe6JIeHHe
xJIe6a II, CJIe,n;OBa TeJI:bHO, ero ToprOBLIH 060pOT. Ho pa3Be 9TO, B03-
:pamaIOT, ne c<I>epa IIpaBa c06CTBeHHOCTH? Tropro B OTBeT BbI,IJ;BH-
raeT nplIHD;Hn CB060,D;:bI HaD;HOHaJIbHOii TOprOBJIH, «npOTHB KOTOpOH
{HII HaJIOrH, HH ,n;orOBOp:bI, HH ceHLOpHaJILHaH roCTHD;HH ne MorYT
.p;aTL 3aKOHH:bIX npaB 9THM c06CTBeHHlrnaM» 3.
O,IJ;HaKO Tropro He npe,n;JIaraeT nOJIHOH OTMeH:bI MOHOnOJI:bHOrO
npalBa Ha nOIMOJI. O'H rrpe,,D;nOJIaraeT orpa'HHtIHTL ero ,n;JIH IKOJIHtIeCTBa
aepHa, He06xo,IJ;HMOrO ,IJ;JIH JIIPIHOrO nOTpe6JIeHHH, H3 paCtIeTa
5 KB'HHTaJIOB Ha lIeJIOBeKa, He 'ClIIITaH ,IJ;eTeH MJIa,n;me nHTH JIeT. STOT
.npoeXT, npe,D;CTaBJIeHH:bIH, RlaK H npe,IJ;bI,D;ym:He, xpaHHTeJIro IIetIaTH,
:6bIJI HM B03Bpam:eH 29 HHBapH 1776 r.; 3HatIHT, OCTaBaJIOC:b em:e
BpeMH rrpHcoe,n;HHHT:b ero K cepHH 9,D;IIKTOB. TeM He MeHee TIopro
3Toro He c,n;eJIaJI, KaK BH,IJ;HO He meJIaH rreperpymaT:b CBOH «IIOe3;l(»
8,n;HKTOB. ,n:YMaeTCH, o,D;HaKO, qTO OH He CJIHIDKOM YBeJIHtIHJI 6bI pe-
,aJILH:bIO Tpy,n;HOCTH.
E'CJIH 6:bI YMOHaCTpoeHHe TlOpro OCTaBaJIOCL TaHHM me, KaK B
1774-1775 rr., OH, HanepIIoe, OrpaHHtIHJICH 6bI ,IJ;eRJIapaD;IIeH 0
pbIHOqnoii rrOJIHn;HH II perJIaMe'HTax C ,IJ;06aBJIeHHeM I{ HeM 8,IJ;IIRTa
(0 'tJHIIOBIInRax p:bIHOtIIIOH nOJInD;HH na rrpH'CTaHHx. On JIerKO rrpo-
meJI 6bI tIepe3 8TO HcrrbITaHHe (n60 TeKCT a,D;HKTa 0 PbIHOqHOH rrOJIH-
n;nH He nbI3naJI OC06:bIX IIapeKanHH) If, TaKHM 06pa30M, 3aKperrHJI
6:bI 3Ha qHTeJI:bHbIH ycrrex B rJIaBIIOM Borrpoce CBoeH rrOJIHTHKH.
1 PerJIaMeHTa:[J;HH, onpep;eJIHIOm;aH 06H3aTeJIbHble npaBHJIa P;JIH nOMOJIa,
OCTaeTCH B CIIJIe, HCCMOTpH Ha nOCTOHHHYIO KpllTHKY. Ee coxpaHeHHe MOTH
BHPyeTcH CBepXCJIOiKHl>IM o60Pyp;oBaHHeM MYKOMOJIbHOH npOMbIIDJIeHHocTH.
.2 C006m;eHHe HaJIOrOBOro npoKypopa SHe-JIe-illaTo B 1775 f. (CM.: Archi..
ves de Joly de Fleury, 1159, t. I, fo 1.)
3 <l>ypKe B cBoeH 3arrIICKe no nOBOp;y 3Toro npoeKTa nO}J;,n;epmHBaeT 3TOT
.apryMeHT, HO CTaBHT ,n;eJIHKaTHYIO np06JIeMY «apeH,n;aTopOB 3TH X npaB»
( «engagistes» ), KOTOpl>IM rrpllp;eTC.fI B03MeCTHTb y6bITI{ll, eCJIH OHll npep;nOlJTYT
QIepep;aTL CBOIO KOHn;eCCHIO rocy,n;apcTBY, HO B03MomHOCTL 3Ta KameTCH eMY
!KaJIOBepOHTHoi.
430
tJACTb TPETbH. np01:JAJI1
HaKOHen;, M:bI 3HaeM, lITO p;pyraH lIaCTL 3epHOBOrO IIJIaHa Tropro-
npeP;YCMaTpHBaJIa nOCJIe pe4>opM:bI MOHOIIOJIbHOrO npaBa Ha IIOMOJr.
npo:ae,r(eHHe pe4>opM:bI npHBIIJIerHH 6YJIOlIHIIHOB - :u;eXOB:bIX MaCTe-
pOB. B CBOro 6:bITHO'CT:b B JIHMome OH yme p;OHa3:bIBaJI Heo6xo,n;H-
MOtCT:b TaKOH pe'<pOpM:bI. B «Memoire sur la Icapitulation entre la
liberte des grains et la police de Paris» 1 OH HaMeTHJI lIeTKYro, OII-
pe,r(eJIeHIlylO CHCTeMY. BYJIOlIHIIKII ,r(OJImH:bI 6:bIJIR coxpaHHTL CBOIr
npHBHJlerHR Ha rrpo,n;amy 6eJIoro xJIe6a, C,n;06:bI R 6YJIOQeK. ¥ CTa-
HaBJIHBaJIaCb cB06o,n;a TOprOBJIR XJIe60M ,r(OMamHeH B:bIrreqKH, a TaK-
me Cep:bIM II neKJIeBaHH:bIM: 8Ta lIaCTL IIJIaHa OTrraJIa, Kor,n;a TlOpro.
pemHJI ynpa3,n;HIIT:b BCIO n;eXOBYIO CIICTeMY.
MAJIblE
8JJ:HKTbl
ITOMHMO ap;HKTa 0 lIHHOBHHRax PMHOqHOH nO Hn;HH Ha Ha6e-
pemH:bIX, 0 ROTOpOM MbI ,n;OBOJlbHO 6erJIo rOBOpHJIII Bolme, B «rroe3Jt
ap;HHTOB» BXO,n:HT e e ,n;Ba MaJI:bIX a,n;HKTa. ,
ITepB:bIH YTBepiK,n;aeT cBo6oP;Y TOprOBJIR mnpaMH II 3aMeHHeT
cy ,ecTBoBaBmylO nOmJIIIHY B pa3Mepe o,n;Horo cy C JIHBpa HaJIO-
rOM Ha CKOT 2 . BTOpOH yrrpa3p;HHeT Raccy B IIyaccH II CO. 3TO 6:bIJI{)
THrrHlIHOe ,l);JIH TOH arrOXH YlIpem,n;eHHe, OCJIa6JIeHHOe lIpe3MepH:bIM
J];HpHmII3MOM R CBepXHaJIOraMH, KaK 6YP;TO Cnen;HaJIBHO nplI,n;YMaH-
Hoe, lITo6:bI npo6y,n;HTL pBeHHe JIH6epaJIJ>Horo pe<popMa Topa.
Ilpop;ama CROTa cocpe,n;OTOlIH'BaJIaCL Ha p:bIHKaX IIyaccR II Co
(KpoMe TeJIHT). OTKyn HKII KaCC:bI nJIaTHJIK CKOTOToprOBn;aM Ha-
JIHlIII:bIMH 3a MHCO, npH06peTaeMoe MHCHHKaMH, KOTOp:bIe 3aTeM B03-
Bpa aJIH HM ,n;eHLrH, 06:bJ1IHO B TelIeHlIe meCTH He,n;'8JI:b. OTKynm;H-
HH BIIO'CHJIH ,n;eHLrH TOJI:bKO 3a MHCHHKOB, ClIHTaBIDHXCH nJIaTeme-
cnOC06H:bIMH. B BR,n;e ROMneHCan;IIH 3a aTY YCJlyry OHH B3HMaJIIf
IIOmJIHHY B pa3Mepe 6 % npo,n;amHoH n;eH:bI CKOTa, lITO COCTaBJIHJIO
92 % ro,n;oB:bIX Ha IIX 060POTH:bIR KanPITaJI; ,u;oxo,n; HX, no no,n;ClIe-
TaM Bo,1J;O, paBHHJICH 32 922 JlHBpaM B He,n;eJIIO, HJIH 1500 T:bIC. JIHB-
pOB B ro,1J;.
C ,n;pyroR CTOpOH:bI, oTKynID;HR nJlaTHJI 150 T:bIC. JIIIBpOB B ro}!
H anaHCHpOBaJI 2 MJIH. no YCJIOBHHM apeH,n;Horo ,n;orOBopa. IIo MHe-
1 Archives Lantheuil. CM. BbIme, c. 236, rrpHM. 3.
2 MRcHHHaM, BbITaITJIHBaIOn I1M iInrp, He pa3pemaJIOCI) TOITI1Th ero CBO-
60,IJ;HO II' xpaHHTL y ce6H; TaKiHe H CBetJHbIM MaCTepaM 3arrpern;aJIOCb 3ana-
caThCR iKHpOM, r e HM B3,IJ;YMaeTCH. JRHpLI CJIe.n;OBaJIO BbICTaBJIHTb Ha rrpo a-
my B onpe.n;eJIeHHbIe ,IJ;HH H pacnpe.n;eJIHTb IIO e,IJ;HHbIM n;eH.aM Meil\.n;y CBetJHbT-
MH MaCTepaMH - nOKynaTeJIHMH. B pe3YJlbTaTe OTMeHbI 3THX q,opMaJlhHOCTeii
HaJlOr CTaJIH B3HMaTb B HaqaJIe ToprOBoro ooopOTa (co CKOTa).
I'J1A BA IV. mECTb 811,HRTOB
431
-
lIBJO TlOpro, ynJIaQIIBaeMaH IIomJIHHa, 3a BbPIeTOM aBaHca, HBJIH-
eTCH HaJIOrOM na CI{OT, B3HMaHHe KOToporo, KaI{ H BO Bcex OTKYIIax,
,cp;aBaJlOCL B 3HalIlITeJILHOH Mepe lIaCTHbIM JIHD;aM B 06MeH Ha
a:a,u;eatHOCTL IIocTynJIeHHH H aBaHC !{a3HalIeHCTBY. 8Ta IIOillJIHHa
OblJ1a 3aMeHeHa HaJIOrOM Ha mHBOH CKOT HJIH MHCO IIPH BB03e ero
B llapuiR, lITO IIPH paBHbIX IIOCTYIIJIeHHHX CHHmaJIO ,n;JIH HaCeJIeHHH
-xn:rOTeBmee Ha,n; HHM IIpemHee 6peMH Ha }J;Be TpeTH 1.
COrJIaCHO HeKOTOp:bIM YKa3aHHHM, 9Ta Mepa, o,n;HaRO, He 6bIJIa
BHalIaJIe lIHCTO 4>lfcKaJILHoii. HeCOMHeHHO, C03}J;aHHe KaCCbI B 1743 r.
npe CTaBJIHeTCH HaM 3aMaCKI!pOnaHHLIM BOCCTaHOBJIeHHeM IIpo,n;am-
B:bIX ,n;OJIiKHOCTeii, He pa3 YlIpeiR)J;aBmHXCH B YCJIOBHHX OCTpoii Hym-
.A b1 B )J;eHLrax nOCJIe pa30pHTeJI:bHbIX BOHH. TaKOBbI ,n;OJIiRHOCTH
160 npHCHmHbIX IIpO}J;aBD;oB CHOTa B 1690 r., 100 COBeTHHI{OB-l{a3Ha-
qeeB na pbIHHax Co H IIyaccH B 1707 r., ynpa3}J;HeHHLlx B MHpHoe
epeMH. O}J;HaRo 1I3BeCTHO, lITO HenJIaTemeCIIoco6HOCTL HJIH MomeH-
HHlIeCTBO MJICOTOprOBD;'eB H nocpe}J;HHKOB BbI3LIBaJIH B npemHHe
iBpeMeHa MHOiReCTBO maJIo6, H HMeHHO rrOTOMY napHmcKHH IIpeBo
yqpe}J;HJI B 1375 r. }J;OJImHOCTH «IIpO}J;aBD;OB CKOTa», Hecym;HX IIepco-
naJILHYIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTL 3a YIIJIa TY ,n;eHer CROTOToprOBD;aM.
OHI! nOJIyqaJIH 3a 9TO KOMHCCHOHHbIe B pa3Mepe 2,5 0 /0, a He 6 ufo
(HO rOCY}J;apCTBO HHlIerO ne nOJIYlIaJIo) II BMellIHBaJIHCL Hepery-
.JIHpHO.
BrrOCJIe,n;cTBHH rOCY}J;apCTBO cotJ:JIO Y}J;o6nbIM npO}J;aBaTL IIo}J;o6-
Hble }J;OJIiKHOCTH. HeKoTopble c.Tapble H ,n;aiRe COBpeMeHHble aBTopbI
YTBepm}J;aJIH, lITO Racca B IlyaocH, H36aBJIHH CHOTOToprOBn;eB OT
pnCI{a H II03BOJIHH IIM COKpa:rn;aTL CBoe npe6bIBaHHe B ropo}J;e, IIO-
.o pHJIa HX rrOCTaBJIHTL B CTOJIHD;Y KaI\ MOiKHO 60JILme cKoTa 2 .
B 1779 f., nOCJIO B3J];opOi-KaHIIH MHca, Racey BOCCTaHOBHJIlI Ha MeHee
pa30pHTeJIbH:bIX YCJIOBHHX H Ha }J;06pOBOJILHOH OCHOBe.
OPomHAH
IIOBHHHOCTb
IIocJIe OIILITa, HalIaTOrO B KaHe, YCIIemHO npOBe,n;eHHoro B JIH-
MY3eHe, a 3aTeM pacrrpocTpaHeHHoro Ha ,n;pyrHe renepaJILCTBa
(generalites), IIO'CJIe npoBeAeHHoro B TelIeHHe eTa OIIpoca HHTeH-:
1J;aHTOB, nOCJIe rrpe}J;BapHTeJILHOrO 6JIarOIIpHHTHoro cym}J;eHHH KOpO-
1 CM.: B a u d e a u. Nouvelles Ephemerides, 1775, t. II et dernier;
S c hell e, t. V, p. 260; F 0 n c i n. Ope cit., p. 390.
2 Encyclopedia. methodique. «Finances», t. I de 1784, p. 153; L e
M air e. Memoire, p. 128; 0 I i vie r Mar tin. La Police economique
'Sous l' Anc.ien Regime. Cours professe a la Faculte de droit de Paris,
1944-t945, p. 289 e' 8uiv.
432
TJACTb TPETbH. npOBAJ1
JIH, nOCJle CTOJILKHX npOMe,IJ;JIeHHH, TaI{' B03Mym;aBmHx KOH,n;OpCe 1,
Ha3aJIOCb, tITO 0 ,IJ;OpOmHOH rrOBHHIIOCTH BCe yme CKa3aHO II pe<pop-
Ma HaK 6y,n;TO rOTOBa. Ha ,IJ;eJIe Bce 6bIJIO He TaK npOCTO, B 1IeM MbI
MomeM y6e,IJ;H'TL'CH no nepenHCHe TlOpro C TpIO,IJ;eHOM B HatIaJIe HII-
BapH 1776 r.
TplO,IJ;eH ocrrapHBaeT npeaM6YJIY 8,IJ;HHTa, OH Haxo,n;IIT ee ,IJ;JIHHIIOH
II HanHcarrIIOH B ne06bItIHOM TOHe. Ho Tlopro na'CTalIBaeT na 1I0,IJ;-
P06HOM H3JIOmeHHH rrpe,IJ;MeTa; KaK H B BOllpoce 0 XJIe6HOH ToprOB-
JIe, OH 3a60THTcH 0 rrpOCBem;eHHH H <pOpMHpoBaHHH 06m;ecTBeHHoro
MHeHHH. TplO,n;eHa 6ecnoKoHT.. onn03HIJ;HH lIapJIaMeHTOB,,n;O Hero
YiHe ,n;omJIH Koe- KaHHe CJIYXH 2.
«MHe rrOI a3aJIOCb, "tJ:TO npe3H,IJ;eHT <DJIepH pemHTeJILHO rra'CTpo-
en npOTHB 3Toro ,n;eJIa. TYT BH}J;HO BJIHHHHe napTHH npHHn;a }J;8'
KOHTI1». lIo MHeHHIO 3TOiI napTHH, «rrpOCTOJIIO}J;HHbI no npaBY pOiI-\-
,IJ;eHIIJI MorYT 6bITL IIpOH3BOJILHO 06JIaraeMbI IIo,IJ;aTHMH II 6aprn;H-
Hon», Tor,n;a KaK JIIO,IJ;H 6JIaropO,IJ;HLIe «IIO IIpaBY pom,n;eHHH CBo6o}J;HbI
OT BCHKHX HaJIOrOB». 3Ta TeopHH I{ameTCH TplOl}J;eHY npOCTO OTBpa-
THTeJILIIOM, H OH CtIHTaeT, lITO olla }J;OJImHa BbJ13BaTL «OT'Bpam;eHHe
[K lIapJIaMeHTY] Y HapO,IJ;a, eCJIH Y Hero eCTL 3}J;paBbIH CMbICJI». Ho
IIOCJIe ne,IJ;aBHHX pa30tIapOBaHHH TpIO,IJ;en CKellTlPIe'CKH OTHOCHJICa
K B03MomHO'CTII nO,IJ;}J;epiRHH co CTOpOHbI HapO,IJ;a. « Y HameH ny6JIH-
[{H HeT HH pa,ccy,n;HTeJILHOCTH, HB: npHHD;HnOB». ,[(06pHI{ TpJo,IJ;en
nOnLITaJICH 6bIJIO y6e}J;HTL CBoero rrpe3H,IJ;eIITa rrapJIaMeHTa, rOBopH;
IlTO KOpOJIL CTaJI Ha CT'OPOHY 6e,IJ;HLIX npOTHB 6oraTbIx, HO TOT B03-
pa3HJI eMY: «TOJILKO KOHCTaHTHHOIIOJILCKHn }J;e'cnOT1r3M 3arn;Hm;aJI
Hapo,n; OT CHJIbHLIX MHpa cero»3. M:bI Y3HaeM BbIcoKOMepHbIM H3LIK
IIpHHn;a KpOBH - «lIaTpHOTa» H apY}J;HTa.
O,IJ;HaKO KJIaCCOBaH }J;OKTpIIHa He MOrJIa CJIYiRHTL rra,n;emHbIM
OllpOBepmeHHeM; 11 nOTOMY npOTHBHIIKliI npoeHTa BbI,IJ;BHraJII!
B03pameHHe, KOTopoe, KCTaTH, }J;OJIro rro,n;,n;epiKHBaJI H caM TplO,IJ;eH:
onaCHOCTL IICnOJIL30BaHHH He no Ha3HaQeHHIO oco6oro ,n;opOiRHOro'
c60pa.
lIapJIaMeHTCI{aH onIl03HD;HH, YiRe CTHrMBaBmaH CBOH CHJIbI,
HMeJIa B caMOM rrpaBHTeJILCTBe peBHOCTHoro areHTa, H }J;ame 1I0,IJ;-
CTpeRaTeJIH, B JIHn;e MHpOMeHHJIH. OH HanHCaJI (KaK rOBOpHJIH, no
Haym;eHHIO Moperra) 3arrHCKY C rrO}J;p06HbIMH KpHTHtIeCI{lIMH 3aMe-
QaHHHMH rro 1I0BO}J;Y rrpoeHTa. TlOpro B CBOIO O"tlepe,IJ;L HanMCaJI OTBCT
1 «Hai1:,u;y JIll H ,u;eJIO 0 .u;OpOiRHOH nOBHHllOCTH aaI{OHQeHHLTM 1\ MoeMY
BoaBparn;eHIlIO?» (JIeTo 1775 r. Con do r C e t. Correspondance..., p. 212;
CM. BLIIDe, lJaCTL nepBa.fI, rJIaBa IV.)
2 IIepe}J; 3TH1\{ y Hero 6LIJI oOJIee YCIIoKaHBalOrn;HH paarOBOp C JIaMyaHL-
OHOM, RyaeHoM MaJILaep6a (CM.: Vi g non. Ope cit., t. 11'1, p. 114; F 0 n C i D.
Ope cit., p. 375), HO 9TOT MarHCTpaT, HaCKOJlLItO HaM HaBeCTHO OT OiI-\apa, ObIJI
)];aJleKO He JIYlJIDHM 3KnepTOM, lJT06LI C HRM COBeTOBaTLCH.
3 ITepenHCKa, l'(HTupyeMaH <PoHceHoM. CM.: Vi g nOD. Ope eit., t. III?"
p. 114 et suiv. )J;Ba nHCLMa TlOpro R TplOf);eHY, OT 13 H ,14 flHBapfl, 6bIJIII orry-
6J1HKOBaBLI illenaeM. (8 C hell e, t. V, p. 162.)
rJ1ABA IV. IlIECTb 8p,HRTOB
433
-
ua 9TH 3aMelIaHHH. 8Ta <popMa AHCRY10CHH CAeJIaJIa ero CTHJIb 60JIee
06pa3 1 HblM H H3BHTeJIbHbIM, lIeM B ero 06bPIHblX AORJIaAax:
«ITo nOBoAY RpeCTbHH, ROTopble XOAHT nemROM, Aa 6y,n;eT MHe
n03BOJIeHO C pa3pemeHHH r-Ha xpaHHTeJIH nel1aTH 3aMeTHTb, "tJTO
y,n;OBOJI:bCTBHe XOAHTb no ,xopomo BbIMOII(eHHOH Aopore He B03Ha-
rpaiKAaeT HX 3a 6e3B03Me3AHblH TPYA no ee nOCTpOHRe».
Ho rJIa'HHbIH cnO'p pa3rOpeJICH 110 \IIOBO Y HaJIOrOBbIX npHBHJIe-
rUM. TlOpro YRa3bIBaeT, "liTO no 8TOMY Bonpocy MHHHCTepCTBO
<pHHaHCOB AaBHO npOBo,n;HT HeH3MeHHYIO nOJIHTHRY: «113 Bcex MH-
HHCTpOB <pHHaHCOB BOT yme BoceMbAeCHT JIeT H Aame 60JIee... He-
6b1JIO HII OAHoro, RTO nOCTOHHHO He CTapaJICH 6bl OrpaHHl1HTb IIPH-
BHJlerHH» .
TlOpro ocnapHBaeT caMbIH npHHD;Hn npHBHJIerHH ABOpHHCTBa,
OC'HOBaHHbIX nepBOHal1aJIblH'O Ha LHe ' ceHI1H BoeHILOH CJIym'6bI, «Jll1l1-
HOH fCJIym6bI B apMHH»; npHHD;nn 8TOT ,n;aBHO OTmHJI CBOH BeH.
Terrepb ABOpHHCTBO nORynaeTcH 3a AeHbrl1, «TaR "tJTO COCJIOBHe
ABOpHH BI\JIIO"IIaeT Bcex 60ralIeH». .IJ:eJIO npHBHJIerHH CTaJIO AeJIOM
6ora"tJeH npOTHB 6eAHHROB 1.
YTpaTHB CBOH CMbICJI, 8Ta npHBIIJIerHH B TO me BpeMH CTaJIa
60JIee 06peMeHHTeJIbHoH. He60JIbllIHe HepaBeHCTBa, JIHmb HeMIIOro.
HapymalOII(He cnpaBe'AJIHBOCTb, He npllHOCHT 60JIbillOro Bpe,n;a. Ho
HaJlOrOBOe 6peMH HenpepbIBHO yneJIH"tJHBaeTCH H H3 «HecnpaBe,n;JIH-
BOrO» npeBpam;aeTcH B «HeCTepnIlMOe». ECJIH 6peMH paBHo ABYM
JIHBpaM... e'CJIH 6peMH paBHo AByMCTaM JI'HBpaM... eCJIH 6peMH paBHo
qeTblpeMcTaM JIHBpaM... «Tor)J;a, eCJIH ero He pa3AeJlHTb, OHO CTaHO-
BHTCH HeBbIHOCHMbIM».
OAHaRO TlOpro He ,n;eJIaeT H3 CBOI1X nOCbIJIOH JIOrH"tJeCRoro BbI-
Bo,n;a. OH He 3a6bIBaeT 0 <paHTope CBoeBpeMeHHOCTII. HaAo npHMH-
pHTb'CH C cym;ecTBoBaIIHeM npHBHJIerHH ABOpHHCTBa B OTHomeHHIf
yrIJIaTbI TaJl'bH «RaR C YCTaIIOBJIeIIHbIM npaBHJIOM, ROTopoe 6blJIO 6bl
Hepa3YMIIO MeHHTb». Ho «He HaAo 06MaHbIBaTbCH 11 C"IIHTaTb ero
MepOH, cnpaBe,n;JIJIBOH caMoH no ce6e 11 TeM 60JIee nOJIe3HOH». "LITo-
I{aCaeT'CH npl1BHJIerHH AYXOBeHCTBa, TO OH He C"IIHTaeT HX 60JIee
06ocHoBaHHbIMH, "tJeM npO"lllIe. Ho... «He Ha,n;o 3aTeBaTb cpa3Y ABYX
CCOp»2.
1 MHMOXO,u;OM, B CBH3H C aprYMeHToM MHpOMeHHJIH 0 mepTBax, npHHo-
CHMbIX ,u;BOpHHCTBOM Ha nOJIe 6paHH, TIOpro, BOCnOJIb30BaBmHcL, Ka1\ Bcer,u;a,
CJIyqaeM, 3aTparHBaeT ,u;pyroH 6JIH3KHH eMY Bonpoc: 0 lIpe3MepHOM 6peMeHH
BoeHHLIX paCXO}J;OB, KOTopLIe «pa30pHIOT cpHHaHCLI H HCTOm;aIOT HamH Han;HO-
HaJILHbIe CHJIbI».
2 KOH}J;opce nHmeT, lITO caMbIe npOCBem;eHHbIe H caMble pa3YMHbIe npe}J;-
CTaBHTeJIH ,u;YXOBeHCTBa npaBHJIbHO C1IHTaJIH, liTO «,u;YXOBeHCTBO MOllieT Ha-
1J;eHTbcH coxpaHHTb CBOH npHBHJIerHH em;e na HeI\OTOpOe BpeMH, TOJIbl\O eCJIH
)J;06POBOJIbHO OTKaiKeTCH OT Tex, KOTopbIe BbI3bIBaIOT HaH60JII>mee B03Mym;e.
HHe». (C 0 n do r C e t. Vie de Turgot, p. 87, note.) A B cBoeH nepenHcKe OH
OTMeqaeT 60JIee pa3,u;pai-HeIIHo: «ECJIH <ppaHD;Y3cKoe ,u;BOpHHCTBO nO)J;HHMeT
KPHK H He n03BOJIHT BaM 3aCTaBHTb ,u;YXOBeHCTBO nJIaTHTI> ,u;OpOlliHLIH c60p'J
OHO 6yp;eT nOCJIe,u;Herr CBOJIoqbIO Ha CBeTe» (anpeJIL 1776 r.).
28 9. <l>op
434
QACTb TPETbH. llPOBAJ1
OTOT TIHCLMeHHbIH ]J;lIaJIor MeiK Y ]J;BYMH MIIHlfCTpaM1I HBJIHeTCH
O]J;HHM H3 JIyqilllIX npOH3Be eHHH TlOpro H 3Ha"llHTeJIbHLIM peBOJIIO-
I:(1IOHHLIM ]J;OKYMeHTOM. A caMa q,opMa ero IIopaiKaeT Hac TeM, "tJTO
lOR npOH3BO HT Bne"tJaTJIeHHe HaJIOra Mem y rJIYXHMH.
'CaM 8]J;HHT JIHllb CJIerKa KacaeT'CH eKOTJIIIBOH ]J;IICKYCCHH 0
npllBIIJIerHHX II OCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH Ha q,IIC aJIbHMX H TeXHH"tIeCRHX
aCIIeRTax IIpo6JIeMbI. Ho B eM e'CTL IIHTepeCHoe aaMe"llaHlIe, "liTO
BpeMH npe 'CTaBJIHeT C060H n;eHHocTL. 3aHIIMaTL BpeMH pa6oTHHHa,
)J;aiKe ,Bo3Harpam' aH ero f3a '3TO, - 8!Ha"tJBT yme 6paTb HaJlOr, a 3aHH-
MaTL ero 6e3Bo3Me3 Ho - 8TO yiKe ]J;BOHHOH HaJIOr.
«HaM rrpe):(cTaBJIHeTCH HeB03MOiKHLIM onpe eJIHTb, BO 'liTO O-
pOiKHaH nOBIIHHOCTL 06XO]J;IITCH HapO ».
Pa60TbI BbInOJIHHIOTCH IIJIOXO. CTpOIITL MO eHI>Ie oporH -
HaCTOH ee IICKYCCTBO. Ha o HMeTL nOCTOHHHbIe Ka pbI KBaJIH<pH-
I(HpOBaHHbIX pa6o"lllIx 11 OTBeTCTBeHHbIX IIO pH,rrIHKOB. Cy eCTBYIOT
K TOMY me TpY HbIe pa60TbI: 'coopymeHHe MOCTOB, KPYTblX OTKOCOB,
3eMJlHIILIX HaCbIneH. KJIac'c co6CTBeHHHKOB OJIiKeH «HeCTII paexo-
ALl, pa3 OH H3BJIeKaeT 113 8Toro Bblro y».
HaKOHen;, 8 IIKT BBO]J;HT IIp IIII, KOToporo TIOpro nplI epiKH-
BaJICH nplI oc e'CTBJleHIIII CBoero IIJIaHa 61O meTHOH IIOJIHTIIKII:
B CJIyqae BOHHbI paCXO bI, He IIMelO lIe HeOTJIOiKHOH Heo6xo HMO-
CTII, MorYT 6bITL OTcpO"tJeHbl. II COOTBeTCTBeHHO oco6bIe C60PbI 6y-
YT CORpa eHbI, "IITo6bI ]J;aTL B03MOiKHO'CTL IIOBbICIITb "tJpe3Bbl"llaH-
Hble HaJIOrH.
IIpeA)TiCMaTpIIBaeMI>IH ]J;OpOiKHI>IH c60p 6y eT paBeH 10 MJlH. ;rI;JlH
06JIaCTeH, JIlIllieHHblX MeCTHoro caMoynpaBJIeHHH' (eCJIH y"tJeCTb H
()6JIaCTH co llTaTaMH, TO 8TO COOTBeTCTByeT D;Hq,paM, YHa3aHHbIM
AIOIIOH e HeMYPOM B ero paC"IIeTax) 1.
HaHOHen;, "liTO RacaeTCH IfCnOJIL30BaHIIH ]J;opOiKHoro c6opa, TO
3Ta CYMMa He 6Y]J;eT nocTynaTL B HOpOJIeBCRYIO Ha3HY, a IIepe a-
BaTI>CH B reHepaJIbCTBa 11 IICIIOJIL30BaTI>CH B OCHOBHOM Ha MeCTax;
HaJIOr 6y eT B3HMaTLlCH JlHlliL B COOTBeTCTBHH C HOBOH CMeTOH,
YTBepiK aeMOH COBeTOM I am bIH ro . STOT nYHKT 0'6paT1IJI Ha ce6H
oco6oe BHHMaHHe KOpOJlH 2.
1 B Sal\JIIOQeHHe TIOpro HCKJIIOlIaeT CTaTI>IO 11, o6HsaHHYIO CBOHM nOHB-
JIeRHeM oCTopomHocTH TpIO.n;eHa H orpaHlflIHBaBmyIO c60p TpeMH rO}J;aMH.
OH oTBepraeT IiI npe JIOmeHHe MHpOMeHHJIH, XOTeBmero BepHYTl>cH K CHCTeMe
nO}J;nHcKH (abonnement) <l>oHTeTTa. 8TO 61>1310 61>1 nJlOXIiIM MeponpHHTHeM
II l\ TOMY me SHa1lHJIO 6bI «nomepTBOBaTI> aBTopHTeTOM KOpOJIH, YCTYIIHB
CKOpOCneJILIM Tpe60BaHIIHM napJIaMeHTa».
2 M 0 r e 11 e t. Memoires, t. It p. 95.
rJJABA IV mECTb 8p'HRTOB
435
QEXOBAJI CHCTEMA 1
MbI yme BH eJIH, "tITO rrOJIHTHKa CBo6oP;bI XJleOnOH TOprOBJIH rrpn-
BeJla TlOpro K npoeKTY OTMeHbI n;eXOBOH CHCTeMbI. ECJIH ObI MbI He
3HaJlH a'Toro 06CTOHTeJILCTBa, MOiKBO 6bIJIO ObI nOJ];YMaTL, liTO aTa
Mepa CJIymHT J];onOJIHeHHeM K OTMeHe J];opomHOH rrOBHHHOCTH. OCBO-
ooiK eBHIO paOOTHHKOB 3eMJIe eJIHH COOTBeTcTByeT oCBo6om-
,neHHe paOOTHHKOB npOMLImJIeHHOCTH H TOprOBJlH. TaKOBa, Ha-
npHMep, TOlIKa 3peHHH KOH opce: «PaOCTBO epeBeHCKoro'
aapOf);a .6bIJlO YHH"tITome'HO, HO Hapo,n; ropO;IOB OCTaBaJlCH em;e S Qe-
nHX, KOTopLIe CJIe OBaJIO pa30HTL». O HaKO MLICJIL TIOpro CJIe,n;OBa-
Jla He no aTOMY nYTH. OH COOHpaJICH CBH3aTL CBOIO HOBYIO pecPop IY
He C OTMeHOH ,n;OpOiKHOH nOBHHHOCTH, a co CBOOO OH XJleOHOH TOp-
rOBJlH.
« I10cJle CBOOO,n;LI XJIeOHOH TOprOBJlH... aTO OAHH H3 caMbIX 3Ha-
QHTeJIbHbIX marOB K B03pomJ];eHHIO KOpOJleBCTBa». « 8TO BTopoe 1\1:e-
porrpHHTHe oy,n;eT ,n;JlH npOM:bImJIeHHOCTH TeM me, lIeM nepBoe ObIJIo.
.D;JlH 3eMJIeJ];eJlHH». CaMbIM BeCKHM aprYMeHTOM B ero BCTYIIHTeJIb-
HOM MeMyape K meCTH aJ];HKTaM 6LIJIO nOBLImeHHe n;eH Ha npop;o-
BOJlbCTBHe, HBJlHIOII(eeCH CJIeJ];CTBHeM n;eXOBOH CHCTeM:bI. <PYUT XJIe-
oa J];OJlmeH 6:bIJI 'CTOHTL (HCXOJ];H H3 CTOHMOCTH CeT:be 3epHa B J];nII'
HarrHcaHHH a,n;HKTa) 2 cy H 2 J];eULe; Ha J];eJIe me OH npOJ];aBanCH
3a 2 cy H 9 J];eHLe. TaK 'J\e 06CTOHJIO J];eJIO H C 1\tIH'COM (He rrpllBop;HJ
TOllH:bIX n;H<pp).
B aTOM me TeI{CTe TlOpro BbICKa3bIBaeT em;e O}J;IIO coo6pameHHe,
HMeBmee 3HaqeBHe HMeHHO JIH npOMLImJIeHHOCTH H CBH3aHHoe CO
CJIOmHBmHMHCH B TOT MOMeHT OOCTOHTeJILCTBaMH. B TO BpeMH aHf-
JlHHCKHe Wa6PHKH OKa3aJIHC:b B:bIHym eHH:bI1\IH npeKpaTHTb Topro-
B:bIe orrepan;HH C aMepHKaHCKHMH KOJlOHHHMH. CJleJ];OBaTeJlLHO, Ha-
cTynHJI OJIarOnpHHTHLIH MOMeHT, qTOO:bI nplIBJleqb BO <PpaH:QHIO
YMeJI:bIX aHrJIHHCKHX paOOqHX, KOTOp:bIe rrpHHeCJIH ObI C COOOH HO-
BLIe crrOCOO:bI npOH3BO CTBa. O HaKO n;eXOBaH CHCTeMa 3aKp:bIBaJIa.,
11M opory.
C HaqaJla BeKa n;eXOBaH CH'CTeMa CTaJIa rrpe,n;MeTOM I\pHTHHH'
HOBOH JlHOepaJl:bHOH mKOJI:bI. I10cJle Tpyp;a RJlHI<O J];e BJlepBama,
1 Bonpoc 0 Ropnopan;HfIX IIPH cTapoM IIOpflP;RP ObTJI J1JHpOI\O O(',B(lll eII
B «PYH1{aMeHTaJIbHbIX pa60Tax MapTeHa CeH-JIeoHa, OJIIIBpe MapTeHa H Roop-
nepa (Coornaerts). ITO::>TOMY, I\pOMe He06xo)J;HMbIX 06m;Tix cBe)J;eHIIH:, MI")T orpR-
HH:qHMC I 3aMeqaHHHMH B Tex CJIytIafIX, I\orp;a MOil,eM BHeCTH YTOtIHeHHH, 11(',-
nOJIb3YH MaJIOH3BeCTHbIe HJIH HeH3p;aHHbIe p;ORYl\IeHTbI, OTHor HIIJ;HeCH 1\ rre-
pHO)J;Y ynpaBJleHHfl Tropro II ero Henocpcp;CTBeHHoro rrpe)J;IIIPcTBeHHIIR3,
a66aTa Tpppa.
28*
436
'lACTb TPETbH. flPOBAJ1
8DIme;n;mero B 1757 r. 1, aTa KpHTHKa HamJIa 'CBOe HaH60JIee 3aKOH-
.qeHHOe BbIpameHHe B ;n;BYX pa60TaX, HarrH'CaHHbIX C O,n;HHaKOBbIX
.II03Hn;HH, no B npOTHBOnOJIOmnbIX maHpax.
O,n;Ha H3 aTHX pa60T - 6eJIJIeTpR30BaHHaH arrOJIOrHH no,n; Ha3Ba-
HHeM «llIHHRH, ROXHHXIIHCRaH IICTOPHH» - 6bIJIa HanellaTaHa B
1768 r. a66aToM Ryaiie no YKa3aHBIO renepaJIbHOrO KOHTpOJIepa
MeHBoHa ,n;'8BBO 2. BTopaH - MeMyap, nanHCaHH:bIH BHro ,n;e CeHT-
Rpya, rrpe3H,n;enTOM naJIaTbI npomeHHH PyancKoro napJIaMenTa,
ROTOPOMY aTO HeCJIe,n;OBaHHe 6bIJIO nopyqeHo reHepaJI:DHbIM KOHT-
pOJIepOM JIaBep,n;H. Ero MeMyap 6bIJI nanellaTan nOCMepTHO B «Ho-
BbIX 8<I>eMepll,n;aX» B 1775 r. 3 . BeBcaB ,n;e rypne TaKme rrHCaJI Ha
3TY TeMy4; OTKJIHRHYJICH na Hee II Tropro, XOTH II He pa3BBJI ee
rro,n;po6HO, B «IIoxBaJI:DHoM CJIOBe BeHcaHY ,n;e rYPHe» II B nHC:bMaX
.[(lOnoHY H TaKepy.
JIH6epaJIbHaH lliROJIa yme ,n;o6BJIaC:D Koe-KaRHX ycrrexoB B a,n;MH-
HHcTpaTHBHoH npaRTHRe. TaR, B 1765 r. BDlmeJI a,n;HKT 0 cBo6o,n;e
<>nTOBOH TOprOBJIH 5 , a B MapTe 1767 r. nOBbIH a,n;BKT pa3pemHJI
{<lIymaK?M», TO eCT:b yqeHHRaM B no,n;MaCTep:DHM H3 ,n;pyrHX ropo-
J];OB, BCTynaT:b B n;eXH.
ABBAT TEPP8.
IIPEAJIOmEHIIE
PE<DOPMbI
06bIqHO C"tJHTaIOT, liTO a66aT Teppa B aTOM CJIyqae, RaR II B ,n;py-
'r1:I , npOHBJIHJI CRJIOHnOCT:b K «,n;HpHmH3MY»6. O,n;naRO KaR B ,n;py-
rHX CJIyqaHx, TaR 11 B aTOM TaRaH TOqRa 3penHH RameTCH HaM OillH-
1 «Memoire sur Ies corps de metiers}) 6bIJI ony6JIIIKOBaH B AMbeHe
nop; rrceBp;OHHMOM }J;eJIIIJIb. 0 pa60Tax 3KOHOMHCTOB H <pH3HoKpaToB CM.
TPY,D;DI MapTeHa CeH-JIeoHa (Martin Saint-Leon) II BeJIepca (W e u Ie r s-
s e G. Le Mouvement physiocratique en France, 1756-1770, 2 vol., Pa-
ris, 1910).
2 CM.: S c hell e. Vincent de Gournay, p. 131.
3 BHro p;e CeHT-Rpya OTc.TaHBaCT KOHn;errIJ;IIIO, KOTopaH I{ameTCH co-
BpeMeHHoiI: CHIImeHHe ceoecToHMoCTH II OrpaHHQeHIIe npH6bIJIeiI rrocpep;-
HHKOB, - HO OIl COep;HTIHe1' ee c npep;paCCY,IJ;KOM <pII3HoKpaToB, BDIpameH-
HbIM B ero caMoH HeJIenOH <popMe (ToproBen; II peMeCJIeHHIIK o60ram;aIOTcH
3a CQeT KpeCTbJIHIIHa H 3eMJIeBJIap;eJIbn;a).
4 CM.: G 0 urn a y V. Memoire sur Ies communautes lyonnaises,
1752.
5 ITo rrpaB,IJ;e rOBopH, 31'0 He 6bIJIO HOBmecTBOM, HO Bce me a,IJ;IIKT
pacn;eHHBaJiH RaK rropameHHe n;eXOB. (CM.: Mar tin S a i n t - Leo n. Ope
cit., p. 429.) .
6 CM.: Mar tin O. L'Organisation corporative, p. 520; W e u I e r s-
8 e. Ope cit., p. 210.
.rJ1ABA IV. mECTb 8l{HRTOB
437
{601lHOU. A66aT Teppa He 6bIJI llpHBepmeHn;eM RaKOH-JIH ' 60 ,n;OKTpn-
IIbI, HH JIH6epaJIOM, HH «,n;HpHmHCTOM», OH '6bIJI npemp;e Bcero
'Uo60PHBROM KpYTOH <pHCKaJI:bHOH CHCTeMDI; HO 6:bIJI ,n;OBOJILHO
.XOPOIDHM aKOHOMHCTOM, KaH MbI yme BHp;eJIH Ha npHMepe XJIe6HOii
ToprOBJIH. 3TO rrepB:bIH reHepaJI:bHbIii ROHTpOJIep )];0 TlOpro, 06paTHB-
mHM BHHMaHHe na Borrpoc 0 n;exax B n;eJIOM, II no MIHOrllM P;OKY-
:MeHTaM BH,IJ;HO, "({TO OH C06HpaJIICH O'cy ecTBHT:b HX pe<POPMY 1.
IIoaToMY OH BeJIeJI npHrOTOBIITL IIpoeKTDI a,IJ;HKTOB, OKOHtla-
TeJI:bH <popMa KOTOpLIX HaM HeH3BeCTHa, HO MbI 3HaeM HX B 06 HX
qepTax. ,
B aTHX TeKCTax OqeH:b JIOBKO COqeTaJIHCL JIH6epaJIbHOe CMHrqe-
Hue n;eXOBOH CHCTeMLI II 3HaqHTeJIbHLTe cPHHaHCOB:bIe rro60pbI B
JIOJIL ' 3Y rocy,n;ap'CTBa. OC'HOIBHaH me H)];eH C<POPMYJIHpOlBaHa TaR:
« epmaTLCH 30JIOToii Cepe)];HHLI, Memp;y rocrrop;CTBYIOID;HM HLIHe
npHnymp;eHlIeM II o6m;eii CBo6o,n;OH, Mem,n;y BbICOKOH )];oJIeii rrOIDJIHH
11 no60pOB H CBo6o,n;HOH ,n;eHTeJI:bHOCT:b1O 6e3 BCHRHX rr060pOB».
rJIaBHbIe IIOJIOmeHHH aTHX rrpoeKTOB MomHO pe31OMHpOBaTL CJIe-
YIOm;HM 06pa30M:
rocyp;apcTBeHHLIH KOHTpOJI:b Ha,n; CTaBKaMII C60POB, YCTaHOBJIeH-
HbIMH n;exaMH, H Ha)]; HX c"tJeTaMH;
YMe'H:bmeHHe rrOmJIHH (rrO-BIH)];HMOMY, OCTaHOBHJIHC:b Ha 2/ 3 )
BMe'CTe C OTMeHOH He3aKOHHLIX rro6opoB p;OJImHO orpaHH"tJ:HTL o6ID;He
C60PbI 3 MJIH. BMeCTO 4500 TbIC.;
caMO rocyp;apcTBO BOCIIOJI:b3yeTcH arHM )];JIH IIOJIyqeHHH IIOmJIH-
UbI B pa3Mepe 1/5 cyII(eCTBYIOII(eii BCTYIIHTeJILHOii nJIaTbI, "({TO CO-
'CTaBHT KanHTaJIH3HpOBaHHYIO CYMMY B 12 MJIH., ROTopbIe nOHp;YT
Ha norameHHe )];OJIrOB Koprropan;Hii;
o6H3aHHOCT:b H3rOTOBJIeHHH me,n;elBpa OTMeHHJIaCL, HaK "({HCTO
pa30pHTeJILHaH H npHTeCHHTeJILHaH; nop;"tJepKHBaJIOC:b, "({TO ee 6ec-
nOJIe3HO'CTb p;ORa3aHa CJIyqaHMH, Korp;a MaCTepOB oCBo6om)];aJIH OT
aTOH o6H3aHHocTII.
HaRoHen;, caMoe BamHoe: ROpOJI:b YTBep)];HT )];Ba BHp;a HOBbIX rra-
7eHToB, p;alOID;HX op;HoBpeMeIIHo cBo6oP;Y II )];oxop;:
rraTeHT Ha BeTepaHcTBO, II03BOJIHBmHH MacTepaM IIOCJIe p;Bap;n;a-
1 Fonds J oly de Fleury, 1728-1729, fo 120 et suiv. 8Ta cepnH co-
p;epmHT pHP; p;OKYMeHTOB no nHTepeCYIOII eMY Hac Bonpocy, OTHOCHID;HXCH
K anoxe Teppa, a HeI{OTOpl>Ie II K anoxe Tropro, HO cOBepmeHHo OqeBIIp;HO,
'tJ:TO cBepx<pHKCaJIbHl>Ie TeKCT:bI, KOTopble MbI paccMoTpHM p;aJIbme, He
MOrJIII npHHap;JIemaTb Tropro. C p;pyroH CTOpOHbI, corrpoBOp;HTeJIbHaH 3a-
UHCKa reHepaJIbHOrO rrpoKypopa, CCbIJIaro afIcH Ha rrpoeKT ap;IIKTa II p;aTII"
pOBaHHaH 8 <peBpaJIH 1773 r., MOrJIa 6bITb ap;pecoBaHa TOJIbKO Teppa (CM.
,n;aJIee). 8Ta 3anHCKa conpOBOmp;aJIa, HeCOMHeHHO, npoeKT a)J;HKTa, B)J;OX-
HOBJIeHHLIH pa3JIHQHbIMH )J;oKYMeHTaMH, KOTopLIe 6bIJIH rrpHJIOiKeHbI 1\ He..
MY. Ho )J;OKYMeHT, Herrocpep;CTBeHHO CJIep;yro HH 3a HHM, )J;OJImeH, Ha-
npOTHB, 6LITb OTHeceH 1\0 BpeMeHII rrpaBJleHHH Tropro. 8TO pemJITeJlbHO
.JIU6epaJIbHLIH MeMya p, 1\0TOpbIH Mor 6LITL COCTaBJleH AJIb6epOM II Ha KO-
'TopLIi HaMeRaeT TlOpro.
438
lJACTb TPETbH. npOBAJl
TH JIeT pa60TbI YCTynHT:b CBoe J];eJIO, HO rrpH aTOM npOJ];OJIiKaTb
caMHM pa60TaTL. HaJ];o 3aMeTHTL, lITO TaRaH Mepa rrpe CTaBJIHeTCH
pa3YMHOH, TaR RaR, eCJIH MaCTep He rrepe aBaJI CBoero J];eJIa rrepe .
CMepTLIO, TO ero TPY,IJ;HO 6LIJIO rrpOJ];aTL, a HCJIII 011 YCTyrraJI ero rrpn
iRH3HH, TO 6bIJI JIHIIIeH B03MomHOCTH rrpO OJImaTb pa60TY. CJIelJ;O-
BaTeJI:bHO, BeTepaHCTBO 6LIJIO pemeHHeM 6JIarOnpHHTHLIM 11 JIH.
MaCTepa H P;JIH Ra3HbI;
naTenT Ha BCTyrrJIeHHe [B I<opnopan;HIO], qTO n03BOJIHJIO C03p;a-
BaT:b HOBLIX MaCTepOB, OJ];HaKO IIPH YCJIOBHH OTCYTCTBHH BaKaHCMH
Ha ROTopLIe MOfJIH CHa-qaJIa rrpeTeHJ];OBaTL KaH H aTbI.
B TeOpeTHqHCKOH -qaCTH 8THX J];OKYMeHTOB 3aMeTHO BJIHHIlHC
Ronn;errD;HH perJIaMeHTaD;HH, B qaCTHOCTH HemeJIaTeJI:bHOCT:b nOJIIJOM
CB060J];bI: «rry6JIHRa He 6y eT 06CJIYiKHBaTLCH... J];OBepHe HICqe3H8T»;
a TaKme rrpaBO KOpOJIH - «rrpaBO na3HalIaT:b MaCTepOB»; HaKOHel ,.
TaM BLIpameHLI IIOJIHTlIlIeCKHe orraceHHH, He JIHIIIenHLIe HHTepeca..
OrraceHHH, KaK 6LI He 06pa30BaJIaCL Koprropan;HH rpaiKJ];aH, ROTO-
paH MomeT rrorrLITaTLCH J];06HT:bCH «rrOJIHOH He3aBHCMMOCTH, CTOJIb
ona'CHOH B'cerJ];a B MOHapXlIlIeCKHX rocy apcTBax... HacTynHT BCC-
06 HH 6eCIIopHJ];OK, He 6YJ];eT 60JILIIIe HH KoprropaD;HH, lIH C01030n,
a Bc.Rope HlIlKaKODO rrO t{HHeHHH. HHa-qe fOlBOpH, eocyoapb lie-
6yoeT anaTb, nOMY :JICe nepeoa8aTb C8010 80.lt1O» 1. 3J];e ' c:b OqeHb
I OHRpeTHO BLIpaiKeHa TeopHH Koprropan;HH-nocpeJ];HIlRoB; peq:b HJ];eT
o I eJIOH ceTH nepe all.
Ho TYT BHJ];Ha 11 J3a60Ta 0 rrpeJ];OCTaBJIeHHH 60JILmeU CBo60J];LI
lITO rrpOH'BJIHeTCH B HeKOTopLIX <POPMYJIHpOBKax, KOTopLIe MOrJIH 6LI
npMIIaJ];JIemaT:b H aROHOMHCTaM: «IIpymHIILL o6 ero TOBapoo60pOT81
BHOBL o6peTYT CBoe eCTeCTBeJIHoe BnmeHne».
O HH MeMyap, Haxo H HH'CH B TOM me cepIlH ,n;OKYMeHTOB, HO
CBH3L KOToporo C OCTaJI:bHLIMH TeKCTaM-H He BLIpameHa ,n;OCTaTOqHO'
qeTKO, OqeHL CypOBO ocymp;aeT 3JIOYIIOTpe6JIeHHH IIpJrCJIiKHLIX * B
n;exax 2. qacTL cpe,n;CTB Tpa THT'CH Ha «pOCROIIIHbIe IIHpmeCTBa, He3a-
KOHHLIe ,n;eJIemH H Ha co,n;epiKaHlIe TaHHOH rrapTHH, KOTOpyro OHn
(D;eXOBLIe CMOTpHTeJIH H rrpHCHiKHLIe) C03,n;aJIH». C06paHHH 1IX 6ec-
IIOpH,n;OqHLI, a rrpH BLI60pax Bce peIIIaIOT eH:brH.
IJ:exoBLIe CMOTpHTeJIH 11 npHCHmHLIe rrYTeM nO Kyrra 3apyqaIOTclI "'
[lo,n; epiKKoii HH3mnx -qHHOB rrOJIHD;HH, qTO 06eCneqHBaeT HM 6e3Ha-
Ka3aHHOCTL n J];aeT B03MomHOCTL rrpenHTCTBOBaTL pe<popMaM, n60
no rrOBO)1;y KamJ];oro rrpoeKTa COBeTYIOTCH c rrOJIHD;nei, KOTopaH
rro,n; epiKHBaeT MHeHne KaRorO-HH6Y L ceKpeTapH. TaRHM 06pa30M,.
perJIaMeHT, neCKOJlbKO pa3 rrpeJ];CTaBJIHeMLIH aBTopOM MeMyapa c
1770 r., TaR H He YBHJ];eJI CBeTa; KaKOU-TO 'ceKpeTapL BHec KOHTp-
rrpoeRT n XBaCTaJICH, lITO ero Ha3HaqHJIH Ha nOCT «reHepaJiLHoro
1 Fonds Joly de Fleury, 1728-1729, t. II, f o 148.
* BLI60pHLIe ,u;OJIiRHOCTHbIe JIHn;a B n;exax. - IlpuM. peo.
2 STOT TeKCT He co,u;epji{HT HHLIX BLIBO,u;OB, KpoMe' T(!)r&, ,"lTO He CJIe-
.n;yeT ,l{OBepHTb nOJIHn;HH B no,u;OOHLIX Bonpocax.
I'JIABA IV. mECTb 911.HRTOB
439
--
Haccnpa BCeX KOpilOpan;JI:H». 8TO TOT KOHTpilpOeRT, ROTOp:blH: «3a
:{10AnnC:b1O MarHCTpaTa, 6bIBmerO B TY IIOpy IIpe Ce,IJ;aTeJIeM cY,IJ;a»,
{)bIJI nOCJIaH B 1772 H 1773 rr. ,IJ;JIH pemICTpa HH. Bce aTH ,n;aTLI OT-
HOCHTCH KO BpeMeHH IIpaBJIeHHH a66aTa Teppa.
CaM MeMyap, CY H rro 8THM OBe,n;eHHHM, OTHOCHTCH K 1774 r.
II ObIJI rro,n;aH, BepOHTHO, p;o IIpHxo a TlOpro, TaR RaR ero aBTOp,
neCMOTPH Ha pe3KOCT:b KPHTHHH, rOBopHT TOJI:bKO 0 pe opMe, a He
-06 yrrpa3p;neHIIH u;exoBoM CHCTeMbI 1.
Bo BfCHKOM CJIytIae, MomBO, 60CCilOpHO, IIpUIIHcaTL fCOTpY,IJ;BHRaM
a66aTa Teppa ,IJ;pyrYIO 3aIIHCKY, IIpHJIOmeHHYIO K npoeRTaM a,I{HK-
TOB, Oq9BL xapaKTepBYro ,IJ;JIH rrpHB HIIOB reHepaJILHOrO ROHTpOJIH
UpII rrpe,n;IIIeCTBeHHHKe TlOpro. ABTOp aTOH aaIIHCKH nOp;qepKHBaeT
JIIImKOM HBB:bIH, HCKJIIOqHTeJILHO HaJIOrOB:bIH ( «pwKaJIbH:bIH) x a-
.paKTep IIpoeKTa H rOBopHT, qTO ero CJIe,IJ;OBaJIO 6:bI rrO,IJ;KperrMTb
coo6pameHHHMH 06m;ecTBeHHoro 6JIara.
HaRoBe , He'COMHeHHO, CaM:bIH JIIOOOn:bITB:bIji TeKICT - conpOBO-
HTeJILHaH aarrHCRa reHepaJIbHOrO IIpOKypopa, n03BOJIHBllIaH HaM
YCTaBOBHTL TOqHYro p;aTY, Kor,n;a 6:bIJIa co6paHa BCH ,IJ;OKyMeHTa-
HH - 8 <p9B'paJIH 1773 r. 2 lKOJIH .Ae <PJIelpH OTMe"tlaeT, qTO npoeKT
:3,IJ;HRTa (rro-BH,IJ;HMOMY, OH HMeeT B Bn,n;y OKOHqaTeJILBbIH npoeRT,
ROTOp:bIH He COXpaHHJICH, HO, OlIeBH,I(BO, BocnpOH3BOP;1iIJI OCHOBHbIe
B:bIIIIeH3J10meBB:bIe rrOJIOmeHHH) He B:bI30BeT OTpH aTeJIbHOH peaK-
D;HH y ToprOBn;eB B n;eJIOM, a TOJlbKO y CMOTpHTeJIeH H npHCHJKB:bIX
{(II Tex 113 BHX [ToprOB eB], KTO rpa6UT». IIo8ToMY He"tJero orra-
.caTbCH H 60JILmHX TpeHHH B napJIaMeHTe. «qTO KacaeTCH BaJIOrO-
BOH (<<pIl1CHaJIbHoH) a,n;MHBH'CTpan;HH, TO OBa BCen;eJIO B pYHax y
}'{UHHCTpa, a napJIaMeHT TOJIbKO OTTeBHeT KapTHBY, cnOCOOCTBYH
OBepHIO». 8TH OllTHMHCTHqeCKHe coo6pameHHH IIpHBO,n;HT K HHTe-
peCBOMY aaKJIIOlIemIIO, KacaIO eMYCH BeROTopbIX HpaBOB napJla-
MeHTa (peqL H,IJ;eT 0 IIapJIaMeBTe Morry, no B ,IJ;aHHOM ICJIyqae, EaR H
'B ,IJ;pyrHx, OB CTapaeTCH ROTIHpOnaTb n ejHHHH): «B03MOmHO" "tITO
Itamp;OMY KOMJIlccapy rrapJIaMeHTa ,IJ;aroT (sic!) JIHIIIb CKPOMHYTO
CYM'MY B T:b1JCHitJy <pPaHROB, a MOJKeT, oaJlCe nutteeo. CJlel,IJ;yeT,Of];HaKO,
3aMeTHT:b, qTO, ,IJ;aBaH CKY BYro . IIJIaTY, rrOJIyqalOT TaKne ,He
YICJIyrH» 3 .
1 O,n;HaRo OH rOBopHT H3LIROM, ;a;OCTOHHLIM «8ROHOMHCTa», Ror,n;a no,IJ;-
'1:JepKHBaeT, liTO rJIaB:bI peMeCJIeHH:bIX rlIJIb,IJ;IIH npHHym}J;aIOT cppaHn;Y3CRHX
paOOQHX IIORH;a;aTb pO,IJ;HHY II OTBamlIBalOT IIHOCTpaHn;eB. (Fonds Joly de
Fle ry, 1728-1729, t. II, fo 145.)
2 oTa nOMeTRa C}J;eJIaHa ;a;pyrHM nOllepROM. Bo BCHROM CJIYllae, caMa
pe;a;aRl'(HH aanHCKH 11 OTHomeHIIH Mem;a;y reHepaJILHDIM IIPORypOPOM II ROH-
TpOJIepOM, 0 ROTOpDIX OBa CBH,n;eTeJIbCTByeT, cOBepmeHHo HCRJIlOqaIOT
npe OJIOmeHHe, liTO IIo;a;06Hoe IIOCJIaHHe MOrJIO 6LITb a;a;peCOBaHO TlOpro.
3 Fonds 101y de Fleury. i728-1729, t. II, fe 1.20.
440
flACTb TPETbH. IIPOBAJ1
TIOPfO.
JJ:ORTPI1HA
YIIP A3 HEHMJI UEXOB
TaKHM 06pa30M, BLIHCHHeTCH, lITO BOrrpeKH 06m;enpllHHTOMY
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upnxo,n;a TIOprO B MHH1ICTepCTBO, 11 B "tJaCTHOCTH BO BpeMH npaBJIe-
HHH a66aTa Teppa, KOTOpOe 'C"tJHTaJlH np06eJIOM B npo:u;ec'Ce )llCIIJle-
HUH BJlHHHHH HOBLIX aKOHOMHlIeCKHX ,n;OKTpIIH.
O,n;HaHO TaM, r,n;e a66a T Teppa BLICKa3aJICH 3a pe<POPMY - pe-
<POPMY <paKTHtIeCKH JIH6epaJILHYIO, XOTH rJIaBHOH ee 3a6oTOM 6LIJIlI
<pUCKaJILHLIe 1IHTepeCLI,- TIOpro He Mor BLICKa3aTLCH HHa"tJe, KaK
3a nOJIHOe ynpa3,D;HeHHe :u;eXOB. 8Toro II CJIe,n;OBaJIO omH,n;aT:b, 3Han
ero 06II(YIO ,n;OHTPHHY, nOCJIe ony6JIHKOBaHHH MeMyapa Bliro p;e
CeHT-Kpya, nOCJIe npOBep;eHHoro TlOpro JIeTOM 'onpO'ca, a TaRme no-
CJIe npI1HHTHH HM nepBbIX pemeHHH B IC<pepe npOMLIillJIeHIIOCTII H
TOprOBJIH. TlOpro nOnpOCHJI CBoero BepHoro AJlL6epa COCTaBIIT:b no-
aTOMY Bonpocy MeMyap. HaM npe,n;cTaBJlHeTCH B03MomHLIM np;eH-
TH IIn;HpOBaTL aTOT MeMyap C TeRcToM, HaxOp;HII(H fICH B <pon,n;ax
IKOJLH ,n;e <PJIepn no,n; eM 121 H CJlel,IJ;YIOII(HMH, r,n;e ero BJlOmHJlH B
p;OKYMeHTaIIIIIO Teppa.
ABTOp cpa3Y 3aHHMaeT peillUTeJlLHYIO rr03HD;HIO: « Y CTaHOB:IeHUe
Kopnopan;HH nopotJ:HO H npoTHBo3aHoHHo. KaK "<pHHaHcoBoe Y"lIpem-
;a;eHHe .aIHH IKpaHae Inary6HLI. RaK Y'"tJpem)J;leHHe nOJlH'Tn"tJeCRoe OHB
,n;aIOT pe3YJILTaTLI, npOTHBOnOJIOmHLIe nOCTaBJleHHLIM n;eJIHM. Mx
3J1oynoTpe6JIeHHH HeHcnpaBHMLI, TaR KaK nopom,n;alOTCH nOp01JHO-
CTLIO caMoro yqpem,n;eHHH».
BOT "tJTO 3Ha"tJHT npaBHJILHO nOCTaBHTL rrp06J1eMY. M60 IIIl O)J;HH
MLICJIHII(HH "tIeJIOBeK, 'cepLH3HLIH II 6eCKopLICTHLIH, He Mor B TY SIIOXY
He 3HaTL 0 3JIoynoTpe6JIeHHHX Kopnopan;HH. CJle,n;OBaTeJI:bHO, IIa,n;o
6LIJlO BLIHlClHlifTL, 6LIJIH JIB aTH 3 r JIoyno t Dpe6J1eHMH npucyufU CnJlO.uy
yttpe:J/CfJeuulO HJlH BeT, ,'MOII\'HO JIM 6LIJlO orpa'HHtJ:H'TbICH pe<POP)10M
HJIH Ha,n;o 6LIJlO ero ynpa3,n;HHT:b. CaMH aTH 3JIoynoTpe6J1eHHH, 0 KO-
TOpLIX cy ecTByeT 06mHpHaH JIHTepaTypa, a MeMyap rrp1l-
BO,IJ;HT HHTepeCHLIe no,n;po6HOCTH, CBH3aHLI C TpeMH rJIaBHLIl\f!I MO-
MeHTaMH:
1. IIJIoxoe <pHHaHcoBoe ynpaBJIeHHe n;eXOB. OHH B3HMaJIII CJIHID-
ROM BbICOKHe nOIDJIHHLI H He3aI{OHHLIe no60pLI, II BMeCTO Toro, "tJTO-
6LI HCnOJlL30BaTL UX Ha ynJIaTY CBOIIX ,n;OJIrOB I, pa'36a3apHBaJlH
1 CaMH ,u;OJIrH ObIJIH cpHcKaJIbHOrO rrpoHcxomp;eHHH, Ta:K KaK n;eXH
3aHHMaJIH p;eHbrH, 'tJTOOLI rrepeKynaTb ,1:(OJIlliHOCTH, C03p;aHHLle KOpOJIeM;
H HMeHHO lITOOLI B03MeCTHTL }J;OJIrH, HM 6LIJIO )];aHO npaBO B3HMaTb nOmJIH-
HLI. MeMyap 121 )];aeT Rpaco'tJHoe OllHcaHHe T€?rO, 'tJTO B TY nopy Ha3LI-
:rJ1ABA IV. illECTb 8;:{HRTOB
441
o6pylO HX lIaCTL «Ha npaa,I(HeCTBa, n;epeMOHHH, npOn;eCC:bI», KaI,
CJ{a3aHO B npeaM6YJIe 9,I(HKTa (He rOBopH yme 0 «He3aKOHH:bIX p;eJIe-
jKax», KaK YKa3aHO B MeMyape M 145). MeMyap, nplInHC:bIBaeMDlH
AJI:b6epy, p;aeT HeKOTOp:bIe YTO"tfHeHHH. BCTynHTeJI:bH:bIH c60p IIPH-
1!OCHJI napHiKCKHM n;exaM B ro,I( 1 MJIH. 4>paHRoB. I10IDJIHH:bI aa
OCMOTp TOBapOB 11 KOH4>HcKan;HH Y,I(BaHBaJIH 9TY CYMMY. Ma 9TIIX
2 MJlH. <ppaHKoB Hopnopan;HH B'HOCHT Bcero 300 T:bIC. cppaHKoB B c-qeT
CBOHX OJIrOB. B03HarpaiK eHlIe npIICHiKH:bIX BMeCTe C nHpmeCTBa-
Mil II T. n. COCTaBJIHeT 400 TLIC. <ppaHKoB, nOMOII(L Hym alOII(HMCH
MaCTepaM, KOTOpylO HHKor a He npOBepHJIH Y nOJIyqaTeJIen:,-
200 TbI'C. <ppaHKoB. CJIe OBaTeJILHO, ynoTpe6JIeHHe 60JIee -qeM IIOJIO-
'BHH:bI ,n;OXO OB eCJIH H He OCTaeTCH B nOJIHOH Tan:He, TO, BO B'CHKOM
oCJIyqae, He COOTBeTcTByeT nepBOHa1JaJILHOMY Ha3HalIeHHIO aTOTO
HHCTHTYTa. M3 aToH -qaCTH, nIO-BH,I(HMOMY, onJIalfHBalOTCH paCXOp;:bI
Ha cyp;e6H:bIe npOn;eCC:bI, KOTopLIe a66aT ,I(e BepH On;eHIIBaeT B
1 MJIH. 11 KOTOp:bIe p;alOT HenJIOXOH ,I(OXO,I( 'cy,n;e:moKHM. (Bnro ,I(e
CeHT-Kpya, KOTOp:bIH KameTCH HaM 60JIee KOMne'TeHT'H:bIM B aTOM
:BonpOce, Ha3:bIBaeT 60JIee CKPOMHYIO CYMMY -=- 400 T:bIC. JIIIBpOB.)
2. <PaKTIPIHCKaH MOHOnOJIHH, KOTOPYIO n;exlI o6eCne1JlfBaIOT
C:bIHOB:bHM MaCTepOB, CLIHOBLHM 'IIPH MaCTepax, MymLHM B OB H ,n;o-
qepeii, p;OCTHraeTCH pa3H:bIMII cIIoco6aMH: npo,n;OJImnTeJI:bHOCT:b1O
o6yqeHHH, B'cTynHTeJILH:bIM B3HOCOM, pacxo aMII Ha H3rOTOBJIeHHe
me,I(eBpa H npOH3BOJIOM B ero On;eHKax, 3anpe eHHeM iKeHHTLCH
ytleHHRaM lIT. ,I(. 1
3. HaRoHen;, npHTeCHeHHH 11 npe'CJIe,I(OBaHHH, KOTOp:bIe lIHHHT
J.Wyr ]J;pyry TOprOBn;:bI pa3H:bIX n;eXOB (pa6oTaIoID;'He B coce C'TBYIO-
HX 06JIaCTHx) JIJIJI nOCJIe HHe DJOKlynaTeJIHIM. THiK6a iM:eiK y JIOC-
KYTH1IKaMH 11 nOpTH:bIMH, YKa3:bIBaeT'CH B MeMyape, ,n;JIHTCH Yllie
250 JIeT H HaC1JHT:bIBaeT 400 cyp;e6H:bIX pemeHHH. Hepep;Ho H,I(YT II
aa «npOBORan;HH». IIpHCHiKH:bIe n;exa ToprOB eB YKCYCOM, K IIPH-
Mepy, nOC:bIJIaIOT npHHTeJIH' KYIIHTL Ha 2 cy rOp1JHn;:bI y 6aKaJIeH-
HI\a, a 'caMH CJIep;HT, IIpHTalIBmHC:b B' 3KHname B KOIIn;e YJIHn;:bI,-
3aXBa'T C nOJIH1JH:bIM, cyp;,e6Hoe npeCJIe,I(OBaHHe, conpOTHBJIeHHe BJIa-
BaJIII «KOpOJIeBCKOH nOIDJlHHOH». OHa OOHsaHa CBOHM BOSHHKHOBeBlIeM Be
pemeHHIO KOpOJIH, a BbI,u;YMKe 'tJIIHOBHHKa KOpOJIeBCROro KaSHa'tJeH, HaSLI-
BaBmero ceOH «KOpOJIeM raJIaHTepeHID;HKOB» H TpeOOBaBmero ynJIaTI>I
1I0mJIHHbI 3a ,u;OCMOTp (BHSHTa HIO ) TOBa pOB. IIomJIHHbI, B3HMaeMLIe na-
pHmCKHMH n;exaMH, ,u;OCTHraJIH, no HC'tJIICJIeHHIO BHro ,u;e CeHT-I\pya,
5 MJIH. ...
1 0 cpoKax 06Y'tJeHHH II papoTbI IIo,u;MacTep:beM CM.: Mar tin S a i n t-
Leo n. I-Iistoire des Corporations de Metiers, p. 457 et suiv. 0 IIJIaTe 3a
ooyqeHHe CM. TaKme: Fonds Joly de Fleury, 1728-1729, t. 1. Cpe,u;HHH
CpOK 8THX ,D;BYX CTa,D;Hll ooY'tJeHHH OT 7 ,u;o 10 JIeT. «CeMb JIeT ooyqeHHH
,u;o pa60TbI IIo,u;MacTepbeM, 'tJTOOI>I HaYtJHTbcH cOHBaTb OO'tJI{H. CTOJII>KO JIeT
He no'Hap;OOHJIOCb OLl, - B03paSHJI IDHHKH, - ,u;ame ,u;JIH Toro, 'tJTOOLl Ha-
YTIHTI>CH CTpOHT:b Kopa6JIH». (C 0 Y e r. Chinki, histoire cohinchinoise.)
«CbIH npH MaCTepe?> - 3TO TOT, 'tIeH OTen; eID;e He 6bIJI MaCTepOM, 1\0"
l',u;a OH pO,IJ;UJICH, HO CTaJI MaCTepOM II03me.
442
t{ACTb TPEThH. llPOBAJ1
CTH, )J;Ba MeCHD;a 3aHJIlOlIeHHH. B MeJIO"tlHYIO JIaB01JKY nOCbIJIaroT
«meHID;HHY C OJIe)J;IIbIM JIHD;OM, YMeIOm;yro JIOBHO npHI\H)J;bIBaThCRI
60JILHOi HnM oopeMennoi», OHa npOCHT H nOJIY1JaeT )J;JIH nOAKperr-
JIeHHH CTaI\aIPIHK BOAHH - cy,n;e6Hoe npeCJIeAOBaHHe. IIpHCHmHbIe
rrapMKMaxepbI MorYT OCTarraBJIHBaTb npoxomMX Ha YJIHn;e, "tlTOObI
rrpOBepHTb, He HeCYT JIH OHH KaKHX-JIHOO UHCTpYMeHTOB, OTHOCH-
m;HXCH K HX rrpo4>ecCIfH: OHH HMelOT npaBO ape'CTOBaTb «HapYIlIII-
TeJIeH», 11 Te AOJImHbI 3arrJIaTHTb 30 HJIH 36 JIHBpOB BbIKyrra. 3aBM-
CTJIHB:bIe coce)J;H AOHOCHT na meHID;HH - HCKYCHLIX BbImHBaJILID;HD;,
11, XOTH OHH H BbIIIIHBalOT TOJII>KO )J;JIH ce6H, KaK aTO )J;oKameml>?
IIy6JI1IKa 1IMeeT npaBO nOKynaTL H3)J;eJIHH HerrocpeACTBeHHO Y npo-
113BOAHTeJIH, HO npH aTOM pHcKyeT HaTOJIKHYTI>CH Ha rrpOBepKY II
rrpeCJIe)J;OBaHlIe.
IT plfCHmHbIe n;exa CTpOHTeJIen: rrpeCJIe)J;YIOT Tex, 'KTO nOJII>3yeTcHf
«6ypmya3Hoi npHBHJIerHen:» rropY1JaTL CTpOHTeJIbCTBO )J;OMOB Tel\!r
pa601JHM, KOTOpbIX OHU BbI6epYT caMH. RaK-TO npHBeJI1I )J;OMOH
H'36HTOro pe6eHKa, KOTOPOMY po,n;HTeJIH nopyqHJIH npo,n;aTL KaKYIO-
TO MeJIOlIL, H T. )J;. ABTOp MeMyapa, 6JIeCTHID;Hi paCCKa31IHK, KameT-
CH HaM MeHee y6eAHTeJILHbIM, Kor,n;a B CBoen: rrpeaM/6YJIe aa,n;aeTca
BonpOCOM: AeicTBHTeJILHO JIB nO)J;o6HbIe 3JIoynoTpe6JIeHHH npHcym;lJ
caMon: CHCTeMe?
q TO KaicaeTCH Tropro, TO OR He BCTynaeT Ha JIerKHn: nYTL -
Ha6poCaTI> mHBonH'CHYIO I{apTHHY. BnpO"tleM, OH OTCbIJIaeT KOpOJIID
MeMyap AJIl>6epa. IIpeaMoYJIa 8)J;HKTa HanH'caHa )J;OBOJII>'HO a6 I C'TpaKT-
no, 8TO OAHO H3 HaHMeIiee HpKHX np01l3BeAeHHH TIopro. B Hej\1
lIYBCTByeTcH TaKaH me y6em,n;eHHOCTL, KaK H B APyrHx ero TpYAaX,.
HO HeT CTpaCTHOH y6em,I1;eHHocTH. He TepHH, KOHetJ:HO, rrpeiI Heii
y6emAeHHocTH, OH 'TYT MeHee y6e)J;HTeJIeH )J;JIH APyrHX. OH npHBO-
AHT JIHillL ,I];Ba rrpHMepa: 3anpem;eHHe meHHTI>CH y-qeHHKaM H OT-
CTpaH(eHue meHm;HH-BbIIIIIIBaJILm;HD; OT pa60T 1, KOTopbIe HM, Ka3a-
JIOCL, 60JIee Bcero nO)J;XO,I];HT. rOBOpH 0 MeJIKHX 3JIoynoTpeOJlerrHflx.1'
OH BbIHQlCIIT 11M BceM pe'3I oe, HCrrOJIHeHHOe npe3peHHH oCYiKAeHHe:
«CBO)J; HeJIenI>IX, THpaHHqeCKHX npaBHJI, rrplIAYMaHHbIX "tleJIOBel:le-
CKoi aJI"tlHOCTl>ro, rrplIHHTLIX BO BpeMena TeMHoro neBeme'CTBa».
Ha-qaB C HCTopH"tJ:eCKOH -qaCTH, KOTopaH KameTCH HaM CerOAITH
Be'CLMa cnopHOH 2, Tropro 1I3JIaraeT ropH)J;H"tlOCKHe 11 8KOHOMH1Je-
CKHe 'co0'6pameHHH, KOTOpbIX 11 CJIe,I];OBaJIO omHAaTL. .IJ:aJIeKHH OT
Toro, 1JTo6bI O,n;06PHTL npaBO K'OpOJIH 'C03)J;aBaTL MaCTepOB, OH B03-
Mym;aeTcH TeM, lITO rrpaBO Ha TPY)J; paCCMaTpHBaIOT «KaK KOpOJIeB-
CKoe npaBo, KOTopoe rocy,n;apL MomeT rrpO)J;aBaTI>, a ero nO)J;,I];aHHbIe'
1J;OJImHLI nOKyrraTL». RopOJII>, HanpOTHB, ,I];OJImeII o6eCne"tlHBaTh,
1 If OT raJIaHTepeHHoH TOprOBJIH, no,n;qepKHBaeT MeMyap. MLI BlI}J;eJIH
BbIme, QTO nOHap;06IIJIOCL BMemaTeJII>CTBO caMoro reHepaJIbHOrO KOHTpOJIe-
pa, qT06bI nOJIyqHTI> P;JIH HeCqaCTHOH mBeH Ha PyaHa rrpOCToe paapemelure,
pa60TaTI> caMOCTOHTeJIbHO.
2 }f art inS a i n t-L eon. Ope cit., p. 477.
rJ1A BA IV WECTb :J HI(TOU
443
-
CBoIDI nOJ];J];aHHbIM «rrOJIHOe rrOJIL30BaHHe BCeMH HX rrpaBaMH», a
oco6eHHO TeM, I{TO He HMeeT HHOH c06CTBeHHOCTH, KpOMe CBOBX PYH
H CBoero rrpOMbICJIa. OH He HJ];eT TaR AaJIeKO, HaK BHrO }J;e CeHT-
Rpya, rrpOB03rJIamaBillHH «CB060J];Y pa60TaTL IIJIOXO»; OB orrpoBep-
raeT AOBOJ];LI Tex, RTO rOBOpHJI 06 yrpo3e YXYAilleIDIH Ka"le'CTBa,
OfinpallcL Ha OlIbIT (pa601lHe «rrpllBHJIerHpOBaHHbIX MeCT» * pa60-
TaroT He xyiRe APyrHX) H Ha 8KOHOMl{qeCH:He co06pamenwr. 8TO
aan60nee oplIrHHaJILHaH aCTL ero TeRCTa H HaH60JIee rrepeAOBaH.
nOAJlIIHHOe pa3JIH"IHe, rrOAlIepRHBaeT OH, cy ecTBye'T ne MemJ];Y
MaCTepaMH II rro,n:MaCTepLHMII, a MemJ];y npeJ];rrpHHHMaTeJIHMH (Te-
MH, RTO BRJIaf(LIBaeT CBOII KarrHTaJIbI) H HaeMHbIMH TpymeHlIRaMM
(TeMH, KTO pacrrOJIaraeT JIIIIIIL TPYJ];OM CBOHX PYR). II08TOMY rrpep;-
npHHHMaTeJIH He CTanYT pHCROBaTL CBOHM RalIHTaJIOM, HaHIIMaH
UJIOXHX pa'601lHx.
Tropro C COmaJIeHHeM }J;orrycRaeT eTbIpe HCH:JIIOlIeHHH, H JIHIDb
P;JIH «HacToH ero BpeMeHH»: ,n:JIH n;HproJIbHHKOB rrapHKMaxepOB, 113
.qnmaHcoBbIX co06pameHHH, TaR RaK 8TO peMeCJIO rrpeBpaTHJIOCL B
p;OJlmHOCTH [KOTopbIe OHH RyrrHJIH] II rrpHIUJIOCL 6bI BbIrrJIallHBaTh
3a HHX B03Mem;eHMe; AJIH arrTeRapeH, 30JIOTDIX J];eJI Ma'CTepOB II rre-
qaTHIIKOB, II3 C006paiReHHH «rrOJIHn;eHrCROrO Ha,n:30pa» 1.
3a 8THMH HCRJIIO eHHHMH, Roprropan;HH 6YJ];YT yrrpa3J];neHDI. lfx
lIHKBHJ];an;HH lIpoH30HJ];eT opraHH30BaHHO. PeMe'CJIeHHHKH ,n:OJIiRBLI
<6Yf(YT TOJIbRO 3aHeCTII ce6H B rrOJIHD;eHCRHe peeCTpbI. TIOpro AOXO-
P;HT f(O I{paHHOCTH B JIOrHlIe ' CROM 3aBepmeHHH cBoeH cH'cTeMbI, aa-
[lpe aH BCHKHe aCCO Han;HH H c06paHHH. B HamH )J;HH RameTcH,
QTO 8TO 3arrpeID;eHHe rrpoTHBOpellHT rrpHHI{HrraM JIH6epaJIH3Ma. Ho
,cB060)];a co6paHHH H acCOn;Han;HH ne 6bIJIa B TO BpeMH 06m;HM rrpa-
80M ,n:JIH Bcex. TorJ];a Ra3aJIOCL eCTeCTBeHHDIM npef(OTBpaTIITb Bga-
'MomHOCTL BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH ocymJ];eHH X opraHH3an;HH. 8TO me no-
JIomeHHe 6bIJIO nOf(TBepm,n:eHo 3aROHOM JIe illarreJILe. HaRoHen;, 8TO
aarrpeIQeHHe 6LIJIO CMHrlIeHO CTa'TLeH X, rrpe,n:ycMaTpHBaBmeH Kam-
P;LIH ro,n: C03LIB c06paHHH ToproBn;eB II peMe'CJIeHHHKOB rro oKpyraM
.J];JIH BbI60pOB CHH)J;HROB ('cTapmHH) H HX rrOMO HHI{OB, ROTopDIe
.JJ;OJImHbI 6bIJIH CJIef(HTL 3a rrpo.peclcHOHaJILHOH J];HCn;HIIJIHHOH, no}]:
'l{OHTpOJIeM nOJIHIJ;HH. HecMoTpH Ha 'CBOH pemHTeJILHbIH xapaKTep,
.cHCTeMa TIOpro, nb ero 06bIRHoBeHHIO, 6LIJIa YMepeHHoH H «rrpoAY-
MaHHO:M:» .
AHTHTe3a Ha STOT pa3 6bIJIa npeJ];CTaBJIeHa He B BHJ];e MeMyapa
.. To eCTL MeCT, cB060,n;HLIX OT l'(eXOBOB: perJIaMeBTa HH, BanpHMep
'lIpe}J;MecThe TaMnnL. - II pUM. pea.
1 I1cKJIIOtIeHHe nerKO nOHHTL no OTHomeHHIO R anTeRapHM. qTO K3-
caeTCH netIa THHKOB, TO ROH,n;opce YKa3LIBaeT, tITO TIOpro BLIHYiR eH 6ldJI
C1JHTaTLcH C «npe,n;paccy,n;KaMH II HeJIenldM CTpaxoM nepe,n; CBOOO,D;OH neqa-
TH». A ,D;JIH IOBeJIHpHOrO ,n;eJIa TIOpro, no CJIOBaM Toro iRe aBTopa, rOTOBHJI
1I0Boe 3aKOHo,n;aTeJIbCTBO OTHOCHTeJILHO 30JIOTldX H cepeopHHLIX H3,D;eJIH:U,
I\OTopoe npe,n;rroJIaraJIo CBOOO,D;y TOprOBJIH C y IaCTHeM o<pHIJ;HaJIbHIdX «rrpo-
HP HKOB». (C 0 n do r C e t. Ope cit., p. 93.)
444
qACTb TPETbH. npOBAJI
MlIffiI1CTepCTBY, a B BHJ];e 6pornropbI aJ];BOKaTa ,[(eJIaRpya (paCCMaT-
pHBaLBmeH Bonpoc 0 meCTH RopnopaD;HHX H coxpaHeHHH HX rrpHBB-
JIerHi), ROTopaH 6bIJIa ony6JIHROBaHa B HHBape MeCHn;e 1.
eJIa1\pya He OTBe"flaeT Herrocpe CTBeHHO Ha aJ];RRT, TaR RaR OIl
e e He 6bIJI ony6JIHROBaH, II Ta'RHM 06pa30M HR06bI B03paiKaeT
BHro J];e CeHT-:<Kpya. RaR H CJIeJ];OBaJIO OiKHJ];a'TL, eJIaRpya aaHlIMa-
eT YJ];06HYro rr03HD;HID: OH corJIa'Ce,H, "flTO fCJIe,I(yeT lICrrpaBIrTb 3JIO-
yrroTpe6JIeHHH, HO npOBeCTH pe<POPMbI - He 3Ha"flHT yrrpa ' 3}J;HHTL.
OJ];HH 113 ero J];OBO,n;OB - Ra"fleCTBO pa6oT: pa60"flHe, He rrpome,n;IDHe
)1i"fleHH"fleICTBa, tHeYMeJIbI. pyroi ,n;O'Bo,n;-MOpaJIbHOrO 1II0pH,n;Ra; pe"flb
HJ];eT 0 rrpo<perCCHOHaJILHOH H COD;HaJIbIIOH aTIIKe: ToproBn;bI, BMeCTO
Toro "flTo6bI rrplfcToHHO iK,n;aTL rroRyrraTeJIei, npeBpa'THTcH B «pa3-
HOC"flHROB, 6e f ccTbI,n;HO BTopraro HxcH B ,n;OMa». 3aTeM CJIe,n;yeT no-
XBaJILHOe CJIOBO Crren;HaJIH3an;HH: 3a"fleM IIoRyrraTL mJIH'rry y carrOiK-
HHRa? OH ona'caeTCH Ta'Rme HarneCTBHH peMeCJIeHHHKOB B ropoJ];3
H 06e3JIID,n;eHHH ,n;epeBHH. CaMbIH HHTepecHbIH J];OBO,n; B B03pame ' HHHx
eJIaRpya, BoccTaro ero rrpoTHB BHro, CTOpoHHHRa n;eHTpaJIH3an;HH
((KpynHbIH npeJ];npHHHMaTeJIb J];o6HBaeTcH 60JILmerO pe3YJIbTaTa
C MeHbmHMH 3aTpaTaMH»), - aTO Bonpoc 0 :MeJIKHX rrpe,n;rrpHHTHHX,
KOTopDIe 6y,n;YT HMeTL ,n;OJIryro mH3Hb: « eHLrH TeRYT rro pa3HbIM
RaHaJIaM H o6eCne"flHBalOT MHoro CeMeH». B aTOM MeMyape HeT tIH-
CTO InOmITH"fle'CRHX :a;OBO OB, IH'eT ,IljOBo,n;a 0 OOn;HaJIb'HOM 3Ha"fleHlIB
Koprropan;HH RaK npOMemYTO"flHbIX 3BeHLeB, rrocpeJ];HHROB.
BorrpOCbI ,n;OpOiKHOH rrOBHHHOCTH H peMeCJIeHHbIX RoprropaD;HH
IIHTepeCOBaJIH JIro,n;oBHRa XVI. «ROPOJIb, - rrllmeT BID<p<POH rrOCJIe-
IIepBoro H3Y"fleHHH IIpoeRTa 0 ,n;OpOiKHOH rrOB'HHHOCTH, - npOHBHJI
B aTOM CJIY"flae OTerqeCRYro 3a6oTY 0 HapOJ];e». A MopeJIJIe rrHmeT
JIOp,n;y illeJI6epHY: «Bce 6LIJIR TPOHYTbI BHHMaHHeM H HHTepeCOM,.
KOTopLle ROpOJIL npOHBJIHJI B Te"fleHHe n;eJIbIX Tpex "flaCOB»2. B03pa-
meHHH MHpOMeHHJIH H OTBeTbI Tropro 6bIJIH rrepeJ];aHbI ROpOJIro «B
BOCRpe'ceHbe Be"flepOM, nepe,n; ymHHOM». A Ha J];pyroH ,n;eHL B 10 "fla-
COB OH HX yme rrpO"fleJI.
ROpOJIb J];BaiK,n;bI npO"flHTaJI caM 3J];HRTbI C HX J];JIHHHOH rrpeaM6y-
JIOH 11 3aXOTeJI, "flT06bI B rroHe}J;eJIbHHR Be"flepOM, 5 <peBpaJIH, HX rrepe-
"flHTaJIH ern;e pa3 Ha nOCJIe,n;HeM 3ace,n;aHHH ROMHTeTa. «B HHX J];OJIm-
Ha 6bITL BbIpameHa Barna BOJIH, a He BOJIH MHHHCTPOB», - c.Ka3aJl
eMY Mope1rra. A OH OT'BeTHJI eMY: «J! XO"flY xoporneHHRO y\6eAHThCH,
1 Del a c r 0 i x J. V. Memoire it consulter sur l'existence actuelle
des six corps et la conservation de leurs privileges. maK BeHcaH )J;e-
JIaKpya rrpOiRHJI ,IJ;OBOJIbHO OYPHYIO iRH3Hb II 6bIJI rrJIO,IJ;OBHTbIM JIHTepaTO-
pOM; B rO,IJ;bI PeBOJIIOIJ;HH OH H3,IJ;aBaJI, B tIaCTHOCTH, «Le Nouveau Specta-
teur».
2 IIHcbMo BIO<p<poHa OT 6 HHBapH rrpe3H,IJ;eHTY PIO<J>a (Ruffey) Cl\I. B:
F 0 n C in. Ope cit.; nHCbMO MopeJIJIe OT 4 HHBapH CM. B: M 0 r e 11 e t. Let-
tres it lord Shelburne, p. 95.
rJ1A BA IV. illECTb 8l/,HRTOB
445
---
QTO :3TO- MOe C06CTBeHHOe 06,u;YMaHHOe HaMepeHne, n TOr;a;a pemy» 1 .
nOHHTHO, "liTO Ha :3TOT pa3 ROpOJlb He OCTaJICH 6e3pa3JIH"IIHbIM, TaH
I\aK pe"llL mJIa 0 ROHRpeTHbIX Bonpocax, 3aTpOHYBillBX ero !Boo6pa-
»\eIIIf,e 1I "IIYBCTBa. IIoHHTHo TaRiKe, "liTO OH npHHHJI pemeHHH TIOpro,
nOTOMY "liTO OHH COOTBeTICTBOBaJIH ero ;a;06pbIM IIOiKeJ.IaHHHM JilJIH no
MeHLmeH Mepe TOMY MHeHHro, RaRoe OH Ic , e6e COCTaBBJI 0 HHX, a
e e 60JILme TOMY, ROTopoe eMY XOTeJIOCL BH;a;eTL Y )];pyrHX. JIro)];O-
BHK XVI, HeCOMHeIIHO, CTpeMHJI'CH IIocTynaTL BceM Ha 6JIaro, HO
60JILme Blcero eMY XOTeJIOCL npOCJIbITL 6JIarOTBOpn;eM. RaR H B ;a;eJIe
c napJIaMeHTOM, OH CTaHOBHJICH Ha TY CTOPOHY, r)];e )];YMaJI Y)];OBJIe-
TBOpHTL "IIaHHIIH HapO)];a II TeM 'caMblM 3a ' CJIYiKHTL 6JIarO;a;apHOCTb
II rrorrYJIHpHOCT:b. B HeM YiKHBaJIaCL CMeCL 3a I CTeH"IIH'BOH ;a;06pOTbI C
yrpIOMbIM :3rOn;eHTpH3MOM H XHTpblMH H HalfBHblMH nOBa;a;n:aMIt
p;eMarora.
ITepHo;a; npaBHTeJILCTBeHHOH pa3paOOTRH npoen:Ta 6MJI ;a;OJIor II
THHYJI'CH C caMblX nepBblx ;a;HeH HHBapH )];0 6 <peBpaJIH, B :3TOT ;a;eH:b
Ha HerM rrOCTaHHJIH [[OCJIe HHe IIIOP;,IIHClI, a. 9-ro nepe aJIII .B TIapJIa-
MeHT. OR, nO-BH)];HMOMY, He Bbl'3BaJI cepLe3HbIX cnopOB, TaR Ral B
aTOM ;a;eJIe ROpOJIL nOiKeJIaJI Bblpa3HTL CBoe co6CTBe ' HHoe MHeHHe.
MHpOMeHHJIL cocpe;a;OTOlIHJI CBOH YCHJIHH Ha ;a;OpOiKHOH nOBHHHO-
CTH, a no nOBO)J;Y )];PyrHx rrpoeRTOB BLICRa3aJI JIHmL He'3'HalIHTeJIL-
HbIe 3aMe"t{aHHH. C ;a;PyroH CTOpOHbI, OH BblcTyrraJI B ;a;e6aTax MeHee
meCTKO, lIeM B nHCLMeHHLIX 3aMelIaHHflX.
OH YiKe 6eper CHJIbI ;a;JIH ,HaCTOflm;eH 6HTBbI. «BoT n:TO HBJIHeTCH
rJIaBHOH IIPYiKHHOH BOJIHeHHH IIapJIaMeHTa», - IIIImeT 0 HeM BeplI
YiKe 3 q,eBpaJIH. CeH-mepMeH npOHBHJI HImn;HaTJliBY, npe;a;JIOiKHB
HOBYIO ICHlCTeMY - ;a;OCTOHHLIH nJIO;a; ero opHrHHaJILHOrO YMa, - 1\0-
TopaH 3aHJIIOlIaJIaCL B II peJIOiKeHHH )];OPOiKHOH IIOBHHHOCTH Ha
BOHCRa rrpH YCJIOBHH YBeJIHlIeHHH HM OIIJIaTbI.JI, ROHe"tfHO, He YCTY-
naH BJIaCTH 2 . Bce MHHHCTpLI epiKaJIHqL Bpam;a;e6Ho-BbIiKH,u;aTeJIL-
HOH n0'3Hn;HH. TOJILRO MaJIL3ep6 HCRpeHHe IIO)];)J;epiKIIBaJI Tropro;
O;a;HaRO OH COBeTOBaJI eMY p;eHCTBOB TL He TaR 6MCTpO H He TaR
pemHTeJI:bHO: «BbI MOrJIH 6LI Roe C lIeM nOBpeMeHHT:b; MOrJIH 61>1
OCTHI'HYTL ROe-lIero HHalIe, nOCTeneHHO, H ' e3aMeTHO, paCTHHYB 3TO
Ha TpH-lIeTblpe ro;a;a...» TIOpro OTBeTHJI: «ITopaiKeHHbIH namHM
u \
ceMeHFblM He;a;yroM, Mory JIB H Ha;a;eHTLCH, "liTO Y MeHH xnaTHT Bpe-
MeHH?»3.
1 V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 397.
2 CM.: Met r a. Ope cit., t. II, p. 319, 9 janvier 1776.
3 V e r i. Ope cit., 17 janvier. STOT OTBeT 06LIlIHO D;HTHpyeTcH B CO-
Rpam;eHHOM BH,n;e: «B Hameii ceMbe Bce YMHpaIOT B IIHTb,n;ecHT JIeT». IIo
3HD;HH MaJlL3epOa H3BeCTHa TaKiI\e 110 ero lIepellHcKe Toro BpeMeHH C
TpIO,n;eHoM. Ma :b3ep6 npe,n;JIOmHJI BHeCTH HeCKOJILRO lIollpaBoR B 3,IJ;IIRT 0 ]J;O-
pomHoH IIOBHHHOCTH, a TaKme rrpOBeCTH ero perHcTpaD;HIo B IIaJIaTe J<oc-
BeHHLIX HaJIOrOB (BLIcmeM rro,n;aTHOM cy,n;e). TpIO,IJ;eH TeM BpeMeHeM CHOBa
o6peJI 6BIJIOe MymecTBo, HOO OTBeTMJI eMY BeCbMa pemMTeJThHLTM MPMV -
pOM. (CM.: Foncin. Ope cit., p. 430 et sui v.; Vignon. Ope cil., l. III,
p. 140.)
446
TJACTb TPETbH. npUBAJ1
OAHaRO OH J];efICTDOBaJI naR pa3 MeJJ;JIeHHO, II ero ;a;pY3bH B OJ];IlIl
rOJIOC yrrpeRaJIH ero II maJIeJIII 0 rrpOMeJJ;JIeHIIH. IIMeHHo ero Me)];JIM-
TeJILHOCTb H KpOrrOTJIHBOCTL B rOpa3)];O 60JILmeH CTerreHII, 'tJeM B03-
'pameHHH ero KOJIJIer H pa3JJ;YMLH ROpOJIH, 6LIJIH rrpHlIHHOH rrOTepn
neCROJILRIIX ;n;paron;eHHbIX HeJJ;eJIL. « Y 3Toro MHHIICTpa JJ;Ba He;a;O-
CTaTKa, - rrHmeT a66aT )];e Bepll, - rrepBLIU: on rr03BOJIHeT rrpoca-
'lJ:HBaTLCH CBe';a;eHIIHM 0 nOJJ;rOTaBJIHBaeMbIX HOBOBBe,n;eHHHX, - II
BTOpOii:: OH CJIHIDROM )];OJIfO RorraeT'CH B ;a;eTaJIHX».
Korre"tJrro, rra)];o TaI\me rrOMHHTL H 0 ero 60JIe3HH I. 12 HHBapH
TpIOJJ;eH CHOBa ITIICaJI B OTlIaHHHOM TOHe: «Heo6xo;a;1fMo TOPOITHTL-
CH... Me,n;JIHTeJILHOCTb npOBe,n;eHHH [3,n;HKTOB] B mH3Hb... rrOApLIBaeT
Y;Bame.HHe ,R HHM». Ero 3arrHCRII CTaHOBHTCH Bce 60JIee rreCCHlMHC-
THlIeCRIIMH: «By,n;LTe YBepeHbI, lITO HeT IIII O)];HOrO COBeTHIIRa B rrap-
JIaMeHTe, I{OTOPbIH He ClIHTaJI 6bI IIOHBJIeHlle 3)];HI{TOB KOIIn;OM Bame-
TO MHHHCTepCTBa» 2. Tropro OTBellaeT C pe3RocTLro, ROTOpyro He-
Tpy,n;HO IIOHHTL, II60 BO Bcex ero [Tpro,n;eHa] fOpLRIIX ceTOBaHHHX
He 6bIJIO HHRaROH ROHCTPYRTHBIIOH H;a;eH 3. K TOMY me Tropro 3HaJI
c caMoro HallaJIa, I\an:OH rrpneM om'H;a;aeT ero B rrapJIaMeHTe, 11 He
Hym,n;aJI'CH B HH<POpMRD;HH Tpro,n;eHa. MLI 3HaeM H3 ;a;enemH aHrJlIIH-
CHoro IIOCJIa CTopMOHTa, lITO reHepaJILHbIH KOHTpOJIep B CaMOl\f
HalIaJIe HHBapH ycTpOHJI ce6e 'CBH,n;aHHe C rrpe3H;a;eHTOM [rrapJIaMeH-
'Ta] ,n;'AJIllrpoM. Ho TOT OKa3aJICH HeCrOBOp"flHBbIM. IIocJIe )];OBOJILHO
6ypHoro paarOBopa o6e CTOpOHLI pa30mJIHCL, Y'CTaHOBHB CBoe nOJI-
Hoe HeCOrJIaCHe. l1,'AJIHrp paCC"flHTLIBaJI Ha HenpHMHpHMyIO OIIrrOalI-
qHro. Tropro - Ha KOpOJIeBCROe 3ace,n;aHHe rrapJIaMeHTa 4 .
1 16 HHBapH KOMMepqeCKHH eJIeraT 113 Bop o He Mor nOBH aTbCH C
Tlopro H3-3a o60CTpeHHH ero 60JIe3HII. BOJIbTep rrHmeT <PapiKecy 26 HHBa-
pH: «rOBOpHT, tJTO r-H TIopro OqeHb THiKeJIO 60JIeH». 8TH no p06HOCTH
UpHBO HT <POHceH. (F 0 n c i D. Ope cit., p. 407, n. 3.) BepH nHmeT B KOH-
e HHBapH: «H BH}J;eJI r-Ha Moperra, OH OqeHb o3a60qeH, He 3HaH, KaK Hai-
TH Tropro 3aMeCTHTeJIH Ha BpeMH HOBoro npllcTyrra rro arphI, H He XOqeT
cpe H B03HHKmHX CJIYXOB BbI3Ba Tb orraCeHII.JI 3a COCTOHHHe ero 3 O-
POBLH» .
2 F 0 n C i n. Ope cit., p. 405, 12 janvier 1.776.
3 «Bid rrpOCTO CMeeTeCb Ha,n;o MHOH... B npHBO HTe MeH.JI B yBhIHHe
BamHMH 6pe HHMH 0 ,n;OBepHH. HeYiKenH BLI YMaeTe... tJTO Y MeHH eCTb
BpeMH 06CYiK aTb, ,n;a e e rrHCbMeHHO, nO,IJ;06HhIe 6e3,n;eJIHD;Id?»
-4 ,D;erremy CTopMOHTa OT 10 HHBapH 1776 r. CM. B: D a kiD. Ope cit.,
p. 242; CM. TaKiKe: Archives de Lantheuil, carton 39. ITo coo6 eHHro Cena-
Ka e MeHJIaHa, PY3bH TlOpro YCTpOHJIH B 9TO BpeMH o6e,n;, qTo6hI CBeCTH
Tropro C rrepBbIM rrpe3:H)J;eHTOM JiI HeCKOJIbKHMH BJIHHTeJIbHbIMH napJIaMeH-
TapHHMH. Ho Tropro He CTapaJICH rrJIeHHTb CBOHX co6ece HHKoB. (8 en a c
de M e i 1 h a n. Considerations, p. 192.)
rJ1ABA v. ROPOJ1EBCROE 3ACEl{AHHE llAPJIAMEHTA
447
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aT020 c.aoea, 'liO .R, Teepo.
(,I:(HaJIOr ,I:(H PO C IIpHH eM ne ROHTli.
Sainte-Beuve. Nouveaux Lundis),
Bpam,n;e6HDle ,n;eii:cTBHH HalIaJIIICb em;e ,n;0 TOrO, HaR 3,n;HKTbI6bl-
Jl1I IIo,n;rrHcaHbl. 29 HHBapH rrapJIaMeHT 3aXBaTIIJI aHOHBMHYro 6po-
mropy 0 ,n;opomHOH rrOBHHHOCTH, nplIIIIICLIBaeMYro !\OH,n;opce H CBH-
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Bpomropa HalIHHaJIaCb CJIOBaMH, CJIymlIBilllIMH eii: TaHJf\e Ha3BaHH-
eM: «BJIarOCJIOBHM MHHHGTpa». Tropro"1f3'LHJI rrO"tlTH BeCb THpam,..
OCTaJIO'Cb TOJIbKO C )J;eCHTOK 3KaeMlIJIHpOB, HO 8Toro 6bIJIO )J;OCTaTOlI-
HO, lIT06bl Bbl ' 3BaTb IIH H)J;eHT 1.. Co BpeMeHII CBoero BOCCTaHOBJIe-
HHH rrapJIaMeHT yme HeCKOJIbKO pa3 HaKJIa,n;LIBaJI PYHY Ha rre-qaT-
HLle H3,n;aHHH, TO 6blJIII RaR 6bl IIepBLle rrpHMeTLI ero CHJIbI. TaR,
30 HroHH 1775-r. OH rrpllRa3aJI 113'DHTb ABe rrOJIHTHlIeCHlle 6pOillropbI:
«Apyr 3aKOHOB» «<L'\ami des Lois») 11 «!\aTexII3I1c rpamp;aHHHa»'
«<Le Catheehisme du Citoyen»). 8TH 6pomropLI, ROTopble 6bIJIO
OlIeHb Tpy,n;HO Ha3BaTb KpaMOJIbHbIMH, _IIOBTOpHJIII JIHillb H3JIro6-
JIeHHYro H)J;ero MaJIb3ep6a 06 0)J;06peHHH Han;HH H narrOMBlIaJIH, "tlTO'
3aKOHo,n;aTeJIbHaH BllaCTb rrpllHa)J;JIemaJIa He O,n;HHM KOpOJIHM, pa3
OHII lIa.CTO C03bIBaJIH reHepaJILHLle mTaTLI. 3a6aBHo 6bIJIO cMoTpeTb,
KaR rrapJIaMeHT B03My aeTcH BCHRHM OrpaHHQeHHeM KOpOJIeBCKOH
BJIaCTH, .Kor,n;a caM OH 'CJIymHJI pa3HTeJILHbIM IIpHMepoM TaHoro orpa-
HH"tIeHHH. 110 3TOMY cJIYlIaro TOBapH rrpoKypopa Cerbe yrroMHHYJI'
o «IIOKpOBe, I\OTOpbIM Hamil OCTopomHLle OTD;bl npIlHp:bIBaJIII Bee,_
1 CM.: V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 392 et 395.
448
TIACTb TPETbH. llPOBAJ1
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CBOH COI03. Hey,n;a"llJIHBLIH JIarapn CHOBa ORa3aJICH 3aMemaHHLIM B
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Ha CTpaHHD;ax «MepRIOp».
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Ba TO, TIT06bI 'CiKe"tlb H MeHH co BceMH MOHMH 6YMaraMH», - rr:nmeT
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C Ha-qaJIOM rrepBbIx 'CTbIlIeR B rrapJIaMeHTe BHOBL IIOHBHJICH ero
BeJIHRHH BOiK,n;:b ilIIH1H'D; f:(e ROHT,II, ROTO'poro IHe rryraJIH «HII
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CTpa,n;aH OT rro,n;arpbI, a C 1770 r. em;e R OT <PHCTYJIbI, pa,CTpaTHB
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;n;aJI, liTO Ha Hero 'CTpamHO CMOTpe'T:b». Ror,n;a OH rrOHBlIJICH B rrapJIa-
MeHTe - aTO 6bIJI npOCTO iKHBOH Tpyrr, 3aHYTaHRbIH B Mexa. Bo-
npe:hH pHTyaJIY OH nepeceRaeT 3aJI no ,n;HarOHaJIII, TaR RaR y He'ro
1 Roc qua i n. L'Esprit revolutionnaire avant la Revolution, p. 333;
G 0 m e 1. Ope cit., p. 147.
:2 «BoT YBH)J;HTe, Bce 3TO KOHqHTCH rrOCTaHOBJIeHHeM rrapJIaMeHTa».
3 B a c h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., 5 fevrier 1776. O)J;HaKo, no CJIOBaM CTOp-
MOHTa, OH Bce me ero Ha3BaJI (31 HHBapH).
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aeAOCTaeT CHJI 060HTH ero RpyroM 1. OH rpOMRO 3aHBJIHeT, 'tITO, ec-
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riapJlaMeHTa H nOCTeneHHoro B03pom eHHH ero BJIaCTH, nOCJIe npH-
.aRaHHH ero [KOHTH] HeocnopHMoro «JIHAepCTBa» pa3Be He Mor OR
.Ba'CJlam aT:bCH CBOHM Topme'CTBOM, He BlIa)]:aJl B 6emeHCTBO?
l\oe-R'TO nbITaJiCH 06'bH'CHHTb ero HpOCTHDIe HalIa RH Ha 3AHRTbI
JIH1IRbIMH 06CTOHTeJIbCTBaMli H ;n;eHemHbIMH HHTepecaMH. IIpe -
MeCT:be TaMnJIb, ROTOpbIM OH 'BJIa;n;eJI, 6bIJIO O;n;HHM H3 «npHBHJIerH-
pOBaHHbIX MeCT», r;n;e He eHCTBOBaJIH ToprOBbIe perJIaMeHTbI. «CBO-
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.Aoxo;n; OT C;n;allH BHaeM, RaR rOBOpHJIH, BbIpamaJICH B CYMMe 50 TbIC.
JIHlBpOB ,B ro;n;3. I1peWIOJIaralOT ;n;ame, liTO RMeHHO [[0 3TOH ll'pHlIHHe,
onacaHCb npoeRTa TlOpro H qYBCTBYH yrp03Y CBOH'M ;n;OXO;n;aM, OH
yme c anpeJIH 1775 r. IIbITaJICH opraHH30Ba'TL npOTHB MHHH'CTpa
IIpeBeHTHBHoe Hana;n;eHHe. MbI CRJIOHHbI ClIHTaTb, liTO 3TO OO'bHCHe-
HHe IIpH;n;ae1: CJIIIIDKOM 60JILmOe 3HalleHHe no601lHOMY coo6pame-
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YRa3bIBaJIH, lITO nO 03peH:O:H, I{OTOpbIe BbICKa3LIBaJIH IIO a;n;pecy
npHHn;a ;n;e KOHTH BO BpeMH «MyqHOH BOHHbI», He IIOJIYllHJIH HH
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;n;er6HOCTb Ii TlOpro. Ho rJIaBHbIM MOTHBOM ero Hp'OCTHOH 3HeprHlI
He 6bIJIH, HeCOMHeHHO, RH_JIIO ' 60Bb K HamHBe, HH 3JIOnaMHTHOCTb;
.oH 6bIJI 60JIee npHMo;n;ymHbIM H B CBoeM po;n;e 6oJIe ' e 6JIarOpO;n;HbIM.
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YXOBHHROM - a66aT IlpeBo4,-HecMoTpH Ha Bee 3TO, npHHn; OCT a-
1 Cap 0 n et PIe s s i s. Vie prlvee du prince de Conti, p. 165 et
.511; B a c h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., 2 novembre 1775; V e r i. Ope cit.,
p. 392.
2 ,lJ.oHeceHHe CTopMOHTa OT 7 <l>eBpaJIH 1776 r. CM. B: D a kin. Ope
-cit., p. 243.
.3 CM. nHCbMO rpacpa p;e Rpeii a rYCTaBY III, HTHpyeMoe B: S e g u r.
Ope ci t., p. 286.
4 «,l.I;YXOBHIIK Moii, TbI 'tlTO cMeembCH? H HHKorp;a He CJIymaIo Mec-
Ch!». - «A H KaK pa3, MOHceHbop, ee HHKorp;a H He cJlymy». - «B TaKOM
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TlI Ha3HaqI1JI eMY IIeHCIIlO B 1200 JlHBpOB. (CM.: Cap 0 n et PIe s s i s.
Ope cit., p. 138.)
29 3. <1>op
450
tIACTb TPETbH. npOBAJ1
eTCH y6el)K eHHbIM aHTHJIII6epaJIOM 11 npOTHBHHKOM nporpecca. OIl
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9KOHOMHRe, Ho ero aHTHJIH6epaJIH3M He cOBna ae'T c a6COJIIOTH3-
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pllll, a 3a HeBepHe B 60ra. On npOTIIBHHK peJIHrllH. On O'TCTaHBaeT
CBoe 6e36omlle C TaKIIM me pBeHlleM, KaR II ,n;pyrHe CBOH y6em,n;e-
HIIH, AO caMoro KOHD;a, II nepe,n; CMepT:bIO COBepmaeT nocTynoK, npll-
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o6pa3Y, ROTOpLIH OH CTapaTeJI:bHO C03,n;aBaJl ce6e Ha npOTHmeH1IH
Bceii CBoeH a\H3HH. OTRas OT n;epROBHoro nplltIaCTIIH IIOIICTHHe BeH-
qaeT CTOJIL Heo6LItInyIO II HaMepeHHO CRaH aJILnyIO iKII3H:b.
B nepBLIH H, BepOHTHO, IIOCJIe,n;HHH pa3 B IICTOpHII npllHn; RpO
BII nomeJIaJI YMepeTL HepaCKaHBIDIIMCH rpeIDHHKOM. EMY rrpmIlI-
CbIBalOT CJIe,n;YIO He nOCJIe,n;nHe CJIOBa: «M36aB:bTe MenH OT 9Toro
,n;JIIIHHOrO qeJIOBeRa B qepHOM, OH MHe Ha,n;oeJI»2.
IIpHIID; YMep 2 aBrYCTa 1776 f. B BospaCTe IIHTH,n;eCHTH ,n;eBHTD
neT. ECJIH 6bI 9TO npOH30IDJIO Ha nOJIro,n;a paH:bme, 6HTBa 3a a,n;HK-
TDI pa3BepHYJIaCL 6bI 6es Hero. Bee C06bITHH' anH30 HlIeCROH IrCTO-
pHH 060palIHBaJIHC:b npOTIIB TIOprb.
C TaKHM CTpaTerOM CJIe,n;OBaJIO eHcTBOBaT:b OCMOTpIrTeJlLHO.
IIpaBHTeJI:bcTBo BH,n;eJIO, liTO ero yme 06rOHHIOT. 1109TOMY 6bIJIO
pemeno C9KOHOMHT:b BpeMH II «nOCJlaT:b a,nHKTbI cpa3Y na nepra-
MeHTe, He OTnpaBJIHH HX npe,nBapHTeJIbITO na 6YMare, ,n;JIH H3yqCHHH
rJIaBHbIM JIIID;aM». STO c,neJIaJIH BonpeKII COBeTaM TpIO,n;eHa, KO'POpbIB
1. OB TeM 60JIee peBHOCTHO OTHOCHJICH K CBoeMY ROpOJIeBCROMY npo-
IICXOlli)];eHHIO, 'tJTO 3aROHHOCTb ero pOiK)];eHHH 'tJaCTO CTaBHJIH no)]; COMHeHHe.
2 8TO OTHOCHJIOCb R c.Bflm;eHHHKY - HaCTOHTeJIIO TaMIIJIH. (CM.:
Cap 0 n et PIe s s i s. Ope cit., p. 316.) QTo6LI C06JIIOCTH npHJIH'tJHe, CBH-
TLie )];aphl BHeCJIII B O)];HY )];Bepb H BhIHeCJIII B pyryIO.
rJ1ABA v. HOPOJIEBCROE 3ACEp'AHHE IIAPJIAIUEHTA
451
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nee CJIOBO: BLI,n;eJIHT:b pa3YMHoe BpeMH Ha peMOIrCTpan;1l1I, eCJIII na p-
na:MeHT HX npe,n;CTaBHT, II rrOCJIe aTOB OTCpOllRH Ha3Ha"IHTL ROpOJIeB-
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9-ro, B nHTHHD;y, YTPOM a,n;HKTLI 6LIJIH nepe,n;aHDI B napJIaMeHT,
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;n;YXOM CHCTeMaTHlIe.CKOH onn03Hn;HH, 'tITO OB rJIy6oKo 1f3yqaeT Bce
BonpOCLI H OTBepraeT JIHm:b TO, liTO ClIHTaeT pemHTeJI:bHO HenpHeM-
JIeMLIM. HaHBnLIH ROH,n;opce nOnaJICH Ha 3TY y,n;OllKY. «IIpe,n;rroJIa-
raIOT, 'tITO Bce o6oii,n;eTCJI 6JIarOnOJIyqHO», - nHmeT OH BOJI»Tepy.
O,n;HaKO npHHD; ,n;e KOHTH, XOTH H eJIe mHBoH, TaC[KaeTCH Ha Bce
co6paHlIH KOMHccapoB. Ho ROH,n;opce BeCeJIO '3aKJIlOlIaeT: «CKOJI:bRO
6LI IIH CTapaJICH 3TOT npHHn;, OB H ,n;opomHaJI nOBHHHOCT:b YH,n;YT H3
a\H3HH BMeCTe».
B cy660TY 17 4>eBpaJIH naJIaTbI CHOBa co6HpaIOTcH II npHCTY-
rralOT K H3yqeHHIO a,n;HIiTa 0 ,n;opomHoH nOBHHHOCTH. reH'epaJI:bHLIH
npOIiypop npe,n;CTaBHJI He6JIarOnpHHTHoe nHC:bMeHHOe 3aRJIlOlIeHHe.
KOMHccapLI (cero,n;HH MLt CRa3aJlH 6LI 0 HHX «ROMHCCHH») B IDID;e
CBoero ,n;OKJIa,n;lIHKa Carore (Sahuguet) BLICKa3aJIHC:b B TOM me ,n;y
xe. IIporoJIocoBaJIH, pemHJIH no,n;aT:b KOpOJIIO peMOHCTpan;HIO H
CHOBa BLI6paJIH KOMHc'capOB ,n;JIH ee COCTaBJIeHHH. BellepOM Toro me
n;HJI 6:bIJIO npHHHTO aHaJIOflPIHOe pemeHHe OTHOCHTeJI:bBO OCTaJI:b-
HLIX a,n;HnTOB.
TeM i3peMeHeM ,n;eJIO ROII,n;opce nOCJIymHJIO HalIaJIOM MaJIeH:bKOH
BOHHbI c n;eH3ypoi, pa3BepnYBmeBcH napaJIJIeJI:bHO C rJIaBHbIMH
onepan;HHMH. BCJIe,n; 3a ,IJ:eJIaKpya peMeCJIeHHLIe Ropnopan;HH pe-
mHJIH BLmYCTHT:b O,n;HB 3a ,n;pyrHM 06 He HJIH O'T,n;eJI:bHbIe MeMyapbI.
CaM l(eJIaI-\pya, YCHJIHBaH HamHM, npH6aBHJI K CBoeMY nep'BOHa-
qaJI:bHOMY TeKCTY e e CeM:b CTpaHHn; HH-KBapTO II orry6JIHROBaJl
CJIOBO B 3a HTY nopTHLIX 1. 3HaMeHHTbIH JIeHre He XOTeJI OTCTa-
1 ITo MHeHIIIO ,n;eJIaRpya, ynpaa)];neHIIe l'(exa nopTHHX Ha:l!eCeT po-
KOBOB y,[(ap HpaBaM, noo Tor,n;a MymqHHLI CMorYT o6mllBaTh meHIB;HH II
meH HHbI MymQHH: «rpy6bIe MymcKHe PYKII 6Y)];YT o6xBaTbIBaTe HemHYIO
meHcKYIO TaJIIHO... HeCI\pOMHbIH B30p He 6y eT aHaTb rrperpa.rr; n@)]; npep;JIOrOM
TOQHOrO 06Mepa...» AeJIaKpya, KaK BH)];HO, aa6bIJI, aaMeQaeT Merpa
2Q
452
qACTh TPETbH. npOBAJ]
BaTb OT )J;pyr:HX, HO Iie MOr IIO)J;IIHCaTb MeMyapa KaK a,n;BOKaT, H6o-
6bIJI JIHmeH aToro 3BaHHH, H HaII,ella1'aJI ero IIO,n; 3arOJIOBKOM « Pa3-
MbIIIIJIeHHH 0 meCTH IIapnmCKHX nopIIopa HHX, 06 YIIpa3,n;HeHHB
n;exoBoH CHCTeMbI». OH OTbICKHBaJI aHaJIorlPlHble CJIyqan B HCTOPHB'
ErHIITa, PHMa, KHTaH H AHrJIHH, HO 6bIJI 60JIee YMepeH, lIeM 06bI"tI-
HO. HaIIHCaJI OH e e H MeMyap 0 6eJIOmBeHKax, r,n;e COIIepHHlIa.r.u
B CMeXOTBopHbIX MOpaJIbHbIX paccym,n;enHHX C ,[(eJIaHpya, HOTOpbIH
IIHCaJI 0 CMeiKHOH npo.peccHH. IIoHBHJIHCL TaKme « Pa3M:bIIIIJIeHII
o MaCTepaX-IIOpTHbIX», COqHHeHHe a,n;BOKaTa ,[(IOTO, COqHHeHHe JIe-
pya e MOHTeKJIII .0 rpaBepaX-pe3qHKaX II ;u;p. «Kam,n;bIH CTapaJICH,.
KTO BO liTO rOlpa3A», - 3aMeqaeT BamOlM'OH.
TlOpro pemlIJI, liTO OHII IIpeBbICHJIH BCHKYIO Mepy. Be3 COMHe-
BIIH, OH 6:bIJI TaKme B03My eH OCKop6JIeHHeM, HaHeCe/HHbIM ero ,n;py-
ry KOH,n;opce. 21 cpeBpaJIJI OH HaIIHCaJI MlIpOMeHIIJIIO, IIOmaJIOBaJICB
Ha a,n;BOKaTOB, CTpOllllBmHX MeMyapbI, 11 IIoTpe6oBaJI npHMeHeHHS
caHK HH. MHpOMeHHJIL OTBeTHJI eMY C HarJIOCTblO, 'CBH,n;eTeJIbCTBYIO-
n(eH 0 TOM, HaCKOJILKO HCnOpTHJI1ICb HX OTHomeHH.s:: «Cy,n;apb, y
Bac nJIOXaH IIaMHTb». 06 aTOM ;n;eJIe yme BeJIHCL pa3rOBopbI, H Mo-
perra, MaJlL3ep6 II TlOpro pemHJIH HHqerO He npe,n;rrpHHHMaTL. «J.I
Bcer,n;a nOqTY 3a y,n;OBOJlLCTBHe COBem;aTLCJI C BaMH 060 BceM,
QTO KacaeTCH CJIym6bI KOpOJIIO» 1. Ha ;u;pyroH ;n;eHL, 22 <!>e'BpaJIH,,.
COBleT nOCTaHOBHJI 3anpeTHTL lIeTbIpe yI(a3aHHbIe 6pomlOpbI. oTa
cypOBaH Mepa He MOrJla npHHeCTH HHKaKOH nOJIL3bI. TaKOH MepOB
TlOpro, Ka3aJIOCL, OTpH aJl CBOH c06CTBeHHbIH JIIr6epaJIB3M, liTO.
BbI3BaJIO KPHTHKY co CTOpOHbI aBTopOB 11 ;n;ame KpyroB, He OTHOCHB-
mHX!CH Bpam,n;e6HO K TlOpro. B aTOM He3HallllTeJIbHOM anH30;n;e OH
BH,I(HMO, YTpaTWI CBoe XJIa,l];HOKpOBHe, KaK aTO 6bIJIO nepe,n; TeM B
,I(eJIe ;u;e BaHa.
ITapJlaMeHT, C06JIIO,n;aH YCTaHOBJIeHHYIO €POPMY, rrpnrOBOpHJI
16 cpeBpaJIJI K commeHHIO «KapMaHHoe 60rOCJIOBHe» a66aTa Bep-
BLe, BnpOqeM HanHcaHHoe paHee. OTO pemeHBe He 3aTparllBa-
JlO Henocpe,n;CTBeHHO 9KOHOMHCTOB, HO CBBAeTeJl:bCTB:OBa'JlO 0 CTpeM-
JIeHHH napJIaMeHTa YKpenHTL COI03 C ,n;yxo eHCTBOM. «TOBapH
tITO cYII:(ecTBYIOT meHCKHe nopTHbIe, HanpHMep 3HaMeHlfTbIH CnrJIH. q TO'
KacaeTCH JIeHre, TO OH OTMetIaeT, tITO «nOCJIe KpH3Hca, CBH3aHHOfO C Ha-
meCTBHeM aHfJIH'tIaH... KapJI VII CMOTpeJI Ha KopnopaD;HIO 6eJIOmBeeK KaK
aa OP;HO H3 caMbIX cnaCHTeJIhHbIX ytIpemp;eHHH», H npep;cKa3bIBaeT «OnaCHOe
ID;erOJIbCTBO, Korp;a nopoK 6yp;eT cKpbIBaThcH nop; BHP;OM peMeCJIa, 'tITo6bI H3-
6emaTb CKaHp;aJIa...». 8TH COBpeMeHHbIe QHD;epOHbI, p:06aBJrHeT MeTpa, H3Ae-
BaIOTCH Hap; TeMH, KTO nJIaTHT HM 3a TaKYIO CTpHIlHIO. (M e t r a. Ope cit.,.
t. II, p. 425 et suiv., 16 mars 1776.)
OCTpflKIi BOCnOJIb30BaJIHCb CJIy'tlaeM, 'tITo6bI npep;CTaBHTb MeMyap -OT
HMeHII KpOJIHKOB, OKa3aBmHXCH nO}J; yrpo30H YHH'tITomeHHH B CHJIY npHKa38.
aBTopCTBOM ROToporo TaR rOpp;HJICH JIIOP;OBHK XVI. KpOJIHKH CCbIJIaJIHCh Ha
c.Boe eII:(e 60JIee p;peBHee npOHcxomp;eHHe, 'tIeM KopnopaD;HH. B PyroH BYJIh-
rapHOH mYTKe acceHH3aTopLI BbIpamaJIH onaceHlfe, KaK 6LI KOHJ];HTepLI Be
CTaJIH cOnepHHtIaTb C HUMH.
1 S C hell e, t. V, p. 255-256.
rJ1A1!A V. KOPOJ1EBCROE 8ACEl{AHHE nAPJ1AMEHTA
453
--
IIPO:Kypopa CerLe, KOTOpbIH Terrepb SalfCKHBaeT rrepe,n; ,n;YXOBeH-
CT'BOM, npOHSHeC B B:bICmeB CTeneHH XaUmeCKYIO 06BHHHTeJI:bHYIO
pelIb» 1. TaKHe IIpeCJIe,n;OBaHHH (cy,n; IDaTJIe B CBOIO ollepe,n;:b o6py-
JIlUJI'CH Ha HOBOe HS,n;aHHe pa60T:bI, paSpemeHHOH e e B 1760 r.)
IIMeJlH TaKme CBoeH n;eJl:bIO IIOCTaBHTL B saTpy,n;HHTe LHoe IIOJlOme-
nue JleBTeHaHTa nOJI RH AJI:b6epa, 60JI:bIDOrO ,n;pyra TlOpro. TreM
BpeM,eHeM TIopro nOCBH aJl CBOH pe,n;KHe cBo6o,n;H:bIe MHHYTbI I\OH-
q.Jl1II\TY c 6esaHcoHcKHM napJlaMeHTOM, 'OOBeTHIIKH ROToporo YTBep-
»(J);aJlH, liTO OHH oCBo6om,n;eID>I OT ynJla TLI TaJlLH 2.
23 <peBpaJIH, Ha ,n;pyroB ,n;eHb nocJle nOCTaHOBJleHHH COBeTa,
aanpeTHBmero MeMyap:bI 0 Kopnopan;HHX, napJIaMeHT c,n;eJIaJl OTBeT-
HbIB XO,n;, ocy,n;1IB 6pOIDIOPy, OSarJlaBJleHHyIO «0 Hey)];o6cTBax .peo-
AaJlbH:bIX npaB», nOHBJIeHHe KOTOpOH npHnHCbIBaJlH BJlHJIHIlIO TIOp-
roo ,l(eHcTBHTeJlbHO, BbIHCIIHJlOCb, "lITO pYKonHCL 6bIJla nepe,n;aH8
KHHrOH3,n;aTeJIIO lIHHOBHHKOM reHepaJlbHOrO KOHTpOJlH no HMeHH
BOHcep<p. 3a aTO ,n;eJlo 9HeprHQHO BSHJlCH rrpHHD; ,n;e ROUTH. KHlIro-
HS}J;aTeJlb nOJIyqHJI pa'spemeIIHH n;eHsopa. Ero 'c06:o:paJlflfCL ynOJIHT:b.
«IIpHiKMHTe ero xopomeHLKO, - CKaSaJl IIpllHIJ;; - 9TO MomeUHHK)}.
CTaJlH pa3:bICKHBaTL D;e ' H30pa, CHallaJla ,n;yMaJlH, liTO 9TO IIH,n;aHca
1J;e Mepo6ep, saTeM - JIepya ,n;e CeUHeBHJlL, a,n;BOKaT, H3BeCTHbIii
CBOHMH CHMnaTHHMH K 9KonOM:mCTaM. Ho OTB'eTCT'BeHHbIM OKa3aJlCH
J];pyroB a,n;BOKaT - ROK'eJIe ,n;e illocnLep. OH aaHB,HJI, liTO onpaB,n;a-
HHeM eMY cJlymHT IIHCLMO TlOpro, KOToporo, O,n;'HaRO, y HJero He OK a-
3aJlOICb. RHHra BOHcep«pa He 6bIJla OllenL pesKOH. On OCYiK,n;aJI Be
nOlleTHbIe npnBHJIerHH II SeMeJlLH:bI'e peHTLI, a TOJlbKO caMbIe apxa-
IIQHLIe npaBa: 6aHaJlHTeTLI, nOmJlH:ay, ynJlatIHBaeMYIO ceHbOpy ,n;ep-
maTeJle'M npH nepexo,n;e SeMJlH B ,n;pyrHe pyKH, ceHbOpHaJlLmIe
peHTLY H 6al'II(H:ay.
ABTOP YTBepm,n;aJl, "ITO 9TH nepemKTKH nplf1lHUHIOT ney,n;o6C'TBa
caMOMY ceHLOpy, KOTOpbIH HSBJleKaeT H3 HlIX OQeHD He6oJlLmOH ,rr;o-
Xo,n;. II npe,rr;JlaraJI He ynpas,n;HeHHe 9THX npaB, a BLIKYII.
OR yKaS:bIBaJI, B lIaCTHOOTH, na nOJIOmeHHe cepBOB 'B CeH-RJlo,rr;e,
o KOTOpOM eMY COo6ID;HJI a,n;BoKaT RpHCT9H, ,n;pyr BOJlbTepa. «IIy6-
JIHKa C HHTepe'COM npoll1ITaJla 9TY 6pomlOpy, - OTMerqaeT BepK,-H
YBH,n;eJla, "ITO aBTOp He n:pe,n;JIaraJl Hlf1Iero npOTHBO'3aKOHHOrO)}.
TOBapH npoKypO'pa Cerbe, BnpOlleM, YTOItJJHHJI, liTO caM OH
yoneJI TOJIbKO npOCMOTpeTb aTY pa60T'Y, 11 06B.HHHJI npem,u;e Bic'ero
9ROHOMHCTOB, «IIapTHIO, BTaHHe Me"ITalOID;YIO 0 IIepeBOpOTe». BLIJIO
pemeHo ,6pOOIIIOPY 'CiKe"IL, a ee aBTOpa npUBJIellb :K cy,n;y. TIOpI'O
npe,n;npHHHJI pemUTeJlLH:bIe marK, H 4 MapTa KOpOJlb B '3anHCKe nep-
BOMY npeSH,n;eHTY HanUCaJl: «.fI BeJleJl ,n;aTL MHe OTlIeT 06 9THX pe-
meHIIHX II BLIpamaIO iKeJraHHe, 1ITo6bI MOB napJlaMeHT He ,rr;aBaJI 11M
HIIKaROrO oJ];a». OH nOBTOpllJl ClBOB npRKa3 6 MapTa 11 pacnopH-
1 B a c h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., 25 fevrier.
2 B CHJIY npHBHJIerHH, nO)J;TBepmp;eHHoii BO BpeMH npHcoe)J;HHeHHJI
<I>paHm-RoHTe. CM.: Met r a. Ope cit., t. II, p. 383, 16 fevrier.
454
'lACTb TPETblI. IfPOBAJ1
HJICH, TITo6bI He BbIHOCHJIH HHI\aI\oro OCYiK,rr;eHHH, nOI\a aMY 06
aTOM ne ,rr;OJIOmaT ('Iepe3 renepaJlbnOrO npOHypopa). « q TO ,rr;o r-Ha
Tropro, - rrHmeT BOJlbTep, - TO OH XOAHT C llH)];OM ,n;peBHero PHM-
JIHHHHa» 1.
Becb aTOT mYM C03)];aJI EOHcep<py HeoiKH,rr;aHnyro CJIaBY. Epo-
mropa 6bIJIa H3,rr;aHa Ha HeCKOJIbKHX H3bIKax.
12 arrpeJIH o6pa30Ban l HbIH npeJIaT eUHCKon OpanmcKHH IO
THHe narrncan Tropro: «3TO lITeHHe HCrrOJIHHJIO MOIO ,n;ymy CJIa,rr;oCT-
HLIM YTemeHHe:M: If BeJIIPlaHmeH Ha)];em.n;on... ,n;a 6y,rr;eT TpHiK,rr;bI
6JIarOCJIOBe'H TOT, KTO 1I306peJI aTY cHcTeMY...» II O)];HaKO, pacupo-
cTpanenHIO aTOH P;OBOJIbHO CYXOH 6pOillropbI npHUHCaJIH neI\oTopbIe
CTOJIHI10BeHHH, npoHcmep;mHe MeiK.n;y I\peCT:bJIHaMH 11 fiX CeH:bO-
paMII 2 .
B TO BpeMH KaK KpH3HC rrpU6JIHiKanCH K CBoeH BbIcmeH TOlIKe,
CTOpOHHHKH pe<POPM nepemJIH B HacTyrrJIeHHe. B pH<pMOBa HOH
aJIJIerOpHH rro,n; Ha3BaHHeM «Ce30CTpHC» * - KOTOpaJI RameTCH HaM
cero,n;HH BeC:bMa nJIOCKOH - BOJIbTep rrpH3bIBaJI JIIO,n;oBHRa XVI
(Ce30cTpHca), pyKOBop;HMoro ero reHHeM (Tropro), H36paT:b ce6e
B crrYTHHKH My,n;pOCT:b BMeCTO CJIa,n;ocTpacTHH (p;BOp). IIoHBHJIac:b
6poIDropa «0 «pHHancax, IIJIII RpoBaBaH ,rr;HaTpn6a npOTHB rene-
paJI:bHbIX oTKyrrm;1IKOB H npOTHB 3JIoyrroTpe6JIeIDIH «pHcRaJI:bHOH
liIHRBH3Hn;HH». 3aHHBmHcb rrOHCKaMH, apy,rr;,HT:bI ,rr;ora,rr;aJIHC:b narrOM-
HHTb, qTO B arroxy reHpHxa IV, B pemaIOIIJ;De ro,rr;bI CTaHOBJIeHUH
peMeCJIeHH:bIX n;eXOB, a HMeHHO B 1582 H 1583 rr., napJIaMeHT ne
pa3 BOCCTaBan rrpOTHB aToro HOBOBBe,rr;eIDIH. OH OTBepraJI Tor,rr;a RaK
rH6eJI:bnyIO ,I(JIH na po,rr;a Mepy TO, liTO cero,rr;HH 3aIIJ;H aeT RaK 06m;e-
CTBeHHoe 6JIaro; BbI,rr;epiKKH H3 CTapbIX rrOCTaHOBJIeH.HH rre l penelIa-
T:bIBaJIH 6e3 KOMMeHTapHeB. IIapJIaMeHTapHH B rrOHCKax OTBeTH:bIX
y apoB CO CBoeH CTOpOHbI OTKOrraJIH pelIH TIOpro B Cop60HHe II,
CTapaJIC:b OCTaBHTb 3a C060H rrOCJIe',rr;Hee CJIOBO,' pa'crrpOCTpaHHJIH
1 I1HCLMO BOJIbTepa OT 28 <peBpaJIH (r-HY e BaHY) 11 3anHcRY ROpOJIlI
OT 4 MapTa CM. B: S C hell e, t. V, p. 271. 060 BceM 9TOM AeJIe B n;eJIOM CM.:
Met r a. Ope cit., 2 mai 1776 (KOTOpLIH npHIIlICLIBaeT H306JIJlQeHlIe n;eJIlI-
ROM IIpHHn;y }J;e KOHTH); B a C h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., 24-25 fevrier - 1 er
mars. «<I1POCTO HenOHHTHO, KaK OHH MOrJIH nOCTaHOBHTL pa30pBaTL 11 CmeQb
TaKYro HHQTOmUYIO 6pomropy... KaK 6LI rJIYIIa H c.KyqHa OHa Hn 6LIJIa, Bce
8TO C03p;aJIO eft nOIIYJIHpHOCTb».) Ha aTY TeMY BOJILTep HanlICaJI ABa naM<pJIe-
Ta B <popMe IIHceM, ap;peCOBaHHbIX r-HY Cerbe npenO}J;06HLlM OT OM I10JIH-
RapnOM II PyrHM MOHaXOM. (CM.: F 0 n C i n. Ope cit., liVe III, chap. VIII;
Archives Lantheuil.)
2 MapKHS e BH6p9 3aCaAlIJI B TropLMY RpeCTLHHHHa, OTKa3aBmerOClI
ynJIaTHTb n;eH3 (QHHm). TorAa TpHA aTb HJIH COpOK ero 3eMJIHKOB BOOpy-:.
mHJIHCb 11 oca}J;HJIH 3aMOK ceHbopa, H TOT c6emaJI. B aTOH p;epenue qlITaJIB
aK3eMnJIHp 6pomropLI. (CM.: Met r a. Ope cit., t. II, p. 421, 3 mars 1776;
Car r e)# Sag n a C et L a vis s e. Op. cit., p. 45. 06 IIH lI,J;ell1'e BO BJIap;e-
HHHX repl'(ora MopTeMapa CM.: Met r a. Ope cit., t. III, p. 23, 6 avril 1776.
CM. TaKme aJIee, rJIaBa v.
* 0,H;1I0 B3 HMeH eruueTCKoro <papaOHa PaMceca II (1317-1251 rr. o
H. 9.). - IlpuM. peo.
rJIABA V. ROPOJ1EBCROE 8ACEl{AHHE nAPJ1AMEHTA
455
OTpbIBOK, B ROTOpOM TlOpro HR06bI ocym)];aJI )];yx CHCTeMbI: «JIIO)];H,
B o6 eM:, C03)];aHbI JIH rrOHCI\OB H 3I\'CrrepHMeHTOB...» - MHeHHe, B
KOTOpOM MbI CerO)];HH Hie BH)];HM HHlIero, liTO 6bI rrpOTHBOpellHJIO
pe<popMaM )];OpOmHOH rrOBHHHOCTH H n;eXOBOH CH'CTeMbI. Ero pHTO-
pHqeCRHM B3JIeTaM rrpH)];aBaJIH CRpbITbIH CMbICJI, H306pamaH ero «re-
HueM, I\OTOpbIH paCCMaTpHBaeT 3aROHbI I\aK CBoe TBopeHHe H y KOTO-
poro CaMOJII06He H JII060Bb R 06 eCTBeIIHOMY 6JIary CJIHBaIOTCH BO-
e HHO...» «On CBH31>IBaeT Bce 3BeHLH rocy,napCTBeHHoro ynpaBJIe-
HHH: peJIHrHIO, I{OHCTHTyn;HIO rocy)];apCTBa, rpam)J;aHCI{YIO mH3HL-
TbICHlILIO Y3JIOB, I{OTOpbIe npH)];eT'CH HeH36emHO pa3py6HTL, TO e'CTL
pa3pymHTL rocy)];apCTBO, Bce CHJIbI ROToporo CJIymaT onopOH I{am-
1J;oro OT)];eJILHOrO 3aI{OHa». STO 6bIJI caMbIH OTBJIelleHHbIH H caMbIH
YlITHBbIH anH30,n: pa3BepHYBmeHCH 6HTBbI ] .
IIaJIaTbI napJIaMeH1'a CHOBa C06paJIHCb 2 MapTa 11 O.U;06PHJIH pe-
MOHCTpan;HH I{OpOJIIO. 4 MapTa MaJIL3 1 ep6 npHHHJI )];eUYTan;HIO 11
nOJIy"tJHJI OT Hee TeR!CT.
PeMoHcTpan;HH paCCMaTpHBaJIH TPH np06JIeMbI: ynpa3 HeHHe
n;eXOB, OTMeHY opomHoH nOBHHHOCTH H, HaI{Orren;, «paBHOe pac-
npe)];eJIeHHe TaJILH» (TO eCTL 06JIOmeHHe BOpHHCTBa HaJIOrOM,
BBO)];HMbIM BM'e'CTO opomHOH rrOB1:IHHOCTH). 7 MapTa HOBaH )];erry-
Tan;HH nOJIyqWIa OTBeT ROpOJIH, COCTaBJIeHHbIH MHpOMeIDIJIeM 11
HCnpaBJIeHHbIH JIIO)];OBHROM XVI. STOT OTBeT, 3allHTaHHLIH Ha py-
rOB )];e.Hb napJIaMenTY, yRa3l>maJI, lITO «peMOHCTpan;HH He aaTpa-
rHBaIOT HH O)];HOrO Bonpoca, I{OTOPLIH He 6bIJI 61>1 aapaHee pac'cMoT-
peH H rJIy60 0 rrpO)];YMaH». Ra'caHcL caMoro 60JILHOrO Bonpoca,
KOpOJIL rrO)];1IepRHYJI, lITO B ero HaMepeHHH OTHIO L He BXO,n;HJIO
«CMemHBaTL COCJIOBHH» H JIHmaTL )];BOPHHCTBO ero «OTJIIftIHH» (nplI-
BHJIernii:). qTO RacaeTCH HOB oro 06JIOmeHHH, TO OH caM no)];aJI nplI-
Mep, COrJIaCHBmHCL Ha 06JIOmeHHe HaJIOrOM ROpOJIeBCRHX 3eMeJIL.
On paCClIHTbIBaeT, liTO napJIaMeHT 6e3 npOMe JIeHHH npOCTO 3ape-
rHcTpHpyeT a)];HI TI>I. ECJIH BnOCJIe)];CTBHH 06HapymaTcH I{aI{HC-JIH60
Hey,n;o6cTBa, «MOH JII060Bb K MoeMY HapO)];y 06HmeT MeHH HX YCTpa-
HHTL»2.
Ha TOM me 3aCe)];aHHH 8 MapTa rrapJIaMeHT «C rJIy60RoH rre-
'IaJIbIO» pemHJI rrOCJIaTL ROP-OJIIO «rrOBTOpIThIe IIOllTHTeJILHeBmHe
peMOHCTpan;HH». ITo CyID;eCTBY aTO 6bIJIlI Te me, 1ITO 11 paHLme, HX
3a,L(epiHaJI JIHmL pemHTeJILHbIH OTRa3 ROpOJIH HX TIpHHHTb. B aTOM
TeI\'CTe M.bI HaXO)];HM CJIe)];yIO yIO rrp,eJIeCTHyIO <ppaay: « ITO'CJIbImaJI-
cn npH3f>IB OnpOl\IeTlIIilBOH CB060')];bI». OCHOBHbIe paocym)];eHHH no-
CBH eHbI B HIIX Bonpocy 00 )];OpOmHOH nOBHHHOCTH 11 onn:paIOTCH Ha
1 CM.: V e r i. Ope cit., p. 418; Met r a. Ope cit., t. III, p. 26, 9 avril
1776. MeTpa rOBopHT 0 peMOHCTpan;HHX napJIaMeHTa «npH MHHHCTepCTB9
ROJIb6epa)}.
2 Met r a. Ope cit., p. 419, 10 mars 1776; V e r i. Ope cit., p. 419.
456
QACTb TPETbR. npOBAJ1
cyry60 <I>eo aJIbHYIO ORTPHHY, HBJIOme'HHYIO a BOl{aTOM JIyaao B
«)J;BOPHHCROM COCJIOB1DI». YXOBeHCTBO HeCeT THrOTbI npOCBe e-
HHH, OTnpaBJLe'HHH RYJIbTa H 6JIarOTBOpHTeJIbHOCTH, BOpHHCTBO
npOJIHBaeT CBOIO 1\pOBb n IIOMOrae'T COBeTaMH, «IIO'CJIe mfiI me RJIaC,C
Han;HH, ROTOpbIH He MomeT ORa3bIBaTb rocy)];apCTBY TaRHX BamHbIX
YCJIyr, paCnJIallHBaeTCH C HHM nO)];aTHMH, npOMbICJIOM H <pR3HlIe-
CRHM TPY OM». II napJIaMHHT OBO)];1fT JIorlPle'CROe pa'ccym)J;e'RHe
.IJ;O caMoro CMeXOTBopHoro nOCJIe)];OBaTeJIbHOro (HJIH HenOCJIe)];OBa-
TeJIbHoro) yM03aRJIIOlIeHHH: HHKTO He MomeT 06JIaraTbCH HaJIOrOM,
.3aMeHHIO HM opomHyro nOBHRHOCTb, eCJIH OH He IIJIa'TH'T TaJIbH;
eCJIII BOpHHHH CTaHeT nJIaTHTb TaJIbIO, 3HallHT, OR nO)];JIemHT H
06JIOmeHHIO )];OpOmHOH nOBHHHOCTbIO. «TaRHM 06pa30M, JIIO)];eH
3HaTHoro npOHCXOm)];e'HHH, WJOpHH, MorYT nO)];BeprnyTb yHHmeHHIO,
3aCTaBHTb oTpa6aTbIBaTb AopomHYIO nOBHHHOCTb». II 3TO BbIBO)]; 113
TeRCTa, ROTOpbIH RaR pa3 OTMeHHeT opomnyro nOBHHHOCTb 1.
Tenepb rrpHmeJI lIac nOMe'pHTbCH CHJIaMlI. ,n:o 3Toro BpeMeHH
{{a3aJIOCb, liTO, MomeT 6bITb, erCTb e e Ha;o;em,n;a 060HTH'Cb 6e3 ROpO-
JleBCROrO 3aCe)];aHHH napJIaMeHTa. IIoaToMY ROpOJIb npe)];IIOlleJI c.Ha-
qaJIa OTBeTHTb Ha peMOHCTpan;lIIO, OCTaBJIHH em;e napJIaMeHTY B03-
MOiKHOCTb oTcTynHTb. Ra6HHe ' T MRHHCTpOB B n;eJIOM OTHeCCH 6e3
3IITY3Ha3Ma R B03MOmHOCTH 003bma ROpOJIeBCROrO 3aCe aHHH nap-
JIaMeHTa. O)];HH MaJIb3ep6, ROTOpbIH )];0 TeX nop nO)];)];epmHBaJI TIOp-
fO HB )];pym6bI (npHlIeM ero nO )];epmRa 'IaCTO He npHHOCiHJI8
nOJIb3bI, TaR KaR OH COBeTOBaJI TIOpro 6bITb OCTopomHDIM H C'RJIO-
HHJI eto 1\ oTcTynJIeHHIO), Tenepb nO AepmHBaJI e'ro no y6em)];e-
BHIO 11 paTOBaJI 3a THep OCTb. OH HanHCaJI MeMyap ROpOJIIO, YKa3bI-
BaH eMY Ha «HenpHCTOHHoe nOBe eHHe napJIaMeHTa H He06xo H-
MOCTb ero 06Y3 aTb». ITpH aTOM Oll 06HapymIilBae'T YM IIOJIHTHRa
" ame ap rrOJIHTHlJeCRoro CTpaTera. «Heo6xo lIMO, 'tITo6bI
rrapJIaMeHT nOHHJI, - rOBOpHT OH, - -qTO eMY He n0H)];YT Ha YCTyn-
{{H, nOI\a OH H eT Ha nOBO y y npHHn;a RpOBH, liTO, HarrpOTBiB, 6e3
8Toro BMemaTeJIbCTBa eMY MOrJIH ObI )];aTb HeROTopoe y oBJIeTBoI}e-
RHe». TaI\IIM 06pa30M, OH XOlleT OT)];eJIHTb BomaRa OT e1ro OTpH)];a
if JI36emaTb coe HHeHHH pa3YM110H C.HJIbI B JIHn;e MarHcTpaTypbI C
He06Y3;a;aHrroH 'OHJIOH, npHcym;ei lIe ' CTOJII06HIO RpynHoH JIHlIHOCTH.
VI rre CJIe)J;yeT CTpOHTb ce6e HJIJIIO'3HH, YTOllHHe'T OH, B paClIeTe «Ha
CHOPYIO CMepTb npHHn;,a e KORTH. ECJIH n03BOJIHTb eMY cerO HH
BbIJIrpaTb Hrpy, TO B 6JIHmanIDHe rOAbI PyrHe HeHCTOBbIe nplfHHbI
rrOH YT no TOMY me nYTH».
ECJIH He C'tIHTa'Tb MaJIb3ep6a, TIOpro O)J;HHOI ; MomHO )];ame CRa-
aaTb, 'tITO B MHHHCTepCTBe OH oRpymeH rrpOTHBHHRaMIL MHpOMe-
HJIJIb - Bpar, aKTHBHO )];eHCTBYIO HH H3HYTp1l 2 . «,n:pyrne MHHH-
1 B peMoHcTpan;HHx napJIaMeHTa :O:,l];eT T3KiRe petlI> 0 xJIe6HoH TOprOBJIe
II 0 n;exax. (Archives Nationales. XI, B 8 307.)
2 BTIOCJIe,n;cTBHII MHpOMeHHJIh 3am;Hm;aJICH, oTp:o:n;aH, t:ITO OH :o:rpaJI TY
pOJIL, KaKYro eMY npHITHCLIBaJIH. (CM.: V e r i. Journal manuscrit, 15 oc-
tobre 1782.)
rJIABA V. ROPOJIEBCROE 8ACEl{AHHE nAPJlAMEHTA
457
CTpbl-BepmeHH, CapTJlH, CeH-iKepMeH, BepTeH H np. - OCTalOTClI
BHe 6MTBbI; aTH nOCpe)];CTBeHHOCTH B ,n;yme, BTaHHe pa)];YIOTCH
aaTpy,n;HeHHHM Tropro». qTO RaCaeTCH Mopena, TO OR neBOJIbHO, no'
MHeHHIO BepH (KOTOpblii, llO-BH)];HMOMY, CJIHmKOM CHHCXO)];HTeJIeH) t'
fIBJIHeTCH rJIaBHblM BHHOBHHROM RpH3Hca: «CaM Toro He Be,n;aH, OBI
UCTHHHbIH HCTOllHHR UPOTHBO)];eHtCTBHH». CBOHMH mYTRaMH, HPHTH-
ROB II OJIe6aHHHMH OH C03 aJI BneqaTJIeHHe, 6YATO «rOTOB YCTY-
nHTb H MomeT nomepTBoBaTb ,n;ame TlOpro». CTOpMOHT CqHTaeT,.
QTO, elCJIH ,6bI Mopena c caMoro HaqaJIa BbllCRa3aJICH npOTHB aADK-
TOB, OH o)];epmaJJ 6bl n06e)];y: «Ho OH BbI6paJI OROJILHbIH nYTL, OB t
BlI)];HMO, Ha)];eHJICH, qTO Tlopro 3anYTaeTCH caM H 6y,n;eT BbIHym)];ea
OT'KaaaTbCH OT CBOHX npoeHTOB 6e3 BH)];HMOro ero (Mop,ena) yqa-
CTHH B aTOM». ITo CJIOBaM Toro me CTopMOHTa, KOpOJIL C06paJI CBOH
COBeT, qT06bI onpe,n;eJIHTb OROHqaTeJIbHO n03Hn;HIO nOCJIe HOBDIX
peMOHCTpan;Hii. Ao COBeTa Mopena nOTpaTHJI HeMaJIO YCHJIHii, qTO-
6D1 OTrOBopHTb ROpOJIH OT C03bIBa ROpOJIeBCROro aace,n;aHHH napJIa-
MeHTa, ff Bce MHTInCTpbI, I pOMe TIopro H MaJIL3ep6a, 6blJIH Toro me
MHeHHH.
JIIO)];OBHK XVI npH3HaJI npaBoTY Tropro.
MDI BH)];HM, HaI\ BHOBb CRJIa,n;bIBaeTCH TaRaH me 06cTanoBRa,
KaRYIO MbI Ha6JIIO,n;aJII1 BO BpeMH « MyqHOH BOHHbI». ROpOJIb JIro)];O-
BHI{ XVI BceM XO)];OM 'C06bITIrii npHHym)];eH npOHBHTL TBep,n;OCTb.
[JO-BH)];HMOMY, TYT npOH30illJIO HBJIeHHe, aHaJIOrHlIHOe TOMY, ROTO-
poe rrpHHy,n;HJIO ero oT6poCHTb CBOIO 3a 1 CTeHlIHBOCTL nepe)]; l\IHOrO-
IIHCJIeHHbIM c06paHHeM, - BHe3anHoe oID;YID;eHHe cBoeii cynepeH-
HOH BJIaC1'H. B TaKHX nOJIOmeHHHX OH nO)];,n;a'eTCH BJIHHHHIO reHe-
paJILHOrO ROHTpOJIepa, CHJILHoro qeJIOBeRa Cpe)];H ero MHHHCTpOB,
B ROTOpOM 'tIepnaeT aHeprnlO. R TOMY me HOpOJIh He XOTeJI MeHHTL
CBoe pemeHHe B TOM ,I(eJIe, Ky)];a OH BJIOmHJI co6CTBeHHYIO MLICJlL.
HaROHen;, napJIaMeHT ;n;onYCTHJI 60JILmyIO OnJlOillHOCTL, 3a,I(eB ero
caI\lIoJIro6He. IIpe,n;cTaBJIHH CBOH peMOH'CTpan;HH, OH no,n;qepRHYJI, liTO
6Y,I(eT Y,MOJLHTL era (KOpOJIH) H3YQHTb HX CaMOMY. «IIocJIe Hee
CJIOBO 6:bIJIO Ollellb ney)];a"tJHO co CTOpOHbI PYRoBo,I(HTeJIeii: napJIa-
MeHTa». OHO OCRop6HJIO ROpOJIH, TaR RaR npe)];nOJIaraJIO, "tlT0 «,n;o 'CHX
IIOp OH HrpaJI JIHllib naCCHBHYIO POJIb».
«Mop'ena 6bIJI TaR 06Hme l H, - OTMellaeT TaRme CTOPMOHT, -
BH)];H nepeBec BJIIIHHHH TIopro na aTOT pa3 (B lIeM eMY 6bIJIO neRoro
BHHHTL, RpOMe caMoro 'ceOH), liTO 3arOBOpHJI 06 OTCTaBRe H 06
OT'be3)];e B IIoHllIapTpeH». Ho aHrJIHHCRHH IIOCOJI 3apaHe'e npe)];BH-
WIT, liTO meHa CYMeeT ero y,n;epmaTL, «for she loves the sunshine
of the court» 1.
IIepBLIe CXBaTliH B napJIaMeHTe C03,n;aJIH RPH3HCHYro CHTyan;JiflO..
Me,l(JrIITeJILHOCTb napJIaMeHTCI{OH npOn;e,n;ypbI, HBHbIe I\OJIeOaBHHI
1 «OHa CJIHmKOM JII06liIT 6JIeCK BOpa» (ansA.). AoneceBHe CTOpMOB-
T8 OT 6 IiI 15 MapTa CM. B: D a kin. Ope cit.
458
TlACTb TPETbH. flPOBAJ1
npe,n;CTaBHTeJIeH BJIaCTH pa3iKHraJIH CTpaCTII npOTIIBH.HROB II YCH-
JIHBaJIH BOJIHeHHe H 6e ' CnOHOHCTBO MaCC. «CMHTeHlIe ny6JIIIKII CKa-
3:bIBaeTCH Ha BCeM». «CO BpeMeHI:I C03:bIBa napJIaMeHTa KYpC rocy-
,n;apCTBeHH:bIX n;eHH:bIX 6YMar Ha 6npme na;n;aeT», - nHmeT Tpro;n;'eH.
rOBOpl:lJII:I 0 CeKpeTB"bIX. rrpHKa3aX, ,IJ;aHHDIX reHepaJI:bH:bIMH OTKyrr-
[qIIKaMII CBOHM KaCCl:lpaM, QT06bI «CBOIIMII nJIaTemaMII 3aTpy;n;HIITL
roCy;n;apCTBO» (B HamH ,IJ;HH CKa3aJIH 6:b1: C03;n;aBaTL TPY,IJ;HOCTI:I
Ka3HalleRCTBY) 1.
lIeM KOHlIlITCH 60pL6a, 6:blJIO Tpy;n;HO CKa3aTL, nOTOMY 'liTO n03H-
qHH npaBHTeJILCTBa Ka3aJIaCL HeHCHOH. ITo;n;03peBaJIII pa3HOrJIaCHH
cpe;n;H MHHHCTpOB. «OHII KamYTCH cnOKOHH:bIMH, Me.;n;JIIITeJILH:bIMH II
QaCTO HepemIlTeJILHLIMH. ITpe;n;rrOJlararoT, 'liTO OHII He YBepeHLI B
CJBOeM nOJIOmeHHH, BCTpeBOmeH:bI, HcnyraHDI. JIIO H ;n;ame COMHeBa-
IOTCH, elCTL JIII Mem;n;y HHMII COrJIa'CHe». 3a ORTH6pLCKHM 1 H xBaJle6-
HbIMH Bl:lpmaMII nOCJIe;n;OBaJIII HaCMemKI:I:
MaJILSep6 Bce SHaeT,
CapTHB He }J;OBepHeT,
TlOpro Bce y6JIOmHHeT,
CeB-iKepMeB Bce paapymaeT,
A Mopena Bca nOTemaeT 2.
STOT po;n; JIHTepaTyp:bI He Bcer;n;a 6DIJI TaKHM ;n;06po;n;ymH:bIM. 1\0
Bce06 eMY 3aMemaTeJILCTBY, HeH3BeCTHDle na'CKBIIJIHHT:bI liI30 pH-
HHCL B oCKop6HTeJILHDIX Harra;n;Kax Ha KOpOJIeBY.
Ha1\aHYHe caMoro ;n;HH KOpOJIeBCKOro 3aCe;n;aHI:IH rrapJIaMeHT8
£IOJIHD;HH ;n;epmaJIaCL naCTopome. OHa rrOJIy-qHJIa coo6 eHHe (TO JIll
npaB;n;HBoe, TO JIII B:bI;n;YMaHHoe), 6y;n;TO cy e'cTByeT CTpaHH:bIH 3a-
rOBOp, ;n;OC'TOHHDIH BpeMeH «MyqHOH BOm:bI». TaHHDle areHT:bI H1\O-
6LI ;n;OJIiRHLI rrO;n;rOBopHTL no;n;MaCTep:beB-rreKapei yiiTH OT X03HeB,
«1IT06:b1 HeXBaTI\a xJIe6a B036y;n;HJIa He;n;OBOJILCTBO HapO;n;a». Ho HII-
lIero ne npOH30mJIO.
JIH MaJIL3ep6a nOCJIe;n;HHH HOllL 6:blJIa OlleHL 6ecrrOKOHHOH.
Ero pa36y;n;HJI KypLep, lIT06:b1 C006 I:ITL, liTO rrpHHIJ; ;n;e KORTH,
HecMoTpH Ha COCTOHHHe CBoero 3)];OPOBLH, c06HpaeTcH rrpH6MTL B
Bep'CaJlb II pemHTeJlbHO B:bI'cTynliITL npoTHB 3)];IIKTOB. Mopena H KO-
pOJIL peml:lJII:I rr03BOJIHTL eMY rOBopHTL, rrOCJIe 'IIero 3arrpeTI:ITL nOHB-
JlHTLCH B napJIaMreHTe II ,IJ;ame rrOCa)];HTL ero rro)]; ;n;OMammrH apeCT
B TaMnJI'e. Tropro He 0,IJ;o6pHJI STOT rrpoeKT, ROTOp:bI:H «Xo,n; C06:bITliIH
oC;n;eJIaJl HeHymHLIM» 3 .
Topme'CTBeHIIoe ROpOJIeBCROe 3aCe)];anne rrapJIaMeHTa OTRp:bl-
1 APAH B CBoeM }J;HeBHHKe OTMe an: 19 }J;eKa6pH KpHSHC }J;OBepHH Ba
6Hpme.
2 PHBLep p;OrrOJIHHeT 9TH CTpOKH:
BepTeH Bce o}J;oopHeT,
A Kopon:eBa Ba Bce HxaeT.
..3 CM.: V e r i. Ope cit., p. 420-421.
rJIABA V. KOPOJIEBCROE 8ACEl{AHHE nAPJIAMEHTA
459
-
noeL YTPOM :80 BTOpHHK, 12 MapTa, B Bep'caJle, C C06JIIO eHHeM Bce-
ro TopmecTBeHHoro n;epeMOHllaJIa 11 IIpll 60JILmOM CTeqeHIIII IIy6JIII-
Its, RO'TOpYIO npH JII060M pemHMe nplIBJIeRae'T 3peJIII e napJIaMeHT-
OKOfO KpH3H'ca 1.
llpJIHD; Ae KORTH HBHJICH, I aK H omllAaJIH, HO, 6:bFT:b MomeT, ero
npef(yrrp'e HJIII, H OH He npOH3He i C HII 'CJI013a. « OH npHrOTOBHJI peqb,
KOTOPYIO Hie CMor npOH3HeCTH, TaR RaR elMY CTaJIO IlJIOXO. OH nepe-
p;aJl ee B :rnrC:bMeHnOM BH 'e» 2. repD;or e illya3eJI:b Tome np1l'CYT-
CTBOBaJl, no B npOTlIBOnOJIOmHOCT:b npHHD;Y 06'bHBIIJI ce6H CTOPOH-
HHKOM 3 1II TOB. On Bcer a 06HapymHBaJl JlH6epaJI:bHDIe CRJIOHHO-
CTII, B qaCTHOCTH B 06JIaCTlI 3ROHOMHRH: no BonpocaM XJIe6nOH
TOprOBJIII, OIIOJIqe'HHH II IIpaBa 06SH *. OAHano MorJIO HeCKOJIbl O
YAHB1I'T:b, liTO OR AeMOHCTpaTHBHO IIOAAepmHBaJI Mne'HHe, HBHO
npOTHBOpeqRBmee B3rJIHAaM 11 3aM:bICJIaM ero rpYlIn:bI. TaR I aR ero
KHeHHe no 3THM BonpocaM He COCTaBJIHJIO 'ceRpeTa, TO npe rrOJIara-
JIB, 1IT0 II0311n;WI ero 06'bHCHHeTCH nOJIHTH1IeCRHMII co06pameHHHMK.
8TO 6DIJI YAallHLIH ICJIY1IaH rrORa3aTL C'BOIO rrpe aHHOCTL RopOHe:
JIH Hero Borrpoc 6:bIJI B TOM, lIT0'6DI yro HTL JIIOAOB1IRY XVI, a He
IITp'aT:b Ha PYRY Be3aHBaJIIO. IIpollrpaeT TIOpro HJIII B:bIHrpaeT, pac-
qeT OCTaBaJICH BepH:bIM, XOTH, pa3YM'eeTCH, JIyqme, eCJIII rrpOHrpaeT.
8TO IIpeArrOJIOmeHlIe rroATBepm aeTcH RaR OrJla'CROH, TaR II 060-
CHOBaHHeM, RO'TopLIe illya3eJI:b AaJI CBoeH II0'3HD;HH. KaR roBOpHJIH,
y Hero f(ame rrpOlI30mJIa IIO 3 ' TOMY IIOBO Y CT:bIlIRa C IIpHHn;eM Ae
KORTH. illya3eJI:b HR06:bI CRa3aJI: «IIORpoBHTeJIb,cTBO, RO'Topoe KO-
pOJIb ORa3:bIBaeT TIOpro II ero IIJIaHaM, Ha'CTOJIbRO 01leBH HO, liTO
6:bIJIO 6:bI HeYBameHHeM R Ero BeJf.1I1I9cTBY IIpOTHBHTbCH llJIanaM
ero renepaJIbHOrO ROHTpOJIepa». Ha liTO KOHTH, «IIClIerreJIHJI ero
npe3pHTeJIbH:bIM B3rJIHAoM»,' OTB,eTHJI CJIe. YIO HM: BLIllaAoM:
«repn;or Ae illya3eJIb, B MOJIOAOCTH B:bI 6:bIJIH JIHillL BepTorrpa-
XOM, B MHHHC'TepCRlle rOA:bI - HarJIen;OM, a Terrepb BLI npOCTO no-
mJIHK» 3 .
1 CM. nJIaH KOpOJIeBCKOro SaCe]];aHIIH napJIaMeHTa II KapTHHY 1Kllpap..
]];0 B: J a cob. Le XVlIle siecle, p. 189-190.
2 Met r a. Ope cit., t. II, p. 420, 13 mars 1776.
* IT paBO KOpOJIH IIJIII ceHbopa Ha IIMym;ecTBo, OCTaBmeeCH nocJIe
rrpHillJIOrO "tJeJIOBeKa IIJIII IIHOCTpaH a, YMepmero B npe,u;eJIax ceHboplIlI,
C JIHilleHlIeM HaCJIe]];CTBa npHMLIX HaCJIe]];HIIKOB. - llpu.M. peo.
3 HeKoTopLIe IICTOpHKII YKaaLIBaIOT, 6y,u;TO HH IIJ(eHT 9TOT npolIaomen
npn BXO]];e Ha KOpOJIeBCKOe aaCe]];aHHe napJIaMeHTa (8 e g u r. Ope cit.,
p. 286), "tJTO npH]];aeT eMY oc06eHHO KpaCOQHLIH OTTeHOK. Ho BLI6paHHoe
lIMH lVleCTO KameTCH HenpaB]];Ono]];06HbIM: TopmeCTBeHHaH npon;e}J;ypa Rnpo..
n:eBCKoro SaCe]];aHIIH He ]];aBaJIa BoaMomHOCTH JIH nO]];06HOH nepenaJIKH.
MCTpa me rOBopHT 06 06r:be]];HHeHHOM 3aCe]];aHHH rraJIaT, a He 0 I-\opo.rrenCKOM
aace,n;aHHH (13 MapTa II 22 MapTa). PHBLep, Y KOToporo MLI aaHMCTBORaJIII
3TOT paCCKa3, YTo"tJHHeT: «B MOMeHT rrepBoro BOJIHeHHH, BhI3RHIIHoro n rrap-
naMeHTe 3WIKTaMH». 3nHTeTLI, npHBO]];HMLIe MeTpa, em;e 60JIee peaKH (ca-
MOHa]];eHHHbIH, paCTpaT1I1IR, rrOBeca, nO]];JIe , TPYC) II rrOTOMY KamYTcn HaM
MR,TTOrrpaB]];OrrO]];OOHbIMH. PHBhep ]];06aBJIHeT: «rOBOpJIT, 1J:TO Y repl'(ora illya..
3eJIH ]];OCTaJIO YMa, QT06LI paccMeHThCH nepBLIM Ha 3TY TIIpa}J;Y).
460
qACTb TPETbH. npOBAJl
BeCTH Hrpy na]J;JIemaJIO XpaHHTeJIIO rreqaTH, OH ]J;OJlmeH 6:bIJI
1Q6'bHCHHT:b BOJIIO KOpOJIH, KOTOpyIO caM He O]J;06PHJI. On II3JIOiKHJI
'ee CaM:bIM JJ;06pOCOBeCTH:bIM 06pa30M H B JJ;yxe rrpeaMOYJI, HO OOJIee
'KpaTKO.
Peqb. r-Ha ]J;'AJIHrpa OblJla He ]J;JIHHHee B:bICTYIIJIeHHH xpaHHTeJIH
\netJ:aTH. B HeH cOJJ;epmaJIHCb TOJIbKO 06 He MeCT8, H3JIOiKeHHLle
IC rr03H HH caMoro orpaHHtJ:eHHoro KOHcepBaTH3Ma. OTMeHa ]J;opom-
.uOH IIOBHHHOCTlI, HJIH, TOlIHee, BBO]J;HM:bIH BMeCTO Hee HaJJOr, Ha-
1II0CHT ym;epo «3eMJIeJJ;eJlL aM, HBJIHeTCH nOCHraTeJILCTBOM Ha ec-
TeCTBeHHYIO npHBHJIerHro )];BOpHHCTBa II JJ;YXOBeHCTBa, npOHCTeKa-
IO YIO H3 caMOH KOHCTHTY HH MOHapXHH». CBOOO)];a XJIeOHOH TOp-
rOBJIH «yrpoiKaeT CHaOiKeHHIO npO)];OBOJILCTBHeM II ]J;oopOKaqeCTBeH-
HOCTlI npOAYKTOB». 8JJ;HKT 00 ynpa3JJ;HeHlIH eXOB «OCTaBJIHeT oe3
I c,n;epiKHBarom;HX] perJIaMeHTOB H oe3 Y3]J;LI OYHHYIO H pacnym;eH-
IHYro MOJIO]J;eiK:b, I<OTOpaH oy)];eT CtJ:HTaTL ceOH neaaeucUJrtou» 1. OD
aiKe He COH3BOJIHJI ynoMHHYTL HH 0 P:bIHOqHOH nOJIH HH Ha Ha-
,oepemB:bIX, BH 0 iKHpax. BOT oopa3tJ:HK ero B:bICOKOro KpacHope-
tqHH: «ABrycTeHmHH B30p Bamero BeJIHqeCTBa IIOBCIO)];y BCTpeTIIT
Mpa"tJHoe YH:bIHHe. ECJIH OB COH3BOJIHT oopaTHTb ero Ha BapOA, TO
.YBH,n;HT, tJ:TO HapO)]; y)];PYtJ:eH».
B TO me BpeMH, no CBlI)];eTeJIbCTBY BamOMOBa, «Ka6a"tJKH 01>1-
JIH neperrOJIHeH:b1 paOOqHMH, yme)];mHMI:! OT CBOHX MaCTepOB... OHB
rrpe)];aBaJIHCb oe3y)];epmHOMY BeCeJIbIO»2.
3aTeM CTaJIH paCCMaTpHBaTb a]];HKTM O]];lIH 3a )];pyrIIM. ABepB
k{}TKp:bIT:bI, rJIaBH:bIH ceKpeTapb nOJIyqaeT 9)];HKT H rpoMKo ero 3alIH-
'TLIBaeT; JIIO)];H KOpOJIH CTaHOBHTCH Ha KOJIeHI:! H BCTaIOT. r -H AB-
TyaH JIYH CerLe npoH3HoCHT peqb. lIocJIe qero MHHHCTp - xpaHH-
TeJIb neqaTII nO)J;HlIMaeTcH BBepx K KOpOJIIO 11, CTaB IIepe,n; HIIM Ha
'DAHO ROJIeHO, nOJIYtJ:aeT pacrropHmeHHe, 3aTeM H]J;eT cOOHpaTb MHe-
!}IHH npIIcYTCTBYIOm;HX, naqHHaH CO cTapmero H3 opaTbeB KOpOJIH,
IIOTOM rpa<pa A'ApTya, npHHD;eB RpOBH, cneTCKHX napoB, ooep..
TIITaJIMeHCTepa, cTapmero RaMeprepa; OH B03Bpa aeTcH K KOpOJIIO,
'OTBeIJIHBaeT rJIyooKHH nORJIOH II OTnpaBJIHeTCH Y3HaTb MneHHe llY-
XOBH:bIX napoB, MapmaJIOB <DpaHD;HH, KanIITana JIHqHOrO KOHBOR
iKOpOJIH, KanHTaHa mBeHn:apcRHx rBap)];eiin:eB, 3aTeM cnYKaeTcH B
.aaJI (Parquet), COOHpaH MHeHHH MarHcTpaToB, CHOBa . nO]];XO,IJ;HT
K I\OpOJIIO, npeKJIOHHeT I{OJIeHH, B03Bpam;aeTcH Ha CBoe MecTo, ca-
AHTCH II C IIOKpLITOH rOJIOBOH npoH3HoCHT caKpaMeHTaJIbHYro cPop-
MYJIY.
8T8 n:epeMoHIIn nOBTopHeTcH nHTb pa3, BIIpo"tJeM, 3a O]];IIHM HC-
,KJlro"tJeHHeM. lIo nOBo)Jy a]];HKT8, yrrpa3]];IIHBmero p:bIHOtJ:HYIO rrOJIH-
IIIO Ha HaOepemn:bIx, CerLe, IIonpoclIB KOpOJIH «npOHBHTL CBOIO ]];00-
1 3TO CJIOBO IICrrOJIh30BaJI:n: B TY arroxy B OTp:n:n;aTeJIhHOl\l CMhICJIe.
'OHO 0603HaQa.TIO anapXUqeCKYro CBOOO,n;y.
:2 B a c h a u m 0 n t. O{>. cit., 21 mars 1776.
I'J1ABA V. ROPOJIEBCROE 8ACEl{AHHE nAPJIAMEHTA
461
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pOTY» R C06CTBeHHHRaM ynpa3)J;HHeMbIX ,n;OJliKHOCTeH 1 , COrJIaCHJICR
IIOTpe6onaTb perHCTpaD;HH. qTO KaCaeTCH a,n;HRTa 0 iKHpaX, TO He
CTOHJIO 60JlbIDOrO Tpy,n;a npHiiTH K TaROMY me yperYJIHpOBaHHIO.
Cerbe nOHHMaeT, qTO, OTMeHHH aTH npaBa, KOpOJIb ,n;aeT Hapo,n;y
aOBoe 06J1erqeHHe. IIapJlaMeHT 6bIJI rOTOB 3aperHCTpHpOBaTL KOpO-
JleB KHe YRa3bI, eCJlH 6bI OHH He npe,n;nOJlaraJlH ynpa3,n;HeHIIe HeHOB
<<I(oprrOpan;HH» .
lIo nOBO,n;y OTMeHbI perJIaMeHTaD;HH XJle6HOH TOprOBJlH II PbI-
eOqHOll: nOJIHD;HH onrr03H IIH TOBapHm;a rrpoHypopa 6bIJla 60Jlee
<>npe,n;eJleHHa, HO BbIpameHa OqOHb HpaTRO. RCTaTH, BepH OTMeqaeT
IC yJJ;HBJleHHeM: «RameTCH, 6y,n;TO B03pameHHH rrpOTIIB "IIeTBepToro
3)J;HRTa He 6bIJlH oco6eHHO 6YPHbIMH, XOTH OH, neCOMHeIIHO, AOJl-
meH 6bIJI BbI3Ba TD He,n;oBOJlJ)CTBO».
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npHHD:nnHaJI:bH:bIe coo6pameHHH. IIpH perJIaMeHTan;HH JIIO,n;H cTpa-
J];aJIII OT rOJIo,n;a JIHmh B CJIyqaHX «He,n;opo,n;a ». A rrpII cBo6oJJ;e TOp-
.rOBJlH xJle6 "IIaCTO ,n;opomaJI. II Cerbe ,n;eJlaeT He JlHmeHHOe TOHRO-
,CTH 3aMeqaHHe: «IIMeHHo 01'MeHa perJIaMeHTan;HH Bcer,n;a ORa3:bIBa-
JIaC:b n08o{)OM, HJIH rrpHqHHOii CaM:bIX RpynH:bIX 6ecnopH,n;KOB». 8TO
.BHa"llHJlO COrJIaCHT:bCH C MHeHHeM MHorHX HHTeH,n;aHTOB, qTO onpaB-
aHHe perJlaMeHTan;HH, 6bITb MOiKeT, onHpaeTCH TOJI:bRO Ha )J;OBO)J;:b1
rrCHXOJlOrH"IIeCKOrO nopHJJ;Ra.
ABa OCHOBHbIX pa3,n;eJIa peqH Cerbe 6:bIJlH rrOCBHm;eH:bI, KaK Ii
tCJleJJ;OBaJlO omHJJ;aTI>, BorrpocaM 0 JJ;opomHoH nOBHHHOCTH H 0 n;exax.
npHQeM Ha Borrpoce 0 peMeCJleHHMX Koprropan;HHX OR OCTaHaBJIH-
BaeTCH oco6eHHO no,n;po6HO II npH,n;aeT eMY, nO-BH,n;1'IMOMY, HalI-
,60Jlbmee 3HaqeHHe. 8TO BeC:bMa 3HaMeHaTeJl:bHO, TaR RaR Borrpoc 0
JJ;opomHOH rrOBIIHHOCTII 6bIJI rJIaBH:bIM 06'beKTOM: corrpOTUBJleHHH
rrpHBI1JIerHpOBaHH:bIX, KaK BH,n;HO 1213 3aMeQaHHH MHpOMeHIIJlH II H3
-calMoro TeRCTa nepB:bIX peMOHCTpaD;Hii, TOBapH rrpoRypopa Cer:b1e,
tRa3aJlOC:b, o6HapYiRHBaeT neKoTopylO He3aBHCHMOCT:b no OTHomenHIO
R rpynne npHHn;a ;a;e I\oHTH. M:bI MOrJIH yme 3aMeTHT:b BO npeMH
,RHIl;II)J;eHTa 'C A'8npeMeHHJleM, "lITO OH [Cerl>e] rHanOJlOBBHY ocy-
,AHJI BLlIIaJ]; CBOerO ROJIJlerH, ,n;eHCTBonaBmero, BH,n;HMO, no naym;e-
HHIO )J;e KORTH. HeCOMHeHHO, Cer:be MeHee JJ;pyrHx rro,n;BepmeH
KaCTOBOMY q,allaTH3MY II He CRJlOIIen 060meCTBJlHTI> HYJILT npe,n;-
ROB. OR 60Jlee AliIpHiHHCT, qeM eo)J;aJI, 60JIee a,n;MIIHHCTpaTOp, "IIeM
MIICTllK, 60JIee MarnCTpaT, qeM "llJleH aplIcTOI paTIftIeCROii JIH:rlI. )J:JlH
f «<I>uHancLI 3THX cJIymGJ) BLIpamaJIHCh B CYMMe 65 MJIH. BJIa,n;eJII)n;hI
,n;OJIiI\HOCTeH nOJlyqHJIH B03Mem;eRHe B BH,n;e ROHTpaRTOB, TO eCTb B rocy-
apcTBeHHLIX OYMarax. Cerbe eJIaeT }J;BoiIHOH XO}J;: c O}J;HOH CTOpOHLI, OD
'Uop;'1epKIIBaeT, '1TO :3TO YBeJIH'tJHBaeT aap;OJIiReHHOCTL rocyp;apcTBa, c p;py-
roD: CTOpOHLI, BLIpamaeT iI\eJIaHHe, 'IT06LI :3THM }J;OJIiI-\HOCTHLIM JIUn;aM
,n;aJIR .TJyrTrnee 06eCrrelIeHHe. C o,n;HofI CTOpOHLI, OH ocym,n;aeT (B CHpLITOii
opMe ) 4Jal\T ITJIOXoro q,IIHaBcoBoro ynpaBJIeHHH, C ,n;pyroi, H1\06»1 113
coo6pameHHH crrpaBe,n;JIHBOCTH, HaCTaHBaeT Ha TOM, lITo6LI em;e yxy,n;mHTb
IIOJIOmeHHe.
462
QACTb TPETbH. llPOBAJ1
Hero ropaa,D;o BamHee, 'tJTo6bI napJIaMeHT npo,nOJImaJi paCIIopH-
maTLCH CBOHM1I ,neHTeJI:&HDIMII OTpH)];aMII nOJIlln;HII, cy eHcKIIX qU-
HOBHHI\OB, MarHCTpaTOB H n;eXOBbIX CTapm1lH, 'tIeM 3aMRHYJICH B
K!penOCTH ABOpHHCTBa, BXO,)];::B ROTOpyIO eMY ,rrpHmJIOC:& 6LI OX-
paBHTL.
MTaR, ero peq:& 0 )];OpOmHOH nOBHHHOCTH II no TOBY, H no cy-
m;eCTBY OqeB:& )];aJIeRa OT B:&IcnpeHH1IX 11 OTBJIe'tleHHDIX peMOBCTpa-
D;HH ROpOJIIO. OH rOBoplIT RaR rrpaRTHR, qeJIOBeR ,neJIa. Pa3YMeeT-
CH, OB rOBopHT 0 3eMeJIbHOH c06CTBeHHOCTH, HO ,nJIH Toro, 'tJ:T06bI
orpa,nHT:& ee OT THrOT MIIomeCTBa 06JIOmeHHH. B CBoeH KplITHRe
HOBoro HaJIOra on He MomeT 060HTH MOJIqaHHeM «npHBHJIerHH )];BO-
pHHCTBa, CTOJIb me )];aBHHX, RaR H MOHapXHH», HO IIPlI aTOM 3a-
RJIIOqaeT CBOIO peql> nepeqHCJIeHHeM, B I\OTOpOM ocym,naeT Heor-
paH eHHoe BpeMH B3HMaHHH HaJIOra H npOH3BOJIbHOCTL onpe)];e-
JIeHHH ero emero,nHoro pa3Mepa. HaKOHen;, OB npHBO)];HT BeOiKH-
,naHHLIH aprYMeHT II npe)];JIaraeT ROHCTPYRTHBHoe pemeBHe.
Bo-ne'pBDIX, )];OpOmHDIH ,c6op XOTHT B3HMaTL C 3e,MJIeBJIa,n;eJI:&n;e,B,
TaK RaR OBII 1I3BJIeRaIOT B:&Iro,ny OT Aopor, o,nHaRo 6:&IJIO 6:&1 cnpa-
Be,nJIHBO, 'tIT06:&I llJIa TY 6paJIH 1I C HBOCTpaHB:&IX ToprOBn;eB, H C B03-
qHHOB, II C nYTemeCTBeHBHROB, ROTop:&le Tome liMH nOJIL3YIOTCH
H IIX nopTHT. IIoHHMaH, 'tITO aTO Heocy eCTB1IMO, OB npHxo,nHT K
TaROMY iKe 3aRJIIOqeHHIO, RaR 11 CeB-mepMeH, RCTaTH 0)];06peHHOMY
H BOJIbTepOM: 3aCTaBJIHTb BbInOJIHHTb ,nOpOiKH:&Ie pa60T:&I COJI)];aT
11 BLI)];aBaTL 11M ,nBOHHoe maJIOBaHbe. OH )];ame npHBO)];HT RpaTRHH
paC'tIeT }J;JIH CBoero npoeRTa 1.
IIpHcTyrraH R Bonpocy 0 n;exax, CerLe, RaR ,xopomHB «)];HPH-
iKHCT», npeB03HOCHT cBo60;n;y, «rrpIIHD:HII, JIema Hii B OCBOBe BCH-
ROB ,neHTeJILBOCTH, ,nymy BCHRoro rocy)];apCTBa... mlI3Hb II rJIaBB:&IH
;n;BHraTeJIL TOprOBJIH». Ho TYT me oroBapHBaeTcH, oT,neJIHH ee OT
6e3rpaBII'tIBoi CB060,nLI, KOTopaH «He 'tITO HHoe, KaK nOJIHaH He-
3aBHCHMOCTb». 3BaqHT, rOBopHT OB )];aJIee: «He3aBHCHMOCTb - aTO
nopOR B rrO HTH'tIeCKOH ROHCTHTYD:HH; qeJIOBeR Bcer;n;a nO;rJ;)];aeTCH
HCRymeHHIO 3JIoynoTpe6JIHTb CB060;rJ;OH». 3aTeM OH BHOCHT IIorrpaB-
RII B HCTOpHqeCI\YIO 'tJ:aCTb npeaM6YJI:&1 a;rJ;IIRTa (He CCLIJIaHCb Ha
Hee), OTHOCH C03)];aHHe peMeCJIeHHbIX ROprrOpaD:rrH RO BpeMeHII JIIO-
)];OBIIRa IX (a He TOJIbRO reHplIxa III). B aTOM IIYHRTe TPY)];HO
YTBepm;n;aTL, qTO OH He npaB. 3aTeM OH nepeXO;n;HT K TaR Ha3LIBae-
MOH TeopHH nOJIHTHqeCKHX, llJIII rrpOMemYTO'tlHDIX, Koprropan;HH, He
,n;aBaH HM TO'tlH:&IX Ha3BaHHH, BnpOqeM MaJIoynoTpe6IITeJIbH:&IX B TY
1 Ha 1C)O TLIC. -qeJIOBeK Ha]];O 25 TLIC. JIHBpOB B ]];eHh, 750 TLIC. B M8-
CHI(. ECJIH npH6aBHTL TaKyIO me CYMMY Ba rymeBoH TpaHcnopT, 9TO
COCTaBHT 1500 TLIC. JIHBpOB B MeCHD;. HBmeHepHLIe -qaCTII MOrJIH 6LI sa-
MeHHTL HBCTHTYT HBmeBepoB }J;opor U MOCTOB, a cpe CTB, HLIHe npe}J;BaSHa-
lIeBHLIX }J)IlI 8T9ro UHCTHTYTa 11 )J;JIH opomHLIx pa60T, 6h1JIO 61»1 ;n;OcTa-
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BLIro}J;a...
rJ1ABA V. ltOPOJIEBCROE 8ACEl{AHHE nAPJIAMEHTA
463
--
ano x yi. ,IJ:JIH !Hero aTO «CYUfeCTeYlOUfue xopnopalfuu, 3BeH:bH }J;JII:IH-
SOH D;errl:l, rrepBoe 3BeHO ROTOpOH B PYRe Barnero BeJIl:lqecTBa, KaK
rJIaBDI II CYBepeHHoro rrpaBI:ITeJIH Bcero, liTO COCTaBJIHeT OCHOBY
aan;I:IH». IIoaToMY OJ];Ha M:bICJIL 0 TOM, lIT06:bI pa30pBaTL aTY )];pa-
ron;eHHYro D;en:b, J];OJImHa «IrpHBeCTH Hac B ymac». 3)];ec:b, KaK M:bI
BII)];HM, pell:b HJ];eT He 0 1IIICTO ifJeOaa/tb1£OU ROHD;errD;HI:I, HO 06 0 p-
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C STOH TOllRI:I 3peHHH peMeCJIeHHI>Ie RopnopaD;HH npe)];CTaBJIHIOT
C060H «MHOmeCTBO MeJIKHX pecny6JIHR».
O)];HaKO Cer:be BCKope crrYCRaeTCH C OTBJIeqeHHLIX B:bICOT, lIT06:b1
BCTynHTL B 06JIaCTL aKOHOMI:IKI:I, 1:1 TYT 6eCnOpH;IJ;OqHO, BrrepeMemKY
C nOBTopeHHHMII IIOJIHTHlIeCRIIX MI>ICJIeH B:bICKa3:bIBaeT pH;IJ; HepaB-
HOn;eHH:bIX H K TOMY me OBOJIbHO 6eCCBH3H:bIX co06pameHHH.
II pem}J;e Bcero, aTO npHHD;Hrr perJIaMeHTan:HH, OCHOBaHHLIH Ha
nOHHTHH 3a HTbI 11 rapaHTHH KalleCTBa. «MMeHHO OrpaHlf1IeHHH,
nperpa;IJ;:bI, 3arrpeT:bI C03]];aJII:I CJIaBY, Ha)];eiRHOCTL, pa3Max ToprOB
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;n;YKD;HI:I nepe]]; HHOCTpaHH:bIMH TOBapaMI:I. ECJII:I npl:l}J;eT HeorpaHH-
qeHHaH cB060]];a - TOr)];a KOHeD; HameMY rrpeBOCXO)];CTBY. TOprOBJIH.
nOCTerreHHO 3allaXHeT. Cerbe )];OXO}J;HT )];0 YTBepm,n;eHHH, liTO JIyq-
mHe pa60llHe rrOKHHYT CBOIO CTpaHY (TYT OH I:ICnOJII>3yeT B 06paT-
HOM CM:bICJIe a prYMeHT JIH6epaJIOB).
B aTOM paccym)];eHHH OH e e Roe-KaK CBO}J;HT ROHD;:bI C ROHn:a-
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;n;aJIee R MHomeCTBY 6aHRpOTCTB H B 1ITOre pa3pymHT BCHRYIO KOM-
MeplIeCKYIO }J;eHTeJIbHOCTL. Pa3YMeeTCH, HeJII>3H OmH)];aTL, lIT06:b1
CerLe B TY arroxy Mor paccym}J;aTI> HCXO}J;H H8 nOKyrraTeJIbHOii cno-
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,
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HOH. HaKOHeD;, M:bI BH]];HM Y Hero II36HTYro TeMY 0 6erCTBe CeJIb-
CKoro HaCeJIeHHH B ropo)];a (a caMO HaCeJIeHHe rOpO)];OB, HeCOMHeH-
HO, CTpeMHTCll 3a rpaHIIn;y), 0 npHTHraTeJIbHOH CHJIe pOCKornH
(lITO, O}J:HaKO, He BHmeTCH C rra}J;eHHeM 3apa60THOH IIJlaT:bI II IIPH-
6:bIJIeH), 0 B3,IJ;OpomaHHH npOJ];YRTOB nHTaHI:IH (HeCMOTpH Ha HX
H306HJIHe) II 06 H36:bITRe rroTpe6HTeJIeii (pa30peHH:bIx). « M:bI 60-
HMCH, CHP, rreperpY3HT:b aTY Mpa"tfHYro RapTHHY». HaROHen;, OH
rOBopHT 0 HeCIIpaBe]];JIHBOCTH, HapymeHHH np1I06peTeHH:bIX npaB,
YMeHl>meHHH HaJIOrOBLIX nocTynJIeHHH II pOCTe rocy)];apCTBeHH:bIX
)];OJIrOB.
XOTH Cerl>e H 6:bIJI O"tfeHI> CJIa6:bIM aKOHOMI:ICTOM, OH 6I>IJI }J;OCTa-
TO"tfHO OrrI>ITeH, "tfT06:bI He )];epmaTLCH "tfHCTO KOHcepBaTHBHOH JIHHHH.
1 President de L a vie. Des corps politiques et de leurs gouverne-
ments, 1766, 2 e ed.; CM.: 0 I i vie r Mar t i D. L'Organisation corpora-
tive.
464
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Tpe6JIellHH. «Pa3Be !He cJIe,,n;yeT pa ' 3pemHTL KamJJ;oMY oBo6oJJ;HO rrpo-
JJ;aBaTL HeKoTopLIe rrpo)J;YKTLI, Te, tITO BcerJ];a CJIYiKHJIH rJIaBH:bIMH
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HeMHory rrpOCatIHBaJIHC:b - KaK 8TO CJIytlaeTcH BO Bce arrOXH C HO-
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a npHMO KaK 6or 3 . BamOMOH B:bIpa3HJICH rOpa31J;O MeHee BOCTOp-
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na He rrpOH3HOCHJI TaKOH CHJI:bHOH H 3aXBaTbIBalOm;eiI petIll. Ero
1 CM. BLIme, rJIaBa IV.
2 Hx nOnpOCHJIH CHHTb <pHiRMLI, tIT06LI OHI1 MOrJIH YMeCTIITbCSI (fa
CKaMLHX. (CM.: S e j U r. Ope it., p. 28 .)
3 CM.: H a r y. Ope Clt., 12 mal 1776.
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qTo6bI lIpOTeCTOBaTb lIpOTIIB pemeHIIB KOpOJIeBCKOro 3ace,n;aHHH, It
pemHJI COCTaBHTb HOBbIe peMoHcTpan;HII 3 .
19 MapTa a,n;HKTbI 6bIJIH 3aperHCTpHpOBaHbI o,n;HOBpeMeHHO B
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BeCTHbI}).
1 B a c h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., 31 mars 1776.
2 H a r d y. Ope cit., 12 mars 1776.
. 3 .n;eHCTBHTe.D:bHO, OBII 6bIJIH BCKope IIOCJIaHbl KOpOJIIO. COfJIaCBO
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If eCJIH O:bIJIO.' TO lITO 3a HIIM nOCJIe OBaJIO. (CM.: H a r d y. Ope cit.,
13 mars 1776.)
80 s. 4>op
466
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rJIABA VI. llPOTHBOll0J10JRHbIE mARCbI
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6LIHO MHeHHe HeKOTopbIX Ha6HIO.n;aTeJIei, B 1IaCTHOCTH PHBbepa II,
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12 MapTa 1776 r., 6bIHa .n;JIH Hero rIl6eJIbHOH.
C 3Toro BpeMeHII CKopoe na.n;eHHe MHHHCTpa npe Bem;aeT COB-
na.n;eHHe TaKHX ,n;aHHblx, KaK COOTHomeHHe CHJI .n;aBJIeHHH B nOJIH-
THlIeCIKOM o6 ecTBe ill COOTHomeHHe CHJI nCHXOHOrn1le'CKOro ,n;aBJIe-
HIIR B aaMK:ayToi c<pepe KOpOJIeBCKOro rrpOHSBOJIa.
BbIHO 6LI omH6Koi .n;YMaTb, lITO IIonYJIHpHOCTb Tropro BOapOCJIa
BCJIe.n;cTBHe ero pe<I>opM, BO BCHKOM cJIyqae, 3TOT BbIHrpbIm 6bIJI
AJIH Hero nOHHTH1IeCKH 6ecnOJIeSeH. BepHO, 1ITO Tor,n;a 6bIJla CJlO-
iKeHa neCHH BO CJIaBY «3)];HKTOB KOpOJIH JIro.n;oBHKa XVI». O,nHaI\O
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1 V e r i. Ope cit., t. 1, p. 378.
30*
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Macme,n;mnH )];OM, II H CqllTaro 3TO BnOJIHe paaYMHbIM»3. TaRne
1 «Chansonnier historique», t. IX, p. 82. IIHCLMO BOJILTepa 1J;'ApmaH-
TaJIm OT 19 anpeJIH 1776 r. CM.: F 0 n c i n. Ope cit., p. 506 et 509.
2 Con d 0 r c e t. Lettre d'un cultivateur de province 8. un citoyen
de Picardie. B a c h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., t. IX, p. 762, 12 juin 1776.
3 Met r a. Ope cit., 20 avril et 20 mai 1776.
..rJIABA VI. IIPOTHBOII0J10mHhIE mARChI
469
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1 CM. 1I1ICbMO PlIBbepa npHHD;Y CaKCOHCROMY OT 14 anpeJIH 1776 r.
(Archives de l'Aube). COrJIaCHO TOMY jl\O nCTO'tlHRKY, neKHII CJIeCapI>, B3HD
RPYIIHbIH 3aKa3, B;n;pyr OCTaJICH O}J;HH, Tal{ KaK nO,1];MaCTepbH ymJIH OT Hero. Ho
PUBbep 06aBJIHeT, TO 6erJle OB rrOCa;n;HJIH B BHceTp [}J;OM }J;JIH YMaJIHmeH-
'ULIX. - Pea.]. 8TO C006m;eHHe COBna,n;aeT C rrapnaMenTCKHM ,IJ;OKYMeHTOM, 1\0-
Opblii Mb! D;HTHpyeM B }J;PyroM MeCTe.
* Pe'tlb H;n;eT 0 JIHn;aX, meJIaBillHX 3aHHTbCH CB060,IJ;HLlM peMeCJIOM.-
llpUM. peB.
2 Conseil secret, 8 maL Archives Nationales, XI, B 8907.
.3 «JIro6HMeD; HapO;n;a», - nHmeT MepclI 16 MaH, IIOCJIe 0118311>1 Tropro.
«TIpOBHHD;HH qYBCTByroT, qTO Tropro HX onopa». (Veri. Ope cit., p. 413.) Bo;n;o
IIHmeT 110 nOBo;n;y 1I0CTaHOBJIeHHH 0 XJIe6HOH TOprOBJIe: « Ba npOTHBOnOJIOm-
BbIX CJIOH Hapo;n;a ero He nOHHMaIOT, a HMeHHO JIIO;n;H, 6JIH3KHe }!to ;n;nopy,
'". BbIcmHH CJIOH ropO;n;CKoro HaCeJIeHlIH, a TaKme 'tJepl'lL. 11 yme f{aBHO saKe-
470
QACTL TPETbFl. npOBAJ1
06'be,n;HHeHO, He HMeJIO opraHH3a HOHHbIX n;eHTpOB, a rrOTOMY He
pacrrOJlaraJIO HH cpe,n;CTBaMH B:bIpameHHH, HH B03MomHOCTHMH OKa-
3:bIBaTb ,n;aBJleHHe. )];ame Y3HaT:b ero MomHO 6bIJlO, TOJI:bKO rrpH6e-
raH K Heo6bI'tfHOMY crroco6y - rrepeXBaTY 'tfaCTHOH rreperrHCKH, a ym
PHrOJle ,n;'YaH:bH 3a6oTHJlCH 0 TOM, 'tfTo6bI K KOpOJIIO He ,n;OXO,n;HJlH
IIJiICbMa, O,n;o6pHIO He TlOpro I.
-B 3TY «Cpe,n;HHHYIO» 'tfaCTb 06 eCTBeHHoro MHeHHH, rro BbIpa-
menJiIIO Bo,n;o, He BXO)J;HT HH rrpOMemYTOqHbIe Koprropa HH, HIl
IIpHBHJIerHpOBaHHbIe KJIaCCbI; ee MomHO 6:bIJIO 6bI TOqHO orrpe,n;e-
JIHTb, HMeHHO OT6poCHB 3TH KaTeropHH. lI3-3a OTCYTCTBHH rrpeCCbI
H He HMeH rrpe)J;CTaBHTeJlbCTBa, OHa He MomeT OKa3bIBaTb rrO'tfTB
HHKaKoro BJIHHHHH, TeM 60JIee qTO OTHIOA:b He 113 ee pH,IJ;OB BbIXO-
AHT yqaCTHIIKH MHTemeH.
C J.(pyroH CTOpOHbI, TIOpro BOCCTaHOBHJI rrpoTHB ce6H Bce opra-
HllqeCKlle 3BeH:bH, Bce npoMemYTOqHbIe Koprropan;HH; coe,n;HmIB
CBOH pe<I>opMbI, OH BbI3BaJI 06'be,n;HHeHHe Bcex rpyrrrr orrrro3HII;HH.
OH 3aCTaBHJI coe)J;IIHHTbCH .n;JIH 6op:b6bI C HHM rrpoTHBHHKOB H3
COn;HaJlbHO rrpoTHBOrrOJlOmHbIX KJIaCCOB: C O.n;HOH CTOpOHbI, rrpHBH
JIerHpOBaHHbIe COCJlOBHH, oCBo6om)J;eHHbIe OT HaJIOrOB, .n;BopHHe B
;u:yxoBeHcTBo, KpyrrH:bIe 3eMJIeBJIa)J;eJIbII;LI; C .n;pyroH - rrpHBHJIerH-
pOBaHH:bIe qJIeHbI Koprropa IIH, HeHCHoro rrpoHcxom,n;eHHH, IIO'tfTB
Bcer,n;a B:bIXOAII;:bI 113 H1I30B, qaCTO 6e,n;HHKH. YKCYCOBap:bI H MeJIKHe
ToprOBII;DI, rrpe.n;aB 3a6BeHllIO HJlH COmaJIeH 0 CBOIIX BeKOB:bIX THm-
6ax, 'tfYBCTBOBaJIII 06 HOCT:b MbICJIeH C caMOH BbICOKOH 3HaTbIO,
06 HOCTb HHTepeCOB C CaMLIMH 60raTLIMH <pHHaHCIICTaMH. Ho-
BLIH COI03 He TOJI:bKo C6JIBiRaJI rrpoTHBOrrOJIOiRH:bIe rrOJIIOCa, HO II
rrpnMllpHJI iReCTOKHe aHTarOHH3MLI. MarHCTpaTLI H AYxoBeH-
CTBO YKperrHJIH CBOB COI03, 3aKJIIO'tfeHHbIB em;e BO BpeMH accaM6-
JIen 1775 r.
IIapTHH mya3eJIIICTOB, rrpe06JIa,n;aBmaH rrpH ,n;Bope, OKa3aJIaCb
B COl03e C n;epKOBHIIKaMII, HeCMOTpH Ha TO qTO OHa crroco6CTBO-
BaJla H3rHaHllIO He3YHTOB H rrpHBJIeKJIa .n;JIH HacTyrrJIeHIIH rrocJle,n;-
HHH OTpH)J; «arHHOHHCTOB».
PeaKII;1I0HHbIe rrpeJIaT:bI, Me-rrTaBmHe BOCCTaHOBIITb rrpHHHTHe
MOHameCKoro oGeTa C meCTHa)J;II;aTH JIeT II B0306HOBHTb rOHeHHH
Ha epeTHKOB, 6bIJIH rOTOBbI 06'be,n;HHIITbCH rrpOTHB Tropro ,n;ame
IIO,n; 3HaMeHeM 6aHKHpa-qyme3eMII;a H... rrpOTeCTaHTa.
BJIHHHHe «.!to66uCT08», KaK TI3BeCTHO, BeCbMa O YTHMO rrpH
,n;eMOKpaTHH. MomHo ce6e rrpe)J;CTaBHTb, 'tIero crrOC06H:bI OHU ;rJ;O-
6HTbCH rrpH pemllMe e)J;HHOBJIaCTHH B CJIY'tfae HX 06'be,n;HHeHHH
THJI Mem;n;y 3THMH p;nYMH nOJIrocaMlI 60JILmOe CXO}J;CTBO...» (B a u d e a u. Ope
cit., 22 septembre 1774.)
1 CM.: V e r i. Ope cit., p. 413. PIrroJIe p;'YaHbH OTHOCIrJICH Bpamp;e6Ho
K Tropro, Bo-nepBLIX, nOTOMY, qTO OH 6bIJI <pFIHaHcHcToM, a nO-BTopbIX, IIOTO-
MY, qTO Tropro, no ero MHeHJJro, He OKa3blBaJI eMY Toro «nOqTeHHH, KaKoro
aaCJIymHBaeT qeJIOBeK, Kam;n;LIH p;eHb Be;n;ym;HH TaHHbIe 6ece;n;bI C KOpOJIeM».
rJI ABA VI. IIPOTHBOll0J10iRH:bIE mAHCbI
----
471
c IIpaBHm;ei OJillrapxHeii, Kor,n;a ,n;ame opraH, Ha3LIBarom;HHCH nap-
JIaMeHTOM, caM HBJIHeTCH ((.fI,066uCTC1i,UM,)).
qTo Mor IIpOTHBoIIocTaBHTL TIOpro aTOM KOaJII1UIIH IIpHBHJIerHH
11 npe paccy,n;KoB, aJllIHOCTH H KOCHOCTH, aToH JIHJ e «vested inte-
restS» *, IIO B:bIpameHHIO A eKeHa? CHMIIa THIO lliBen;CKoro KOpOJIH,
runep60JILI BOJI:bTepa, ameneHOB J.. ropo,n;CHHX C(;BeTHHKoE) meKca,
JIH6epaJIOB BpHCTOJIH? O)];06pHTeJI:bH:bIH meIIOT H8 6a3apax MaJIeH:b-
HX rOpO)];KoB?l 3alIaTKH IIOJIHTHlIeCKOrO C03HaHHH ropo,n;CKoro B
ceJIbCKOrO IIpOJIeTapHaTa, KJIaCCOBOe C03HaHHe oT6:bIBaBmHX )J;opom-
BYIO IIOBHHHOCT:b KpeCT:bHH II IIOJ];eH HKOB? JIIOAH, nYTemeCTBYIO-
He B «TIOprOTHHaX», BHHorpa,n;aplI rapoHHbI, IIoTpe6HTeJIH COJIB
B BpeTaHH, KpeCTbHHe, IIOCTpa)J;aBmHe OT 8IIH300THH, JIeCopy6:bI H3
<I>paHm-KoHTe - Bce OHH He IIpe)];CTaBJIHJIH HH COD;HaJI:bHOH CHJI:bI,
HH o'tJara HHTpHr. Ha nOJIe 6HTBLI TIopro co6paJI BOKpyr ce6a
TOJI:bKO BHymaBmHH He)];OBepHe OTpH)J; <pHJIOCO<pOB II aKOHOMllCTOB
H peAKHe PH)];!>I «IIpOCBem;eHHOH» 6ypmya3HH, yme pa306m;eHH:ble
1I3-3a 60H3HH IIOCTaBHT:b He Ha TY KapTY II CMym;eHHbIe JIOBKOH
nponaraHJ];OH napTHII HeKKepa.
If Aame BHYTPH npaBHTeJI:bCTBa KpH3HC, B:bI3BaHH:bIH meCTbIO
9JJ;HKTaMII, nOKa3aJI H30JIHD;HIO Tropro. OH HameJI IIOJ(J(epmKY eJ];HH-
CTBeHHO y MaJI:b3ep6a, Aa H TO JIHm:b HaIIOJIOBHHY, K TOMY me
MaJI:b3ep6 yme eJIe ,n;epmaJICH B MHHHCTepCTBe. B KOpOJIeBCKOH
CeM:be H cpeJ(H IIpHHD;eB KpOBH reHepaJI:bHMM KOHTpOJIep HHKOfJ];a
He Mor paCCtIHT:bIBaT:b HH Ha OJ];Horo qeJIOBeKa. A Moche, rpa<p IIpo...
BaHcKHH 2 , Tenep:b B:blpamaJI CBOIO BpamJ];e6HOCT:b IIO'tJTII OTKp:bITO.
Yme B 1775 r. ero oKpymeHHe 6:bIJIO, nO-BH)J;HMOMY, aaMemaHO
B HaIIaJ];Kax Ha J];e BaHa, a B KOHD;e ro,n;a XOJ];HJIH pa3rOBOp"bI 0 TOM,
:1& «HMy ecTBeHHLlx HHTepeCOB» (anz.l£.). - IlpuM. pea.
1 BepH nHmeT IIOCJIe OTCTaBKH TIOpro 0 «IIelIaJIH, KOTOPYro OHa BLI3BaJIa
B npOBHHD;HHX». «l\apTHHa, HapHCOBaHHaH MHe qeJIOBeKOM, IIpHexaBmHM C
6asapa B coce}J;ueM ropO;n;Ke, cIIoc06Ha paCTporaTL ,n;ame IIOCTopOHHero, He TO
lITO ,n;pyra». (V e r i. Ope cit., p. 438.)
2 HanOMHIIM, qTO TlOpro, nepeH}J;H B MOpCKOe MHHHCTepCTBO, npOBaJIIIJI
npOeKT ROJIOHH8JIbHOH KOMnaHHII, B KOTOpoii rpa<I> II pOBaHCKHH 6LIJI SaHHTe-
peCOBaH. AI06ya ;n;e JI'8CTaH B cBoeii 6pomrope «TlOpro H KOpOJIeBCKaH CeMbH»
(D u b 0 i s de l'E s tan g. Turgot et 1a familIe roya1e) HaneqaTaJI qeTLIpe
nHCLMa MOCLe K TlOpro. OHH HaIIHcaHLI, OTMeqaeT OH, «co CBOHCTBeHHOH eMY
HSBHTeJILHOCTLIO, KOTopaH Bcer}J;a 6L1JIa xapaKTepHoi lIepTOH rpa<I>a IIpoBaH-
CI{oro». ITHcbMa 3TH ;n;aTHpoBaHLI:
30 OKTH6pH 1774 f. - OB Tpe6yeT ynJIaTLI }J;eHer I:[ B03Me eHHH H IIpO-
CUT npo,n;OJImaTb BLInJIatfilBaTL eMY neHCHIO B 96 TLIC. <I>paHKoB HS cpe;n;CTB
KOpOJIH;
27. HOH6pH - no IIOBo;n;y HeKoero reHepaJILHOrO oTKyn HKa;
10 }J;eKa6pH - 0 TOM me ,n;eJIe H 0 nOCTYIIJIeHHHX eHer;
8 aBrYCTa 1775 r. - no IIOBO}J;Y CTLIqKH Mem,n;y CJIymHTeJIHMH oTKyna
II }J;parYHaMH rpa<I>a, H3 KOTOpbIX }J;Boe 6L1JIH y6HTLI.
J];106ya }J;e JI'8CTaB C1fiITaeT BOSMomHLlM OTMeTHTL HeKoTopoe H3MeHe-
HHO TOBa B 3THX nHCLMax. O}J;HaKo 9TO MomHO 06'LHCHHTL, oo06eHHo B nOCJIe}J;-
HeM nHCLMe, paSBHl'(ei cOAepmaBHH.
472
flACTb TPETbfI. llPOBA.l£'
QTO OH B3HH Ha ce6H CMeHOCTb rrpe,n;CTaBHTb KOpOHro CBOerO c06
CTBeHHOrO cyrrepHHTeH,n;aH1'a <pHHaHCOB RpOMO, HOTOpblii CJIymUJ]A
B reHepaHLHOM KOHTpOHe B KaqeCTBe rrepBOrO nOMO HHKa npH MU-
HHCTpaX e JI'ABep,n;H H Teppa. M peqb mHa He rrpocTo 06 06bIlI-,
HOM BH3KTe, TaK KaK, no CHOBaM MeTpa, KOpOJI:b, KOTOPOMY O"CIeHL
IIOHpaBHJICH KpOMO (< Y Hero, qTO Ha3hIBaeTCH, TOHKHH YM, II OB
BeCbMa KpaCHOpe'tfHB»), rropy'tfHH eMY H3JIOmH1'b «B IIHCbMeHHO
BH,n;e CBOH MblCHH H IIpoeKTbt, KaK BOCCTaHOBHTb nopnJJ;OI{ B <PH...
HaHcax H 06J1erQHTb nOJIOmeHHe HapO)J;a». TaI\oe npe,n;.rromeHHe".
C)J;eHaHHoe rrOCTopOHHeMY 'tfeJIOBeKY OTHOCHTeJlbHO BonpOCOB, OTHO
CHII(HXCH K HHQHOH KOMrreTeHD;HH Tropro, He MorHO, eC1'eCTBeHHO .
,D;OCTaBHTb eMY HHKaKoro Y OBOJlbCTBHH, 1'eM 60JIee "4:1'0 caM OB
6:blJI 0 RpOMO OTBpa1'HTeJIbHOrO MH,eHHH.
MeHee o<pHD;HaJIbH:bIM, QeM npe,n;CTaBJIeHHe ,KPOMO, HO na,IJ;eHaB-
mHM 60Hbme mYMa 6blJIO rrOHBHeHHe 1 anpeHH 3HaMeHH1'oro naM
<pJleTa «MaHeKeHLI», KOTOphIH B TY nopy npHITHC:bIBaHH Mocbe,.
UHH, BO BCHKOM CJIyqae, CtIHTaHH, 'tfTO OH HanHcaH no ero BJlHH--
HHeM. IIaM<pHeT XO,D;HJI B cnHCKax - TaKOH 06:bI'tfaH pacnpOCTpaHHH-
CH H3-3a pHCKa, KOTOPOMY IIO)J;BepraJIHCb H3,n;aTeJIH, - H 6blJI 03a-
fJIaBHeH «MaHeKeHbl, CKa3Ka HHH 6blJIb» (<Les Mannequins, conte'
ou his to ire»), a He «COH Moperra, HJIH MaHeKeHbl <ppanU;Y3cKoro.
rrpaBH1'eJIbCTBa» - Ha3BaHHe, ,n;aHHoe eMY, B03MomHO, B nOCJIe,n;yro-
m;eM, H3MeHeHHOM H3,n;aHHH, a BepHee, B HCKameHHOH nepe)J;aqe-
CYHaBH 1 . IIepBblH TeKC1' npe,n;CTaBHHJI C060H aJIJIerOpHIO; ,n;eHcTBHe'
npOHCXo,n;HT B IIepcHH, II nepCOHamH BblBe eHbI ITO B:bIMblillJIeHHbl-
MH HMeHaMH, "CIaCTO ,n;OBOJlbHO rrp03pa'tfHLIMH, KJIroq I{ pa3ra,n;Ke
KOTOpblX HeTpy,n;HO HaRTH B caMOM naM<pJIeTe. AJIH BeH - 31'0 Mo-
perra, «6e,n;HHra» MYHHa - a66aT BepH, Torrop - Tropro, a rJ1aB-
Hble aKOHOMHCTbl Ha3BaH:bl C IIOMOru;Lro aHarpal\'IM. MpOHHqeCKHll'
TeKCT rraM<pJIeTa OBOJILBO THmeJIOBeCea, HO OT,IJ;eJlbHble 3IIII30)J;
y aqHbI H He HHmeHbI OC1'POYMHH. M,n;eH MaIIeKeHOB, OIIpaB,IJ;bIBaro-
rqaH 31'0 Ha3BaHHe, 3aKJIroqae1'CH B CYII(eC1'BOBaHHH HeKOM u;enO"CIKH,
IIOCJIe,n;OBaTeJIbHO CBH3blBarom;eft a66aTa BepH, r-my Mopena, ca:MO-
ro MopeIIa H, HaKOHeu;, JIro,n;oBHKa XVI; Kam,n;bIH H3 HHX ORa3b1Ba....
eT BJIHHHHe Ha CHe)J;yroII(ero, H I{OpOJIb C1'aHOBHTCH He 60JI ee qeM
«nepBbIM MaHeKeHOM B CBoeM KOpOJIeBCTBe». TeopHH aI\OHOMHCTOB-
II He,n;aBHHe pe<POPMLI npe,n;CTaBJleHbI KaK nepen.rreTeHHe IIecoo6pa3-
HOCTeH, KOTopble npHBO HT K nOJIHTHKe Bce06ru;ero YHHtITOi-ReHHH.
B:blCMeHBaeTCH H HeKHH Torrop, «ero 'tfpe3MepHaH pe3KOCTb II ,n;ec-
IJOTH3M», HO rropTpeT He JIHIDeH HeKOTopblX TOHKHX Ha6JIIO,n;eHHii..
« lliUJI B IIepcHH qeJIOBeK, neCKJIa,n;HLIR, THiReJIOBeCHbIH, HCYRJIro-
1 ,[(aTa 1 arrpeJIH YKa3aHa CYJIaBH, KOTOpLIH YTOqHHeT, qTO rraM<pJIeT'
BLImeJI KaR «rrepBOarrpeJIbCKaH mYTKa». B }J;aHHOM cJIyqae MbI, KameTcH, MO-
)ReM ,n;OBepHTLCH 9TOMY aBTOpy, TaK KaK eMY HeSaqeM 6LIJIO rrpu}J;YMLIBaTb
9TOT aBeR,n;oT.
trJ1ABA VI. IIPOTHBOII0J10JRHbIE mAHCbI
473
--
,a\UU." HeJIro,n;HMbIH 113 CaMOJII06HH, 3aCTeHqlIBbIH :113 rOp,r(OCTH...»
«MaH HeU Torropa 6bIJIO iReJIaHHe BCeMY ,r(aBaTb 06'LHCHeHHe». qTO
.a\e ;0;0 KOpOJIH «C0<P H », TO OH 6J>IJI «TOrIOpH30BaH» II ero ,r(06po-
eTeJIHMH sJIoyrroTpe6JIHJlH: «HecBe,n;ym;aH T:IeCTHOCTb B rrOJlIITHKe
.e e 60JIbmee SJIO, qeM rrpOCBeIIJ;eHHoe 6eCCTLI,D;CTBO».
ITaM<p JIeT «MaHeKeHbI» ,r(OJIiReH 6bIJI rrOCJIymuTb CHrHaJIOM H
aTaRe Ha Tropro l - a B03MOiRHO, 6bIJI rrpOCTO O,n;HOH H3 ee COCTaB-
BLIX qaCTeH, - aTaKe B <popMe rraCKBIIJIeH. KyrrJIeT, rroHpaBHBmHH'"
cs: BOJIbTepy, BCKope HCqe3 B aTOM rrOTOKe. BHaT:IaJIe rrOJIBHJIaCb
neceHKa, narra,n;aBmaH Ha oKpymeH:IIe MHHHCTpa, rep orHHro ,n;'AH-
8BJIb, KOH,r(O'plce, MopeJIJIe, Bo,D;O: «laTa rpy60BaTaH mYTRa 6bIJIa
JHapaCXBaT». O Hac ,n;omJIa TOJlbKO ee qaCTL 2 . 3aTeM rrOCJle,r(OBa-
.no CTHXOTBopeHlIe, KaiReTCH, Bcero 1I3 O,n;HOH CTpO<pbI, 3aKanllHBaB-
meeCJI pacrrpoCTpaneHHOH OCTpOTOH: «A qHCTbIH rrpo,n;YKT paBeB
BY JIro 1» 3 .
IIoTOM rrOHBJIJIeTCH «TroproTIIHCKoe rrpOpOqeCTBO», B KOTOpOM
OBOJIbHO BepHO, XOTH H B CMeXOTBopHOM BH,r(e, rrepe,n;aeTCH .n;OKTpH-
Ba rrporpeCCHCTOB:
BLIH));YT TOJInLI Ha opory
Pa3H01IHHn;eB 11 BOpHH.
H cPpaHIQTSLI noi;c.(YT B Hory
K CBOHM eCTeCTBeHHbIM npaBaM.
B HeM co,n;epmIITCH ,n;OBOJIbHO YMHoe 3aMeqaHHe (6oJIee rJIy60-
Roe, qeM rrOJIaraJI ca I aBTOp), qTO KOpOJIb, «CqHTaH ce6H HapymH-
TeJIeM npaB, He 3aXOqeT 60JIee HM 6bITb».
Ax! RaK Ha}J;O JII06HTL }J;06po,
QT06 KOpOJIIO npeBpaTHTLcR B HHlITO 4.
BCKope IIOHBllJIaCb rreCHH rro.n; Ha3BaHHeM «Y,n;HBJIeHlIe MOHa-
XOB» «<Les Etonnements des chartreux») II KyrrJIeTbI Ha MOTHB
-« Y ,n;IIBJIeHIIH», OTJIllqaBmHeCH TeM, qTO OHll He OrpaHHQllBaJIHCb
1 H));eR, lITO OH 6LIJI CHrHaJIOM, YKpenHJIaCb (CM.: F 0 n C i n. Ope cit.,
;po 511), nOTOMY lITO naMcPJIeT OTHOCHTCH K 1 anpeJIR. ,[(pyme naCKBIIJIH yno-
MHHalOTCH n03));Hee, O));HaKO CJIe}J;yeT OTMeTHTb, lITO BamOMOH 11 MeTpa OTHO-
-CRT nOHBJIeHIIC «MaHeKeBOB» K KOH:U;Y MaR. Ho PYKonHcHLIH TeKCT, OJImHO
6LITL, pacnpoCTpaHHJICH ));OBOJIbHO Me}J;JIeHHO.
2 B a C h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., 10 avril. HeKoTopLIe CTpOcPbI 113 Hee ony-
6JIIIKOBaJI IDeJIJIL no)); 3arOJIOBKOM «MHBHCTepCTBO TlOpro». (8 C hell e, t. V,
p. 475.) B HHX HeT OTpLIBRa, KacalOm;erOCH repn;OfllHH }J;'AHBHJIb.
3 3TO CTHXOTBopeHHe BonpeKII MHeBHIO <POHceHa He CJIe}J;yeT nYTaTL C
npe));LI));yID;HM. (CM.: B a C h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., 16 avril; F 0 n C i n. Ope cit.,
p. 512; Schelle, t. V, p. 474.)
4 B a C h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., 28 avril. TeHcT «La Prophetie turgotine»
CM. B: S C hell e, t. V, p. 476 et 477; F 0 n C i n. Ope cit., p. 513. no CJIOBaM
Eap6be, npHBo}J;HMbIM IIIeJIJIeM, aBTopOM 6LIJI lIt B. BilK }J;e JI'MJI!> (J. B. Vie
de 1'Isle). ITo MHeHHIO CYJIaBH, ero pacnpoCTpaHRJI COBeTHHK }J; AMeKYP no
saym;eHIIIO Mopena.
474
qACTb TPETbR. npOBAJI
Bana;:u{aMlI Ha Tropro, HO HaCaJIHCb BCerO MHHHCTepCTBa: MaJII")...
3ep6a, Mopena, BepmeHHa, CapTHHa, CeH-iKepMeHa, MOH6ap3, a
TaRn,e rn6epa H «IIOBbIX 3arrpaBHJI rrpOp;OBOJIbCTBHeM» 1. IIacR-
BIIJIb, n33BaHHbIH «TPH MapHH», rrOCBH eH B,n;OXHOBHTeJIbHHI(aM
TlOpro: r-me JI.' AHBHJlb, r-me EJIOH,n;eJlb H r-iRe ,n;e Mapme. Bo-
npeRH TOMY, 'tfTO MomHO 6bIJlO omH)J;aTb OT 3Toro CIOmeTa, H BO-
npeRH 3aMe'tfaHJIro CYJIaBH (<HesaCJIymeHHoe oCRop6J1eHHe Tpex
YB8maeMbIX iReH JIH») B 3TOM naM<pJleTe, RameTCH, He 6bIJIO HH3-
InfX HaMeROB Ha MOpaJlbHYro CTOPOHY HX OTHomeHHH, a B:bICMeHBa-
JIIlCb Boo6 e «CMemHbIe meMaHHHD;bI» napTHH 9ROHOMHCTOB 2 .
I-IaKoHeD; B KaRoM-To JI.eHb nOHBHJICH H «nCHXOJIOrH'tfeCKHH» Kyn-
JIeT 0 KOTOpOM MbI rOBOpHJIH BbIme:
rOpH'llIH, cTponTHBLIH, ynpHMLIii, Tynoii,
RycaeT, IIHxaeT, JIHraeT, KpymHT,
KTO 9TO - MYJI, HJIH KOHL, HJIH 6LIK? t
8TH Henpep:bIBHbIe aTaKH - 6bIJIH JIH OHH opraHH30BaH:bI «JIH
rOM» HJJH HeT, - HecoMHeHHo, npeCJIe,n;oBaJIH n;eJlb no,n;opBaTb aBTO-
pHTeT MHHHcTpa, nORa3aTb ero HenonYJIHpHOCTb, H, ROHeqHO, OHB
B RaRoH-To Mepe )J;OCTHrJIH 3Toro. ECJIH npHHHTb BO BHHMaHHe H3
Ha1J:aJlbHYro ma TROCTb ero nOJlOmeHHH, TO, «'tfTo6bI ero CBaJIHTb,
,n;OCTaT01J:HO 6bIJIO HeCROJIbKHX HaCMemeK H HeCROJlbRHX MeJlKHX
HHTpHr»4.
Mem,n;y TeM ,n;Be KJIIOqeBbIe n03HD;HH B nOJIHTHqeCKOM CTpaTerHB
TOM 3nOXH 3aHHMaJlH Mopena H KOpOJleBa.
A 3TH ,n;Be n03HD;HH 6:bIJIH OTH:bIHe nOTepHHbI ,n;JIH reHepaJIbHOrO
KOHTpOJIepa.
ECJIH 61>1 ,n;eJIO 06CTOHJlO HHa1J:e, HH «JlHra HMy ecTBeHH:bIX HH
TepeCOB», HH napJlaMeHT, HH <pHHaHCHCT:bI, HH ,n;YXOBeHCTBO, UD
1 B a C h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., 19 avril 1776. TeKcT CM. B: Met r a. Ope
cit., 2 mai 1776. TaM Haxop;HTcH ]I I\YIIJIeT 0 TIOpro, CYMacme}J;meM MHHHcTpe;
<l>oHceu nenpaBHJILHO CqHTaeT ero OTp;eJIbHLIM naCKBlIJIeM H }J;aTHpyeT 2 MaH,
op;HaKO 3TO npocTo 1I1ICJIO, Ror}J;a lVIeTpa OTMeqaeT cpaKT, co06 eHHLlii Bamo-
MOHOM 29 arrpeJIH.
2 Sou 1 a vie. Ope cit., t: III, p. 138. «CaTHpa, BbICMeHBaIO aH JIHlI-
HOCTH II, BepOHTHO, HH3Ronp06Hafl», - rOBopUT (f>oBceH, nO-BH}J;HMOMY HCXO.n;H
H3 ROMMenTapHH CYJIaBH. Ho no MBeHHIO BamoMoHa, KOTOPLlii, npaB.n;a, aHaeT
TOJIbKO 3arJIaBHe H CIO}KeT naCKBHJIH, «aBTOp pemHJI BblCMeHTb Tpex YMBHl'(
113 lIapTHH 8I{OHOMHCTOB, TeCHO CBlIaaHHbIX C reBepaJIbHbIM .KOHTpOJIepOM,
y I\OTOpbIX OH YCTpaHBaeT COBem;aHHH C KopH.peHMH CBoeH ceKTLI; TaKOBbI...
3Ta nOCJIe}J;HHH [r-ma }J;e Mapme] nO}J;BepraeTCH oco6eHHO OCTpoi KpHTHRe»
(p. 98). r -ma p;e Mapme II npaB}J;a 6LIJIa meB HHoii OlIeHL 8Kc eBTpHqHOii
KaI{ 110 CBoeMY 06JIHI\Y, TaR II ManepaM.
3 Ii KaK pecppeH K I{am}J;OMY KYIlJIeTY:
HeMHoro OBca, HeMHoro ceH a
,D:aJIeKO 3aBe;n;YT MHHHCTpa-rJIYII a.
II 3a 8THM CJIe}J;yeT HeHa6emHaH HaCMemKa HaJJ; quCTLIM npOJJ;YKTOM. CM.:
«Chansonnier historique», t. IX, p. 100; S C he 11 e, t. V, p. 478.
4 Sou I a vie. Ope cit., t. III, p. 137.
rJIABA VI. llPOTHBOII0J10HrHbIE mAIICbI
475
--
naCKBHJlHHTLI, HH «MaHeKeHDI)} MOC:be He CMOrJIII 6L1 IIp06HTb
6penIL B AOBepllll KOpOJIH K TIopro. BrrpOlleM, OHR, HeCOMHeHHO,
cMlIrQHJIH 01>1 HJIH OTCpOllHJIH CBoe HacTynJIeHHe.
B TelleHlle KpH3Hca, npOAOJImaBmerOCH 60JIee ABYX MeCHIJ;eB,
JIIOAoBHK XVI ORa3:bIBaJI CBoeMY MHHHCTPY He TOJI:bKO rrOJIHOe AO"
BepHe, HO II rrpOHBJIHJI TBepAoCT:b, HeH3MeHHYlo TBepAoCT:b. M:bI YiJ-\e
SHaeM, liTO 3HaMeHHTaH CJIa60CT:b JIIOAoBllKa XVI 6LIJIa ropa3Ao
60JILme CJIa60CT:b1O HHTeJIJIeKTyaJI:bHOii, lIeM CJIa60CT:b1O xapaKTepa.
B HCTOpHH C 3AHKTaMH OH pemllJI, llTO BLIpa60TaJI c06cTBeHHoe
MHeHHe.
ITo HeKOTOp:bIM npH3HaKaM MomHO 3aKJIIOllHTL, QTO AOBOADI
Cer:be MOrJIH B rrOCJIeAHlO1O MHHYTY rrp06YAHT:b Y Hero rrepBoe
COMHeHlIe. Ho 3TO 'OlleHL JIerROe KOJle6aBHe He MOrJIO rrpHBe-
CTH K Cep:be3HLIM rrOCJIeACTBHHM, rrOKa OHO He 6LIJIO 3aMelleHO 11
HCIIOJlL30BaHO. A 3TO MOrJIO CAeJIaTL TOJILKO ero 6JIHmaimee OKPY-
meHHe.
KOpOJIL 6:bIJI ropa3Ao MeHee YH3BHM AJIH rrpHMoro H pemHTeJIb-
Horo rrpoTHBoAeMcTBHH, lIeM AJIH AJIIITeJI:bHOrO pa3'beAalO ero BJIHH-
HHH 6.r.rH3KHX JIIOAeM.
«Bo BpeMH 06:bPIHLIX CTOJIKHOBeHHM,- OTMellaeT BepH,- corrpo..
THBJIeHHe KOpOJIH He BLI3LIBaeT COMHeHHH. Ho HeJI:b3H CKa3aTb Toro
me, Kor,n;a eMY HaAo OKa3aTL corrpOTHBJIeHlle C rJIa3Y Ha rJIa ,
B CBoeM TeCHOM Kpyry>). qTO KacaeTCH JIH , 06JIaAalOm;HX JIHlIHOH
BJIaCT:bIO, rJIaBHLIM K03bIp:b OKa3LIBaeTCH Y Tex, KTO HMeeT I( HHM
rrOCTOHHHDIM AocTyrr. TaR rrpoHcxoAHT Aame C pemHTeJILH:bIMH xa-
paKTepaMH, a ym TeM 60JIee eCJIH pellL HAeT 0 caMoAepm e, nOA-
Aarom;eMcH BJIHHHHIO. IIpH JIIOAoBHKe XVI TOJILKO ABoe JIIOAen
IIOJIb30BaJIHC:b TaKHM rrpeHMym;ecTBOM: KOpOJIeBa H Mopena. AHTpe-
COJIH r-mH JJ:ro6appH, C MaJIeHLKOM rrOTaMHOM JIeCTHH eM, - BOT fAe
6LIJI HaCTOHm;HM rropT<peJIL Moperra. BJIaroAapH aTOMY OB CTaJl C
nepBoro AHH H OCTaBaJICH AO KOH a <paKTHlIeCKHM rrpeM:bep-MH-
BHCTpOM. CJIYllaJIOCL, KaK rOBOpHJIH, llTO KOpOJI:b rrOAHHMaJICH H
HeMY B TO npeMH, KorAa OH em;e crraJI, TorAa JIIOAoBHR XVI TH-
XOH:bRO YXOAllJI, lIT06LI He rrOTpeBomHTL ero COH I . ROpOJIeBa He
pa3 3aMeQaJIa, liTO 6JIaroAapH 3THM HHTHMH:bIM 6eceAaM Moperra
JIerKO pa3pymaJI K03HH, KOTOp:bIe OHa TaR AOJIro H Tm;aTeJI:bHO nJIe-
JIa. Ha APyroM AeHb He OCTaBaJIOCL HHllero OT ee TaHHOM pa60TLI.
IToA06HO IIeHeJIorre, eM rrpHXOAHJIOC:b CHOBa rrpHHHMaT:bCH 3a CBOH
xHTpOCrrJIeTeHHH. «OAHOrO ero CJIOBa 6LIJIO AOBOJI:bHO, lIT06LI orrpo-
RHHYT:b caMYIO xopomo pacclIHTaHHYIO KOM6HHa HIO>}2.
1 «L'espion devalise». ITo CBH eTeJILCTBY mOpmeJIH, HMeHHO BO BpeMH
IIoA06Horo ncce eHHH KOpOJIH 6LIJIa pemeHa OTCTaBKa TlOpro. HOpOJIb BblCKa-
8aJI CBOH COMHeHHH, a Moperra BOCrrOJIL30BaJICH CJIYt.JaeM: «r-Ha Tropro BbI-
aroT em TBopeHHH: 3TO 6eaYMel'( C pOMaHTHt.JecKHM Bo06pameHHeM, OH cpa-
ataeTCH C BeTpHHbIMH MeJILHHn;aMH». (G e 0 r gel. Qp. cit., p. 425 et 426.)
2 B e s e n val. Ope cit., t. 1 2 p. 322.
476
'lACTb TPETbH. npOBAJ1;,
HTaK, Ha 3TOT pa3 TlOpro OKOHlIaTeJIbHO OTTOJlKHYJI OT ce6a-
MeHTOpa. Terrepb AeJIo 06CTOHT He TaK, KaK BO BpeMH 6YHT8
1775 r., 3TO He MHMOJIeTHOe pa3ApameHHe. Bo BpeMH «MyqHOB
BOHHLI» Moperra A06pOBOJIbHO AepmaJICH B CTopOHe. Mem,n;y HHMB
He 6LIJIO, c06CTBeHHO rOBopH, aHTarOHH3Ma. qTO KacaeTCH 3AHRTO:&'
H KOpOJIeBCROro 3aceAaHHH rrapJIaMeHTa, TO Moperra BI\JIIO'IHJICH
B Hrpy, XOTH H co CBOHCTBeHHOH eMY BKpa):(1IHBOH OCTopomnOCTLIO.
ITo paCCKa3Y CTopMOHTa, He B:bI3bIBalO eMY COMHeIIHH, OH YBll,n;eJI,
qTO HOpOJIb OT Hero OTAaJIHJICH, liTO TlOpro BOCTopmeCTBOBa.rr HaA
fiHM. OH Om;YTHJI AYHOBeHHe BeTpa Hey,n;alIH, ,n;bIxaHHe OTCTaBKH.
OH 06 3TOM rOBOpHJI, liTO CBllAeTeJIbCTByeT 0 ero CTpaxe nepe,n; BbI-
Hym,n;eHHLIM YXOAOM. Terrepb 3TO 6bIJI lIeJIOBeR, HaA rrOCTOM KOTO-
poro HaBHCJIa yrp03a, a 3HalIHT, H HaA ero mH3HblO.
CaMLIe orrTHMHCTIftIeCKlle AJIH TlOpro KOMMeHTapHH OTMeqalOT
3TO 06CTOHTeJILCTBO, orrpeAeJIHIO ee Bce ero 6YAy ee. ITo CJIOBaM
PHBLepa, «BJIHHHlle TlOpro BOCTopmeCTBOBaJIO HaA BCHKHM HHLIM
H rrpOCBem;eHHLIe Ha6JJIOAaTeJIll BHAHT OTHLIHe B r-He Ae Moperra.
PHAOM C MHHHCTpOM He 60JIee lIeM cy6Ae.rreraTa pH,n;OM CO CBOHM
HHTeHAaHTOM» 1.
A CTOpMOHT rrHCaJI: «r -H Mopena He TOJILKO OCTaHeTCH Ha
CBoeM MeCTe, HO, BepOHTHO, rrOKameT ce6H ropa3Ao 60JIee 6,n;1I-
TeJILHLIM, lIeM 6bIJI ,n;o CHX nop, OH 6YAeT CJIeAllTb 3a pOCTOM BJIHH-
HHH TlOpro H 1I1lHHTb eMY TaHHbIe rrpenHTCTBHH»2.
Ha 3TOT pa3 He 6:bIJIO rroA PYKOH «npHMHpHTeJIH». A66aT ,n;&
BepH pemHJI OCTaTbCH B CeH-CaTlOpe.
HOBLIe HaMepeHHH Moperra BLI3BaJIM rrOJIHbIli rrepeBopOT B llrpe-
caMLIX HHTHMHbIX BJIHHHHH Ha JIIO,D;OBHKa XVI. B TelleHUe 60.rree
rOAa 3TH BJIHHHIIH - BJIHHHHe rJIaBHOrO MHHIICTpa H BJIHHIIHe KO-
pOJIeBLI - CTaJIKHBaJIHCb APyr C APyrOM. IToCJIe CeHTH:OpbCKOro rrpH-
MHpeHHH 3TH COrrepHHlIalO He CHJILI rrepemJIH K TaRTHKe B3aHM-
HbrX YCTyrrOK. OTH!aIHe, rrOCJIe 12 MaH H B lIaCTHOM CJIYllae C TlOpro,
06a BJIHHHHH AeHCTBOBaJIH B OAHOM HarrpaBJIeHHIL M rrpn06peJIH'"
TaKHM 06pa30M, HerrpeOAOJIHMYIO CHJIY.
qTO KacaeTCH OTHomeHHH KOpOJIeBbI K TlOpro, TO OHO He TOJIB-
KO He CTaJIO 60JIee 6JIarOCKJIOHHbIM, a CTpaHHLIM 06pa30M omeCTO-
qHJIOCb H YXYAillHJIOCL, BrrpOlleM, rro rrpHlIHHaM, He HMeBIIIH1\{ CBH3D
C 3AHKTaMH H rrapJIaMeHTCKOH orrrr03H Hei.
TlOpro 06bIlIHO He npHAaBaJI 60JIbmOrO 3HalleHHH HacTpoeHMHM
MapHH AHTyaHeTTLI, H3MeHlIHBOCTb KOTOpLIX OH He Mor ne 3aMe...
qaTb. IIocJIe AeJI A'8HHepH H MOHMopaHCH OH, Ka3aJIOCb, ,n;ame
1 22 MapTa. ITo aTOMY nOBO Y PHBLep B CBOIO Oqepe L paccI.(a3bIBae'D
H3BecTHbIH aHeI{TO : «TOJIbKO r-H Tlopro H H JIIo6uM napop;). On A06D.B:IReT:
«OnacaIOTcH, KaK 6bI MHHHCTp ne omH6cH B BbI60pe cpep;CTB HJUI no MeHb--
meii Mepe He HCKa3HJI Toro, qTO B HHX eCTL paaYMHoro, 1I3-aa CKOpOnaJIHTeJJIr
HQCTH, C KOTOpoii OH HX rrpHMeHHeT».
2 20 MapTa. CM.: D a kin. Ope cit., p. 251.
rJIABA VI. npOTHBOn0J10JKHbIE mAHCbI
477
--
ge 06paTH BHHMaHHH Ha ee xonO BOCTb. O HaRO He OBonbCTBO
ee He npoxO Hno H 6:bInO 3aMelleBO OKpYJKaIO llMM. 8 BOH6pH na..
6J1IO,n;a Ten:bB:blti: CTOpMOBT rrHcan: «These ennemies (de Turgot)'
derive no small advantage from the opinion the public has the
queen is by no mean favourable to him»l.
Qepe3 HeKoTopoe BpeMH rrocne aTOM 3arrHCH npOH30meJI nOBbIH
HHn;H eBT, B CBH3H C KOTOpLIM MomBO e e pa3 yrrpeKHYTL TIOpro
B He;a;OcTaTKe xna HoKpoBHH. Pell:b mna 0 COBceM MenKO f }J;ene:
o neHCHH B 6 T:bIC. JIHBpOB nH r-a'UI 'AH no IIO xo;a;aTaiIcTBY
rpaqnIHll iKIOJIH e IIoJIHH:bHK, ee rrJIeMHHHH :bI. Y r-mll ' AH JIO
6:bIJIa rrnoxaH peIIYTa HH; «H3BeCTHaH HHTpHraHKa», OHa 6:bIna
y,n;aneHa H3 CBHT:bI Ma aM A enaH LI 3a TO, llTO npHHOCHna npHH
n;ecce HerrpIlCTOHH:bIe KHHrn 2 . Ho liTO 6bIno O aToro TIOpro? Pa3BB
caM OH 6:bIn TaKllM rrypHTaBHHOM? II lITO 3HallHnH JIH 6IO}J;meT&
6 T:bIC. nHBpoB? Ho OH BLICKa3anCH rrpOTHB. O;a;HaKo RoponL YTBep-
,D;IIJI rreHCIIIO.
rpa<pIIHH Ae TIonllHLHK HarrllCana TIOpro 6JIarO;a;apcT-
BeHBoe rrIlCLMO. OH OTBeTIIJI eu Aep30CTLIO. BRpaTn;e: «He 6na-
rO)J;apHTe MeHH, H TYT HH rrpll lIeM». OHa HarrHCaJIa eMY OCTPOYM-
HLIH OTBeT. rOBopHnH, 1J:TO Y Hee nH aToro He)J;OCTaJIO 6LI YMa,
HO eii rrOMorna caMa r-ma ' AH no. ROpOJIeBa me «Hamna OTBeT
cnHmROM MHrKIIM, rromJIa K ROpOJIIO, H OHII BMeCTe COCTaBHnw,
nHC:bMO, ROTopoe rpa<pIIHH He XOTena OTnpaBJIHTL, C1J:IITaH ero He-
YMeCTHLIM; O)J;HaKO, no pemHTenLHOMY HaCTOHHlllO ROpOJIeBLI H RO-
pOJIH, OTnpaBHJIa ero». TYT TIOpro C HeRoTopLIM 3arro3)J;aHHeM co-
06pa3HJI, 1J:TO He CJIe)U7eT OTBellaTL Ha 3TO rrHCLMO, H HIIKOMY He
CKa3aJI 0 HeM HH CJIOBa 3 .
IIo;a;06BLIe «6YJIaB01J:HLIe YROJILI» c03 aBaJIH HeRoTopylO HanpH-
meHHOCTn B OTHomeHHHX. Ho peq:b nOH eT yme COBceM He 0 npoc-
TOM HarrpHmeBHOCTH, KOr)];a pa3pa3HTcH BTopoe ;a;eJIo)J;e rllHa.
TYT MLI YBH HM, RaK rrnoxoe OTHomeHHe RoponeBnI, He6onbmO&
pa3 pameHHe, npHMeT 'tIY OBHm;H:bIe pa3Mep:bI H rrepepacTeT B Ha-
CTOH YIO HeHaBHCT:b. XonO HaH, paClIeTnHBaH CTpaCT:b, OmeCTOlleH
HaH TeM, lITO ee rrpnxO;a;HTCH ;a;epmaTL B TaHHe, COlleTaeTCH C rrOllTB
6e3YMBLIM caMonI06l1eM, qepnaIO HM 3HeprHIO B Bey oBneTBopeH-
HOM lIYBCTBeHHoCTH.
1 «Bparu (TIOpro) H3BJIeKaIOT HeMaJIOe rrpeJ.iIMym;ecTBo J.iI3 Toro, qTO 06-
IT(eCTBeHRoe MHeHHe CqHTaeT ROpOJIeBY OTHIO]J;:b He 6JIarOj{{eJIaTeJIbHO Ha-
CTpoennOH K TIOprO» {ane.lt.}. (D a kin. Ope cit., p. 231.) B ]J;aHHOM CJIyqa&
CJIOBa «06m;eCTBeHHoe MHeHHe» CJIe,n;yeT rrOHHMaT:b B Y3ROM CM:bICJIe, RaR MHe-
HHe OCBenOMJIeHHLTX JIIO,n; e ii, 6JIH3KHX KO ,n;BOPY.
2 Mer c y - A r g e n tea u. Ope cit., t. 'II, p. 391. Peq:b IDJIa 0 KHJ.iIrS--
«Portier des Chartreux» a,n;BOKaTa iKepBe3a.
3 Y Hac HeT TeKCTa ITJ.iICbMa TIOpro. ,1J)o6ya no JI'8CTan orrYOJIITI\OBaJI
]J;Ba rrHCbMa rpacpJ.iIHH ,n;e rrOJIJ.iIH:bHI , OT 13 HOH6pH H 14 ,n;eI\aup H 177 5 r. ,
8 CBoeH 6pOIDIOpe «TIOprO II KOpOJIeBCRaH ceMbH» ((Turgot et la famille-
royale»). Hx neperreqaTaJI CerIOp. (8 e g u r. Ope cit., p. 305 et 306.)
478
flACTb TPETbJf. npOBAJI
BTOPOE EJIO
,IJ:E rIIHA
IIepB:bltI aTarr BToporo AeJIa Ae rllHa COBnaJI no BpeMeHH C Rpn-
3BCOM, B:bI3BaHHbIM aAIIRTaMH, MemAY HallaJIOM HHBapH H HallaJIOM
MapTa 1776 r.
fpaCP Ae fHH 6:bIJI, HeCOMHeHHO, lIeJIOBeROM, KOTOpLIH nOCTOHHHO
«nona.n;aJI B HCTOPHH». OH TaR me Hey,u;allHO 06AeJILIBaJI CBOH AeJIa,
KaR y.n;allHO HaXOAHJI nOKpOBHTeJIeH. BepHYBmHCb Ha CBOH IIOCT
nOCJIa, OIl OCBo60AMJICH OT MomeHHIIKa-ceKpeTapH H BepOJIOMHOrO
nllc a, HO HameJI TaM CBoero xYAmero Bpara - a HMeHHO caMoro
ce6H. Ero cYAe6HLIe noxomAeHHH e e He 3aKOHlIHJIHCb (AeJIo ne-
pecMaTpUBaJIOCL 1 ), a OB yme CTaJI repoeM AHnJIOMaTHqeCKOrO CKaH-
AaJIa.
M:bI nepeAaAHM ero B HeCKOJILRHX CJIOBax.
STOT nOCOJI COBepmHJI pH,IJ; cepLe3HLIx CJIyme6HLIX npocTynKoB,
o 'tIeM C006 HJIH ero npaBHTeJIbCTBY. ROpOJIb OT03BaJI ero 11 ''aaMe-
HllJI APyrHM nOCJIOM. A TaK KaK KOpOJIeBa npOAOJImaJIa nOKpOBH-
TeJIbCTBOBa T:b Ae fHHY, KOpOJIL CAeJIaJI ero rep orOM. II no aToH
npHtIHHe, BO BCHKOM cJIy-qae npH nOBepxHocTHOM B3rJIHAe Ha HCTO-
pBIO, OH nOABepr onaJIe CBoero MHHHcTpa <pHHaHCOB, I\OTOPOMY He-
AaBHo OKa3LIBaJI caMYIO mHpoKYIO nOAAepmKY, OTKa3aJICH OT nOJIII-
THKH pe<POPM 11 nory6HJI ce6H II CBoe ROpOJIeBCTBo. B TaKOM RpaT-
ROM H3JIOmeHHB npH'tIHHHaH CBH3b co6LITHH npeACTaBJIHeTCH Ha-
CTOJILKO a 61cyP WIoii , lITO 3TO HII'1ITOiKHOe eJIO, HeJIenOe R ,TelWHoe,
3aCJIyiRHBaeT pa3'bHCHeHIIH.
fpa<p Ae fHH, RaR nOCOJI <l>paH HH B JIoHAoHe, AeHCTBHTeJILHO
COBepmIIJI TPM CJIyme6HbIX npocTynKa. IIx MomHO H3J10mHTL B xpo-
HOJIOrIAeCROM nopH,ItKe no Mepe HX o6HapymeHHH 2 , HCnOJIL3YH
nepenHCKY BepmeHHa H 3anHCR Bepll.
1. fpa<p Ae fHH, He HMeH Ha TO HHKaKHX HHCTPYK HH, npeA-
npHHHJI ABOHHYIO HHIII(HaTHBY. PetIL mJIa 0 nOCTOHHHLIX KOH<pJlHR-
Tax MemAY McnaHlleH H IIopTyraJIHeH H3-3a HX aMepllKaHCRHX KO-
1 B ROH e KOH OB OH ero BLIHrpaJI, H, HeCOMHeHHO, BJIIIHBHe KOpOJIeBLI
CblrpaJIO CBOIO pOJIh. « BbI, BepORTIIO, 3BaeTe, t.JTO }J;e rHB BbUlrpaJI CBOR npo-
ecc Ha nOt.JeTHLIX YCJIOBHHX. A <Dop OCyrR)J;eH», - nHmeT MBOr03Ha1lHTeJILHO
TIOpro lOnoHY 1 anpeJIH 1777 r. <Dopa 06'bHBHJIH 6eCQeCTHLIM, OH )J;OJIiReH 6bIJI
BblnJIaTJ.iITb 300 JIJ.iIBpOB J.iI Ha aTOT pa3 Bce cY)J;e6HbIe JiI3}J;epiRKJ.iI. IIocTaBoBJIe..
BHe OT 21 MapTa 1777 r. (CM.: S e g u r. Ope cit., p. 351.)
2 CM.: V e r i. Ope cit., p. 398, 401, 402, 415; S C hell e, t. V, p. 435, 436
(illeJIJIb )J;aeT HenOJIHbIH II HeTOQHbIH aHaJIJ.iI3). JIYt.Jme Bcero aTa HCTOpJ.iIH
H3JIOmeHa Y iK06e3a (J 0 b e s. Ope cit., p. 496 et suiv.), ROTOpbIH J.iICnOJIb3yeT
nepenHCKY BepmeHHa, HO He 3HaeT }J;HeBHHKa BepJ.iI. CM. TaKiRe: S e g u r. Ope
cit., p. 345 et suiv.; D a kin. Ope cit., p. 258 et 259; N e Y mar C k. Ope cit.,
p. 230 et suiv.
rJlABA VI. npOTHBOn0J10iKHbIE mAHCbI
479
--
nO RHH 1. Cna'tlaJIa on «3aHB.llJI 6pllTaHCROMY MIIHHCTepCTBY, 'tITO
BeJID AHrJIIIH ne CTaHeT 'Ba CTOPOHY IIopTyraJI12III, TO <l>paH HH He
uoMepmHT M'CnaHHIO». .8TII CJIOBa B3HT:bI 1I3 TIlIC:bMa BepmenHa OT
4 ,MapTa 2 OTIHOCIITeJIbHO nepBoro HH ll.n;eHTa. 3aTeM .n;e fun \cooo-
IIJ;BJI 06 aTOM CBoeM nepBOM ,,n;eMapme ncnaHCROfMY nOCJIY B JIOH O-
se KHJI310 ,,n;e Maccepany, a TOT B 'CBOIO O'Iepe b C006 HJI 00 aTO'M
Ma,npRACROMY nnopy.
9TO nepB:blti: uB HAeBT, H OH OAIIH B:bI3BaJI pemeHHe 00 OT3:bIBe
,ne rHHa 3 .
2. TOJI:bRO nOCJIe OT'be3.n;a rpa<I>a ;a:e rHHa CTaJIa H3BeCTHa ero
BTopaH cYMac6po HaH B:bIXOARa. OH «KaK APyr» C006 HJI Hcnan...
CKOMY nOCJIY B JIoBAoHe, 'tITO Ha OCHOBaHHII AOHeceHHH CBOUX
mrrHOHOB yoem,n;eH, 6y,n;TO «Cep:be3H:bIe npHrOTOBJIeHHH Ha cyme II
Ha Mope, KOTopLIe Be YTCH B JIoH,n;OBe 11 HanpaBJIeH:bI HKOObI npo-
u
TUB aMepllKaBCKHX KOJIOHHH, Ha caMOM ,n;eJle HanpaBJIeHDI npOTHB
MeKCIIKH, npuHa,n;JIema eii MCnaHIIII».
M:bI HCBO BH,n;IIM onaCBOCTb 3Toro BToporo nocTynKa. IIepBbIH
Mor ODITb, no B:bIpameHHIO BepH, TaHBOH MHHOH; a BTOpOH yme
O:bIJI BSp:bIBaTeJIeM.
3. .l(e fUH ,n;aJl nHC:bMeHHOe saBepeHHe aHrJIHHCKoMY MHHHCTPY,
QTO <I>paH Y3cRHH ,n;BOp He OKameT aMepHKaHCRHM KOJIOHllHM BHKa-
ROH no,n;,n;epmKH - HH npHMO, BII KOCBeHHO. «8TO npHMO npOTUBO-
peqllJIO nOJIyq:eHB:bIM HM IIHCTPYK HHM».
4. HaI\oHe , oOHapymHJIII 11 'tIeTBepT:bIH 3nH30A, Ba }J;eJle ca-
M:bIH paHHHH, OH 6DIJI CBHsaH C nepB:bIM II Mor O:bI CJIymHTL K BeMY
BCTynJIeHlleM.
«3a,n;OJIfO }J;O CBoero OTOSBaHJilR OB YBe,n;OMHJI }J;BOp, qTO B JIOH-
,n;OHCKOM npaBUTeJIbCTBe eMY HaMeKaJlII Ha npoeKT OOopOHHTeJIb'"
Horo H BacTynaTeJIbHOrO COlO3a C McnaHHeii B eJIHX OOOro,n;HOH
rapaBTHH HX ROJIOHHH B AMepHKe». «B BepcaJIe OTHeCJIHCb K 3TO-
My npoeKTY JIIIIDb KaK K JIOBymKe aHrJlIIHCROro npaBHTeJIbCTBa,
KOTopoe Bcer a nOn;OSpeBaJIH B BaMepeHHH pasopBaTb coros <DpaH-
D;IIH C McnaHllen, H COqJIII TaRme 3TOT npOCKT 6pe,n;OM ,n;e fUHa,
KOTOpblii co06 aeT 0 HeM TaR, CJIOBHO ,n;onYCKaeT TaKYIO BOSMOiK-
BOCTb» .
1 McrraHcRliIH rrOCOJI }J;' ApaHp;a «COBeTOBaJI CBoeMY npaBHTeJIbCTBY ol\a-
8LIB8TL nOMoID;b aMepHKaH aM, no B TO iRe BpeMH aHHeRCHpOBaTb B.TIap;eHHR
IIopTyraJIHH, C KOTOpoi Y McnanuH BOSHHK ROH<pJIHRT Hs-sa TeppHTopnIl,
pacnOJIOmeHHOi Ha npaBOM 6epery peRIl PHO- e-J1a-nJIaTa, HanpOTHB BY8HOC-
Aipeca. OH npe)J;JIaraJI <DpaH HH BpaSHJIHIO, npUHap;JIell{aBmylO ITopTyraJIHH,
eCJIH <DpaHD;HH nO}J;p;epmHT ero nJIaHLI». (C a r r e, Sag n a C at L a vis s e.
Ope cit., p. 104.)
2 PaSJIHqHLIe lIHCLMa BepiReHHa, D;HTHpyeMLIe B SToi rJIaBe, HaXOJJ;HTCJJ
B HaD;HOnaJIbHOM apXHBe. (Archives Nationales, K. 164.)
3 MLI Be rraxop;HM y BepH HSJIOmeHHH 8Toro nepBoro HH Hp;eHTa, H60
oJJ;ua H3 ero TeTpap;eii (OTHOCHID;aHCH RO BpeMeHH paspaSHBmerOCH CKaHp;aJIa)
YTepHua. OCTaJIbHbIe TPH HH HAeHTa He 6LIJIH nop;p06no onHcaHbI B nepenHC"
Ke BepmeJlHa.
480
tIACTb TPETbH. npOBAJl
3HRQHT, 06 aTOM ,n;CJIe ,n;e fHH, B BH,n;e HCKJIlOlIeHHH, ,n;OJIOiRMJJ
'CBoeMY ,n;BOpy. Ho ,n;OKJIa)]; ero 6:bIJI JI HB:bIM.
II'HH Ha'TIRBa H'CXO JIa He OT alHrJIHHCKOro ,n;Bopa, a OT Hero
caMoro.
«aT HeKoero TeMHoro rrocpe,n;HHl\a, OKa3:bIBanmero YCJIyrH Ae
fHHY, BCKope Y3HaJIH, 'tITO 3TO OH caM lIepe3 TpeThH PYKH npe,n-
JIOmHJI aHrJIHHCKOMY rrpaBHTeJIhCTBY npoeKT 0 B3aHMH:bIX rapan-
THHX ...»
HTal\, 3arrYTaHHaH HHTpHra. AHrJIH"tfaHe ,n;YMaIOT, liTO npe,n;JIa-
raeT <t>paH HH, <ppaH Y3:bI -'tITO npe,nJIaraeT AHrJIHH... q TO I<aCaeT-
CH McnaHHH, TO, Y3HaB 06 3TOM, OHa MomeT TOJI:bKO 3aTa1IT:b He,no-
Beprre K CBoeH COI03HH el.
M:bI MomeM OTMeTHTh - ;n:JIH nOHHMaHHH ;n:aJIbHeHmero xo,na
rC06:bITIIH, - 'tITO 3TH CJIe)];YIO He O,n;HO 3a ,n;pyrHM pa306JIalleHHH
'COCTaBJIHIOT e,n;IlHOe eJIOe, II ;n:OBOJI:bHO BHymHTeJIbHOe eJIOe. 3a-
HIIMaHC:b BCeH 3TOH HeYMeCTHOH II 6eCTaKTHOH ;n:eHTeJI:bHOCT:bIO, He
,HMeH Ha TO HHCTPYK HH H HHKOMY He OT;n:aBaH OT'tIeTa, c.rre,n;OBaJI
.JIll nOCOJI npOCTO nOJIeTY co6CTBeHHOH HeJIerrOH <l>aHTa3HH? lIJIH OH
rrpeCJIe OBaJI orrpe;n:eJIeHHYIO eJI:b? BY)];YlIH areHTOM rrapTHH ya-
.3eJIH, He ;n;eHCTBOBaJI JIH OH, 6:bITh MomeT H 6e3 HHCTPYR HH, TaKIIM
'o6pa30M, 'tITo6:bI YCHJIHT:b HarrpHmeHHe II B:bI3BaT:b KpII3HC? IIpoTHB-
'HIIKH IIlya3eJIH C'tIHTaJIH ero [IIlya3eJIH] CTOpOHHHKOM BOHH:bI. Ero
J];PY3:bH MOrJIH ;n;YMaT:b, lITO BOHHa 6:bIJIa 6:bI YAalleH ,n;JIJJ IIlya3eJIH.
'TaKoBO 6:bIJIO TOJII\OBaHHe, AaHHoe HeMHoro rr03me BepH, a 6:bITb
.MOiReT, H caMHM KOpOJIeM: «OH 6:bIJI y6em,n;eH [KOPOJI:b] iii )];ame
HeCKOJIbKO pa3 rrOBTOpHJI, 'tITO r-Ha ,n;e rHHa, HapymHBmero CBOM
06H3aHHOCTH rrOCJIa, MomHO 3ano,n;03pHT:b B iI\eJIaHHII B:bI3Ba Tb
u 2
BOHHY...»
II pH aTOM rrpe,n;nOJIOmeHHH pell:b mJIa 6:bI yme 0 HaCTOHm;eM
. UJIane, Kam;n;aH qaCT:b I\OTOpOro 06'bHCHHeT nOCJIe,n;YIOm;He.
ECJIH McrraHHH rrOqYBCTByeT ce6H npe,n;aHHOH, eCJIH OHa 3ano-
..o;03pHT, qTO eH yrpomalOT, pa3Be OHa He MomeT COBepmHT:b Heo6-
JJ;YMaHH:bIH mar? Pa3Be AHrJIHH CO cBoeH CTOpOH:bI He nOlIYBCTByeT
.ce6H 06MaHYTOH, He 6y,n;eT B03Mym;eHa HeB:bIITOJIHeHHeM 06em;aHHH
II nOpO"tfam;HMH ee npH3HaHHHMII?
1 8Ta 3alIHCL BepH OT 9 MapTa BaMeKaeT Ha lIOCJIe}J;Hee 3ace}J;aHHe ro-
· CY;r(apCTBeHHoro COBeTa. STOT 9nH30;r(, }J;OJIiKHO OI>ITb, HMeJI MeCTO lIOCJIe HJIlf
B MOMeHT B03Bpa eHHH }J;e rHHa BO <DpaHD;HIO.
2 V e r i. Ope cit., t. II, p. 6. «ROPOJIL HaqJ.iIHaeT lIO;r(03peBaTL, lITO B AeJIe
p;e rHHa peqL HAeT 60JILme qeM 0 lIpOCTbIX nORpOBHTeJIHX... OqeHb TPY}J;HO
OTRa3aT.bCH OT CTpamHOrO nOp;03peHJ.iIH, qTO nYTb, lIO KOTOPOMY OB mOil UJIlI
aa ROTOpbdi ero HalIpaBJIHJIJ.iI B KaiKjJ;OM CJIyqae, J.iIMeJI CBoen n;eJIblO lIOPOAJ.iITI,
pa3HOrJIaCliIH MeiKAY }J;BopaMH EBPOlIbI». Ror}J;a B lIJ.iICbMe I KOpOJIIO OT 30 anpe-
JIfl TlOpro lIHmeT: «qTO 6Y}J;eT, CHP, eCJIJ.iI R BHYTpeHHJ.iIM 6eclIopH}J;K M p;o6a-
BHTCH THrOTbI BOKHbI, K KOTOpOK MorYT npJ.iIBeCTH TbLCRtf,U neocJrtOTpuTe.!£bHtbl,X
.aeMapWeU», TO HaM KameTC:.r, qTO aTH CJIOBa OTHOCHTCH HelIocpe}J;CTBeHHO
K CaMOBOJIbHbIM BbIXOAKaM rpa<l>a p;e rJ.iIHa, 06 OT03BaHJ.iIJ.iI ROToporo Tropro
rOBopHT B TOM me IIHCLMe.
r PABA VI. llPOTHBOII0J10iKHbIE mAHCbI
-
481
MbI He MomeM pa306paT:bCH B aTOM KJIy6Ke IIpOTHBOpetIllH
J1yQwe, qeM ero COBpeMeHIIIIRII If, 6bIT:b MomeT, caMO 3aIIHTepeco-
BaRBoe JIII O.
RaKOB:b1 6:b1 HH 6:blJIH ero IICTJiIHH:ble I1aMepeHllH, HO OIl, BO BCH-
gOM cJlyqae, llrpaJI C orHeM.
C006m;eHIIH 0 IIepnOM HHII;ll,n;eHTe IIocTynIIJIH no )J;nYM KaHaJIaM.
STa IIo)];p06HOCT:b )];aeT HaM llHTepeeH:ble CBe;n:eHHH 0 HpaBax Ii IIPH-
eMax )];llIIJlOMaTHH npeMeH CTaporo IIopH)J;Ka.
lIepB:bIH KaHaJI: HcnaHCKHH ;n:BOp, IIOJIyqllB co06 eHHe OT CBO-
ero IIOCJIa B JIoH;n:OHe, B CBOIO Oqepe)];b HH<pOpMllpOBaJI CBoero IIa-
pU»\CKoro IIOCJIa - rpacpa )];'ApaH;n:a. rpa<p nOKa3aJI BepmeHHY )];e-
nemy CBoero KOJIJIerlI, nepe;n:aHHYIO eMY H3 Ma;n:pH;n:a, 11 ;n:ame OT-
;a:aJI ee eMY. TaHHM 06pa30M, <ppaHn;Y3CKIIH MIIHHCTp 6:blJI H3ne-
lI(eH... HcnaHn;aMII 0 TOM, tITO )];eJIaJI H rOBOpHJI ero c06CTBeHH:bIH
npe;n:CTaBHTeJIb l . BepmeHHY He OCTaBaJIOC:b HHqerO ;n:Pyroro, KaK CO-
06m;HT:b 06 aTOM )];eJIe COBeTY MIIHHCTpOB.
qT06:b1 IIOHHTb, KaRHe tIYBcTBa MOrJIH BOJIHOBaTb B aTOM CJIY-
'Iae JIYmy rJIaB:b1 <ppaHn;Y,3 I OKOH ,D;HIIJIOMaTHH, CJIel1J;yeT 3IBa T:b ero 'CJIY-
me6H:ble H JIHlIH:ble 3a6oT:bI. C TOlIKII 3peH1IH IIpOBO;n:IIMOH 11M IIOJIII-
THRH HllqTO He MOrJIO IIOTpHCTH BepmeHHa CHJI:bHee, tleM TO, tlTO
OH Y3HaJI. 113 ero MeMyapa OT 1774 f. M:bl 3HaeM, tlTO HeH3MeH-
HIdMH IIpHHU;HIIaMH ero IIOJIHTHKH 6:bIJIII, C O):(HOH CTOpOH:bI, meJIa-
HHe onepeTbCH Ha COI03 C I1cIIaHHeH, a c ;n:pyroH - IIOCTOHHHaa
60H3H:b onaCHoro OT)J;aJIeHllH AHrJIHH.
COID3, CQllTaJI' BepmeHH, 6:blJI Ha )];eJIe 60JIee BLIro;n:eH Q;)paH-
HH, tleM I1cnaHHH. AHrJIHH )J;eHcTBHTeJIhHO 6:blJIa BLIHym,n;eHa co-
6JIIO)];aTb OCTopOmHOCT:b B OTHOmeHllH I1cnaHllll, C ROTopoH OHa Be-
JIa RpynHYIO TOprOBJIIO. lITO RacaeTCH <PpaHII;HH, TO ee [AHrJIHIO]
He c):(epmllBaJIH HHRaKHe nO)];06H:ble coo6pameHllH. TaRIIM 06pa30M,
, JIH <ppaHU;Y30B COlO3 C l'£cnaHlleH 6:blJI He TOJIbHO KpYIIH:bIM K03:b1-
peM B CJIyqae BOHH:bI, HO II rapaHTlleH COXpaHeHIIH MHpa. «ECJIH
lITO-JI1l60 C)J;epmlIBaeT H BHymaeT YBameHlle AHrJIHH, TO TOJI:bKO
06 e):(llHeHlle <PpaHII;llII II I1cnaHIIH, YBepeHHOCT:b, qTO IIepB:bIH ny-
meqH:bIH B:bICTpeJI npOTHB O,D;HOH 1I3 HIIX HeMe;n:JIeHHO B:b130BeT OT-
BeTH:bI:ff y;n:ap 06ellx».
B TO BpeMH BepmeHH B caMOM ):(eJIe 60HJICH HapymeHHH Mllpa
H C'IHTaJI, qTO onaCHOCTb rp03HT co CTOpOH:bI AHrJIHH. R TO MY me
Be,pmelHH 6:bIJI ,CKJIOHeH JI{ ,6eCnO\KOHCITBY B CHJIY Icnoero xapaKTepa 2
H 60HJICH HapymeHIIH Mllpa yme H3 Tex, TaK CKa3aTb, cpIIJIOCOcp-
1 CY}J;H no aaIIHCHM BepH, lICrraHD;bI He }J;YMaJIJ.iI, BnpOlleM, CTaBJ.iITb )];8
rHUY B BJ.iIHY aTO )];eJIo.
2 TOMY eCTL MHoro p;oKaaaTeJIbCTB. TaR, BepH OTMellaeT, llTO 6bIJI MO-
MeRT, Kor}J;a BepmeHH onaCaJICH, KaK 6LI pYCCRue He nOMorJIH aUrJIHqaHaU
YKPOTHTb HX ROJIO, HJ.iIJ.iI IIOCJIe qero MOrJIH 6bI npe}J;'bHBHTb CBOU npHTHaaUHB
B:a cppauD;yacKue oCTpoBa. (CM.: V e r i. Ope cit., p. 374.)
31 3. op
482
qACTb TPETbH. llPOBAJ!'
CKHX co06pameBHii, 'tITO OB AJIHJICH otJ:eH:b )J;OJIro. « HCTHHa, ROTO-
PYIO HeJI:b3H He npH3HaBaT:b, XOTH OHa II RameTCH TpHBHaJI:bHoi:I.
rJIaCHT: 'tIeM OJI:bme )J;JIMTCH MMp, TeM MeH:bme BepOHTHOCTH, 'tJTG
OH e e rrpo;n:JIHTCH. Y Hac MHp JIHJICH BeHa n;a T:b JIeT. 8TO cepL-
e3HLIii OBO)J; rrpoTHB ero ;n:aJI:bHeiimeH YCTOHtJ:IIBOCTM». TotJ:Hee ro-
BOpH, BepmeHH onaCaJICH co CTOpOHLI aHrJIMtJ:aH He 06;n:YMaHHoro
pemeHMH (BLImeH3JIOmeHHLIe coo6pameHMH ero HCRJIIOtJ:aJIH), a I\a-
KOrO-JIH60 6e3YMHoro IIopLIBa, B:bI3BaHHoro BHYTpeHHHM HarrpHil\C-
HHeM B aToH CTpaHe H maTRIIM IIOJIOiHeHlIeM npaBHTeJIbCTBa. « Mx
3aTpy;n:HeHHH [MHHHCTpOB] MorYT MHHOBaT:b HJIH, Hao6opOT, B03-
paCTH ;n:o TaROH CTerreHH, tJ:TO rr06y;n:HT npaBHTeJIbCTBO narrpanHTT:
B036ym eHHe YMOB Ha BHemHHe rrp06JIeMLI. MbI MomeM OKa3aTLCfi'
u
BTHHYTLIMH B BOIIHY BorrpeRH BOJIe JIOH OHCRoro BOpa».
tJepe3 rrOJITOpa ro;n:a BepmeHH He CtJ:HTaJI, tITO IIOJIOmeHHe CTa-
310 60JIee YCTOHtIHBLIM, KaK pa3 Ha06opoT. B nHC:bMe OT 22 HHBapn
1776 r., IIanHcaHHOM B TOT ;n:eHL, Kor a 6LIJIO pemeHO OT03BaTI;
;n;e rHHa, H r e OB H3JIaraJI Koe-RaKHe CBep;eHHH, rrOJIYtJ:eHHLIe ()'r
BOMapme, OH YTBepm;n:aJI: «AHrJIHH CTOIIT Ba rpaHH OTtJ:aHHIUI».
MHHHCTPLI, CTapaHCL H36emaT:b caMOH 60JIbmOH onaCHOCTH JIW
ce6H JIHtIHO, B03MomHO, He Haii;n:YT HHoro BLIxo a, RpOMe <OT1IaHII-
HLIX Mep».
CJIe OBaTeJILHO, BepmeHH ,n;OJImeH 6LIJI paCn;eHHBaT:b eiCTBI1H
u
CBoero nO tJ:HHeHHoro RaR KpaHHe Bpe HLIe, He rOBopH yme 0 BO-
rrpocax HCn;HrrJIHHLI H C06JIIO;n:eHHH rrpHJIHtJ:Hii; HO B TO me BpeMH
OH 3HaJI, naRHM HeH3MeHHLIM rrORpOBHTeJl:bCTBOM ROpOJleBLI nOJIb-
30BaJICH rpa<I> e rHH. BepmeHH HMeJl caMoe Herrocpep;CTBeHHoe-
OTHomeHHe R rrepBOMY ero ,n;eJIY, B03pamaH rrpOTHB OrJIameHHH
)J;ORYMeHTOB, rrepenHCLIBaHCL Herrocpe;n:CTBeHHO C ROpOJIeM, KOTopLIlr
XOTeJl p;epmaTL COBeT B CTopOHe OT Bcex 8THX Hel1pllHTHOCTew.
BepmeHH, rrotJ:TH CJIyqaiiHo Bome mHi B MHHHCTepCTBO, He liIMeB-
mHH JIlftIH:bIX rrOKpOBHTeJIei, o3a6oQeHHLIH CBOHM MaTeplIaJIbHbIM"
IIOJIOmeHHeM, CTpaJJ;aBmHH ROMIIJleKCOM HerrOJIHOn;eHHOCTH II3-3a
IIpOHCXOiK eHIIH meHLI, epmaJICH 3a CBOH IIOCT TaR iRe n;eIIRO, RaK
Mopel1a 3a CBOH. ITo CJIOBaM CYJIaBH, OH rrORJlHJICH «YMepeT:b :MH-
HHCTPOM» II BceMH CHJlaMH CTapaJICH cp;epmaT:b CJIOB0 1 .
JIerKo ce6e IIp'ep;CTaBHT:b, B RaI{OM mIHTeHIIH IIpe CTaJl rrepe,n;
COBeToM MHIIIICTp, 'CTOJI:b ,n;06pocoBe 1 c'THbIH B CBoeH pa60Te II B TO
me BpeMH CTOJI:b )];opomam;Hii CHoeH ;n:OJImHOC'T:bIO, ne,CH B rropT<peJIe,.
RaK 60M6y, TIIIC:bMO KHH3H ;n:e MaccepaHa 2 .
1 Sou I a vie. Ope cit., t. V, p. 100; CM.: V e r i. Ope cit., p. 354. «OR 6:bIJI
cKyrroBaT Ha p;eHbrliI... qeJIOBeK He MOiReT OTpemliITLCfl OT CBoero rrpomJIoro.
.n;OJIrHe rop;DI OH 3aHHMaJI BTopOCTerreHH:bIe P;OJIiRHOCTIiI C HeOOJI:b;mHM maJIO-
DaHLeM. iKeHa ero - 113 HH3mero COCJIOBIiIH, HaBepHO, npHB:bIKJIa C1llITa'nL KaiK-
;n;yro KOrreHI{Y, IiI 60H3HL IIOTepHTb CBoe MeCTO 3aCTaBJIHJIa IiI ero 6bITL 6epeiK-
JHIB:bIl\l...»
2 M:bI He 3HaeM, KaR OH npOBeJI CBOD: p;ORJIap;, nOTOMY 'liTO Be HMe,eM co.-
CJlABA VI. npOTHBOn0J10mHbIE mAHCbI
483
-
H TYT rrpOH30IDJIa CeHCaD;nH. OTRp:bI.T.I!CH BTOpOH RaHaJI H1I<pOP-
an;RlI. HOpOJI:b yme 3HaJI a.TOT OI YMeHT. OH Y3HaJI 0 HeM 6J1aro-
.]1;apJl rrepJIIOCTpaD;HH rrOlIT:bI. QTo6:bI rrOHHT:b 8TO COBna eHHe,
aa,n;o ICKa3aT:b, lITO nOtfTa 113 JIorr,n;OHa B Ma,n;pH,n; IDJIa lIepe3 IIapHiR.
A TyT 'CJIym6a PlIroJIe ,n;'Y aHbH eHCTBOBaJla, He pa'3 YM:bIBaH 0 ee
p:nnJIOMaTH1JeCI OH HerrpIIROCHOBeHHOCTII. KOPOJIb COXpaHHJI Y ce6H
.1:)TO llnC:bMO H He rrepe,n;aJI ero Bepme l HHY, KaR 06:bIlIHO nocTynaJI:
TO JIll nOTOMY, lITO em;e He ycnem:, TO JIH nOTOMY, lITO 60HJICH lB036y-
J];HTb ,neJIO rrpOTIIB no,n;orrellHoro ROpOJI'eB:bI. E:bITb MomeT, JIIO O-
BHK XVI TaR HHlIerO 6:bI H He CRa3aJI. Ho, YBH,n;eB, lITO MHllnCTp
COJIyqHJI TaHOH iRe Te CT, OH He CTaJI ,n;aJIee YMaJIlIIIBa'Tb.
BepmeIIH OCMOTpHTeJI:bHO B03,n;epmaJlCH RaR B TOT MOMeHT, TaR
IU BITOCJIe,n;CTBHH OT Tpe60maHJIH IcaHRD;HH npoTHB,n;e rHna. OH
lIe pa3 061>HCHHeT CBoe nOBe,n;eHHe B nepenHCRe, II nopOH ona nplI-
HHMaeT BOIICTHHY rraHlIlIeCHHH TOH; TaROBO rrHCbMO OT 23 cpeB-
,paJIH:
«BameMY BeJIHlIeCTBY 1l3BeCTHO, (KaROe yq:aICTHe H rrpHHHMaJi B
eme\HHH II lITO H He no,n;,n;eJIaJI nHCbMO I HH3H ,n;e M'a'oce.paHa, 0 1\0-
TOpOM H no ,n;oJIry cJlym6:bI o6H3aH '6:bIJI C006m;HTb BameMY BeJIII'tIe-
TBY Ha COBeTe, nO'CHOJIbRY ORO 6:bIJIO rrepe,n;aHO MHe rpa<pOM
TI.'ApaH,n;a II nOCROJILKY pelIL mJIa 0 coxpanenHH COI03a Mem,n;y ,n;BY-
MH RopOHaMH. 8TO IJ!HCLMO, CHP, B ROTOpOM KHH3L ,n;e MaccepaH
<co06 aeT ,n;BOpy 0 npH3HaHHH, C eJlaHHOM eMY rpacpOM ,n;e rJmOM
OTHOCHTeJILHO CTpaHHoro o60pOTa, KOTOp:bIH OR [,n;e rlIH] npH,n;aJl
CBOHM neperOBopaM, - rrlI'CLMO 9TO, ClIp, 6:bLJIO nepe aHO BameMY
BeJIlI1Ie I C'TBY TaHHDIM Ra6HHeToM; BepOHTHO, OHO 1I ceiPIac Haxo,n;HT-
CH B BamHx pYKax, TaR RaI H H,e y:,n;OC'TOHJlCH MIIJIOCTH rrOJIyqlITL
e'ro» .
HeTpy,n;HO Boo6pa3lrTb ymac 060HX - MHHH'CTpa II ROpOJIH -
nplI M:bICJIH '0 B03MomHOH peaRD;HII MapHH AHTyaH1eTT:bI. HaKoe
CT'apaHHe npOHBJIHeT MHHH'CTp, lIT06:bI orrpaB,n;alTL CTOJIL Hoo6xo,n;H-
.M:bIH mar! QT06:bI 3apanee O'TBeprHYTb HeM:bICJIHMOe 06BHHeRHe, 6y,n;-
'TO OH Mor no,n;,n;eJIaTL rrHCLMO! HaR naCTOHlIHBO IIo,n;lIepRlIBaeT, 'ITO
()H HenpH'tIa'CTeR R pemeHHIO, ROTopoe ,n;OJIiReH 6:bIJI 6:bI caM npel,IJ;JIO-
mUTL II rrO'Tpe60BaTL! A ROpOJIL? OH rrpe,n;rrOlleJI 6:bI HJl1IeTO He rOBO-
pUTL, eCJIH 6:bI HHKTO He no,n;HHJI 8Toro ,n;eJIa, H COXpaHHJI Y ce6s
JJ;ORYMeHT, I\or,n;a Bce yme paCRp:bIJIOCb, RaK 6Y,IJ;TO 9Ta HeJIenaH
IIIp'e,n;OCTopomrrOCTb MOrJIa n03BOJIllTb eMY 3aMHTL ,n;eJIO rrOCJIe ero
()rJIaCI\H!
Y Hac HeT TOlIH:bIX 'CBe,n;eHHH 0 TOM, 'tfTO rrp01LCxo,n;HJIO B rrepBoe
-
6IIJ;eHHH BepH 00 3TOM rrepBOM aaCel];aHHH COBeTa. Ho Ha CJIe}J;YIOm;eM aace..
aHHH (npOIiJCXol.lHBmeM B HaqaJIe Mall), Rorp;a oOHapymHJIOCb npe)J;JIOmeHH8-
e rIiJHa 0 BaaHMHbIX rapaHTIiJHX, BepmeHH ObTJI TaR B30emeH, t.JTO npIiJmen
is Ka6HHeT KOpOJIH c n06eJIeBmHM JIH OM «H nOnpOCHJI r-Ha MaJIbaep6a npo-
IJeCTb IIHChMO Ha COBeTe J nOTOMY t.JTO caM OR CJIJ2IIDI\:OM B3BOJIHOBaH». eVer i.
()p. cit., p. 417.)
.31 *
484
QACTb TPETbH. npOBAJ1
BpeMH, TaR RaK Roppe'cnOHp;eHD;IlIO BepmeHHa HeJIL3H Ha3BaTL npo-
TOI\OJlOM C06:bITIlH, a op;Ha H3 TeTpa,n;eH BepH nponaJla. Op;HaKO
APynre TeTpa,n;H n03BOJlHIOT HaM ,n;eJIaTL B:bIBOP;:bI nyreM COIIOCTaB-
JIeRHi. MaJIL3ep'6y nopYlIHJlH (nop;06H:bIe JIIO)J;H KaI\ 6y,n;TO npep;Ha3-
Ha'tleHLI P;JlH BLInOJlHe'HHH MIICCHH, OT KOTOp:bIX Hoe YKJIOHHIOTICH), a
MomeT, OH H caM B3HJlCH norOBopHTL C l\OpOJI1eBOH. MapHH AHTya-
HeTTa BO BpeMH n'epBoro pa3rOBopa, «nopameHHaH onpOMeT'tJ:HBO-
CTLIO [p;e fIlHa], nOHHJla He06xo,n;HMOCTL ero OT03BaTL». Op;HaKO
p;eJIO 3aTHrHBaJIOCL. «f-H B'epmeHH, KOToporo 8TO Henocpep;CTB'eHHO
KaCaJIO'CL, JIaBHpOBaJl... Tor,n;a r-H TlOpro 11 r-H MaJILaep6 pemHJIR
B3HTL onaCHYIO IIID1II;lIaT.HBY Ha 'Ce6H».
TIOpro ,n;OJImeH '6:bIJI nepB:bIH pa60Ta'TL C ROpOJIeM 1, H nOTOMY
OH B3HJ11CH C006ID;HTL eMY 0 pa3rOBope MaJIL3ep6a c KOpOJIeBOH
«0 ROTOpOM 1\0pOJIL He nop;03peBaJI H Y3HaJI C y,n;OBOJILCTB'IIeM».
TlOpro npe,n;JlomllJl elMY BbI3BaTL Mopena HJIII Bepme'HHa P;JlH 06-
cymp;eHHH. ROPOJIL OTl\a'3aJlCH II Cl\a3aJI, 'tITO .caM IIOrOBOpllT c Mope-
u
na II C 1\OpOJIeBOH.
IIpomJla eID;e He,n;eJlH 6e3 pe3YJlLTaTa. Mopena II BepmeHH 6:bIJIB
o,n;Horo MHeHHH, 'tI'TO He Hap;o HaCTaHBaTL. Ho CWILHDIH lfeJIOBeK
MHHHICT'ep'CTBa He Mor OrpaHlPIllTLCH :3TIIM. OH narrIl'CaJI KOpOJIIO
«06p;YMaHHoe n:mCLMO», r,n;e nOBeJI p,ellL II 0 ,n:pyrHx p;eJlax. Ha CJle-
p;YIOID;eH ayp;lIeHD;HH KOpOJIL CKa3aJl eMY caM, "tfTO, IIorOBopHB C
KOpOJleBOH, OH pemHJI OT03BaTL CBoero IIOCJIa. «.H BaM 01leRL 06H-
3a,H,-ICtKa3aJl OIH,- '6:bIJlO '6:bI npOCTO CMewno OCTaBJIJITL 'ero B
AHfmIH» 2. P'e/meHHe 6:bIJlO npllHHTO 22 HHBapH.
31 HHB'apH BepmeHH co06ID;HJI ROpOJlIO, liTO OH H'3B ' e'CTHJI Jlopp;a
CTopMoma: «.H P;YMaIO, 'tITO (,aHrJIHHICRHH) ,n;BOp 6yp;eT maJIeTb 06
yxq,n;e Dpa<I>a ,,n;e fHHa, OH )J;OJImeH onacaTbCH (IHoBoro) nOCJla,
1\0TOp:bIH 6y,n;eT p;eHcTBoBaTL 60JIee QlCMOTpHTeJIL'HO».
3)J;,e ' CL HaM OTl\p:bIBaeTCH IICTHHIThIH xapaKTerp B,epmeHHa, ROTO-
p:bIH O:bIJI TaRIlM m,e ,n;06pOCOBe'CTH:bIM, RaK 11 60H3JIHBLIM, H KOTO-
POMY B Te'tleHHe ero ,n;oJlroro npe6:bIBaHIlH B MIIHIIC lepCTB'e Bcer,n;a
yp;aBaJIOCL BeCLMa yp;a'tlHO co-qeTaTL OCTopomHOCTL II CMeJIOCTL.
BHOBb HanOMIIHaH ROpOJlIO, lITO caM .oH HHlIero He 'c,n:eJIaJl P;JIH OTO-
3BaHlIH p;e flma, OH HaC'TaHBaeT TenepL, Kor,n;a p,emeHHe npIlHHTO,
QTo6:bI K HeMY He B03BpaID;aJIHCL, a KaK MOiRHO CRopee Ha3HallHJIH
npeeMHHl\a.
6 <peBpaJIH OH 'coo6 aeT, lIT'O nOCJIaH'IIDIH B JI{)tHP;OH RYpLep Bep-
UYJICH 11 lITO ,n;e fHH onpOTeCTOBaJl CBoe OT03BaHHe.
1 ITo CJIOBaM r-mH Aro,u;ecI»aH (nHcLMo OT 5 HIOHH 1776 r.), TIOpro rropy..
qHJI MaJIb3ep6y norOBopHTL C KOpOJIeM. TYT, nO-BH}J;HMOMY, rrpOJl30mna nYTa-
HH a H3-3a pa3rOBopa MaJIL3ep6a C KOpOJIeBoH. C006m;eHHe BepH B}J;06aBoK
nO}J;TBepiRAaeTCH UHCLMOM Tropro R KOpOJIro OT 30 arrpeJIH. MMeHHo reHepaJIL-
HbIH KOHTpOJIep B3HJI Ha ce6H aTY HHH HaTHBY.
2 BbI}J;eJIeHO B TeKCTe. B aTOM OTpbIBKe MhI rrOqTH TOqHO CJle OBaJlB
paCCKa3Y BepH. (CM: V e r i. Ope cit., p. 388 et 389.)
rJ1A BA VI. npOTHBOn0J10mHbIE mAHCbI
----
485
TeM BpeMeHeM npaBHTeHLCTBO Y3HaHO H 0 APyrHx npocTynKax
rpa<I>a ;n;e rHHa4
Ho TeM BpeMeHeM H napTHH illyaaeHH OBH'a));eJIa C060H. H B
CDOIO O"llepe)]; OBHa)];eHa KOpOHeBOH.
B CaMOM Ha"llaHe H'a6HIO)];aHa ' CL neI{OTOpaH pa'CTepHHHOCTL. CaM
repn;or )];e illya3eHL, Ka3aHOCL, ocym,n;aH CBOerO IIpOTeme. ITo CHO-
DaM JI03eHa, OH HI{06:bI CKa3aH, "liTO, elCJIH 6:bI pe"llL mHa 0 ero c06-
CTBeHHOM C:bIHe, OH rrpOCHH 6:bI 0 e));J:IH1CTBeHHOH MHHOCTH - « noca-
HTL ero B BaCTHJllIIO». 1I3 Toro me HCTO"llH'HKa M:bI 3HaeM, -qTO B
p;eHL, Kor,n;a 06 eICTBO Y3HaHO 0 npHHHTOM pemeHHH, npHHn;e'cca
p;e reMe'He )];aBaHa 6aH. rOCTH TYT me Ha"llaHH 06cym)];aTL aTY
HOBOCTL. IIpHHn;e'cca H reprr;or )];e l\yaHLII, OIIRpaHCL na MHeHHe
IDya3eHH, C"IIHTaHH, "liTO aTO ));eHO Ha)];O OCTaB1I'T:b. Ho JI03eH :rraCTaH-
BaH Ha TOM, "tfTO )];e rI1!UY Ha)];O )];aTL B03MomHOCTL OTIpaB));a'THCH,
«HHa"lle JIyqmHe cHyrH KopOH'eB:bI He CMOryT paOC"IIHT:bIB TL Ira ee
MHHOCTL H nOKpOBHTeHLC'TBO». 8TO 3Ha"llHHO aaTpOHYTL caMYIO "IIYBCT-
BHTeHLHYIO CTPYny KOpOHeB:bI. «.ff nOCHe,zur1O COBleTY r-Ha ));e JIo3e-
Ha>\ 1, - CKa3aHa OHa.
7 (j>enpaHH BepIl OTMe"llae'T HOBYIO.TaRTIIRY, npHHHTYIO napTHei
IDya3eJIH: OTTHrHBaTL Ha3Ha"lleHHH npeeMHHKa ));e rHHa H ));aT
I10CHe'));He'MY B03MomHOC'TL 3am;HID;aTL'CH.
Tor,n;a TlOpro C)];eHaH CMeHoe II pa3YMHoe rrpeJ(HomeHHe: C03BaTL
B npIICYT'CTBHII KOpOHH COBe aHIIe Mem));y KopoHeBoH H TpeMH MH-
:rmCTpaMII, paCCMOTpeTL ));eII'emH ));e rIma ]I 'C));eHaTL KopoHeBY
cy,n;Leii. Ha 3aM'e"llaHHe )];e BepH, 'tfTO 9TO 3Ha"llHT BBe'C'TH KopOHeBY
B. RpyC rocy)];apCTBeHH:bIX ));eH, TlOpro OTBeTHH: RaKaH pa3HHrr;a,
KopOHeBY HHH <paBoPHTRY!
Ho IIX onepe,n;HJIH em;e )];0 Toro, RaR OHH IIpHICTynHJllI K aTOMY
IIHany.
9 <peBpaHH RopOHena no npocL6e illya3eHH BCTp,eTHHaCL C HHM
B Onepe. rHaBa napT'HH CHOBa coopaJI CBOH 'CHH:bI. OH aaHBHJI, "liTO,
rHy6me I13yqHB )];elJIO II nOCOBem;aBmHCL C FcnaHn;aMII, npHmeH R
y6em,n;e l HIIIO B HeBHHonIIOCTH rpa<pa )];e rHHa. B "IIeM OH HerRO y6e-
JJ;HH H RopOHeBY. IIocHe aToro pa3rOBopa MapIIH AHTyaHeTTa CTaHa
COBceM He'CrOBOp"llHBOii. OHa B03rHaBHHa 3arOBOp, yqacTHHRH ROTO-
poro RpII"IIaHH, "liTO ,n;pyrHe nHeTYT TaHH:bI1e R03HH. .ffR06:bI MaHL3ep6,
Tropro H Mopena nO));CTpOIIHH aTY HCTOpHIO no Haym;eHHIO
r-iRH M9pe,n ' a H ee n.rreMHHHIIRa )];'8rHHoHa. l\aK 6y,n;TO cHona Bep-
Hy.rrIICL :opeMeHa )];e.rra <Popa.
Pa3YMeeTCH, )];e rHH CHOBa nOTp,e6y ' eT npe)];'DHB'HeHHH TaHHbIX
1];OKYM 1 eHTOB. 3TO 6y));eT em;e onaCHeH, "IIeM B npe));:bI)]; eM c.rryqae,
TaR RaK npH)];eTCH npH3HaTLCH ny6JIH"IInO H nepe)); ));pyrHMH cTpa-
HaMH B nepoexBaTe RoppeCnOH));eHD;HH. 23 (j>eBpa.rrH BepmeH'H B
1 La u z u n. Memoires, p. 248 et suiv.
486
QACTb TPETbH. llPOBA.T1
--
rm:CLMe, OTp:bIBOR H3 ROTOpOrO M:bl n;IITHpOBaJIII B:bIm'e, RaCaeTCH 9TO-
ro BOIIpOCa. OH IIpOCHT I OpOJIH n'e orJIamaTL rrplIlIlI'H OT3:bIBa nOCJIa.
«ECJIII Bame BeJIlIlIe ' CTBO pa3pemHT ynoMHUYTL 0 HHX, 9TO 6y,n;eT
paBHOCHJILHO C006m;eHIIIO <PpaHD;HH II, lIo-nII)J;IIl\IOMY, BceH EBpone
o cy ecTBoBaHHH y Hac nepJIIOCTpan;IIII». B B:bICnpeIIHIIX B:bIpame-
HIIHX OH yrBoepm;a;aeT, 'tJ:TO ROpOJIL IIM'e'eT rrpaBO ORa3l>IBa'TL )];OBepne
lIO CBoeMY YCMOTpeUIIIO. «ITOCOJIbCTBO - aTO Hie co6CTBeHH'QiCTL, a
lIopYlIe'HHe». OH nlpIIBOAIIT B IIpHMep ce'6H: on 'caM 6:bIJI OT03BaH c
rrpe)J;:bIAyIIJ;ero nOCT a, XOTH IIOJIyqaJI O)];HR TOJILJ{O lIOXBaJI:bI. ECJIlI
6:bI ;a;eJIO 06CTOHJIO IIHalIe, 3aRJIIOlIaeT OH, «9TO HOBoe aaROHO)];aTeJIl>-
CTBO... MorJIO 6:b1 CTaTL BeCLMa nary6HDIM B 'TenepemHee BpeMH,
I\or;a;a YM:bI, I{ H'eC'tJ:aCTLIO, CTOJIL CRJIOHH:b1 R aH3aJILTarr;IIII...»
HaROHen; rpa Ae rlIH IIplI,eXaJI.
3 MapTa )];e rIm: BPYlI l lIJI BepmeHHY, a TOT IIep'e)];aJI ROpOJ!IO
nIICLHO, fAe OH BLlpamaeT meJIaHlIe o rrpaB)];a TL'CH. B 3aRJIIO eHlIe
OH yrBepmAaeT, 1ITO He IIORa3aJI ce6H He)];OCTOHH:bIM TIOKpOBHTeJIL-
CTBa... ROpOJIeB:bI. 3a IIO"tITIITeJILHOCTLIO CI B03IIJIa yrpo3a.
II BFIe3alIHO paar9BOp:bI 0 )];eJIe )];e rlIHa npe'R,Pa TIIJIIICL. ITOJIHOe
MOJI"tIaHHe Ha.CTYIIIIJIO RaR pa3 B TO Bp.eMH, ROf)];a IIplIe3)]; rJIaBHOrO
repOH, Ra3aJIOCL, )];OJImen 6:bIJI YCROPIfTL C06bITIIH II YCIIJIIITL mYM,
IIO,r(HHT:bIH Bonpyr aToro )];eJIa.
o HeM He rOBOpHJIII 6oJI:bme HIlI CJIOBa.
B'ce YM:bI 6:bIJIII 3aHHT:b1 HOpOJIe'BCImM aaCe)];aH'HeM IIapJIaMema.
ROpOJIeBa npHTBOpHJIaCL 'a6,COJIIOTHO paBHO)];ymHoii. Bce aTO
BpeMH - C ROHD;a MaCJIeHIID;:bI, YTO"tIHHeT MepclI, - OHa nO"tITII He
6:bIBaJIa Ha Be"tI,epax npIIHrr;'e'CC:b1 reM9H ' e, 11 Mepcl! pa)];OBaJICH, B>H!)];H,
q'fO OHa OT)];a.r.m:JIaCL OT 9Toro rHe3Aa IIHTplIr. OH TOr)];a He )];Ora)];DI-
BaJrCH, '1fTO TaRoe 'CRpOMHoe H pa3YMHoe IIOBe)];eHlIe IIMeJ10 JI'Hm'b
O)];HY n;e,JIL: CRp:bITL, q'fO OHa BTaHHe IIJIeJIa rOpa3)];O 60JIee onalCHyIO
H pemaIOm;yIO HHTplIry.
PY3LH rpa<pa )];e rlIHa ClIHTaIOT ero «H1eC"tIaCTHeHmIIM MaJI:bIM»,
no B:brpameHIIIO r-mll IO)];e<paH. «8-.ra rrplIHn;elc'ca (RopOJIeBa), -
lIlffiIeT rpa<p )];e RpeHrr;, - BeJIa oe6H B aTOM )];eJIe co CRp:bITHOCTLIO
H JIOBHOCTLIO, He CBOHCTBeHH:bIMH ee B03pa I CTY. B 06 eCTBe OHa 3a
Bce aTO BpeMH He 06MOJIBlIJIaCL HII CJIOBOM C )];e rIIHOM, II Bce pemH-
JI1I, "tITO OHa ero IIOI IIHyJIa».
OHa TeprreJIHBO rOTOBIIJIa 'CBOIO no6,e)];y. OHa XOTeJIa )];06HTL'CH
)];JIH rpa<pa )];e rlIHa 6JIIICTa TeJI:bHOrO peBaHma - TIITYJIa reprr;ora.
A )];JIH TIOpro He MeHee 6JIHCTaTeJI:bIIorO B03Me3)];IIH - OTC'TaBKlI If
;a;ame, Ran Me"tITaJIa OHa, 3aHJIIOlIeHIIH B BaCTIIJIIIIO.
OHa 6:bIJIa TaR ROBapHa, "lITO 'C03HaTeJILHO BBeJIa B 3a6JIym)];eHIIe
66aTa )];e BepMOHa, II60 3IIaJIa 0 ero CBH3HX 'C TIOpro. A66aT )];e
BeplI, J71CJI:bImaB pa3rOBOp:bI 0 TOM, "tITO ROpOJIeBa IIOTBopcT'BryeT
Ha3HalIeHHIO Moperra rrepBbIM MHIIHCTpOM, CO)];'eHcTBYH IIHTpnre rpa-
<p IIHII ITOJIHHLHR (MHpclI-ApmaHTo IIOJIyq'lIJI TaRYIO me HH<popMa-
I HIO ), OTnpaBIIJICH HaBo8'CTII CnpaB'I{1I Y )];e BepMoHa, ROToporo OH
np03palIHO Ha3:bIBaeT «HCTIIHH:bIM Harr,epCHII}{OM ROpOJIeBDI». Ho Ae
rJ1ABA VI. llPOTHBOTIOJIOHrHhIE mAHChI
487
--
13e ' pMOH onpOBepr 9TOT CJIYX. II ,n:ame, SaRJIrolIlIJI OH, ROpOJIeBa
cocTaBHJIa ce l 6e Ha OCHOBaHHH ,D;nyx 6eoe,n; C Mopena 01IeHL HeB:bI-
ro,n;lIoe MHeHHe 0 'CBoeM co6ece,!{IfHRe. II HanpOTHB, «OHa me [ROpO-
31eBa], XOTH e'e co BpeMeHII KopOHan;HH HaCTpalIBaJIH npOTlIB Tlop-
ro, TenepL 'CHOBa nlITaeT K HeMY YBameHHe» 1.
e TIOMOIIJ;Lro rrplITBoplCTBa 11, Ha,n;o npHMO CRa3aTL, 1III'CTOro
06MaHa MapJlII AHTyaHeTTe y,n:aJIOCL He TOJI:bRO CIIOC06CTB 1 0BaTb
oCyII{eC'TBJIeHlIro CBOIIX Henoope,n:CTBeHHDIX 3aM:bICJIOB, T'aR RaR HII
ee OOBe I THJl1RH, HH caMa mepTBa HJillIerO Hie orraCaJIIreL, HO ,n:ame P;O-
SOJILHO ,n:OJIro 06MaH:bIBaTL IIOlITH B,cex oRpymaroIIJ;IIx.
IIolIeMY, op;HaRO, OHa cocpe,n;OTOlIlIJIa CBOro HeHaBlICTL Ha OJ];-
HOM Tropro? OHa RaR 6y,n;TO 6:bIJIa cep a II Ha MaJILSep6a, HO DB
H36emaJI ee HpOCTH. II Ha BepmeHHa, HO OHa He Tpe60BaJIa ,n:JIH ne-
ro Trop:bM:bI; OHa XOTeJIa TOJI:bRO ero y,n;aJIeBHH, HO 8Toro OHa He ,n;o-
ooJIalc:b. A M,em,n;y TeM OR 6:bIJI OTBe CTBe'HlI:bIM JmD;OM no OO.ltZ y
C.ltY:JIC6b , HO OH Bcer,n;a YRJIOHHJICH 6paT:b Ha ce6H OTBeTCTBeBHOCTT>
3a rrpHHHT:bIe pemeHHH. E:bIT:b MomeT TaRme, JIro,n;OBHR XVI 60JI:bme
aalCTyna.wCH sa BepmeHHa: OR He 6paJI ROpOJIJI Ha 1f3MOp, I\aR 'ero
K'OJIJIera MHHHCTp (j>HHaHCOB.
ROpOJIeBa lIYBCTBOBaJIa, lITO yrpomaeT eR HMe'HHO Tropro, 60JIL-
me, -qeM RTO-JIH60 ,n:pyroii, no cy eCTBY, OH O,n;HB. OH 6:bIJI cnoc06eH
nOMemaTL ee HaMepeHIIHM, ee nJIaHaM.
OHa BIIp;eJIa B HeM paBHoro ce6e npOTHBHIIRa.
MTaR, rrOBe,n:emIe ROpOJIeB:bI, HeCMOTpJI na ee npeH,e ' 6pemem1e
It crrpaBe,n;JIHBOCTH II He,n:OCTaTOR JIOrHRII, MomHO TaR 'lIJIH nHa"tJe
06'bHCHlITL. IIoB'e,n;eHHe Tropro 60JIe'e He06'bHOH'IIM0. «3a-qeM ero
nOHeCJIO Ha 8TY raJIepy?» * - HaCMemJIHBO II He 6e3 OCHOBaHHH
cnp.amH'BaJI a66aT raJIHaHII.
Ro ,na M:bI BII,n:IIM, RaR OCTopomHO BeJI ce6H Be,pm,eHH, K R01\1-
II'eTeHIJ;I:IH ROToporo OTHOCHJIOCL 9TO p;eJIO, Tpy,n:HO HaRTH 06'bHICHeHne
6e I CCM:bICJIeHHOH OTBare Tropro. HeymeJIII B rOpHlIYro rropy rro,n:ro-
TOBRII CBOIIX 9,n:IIKTOB, B CaM:bIH pa3rap napJIaMeHTC oro RpR3Hca OIl
lIe Mor nper,n;OCTaBHTL 'CBOIIM HOJIJIeraM 3aHIIMa'TL'CH HX c06CTBeHHDI-
Mil ,n:,eJIaMII II He BnYTLIBa TLCH B 8TO'T ,n;lInJIOMa lllIlelCRIIH IIHD;IIJ(e'HT?
1 Mer c y-A r g e n tea u. Ope cit., t. II, p. 38, 10 avril; V e r i. Ope cit.,
p. 413. O.n;HaRO BepH HaKaHYHe CBoero OT'LeS}J;a CJILImaJI pasrOBopLI 0 TOM,
6y.n;TO ROpOJIeBa paCCtIHTLIBaeT, tITO 1JepeS }J;Be He}J;eJIH Tropro yme 6y.n;eT
YCTpaHeH H qTO Mopena COrJIaCeH C KOpOJIeBOH. «MHe He IIOKaSaJIOCb, tITO 3TO
BXOAHT nero naMepeHHH, I\orAa 11 ero IIPOm;YIIbIBaJI, O}J;HaRO BOSMomHO, OD
Mae He AOBepHeT». (V e r i. Ope cit., p. 424.)
* 3HaMeHHTaH «ppasa lIS KOMe.n;IIH MOJIbepa «ITpo.n;eJII\H CHaneHa». JTOB-
I\HH II XIITpLIii CJIyra (CRaneH) YBepHeT CI\YII a iHepOHTa, 1JTO ero CbIH rrorran
Ha Typen;l\Yro raJIepy, tITO ero YBeSYT H rrpo.n;aAYT B pa6cTBo, eCJIH OH He BHe-
ceT COJIHAHLTH B:bIRYIT. iRepOHT CRpenH cep.n; e Bblnym.n;eH SaIIJIaTHT:b, BO B
XOAe pasrOBopa OH HeCROJIbRO pas BOCKJIH:u;aeT: «3atIeM ero nOHeCJIO Ha aTY
raJIepy?» -- IIpuM. pea.
88
_ -1...
lJACTb TPETbR. npOBAJ1
nOCJIe Toro RaR OH no Heo6xo)J;HMOCTH 3aHHJI1CH )J;eJIaM1l, BXO}J;IIB-
mBMH B I\OMneTeHD;Hro Moperra, 3alIeM eMY ,6bIJIO 6'e 1 3 BCHRHX OCHo-
BaHHH BMeIDHBaTLICH B )J;eJIa BepmeHHa?
OTMelIaJIH, lITO y Tropro yme 6bIJIH O)J;Ham)J;bI ocnOBaHHH :iRa-
JIOBaTbCH na rpa<pa )J;e rHHa, no, BllpOlIeM, STa CTpaHHaH HCTOpMH
YIIOM!JIHa'e'TCH JI1fITIL B O)J;HOM IICTO"tfHHKe 1. .HRo6bI Tropro OTllpaBMJI
B AHrJIHro B I\OHn;e 1775 f. Tpex a66aToB C TaHHCTBeHHOH MHCC'HeH.
OHH )J;OJIiKHbI 6bIJIH y6e HTL HeCKOJILKHX 60raTLIx npOMbIIDJIeH1IDI-
KOB-IIpOTeC'TaHTon BepHYTLCH no <Pp,aHu;Hro, lIT06bI 1I0)J;)J;epmaT:b
rrOJIHTHKY 3KOHOMHlIeCKOH 3KCII'aHCHH. ,n:e rmr, H,e 3HaBIDHH 110)J;0-
llJIeI{H 3Toro JJ;eJIa, pa36paHHJI II OTIIpaBHJI 06paTHo I\JIepHI\aJIbHbIX
3MHc'capOB MHHHcTpa-<pHJIocoq,a. IIocJIe)J;oBaJI o6MeH «pe3ImMH 11
oCKop'6HTeJILHDIMH)} IIHCLMaMH 11 iKaJI06bI KOpOJIIO. E'CJIH npe)J;lIo-
JIOmnb, 1fTO em;e OJJ;HOH cBoen «OllJIOillHOCTLIO)} )J;'e rHH H C03)J;aJI
HeKOTopoe 3aTpY)J;HeHHe, OH He Mor 3THM BbI3BaTL y Tropro nellp:n:-
MIrpHMYro Bpam)J;e6noCTL.
MbI MomeM lip e)J;IIOJIara Tb )J;Be 60JIe ' e cepLe3HbIe 1I06Y)J;HTeJIb-
HhIe rrpHtfHHbI. C O)J;HOH ICTOpOHbI, meJIaHHe H36ema:rL OllaCHOCTII
Mem)J;YHapO)J;HbIX OCJIOmHeHHH, CBH3aHHLIX C 1I0Be)J;eHHeM 1I0CJIa, C
APyron- IIO,I{)J;epmaTL Henp'epeKaeMbIH aBTopHTeT rO'CY)J;apCTBa.
MbI ClIma'eM, lITO eCJIH IIpHHHTb BO BInIMaRHe 8TH 06 I CTOHTeJILCTBa,
XO,)]; ,c06brTHH, KOTOpbIH MbI BOCCTaHOBHJIH, xapaKTep Tropro, KaKHM
MbI ero 3HaeM, TO Bcero 8Toro )J;OCTaTOQHO, lITo6bI 06'DHCIDITL
HeOCTopomHOCTL, 110 cym;eCTBY 01IeHL 6JIaropO}J;HYro, IIOCJIe)J;CT-
BHR KOTOpOH OH, B03MOiKHO, He}J;OOn;eHHJI, XOTH II B3HJI Ha ce6H ee
pHCK.
OH ICJIHmKOM CHHCxo,n;HT,eJILHO CY)J;IIJI 0 KOpOJIe'B'e, onHpaH,cL na
MHeHHe BepMoHa. II OKa3blnaJI eMY r60JILme )J;oBepHH, lI / eM TOT 3a-
CJIymHBaJI Ha )J;eJIe. «B rJIy611He )J;ymH KOpOJIeB'a lIe i CTHa, XOTH H JIer-
ROMbIICJJeHHa, - rOBOp1iIJI Tropro )J;e BepH. - BbI 3HaeTIe 0 e'e ,n;OBe-
pHH R a66aTY )J;e BepMOHY, a Y Hiero Tome lIeCTHaH }J;yma)}. BOT
nOlI ' eMY OR II npe,r1;"JIOmHJI YCTPOHTL o6 e'e COBe aHlIe. OH, HeCOM-
HeRRO, p,aOCqnTbIBaJI ee y6e)J;HTL, nOKa3aB )J;enemll, KaK paCCqHTLI-
BaJI y6e ' )J;HTL ny6JIIIKY CBoen npe'aM6YJIOH K 8)J;HKTY 0 XJIe6HOH TOp-
rOBJIe. Bo BTOpOH pa3 3TOT lIeJIOB'eK, 6e3rpaHHlIHO nepHBmHH B
paaYM, CTOJIKHYJICH C 'COBepmeHHo Hepa3YMHOH TICHXOJIOmeH - B
nepBLIH pa3 KOJIJIeKTHBHOH, a TenepL HH)J;JffiH,n;yaJILHOii, - COBep-
meHRO np'eHe6peraro eii pa3YMOM, Kor)J;a CJIe,n;yeT C)J;eJIaTL YOWIHe,
06LI IIpoaHamr3HpoBaTL H IIOHHTL, HO nOJIHOcTLro BJIa,n;ero eit
pa3yMoM, Kor,n;a Ha}J;O HaHTH cpe}J;ICTBa, 'fITo6bI ,n;06HTL ' CH ICBoe.H n;eJIH.
ROpOJIeBa, KOTOPYIO 6LIJIO TaR me TPY}J;HO pa3y6e L, I{aK II TOJIIIY,
HO e e TpY}J;Hee 06Y3)J;a TL, CTaJIa ,n;JIH Tropro OTHLIHe paBHO'cHJILHa
HOBOMY MHTeiKY.
1 CM. nHCLMO PHBLepa npHHD;Y CaKCOHCKOMY OT 22 MapTa 1776 r. B:
S e g u r. Ope cit., p. 343.
rJ1 AB VII. T0J10BA. HA llJ1AXE
-
489
FJla6a VI} rOJIOBa
Ha llJIaXe
B 1'.R'JICe.!l'bLX TY1.taX ne60 p.R,'HeT 6ypn
Wencnup
Tlopro ne nOC"tJaCTJIHBMJI'OCb rraCTb B pa3rap 60H. On ,n;ame He
lIMen rrpeHMy ecTBa IIop;BeprnYTbCH OIIaJIe B orrpe,n;eJIeHHDI:U, IIepe-
JIOMHbIH l\-IOl'rIenT.
Ha p;pyroH ,n;ellb IIOCJIe KOpOJIeBCKOro 3a'Cep;aH'IDI IIapJIaMeHTa OB
pemHJI Be'CTH ,ce6H OCTopomHO. OH IIOnpOCIIJI CBOIIX ,caMbIX peBHOCT-
HbIX p;pY3eiI, ,n;BYX a66aTOB- IIOJIeMHc.TOB, Py60 II Bo,n;o, IIpe'Kpa'T,IITb
CBOII ny6JIHRaD;HII 1. Ha COBeTax OH rrpe,n;JIaraJI JImITb BTopOCTerreH-
Hble MepbI. CaMbIMH 3HalIHTeJIbHbIMH ,n;eJIaMII 3a aTO BpeMH 6bIJIJ1
lJ;eJIa YtJeTHOH KaOCbI H BIIHHOH TOprOBJIH. Ho HHKTO He IIo,n;YMaJI
CtIe'CTL HX npo6HbIM KaMHe'M 2.
Ero AHa rJIaBHbIX Bpara, OTIThIHe COI03HIIKB, eCJIII He 3arOBOp-
II ']!IKH, Moprerra H MapHH AHTyaHeTTa, npep;IIOtIlITaJIII BeCTII Tan-
HyIO BOHHY C nOMOID;LIO IICHXOJIOrHtIeCKlIX Cpe,D;'CTB: BOHHY Ha H3MOp
B Ayme caMoro KOpOJIH.
8Ta TaRTHKa no6ymp;aJIa HX IrCIIOJIb30BaTL JII060H CJIyqaH HJIJ.l
HnD;H,n;eHT, KaROM HM npe,n;CTaBJIHJICH HJIII KaKOH OHII BblabIBaJIJ.l
caMII; OHII HCnOJIb30BaJIlI ,n;ame peaKI(IIIO caMoro TIOpro Ha aT})
HHD;Hp;eHTbI.
1 CM.: S C hell e, t. V, p. 12. COrJIaCHO nHCLMaM Bo.n;o.
2 Bonpoc 06 'YqeTHOH Racce, 0 KOTOpOH MLI rOBOpHJIH BLlme, paCCMaTpu-
BanCR 24 MapTa. 8.n;HKT 0 BHHHOH TOprOBJIe .n;aTHpoBaH anpeJIeM. )J;pyme .n;eJIa,
paccMOTpeHH:bIe 3a 3TO BpeMR, He HMeJIH 60JILmOrO 3HaqeHHH: 0 JIeRapCTBax
(12 anpeJIH), 0 noca.n;Ke .n;epeB:beB (17 anpeJIH), 0 KOMHCCIIII no anBSOOTBB
(29 anpeJIR) 11 T. A.
490
qACTb TPETbH.. llPOBAJI
3a Ba nOCneAHHX MeCH a npOH30men PHA He3Ha HTenLHLIX
8IDI30AOB, nOpOH ame He BnonHe HCHbIX. TpYAHO onpe,n;eJIHTL
I1CTHHHoe 3HalI'eHlIe RaiK,n;oro OTAeJILH0[10 cnyqaH, eII('e Tpy,n;Hee pac..
CT'aBHTL HX B nopH,n;Ke HX 3HatIHMOCTH. TaKHM 06pa30M, nocn'eAHHH
<pa3a npaBJIeHHH Tropro OCTaBnHeT o,n;HOBpeMeHHO ,n;paMaTHQeCKOe 11
TYCKnoe BnerqaTneHlIe. OHa 06bI HO 06eCKypaiKHBana HCTOpHKOB 11
6Horpa<j)OB, KOTopbIe orpaHlI1IlIBanRCL nepelIHCJIeHII'eM, c06HpaHHeM
II npH6nH3RT'eJILHOH o eHKOH <paKTOB, 3a TO HX TPY HO BHHHTL.
IIp'HcTynlLB K aTOMY RCcne,n;OBaHIIIO IC enLro BLIHBHTL IICTOpH-
qeCRYro npH"tfHHHOCTL C06bITHH, MLI ClfHTaeM ne06xo,n;HMbIM OBeCTH
AO Ro a Harny pa60TY, nOCTapaBmHCL paCKpLI'TL nOCJIe,n;HRe npy-
IKHHDI 3TOH n;errH C06bITHH.
ROPOJIL npo,n;onman no,n;,n;epmHBaTL TlOpro B Te ellIHe nepBoro
MeCH a - pOBHO nOJIOBHHY aToro KpHTHlle'CKoro nepHo,n;a. 8TO BbITe-
I{aeT 113 06II(BX Ha6JIro eHHH, no Y Hac e'C'TL K TOMY me 11 TOlIHOe
Ho,n;TBepiKAeHlIe. B caMOM ,n;eJIe, B nHCLMle K 'CBoeMY 6JIH3KOMY APY-
ry a66aTY ,u;e BepH B IcaMLIH ,n;eHL na,n;eHIIH Tropro r-ma ,n;e Mopena
IIMIll8'T: «BOT YiKe Me'cH , KaK 3Ta rp03a HaBHCJIa Ha ero rOJIOBOH,
HO OB: He XOTeJI ee 3aMelIaTL)} 1. r -iKa ,n;e Mopena 3aHHMaJIa Ta'Koe
IIOJIOiKeHHe, lITO 6LIJIa npeKpaCHO HH<pOpMHpoBaHa, H nOTOMY Mom-
HO C HTaTL 3TO YTBepm,n;eHHe BepHLIM. IIpHM,epHo 12 anpeJIH Jlro-
AOBHK XVI H3MeHHJI OBoe OTHomeHHe K Tropro.
II03TOMY HaM npe,u;CTaBJIHeTCH He06xo,D;IIMbIM nOHICKaTL KaKoe-
HH6Y L 6JIH3KOe K 3TOMY "IIHCJIY 'Co6bITHe, cnoc06Hoe BLI3BaTL TaI{Yro
rrepeMeHY B nOBe,u;e'HIIH KOpOJIH.
CHa-qaJIa MbI HCHnrolIHM anH30 bI, npOHcme,n;mHe n03me 12 an-
peJIH: OHH M10rJIII HM,eTb onpeAeJIeHHOe 3Ha-q r eHlIe, HO He pemalO-
ee. TaKOBLI cJIYllaii C JIe/6po H JIaRpya H eJIO 0 B3HMaHHH no-
IIlJIHH reHepaJILHbIM oTKynII(HKOM JIaBya3Le.
MbI ,n;OJImHbI paCCMOTpeTL 3aTeM ABa HH H,n;eHTa, 0 KO'TOpbIX
coo6II(aeT ,[(ronoH, He YKa3bIBaH HX ,n;aT.
IIepBbIH - CJIle CTBHe BMemaTeJIHCTBa I1HTpHraHa MapKH3a e
I1e3a 2 , AOBepeHHoro KoppecnOH,n;eHTa KOpOJIH, CBH3aHHoro O)J;HOBpe-
MeHHO C Mopena H C HeKR,epoM. 110 CJIOBaM AronoHa, Moperra,
JI eJIaH )J;H'CKpe,n;HTHpOiBaTb Tropro, nepeAaJI IIe38 cJIYiKe6HYro 3a-
nl Cl{Y TIOIpro 0 6ro;IJ;iKeTe iHa 1776 r.
1 V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 432.
2 IIe33 6LIJI npH3HaHHLIM JII060BHHKOM r-1RH }J;e MOH6apa, HMeBmei Ba
r-iKY }J;e Moperra, CBOIO KY3HHY, lIpe3B:bIlIaHHO 60JIbillOe BJIHHHHe. 110 XO,IJ;HB-
meMY B TY rropy aHeR,IJ;O'l'Y Moperra CKa3aJI O}J;Ham,IJ;:bI HHOCTpaHU;Y, cnpOCHB-
meMY ero, KTO TaKOH IIesa: «8TO KOpOJIL <PpaH HH» - II aJI CJIe}J;YIO ee
06':bHCHeHHe: «OH rrpaBHT r-mOH ,IJ;e MOH6apa, OHa npaBHT MoeH jHeHOH, MOH
a\eHa npaBHT MHOB: H T. }J;.» CTap:bIH CRenTHR 'npHJIOmHJI K ce6e caMOMY, He-
CKOJIbKO BllAoIl3MeHHB ee, HAelO «MaHeReHOB». (8 e n a C de M e i 1 h an.
Gp. cit.)
rJ1A. BA VII. r0J10BA HA llJ1AXE
---
491
ne39 HK06LI AaJI ,ee H3YQRTL ,D;BYM JIIO,D;HM, o,n;mIM H3 KOTOphIX
o:&IJI H,eKRep; aTH ,D;Ba 8KcnepTa BLIC,Ka3aJIH RpHTHlI ' e'CKBe 3aMe-qa:"
lIBJI, npHlIeM COIDJIHC:b BO MHeHHHX, a IIe'39 ne'PeAaJI HX KOpOJIIO,
1\OTOpbIH 6LIJI nOTpHceH KaK oaMOH KpHTHKOH, TaR H COBDa,n;eHHeM
u 1
:MUeHH H .
sTOT paCCKa3 HaXO,D;HT "tIaCTHlIHOe nO)];TBepiK,D;eIm'e B 3a,nHCKax
a66aTa Ae BeplI. «HeKOTopoe BpeMH, - rOBopHT OH, - (IIe3s)
]1'Op;p;epmnBaJI r-Ha ,n;e Mopena 11 r-Ha TIOpro; H npe,D;nOJIaraIO, 'liTO,
:Korp;a TIOpro ero pa30"tlapOBaJI, He OKa3bIBaH eMY ,D;OCTaTO"tIBOrO
n01l'T.eHRH, I1e38 CTaJI eMY Bp'eAHTb, BLI'CTaBJIHH ero RaK cPlIrypy,
B:bI3bIBaroID;YIO HeHaBHICTb 06 eCT.Ba H Bceo6II(ee oCYiK,D;e'KHe)}.
II'O MlHe'mIIO Toro me Be,pH, aTO IIe3a no6y,u;HJI Mop,ena OCTa-
HOBHT:b CBOU 'BLI6op na HeImepe.
BOT eIIJ;e O,D;HH HCTOlIHHR HB<I>opMa HH. «.ff ,u;YMaIo, - nHCaJl
TIOpro KOH op'c'e 29 HOH6pH 1776 r., - lITO r-H HeKKep ,u;eHcTBH-
TeJIbHO nOCbIJIaJI IlJIH nepe aBaJI r-HY ,u;e Mop,e,na pa3HbI'e M,elMyapbI,
/tu60 60 6peMJl, JIH,60 !IIOCJIe Moero ynpaBJIeHHH; HO HH OAlIH H3 iHHX
He 6bIJI MH,e n,epeCJIaH, BO BCHKOM 'CJIYtIae no)); ero HMe/HeM. .ff B'c,no-
MHHaIO TOJI:bKO O,n;HK npoeKT 3aHMa c nOMO :bIO JIOTep'eH...)}
CYJIaBH co CBoeH CTOpOHLI nO)];TBepiK)];aeT, "({TO I1e39 6bIJI HBHbIM
BparOM TIOpro H pa60TaJI Ha HelRRepa. On npHBo)J;HT, OCbIJIaHC:b Ha
CeHaKa Ae MeHJIaHa, KpaCOlIHbIH paccKa3, H.aR «'BbfcOR'OMepHbIB
HeRKep, 06JIalIeHHbIU B ,n;JIHHHLIH CIOPTYK, npHtIeTCH B RapeTHoM
capae y IIe3a, )J;OiRH)J;aHC:b B03Bpa eHlIH <l>aBopHTa H3 BepCaJIH»2.
3TH ,n;Ba HCTO'llHHKa nOATBepiK)];aroT npaB)J;HBOCT:b paCC'Ka'3a IO-
nORa. Ho Aame eCJIH CtjjHTaT:b ero BepnbIM, TpYAHO ,u;onYCTHT:b, lITO
nOAo6HbIH 'H H,n;eHT MQf OKa3aT:b pemaIOII(ee BJIHHHHe Ha YM K'OpO-
JIH. JIIO,n;OBHK XVI ITJI:OXO pa36HpaJICH B 6IO,n;me'THbIx Bonpocax II He
BnpaBe 6LIJI maJIOBaTLCH Ha ,n;ecPHI\HT 6IO,n;iKeTa, 3HaH, KaRYIO HHq-
TOiKlIYIO nOMOII(L OKa3aJI OH nOmITHKe 9KOHOMHH. B'OO:bMa B03Mom-
HO, lITO OH OTHeCCH K 3aMellaHHHM IIe ' 33 HJIII He,K epa TaR me, KaK
HeCKOJIbRO MeCH:qeB Ha3a)J; OTHeCCH K 3aMe'llaHHHM KpOMO, HHTeH-
)J;aHTa <pHHaHCO'B Moc:be.
BTOPOH lIHD;H)J;eHT CBH3aH C nepexBaToM nH'ceM II 6.bIJI BbI3Ban
waJIbCH<pHKarr;HeH nepenHc\KH 3HaMe'HHTbIM HalIaJI:bHHROM TaHHoro
Ra'6HHeTa PHrOJIe )J;'YaHLH, "tILH HeHa.BJ11C'T:b R TIOpDO He BbI3bIBaJIa
COMHeHHH. BepH ITo,n;03peBaJI, 'liTO OB AeJIaJI BLI ' 6oPKY :0:3 nHceM, r,n;e
rOBOpHJIOC:b 0 re'HepaJIbHOM KOHTpOJIepe, ill nORa3bIBaJI H.OpOJIIO
TOJI:bHO O'TpHrr;aTeJI:b:abIe OT3bIBLI. ECJIII BepHT:b IOnOHY, TaM nJIe-
JIaC:b 11 APyraH HH'TpHra: A'YaHLH caM <pa6pHl\OBaJI OTnpaBJIHeM:Dle
R ' 3 BeHnI B I1apHm lllllCbMa, HK06bI a,n;pe'COB'aIfHblle Tropro ero 6JIH3-
RHM )J;pyrOM, ROTOpbIH HX He nO}J;IIHCbIBaJI. 'Y alIbI! ,n;omeJI ,n;aiKe
1 CM.: D u Po n t. Op. cit., p. 383 et su.iv.
2 Sou 1 a vie. Ope cit., t. IV, p. 12 et 14. Cerrop ocnapHBaeT 9TOT
aHeR}J;OT KaK BhIAYMKY Bpara' HeRKepa. (CM.: S e g u r. Louis XVI et Necker,
p. 53.)
492
lJACTb TPETbH. IIPOBAJ1
-
AO C01fHHeHHH OTBeTOB TIOprO, CTa1paHCL 1I0)J;)J;eJIaTL ero CTlIJIL, JIo
He ero nOlI l ep'K. B ImX B'cer)J;a YKaaLIB,aJIaCL KaKaH-HH6YAL IIpuqnna,
HallpHMep He3,n;opOBbe, HK06LI nOMemaBmaH eMY nHcaTL cBoeli
PyROH.
8Ta «BLIMLIIDJIeHHaH, (j>HK'TH'B'HaH II ycJIOBHaH» n,epenB!CKa 6bIJla
01IeHD TOHKOH H T aTeJILHO IIpOBe,n;eHHOH Ollepa HeH. CHalIa a
6LIJIa IIpHHHTa CIIOKOHHaH HOpMaJILHaH peAaK HH, lIT06bI YCTaHO-
BIfTL JIIPIHOCTL KoppeCIIOH,n;e:t!ra. 3a TeM IIpe,IJ;IIOJIara'eMoro aB Topa
aaCTaBHJm BblpamaTL He OBOJILlCTBO II OTBpam;eRHe. I10TOM B :3TJiIX
Im!CLMaX 1I0HBHJIHCL HaCMe'mIm 110 a,n;peey KOpOJIe'BbI II Mopena,
ame oCKop6HTeJILHble )J;JIH I!\OP'OJIH BblpamelIrnH. 8'TY HHTpHry, no
CJIOB,aM AlOnOHa, paCKpbIJI 60JIee ro,n;a cnYCTH ,n;' AHmHBl1JILe, Ror,n;a
KOpOJIL AOBepHJlCH eMY.
HaM TPY)J;HO BLIH'elCTH cym)J;e'HH1e, eHCTBHTeJIbHO Jill HMeJIa Mec-
TO CTOJIL nopa3BT'eJILHaH MaXHHa IIH, HO ,IJ:IOIIOH ,caM YMaJIHeT ee
aHalIeHHe CBOHM )J;aJILHeHIDHM paCCKa30M. ,IJ:'YaHD'H, rOBopHT OR,
nepe)J;aBaJI KOpOJIIO H lWyrHe IIl1CLMa, 6bITL Mome'T H He no,n;,n;eJIL-
Hble, r,n;e n-oHOCHJIH TIOpro. TaK, 3a HeCKOJILKO ,I(HeH ,n;o OllaJIbl
TlOpro OH rrepe,n;aJI KOpOJIIO nHCLMo, B ROTOpOM 6bIJIa CJI'e,n;yIOm;aH
<ppa3a: « 8TO lIeCTOJII06en;, 11 e)J;IIHcTBeHHaH ero eJIL - 3JIoYlloTpe-
6IITL ,n;06pOTOH ROpOJIH, lIT06bI 3aXBaTHTL BbI'CIDYIO BJIaCTL, c6po-
CHTb rrpHH eB H YHH3IITL MarllcTpaTypy. MomBo B'cero omH)J;aTL B
Bcero onacaTLCH CO CTOpOHbI 8Toro ,n;ep3Koro IIpIITB'O'pm;HRa».
O,n;HaKo KOpOJIL 1I0Ra3aJI TIOpro 8TO IIHCLMO. TIOpro no6JIaro,n;a-
pl1JI ero H ollponepr o6BHH,eIDIH. AIOnoH Ran. 6y,n;TO 6bI naMeRaeT
Ha ITHCLMeHHoe ollpaB,n;aHHe l1JIH, BO B'CHKOM cJIYlIae, Ha nOCJIe)J;YIO-
IIUTIO lIepenH,cKY: «KOPOJIL OTneTHJI eMY lIpeaBbIlIaHHO JII06e3HO;
)J;OBeplle 6LIJIO, HJIH KaaaJIOCL, liTO 6LIJIO, BOCCTaHOBJIeHO».
Ho aanlICHa KOpOJIH He 6bIJIa lIepe,n;aHa TIOpro, a 6bIJIa 1I0CJIaHa
ITO 1I01IT,e 11 ,n;oillJIa ,n;o Hero TOJILKO Ha TpeTHH ,n;eHL, 1I0CJIe Toro RaR
rrpOillJIa lIepe3 PYRH Mopella. I1oCJIe)J;HMH me, HCllyraBIDHcL BOOCTa-
HOBJIeHHH ,n;onepHH, 0 lIeM CBH)J;eTeJILCTBOBaJIO IIHCLMO, y6e,r(HJI
MaJIL3ep6a rro,n;aTL B OTCTaBI{Y, a KOpOJIIO B 6ece,n;e, H KOTOpOH MbI
em;e BepHeMCH, CKaaaJI, lITO «HII M 1 aJILaep6, HH TIOpro HHCROJILKO
K HeMY He IIpHBH3aHLI». IIocJIe "tIero ,IJ:IOIIOH BH9aaIIHO aaI JIIOlIaeT:
«OTCTaBKa MaJIL3ep6a 6LIJIa IIpHHHTa. TIOpro nOJIyqlIJI ITpHRaa
Tome no,n;aTL B OTCTaBKY)}.
STOT paCCKa3 He CBH,n;eTeJlbCTByeT 0 IIpOHH a TeJILHOCTII ,IJ:IOIIO-
Ha. HeJIL3H 1I0HHTL, nOlIeMY KOpOJIL B,n;pyr OTC'TaBIIJI TIOpro, Kor,n;a
aa He'CKOJILKO ,n;Hen ,n;o :3TOrO AaJI aMY )J;OKa3aTeJILCTBO CBoero YBa-
meHIIH. 3aMeltlaHHe, c,n;eJIaHHOe MHMOXO)J;OM Moperra no 1I0BO)J;Y
OTCTaBKII MaJIbaep6a, He MOrJIO aa'CTaBHTL KOPOJIH BAPyr peaKo
H3MemrrL CBoe MHeHHe.
MLI ,n;OJImHDI IIpeAIIOJIOmHTL, CJIeJ(YH JIoI'HKe pa'CCKaaa, tlTO
KOpOJIL He 6bIJI 06Hme ' H Ha TlOpro aa, «lIoMeJILHLEe)} IIHCLMa, eCJIB
OR 01I9HD JII06e,aHo rOB'opHT C HIIM ]]0 IIOBOAY 60JI ' ee 6aHaJILHOrO
nepeXB ' alleHHoro IIBJCLMa.
rjJ BA VII. rOJIOBA HA nJ1AXE
493
-
HaI oHe , 3aBepm'eHHe 9TOrO paCCHa3a OrrpOBepraeT'CH <!>aH.TaMU.
.neiiCTBRTeJIb O, MaJIb3ep6 yme )];aBHO BbICRa3bIBaJI HaMepeIme
IIOAaTb B OTCTaBI\Y. 8TO pemeHlIe ne Morno 6bFTb pe3YJIbTaTOM TOJIb-
1\0 YCHJIIIH Moperra, rrp'e?J;npHHHTbIX B nOCJIeAHHH MOMeHT.
TaI\HM 06pa30M, 06'bHCHeH1fJe )J:lOrrOHa IIeJIb3H ClIHTaTb Y)];OBJIe-
'TBOpUT,eJIbHbIM. O)];HaKO, H.aI\ MbI YBH)];HM, B HelM CO)];epiKHTCH He-
CI\OJIbItO TOtIHbIX, HO IIJIOXO CBH3aHHbIX Mem,rw 0060H <paKToB. OH
no,n:q'epKHBaeT CBH3b MeiK)];Y oTcTaBKoH MaJIb3ep6a H YXO)];OM TlOp-
ro, H "({eMY MbI le e BepHeMCH.
Bo B<CHH.OM CJIyqa.e, MLI MOiKeM oT6poCHTb HH H)];eHT C <paJIb-
mlIBKaMII ,n;'YaHblI KaK pemaIO YIO rrpII1IHHY, pa3 3a HHM rrocJOO)];O-
BaJIO npHMHpeHHe. R TOMY iRe eMH YRa3aHHbI,e TeRCTbI 6bIJIH TaI\
()cKop6HTeJIbHbI )];JIH ROpOJIeBbI H KOpOJIH, lITO MOrJIH OnpaB)];aTb
OT'CTaBI\Y MHHHCTpa, TO 8TO pem,eHHe 6bIJIO 6bI rrpHHHTO HeMe JIen-
ao, a He OTTHrHBaJIOCL Ha eJILIH MeCH .
I1oI-\ontIliIB C 9THMH rHIIorre3aMH, MbI paCCMOTpRM TerrepL HMelO-
IT(:ueCH Y Hac cpaI\TbI 3a rrepBYIO nOJIOBHUY nOCJIe)];H'erO nepHO)];a, TO
eCTb c 12 MapTa no 12 anpeJIH.
MLI B'HA'lfM, lITO ux eo paa{)o MeUbzue, tteM OAR 8TO pou nOA08U1ibl
nepuooa. 8TOMY MomHO ,n;aTb MHOI'O 06'DHJc.H.e'HHH, KOTopble, RCrTaTliI,
p;pyr )];pyry He rrpOTIIBOpeqaT. qacTb 9THX cpaKToB co.BlIa')];aeT-9TO
YCHJIeHHe 06IIJjeH Ra lrraHHH, pa3BH3aHHoH BparaM,H TlOpro, )];JIH
nO)];rOTOBRH H pa3BepTbIBaHHH ROTopon, eCJIH ClIHTaTb, lITO ona Ha-
qaJIaCb cpa3Y nOCJIe KOpOJIeBCROro 3aCe)];aHE:H napJIaMenTa, nOTpe-
OOBaJIOCb HelKoTopoe BpeiMH. TaK, 0 IIOHBJIeHliIliI naMcpJIeTOB yrro-
1\1IIHaIOT HeCROJILI\O n03,Ke HaMelleHHOrO HaMliI py6eiKa (12 anpe-
JIH), TOI')];a H.aR neKOTopbIe H3 HHX neH3 1 6emHo rOTOBIDIlICb panee,
Ii, YiK BO BCHKOM CJIyqae, «BbIXO)];» «M,aneReHOB» MomHO OTneCTH
K ne'pBbIM lIHCJIaM anpeJIH. MomHo TaI\me COrJIaCHTBCH C TeM, "tlTO
KOJIe6aHHH JIIO)];OBHRa XVI, liI3BeCTHbIe Y3ROMY I{pyry JIH (HJIH 0
HHX JIHmL )];Ora)];bIBaJIliI'cb), nOO:Il\pliIJIliI llHHD;l:Ia TOpOB He OTopbIX
aana)];OR H n03BOJIIIJIH pa3)];YTL KOe-I{aKHe HHI(H)];eHTbI, Ha HOTopbIe
nplI lIHbIX 06 1 CTOHTeJIbCTBaX He 06paTHJIliI 6bI BHHMaIDIH.
CJIe)];OBaT' JIbHO, TOlIRa na)];eHHH RpHBOH rrO)];TBepiKAaeT - )];0
HeKOTopOH CTe,neHH - coo6 eHHH r-iKH )];e Mopena.
HaI\OHeI(, MbI CtIHTaeM ycTaHOBJI'eHHLIM, 'lITO npH HaJIIf1IHH TaROH
SHalIHTeJI:bHOH )];OKYMeHTa HH H pa3Hoo6pa3HbIX HCTOlIH1IROB HH
OAHH cepbe3HLIH <paRT, cnoco6HLIH pe3RO H3MeHHTb M'HeHHe ROpOJIH,
He Mor O'CTaTLCH COBepmeHHO HefH3Be ' CTHbIM.
I1pIl TaROM nOJIOiR'emrH A'eJI TOJIbKO ABa 06CTOHTeJIbCTBa, RaE
HaM npep;CTaBJIHeTCH, MOrJIH BbI3BaTL H3BeCTHLIe HaM nOCJI'e)];CTBHH.
II 3TH )];Ba o 60CTOHTeJILCTBa, no HameMY MHeHHIO, Te'CHO CBH3aHbI
ftrem)];y C060H.
IIepBoe - 3TO npO)];OJImeIDIe aTaR napJIaMeHTCRoH onn03H HlI.
Bropoe - oeAo 06 orcraene M8.JIL3ep6a. MLI ynoTpe6JIHe ' M 8TOT
494
llACTb TPETbH. npOBAJ1-
TepMmI C03HaTeJILHO, TaR KaR OTrCTaBKa MaJlb3ep6a !fe 6LIJIa npo-
CTDIM 11 MTHOBeHllDIM C06:bITHeM. aTO 6LIJI J];JIIITeJILmIH «npo ecc>} ,.
TJIHyBmHi,cJI B eJIOM Be'CL neplIOJ]; - C 12 MapTa AO 12 MaH.
MLI 3HaeM, no HeKOTopLIM CBIIJ]:eT'eJIbCTBaM, 'fITO Ha OpOJIH npo-
HBBeJIO ICHJILHOe Bne-qaTJIeHlIe corrpOTHBJIeHHe napJIaMeHTa 11 pe
CerLe.
lITaR, napJIaM'eHT OTHIOJ];L He C HTaJI ce6J1 no6emJ];eHHLIM.
30 MapTa, BOCnOJIL30BaBillBJCL KaK npe,n;JIOrOM OBoero po,n;a maI e-
pilei BoO BJIa,n;e'HHHX re,p ora MopTeMapa (J];OBOJII)HO cxom'eH c ,n;eJIOl\1i
MapKH3a ,n;e BH6pa 1), napJIaMem H3,n;aJI nOCTaHOBJIeHne; e'ro 3Ha-
q9H11e CTp'aHHO He COOTBeTCTBOBaJIO MeJIKOMY HH IIAeHTY, KOTOpbIHI
He HMeJI oepLe3H:bIX rrOCJIep;CTBIIH. B aTOM nOCTaHOBJI,eH1m napJIa-
MeRT HanOMHHaJI B BH,n;e o6m;ero nOJIOmeHHH 'BoeM nOJ]:,n;aHHbI?&
KOpOJIH, TO onlI OJIiKHLI BblnOJIHHTL CBOH pa3Ho06pa3HDIe o6H3a-
Te IbCTBa KaK lEepe,n: ROpOJIeM, TaR II 'nepe,n; 'CBOIBfIl ceHLopaMII. 8T()
6LIJIO no,n;T epm,n;eHlIe c'eHLOplIaJILHDIX rrpaB. B TO me BpeMH nOCTa-
HOBJIeHlIe co,n;epmaJIO «o eHL pen.m:TeJILHOe 3a'ITpem;e I HHe IIo,n;6HBaTb
JIIOJ];'eH - 6y,n;L TO pe aMH HJIH HenoJ];06aIO MII CO 1ffie'BHHMH -
na KaKKe-Jm60 HOBOBBe',n;eHHH, npOTIIBHLIe BLIm'e nOMHHYTLIM npa-
BaM II 3aKOHHLIM 06bI aHM>).
TaROB 6LIJI JIOBKHH, He npHMOH, HO OBOJILH'O np03palIHLIi xo,n;,.
QT06LI HaITIOMIH.HTL 0 npeCJIe OBaHHHX /K/HlfrH BOHiC9p<pa, nalla'T:bIX"
II npeKpa eHHLIX no npHMOMY, J];BamJ];LI rroBTopoomOMY npHKa3Y
KOpOJIJI.
IIOCTaHOBJIeHlIe HaMeKaJIO Ha «6e ' cnOKOHHLIe YMLI>) , KOTOp:bI&
« cucre.MOU C.BOHX B03'3pemlH BJCI\1aiRaJIIH Jij)eBH'He IH IH,93LtOJIeMLI&
npIIHD;nTILI». BLIlpaiKeHHe «ClI'CTeMa» COBe'pmeHIHO HCHO YKa3:bIBaJIO
Ha TIOpro. aTO 6bIJIO nOHHTHO HaiK,n;OMY. 110 CJIOBaM Me'Tpa, TIOpro<
HR06LI nOnpOCHJI OTMeHLI aToro nOICTaHOBJIeHHH, BO KOpOJIL eMY
OTRa3aJI. O,n;HaKO rrapJIaMeHTCKOMY H3,n;aT ' eJIIO CHMOHY 6:bIJIO 3anpe-
eHO 'elro ne aTaTL.
Ha J];Pyroi ,n;e'HL nOCJIe nOCTaHOBJI,eHHH, 31 MapTa, TOBapH
rrpOKypopa CerLe HBIIJICH K KOpOJIIO C J];enYTa lIeH, 1JTo6LI nepe,n;aT:D.
eMY nOBTopHLIe peMOHCTpaD;1I1I rrapJIaMe'HTa no nOBO,IQ7 a)J;IIKTOB,
3aperRCTpHpO'BaHHLIX Ha HOpOJIeBCKOM 3aoeJ];aHHH. CorJIaCHO aanllcm
1 CM.: Met r a. Ope cit., t. II, p. 421; t. III, p. 23.
06bI1JHO KOMMeHTaTopbI CBH3bIBaIOT rrOCTanOBJIeHHe C }J;eJIOM MopTeMapa.
O}J;HaRO PHBLep rOBopHT 0 pa3Horo pO}J;a maJIo6ax, «n;eJIOH KY1Je }J;OHeceUUH>)-'
OTHOCHTeJIbHO HerrOBHHOBeHHH Kpec.TbHH. TaK, y r-Ha MOHMopaHCH RpeCTLHHe
«HaXaJILHO» nOTpe6oBaJIH, 1JT06bI OH 3anJIaTHJI 3a HHX TaJIbIO, ITO)]; TeM npe -
JIOrOM, lITO TaR nocTyrraJI ero npe)];meCTBeHHHR. PHBLep paCCKa3bIBaeT TaRme
o MHTeme npOTHB MOHOnOJILHOrO rrpaBa Ha KY3HHn;y. HopMaH}J;CKHe KpeCTLHB&
CTpeJIHJIH )];HtJb CBoero ceHbopa II YAHJIH pbI6y B ero npYAax. (R i vie r e. Op
cit., 14 avril.) .
eJ1ABA VII. r0J10BA HA IJJ1AXE
495
---
s ,rJ;HeBmrne Ap H OT 6 anpeJIH, KOpOJIb BOCIIOJIb30BaJICH CJIytlaeM H
.3a,n;epmaJI Y ce6H Cerbe, "tIT06bI norOBopHTb C HHM C rJIa3Y ITa rJIa3.
no MHeHHro Toro me Ap,n;H, y KOpOJIH natlaJIH B03HHHaTb COMHeHHH
ao nOBO,n;y pe<I>opM Tropro. OH 6y,n;TO 6bI 06paTHJICH I{ 1'Iopro IIPH-
t)JIH3HTeJIbHO B T,e iRe AHH co 'CJIe yro MH CJIOBa:MH:
. « Ho, rOCIIO)J;HH TropI'o, BbI rOBopHTe MH'e TOJIbKO 0 CtIaCTLe
;Moero Hapo,n;a 1:1 06ID;e ' CTBe ' ITHOM 6JIave MOHX no,n;,n;aHHbIX. RaI{ me
,noJIyqaeTCH, 'liTO C'TOJIb nOJIe3Hble H CTOJIb BbIro,n;HbIte, RaK BbI rOBO-
pure, MepbI BhIsbIBaroT TaK MHoro IIpOTeCTOB?»
IIO,n;JIHHHOCTL 8Toro paCCKa3a He O'lleBH,n;Ha. OAHaKO BamHO OT-
MeTB:Tb, 'II r TO S,n;eCL MbI B nepBbIH pa r 3 BH,n;HM y JIeTOnIIC a TOH 8nOXH
YKa3amre Ha IIo,n;o6HYro II03H Hro KOpOJIH.
B CBH3H C 8THM CJIYXOM OH OTMe'llaeT, tITO IIpOBe,n;e'HHe B jK'II3HL
,n;HKTa 0 n;exax BCTpe't!aeT 3aTpY HeHHH. MHOrHe KaH ,n;aTbI HBJIH-
dOT/CH B IIOJIHD;HIO, 'IIT06hI 3aHBHTb, KaK TO 6bIJIO rrpe,n;nHCaHO 8,n;HK-
'TOM; 0 CBOeM jKeJIaHHII OTKpbITb TOprOBJIro. Ho TaM He 3HaroT, tITO
HM OTB'etIaTb. IIpHmeJI II eBpeH, a 8TO nOCTaBHJIO HOBYro IIp06JIe I MY.
.EMY CRa3aJIH, 'IIT06bI OH IIpUmeJI B ,n;pyroH pa3. B HTore Ha B'CHKHB
'CJIyqaH 'C KaH,n;II,n;aTOB IIO'Tpe60BaJIli 3aJIOr B 50 JIHBpOB C 'II'e OBHKa,
'qTO o6e ' cKypamHJIO MHorHX meJIaroID;HX. IIepBoro anpeJIH TOT me
i8.B'TOp O'TMetlaeT, tITO meJIaIOID;IIX IIOnpOCHJIIi nOBpeMeHHTb 1.
O,IJJHaI\o 29 MapTa Tropro aaC'TaBHJI COBeT npHHHTL TPH IIOCTa-
&HOBJIe'HHH 0 JIHKBH,n;a HH 'eXOB 2.
C ,n;pyroH 'CTOpOHbI, Tropro 1 anpeJIH npOBeJI B COBeTe nDCTaHOB-
.JIeHHe 0'6 OTMeHe cy,n;e6Horo npe'CJIe,n;OBaHHH pO'C'TOBID;HKOB AHrYJIe-
.Ma, B036YiK,n;e l HHoro naJIaTOH TYPHeJIb.
MbI He Mom.e,M OTMeTHTb r60JIbrne IDI o,n;Horo BbI'cTynJIeHHH nap-
JIaMe'HTa 11 IIHH:aKHX HH II,n;eHTOB ,n;o naMetleHHOrO RaMH py6eiKa-
12 anpeJIH.
Ten'epL MbI ,n;OJIiKHDI IIOCTapaTHCH BbIHCHHTL ,n;eJIO C OTCTaBKOB
MaJIb3ep6a.
OTcraBKa MIIHHCTpa KOpOJIe'BCKOro B'Opa 6hIJIa o<pHI(HaJILHO
<>6'bHBJIeHa 12 MaH, o,n;HOBpeM'eH'IIO 'c YXO,n;OM Tropro. Ho HCHO, 'liTO
pemeHHe 0 neB 6bIJIO IIpHHHTO paHee. B IIHCbMe K BeplI OT 30 anpe-
JIH Tropio ,n;aeT CJIe,n;yrorqee YTOtIHHHlIe, no,n;TBepm,n;eHHOO II MelHee
Ha,n;eiKrHbIMH HCT01IHHKaMH: «Barn ,n;pyr (Mopena), KOTOpbIH CHa-
tqaJIa IIo6y,n;HJI HOpOJIH nOTpe60BaTb OT MaJIb3 1 ep6a OCTaTLCH ,n;o
'rPOHD;bI... H T. ,n;.)} CJIe,n;oBaTeJILHO, 30 'anpeJIH 0'6 OT'CTaBKe MaJIb3ep-
1 CM.: H a r d y. Ope cit., 21 mars, 23 mars, 1 er avril.
2 ITepBoe nOCTaHOBJIeHHe KaCaJIOCb rrepe}J;a H H HcrronL30BaHHH UpO}J;YK-
TOB nHTaHI1JI, BTopoe - B3bICRaHHH HMym;ecTBa, 3aXBaQeHHOrO CMOTpHTeJIH-
'MH H np11CH/RHbIMH, TpeTLe - rrpOAaiKH }J;BHiKHMoro HMy ecTBa.
20 anpeJIH OH BeJIeJI HarrpaBHTb 3KcnepTa 8rpecce }J;nH oCMoTpa }J;OMOB,
cD;pUHaAJIeif\am;HX u;exaM, HMeH B BH}J;Y HX rrpoAaiKY.
496
lfACTb TPETbH. npOBAJ1
6a yme 3HaJIH, H OHa 6bIJIa npIIHHTa KOpOJIeM. Ho c HaRoro 1.JIICJIaf
MaJIb3ep6 IIpHHa,n;JIemaJI I{ TOM RaTeropHH MHnnCTpOB, I{OTOpbIe
aa1fHHalOT rOBopHTb 06 OTCTaBI{e, e,n;Ba ycneB 3aHHTb CBOH nOCT.
qam;e Bcero 9TH JIIO,n;H, BetIHO 60JITaIOm;He 06 O'T'CTaB'He, Hanp'OTR13?
n;eIIRO ,n;cpi!{aTCH 3a 'CBOIO ,n;OJImHOCTb. OIm nOI{n,n;aIOT ee C 60JIbmHM
COmaJIeHUeM B TOT pOROBOH ,n;eHb, Ror,n;a C60JITHYT 06 3TOM JIHmHHH
pa3, B 'caMoe Heno,n;XO,n;Hm;ee Bp,eMH :H TYT-TO HX nOHMaIOT Ha CJIOHe.
Ho 'cJIy1IaH C MaJIb3ep,60M '6bIJI, KaK MbI 3HaeM, He TaKHM.
Em;e 6 aBrYCTa MepcH-ApmaHTo nHCaJI 6apony HeHH: «.f! npe,n;-
BHmy, "ITO 3a,n;epmaTb Ha,n;OJIrO r-Ha MaJIb3ep6a Ha ero nOCTY 6y,n;eT
aeJIerRO » .
lIo CBH,n;eTeJIbICTBY BepH, y Hero He pa3 6bIBaJIO nOnOJI3HOBe-
HHe BbIHTn B OTCTaBKY, fRO B T'e-q,eHHe Bce,ro rrepHo,n;a 3TO 6bIJIH TOJIb-
KO MHMOJIeTlIble HaCTpoeHHH, ,n;ymeBHbIe rr06ym,n;eHHH, lIO RHRaR He
TBep,n;oe p'eme.H:me. Ero y,n;epiKHBaJIa H1CI\peHHHH npe,n;aHHOCTb
ROpOJIIO.
I106ym,n;eHHH ero npeT'epneJIII H3M.eHeHHH 11 OI\on"tla TeJIbHO onpe-
;o;eJIHJIH!Cb I{O BpeMeHH, HBHO COBnaBmeMY C KpU3HCOM, BbI3BaHH1>IM
9,D;HKTaMI1 1. ITOIIOJI3HOBe l HHH npeBpaTHJIHCb B TBep,n;oe peme'HHe.
O,6bI1.JHO 3TO pemeHHe 06'bHCHHIO r r He,n;OBOJIbCTBOM, KOT'OpOe HC-
IIbITbIBaJI MaJIL3 1 ep6 H3 3a TOrO, tITO He CMor ocym;'HCTBHTb CBOll
rrpoe'RTbI pecpopMbI npH,n;BopHoro illTaTa H 3ROHOMHH B pacxo,n;ax
JJ;Bopa. Mopena HK06bI OTBepr MeMyap, rro,n;aHHDIH MaJIb3ep60M. tho
06'bHCHeHHe BbIT'eKa'e'T H3 omH,6otIHOrO MH'eHHH, 6Y TO MaJIb3ep6
IIpH'HHJI CBoe pemeHHe rrOCJIe ROpOJIeB'CROro 3a,ce,n;aHHH rrapJIaMeH-
Ta, ror,n;a I{aR OH npHHHJI ero paHe,c. B cpeBpaJIe Me'CHn;e, B pa3rap
KpH3Hca. BbI3BaHHoro 3,n;HRTal\:Ui, HHI{TO H'e HHT'epeICOBaJICH 3R'OHO-
MHeH. R TOMY me MaJIb3ep6 Boo6:rn;e IIHRor,n;a eIO He 3aHHMaJICH JiJ
HH pa3Y He no,n;aBaJI MeMyapa Ha 3TY TeMY.
Pe4>opMa KOpOJIeBCKOro ,n;Bopa 3aBH'CeJIa OT B03MomHOCTH
'yrrpa3,n;HHTb npo,n;amy npH,n;BopHbIX ,n;OJImHOCTeM. MaJIb3ep6, C ero
IOpH,n;lPIeICROH I1: eneTHJIbHOCTbIO, pa)3YMee'TCH, He 'COrJIalCHJICH 6bI H8
u ,
JIHKBII,n;an;HIO T3ItHX ,IJ;OJImHOCTeH Oe3 COOTB'eTCTBYIOm;ero B03Mem;e-
H1IH. TIOpro CO CBoeH CTopOHDI HHtIerO no,n;o6Horo H He TpH60BaJI.
HarrpOTHB, TO JIH rro,n; BJIHHHHeM c06CTBeHIIDIX "tIYBCTB, TO JIH pa3,n;e-.
JIHH B3rJIH,n;1>I MaJIb3ep6a, Oil pemlLJI C rroMoIIJ;bIO 3aHMa B rOJIJIaH-
;n;HH ,n;06bITb Heo6xo,n;HMbIH RaIIHTaJI, tITo6bI nORpbITb R'PyrrHDIe pa'c-
XO,n;bI rro B1>IRyrry ,n;OJImHOCTen: 2.
HTaK, He 6bIJIO HID{aHOH npn1:J.HHbI ,IJ;JIH I OHcpJIm{Ta HIl Mei-K,n;y
,n;BYMH ,n;PY3bHMH, RaK H/eROTopbIe omH6otIIIO nOJIaraJIH, HH C I\eM-
JIH60 ,n;pyrHM, rrOCKOJIbRY nJIaH em;e He C03peJI. 3atIeM CTaJIH 61>1
rrpe:rnrpaTbcH H3-3a IIpoeKTa, KO'TOpbIH 6bIJI em;e rro,n; BorrpO'coM B
ROTOp1>IH Tlopro K TOMY me ,n;epmaJI B ceRpeTe?
1 CM.: V e r i. Ope cit., p. 408, 413, 415.
2 CM. BLIme, rJIaBa III. /
rJ1ABA VII. r0J10BA HA llJ1AXE
497
I1yr ' eM HCI\JIIOlIeHHH MbI np1lXO,[(HM K YCTaHOBJIe'HHIO Toro, lITO
I\aiKeT'CH HaM Ha'CTOH:rI(eH npHlIHHOH OTCTaBKH MaJI:b3ep6a.
,l(eJIo B OTKpbrTOM ROHcpJmKTe C BblcmHMH cy,n;'aMH iff3-3a KPH3H-
ca, BbI3,BaHHoro a,n;HRTaM'H. XOTH B KpHTlPIeCKHH MOM,em M 1 aJIb3e'p6
IIOCOBe'TOBaJI 'conpOTHBJIHTL'CH, OH 6bIJI 01IeHL npHBH3aH K napJIa-
MenTCROMY MHPY 11 1\ 'CJIaBe, ROTOpyIO TaM CHHCRaJI.
RpoMe Toro, OH naC'TaHBaJI Ha TOM, lJTo6bI a,n;HRT 6bIJI 3aperHCT-
pnpOBaH B BbICIIIeM rro,n;aTHOM cy,n;e. O,n;HaI{O ero Tpe60B'aHHe H
6bIJIO y,n;OBJIe'TBOpeHO, BOO BCHI\OM CJIyqae B TOH cpopMe, RaKYIO OB
IIMeJI B BH,n;y. lIo CJIOBaM TpIO,n;eHa, aTa pefHCTpan;HH 3aHHJIa 6bl He
Mellee ABYX Me1cHD;eB B I- am,n;oH naJIaTe. O,n;HaRo a,n;HRTbl Boe iRe
3a'CTaBJilJIH 3ape ' fH'cTpHpoBa Tb, HO ,6e3 npe',n;BapHTeJIbHOfO paccMoTpe-
HHH II He ,n;aB CYJJ:Y B03MomHOCTH no,n;aTb CBOII p'eMOH'C'Tpan;:mH. llep-
BbIH np'e3H,n;eHT BapaHTeH 3aH'BHJI, "tITO naJIaTa He HM1eJIa B03Mom-
HOCTH ITpOlIHTaTb TeRCTbl. 19 MapTa- rpacp ,n;'ApTya o06paJI HelITO
npo,n;e ROpOJIeBCK10ro 3aoe,n;aHHH, H'a ROTOpOM 6blJI1I o60CIHOBaH:b1 B03-
pameBJHH II OfOBOpRH, OTMelIeHHbIe HaMH paHHe.
MaJIb3ep,6 Mor HcnblTbLBaT:b JIH,mb fJIy6oRYlO rOpelIb, BH,n;H, l\a1\
l1pene6pemHTeJIbHO OTHeCJIHCL 1\ BB'e,n;eHHOMY HM ITOpH,n;Ky IOpHC-
L(HRD;HH H RaR 'ero 3aMeCTHTeJIL [Ha IIO'CTY IIpe3H,n;e,ma IIaJIa TbY. -
Pea.] OCY)J;HJI AeHTeJIbHOCTb npa'BHTeJIbC,TBa, R KOTOpOIMY caM OR
e:rI(e npJrHa)J;JIemaJI.
RaR ,n;OJIme'H 6bIJI CTpa,n;aTb 3TOT ,n;06PbIH II lIYBCTBnTeJIbHbIB
qeJIOBeR, JII06HBmHM aIIJIO,IJ;HCMeHTbI II e)J;HHo,n;ymHoe 0)J;06p,eHHe,
BHAH, "tfTO ero ol\pyma/e'T O'cym)J;eHHe «CBOJIX>}, ero COp'aTHHROB, ero
COrrepHlIKOB, ero ytIeHHI\OB - Bicero napJIaMeHTCRoro MHpa, My,n;pbIM
II IIpOCB'e enHDn.{ rJIaBOM KOToporo OH 6blJI BO BpeMH KpH3JfCa, BbI-
3BaIIHoro Mony, lIYBCTBryH TaHme, 'tJTO OT! YTpaTWI )J;OBepHe 06 e-
CTBeHHoro MHeHHH, I{OTOpOe He JII06HT, "tfT06bl 'ero cpaBopHTbl H3Me-
UHJIH CBoeH pOJIH. 06 eCTBo D;eHHJIO ero H BOCXH aJIOCL HM, BH)J;H
B ITeM BOIIJIOm;eHJiIe aHTHtIHbIX ,n;06pO)J;eTeJIeM B ll,apJIaMeHTCHOH
ccpepe. OHO 6bIJIO CMym;eHo ero II OBbI:M: B'OIIJIO e IHeM. Efo maJIeJIH,
CQHTaH, 't{TO OH rro,n;,n;aJICH, no BbIpamenHIO PHBbepa, <<'TJIeTBOprrOMY
AYxy ,II;Bopa». «I1oxome, tITO on YTpaTHJI TaM 'tJaCTb CBOHX npemHHX
rrapJIaM'eHT'CI\HX rrpHHD;HIIOB». Panee HfO na3:bIBaJIII «IIOCJIeAHHM
PHMJIHHHHOM», Tenepb me IIp03BaJIII «pa3Bpa eHHbIM KperCTLHHn-
HOM» *. OTIIbIHe pe"tJb IDJIa B I{aI{OH-TO Mepe 0 «'CilaCeHHH» ero
qeCTH.
ll03TOMY HaM IIpe,n;CTaBJIHeTCH neCLMa BepOHTHbIM, 'ITO pe'meHHe
MaJIb3 l ep6a, rrpHHHToe HM npe,n;rrOJIOmHTeJILHO ne3aAOJIfo )];0 1\OpO-
JIeBCI{OrO 3ace,n;aHHH IIapJIaMeHTa, CTaJIO ,IJ;JIH Hero B ,[(yme pemH-
TeJIbHDIM II 6eCTIOBOpOTHbIM B Te"tJelHHe nHCI\OJIbRHX ,[(HeM, IIOCJIe,n;o-
Bannm.x 3a 3ace,n;aHHeM Bbrcmero IIo,n;aTHOfO cY)J;a 19 MapTa.
'Ie HaSBaHHe pOMaHa PeTII<p Ae JIa BpeToHa - «Pa3Bpam;eHHLIH KpeCTL-
HHIIH, 113111 OnaCHOCTII ropo}J;a», BLIme}J;mero B 1776 r. - IIpuM. peo.
32 3. 4>op
498
flACTb TPETbH. npOBAJI
XpOHOJIOrHH 9THX o06bITHH CHOBa no6ymAaeT Ha,C YTO"lfIDITL
AaTY. 3a meCT:b neAeJI:b AO OTCTaBKII MaJI:b3ep6a (O<p aJILHO 0 Heif
6blJIO 06'hHBJIeHO 12 MaH) Mopena CKa3aJI KOpOJIeBe, 'liTO c06Hpa-
.eTCH npe)J;JIOiKIrT:b CapTHHa Ha 9TOT noCT, eCJIH OH OCB060AHTCH 1.
OTOT <paRT )J;OKa3bIBaeT, C OAHOR CT'OpOHbI, 'liTO ,n;eJIO C OTCTaBKOH K
9TOMY BpeMeHH 3Ha"tlHTeJILHO npOABHHYJIOCL, liTO Mop'ena Tp,eBO-
iKHJICH, ReM 3aMeHHTL [MaJIL3ep6a], H yme CAeJIaJI BbI60p (ROTQ-
pblH 3a'TeM He CTaJI nO AepmHBaTL), a C APyroH CTOpOH:bI, 'liTO KO-
pOJIb e e He 6bIJI JiI3Be eH H He rrpHHHJI e e pemeHHH 06 OTCTaBKe
ICBoero MHHHCTpa.
Y1I1ITbIBaH 9TO, MOiKHO 3aKJIIO'IIHT:b, 'liTO MaJI 3lep6 Mor norrpo-
.CHT:b KOpOJIJI 06 OTCTaBKe H nOJIyqlrTL 'eI'O 'CorJIa I C1Ie, na'llHHaH C
nep'BbIX 1JIrceJI anpeJIH ,n;o 10-12 anpeJIH, - TaKOB B0I3MomHbIH, HO
yme KpaHHHH CpOK.
B caMOM )J;eJIe, Mepcu-ApmaHTo nHCaJI 13 'anp'eJlH MapHH Tepe-
3 H: «HDIHemHHH MHHHcTepcKHH KpH3HC B:bI3bIBa l eT Y MeHH 60JI:b-
myro TpeBory B 'IIaCTH p'emeHHM, KaRHe MomeT npHHHT:b ROpOJIeBa».
3T0 He 'liTO BHoe, KaR HaMeK Ha OTCTaBRY MaJI:b'3ep6a.
1I3yqHB nepHO)J; C 12 MapTa no 12 anpeJIH, Mbl CtIHTaeM B03Mom-
HblM '3aKJIIOtIHT:b, 'liTO C06bITHeM, :KOTOpOe :mpOH30mJIO 12 anpeJIH
HJIH HeCKOJILRO pa,Hee 11 CIrOCOOOIO ,6bIJIO TaR HBJC,TpOHTb JIro-
OBHKa XVI npOTlllB TIOpro, 16blJIa JIMeHHO OT,C'TaBRa MaJIb3ep6a.
COBpeMeHHHKH TIOpro H IfCTOpHKH CtIHTaJIH, 'liTO OTCTaBKa
MaJI:b3ep6a 6bIJIa nary6Ha ,n;JIH Tropro nOTOMY, 'liTO OCTaBJIHJI'a ero
COBepmeHHO O,n;HHOI\HM B MHHHCTep'CTBe 11 ICTaBHJIa II/ape)J; HHM OtIeHb
OnacHYIO npo6JIeMY 3aMeHDI. Ho 9TO 6blJIO He Bce, 11 )J;ame He caMoe
rJIaBHoe. OT'CTaBKa MaJI:b3ep6a HaHOCIIJIa Tropro Y)J;ap B caM'OM co-
3HaHHII KOpOJIH.
II KaR MOrJIO 6bIT:b IIHa'lle?
PemeHHe MaJI:b3ep6a neH36emHo )J;OJImHO 6bIJIO 6b1T:b BocnpH-
HHTO KaR ocym,n;eHHe nOJIHTIIKH TIOpro 'IIeJIOBeKOM, KOTOpblH 6:bIJI
.ero JIyqmHM )J;pyroM, ,n;o nOCJIeAHerO BpeMeHH OCTaBaJICH Coro3HH-
ROM H onopoi ero nOJmTHKH, 6bIJI nopYKoi 3a Hee nepe,n; ROpOJI'eM.
Pa'3YMeeTCH, caM MaJI:b3ep6 He Mor )J;aT:b TaKora 06'LHCHeHHH
CBoeMY pemeHllIO - 9TO lICI\JIIO'IIeHO. Ho nO)J;YM'a'eM, Ha KaR1Ie npH-
III1HbI Mor OH CO'CJIaT:bCH? Mbl He MOiKeM HaHTIII )J;OCTaTOlJHO KOH-
KpeTHblX II B TO me BpeMH y6e,n;HTeJI:bHblX AOBO,n;OB. IIomaJIoBaT:bCH
I\OpOJIIO Ha npOBaJI CB01lX npoeRTOB 8ROHOMHH? He rOBopH yme 0
TOM, "lITO OH 1IX He npe,n;JIaraJI, 9TO 3HatIIIJIO 6bl KOCBeHHO 06BHHHTb
caMoro KOpOJIH, CKa3aT:b eMY, 'liTO OrB He .cnoco,6en nOMOtI:b CBOHMY
MHHHCTPy npe'ce'll:b 8JIoynoTpe ' 6JIeHHH II paCTO'llHTeJI:bCTBO ero ,n;BO-
pa. He Mor OH TaKiRe BepHYT:bCH K 3JIOIIOJIyqHOMY )J;eJIY 0 TaHIThIX
l{OpOJIeBoCKHX Yl\a3ax 0 3aTO'lleHHII, 1\or,n;a CODeT, TO e'CT:b caM 1\0-
POJIb, npH3HaJI ero HerrpaBbIM. IIo-BH)J;'HMOMY, MaJIb3ep6 OrpaHHtIHJI-
1 CM.: V e r i. Op. cit., t. II, p. 11.
rJIABA VII. r0J10BA HA llJ1AXE
--
499
eJl TeM, "lITO OOCJIaJICH na CBOro HenpHrOJ];HOCTb K rocy)];aplCTBeHHOH
AeHTeJIbHOCTH, Ha nepeYTOMJIeHII)e II YCTaJIOCTb. MbI BHAHM «J];06po-
AYnIHOrO qeJIOBeKa» B ero HCTHHHOH pOJIH: 8TO CTapDIH mKOJIbHHK,.
ItOTOpDIH XOlIeT c6eiKaTb H3 ROJIJIema 1.
Ho T,eM IcaMbIM OH OKa3aJI Tropro e e xy,n;myro )11CJIyry, lIeM eCJID
6bI OTKpbITO BbIpa3IIJI CBoe He'COrJIaCHe. 1160 JIro,D;OBHK XVI Mor
aOHHTL TOJIbI O oJ];no: eCJIII MaJIL3ep6 YXOJ];HT, 3nalIH'T, OH pa3o"tJa-
pOBaJrcH. E'CJIII OH nOKHAaeT MHlIRCTepCTBO, 3HatIHT, OH pa301IapO-
BaJICH a3 1I , eJIOIBieXe, KOTOpDIH ero 'TY a BiBeJI. ECJIIH on YTO.MU.aCJl, 3Ha-
tfHT, Tropro CJIJHmRJOM YTOMUTe.aen. Aame ,eI'O Ica'MbIH ,6JI.lH3I\HH JWyr
He MomleT 60JILme BbI)J;epmaTL TaKoro TeMIIa II Bce BpeMH nO,D;Bep-
raTLCH TaROMY pnCKY.
IIplf3HaHHH MaJIb3ep6a nOMOrJIII ROpOJIro OC03BaTL CBOII COO-
CTBeHIlbIe lIYBCTBa, H evo peaKD;HH nOKa3aJIa'Ch eMY BnOJIHe aaROH-
HOH. OH nOHHJI, P;O I\aI\OH CTeneHH OH caM paOCTpoeB, H3MyqeH,
BbI611T H3 ROJIeH H3-'3a Bcex 3THX Rp:O:3HCOB, BLJj3BaHJIDIX no BJrne
TlOpro, «MyqHOH BOHHbI», HCTOpmI C 3)];RRTaMH.
ECJIH MaJIL3ep,6 HMeeT rrpano na OTICTaBRY, TO nOlleMY OH, 1-\0-
pOJIL, He IIMeeT npaBa XOTH OLI Ha «nep,e)];DImRY»? EMY II1pHImC:bI-
BalOT CJIeAYIOm;yro penJIHKY: «KaKOH BLI ClIaCTJIHBenJ IIo1JeMY H
caM He Mory nOKHHYTL CBoe MeCTo!»2 EDITh MOiKeT, OH TorJ];a me
uOJ"(yMaJI: «Ho H Mory no I\paHHeH Mepe oCB06o,n;nThCH OT TlOpro».
ECJIH OB H He nO)];YMaJi TaR B TY MHHYTY, eMY OqeHL CROpO BHymHJIB'
STY M:bICJIb.
JIIO)];OBlIR XVI 6bIJI CJIao H nenOCTOHHeH? a, He'COMHe'lIHO; HO B.
STOT neplloJ]; MeHee, lIeM 06bIlIHO CtIHTaIOT. BMe'CTO Toro tITo6bI
rOBOp1rTL, lITO OH TaR pbICTpO B:bI)];OXCH, He CJIe',n;ye'T JIll Y)];HBJIHTLCH'
TOMY, 1IT0 OR TaR J];OJIro J];epmaJICH? MomHO ,n;ame nOCXHII(aThCH, "liTO
OH ,D;OJILme xpaIDIJI BepHOCTL 06e I C'CJIaBJIeHHOMY MHHH'CTPY 11 ero
TPY HOH nOJIHTHRe, lIeM JIyqmHH ,n;pyr 3Toro MHHlICTpa, caMLIH na-
AemHDIH npHBepmerHen; 3TOH nOJIHTHRH, MamCTpa'T, n,pOCJIaBIIBmnH-
CH cBoei npOCBem;eHHOCTLIO, rJIy6HHoH MLICJIH H MymecTBOM.
TenepL Mopena 11, pa3yMeeTCH, 1\0pOJIeBe OCT'aJ3aJIOCL TOJILI O'
BQ'cnOJIL30BaTbCH nOJIOmeHIIeM, C03)];aHIIDIM MaJIL'3ep6oM. BepOHTHO,
HMeHHO R aTOMY BpeMeHH OTHOCIITCH paccymAeHHe Mopena, nepe-
n;aHHlQe HaM AronoHoM, KOTOpbIH HenpaBHJILHO OTHOCBT ero K CaM:bIM
1 «Tenep:b Ayma ero nOJIHa pap;OCTH, RaR y mROJI:bHHRa, ROTOp:bIH B:bIp-
BaJICH H3 ROJIJIema». (V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 459.)
2 B a c h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., 14 juin 1776. 06:bPIHO ClIHTaJIH, lITO 3TOT
f);H8JIOr npOH30meJI B p;eH:b OI{OHlIaTeJI:bHOrO pemeHHH 06 OTCTaBKe MaJILSep6a t
12 MaH. Ho BnOJIHe MOiKHO p;OnYCTHTL, lITO OH OTHOCHTCH R pa3rOBOpy, ROTO-
P:btH, no HameR runoTese, COCTOHJICH Ha l\feCH paHLme. KaR B TOM, TaR II B'
APyroM CJIYlIae OH HCHO OTpamaeT peaKIJ;UIO JIIO}J;oBHRa XVI Ha yxop; ero MH-
HHCTpa.
32.
600
lfACTb TPETbH. llPOBA.TI
--
UOCJIe,n;IIHM ,n;HHM. 8TO paccym,n;eHHe MOmHO ClIHTaTL no,n;JlHHHbIM no
CBoeMY 'cy eCTBY 'H pe,maIO HM ITO TOMY p;eHcTBHIO, KOTOpOC OHo
OKa3aJlO, H :rrOTOMY MbI npH'BOp;HM ero HlIme:
« BOT ,n;Ba lIeJIOBeI\a, I\OTOpbIX H caM llpHBeJI 1\ BaM, ClIHTaH J1x
JIIOP;bMH B Bbl'cmeH CTeneHH p;o6po,n;eTeJIbHbIMH H nnTaIO IIMII 1\
BaM caMYIO rJIy60KlYIO npHBH3aHIIOCTb. O,n;HH 1I3 IIHX nORHp;aeT Bac
(II3-3a ..HeCI\OJILI\HX rrYCTHROBbIX 3aTpYP;HeHRii, Bbl'3BaHHbIX nOJIC:3-
HOH oCTopomHocTblO). A ,n;pyroH lIaCTO yrpomaeT, lITO IIOI{HHeT Bar,
eCJIH BbI He 6y,n;eTe BbIrrOJIHHTL Bce ero IIJIaHbl. .H c OrOplIeHHe 1
BIImy, 1JTO OHH HHCROJIbRO R BaM He rrpHBH3aHbI - HH TOT HH ,n;py
rOH» 1.
TaKOB 6bIJI caMblH orraCHbIH y,n;ap. «8TH JIIOP;H Bac He JII06HT»,
no Tal{ KaK nepBbIH yme BblmeJI 113 HrpbI, 3HatfHT, «8TOT 1I'eJIOBeJ
pa}J;H ROToporo BbI npeT'eprreJIH TaK MHoro He'IIpnHTHOCTeii, TO HCTL
TIOpro, Bac He JII06HT».
BiIalIaJIe Mem,n;y I{OpOJIeM H reHepaJIbHbIM KOHTpOJIepOM B03HHl\-
JIa IIpHBH3aHHOCTb. B MOMeHT pa3pbIBa ee CMeHHJIa rOpelIb ,Il;oc'a)J;bT.
Tenepl> Moperra Mor e e YCIIJIHTb CBoii HamHM C n:OMOI.D;I)lO
I\pHTIIRM <pliIHalICOBbIX ClIeTOB Ha 1776 r.; TO JIH OB BbImH,II;aJI, lIT06bI
H3JIOiI\HTb ee B 6JIarOnpHHTHYro MHHYTY, EaR II C..rrYlIHJIOCb TenepL.
TO JIM OH YiI\e ycrreJI H3JIOmHTb ee paHee H CeHlI'aC JIHmb HaIIOMHH l
o HeR. 8TO 6bIJIO nce paBlIo, tITO CI\a3a Tb: « STOT TaRoH Heyp;o6IIbT:i1
TIeJIOBHI\ e:r:n;e, ORa3bIBaeTCH, H He BOJIme6HHK B cpHHaHCOBbIX ,n;e.rra .
OH CYMeJI YMenLmHTL ,n;e<pHD;HT TOJILRO ,n;o 24 MJIH.» 2
qTO KacaeT'CH ROpOJIeBbl, TO H3JII06JIeHHblH MOTMB ee BbInaJJ;oB
Mbl MomeM Y3HaTL H3 aHeR,n;OTa, 6bIBIIIero B Xo,n;y B anpeJIe M'eCHll,e.
aHa C'TapaJIaCL nop;"tJepKHYTI> nepe,n; KOpOJIeM (mam,n;aBIDHM BbITJIH-
p;eTL 6JIarOp;eT 1 eJIeM CBoero Hapo,n;a) HeIIony.rrHpHO'CTb ero JIIO'61IMO-
1'0 MHHHc'Tpa. TaR, o Hamp;bl, Rorp;a M'apHH AHTyaHeTTa BepHYJIaCh
1r3 OrrepbI, I\OpOJIL CrrpOCRJI, RaI\OH en TaM OKa3aJIH rrpHeM, HO OHa
HHtIel'O He OTBeTJlJIa. ROPOJIL, nOHHB, lITO KpblJIOCL 3a e,e MOJItIaHH-
eM, pemHJI rromYTHTL Ha JII06MMYIO HM TeMY: «HaBepHO, rrOTOMY,
Ma,n;aM, 'qTO Ha BalC 6blJIO CJIHmROM MaJIO nepLeB». «XOTeJIa 6bl H
nOrJIHp;'eTL Ha Bac, CHP, eCJIH 6bl BbI rrpHIDJIH Typ;a C BamHM Ce'II-
iKepMeHOM II C BamHM Tlopro; p;YMaIO, 'tfTO Bac 6bl ap;opoBo OCBHC-
TaJIH», - mHBO B03pa3HJIa KOpOJIeBa, TIeM HaCMemHJIa MOHapxa.:S.
Off 381CMeHJfCH, no npH3a,rorMaJICH.
ROPOJIL, rro-BHp;HMOMY, cpa3Y rrpHHHJI oTcTaBRy MaJIb3ep6a, no
norrpoCBJI ero Ha nel oTopoe BpeMH OTCp01JIITL CBOH yxop;. STOB
1 D u Po n t. Ope cit., p. 393. CnOBa, BSHTI>Ie HaMil B CKo6I\H, uaMeRalOT
Ha 06'LHCHeHHH pemeHHH Man:Lsep6a 06 OTCTaBRe, ROTopLIe RamYTCH HaM
MaJIOBepOHTHI>IMH.
2 D u Po n t. Ope cit., p. 387.
3 B a C h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., t. IX, p. 90 et 91, 24 avril 1776.
rJ1ABA VII. r0J10BA HA llJIAXE
501
--
TCPOqKH, HeCOMHeHHO, XOTeJI Moperra., II MbI ynH,IJ;HM rrOtIeMY. Peqb
lJl\JIa 0 TpOH e (nHCbMO TlOpro), a TaKiKe, no HeKOTopbIM CBH eTeJIb-
.cTBaM, 0 ceHTH6pe HJIH 0 rrpa3)J;HHl\e Bcex CBHTbIX 1 . lIy6JIHKa OCTa-
BaJlarCb B HeH3Be'CTHOCTH. To XO,D;HJIll CJIYXH 06 yxo,n;e MHHIreTpa, TO
:ilK onpOHepraJIH, YRa3bIBaH Ha npOp;OJImaBmHe'CH Y Hero aY,IJ;lIeH-
?
.n;HH" .
B rrepHO,n; C 12 anpeJIH H p;o KOHIJ;a MeCHIJ;a OTMetIaIOT'CH e e
I\Oe-I aI He I{oJIe , 6aHHH. KpHBaH 6bI ' CTpO CHHiKaeTCH, HO aTO e e He
npHMoe rrap;eHlIe.
OT'CTaBI{a MaJIb3ep6a 6bIJIa npUHHTa, lIO C OTCpOlII\oii, Hero 3a-
MeCTKTeJIb e e He 6bIJI Ha3BaH.
¥XOJJ; TIO'pro 6bIJI, rrO-BH,IJ;HMOMY, npep;pemen - HeCOMHeHHO,
ROpOJIb ,n;aiKe p;aJI KaKHe-TO 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, - HO e e He YTBep-
mp;eR. lI3 onbITa C Morry II Teplpa 6bIJIO 1I3BeCTHO, lITO KOpOJIb He
TaI{-TO 6bICTpO pemaeTCH nOp;rrHrCaTb OTCTaBKY.
3a aTOT rr'epHO,n; aTaRH YCHJI1IJIHCb. PacrrpOCTpaHeHlIe naM<pJIe-
TOB rOBOpHJIO ny6JIHRe 06 oC a6JIeHIHII rro3HD;HH Tropro II CHH'CXO,n;II-
TeJIbHOCTn nOJIHIJ;HH. «BparII r-Ha Tropro He rrpeKpa aIOT Harra,n;-
KH Ha nero... Ero npOTHBHHltOB 113 KOpOJIeBCROro J];Bopa II MIIHH-
.CTep'CTBa nIQO pHeT 6e3HaRa3aHHOCTb...»3 lIo ICJIOBaM CYJIaBH, rJlaB-
able naM<pJIeTbI rrpOTHB TlOpro pacrrpOCTpaHHJI COBeTHHI\ AMeI{YP
no Ha eHHIO Moperra.
19 arrpeJIH COCTOHJIOCb 3acep;aRlIe rrapJIaMeHTa B IIpHCYTCTBIIH
HeYTOMHMOrO npHHIJ;a ,n;e KOHTH. Co6paBllinecH, nO-BHp;HMOMY 060,n;-
peHTIble T'eM, "tJTO nOCTaHOBJIeHHe rrapJIaMeHTa OT 30 MapTa HIe 6bIJIO
OT IerreHO, pemHJIH rrpe,n;'CTaBHTb KOpOJIIO peMOHCTpan;H'H rro rrOBO,n;y
OTp;aHHoro 11M rrapJIaMeHTY rrpHI\a3a rrpeKpaTHTb rrpeCJIe,n;OBaHHH
IIpOTHB 'COllHHeHHH BOH'cepq.a 0 ceHbOpnaJIbHbIX rrpaBax. B rrapJIa-
1 CM.: H a r d y. Op.' cit., 7 mai, 18 avril.
2 Bce CBe eHHH nOlIepnHYTLI y Ap}J;H, sanRCR KOToporo HBJIHIOTCH ca-
MbIM IJ;eHHbIM HCTOlIHRKOM AJIH 3Toro nepHoAa.
16 anpeJIH - HeYBepeHHOCTb B cYAb6e MaJlb3ep6a, KOTopbJ:a npo}J;OJliKa-
eT rrpHHHMaTL.
18 arrpeJIH - MaJIb3ep6a ynpeKaIOT 3a nepenHcKY C KaHD;JIepOM Mony,
ROTOpMH npeAJIaraJI OTpelIbCH OT CBoero 3BaHHH KaHD;Jlepa B ero nOJIb3Y B
TYT iI,e npOCHJI BOSMem;eHHH B 50 TbIC. JIHBpOB. C APyroH CTOpOHLI, MaJIb3ep6
HK06bI npoTeCTOBaJI npOTHB npoeKTa TIOpro, KacaIO erOCH pe4>opMbI KOpOJIeB-
CKoro }J;Bopa, TaK KaK OH npeAycMaTpHBaJI ynpasAHeHHe 6e3 B03Mem;eBHH
onpeAeJIeHHOrO ROJIHlIeCTBa }J;OJIiKHOcTeH.
rrOCJIe BUe CBeAeHHH onpoBepraIOTcH aanHCHMH BepH: TIOpro, Hanpo-
THB, 6bIJI oSa601IeH BbIKynoM 3THX AOJIiKHOcTe:ii H C 3TOH D;eJIbIO BeJi nepero-
BOPLI 0 aaHMe B rOJIJIaHAHH. (V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 457.)
28 anpeJIH - MaJIbSep6 OCTaeTCH. KOpOJIL 06e aJI eMY, lITO 6e3 Hero
BHlIerO He 6YAeT npe}J;npHHHMaTL B OTBomeHHH npHABopHoro IDTaTa. On
ycnoKOHJI ero TaRiKe OTHOCHTeJIbHO KOpOJIeBCKIIX YKaSOB 0 SaTOlIeBHH.
2 MaH. Ha npe}J;LIAy eM, BocKpecHoM saceAaHHH COBeTa (28 anpeJIH)
npOHSOmJIa CTLIlIKa C MaJIL3ep60M, H rOBopHT, lITO eMY npOlIa T B npeeMHHKU
BepTeBa.
3 B a C h a u m 0 n t. Ope cit., t. IX, p. 86, 88, 16 avril - 19 avril 1776.
502
'lACTb TPETbH. llPOBAJJ
MeHTe, KaK BU,n;HO, npe,n;nOJIaraJIH, -qTO nOCJI,e n'epBbIX maKepBB
OpOJIL CTaJI 60JIee 'tfYBICTBHTeJIbHbIM B aTOM Borrpoce, a 6bITL 110-
meT, TaM Y3HaJIH ,n;ame 06 UHTepece, KOTOpbIH OH npOHBHJI K nOCTa-
HOBJIeHHIO, rrpmmTOMY no ,n;eJIY MopTeMapa.
O,n;HaKO Mopena He Mor Y,IJ;OBJI'eTBOpHTLCH palcnopHmeIDIHM'B
KOpOJIH, BbICKa3aHHbIMH B ,IJ;OBOJILHO TYMaHHOH II OTHIO}1;L He Oq.H-
qHaJILBJOH «popMe. OH 60JILme H'e XOTeJI nOJIaraTLCH Bra }1;aBJIeIme
m3BHe, XOTH CaM B'CH-qleCKII ero nOOIIliPHJI. Ero xapaKTepy 6bIJIO 60JIee
CBOHCTBeHHo IIJI'e'CTII HHTpIIrII, Bpo,n;e TOU, KaKYIO OR '3aTeHJI B 1774 r.
c rep orOM OpJIeaHCK'IIM. Ha 8TOT pa3 B,IJ;06aBOK OR IIMeJI Toro me.
C006m;HHKa - Omapa.
TrYT Moperra 3a,n;YMaJI - HJIH ,IJ;aJI ce'6e BHymUTL - nJIaB, KOTO-
pbIH HaM' KameTCH nOJiICTIIHe MaKUaBeJIJIH'CTCKBM.
OH CO'CTOHJI B TOM, -qT06bI npe,u;.mOiRIITL ,IJ;JIH 3aMeHbI MaJIL3 p6a
TaI oro -qeJIOBeKa, KOTOpbIiI BbI30BeT «OTBpam;eHHe» Y TlOpro 11
BbIBe,n;eT ero II3 ce6H. TaKHM 06pa30M, ero \JIH60 npnHY,IJ;HT no,u;aTL
B O'T'cTaBRY, JIH60 CBOHM pe3KuM oTrropoM OH }1;ocTa13HT KOpOJIIO no-
BbIH nOBo,n; ,IJ;JIH He,IJ;oBOJIbCTBa.
BeCLMa BepoHTHo, "tJTO Y Mopena yme 6bIJIa B ro.mOBe 8Ta U,IJ; e.o: ,
Kor,n;a MaJIL3ep6 pemHJI yiiTu B oTcTanKY. MHa-qe eMY 6bIJIO 6bI BDI-
rO Hele He XJIOIIOTaTL 06 OTCpOtIl\e, a KaR MomHO CKopee BbIC'TaBHTb
ero K3 MHHlICTepCTBa. ECJIH 6bI Mopena OCTaHOBlIJIC1I Ha CBODX
n'epBbIX Kan,IJ;U,IJ;aTax - CapTHHe HJIH ,IJ;e KJIIOHLH, - Bee MOrJIO 6LI
npeH30HTlI ()"tJeHL CKOpO, TaK RaR ORB: 06a 6bIJIH nop; PYKOH.
Ha }1;eJIe OH OTI a3aJI'CH OT CBoero ILepBoro nJIaHa U rrpu J4aJl
HOBbIH. MaJIL3ep6'a ,IJ;OJImeH 3aMeHHTL nJIeMHHHHK caMoro Mopena,.
6e3p;apHDIH AM1eJIO, I{OTOpOro TlOpro npOTHB oo6cTBeHHoro meJIa-
HIIH B8!3 I Ha1fHJI B HHBape 1775 f. HRTeHp;aHTOM <pHHaHCoB.
«.fl ,IJ;YMaJI, CHP, - IIH'CaJI TIOpro KOpOJIIO 30. anpeJIH, - cY,IJ;n no
TOMY, B Ra ou TaiHe f-H Mopena ,IJ;epmaJI CBOH nJIaHLI 'D'T r-Ha MaJIL-
3ep6a H MeHH, lITO OH rOTOBHT 'KaKon-TO Heo6bII{HOn8HHbIH BbI6op.
Ho p;OJImeH c03Ha'TbcH, 11 HHKor,n;a 6bI He, nOBepHJI, 111'1'0 OR nOCMe-
eT npe}1;JIOmHTL BaM r-Ha AMeJIo, -qLH nOJIHaH 6e3}1;apHOCTL eMY
xopomo H3Be I CTHa».
I TIOpro KaK '6YATO o6BHHHeT rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M MRpOMeHHJIH 3a
aT'OT BbI60p Hm! no KpaHHeii Mepe 3a 'CHJILHYIO nOJJ;,IJ;epmRY aToB
KaH,IJ;K,I{aTypbI, B KOTOpOH TOT, no ero MHeHHIO, 3aHHTepeCOBaH. 'frop-
ro fOB'0PRT 0 IIOCJIymamm: AMeJIo. Koro iRe OR 'CJIymaeTCH? - crrpa-
mHBaeT OH. - ...r-Ha xpaHHT,eJIH rre-qaTII.
RaK 6LI TO HH 6LIJIO, IHO nepBOHa-qaJILHO H,IJ;eH, nO-B'H,IJ;HMOMY, Bee
me 6LIJIa nO,IJ;aHa OiRapOM, 1\0TOpbIH paCCKa3LIBaeT 06 TOM co CBOB-
cTBeHHoi eMY rOTOBHOCTLIO. O,IJ;HaKO B ero HaMepeHHH BOBce He
BXO}1;HJIO npoBoD;HpOBaTL TlOpro (:X:OTH OR ero 11 He JII06HJI), OH
npOCTO XOT'eJI BbIAB1IHYTL «CBOJlX»: «MHe XO'TeJIOCL, ,lIT06LI aTO Mec-
TO OCTaJIOCL 3a KeM-HH6Y,IJ;b U3 MOIIX pO,IJ;HLIX...»
OR pa ' OCKa3bIBaeT 3 aT elM, RaLK 0111 OrnpaB1IJICH R Ma'TepD AMeJlo,
MapKHJse ]I.' ABaHsara, "KOTopaH no epiKaJIa ero jnp IJ(JIOiKeH e. Omap
rJIABA VII. r0J10BA HA llJ1AXE
503
-
BaSJICH caM rrorOBopHTL 06 aTOM c Mopena, KOTOpDIH CHaqaJIa qYTL
ero He IIpOrHaJI, HO Omapa OCeHIIJIa y aqHaH MbICJIL, II OH CKa3aJI:
«ECJIII BbI noca,n;HTe B aTO Be,n;OMCTBO IIHTpllraHa IlJIH TaKoro qeJIO-
BeKa CHCTeMbI, KaK Tropro...» 1 3TO IIMH OKa3aJIO CBoe B03,n;ei-
,cTBHe.
Mopena o6em:aJI nOI,IIy,MaT:b. II 'OH IIIQ,IJ;YMaJI. MaJIOiBepOHTHO, 1ITo-
ObI OR O,IJ;o6pHJI aTOT BbI60p 113 coo6pameHHH RerrOT,H3Ma. OH TOTlIaC
C006pa3HJI, KaKyIO 6ypnylO peaK Hl{) BbI30BeT y Tropro TaKOH
BDIOOP, 11, HaBepHo, HMeHHO 3TO no 6 Y,IJ; HJI 0 ero pemHTI)CH.
TaKOBa 6bIJIa HHTpHra Mop'ena. Tropro 00 CBoeH CTOpOHLI nallan
KOHTpHHTpHry, HO TYT Mbl ynO'Tpe6JIH ' eM aTOT TepMHH OTHro,IJ;L He
B OTpJnJ;aTeJIbHOM CMbICJIe. XOTH Tropro 11 Hie SHaJI 0 HOBbIX IIopa ' 3H-
TeJIbH:bIX naMepeHHHX M,eHTopa, OH He MoOr OCTaBaTbCH paBHO,IJ;ym-
HLIM K BbI60py MHHHCTpa KOpOJIeB'CKOrO ,n;Bopa, npeeMHlHKa MaJIb-
aep6a.
IITaK, TlOpro OOCTaBRJI CBOH co6CTBeHHbIH IIJIaH, H, Ha,IJ;O CKa-
aaTb, nJIaH aTOT 6bIJI rrOJIIITHlIe'CKII B,e'CbMa npHMe't!aT'eJIeH. Ero KO-
BLIpeM 6bIJI a66a ' T ):lie BepH.
STOT 't!eJIOBeK Mor He TOJIbKO ,n;OCTOHHO H IC IIOJIb30H 3aHHMaTb
TaKoro po a MHHBlCT.epCKHH IIOCT, HO, rJIaBHOe, OR Mor nOMO't!L
Tropl'O BOC'CTaHOBHTb ero OTHomeHHH C Moperra. TlOpro xopomo
nOHHMaJI, BO BICHKOM CJIyqae K aTOMY BpeMeHH, 't!TO OTHomeHHH ero
Ic Moperra] 1I'CrrOptIeHbl, 11 He MeHee HCHO C03HaBaJI, 'tJT'O BJIHHHHe
ero oCJIa6JIo. BelpH HHHCTp, 'C ero CHJILlHblM BJIHHHHeM Ha 't!eTY
Mopena, '6blJI ,6bl em;e JIY1lmHM «rrp.HMHpHTeJIeM», tIelM BepH-Ha-
rrepCHRK.
Tropro BeJI 31."Y Hrpy, HMeH B BH,IJ;Y He TOJIbKO Moperra, HO H
,caMoro KOpOJIH. OH XOT,eJI ,IJ;OKa3aT:b KOpOJIro CBoe meJIaHIIe BOOCTa-
HOBHTb COTJIaCHe C Moperra II TaKBM o6pa30M y6e,n;HTb BX o6rqero
X03HHHa B COTpy,n;HH't!eICTBe II B3aHMHOM ,IJ;OBepHH ero rJIaBH1>IX
MHHIICTpOB, JI'HIII1> neHa,IJ;OJIrO pa306m;eIIHbI'x. JIro,IJ;OBHK XVI, OtIeHL
IIp'HBH3aHHbIH K Moperra, HO coxpaH:Il'BmHH H HeKOTOpyro CHMrra-
THro H YBameHHe K Tropl'o, Mor 6bl Tor,n;a rrO,IJ;YMaTb: «Mx ccopa
'6bIJIa I\paTKOBpeMeHHoH, B'ce 'em;e YJIa,IJ;HTCH». Ta'KHM o6pa30M, npH
ero nepemlITeJILHOCTH OH 6blJI 6bl H36aBJIeH OT TPY,IJ;HOM np06JIeMbl
H, B03MOiKHO, OT Heo6xo,IJ;HMOCTH C,IJ;eJIaTb Bbl6op. STO 3HatIHJIO CKa-
gaTb KOpOJIIO: «ECJIH BbI corJraCIITe ' Cb p;aTb MHe a66aTa p;e BepH, B:bI
o6peTeTe MIIp B 'CBoeM MHHRCTep'CTBe. Pa3 ym H npomy Bac 06 aTOM,
TO aTO ,n;ORaSbIBaeT, "ITO TaKOBO Mae meJIaHH'e. E'CJI1I H CIIOpBJI C
Moperra, TO COB'ceM He ,ll;JIH Toro, 'tlTo6bI BOCTopmeCTBOBa Tb na,n: HHM,
a 'tJTo6DI em;e BepH1ee C filM ll'OMHPHTb'CH II IC TeM 60JIbmeii nOJIb30B
cJIymHTb naM».
1 A u g,e,a r d. Gp. cit.
504
'lACTb TPETbH. IIPOBAJ]
Mbl MOm€M C YBe'peIIHOCTbIO Cl\aaaTb, lITO npHMepno B 3TO Bpe-
MH Tropro BaII1I1CaJI BeCKOJI:bRO IIHCeM 1\0pOJIro, 113 KOTOpblX TPII 6bl-
JIB nOCBH eHbl HM'eBHO 8TOMY Bonpocy. I101I,eMY TaROe MBOme:CTBO
nIICeM? B03MOmBO, Tropro XOTeJI IIOCJIep;OBaT:b COB'eTY Toro iRe
BepII, ROTOpbIM BaXOp;IIJI P;OBO)J;bl Tropl'o 60JIee y6e)J;HTeJlbBbIMU,
Ror)J;a OB BblpaiKaJI IIX B IIHCbMeHHOH <popMe. «I1IImHTe IIo60JI:bme
KOpOJIro 0 'CBOHX B3rJIH)J;ax, - coneTOBaJI eMY a66aT eIqe )J;O 4 Map-
Ta 1, - IIOTOMY lITO Bbl IIHrmeTe npeBOCXO)J;HO, HO ropa3)J;-Q MeBee-
CHJIbIIbl B YCTHblX AHCKYCCIIHX».
Ho 60JIee HepOHTBO, lITO Tropro IIaXO)J;HJI yme Y KOpOJIH c,n;ep-
maBHbIH H XOJIO)J;HbIH rrpHeM.
M3 3THX Tpex lIHceM )J;O Hac ,n;omeJI TOJIbKO TeKCT nOCJIe)J;Hero-
.n;ORYMeHTa OtIeHb BamHoro, HarrIIcaHBoro 30 anpeJiH. Ero HalliJIB
B 6YMarax a66aTa )J;e BepH, II nIICbMO MOiKBO ClIHTaTb IIO)J;JIHHHLIM.
Ho eMY «IIpe)J;meCTBOBaJIO )J;Ba nH'C:bMa, KOTopble H BH,n;eJI JlHIDb
MeJIbROM», - rOB'OpHT Bep'II.
B IIepBOM IIH'CbMe 'fropro npe)J;JIaraJi cJle)J;yro ee pemeHIIe:
Y)J;epmaTb MaJIb'3ep6a B COBeTe R B3HT:b BepH B KatIe'CTBe rocY)J;ap-
CTBeHHOrO ceKpeTapH. 8TO AenCTBRTeJI:bBO 3HalIHJIO 'C)J;eJIaTb )J;Bofi-
HOH XO)J;. CJIe OBaTeJI:bHO, Tropro Ha,n;eHJlCH, lITO eIqe MomBO yro-
BOpIIT:b MaJI:b3ep6a Be IIO)J;aBa'Tb B OT'CTaBRY, e'CJlH OCB060)J;HT:b ero
OT «a)J;MHBHCTpaTHBHDIX )J;eJI»; 8TO CBH)J;eTeJI:bCTByeT 0 TOM, lITO
MaJI:b3ep6 BblCTaBHJI RaR OCHOBBYro rrpHlIIIBY CBOel'O yxo)J;a BeCITO-
O0'6'B'OCTb R nO)J;o6Horo pop;a )J;'eHTeJl:bHOCTH.
ECJIH BepHTb Tel\CTY caMoro BepII, BnpOtIeM OBOJIbBO RpaTKO-
MY, 8TH TPII nHC:bMa H3J1araJlII O)J;BO II TO me IIp,e)J;JIOiK,emIe. O HaKO
3Toro H'eJIb3H CRa3aTb 0 IIOCJIe)J;HeM lTHC:bMe. B ' e3 c.OMBeHlIH, 9TO
6blJla JIHillb OTnpaBB3.H TOtIRa, BO, KaI{ TOJI:bRO TlOpl'O IIOBHJI, "lITO
pemeHHe MaJI:b3ep6a OROHlIaTeJl:bHO, OH npe)J;JlOmHJI BepH RaK ero
npeeMHHRa, a Be l\aK nOMO BHI{a.
MHTlepeCHO OTM'eTHT:b, lITO Tropro Be nO)J;YMaJi OTRpblTb Bep:o
CBOro IIrpy H C006IqHTb eMY 0 TOM pOJlII, KOTOPYIO OH .)J;JIH Bero
3a)J;YMaJi. B CBoeM IIII'C:bMe R BepH OT 30 anpeJIH, r e OH 30BeT ero
Ha nOMOII{:b, OB HHlIerO He I'OBOplIT eMY 06 9'TOM 11, HanpOT1ffi, nHmeT:
« E'cJIH 6bl Bbl 6blJIII 3)J;e'C:b, Bbl no KpaHBeH Mepe y6 ' e)J;HJlH 6bl HX
(lIeTY M'OPrena) C)J;eJlaTb pa3YMHblH Bb160p, KaKHM 6blJI 6bl, HaIIpn-
Mep, Bbl60p r-Ba Cl>ypK{h>. 8TO npOTIIBOpetIHe BBeJlO B 3a6JIym)J;e ' IDIe
ro6ya )J;e JI"8CTaHa, KOTOpblH YCOMHIIJlCH B IIO)J;JIHHHOCTH IIHcbMa 2
B TY IIOpy, Kor)J;a TeTpa)J;H BepH eIqe He 6blJlH oIIy6J1HKOBaHbI. Ero
COMBeIDIH CerO,I(HH oTIIa)J;aroT. B'epII Be CTaJi 6bI nepeIInCblBaTb B
CBOM )J;B,eBHHR cpaJibillHBOe ITH'CbMO. Ha )J;eJIe 8TY KamYIqyrocH HeIIO-
CJIe)J;OBaTeJIbBOCTb )J;OBOJI:bHO JIerKO 06'hHCHHT:b )J;'emmaTHOCT:blO t
1 3anHcL, Ba KOTOpyIO MbI CCbIJIaeMCH, .n;a THpoBaHa BTHM qHCJIOM. (V e r i.
Ope cit., t. I, p. 441.)
2 CM. aJIee, c. 507, npHM. 3.
rJlABA VII. r0J10BA HA llJ1AXE
505
-
.(jBOHCTBeHHOH XapaKTepy Tropro. ame B TO npeMH, ROr,n;a OH DbI-
ABJmyJI KaH,n;H,r(aTYPY CBoero ,n;Pyra, OH npe,n;IIOllHTaJI He rOBo.pHTb
eMY 06 aTOM, TaR RaR He 6bIJI YBepeH B p ' e3YJIbTaTaX cnoei1: HIIIfiJ;J.fa-
THBbl.
Trop'ro He orpaHHlIHJI'CH IIHCbMaMH. Y Hero 6I>IJI pa3rOBOp C I{OPO-
jIreM Ha aTY TeMY. PeaJILHOCTL aToro pa3rOBopa Hero pe r 3YJIbTaTI>I
nOWBepm,n;aIOTCH HaMeROM Ha InIX B IIOCJIe,n;HeM TIIfCbMe Tropro 1\
KOpOJIro OT 30 arrpeJIH: «Barne BeJm"tI'eICTBo CRa3aJIH MHe, 'If TO HaM
em;e Ha,n;o IIo,n;YMaTb II liTO BaM He XBaTaeT OIII>ITa». 3HallHT, pa3ro-
sop 'COCTOHJICH, H OH RaCaJICH HMeHHO aTOH TeMbI, eCJIH MIIUII'CTP
CCbIJIae'TClI Ha Hero.
BIIOJIH'e B03MOiKHO IIpe,n;IIOJIOmIrTL, liTO pa3rOBOp 3TOT HMeJI Mec-
TO ,n;o IIOpBI>IX IIHoeM Tropro, TO eCTb, OlleBH,n;HO, BCRope II'O'CJIe Toro
A'HH, Kor,n;a OTCTaBRa MaJIb3ep ' 6a 6I>IJIa B IIpHHn;HIIe IIpIIHHTa I{OPO-
JIeM. K aTOMY 3aRJIIOlleHHIO IIpHBO,n;IIT T aRme aHaJIH3 IIIreb?\-la OT
30 aIIpeJIH. B caMOM ,n;eJIe, B Ha"tIaJI'e 3Toro IIH'CbMa TlOpro 3aMella-
eT: «.H He MOry CRpbrTL OT Barnero BeJIH"tIe'CTBa, RaRYIO paHY
aaH'eCJIO MoeMY cep,n;n;y m,eCTORoe MOJI"tIaHH,e, KOTopoe BI>I XpaHHJIH
co MHOH B IIOCJIe,n;H.ee BOCKpe'ceHLe, IIOCJIe 'Toro RaR H TaR IIo,n;p06HO
H3JIOmHJI B MOHX IIpe,n;bI,n;ym;HX IJiHCLMaX Bce 06CTOHT ' eJILCTBa Moero
II ero IIOJIOmeHHH...» TaRHM 06pa30M, HCHO, liTO B BOCRpec.eHLe
28 anp,eJIH I{OpOJIL BH,n;eJI TlOpro (B aTOT ,n;'eHL, I{'CTaTH, C06HpaJICH
COBeT) H HlPIero He CRa3aJI eMY 0 ero IIIICLMax. BI>ImeYIIOIMHHY-
TbIH pa'3rOBOp COCTOHJICH, 3HallHT, paHLrn'e, TaR KaK ,ero HeJIL3H
yrro,n;o6HTL MOJIlIaHHlO. Bee aTH 3IIH30,n;I>I MomHO paccTaBHTL B CJIe-
;n;YIOm;eM IIopH,n;Re:
ono.lto 12 anpe.ltR: IIepBI>IH pa3DOBOfP. KOpOUII> He 'pemaeTICH OT-
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qaHHe;
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B TO me BpeMH OIl IIHilleT IIIreI>MO II a66aTY ,n;e Bepu, ROTopoe MI>I
Tome HMeeM.
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q:eHHH B'epH H. 06'bHCHHeT ero ,n;OBo,n;aMH, IIpHBe,n;eHHI>IMlI HaMH
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qeCTBe Hamero o6m;ero ,n;Pyra (a66aTa ,n;e BepH) H YCHJIHTI> TeM
CaMI>IM Hero caMoro... BOT, CHP, IIJIaH, ROTOpI>IH H BaM IIpeAJIa-
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506
qACTb TPETbH. llPOBAJl
TlOpro rrpeAJ]:araJI 11 ,n;'PYDHX RaH,n;H,n;aTOB B KalIeCTBe B03MO'R-
Horo BapHaHTa: JIu60 ByameJIeHa ,n;e KlOca, apXHe'IIHCKorra 8HCHoro,
JIH6o, eCJIH nepBI>Ie ,n;Ba OTrra,n;yr, r- na ,n;e <PypKit
ECJIH 6I>I TlOpro OrpaHHlIHJI'CH 13 rrHCLMe TO.lIbRO aTHMH coo6pa-
meHHHMH, OH, HeCOMHeHHO, Bce paBHO He ,n;06WICH 6I>I ycrrexa; HO
OH no RpaHH.eH Mepe He yxy,n;mHJI 6I>I CBoero rrOJIOm'eHllH. O,n;naIKO
ero rrHCbM'O B n;eJIOM ,n;OJIiRHO 6I>IJIO rrpOH3BeCT'H Ha ROpOJIH caMoe
He6JIarOnpHHTHoe Bne"tIaTJIeHue.
B caMOM ,n;eJIe, HeB03MomHO cooe npe,n;CTaBlITL 6oJI!ee He'y,n;a'I-
HyIO 3a HTHTeJILIHYIO pe"tIL. B HalIaJIe rrHCLMa TlOpro, rrpe,n;aBaHCL
"tIYBCTBHTeJILHI>IM H3JIHHHHHM, ,n;OXO,n;HT ,n;o ceHTHM9HTaJILHOCTH, OB
rro,n;"tIepKHBaeT TaRHe CTOpOHLI 'CBoero rrOJIOmeHHH, KOTOpI>Ie BDICTaB-
JIHIOT ero B caMOM HeBI>Iro,n;HOM CBeTe,. OH rrORa3LIBaeT ce6H 1:J:eJIo",
BeKOM O,n;HHOI{HM, rrOKlIHYTI>IM .HJIII rrpe,n;a'HHLIM, 03JIo6JI,eHHLIM 11 38 4
TpaBJIeHHI>IM. C ,n;pyroH CTOpOHLI, OH HeYKJIlOme Harra,n;aeT Ha Mope..
rra, XOTH ynepHeT, lITO Y Hero HeT IIHOH n;eJm, KaK BHOBL CTaTL erO
,n;pyrOM 11 «rro,n;-qnHHTLCH eMY BO HCeM». KaKaH HerrOCJIe,n;OBaTeJIL-
HOCTL! OH ceTy'eT Ha CJIOBa Moperra, CIRa3aHHI>I'e MaJIL'3ep6y: «E'CJIU
6:bI OH OCTaBJIJI Ha Me'C'Te a66a'Ta Teppa, pacxo,n;I>I He rrpeBbICIIJIH 6DJ
,n;OXO,n;OB». OH OrrIICI>IBaeT H,eo6I>IRHOBeHHYIO CJIa60'CTL rJIaBHOrO
M1IHHCTpa, OCTaHaBJIHBaHCL Ha CaMI>IX YHH3HTeJILlHLIX nO):q)o6HO-
CTHX. Bce 3HaIOT, 'tfTO HM rrOMI>IKaeT meHa. OH ,n;eCHTKH pa3 MeHHJI
CBoe MHeHHe rro rrOBO,n;y KOpOJIeBCKOro 3aoe,n;aHHH rrapJIaMeHTa B
3aBHCHMOCTH OT Toro, KTO 6I>IJI ero co6elce HHROM. Bo Bcex CKOJII>KO-
HH6y,n;L TPY HLIX eJIax OH BI>I,IJ;BHraJI Brre/pe,n; TlOpro: rrpn OT03Ba-
HUH ,n;e rUHa, Ha3HalIeHHU CeH-iKepMeHa. Tropro, HaKOHen;, 06BH-
HHeT Moperra B TOM, "tITO TOT 3aBH,n;OBaJI eMY B'O BpeMH MHTemen
1775 r. JI HaROHen;, rrorrYTHO pa306JIalIaeT 6e'3,n;apHocTL AMeJIO H
I{OBapCTBO MnpOMeHHJIH.
HH O HO H3 aTHX YTBepm,n;eHHH He 6I>IJIO BI>I)J;YMROH, HO 6:bIJIO
H'eYMHO 11 ,n;ame Herrp'HJIU"tIHO OCI>IJIaTbCH Ha HHX. TeM CaMI>IM TlOpro
ry6HJI 'CBOH HHTepe'CHO H opHrHHaJILHO 3a,n;YMaHHI>IH rrJIaH, rrpOB03-
rJIameHHLIH JIM ,n;yx IIpHMRI}eHHH, CBoe m'eJIaHHe YRperrHTL MUIDI-
CTep'CTBO, C6JIH3HBmHCI> C "tIeJIOBeROM, RO'Toporo OH TaR 6e'crro a,n;HO
KpHTHI OBaJI.
TlOpro 'CpI>IBaJI rrORpOBI>I CO Hcero, lITO KOpOJIL 3HaJI H caM, RO
npe,n;nOlIHTaJI He 3HaTL.
TlOpro orrYCKaJICH ,n;o ypOBHH CBOHX rrpOTHBHHROB, rrpHMeHHJI
K HHM Te me rrpHeMI>I llieJII>MOBaHHH, KaRHe, RaR OH maJIOBaJICH,
OHII rrpHMeHHJIH K HeMY. Ho B aTOH Hrpe OH 6I>1JI cJIa6ee CBOHX
BparOB.
HaK'OH'en;, B CJIe,n;YIOm;eH "tIaCTH rrELMa, H3JIOmeHHOH ,n;OBOJILHO
CYM6YPHO, OR rrpe,n;OCTeperaJI HOpOJIH rrpOTHB ero co6CTBeHHOH CJIa-
60CT\H: «Bac C"tIHTaIOT CJIa6bIM, Cup, II 6I>IBaJIH !CJIyqaH, I{Or,n;a JI
- orraCaJICH, He 6I>IJI JIll aTOT He,n;OCTaTOK IIpllCYW; Bam,eMY xapaRTe-
py...» II OH no,n;"tIepRHBaJI rrOJIHTH"tIeCKYIO orra'CHOCTL TaROH CJIa60CTB
8 .ppa3e, CTaBlli'eH '3HaMeRHTOH CBOHM rrpOpO"tIeCTBOM: «HJfKor,n;a He
('JIABA VII. rOJlOBA HA nJIAZE
507
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la6L1BaUTe, rocy apL, 'tITO TOJILKO CJIa60CTL npHBeJIa rOJIOBY Kap-
na I Ha nJIaxy...»
3TO TIpe OCT,epemeHHe He Ra3aJIOCL B TO BpeMH 'CTOJIL HeB'epOHT-
BLIM, HaRHM ORO RameTCH B HamH HJI. 8Ta MI>ICJIL pa3BHBaJIaCL
60Jlee npOCTpaHHO JI HOCUJIa 60JIee 06m;UH xapaKTep 1. C pyroii
CropOHbI, 'TparlrQ,e'CH:aH cMepTL aHrJIHHCROro ROpOJIH B TY anoxy Tpe-
BOmHJIa MHorHe YMI>I. lIo CJI<YBaM r-mu KaMnaH, Ror a r-ma ,LJ,IO-
6applI '6bIJIa He OBOJlbHa npoHccRaMH napJIaM1eIITa, OHa IIO BO HJIa
JIIO oBHI{a XV R BeJIHHOJIennOMY nopTpe'TY KapJIa I RHCTH BaH-
e:iRa, RynJIeHHOMY ero B JIoHJJ;oHe 2 .
,[(pyraH 'tJaCT:b nH'CLMa npe C'TaBJIHeT nOJIHTIllleCH:HH HHTepec-
Ta 'tJaCT:b, r,n;e Tropro cpaBHHBae'T npaBJIeHH'e JIIO,IJ;oBHRa XVI C
opaBJIeHHeM JIIO,n;oBJlRa XV; OR YKa3:bIBaeT Ha yxy,n;meHHe o6m;e-
CTBe:mHoro MIHeHHH: « YMbI .B TI>ICWIY pa3 60JIee B036YlliIAeHbI MHO-
rBJMH BonpocaMH». OH npe,;r("tIY,BcTByeT 381RoHoMe'pHOCT:b YCRope-
BHH HCTOpH'tIeCROrO rrpon;ecca: «IIo,n;YMaHTe, KaK ,n;aJIeKO MOiReT
aaHTH 6ecnopH,n;oK, eCJIH 3a ,n;Ba n;aT:b JIeT OH OCTHr Toro, 'tIeMY MI>I
yme 6bIJIH cBH eTeJIHMH».
TaKoH XO MI>ICJIH xapaKTepeH JIH Tropro. 8TO BHYTpeHHHH
KpHTepHH nO,IJ;JIHHH.QCTH nHcbMa, RO'TOpI>IH nO I{penJIHeT RpHTepHH
BHe1DlHHe 3 . TeM He 'MeBee IMI>I He MomeM ClIHTaT:b 3TOT TeXCT lltOJIH-
T'HlIe ' CRHM 3'aBem;aHHeM Tropro, RaK ero HHor a npenO HOCHT, pa3Be
TOJILRO C TOlIRH 3peHHH XpOHOJIOrHlIeCROH nOCJIe,n;OBa'TeJI:bHOCTH.
STO, CRopee, nHCLMO, rOBOpHm;ee 06 ycJlOBHOH OTCTaBRe. Pa3Y-
M'e'eTCH, B 3aByaJIHpoBaHBoH cpopMe, TaR RaR ROpOJIIO H'e CTaBHT
YCJIOBHH. Tropro npHMO YRa3I>IBaeT, lITO eMY HeB03MomHO npo,n;OJI-
maTL 'CBOIO ,n;eHT,eJILHOCTL npH c e'CTBYIOm;eM nOJlOmeHHH: «H 6y-
t «MMeHHO CJIa60CTL c}J;eJIaJIa KapJIa IX meCTOKHM; OHa 6LIJIa npHllHHOB
()praHU3an;HH JIHfH npH reHpHXe I'll; OHa c,u;eJIaJIa JIro,u;oBHKa XIII, a B HarnH
HH - nopTyraJIbCROrO KOpOJIH KopoHoBaHHLIMH pa6aMH. HMeHBo CJIa60CTL
6LIJIa npHllHHoH Bcex 6ep;cTBHH nOCJIep;HerO n;apcTBoBaHHH».
2 . CM.: Mme C amp a n. Ope cit., t. I, p. 33.
3 3TO nHCbMO, RaK MLI yme YKa3LIBaJIH, HaXO UJIOCL B 6YMarax Bepu 11
6bIJIO orry6JIHROBaUO B rrepBOM TOMe ero «,I(HeBHHKa». IIepe}J; TeM r-H ,u;e JIapcH
(Larcy) HarrellaTaJI OTpLIBKH U3 Hero B «Le Correspondant» sa 25 anpeJIH
1868 r. BepH rOBopHT 0 HeM B CBoeM «,I(HeBHHKe». IIpOTHBopellHe, ROTopoe
03ap;allHJIO ,I(I06ya p;e JI'8CTaHa H 061»HCHeHHe KOToporo MLI npe,u;JIOiKHJIH
ObIrne, orrpOBepraeTCH H P;BYMH npep;LI,u;y:rn;HMU nHC:bMaMH, ynoMHHaeMLIMH
Bepu. 3uallHT, COBeprneHHO ,u;OCTOBepHO, 'liTO Tropro npep;JIaraJI a66aTa BepH
B KalleCTBe MHuHcTpa KOpOJIeBCKOro ,u;Bopa, 'liTO K TOMY me nO}J;TBepmp;aeTCH
oqnIl'(HaJI:bHLIM ,u;OHeceHHeM MepCH-ApmaHTO OT 16 MaH 1776 r. (M e r C y-
A r g e n tea u. Ope cit., t. II, p. 442 et note.) C }J;pyroii CTOpOHLI, CYJIaBH
YKa3LIBaeT, 'liTO OH BHp;eJI B 6YMarax JIIO}J;oBHKa XVI nHC:bMO, B KOTOpOM
Tropro rOBOpHJI eMY, 'liTO «cy,u;b6a KapJIa I HJIH RapJIa IX - 8TO cy}J;b6a MO-
aapxoB, KOTOpLIMH yrrpaBJIHIOT RypTH3aHbI». HaKoHen;, nIIcb o OT 30 anpeJIH
Momuo COIIOCTaBHTb C nHCbMOM OT 18 MaH, KOTopoe 6bIJIO ualIp;eHO B apXHBax
JIaHTeHJIH. B caMOM ,u;eJIe, B aTOM nHCbMe Tropro BLlpaJKaeT COiKaJIeHHe 0 TOM,
lITO KOpOJIb He C006m;HJI eMY caM 0 CBOHX HaMepeHHHX. B nHCbMe OT 30 anpe-
JIH OB YMOJIHJI ROpOJIH C006:rn;HTb eMY CaMOJIHQHO 0 ero B03MomHoH onaJIe.
50
TfACTb TPETbH. npOBAJ1
lI.Y JIHmelH B03MOmHOCTH CJIYiKHTb (BameMY BeJIIPlerCTBY), eCJIH HI>I
He ORameTe MHe rrOMOm;lI... .f.[ 6y,n;y JIHmeH BO'3MomHOCTH OOnpOTH'B-
JIHTLCH TeM, I{TO MHe Bpe,I(.HT, H3-3a Toro 3JIa, !ROTOpOe OHn MHe-
np:o:qHHHIOT, 11 113-3a Toro ,n;o6pa, ROTopoe OHI! MHe He ,n;alOT ,n;eJIaTL».
HaROH,en;: «MHe TaR HCHO ,n;aJIH rrOHHTL, lITO H He cM,ory OCTaBaTLCB
O,n;HH, B TOM K30JIHD;HH, B :KaROM H HaxomycL H:bIHe, "lITO, eCJI:O: 61>1
MOB OJIr He 06HRbIBaJI MeHH rOBopIfTb BaM BCIO rrpaB,n;y, y MeHH Bce.
paBHO He 6:bIJIO 6:bI HHRaRoro HHTepeca CRpI>IBaTb ee OT Balc».
Y Hero He 6I>IJIO HHoro BbIxo,n;a: OH ,n;OJImeH 6I>IJI JIH60 ycROpHTb
CBOIO OTCTaBRY, JIlI60 ,n;06HTbCH pemaIOm;ero rrOBopOTa. B TaROM
YMOHaCTpoeHHH OH H,n;eT Ha plfCR rrpOHBHT:b HeJIOB(I{OCT:b II ,n;ame.
HBHO HapymHTb IIPlIJI1Iq V fI. OH .He CTapaeTCH IIpH,n;aTb CBO'HM M:bIC-
JIHM CTpOMHOCTb, a BI>IpameHHHM c,n;epma'HH'OC'TL. IIOpOH MomHO'
;n;ame 'CqeCT:b ero BI>I3I>IBaIOm;HM: «ITo rrpaB,n;e cRa3aTL, CHP, H Hac-
He IIOHHMaIO». Ero COCTOHHHe, 6JIH3ROe K OT1IaHHHIO, 06'I>HCHHeT
Heo6I>IQHOCTL ero BbIpameHHH, ROTopaH MOrJla IIOpO,n;HT:b COMHeHHe'
B rro,n;JllIHHOCTH TeB:CTa.
TIopro He CTpOIIT ,ce ' 6e HJlJlI03HH OTHOCKTeJlLHO maHCOB ,r(06HTLCR
YCIIexa. «Bame MOJIQaHHe, - rOBOpHT OH, - 3aCTaBHJIO MeHH YCOM-
HHTb'CH, XOTH'Te JIll BI>I coxpaHHTL MeHH y oe6H Ha cJIym'6e». Ho-
RaK 3HaTb? IIpH3I>IB, IIOCJIaHH:bIH B TOT me ,n;eH:b a66aTY ,n;e Bep:o:"
rrORa3:bIBaeT, 1ITO OH He C'tJ:HTaJl CBOIO IIapTlIIO OKOHtlaTeJII)HO IIpOHr-
paHHOH.
II HaKOHen;, B aTOM lIlICLMe OT 30 anpeJIH elCTb em;e Roe-"tJ:TO. iia
aTOH 6eeCBH3HOH H ,n;ORYQJ1HBOH aprYM'eHTaD;1i!eii C ee nOBTOpqMII B
u u u U -
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MOJIHHeH IIpopO"tJ:e'CRoro IIpe,r(BH,n;eHHH, MI>I 1IYBlcTByeM TaRm'e 60JIb.
pa301IapOBaImH, rJIy6oRoe CTpa,r(aHHe paHeHOI'O cep,r(n;a. TlOpro
I
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6I>I B IIOCJIe,,n;HHH pa3 II ,n;ame B caMOM paap:bIBe, lIeJIOBe1IeCRYIO 6JIH-
30CT:b. OH X01IeT IIOJIyqlITL OTBeT. OR X01I'8T IIOHJITb. On X'01IleT
3Ha T:b, npaB,n;a JIH, 1ITO ero 60JILme He JII06HT.
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CH, lITO ,IJ;Be nOCJIeAHHe He,n;eJIH THHY:1)CH 6eOKOHe1LHo. rOJIoJ3a Ha
nJIaxe: HeOTBpaTHMaH cy,n;H6a HaBIICJIa IHa,IJ; IHeR lRalR Tonop.
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HaIIHcaHHoro Toro me 30 arrpeJIH. 8TO COBIIa eIme rrOKaaaJIOCL MHO-
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rJ1ABA VII. r0J10BA HA nJ1AXE
509
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pOM rBHaHbI; OH 3aCTaJI TaM ymacHoe nOJIOmeHHe, B03HIIKrmee H3-3a
genpo,n;YMaHHoro nJIaHa repD;ora IIIya3eJIH, ROTOpbIH XOTeJI c03)J;aTb
B RaiieHHe ROJIOHHIO nlep'eCeJIe eB. KapaBaHbI Cy,n;OB C 8MHrpan-
TaMH 6bIJIH OTilpaBJIeHbI Ha OCTpOB, r;n;e HII"tJero He 6bIJIO rro,n;rOTOB-
neHO ,n;JIH HX ycTponCTBa H r,n;e OHH rrorH6aJIlI B orpoMHoM KOJIII-
qeCTBe. IIIeBaJI:be TlOpro Hie Hec HHKaROH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a 8TO
,n;eJIO, 3aM:bICeJI KOToporo rrpHHa,n;JIeiRaJI He eMY, a ocy eCTBJIeHHe
6bIJIO rropy"tJeHO HHTeH,n;aHTY IDaHBaJIOHY. TIopro apeCTOBaJI lliaH-
Ba.rrOHa H OTrrpaBIIJI ero 06paTHO, a o,n;HOBpeMeHHO, rro,n; 'CBOIO OTBeT-
CTBeHH()CT:b, pacrropH,IJ;HJICH BepHYT:b BO q>paIID;IIIO rrapTHIO 8MHrpaH-
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CJlaJIH B KaneHHY. 3a 8TO ero ocym,n;aJIH, XOTH H He 61>IJIO HII"tJero
o6 ero MeiR)J;y ero pa'GrrOpHmeHHeM, 61>ITL MOiKHT CJIHmROM pe3RHM
I?I HerrOJlIITIPIIThIM, H TeM 6e,n;CTBHeM, KOTopoe eMY npe,n;meCTBOBaJIO.
illya3eJl:b, pa3YMeeTCH, CBaJIHJI BCIO BHHY 3a 8TOT rrpOBaJI Ha CBOHX
rrO,IJ;"tJHHeHHbIX, a IIIaHBaJIoH rrOCTapaJICH YMTII OT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH,
Harra,,n;aH Ha Tropro.
B 3aBepmeHHe Bcen 8TOM rrYTaHHIJ;I>I IIIaHBaJIoHa cy,n;HJla crren;II-
a.rr:bHaH KOMH'C'CHH, KOTopaH BI>IHeCJIa eMY opHrfHHaJILHI>IH rrpHrOBOp.
OH ,n;o.rrmen 61>IJI Ha C06CTBeH'HbIe cpe,n:CTBa 3aRa3aTL rrOCTOHHHYIO
Meccy 3a yrroKon ,n;ymlI 8MHrpaHTOB, IIorn6mHX H3-3a ero Hepa;a;H-
BOCTH, II YllpeAHTL ,60JlLHIID:Y ;n;JlH 3a6oJIeBmHX KOJIOIDICTOB; rrOCJIe
-qero OH 6I>IJI HHTepIHHpOBaH, I a Ha ero lIMy elCTrBO 61>IJI Ha.rrOiKeH
I
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ynpeRHYT:b, IIIya3eJIL BI>IH,eC eMY rrOpIID;aHHe H OTrrpaBHJI B 1I3rHa-
HHe, o,n;HaRO COXpaHHJI eMY rre:rrCHIO B 12 T:bIC. JIHBpOB, OT ROTOpOH
TOT OTKa3aJICH 1.
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6HT:bCH rrepeCMOTpa CBoero ,n;eJIa. OH YTBe'piK;n;aJI, lITO, Kor,n;a npOTHB
Hero 6I>IJIH rrpHHHT:bI 'CaHRD;IIH, H3 ero ,n;eJla 6I>IJlH 1f3':bHTI>I HeROTO-
pl>Ie ,n;OKYMeHTI>I. CapTHH, IIOJly-qHB ero npomeHHe, TOT'tJ:ac me Co-
o6J'.qHJI 0 HeM TlOpro H rrpHrJlaCHJI ero Ha C06paHIIe, KY)J;a 61>IJI B:bI-
3BaH rrpeiKHHH )J;OHJIa,n;lIHK rro 8TOMY ,n;eJIY - IIIap,n;on. II pOmeHH&
6:bIJIO rrpH3HaHO Heo6oCHOBaHHbIM H He HMeJIO HHRaRHX rrO'CJIe,n;-
CTBU.
B 1776 r. 61>IJIO JIH60 rro,rr.aHO HOBoe xO)J;aTaHcTBo IIIaHBaJloHa,
JIH60 B0306HOBJIeHO CTapoe .-MI>I He 3HaeM TOQHO, rrplI RaRlIX 06-
1 Tlopro 6:bIJI OlleHb OrOp'tleH aTHM AeJIOM, npoHcme}J;mHM B JIHMOil\CKHB
nepBo}J; ero }J;eHTeJIbROCTH. OR CTapaJICH COCTaBHTb ce6e 06 aTOM c06CTBeHHoe
MHeHHe.
610
'lACTb TPETbH. HPOBAJl
CTOHTeJIbCTBax. CapTHH pemHJI rrpOBe'CTH HOBOe paCCJIe)J;OBaIDIe, no
na aTO'T pa3 He YBe,n;OMHJI CBoero ROJIJI,ery TlOpro. illya3eJIL, Hanpo-
Tim, 6:blJI H3Be eH «nepe)J; ero OT'be3,n;OM B illaHTJIY». Cap'TIIH npe,n;-
JIOmHJI ROpOmo Ha3Ha"tIHTL HOB:bIX ROMlfccapOB.
IIo-BH,n;HMOMY, JIro,n;OBHK XVI HeJI 'ce6H B aTOM ,n;eJIe no O'THome-
HHro K Tropro, KaK 06:bIQBO. OH C006m;HJI eMY 0 HeM, npHQeM 3aBe-
pHJI lero, "tITO HH caMoro Tlopro, HH ,n;ame ero 6paTa nce 8TO HHRaI\
He aaTparHBaeT. 3aTeM, nO-BH,n;HMOMY no npocL'6e Tropro, OH na-
npaBIIJI eMY 6YMarn, 0 !{OTOP:bIX nma pe"tIL. IIocJIaJI OB HX eMY no
nOQTe. BOT oTKy,n;a, He'coMHeHHo, po,n;HJIaC:b ornH6Ka B paocKa3e
J];lOnoHa, Ror,n;a OB rOBopHT 06 OTnpaBK,e no rrO"tITe rrOCJIaHHH, KOTO-
poe CJIe,n;OBaJIO 6DI nepe,n;aTL C RypLepOM 1.
B CBoeM OTneTe KOpOJIro Tropro BHa"tIaJIe He rrpeMHHYJI OTMe-
THTL HeOCTopomHOCTL ero nocTynKa. rOBOpH 0 CYTH )J;eJIa, OR no,n;-
"tIepKHBae'T, "tITO paOCJIe,n;OBaHHe, npOBe,n;eHHoe B 1768 r., He B:b13:bIBa-
€T HHRaKOH KpHTIIKH. lliaBBaJIOB )J;ame He Ba3:bIBaeT, Ra'RlJJe lIMeH-
HO ,n;OI{YMeHT:bI 6:blJIH HK06:b1 H3'bHT:bI. IIpemHH,e KOMHCCap:bI He
B:bI,3LIBaIOT HHKaRoro He,n;OBepHH. 3aQeM me HX MeHHTL? «Tenep:b
XOTHT B8JCTH ,n;eJIO ceK,pe'THO».
3aT I eM Tropro YI{a3:bIBaeT Ha H3MeHeHHe nOBe,n;eHHH CapTHH3
Mem,n;y 1775:11 1776 rr. «B rr.pomJLOM I'0JUT npuxoo 8-na Ma./tb8ep6a
8 MunUCTepCTBO IH ,MHJIOCT1H Barnero BeJIH"tIe'CTlBa Hie ,,n;anaJI'H nOBo,n;a
,DyMaTL 0 MOe,n: O CTaBRe... B aTOM OAY yxo{} 8-na Ma./tbsep6a,
60JIee perrmT,eJILHOe 06'Le)J;Im 1 eHHe Bcex napTHH npOT'HB M,eHH, MOH
nOJIHaH H'30JI HH, H3,BeCTHaH 'BpamJJ;e6HOCTL r"'Ha MHpOMeHHJIH II
ern BJIHHBHe Ha r-Ha Mop,ena - Bce nO}J;TBepm<,tl;aeT, 'tfTO H ,n;epmYCL
JImnL Ha BOJI,OCK,e».
rOpe"tI:b Tropro BnOJIHe nOBHTHa; lero ]J;OBO)J;LI 01IeH:b y6e,n;HT ' eJIL-
mI. O,n;BaRO OB BHOBL npe,n;CTaeT RaK "tIeJIOneR, ROTbp:bIH Be"tIHO
«nOna)J;aeT B HenpHHTHLIe HCTOPHH», iRaJIYeTCH Ha )J;ypnoe OTHorne-
.Hlle K HeMY Bc'ex ero ROJIJIer 11 B:bJ.iCTynaeT B pOJIH mepTB:bI - caMOB
HeBDIrO)J;HOH 'pOJIH )J;JIH nOJIHTH"tIeICROro )J;e)HTeJIH.
IIocJIe na,n;eHHH Tropro HRKTO 60JILrne He BcnOMHHaJI 0 lllaH-
'BanOHe.
eJIO JIaKpya-JIe6po e e MeJIL"tIe. Tropro HHrlJ:e He rOBopHT 0
'HeM, TaR iRe RaR II a66aT )J;e BepH, H M:bI Haxo,n;HM ynoMHHaIDIe
o lH'eM JIHrnL iBO LBTopOCTerreH'H:bIX HCTOqBHKaX, npaB,n;a, ,MIHeHHe .HX
COB'na7J;aeT: y MeTpa, y .AJp,n;H II Y HeKoero ROMe,n;HaH'Ta no PIMenB
'<!JJIepn. 3TO tITO-TO Bpo)J;e ImqTOiKHOro ,n;o6aBJIeHHH K ,n;eJIY ,n;e
Balla.
HIPITO Hie ,n;oKa3:bIBaeT, "tITO aTOT HHD;H,n;eHT MomHO np1lHHT:b 3a
'MaB!eBp BparoB Tropro. HaCKOJILKO MomHO Cy,n;II'TL, perqL mJIa 0
1 CM. Bblme, c. 492. ;LJ;aHHble HaMII YTOQHeHHH B3HTbI H3 IIIICbMa TIopro,
-ony6JIIIKOBaHHoro CYJIaBH. (8 0 U 1 a vie. Ope cit., t. 11'1.)
rJIABA VII. r0J10BA HA nJ1AXE
511
6eCTaKTHOCTH, ,n:Ony eHHoii CJIyma HM reHlepaJlbHOrO ROH'TpOJIH no
HJMeHH JIaRpya, H 9TOT MaJIeHbRHH CRaHAaJI ,CMor pa3pa-
aHTLCH TOJI:bKO IIOTOMY, "liTO OH CJIY"IIaHHO connaJl C IIOCJIe,n:HHMH co...
6bITHHMH.
JIaRpya aaXOTeJl oTo6paTL y HeKoeii r-mH JI ' e6po, co,n:epmaTeJIL-
H1n:I;:bI TeaTpa B JIHoHe, ee IIpHBJlJIermo; OHa IIOJIyq:JlJIa ete OT rep-
D;ora ,n:e BHJILpya, ry6epHaTopa npoBHRD;HH. r-me JIe ' 6po y,n:aJIOCL
Y3HaTL, lITO JIaRpya H O,n:HH Ir3 ero ,n:pY3eii 6I>IJIH caMH aaHHTepe-
COBaHLI B 9TOM ,n:eJIe H ,n:OJImHI>I 6I>IJIH IIOJIytIHT:b B'3HTI{y B 50 TI>IC.
JIHBpOB H nOiKH'3HeHHYIO peHTY B 8 TI>IC. 8Ta ,n:aMa IIOmaJIOnaJIaCL
CBoeMY nORpOBHTeJIIO, a TOT coo6 JlJI ROpOJIIO, 11 ROpOJIL npHRa3aJl
y,n:oBJIeTBOpHTL xo,n:aTaHcTBo ,n:aMI>I. TlOpro, no CBoeMY 06I>IR'HOBe-
HHIO, nOnI>ITaJICH 3acTynJlT:bCH 3a CBoero 'CJIYiRa ero H nOnpOCHJI,
tJT06:bI eMY [JIaKpya] pa3pemHJIH 06'bHCHIIThCH. lIo 9TOMY IIOBO,n:y
KopOJIL HR06LI rrpOH3Hec O"lleHL HenpHHTHLI'e ,n:JIH TlOpro CJIOBa,
KOTopLIe IIep'e,n:alOTCH B ,n:BYX BepCHHX.
COrJIaCHO IIepBou, OH 'CKa3aJI: «.f.[ He JII06JIIO' HH MomeHHHKOB,
lIB Tex, KTO HX aa:rn; aeT». TaRoH rpy6LIii OTBeT KameT'CH MaJIO"
opaB,n:oIIo o6B1dM.
COrJIaCHO BTopOH nepCHH, coo6:rn;eHHoH Ap , KOpOJIL, COe HH1IB
9TO eJIO C IIpemHHMII HaIIa RaMH Ha ;a;e BaHa, «'CKaaaJI CBoeMY
MHHH'CTPY, "liTO C"IIHTaJI, '6Y TO ero oRpYiKalOT T'OJILKO lIeCTHLIe JIIO-
H, a oKa3LIBaeTcH, OH oRpymeH O HHMH mYJIHKaMH».
B pe3YJILTaTe TlOpro 6LIJI BLIHymAeH YBOJIHTL JIaKpya, o HaKo
B'ce me Ha3HalIHJI eMY IIeBJCHIO B 6 T:bIC. JIHBpOB, 3a 'tfTO rro,n:BeprCH
ROBOH «pHTHR'e 1.
HaM I{ameTCH, "liTO XpOHHCT:bI ITpH,n:aIOT 3TOMY 3Im30 Y -qpe3Mep-
Hoe aHa"lleHHe. MeTpa BHAHT B H,eM OARY 1I3 np1PIHH «OrraJ;ILI, yrpo-
maBmeIi TlOpro: e e O HY rJIaBY B HCTOpHH KPYIIHLIX C06LI'THH, BI>I-
3BaHHLIX M,eJIRHMH IIpH"IIHHaMH». A Ap,n:H 3aMe"llaeT, 'q'TO 1I3-3a 9Toro
eJIa IIO yrpoaoH ORa3aJlHCL He TOJILRO IIJIaHLI TlOpro, HO H OH caM.
8TH pa3HLIe AeJIa 6LIJIH B eHCTBHTeJILHOCTH He npH"IIHHaMH, a
TOJILKrO ICJIeACTBHHMH, "liTO HBHO IIO TBepjK,n:aeTCH CJIyqaeM c liaH-
BaJIOHOM. MMeHHO IIOTOMY, "liTO IIOJIOmeHHe TlOpro nomaTHYJIOCL,
IIo;a;o6HLI 1 e eJIa B03HHK8JIH, HJIH HM rrpHAaBaJIH 3Ha"lleRHe. Hy a 3a-
TeM ORH yme B CBOIO O"llepe :b YCIIJI1fBaJiH ,1]JBHmeHHe, ROTopoe HX
nOpO HJIO.
IIoMHMO 9THX HH"IITOmHLIX HHn;H eHTOB, TlOpro no-npemneMY
OTpamaeT BOHHCTBeHHDIe Hana,n:RH BI>IICmHX CY OB.
Ha 9TOT pa3 rrapJIaMeHT 3aXBaTHJI COlIHHeHHe HeKoero JIaH-
1 COrJIaCHO 60JIee II03AHeit HHcpopMan;HH, JIaRpya ObIJI YBOJIeH I\JIIOHLH
c neHCHeM B TbICH"tJY JIHBpOB, TaR RaR HOBbIM MHHHCTp XOTeJI OCBo60AHTL
),feCTO JIJIH CBoero c06CTBeHHoro ceKpeTapH BYI\apeJIH. (M e t ra. Ope cit.)
512
'lACTb TPETbH. npOBAJI
mIOH,H3, 03arJIaBJIeLHHOe «CO.BepmeHH:bIH MOHa:pX». 8Ta TpeXTOMHaa
aIIOJIOrHH HMilepaTOpa MocH«pa II 6:blJIa HarrJlCana C HeI oTopOli
CMeJIOCTLIO. K:HIIiKHaH HOBHHKa 6:blJIa He nepBOH CBe.me.CTII, TaI{ l{aR
B:bIIDJIa B JIo3aHHe B 1774 r.
TOBapHID; IIpoHypopa CerLe CTpeMJlJICH co.xpaHHTL IIOJIHOe nO"tJ-
TeHRe K MOCHCPy II II OCTaBHT:b ero Ha'l{ 6bl B CTopOHe. Ho OH Ha-
meJI B Tpex TOMax JIaHiRIOHH3 ,n;Ba-TpH rrpe,n;JIOiReHHH, B I{OTOPLIX
YCMOTpeJi IIO,n;JIH'HHDIll npH3:bIB R MHTeiKY.
«He'ClIaCTH:ble Hapo,n;bI, I{OTOp:bIM iKYlO'T OROB:bI OC060H 3al\aJIHII,
YMeHTe iKe B CJIYlIae Heo6xo,n;HMOCTH yHIftITOiKHTL BamIIX THpaHOB...
RopoJIlI 6y,n;YT ,rq>omaTL nepep: BaMH, B:bl me Hie ,n;porHe'Te IIH TI,epe,n
KeM» .
M ,n;aJILme:
«E'CT:b TaRaH nopa, ROTopaH CTaHOBHTICH HeH ' 36eiKHOH ,n;JIH (HHH:O-
'TOpI>IX npaBHTeJI:bCTB, rropa rpOOHaH, RpoBaBaH, no BTO CHfHaJI R
cBo6o,n;e, 3TO rpam,n;aHcHaH BOMHa, 0 ROTOpOH H XOlIY fOBOPHTb».
Ho ,n;JIH CerLe 3TO npeiK,n;e Bcero ,6:blJI CJIyq:aH, ROTOpblM OH BOC-
nOJIb30Ba.rocH, lITo6DI 'e e pa3 HaIIa'CTL Ha «,n;yx CIICTeMbI» TlOpro,
XOTH OH ero II He Ha3:bIBaJI.
«8TH rrpe,n;npHHMlIHBI>le reHHH, - npOB03rJIamaJI TOBapHID; npo-
\
Kypopa, - mam,n;YT TOJIbRO He'3aBIfCJlMOCTH H X01'HT pacnpOCTpa-
RHTL Ha 06m;eCTBO Ta[{ylO iRe pacnym;eHHocTb, TaKYIO iRe CBo6o,n;y,
KaKYIO ORH npOHBJIHIOT B 'CBOHX nHcaHHHX... OHII cnepHIOTCH' JIJlIDb
CO CBO'HMH T'eOpHH:MiH... H B CB'oeM ,n;,e'p30CTlI II03BOJIHIOT ce6e paapy-
utaTb Bce npaBuTe./£bCTBa, nof) npeo./£oeoM UX perfiop:Mb ».
IIocTaHoBJIeHHeM OT 3 MaH 3TO 'COlIIIHeHHe 6:blJIO 3anpe e'HO, HO
He ocym,n;eHO Ha COiRiI{eHIIe: npeD;e,n;eHT C KHHrOM BOHcep«pa IIO-
6YiK,n;aJI K OTHOCHTeJILHOM MHfKOCTH. « Bce 3TO, - <pIIJIOC04?CI\lI
BaMelIaeT BamOMOH, - npeRpaCIHO cop;eMCTBOBaJIO pacrrpOCTpaHe-
HHIO KHHrII, 3a KOTOPYro paHLme 60HJIH'CL 6pa.TL'CH H'3-3a ee 061>-
,eMa» .
ITo 'CJIOBaM Ap,n;II, Tropro yrrpeRaJIII TaRme 3a TO, lITO no nOBo;n;y
«COBepmeHRoro MOHapxa» OR nann:caJi nHCbMO CefLe, B HOTOpOM
HRo6bl 'CRa3aJI: «By,n;:b H aBTopoM 3TOH pa60Tbl, H 3am;HID;aJI 6:b1 ee
rrpHIID;HII:bI» 1. 8Ta no,n;po6HOCTL He YCTaHOBJIeHa.
MeCTOM ,n;eMCTBHH CJIe,n;ylOm;ero HHD;H,n;eHTa 6bIJI B:bI,cmJlH no,n;a T-
HOM 'Cy,n;. Y Hac HMeeTCH TOJILRO O,n;HH O«pIIT(HaJIbII:bIH ,n;OKYMeHT-
UO'CTaHOBJIeHHe 3Toro cy,n;a OT 8 MaH, «3arrpem;alOm;ee B3HMaT:b
aaJIOflI C ropoxa, 606oB, lIelIeBmJ;I>1 II pHca H Tpe6yroID;e.e B03Bpa-
eHHH He3aROHHO IIOJIyqeHH:bIX p:'ener». Cy,n;H no 3anHCKaM Ap,n;n,
BTO p:eJIO paC'CMaTpJlBaJIOC:b BblCillHM nop:aTHblM Cy,n;OM nOCJI'e HHD;n-
p;eHTa, npOHcme,n;mero y 3aCTaBDI CeH-iKaKa H3-3a B3IIMaHHH no-
mJIHHDI 3a npOB03 TeJIemKH C plICOM. B:blJIO YKa3aHO, "liTO 3TOT na-
JIor 60JIee He B3HMae'TCH, COrJIa'CHO p:eRJIapaD;HH OT 5 <peBpaJuI.
1 II a r d y. Ope cit., 13 IDai 1776.
rJ1ABA VTI. r0J10BA HA nJlAXE
513
--
CJIyma IIe oTRyna COCJIaJIRCL na npHRa3, nOJIyq:enHLIB: 11MB: 0'1
renepaJILHOrO O'TKynm;IIKa JIaBya3Le. Tor a JIaBya3Le BLI3BaJIII B
cyJ1.. OH 3aHBHJI, "tITO npeKpa eHIIe B'31IMaHBH 9TlIX IIomnHH, KaK
91'0 BLITe'KaeT HS ,n;eRJIapan;HII, HaHOCIIJIO He3aKOHHDIH ym;epo OTKY-
nard; 'qTO OB OO'LHCHBJI C03,n;aBmeeCH IIOJIOmeHILe Tropro, a IIO ero
yKa3aHIIIO II AJIlioepy, B P 3YJILTaTe "lIero eMY pa3pemIIJIH npo,n;OJI-
»\a'TL B3H1\1aTL 9TH nomJIlIHLI. Cy,n; o6cyWIJI, CJIe yeT JllI BLI'3LIBaTL
reHepaJI-JIeHTeHaHTa IIOJIHD;HII, no 'OOJILmHHCTBOM B 14 npOTHB 12
rOJlOCOB 9TO npe,n;JIOmeHHe OLIJIO OTKJIOHeHO. MMeHHo npH 9THX 06..
CTOHTeJILCTBaX nOHB1IJIOCL nOCTaHOBJIeH1Ie, ocym,n;aBmee oTKyna.
O,I(HaKo ,n;OBO,n;LI OTKYIIm;HKa OLIJIH, ,n;OJImHO OLITL, ,n;OCTaTO"tIHO
BeCKlIMII, H ,n;aHHoe eMY pa3p'emeHIIe, KaK BII,n;HO, nOATBe.p HJIOCL,
nOTOMY "tITO ,n;eRJlapan;:meii OT 19 MaH, o6Hapo,n;oBaHHoH nOCJIe OT-
CTaBKH Tropro, B'3HMaHRe 9TIIX IIOmJIIIH OLIJI,O BOCCTaHOBJIeno.
O aKo Tropro ynpe ' KaJIII sa TO, "lITO OH 'CaMOBOJILHO pemHJI aTO
J];eJIo.
Ha ,u:pyroH ,n;eHL nOCJIe yxo,n;a TIOpro Ap,n;II OTMe"tIaJl 9TOT II H-
,n;eHT B BLIlcmeM IIo aTHOM cy,n;e 'KaK O,n;HO H3 OCHOBHDIX OOBlIneHIIH t
BDI,n;BlIHYTLIX npOTIIB MHHHCTpa.
3Ta KHTe'pnpeTaD;HH, KaK II TOJIROBaHBe ,n;eJIa JIe'opo, OLIJIa, 6e3
COMBJeHHH, B 3Ha'1lIITeJILHOH Mepe ,D;ocymHM BLIMDICJIOM. OnaJla rrrop-
. ro 6LIJIa pem'eHa paHLme H no ,n;pyrIIM IIP II"lIHH aM. Ho HaKOIIJIeIDIe
aTIIX MeJIRHX OCJLOmHeHHH Morno ,n;eHCTB1ITeJILHO yxpenHTL JIro,n;o-
BIIKa PCVI B ero p,emeHRII OCBOOO IIT CH HaKoneD; OT TaRoro BoeMB
( ocym,n;aeMoro H H,ey,n;06Horo MH.HHC'Tpa.
, B TO me BpeMH OnII03IID;HH B ToprOBLIX Kpyrax HHCKOJILRO He
OCJIaOeBaJla, KaK 11 onIIOOHD;HH Cy,n;OB. reHepaJI-JIeHTeHaHT IIOJ.mn;HB
OIIpamHBaJl o,n;Horo sa ,n;pyrHM B'cex ROMMepCaHTOB, XOTL CKOJlbKO-
HHl6Y1 L 'cnOCOOHLIX 3anHTL nOICTLI ICH'H,D;I:IKOB, Illpe,n;YCMOTpemILIe
nOBLIM nopH,DJKOM. Ho Bce YKJIOHHJmCL, H eMY He y,n;aJIOCL HaHTB
a\eJIaro ero 1.
BH H Bce 9TH Tpy,n;HOCTII, a TaRme HBHoe oCJIa6JIeHHe IT03HD;Hii
MHHBicTpa, napJIaMeHT OCMeJIeJI 11 pemHJI HanOOTlI eMY CHJILHDIB
y,n;ap. 8 MaH OB yrBep,n;HJI TeR'CT HOBLIX peMOH'CTpaD;HH :Kopomo, npo-
CH eTO nepeCMOTpeTL a HRTLI, IIpHHHMaH BO BHIDdaHHe IIary6HLIe
nOCJI'e CTB.HH lIX I1pllMeneHHH.
B 9TlIX HOBLIX peMOHCTpaD;HHX IIapnaMeUT naCTallBaJI na nepe-
CMOTpe 9,n;HKTa 0 D;e,xax. CJIe,n;YH no IIYTH, yme UaM'e"tIeH'HOMY )]:eJIa-
Kpya, OB iBLIpaiKaJI OOOOLIH HiHTepec R MeJIlKOH ToprolBJIe 2 . OJ! na-
CTalmaJI 'na BLIHym,D;e.HHOH HeOOXO MOCTH OTTJI!HYTL 3aIIHCL
1 CM.: H a r d y. Ope cit., 7 mai 1776.
2, «8TO 3Ha1:JHT UOCTaBHTb :MeJIKOrO TOprOBl'(a, I(OTOpOro JIer1:Je pyrHX
paSAaBHTL KOHKypeHl'(HH, MemAY ABYMJI KpaHHOCTHMD, paBHO AJIH Hero na-
33 s. tbop
514
flACTb TPETbR. npORAJj
-
meJIarom;HX [OTKpLIT:b CBOe ,n;eJIo], a TaKiI\C Tpe6ona.rr npnUfITJ1n
perrpeOCHBHLIX Mep ;r:I;JIH rrpeCOq(HIlIH napymeHuii :luelJ,11U.:Jllllbl pu()()_
lIHMH.
qro r'"'caeTCIT OT leIIJ.ll Fcr.J:C1.\rellTOB X leOIl()i1 TOprOBJIH n f !<1Pli-
,... ..
tHe, 011 JIUIlOMllllHJl ()O UuaellOCTIJ rol1 lepl>J ;l.'IH Il()H: eril\arilln
06 Ill; e c r BOlli J () J () II () P H JlI a . .: H il I i H H J U) « l "1 I J Y I () B () i i II J' ) ,
rcnopH () :lUpOil\!JOJl 11 )BllI11l0CIlJ, Oil cra::OBI1TeH liH TOlj)';y al)(I-
nna ; J\or}l TlC r l BC1. «'l'al\(lH CiLC'1 L\ la : o.lal'T 11:' et'l: 1>0[>:1 II l iIC(,:1::d
;r:I;BYX pa.HHblX 3(\MJIeBJIa,n;CJlLl Uli, : YA Ja1:H1 fJli'lHblX cuce oi1, ; e "
orraCIILIX BparOB».
HaKOHen;, B 3aKJII01IenHC napJla:MCIIT pCllIlITCJIhHO Harra,a;aCT lIa
IIOJIHTm\Y TlOpro B n;eJIOM: «STO BeTBH HeI{OH CJlCTeMLI, I{OTOpa 1
6e3 KOHn;a Bce pa3pymaeT, HH1IerO ne C03;r:1;aBaH. Pa3De neo6X01 Il-
MOCTb Tpe60BaJIa rrpOBe;r:l;eHHH pe<POPM cpa3Y DO Bcex ccpepax aA ln-
HHCTpan;HH?» 3aTeM rrapJIaMeHT rrpHcoe,n;HHHeTCH K KpHTHKe
cpHHaHCOBOH rrOJIJlTHKH Tropro, KOTopaH yme BeJIaCb B oKpya cIIlIn
KOpOJIH, II 3aMelIaeT, 1ITO e,n;HHCTBHHHOH 3a;r:l;a1Ieii, CTOHBIDeH IICpen
MHHIICTpOM, 6bIJIO HaBe,n;eHHe aKOHOMRH H 03,n;opOBJIeHHe 6IO;r:I;iI\eTa
nOCJIe orrYCTOIDIITeJI:bHOrO ypOHa, HaHeceHHoro eMY Hey a1IHbll\1n
BonnaMH H MHOr01IHCJIeHHLIMII TpaTaMH.
8TO 3Ha1IHJIO rrpH3BaT:b MHHHCTpa 3aHl1MaTLCH CBOHMH l1PHMhl-
'Mil ()6H3aHHOCTHMH - C1IeTOBO;r:l;CTBOM, YTBepm;r:l;aH B TO me BpeMfl,
qTO B aTOll 06JIaCTH OH He orrpaB,n;aJI B03JIaraBll1HXCH Ha Hero
'TIJ):{em,n, H OCY;r:I;IIT:b caMY KOH eIIn;HIO 9KOHOMHQeCI-\oii rrOJIHTHKH.
O,n:HaKO MbI BH;r:I;HM, lITO B aTOM ,n;OKYMeHTe IIOHBJIHroTCH 3aMe'la-
B:'HH 9KOHOMlPIeCI-\Oro rropH;r:I;Ka: «YBeJIH1IeHHe 3apa6oTHoii IIJIaTLI
;;CJIe,a;yeT C 60JI:bIDHM OTCTaBaHJleM (WIll ero BOBce HeT) 3a rrOBLIIIIC-
aHeM nen Ha rrpOAYKTbI». IIapJIaMeHT 3a IGTIIJI OCHCBHYro npob.JIo-
('MY XVIII B., no OB rrorrpocTY 06BIIHHJI B aTOM aHOMaJIHH: Jlu6e-
I aJILHLliI pem1JM.
STOT rrOCJIc,n;HHH YAap He ycrren AocTHrHYTb cBoeH eJIII: JIro,n;o-
BHK XVI Ha3HalfHJI npHeM peMoHcTpa Hii Ha 19 MaH. ROPOJIL CI\a-
3aJI npe3H,n;eHTY ,n;' AJIHrpy 11 ero ,n;BYM KOJIJIeraM, tITO Oil
nn l paccMoTpHT, HO, B cym;HocTH, 9TO 6LIJIO HeHymHo, TaR KaK OB
I :yme COrJIaCHJICH C HX BbIBO;r:l;aMH. If HeCOMHeHHO, Ha 3TOT pa3 on
6aBHn ce6H OT YCHJIHii, KOTopMe TaR CTapaTeJI:bHO rrpHJIaraJI B
, I JI!Hlfape. .
TOT iRe rrepHO,n; OtIeHL 6e,n;eH C06bITHHMH C T01IKH 3peHHH MJlHlI-
c.T'epCKOH ,n;emeJILHOCTH Tropro, TO JIH rrOTOMY, lITO OH pemHJI JIytI-
li!re'.rrOBpeMeHHT:b CO CBOHMH rrpOeI{TaMH, TO JIH rrOTOMY, 1ITO OH na-
ryOBLIMII: JIHOO C YOLITKOM aaKpLITL CBOIO TOprOBJIIO, KOTOpyro OH He B
CHJIaX npO}J;OJImaTb, JIH60, npO)J;OJIiRaH ee, nOHTII Ha pnCK 6aHKpOTCTBa».
,n .n;ee TeKc1;e, KaK 6LI )J;JIH C06JIlo,n;eHH.R CIIMMeTpHH, rOBopHTCH 0 IIOJl -
, eH;n1J 60raTqfo ToprqB a n «f>a6puKaHTa.. (Archives Nationales, Cons ell
secret, X 1, B 8 907.)
rJ1 ABA VII. rOJIOPA }fA lIJIAXE
---
51,5
raJlKIIBaJICH Ha CBOero po,n:a HTaJlbHHCKYro 3a6aCTOBI\Y. IToCJIe,n:Hee
113 pemeHIIH, IIMeBmllX rocy,n:apCTBeHHLIii xapaKTep,- a IIMeHHO
C03naHHe Me,n:H HHCKOH KOMII'CCHII no 60pL6e C 9II11300Tlleii, - 6LIJIO
npBHHTO no ero ,n:OKJIa,n:y 29 anpeJiH. MLI 60JILme HH1IerO He Haxo-
AHM BnJIOTL ,n:o 10 MaH, ,n:aTLI, Kor,n:a rocy,n:apcTBeHHLIii COBeT llpH-
USJI nOCTaHOBJIeHlle 0 MeJIKIIX npaBHJIaX npOBepKH AOKYMeII
TOB, ,n:aro lIx IIpaBO Ha B311MaHlle nOmJIIIH C xJIe6a (9TO OTHroAL
He ,n:OKa3LIBaeT, 1ITO COBeT ,n:en:CTBHTeJIbHO C06HpaJICJI B 9TOT
AeHL.
O,n:HaKO, KaiKeTCH, Tropro Bce me IIMeJI cJIYlIaii BCTpeTIITLCJI C
KOpOJIeM B O,n:HH 113 ,n:Heii, nOCJIe,n:OBaBmIlX 3a ero nHCLMOM. B PYI\:O-
IIHCII ,n:H BHHKa ,n:e BepH, B 3a1IepKHYTOM OTpLIBI\e, MLI 1IIITaeM:
«8TO nHCLMO (OT 30 anpeJIH), KOTOPOMY npe,n:meCTBOBaJIII e e ABa,
npHmJIO, Ror,n;a onMa Tropro 6LIJIa Y:J/Ce nOllTU pem'eHa. Bo (Jpe.M,fl
pa60Tb7" nOTO paR noc.I£e80ea.l£a aa nUM, no pO.l£b, Ottenb CMYUfennb7,U,
paaeoeapuea.l£ c e-nOM Tropeo nan-TO neonpeoe.l£enno, u Tropeo Bce
eUfe COMneea.l£CR, no aa aTY neoe.l£ro on y6eOU.I£CR, ttTO eeo OTCTaenu
:JICe./taroT, nan on M1-£e 06 aTOM nuca.l£» 1.
IIpe6LIBaH B 9TOH HeYBepeHHOCTH, Tropro, KameTCH, YMaJl no-
AaTL B OTCTaBKY CaM. ITo paccKa3y Mopo, OB rOBOpWI 06 9TOM co
CBOHMII HanepCHH aMH r-mOH BJIOH,n:eJIL 11 r-mOH ,n:'AHBIIJIL.
r -iKa BJIOH,a;eJIL nOCOBeTOBaJIa eMY YHTII, r-iKa 11;' AHBIIJIb -
OCTaTL'CH, nOKa ero He nporOHHT. IIocJIe,n:Hee MHeHlle o,n:epmaJIo
Bepx 2 . Ho Tropro rOTOBIIJICH K TaKOMY IICXO,n:y. HaBepHoe, IIMeH-
HO B 3TII ,n:HII OH Ha1IaJl nllCaTL MeMyap 0 pe<popMe KOpOJIeBCKOro
,n;iIo'pa, pemHB BPY1IHTL ero B TOT ,n:eHb, KOr!Ia ITO KUBeT CBoii
nOCT.
113 1I'ero MomHO 3aKJII01IHTL, 1ITO Tenepb TIOpro C1IHTaJI TaKoif
KOHe HeIl36emHLIM, HO He TaKHM 6JIII3KIIM, KaKHM OH 6ldJI
Ha ,n:eJIe.
HaKOHe HacTynllJIa nHTHH a 10 MaH - ,n:eHL pa3:BH3KH, 12 Mas
6LIJIO JIllmL 9IIHJIOrOM. MomHo ,n:aiKe CKa3aTL ,n:eHL ,n:nOHIIoi pa3llH3-
KH, TaK .KaK O;lJ;HOBpeMeHHO 3aBepmHJIHCL ,n:Be HHTpHrH: o,n:Ha, 0 KO-
TOpOH nO;lJ;03peBaJIH, - 3TO HHTpHra MopelIa B IIOJIb3Y AMeJIo; ,n:PY
raH, CKpLITaH OT B'oex,- HHTpllra IKOpOJIeBLI B nOJIL3Y J{e rHHa.
Tropro Y3HaJI CHa1IaJIa 0 nepBoii. OH TOT1IaC HanlICaJl ,n:e Bepll,
lITo6LI ero YBe,n:OMHTL. ROpOJIL HaKoHe YCTynllJl naCTOHHIIHM Mo-
pena. Ha3Ha1IeHlIe AMeJIo npe,n:nOJIOiKIITeJlLHO COCTOHJIOCL. Mopena
no,n:eJIIIJICH HOBOCTLro C MaJIL3ep60M. B TO me BpeMH Tropro Y3HaJ1
(113 II I CT01I'HHKa, KOTOpLIH CoxpaIDIJI B TaHHe), "ITO Moperra, pa'CC1III":
TLIBaH, 1fTO TIopro B 'CBOro 01Iepe,n:L nOAaCT B OTCTaB'KY, c0611paeTCH
BLIABIIHYTL Ha ero MeCTO RJIIOHLII.
1 06LIQHLIM mpllcPToM AaH ony6JIllr OBaHHLIH TeKCT (V e r i. Ope cit.,
t. I, p. 457), a KypCIIBOM - TeKcT, aaqepKHYTLIH B qepHOBHKe.
2 M 0 rea u. Ope cit., t. I, p. 254.
33*
516
QACTb TPETbfl. npOBAJ1
O HaKO TIOpro He pemaJICH Ha HeMe JleHHYIO OTCTaBKY 11 COOII-
paJICH TOJILKO YCKOPRTL oc e'C.TBJIeHlle 3a YMaHHoro 11M IIJIaHa,
KOTOphIH, nO-BH,I{.HM0MY, yme Ha1IaJI BLIIIOJIHJlTL:
«MHe OCTaJIOCL Bcero He'CKOJIbKO HeH, 1ITo6LI np'e TaBHTL
KOpOJIIO nJIaH pe<POPMLI KOpOJIeBCKOro Bopa. OH, HaBepHO, He 6y eT
ll'pHHHT, H H nOIIp'omy npe' OCTaBnTL MHe cB060 y. .H YH y, COKPy-
maHCb 0 T'OM, 1fT0 pa3BeHJIaCL npeKpaCHaH MeliTa, II BII}J;H MOJIO Oro
KOpOJIH, ocToiiHoro JIY1ImeH Y1IaCTII, H eJJoe KOpOJIeBCTBO, noryo-
JIeHHOe TeM, KTO OJImeH 6LIJI JIX ClI'aCTII».
CJIOBa, 'cypOBLIe JIH Mope1na.
TIOpro ynopHo c'OxpaHHeT CBOII IDIJII03HH. OH YMa'eT, 'lITO OT
Hero 3aBHCIIT nOTpe60BaTL CB06o LI, 1ITO OB e e BOJIeR pacrropH-
maTLCH C060H.
B TO BpeMH, Kor a OH nllcaJl :3TO nIreLMO, OH e e He 3HaJl 0
BTOpOH IDITpnre, KacaIOIIJ;eHCH eJIa e rllHa. OR Y3HaJl 0 Heii,
nO-BII,I(HMOMY, B TOT me eHL II C006 HJI 06 aTOM Bepll BO BTOpOM
mrCLM'e, ,n;aTlIpOBaHHOM CJIe YIO IIM He.M, 11 MaH:
« r -H e rlln nOJIY1IIIJI THTYJI rep ora, CTaJIO 6LITL, OB 1J1ICT KaI
CHer. Ha3,Ha1IeRlle AMeJIo, B03MomHO, 6y eT 06'LHBJIe'HO YiRe cero-
AHH. IIocJIe :3TIIX HOBOCTeH BLI MomeTe Ten.epL CTpOHTL Bamll nOJIH-
TlftIe'CRBe YM03aRJII01IeRHH 06 :3TOH CTpane».
ROpOJIeBa, Y3HaB 06 ycnemHOM 3aBepmeHHH IIHTpBrll Moperra,
pemllJIa OT6poCIITL MY PYIO c epma'HHIOCTL, KOTopaH 6LIJIa C ee CTO-
pOHLI JIlImL npHTBOpCTBOM. HlaM KameTCH H9COMHeHBLIM, 1ITO ee
BHe3anHoe BLIcTynJIeIme 6LIJIO BLI3BaHO «onepa llIeH AMeJIo» 11 HII-
KaK He MOiKeT C1I'HTaTLCH npOCTLIM cOBna e'HHeM. aHa ame TBep o
pemllJIa, 1ITO ee, COOCTBeHB1>IH ycrrex OJImeH npe' meC'TBOBaTL ycne-
xy MIIHBCTpa, 11 06I1JIaCL 3a epmKII BLI3QBa MaJIb3ep6a, KOT'OPLn!
6LIJI Ba3Ha"tJeH H1a TOT iRe llJIH CJIe IOII(nH eHL, HO COCTOJlJICH
JmlIIL 12 MaH 1. EH Ha,n;o 6LIJIO, 'tIT06LI 06 'CTBO, omH aBmee py-
r x HOBOCTeH, npeiK}J;e Boero Y3HaJIO 0 TplIjTM<pe KOpOJIeBLI. UHa
II06eiKaJIa K KOpOJIIO, nOTpe60BaJIa II 06HJIaCL, 1ITo6LI OR apOBaJl
rep ODCKIIH TJlTYJI rpa<PY e rllHy. aHa 3aC'TaBIIJla ROpOJIH HaIm-
caTL 'oo6CTBeRHOH PYKOH II aiKe Tpllm LI nepe eJIa'TL nHCLMO C
co06IIJ;eHHeM 06 :3TOH MOHapmeii MIIJIOCTII 'ee no oP.re'tffiO:MY B CaMDIX
JIeCTHLIX JlH e rlIHa LIpaiKemIHX. 8Ta ROBOOTL ,6LIJIa o<pH HaJILRO
06'LHBJIeHa O,I(HOBpeMHHHO IC IHa3IHa1IeRlleM IIIpeeMiBJlKa e rllHa .BO
4>paH Y3'cKOM nO'COJIbCTBe B JIoH O!He-MapKR3a e HoaH 2 . Arpe-
1 3TO JIllm:b Hama rBnOTe3a, HO MLI He BII HM pyroro 06':bHCHeHIIH
'aTOH OTCPOqKII, 'tJTO no,u;TBepm,u;aeTCH CI(eHOH, npOlIcme meH Mem,u;y Mope-
11&:1. II KOpOJIeBOH, KOTOPYIO MLI npHBo HH HHme.
2 3TOT <paKT OTMeqaeTCH B nlIC:bMe TlOpro K Bepll OT 11 MaH. CJIe,u;o-
BaTeJI:bHO, H, aHalleHlIe p;e HoaH paHee He 6L1JIO H3BeCTHO. 8Ta no;r.;p06BOCT:b
6LIJIa ynymeHa BceMII KOMMeHTaTopaMII nOCJIe,u;YIOII(HX C06LITIIH.
TJIABA VII. rOlIOBA HA llJIAXE
517
MaH Ha ero Ha3HalleHHe 6LIJI, HeCOMHeHHO, TeM BpeMeneM IIOJIyqeH.
OTO COBIIaAeHHe nOAllepKHBaeT 3HalleHHe CTOJIb He6oJlbmOrO C06LI-
THH. ROHellHO, KOpOJleBa nOJlYllHJIa 6JIeCTHID;YIO KOMl1eHCan;HIO JIJI
CBoero npOTeme, a KOpOJIb BLICTaBHJI ce6H B CMeXOTBopHOM BH e, BOC-
XBaJIHJI CBoero IIpe CTaBlITeJIH, KOToporo OT03BaJI '3a rpy6LIe omHO-
RH. O HaKO Tel1epb ,n;e rnH TepHJI BCHKYIO H:1,n;eiR y BepHyrbCH Ha
CBOM IIOCT, TaI{ KaK ero MeCTO 6LIJIO O<pH HoJIbHO aaHHTO JWyrHM.
A Bepme'HH, TaKoH me YIIOPHbIH, HaI\ II oCTopomHbIM, B OCHOBHOM
06HJICH CBoero.
Ra3aJIOCb, aTOT HOBLIH IIOBOpOT J];eJla J];e rlIHa He lIMeJI OTHome-
H1IJI HH H aaMeHe MaJIb3ep6a, H KOTOpOM KOpOJIeBa 110 llepRHYTO He
npOHBJIHJIa HHRaKoro HHTepeca, HH I{ IIOJIOmeHHIO reHepaJIb'HOrO
KOHTpOJIepa, KOTOPOMY He 6LIJIO HHKaRoro eJIa ,n;o IIOmaJIOBaH,HH
KOMY-JIH60 rep o<rCKoro THTYJIa. 8TlI He HMelOm;He Mem y C060B
HJllIerO 06m;ero eJIa 6LIJIH CBHaaHLI JIHmb 6JIarO apH HpOCTHOB
iKajK e M eHHH, OBJIa eBmeM I{OpOJIeBOH. aHa XOTeJIa, 't{To6bI Bce
6LIJIH IIopameHLI CHJIOH ee BJIa'CTH, CTOJIb me ymacHoH B HeHaBH-
CTH, CI{OJIb e.zu>OH B MHJIOCTH. aHa meJIaJIa O HOBpeMeHHO pa3HTb,
KaK M:OJIHHJI, H BeH't{aTb JIaBpaMH. HaKa3aHHe TlOpro OJImHO 6LIJIO
conpoBom aTbCH TPIIYM<POM rep ora ,n;e rHHa. IIo't{eMY HMeHHO
TlOpro? MLI yme H3JIOmlIJIH IIpHllHHLI TaKoro HaKaJIa CTpa'CTH. Ho
KaK ero HaKa3aTb? Ero OIIaJIa 6LIJIa yme H3BeCTHa IIOCBHm;eHH1>IM,
ee IIpeJ];BHJ];eJIO 06m;e ' CTBO, H OTCTaBHa TlOpro He MOfJIa HHKoro OCO-
6eJIHO omeJIOMHTb. 11 MapHH AHTyaHeTTa 3a YMaJIa <paHTaCTH't{e-
CI(n:H nJIaH: He TOJIbKO OT'CTaBHTb reHepaJIbHOrO KOHTpOJIepa, HO 11
aaTO't{HTb ero B BaCTHJIHIO. 11 HaKOH1en;, OHa XdTeJIa, 't{To6bI aTH
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ecTBa.
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60BaTb OT HOpOJIH, 't{T06LI OH IIpOrHaJl TlOpro H J];ame 3aCaAHJI ero
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MLIBa Tb TaI\Yro HCTOpHIO, TaK KaK OH O Tex IIOp IIOCbIJIaJI Y.CIIOHOH-
TeJIbHLIe coo6 eHHH 0 IIOBe eHHH MapHH AHTyaneTTbI H TeIIepb
pHCHOBaJI IIOKa3aTbCH HaHBHbIM HJIH 6e3 eHTeJIbHLIM. llieJIaH
coxpaHHTb CBOH npeCTHm, OH '6LIJI, CKopee, 3alIHTepeCOBaH IIpe-
YMeHbillHTb 3TO eJIo. IIoaToMY, HaM KameTCH, llTO TYT MOiRHO IIOBe-
pHTb eMY Ha CJIOBO. «IIpHmJIocb YIIoTpe6HTb 'caMLle CHJIbHLle 11
caMLIe HaCTOHtfHBble YBem;eBaHHH, - IIHmeT OH MapHH Tepe3HH,-
'ITo6bI c,n:epmaTb rrpOHBJIeHHe rHeBa KOpOJIeBbI, He HMerom;ero HHLIX
IIPHllHH, I\pOMe xo,n;aTaHcTBa 06 OT03BaHHH rpa<pa e rHHa, KOTopoe
Tropro ClleJI CBOHM ,n;OJIrOM B3HTb Ha Ce6H». ECJIH MLI BcnOMHIHM,
lITO Tropro IIpOCHJI 06 aTOM 't{eTLlpe HJIH l1HTb MeCH eB Ha3a , TO
YBH HM, 't{TO 3Ta MOJIO aH meHm;HHa 6bIJIa BeCbMa 3JIOnaMHTHa B
cIIoc06Ha Ha OJIryro XOJIO HYIO HeHaBH'CTb. B o<pH HaJIbHOM ,n:OHe-
ceHIIH OT Toro me 16 MaH MepcH nO,I{1IepKHBaeT, llTO eMY np'HmJIOCh
34 3. <l>op
518
QACTb TPETbR. npOBAJ1t
caMOMY BM'emaT1>CH B 3TO ,n;eJIo. MOiKHo IIp'e,D;IIOJIOiKHTb, "liTO R 3TO-
MY BMemaT'eJIbC'TBY, BeCbMa BepOHTHO, npHCOe,n;HHHJICH H a66aT ,n;&
BepMOH, 11 3TO, He'COMHeHHO, 06'bHC,HHeT, IIOqeMY ROpOJIeBa HMenHO'
B TO BpeMH, IIO CBH,n;eTeJIbCTBY ,n;e BepH 1, JIHmllJIa ,n;OBepHH CBOerO,
"IITe a-HaIIepCHHRa.
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TOJIbRO 3aRJIIO"IIe'HHe TlOpro B TIOPbMY, HO II ero OTCTaBRY. .obIT!,.
MOiKeT, eMY 6bI 3TO ,n;ame y,n;aJIOCb, eCJIH '6bl He rrpOTHBo,n;eHCTBH
Moperra, 0 KOTOpOM OR He SHaJI.
TIOpro, K He'C"IIaCTbIO, ORa3aJICH B eHTpe rrepeOe"lleHHH ;a;BYX
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B rrOJIL3Y AMeJIo. He HMeH OHH 06m;eH TOllRH rrepecelleHHH, 3TH>
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IIHTepelCOBaJICH HOBbIM rep oroM, Kal{ II ROpOJIeBa 6y,n;YID;lIl\I MHHB-
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IIa, 3alKJIIO"tJaeT ,IJ;,e Be1pH, HCHO IIOHHJI 'HacMemRy 3 .
M'opeIIa pa'CrrJIaTHJICH HeROTopOH )J;OJIeH CTbI;a;a: OH IIpHBbIK pac-
IIJIa"llHBaTbCH HMeHHO 3TOH MOHeTOH.
Ror)J;a TIOpro Y3HaJI 0 MHJIO'CTH, ORa3aHHOH repn;ory ,n;e fHRY,-
OR, He'COMHeHHO, YBH)J;eJI B II'eM IIOCJIe)J;Hee H caMoe 3JIOBem;ee Ira:
n;eJIoro pH)J;a II.pe,n;3HaMeROBaImH. IIo-BH,n;HMOMY, OR Tor)J;a me Y3RaJl
1 V e r i. Ope cit., p. 431. CJIe OBaTeJlbHO, 30 anpeJIH BepMOH e &
no-npemHeMY nOJIb30BaJICH ]J;OBepHeM, nOCKOJI:bKY MepCH nepe]J;aJI eMY ROp-
pecnOH]J;eH HID ]J;JIH KOpOJIeBLI.
2 CM. nHCLMO KOB}J;opce K BOJILTepy OT 12 HIDHR 1776 r., D;HTHpye-
Moe B: F 0 n C i n. Ope cit., p. 530. 3TO TOJIKOBaHlle nO]J;TBepiR aeTCH np:u-
BO]J;IIMLIM ]J;aJIee paCCKa30M BepH.
3 CM.: V e r i. Ope cit., t. II, p. 11 et 12.
TJ1ABA VII. r0J10BA HA nJIAXE
519
II 06 HCTHHH:bIX HaMepeHHHX KOpOJIeBbl, cepbe3HOCTb H ynopcTBO
ROTOpblX AO T,ex IIOp HeAoO eHlIBaJI. eifcTBH'TeJIbHO, MepcH rOBO-
plfT: «reHepaJIbHbIH KOHTpOJIep, Y3HaB 0 HeHaBHCTH, HOTOPYro
IIHTaeT H HeMY ROpOJI'eBa, pemHJI, rJIaBHbIM o6pa30M IIO aTOH IIpH-
qHHe, nOAaTb B OTCTaBKY». II:RcbMo MepcH AaTHpOBaHO 16 MaH 1 , HO
OHO, HeCOMHeHHO, HalIHlcaHO paHLme, Tal\ KaK B neM He. co06 ae'TC.fJ
o C06blTHHX 12 MaH H HH1IerO He rOBopHTCH 0 cYAL6e Bepme'HHa.
3Ha1IHT, BblmerrpllB'e;a;eHHble CTpORH OTHO'CHTCH K nOJIOme1IHIO, c e-
CTBOBaBmeMY 10 HJIII 11 MaH. E'CTL B,ce OCHOBaHHH npeAnOJIaraTL,
1ITO a66aT ;a;e BepMoH, BMemaBmHHcH B aTO ;a;eJIO O HOBpeMeHHO C
MepcH, npeAynpe;a;HJI HJIH BeJIeJI IIpe,n;YlIpe;a;HTL TIOpro. B:bITb
MOiKeT, TIOpro pemHJI YCROPHTL CBOIO OTCTaBI\Y, He O'TRJIa;a;bIBaH ee
;0;0 OKOH1IaHHH CIBoero MeMyapa ROpOJIIO? 8TO, nOmaJIYH, caMoe npaB-
AODo o6Hoe 06 SCHeHHe ero HacTo HBMX nOnMTOI\ nonaCTL Ha
npHeM K 1\0pOJIIO, npeAnpHHHTblX HM, no paC'CKa'3Y Mopo, 10 D
11 MaH. TaRaH Ha ' CTOH1IlIBOCTb MOrJIa IIOKa3aTDCH HeII01ITlIT'eJIbHOH,
eCJIH 6bl Y Hero He 6blJIO HMeHHO Toro HaMepeHHH, ROTopoe MbJ
TOJILI\O 1ITO YKa3aJIH. OH He 6blJI IIpHHHT. OH Mor 6bl Harrooa'TL. Ho
MbI 3HaeM, "tITO OH XOTeJI JII060H eHoii ;a;06HTLCH nOCJIe,r(HeH 6ece-
]];bl, 110CJIe)J;Hero 06m;eH'IIH c rocy,n;apeM, KOTOPOMY TaR BepHO CJIY-
iRHJI 11 Koro TaR 1ICKpeHHe JIIo6HJI.
B BOCRpeceHbe 12 MaH MaJIL3ep6 6bIJI YTPOM Ha l1pHeMe Y KOpO-
JIH. EI'o OT'CTOOJlI\a 6bIJIa npHHHTa, 'II OH OTnpaBHJICH 1\ Tropro, llTo6bl
eMY 06 aTOM C006m;HTL. BLIXO)J;H OT Hero, OH B'CTpeTHJI B )J;BepHX
BepTeHa. a npH1lHHe ero BH3KTa )J;ora,n;aTLCH 6bIJIO HeTpY,r(HO. MaJIL-
3ep6 BM'eCTe C HHM HepHYJICH 06paTHO. «I1TaR, - CKa3aJI OH Bece-
JIO, - MbI YXO)J;HM BMe'CTe!» .
HeBOJlbHO 3a)J;YMbIBaemLCH, KaKHe 1IYB'CTBa MOrJIH BOJIHOBaT:b
B 3TOT qa,c )J;ymy BepT Ha ,r(e CeH-iKepaHa, 1\0TOpbIH HrpaJI C TOB
1I0pLI JImIIL BTopOCTelIeHHLIe pOJIH B MHHHCTepCTB'e, HO B npOillJIOM
II c'aM 6blJI rocy;a;apcTBe'HHLIM 'ceHpeTapeM 110 MOpCR1IM ,r(eJIaM H re-
HepaJILHLIM KOHTpOJIepOM qnmaHcoB, II caM MeqTaJI 0 KPYIIHblX II
ne'06XO;a;HMLIX npe06pa30BaHHHX. YMaJI JIH OH, KaR )J;ORa3aJI aTO na
CBoeM co6CTBeHHOM Ol1blTe, 1ITO reH1epaJILHbIH KOHTpOJIep - )J;aiRe
;a;ei1cTBYH c 60JILIDOH OCTOpOiKHOCTLro - He MOiKeT BbI)J;epmaTL ,r(JIH-
TeJILHOH BOHHLI Ha H3MOp C napJIaMeHTaMH 2 . IIOMHHJI JIll OH, qTO
6blJI O;a;HHM :0:3 lI'epBLIX MHHHCTpOB, COqYBCTBOBaBmHX rpynl1e al\o-
HOMlI I CTOB? IIOMHHJI JIH, 1ITO OH npOBeJI nepBLIH MHHIfCTepCRHB
1 8TO aTa ocpH HaJIDHOH oTnpaBRH nHCLMa. Cym;ecTBYlOT W3a pas--
HhIX nHCbMa, nOMetIeHHhIX TeM me tIIICJIOM, HO HBHO HanHcaHHLIX paHee.
2 «H CRaaaJI, 1ITO r-B BepTeH ,n;OBOJI:bHO CROpO nOCCOp'HJICH C napJl&-
MeHTaMII, KOTophIe 1JHHIIJI-H npenHTCTBIIH ero a.n;MIIHHCTpaTHBHOH ,n;eHTeJIL-
HOCTH H B KOHe1lHOM C1IeTe aaCTaBHJIH ero YHTH». (M () rea u. Ope cit.,
t. I, p. 118.)
34*
620
lJACTb TPETbH. npOBAJl
onpoc OTHOCIITeJIbHO CBo6oAbI XJIe6HOH TOprOBJIH? IIOMHHJI JIII OTBeT,
DOJIY"IIeHHbIH 11M TOr)J;a OT JIHMOiKCKoro HHTeH)J;aHTa? IIOMHHJI JIM,
QTO nOnLITaJICH oCYIIJ:e'CTBHTb BaiRHLIH 8KCnepHMeHT, 06HapO)];OBaB
JJ;eKJIapaJJ;HIO 1763 r.? IIolMHHJI JIll, "liTO XOTeJI ICTaTb BeJIHKHM pe,<pop-
Ma'TOpOM )J;Ba)J;n;aTHHLI? IIOMHIIJI JIH, "liTO C caMoro Ha"llaJIa COBeTOBaJI
Tropro AeHlcTBoBaTb C OCTOpOiRHOCTbIO «ay6Horo Bpa"lla»? XOTeJI JIB
OH rOBoplITb no )J;ymaM IC :3TIIM "IIeJIOBeI\OM, ROToporo He JII06HJI, HO
C ROTOpLIM Mor 6LI HaHTH TaK MHoro 06 ero? OAHaRO OH CI\a3aJI
JIlImb TO, "liTO eMY 6bIJIO nopyqeHo CKaaaTb, H, 6LITL Mome'T, )J;yma
ero He )J;porHYJIa 11, BoaMOiKHO, OH YiKe HH 0 lIeM He nOMHHJI 1 .
TIOpro nOnpOCHJI paapem'eIDIH HanHcaTb ROpOJIIO H, nOJIYlIIIB
qepea )J;' AHiRHBIIJIbe ero cOrJIa'CHe, HanlfCaJI OBoe nOCJIeAHe'e IIHCb-
KO, )];aTHpOBaHHoe 18 MaJl. BHa"llaJIe OH C )J;OCTOHH'CTBOM rOBoplIT 0
CBOHX MaTeplIaJILHbIX )J;eJIax. KOpOJIb "IIepea Bep'TeHa IIpe)J;JIOiKHJI
BLInJIa"llllBaTL eMY neHCHIO, npeBOCXO)J;HII{YIO iKaJIOB'aHLe MHHHCTpa.
Tropro 3aHBIIJI, "liTO rOTOB npHHJlTb MHHHCTep'CKoe iKaJIOBaHDe, IIHa"lle
ero )J;OXO)]; YM'eHbmHJICH 6LI na TpeTL no cpaBHeHHIO C JIHMOmCRHM
nepHOAoM, HO 60JIbmerO eMY He HymHO. OH BLIpamaeT rJIy60Koe
OrOp"lleHHe, 'tJTO KOpOJIL, HeCMOTpH Ha Hro npocb6LI, He co06 HJI eMY
JIH"IIHO 0 CBOIIX HaMepeHHJlX. OH 6JIaropO)J;HO BLIpaiKaeT rrOiK'eJIaHHe,
QT06LI BpeMH onpOBeprJIO ero npe)J;oCTepemeHHH: «fl XOTeJI ObI,
'lT06bI BpeMJI He AORaaaJIO MoeH npaBOTLI». HaROHen;, OH IIpOCHT He
KaK MHJI'OCTII, a KaK cnpaBeAJIIIBOCTH, "IIT06LI KOpOJIL npHHJlJI e1ro,
lJ;a6LI OH Mor OnpaB)];a TbCH BO B'ceIX BoaBOAIIMbIX Ha H'ero 06BIIHeHH-
fiX, H "IIT06LI KOpOJIL «HHKOrAa He OCYiK)];aJI ero B CBoeM cep)J;n;e, IIOKa
He BLICJIymaeT»2.
KOpOJIb He OTBeTHJI Ha ero IIHCLMO.
3TH ABa lIeJIOBeRa 60JILJIIe HHKor)J;a He YBH)J;eJIHCb.
BLIJIH JIll rJIaBHOH nplr'IlIHOH OrraJILI TIopro AeJIO )J;e rHHa II
ROpOJIeBa? I1JIH )];eJIO AMeJIO II Mopena? (CJIyqaHHo COBIIaBDIHe c
HHMH :3II1130)J;LI HMeIOT, 01IeBII)];HO, Be'CbMa BTopOCTeneHHoe 3HalJie-
HHe.)
IIepBoe IIpe)J;IIOJIOiReHlIe HaXO)J;HT CIIJILHOe IIO)J;KpeTIJIeHlle B
UH'CLMe MepCH. BTopoe 60JILme COOTBeTcTByeT .D;JIHHHOH n;eIIB
t BepTeH, npOHBHB BBaqaJIe HHTepec K HOBLIM H}J;eHM H 06HapymHB
ae,IJ;IoiKHHHLIe a,IJ;MIIHHCTpaTHBHLIe cnoco6HOCTII, BO BTOpOH nepllO,IJ; CBOell:
nOJIHTllqeCKOH ,IJ;eJlTeJI:bHOCTH pemBTeJI:bHO ,IJ;epiKaJICH B CTopOHe OT Bcex
RpynHhIx np06JIeM. OH npllJIaraJI Bce YCHJIIIH, 'lTo6LI coxpaHIITb CBOH
nOCT, II ,IJ;oJIroe BpeMH B aTOM npeycneBaJI. B nOCJIe,IJ;HHe rO LI OH aaHII-
MaJICH TOJIbKO CBOHMH Ma TepHaJI:bHLIMII II cep,IJ;eqHLIMII ,IJ;eJIaM1!I, aa qTO
B MOMeHT cBoeii OTCTaBKH aacnymHJI cypOBoe ocym)J;eHIIe. «JIIO)J;O-
BUR XVI, K CqaCT:b1O }J;JIH COBeTa, nOnpOCHJI BepTeHa YHTII B OTcTaBI,Y: OB
OTHIO,IJ;b He yRpamaJI COBeT CBOIIM npHCYTCTBlleM». (L e s cur e. Ope cit.,
( t. I, p. 445, 26 octobre 1781.)
2 F 0 n C i n. Ope cit., p. 533.
TJ1ABA VII. rOJIOBA HA nJ1AXE
521'
06CTOHTeJI:&CTB nOCJIeAHerO BpeMeHH, KOTOPYIO MLI BOC'CTaHOBHJIH
BhIme. A66aT ;a;e BepH C caMoro HaqaJIa 06BHHHJI HOpOJIeBY: «IIpeiK-
p;e Boero H n'O;a;YMaJI, "liTO ROpOJIeBa OKa3aJIa '60JILmOe BJIHHHHe Ha'
pemeHHH ROpOJIH H llTO BeqHhIe XO;a;aTaHcTBa Moperra B nOJIL3Y'
Toro HJIH ;a;pyroro, HH'CHOJILKO He 3a6oT HCL 06 HHTepeCax ;a;eJIa, Bce
pemHJIH». Ho BepH ell\e pa3 BepHYJICH R aTOMY Bonpocy: «HeHa-
BIICTL HOpOJIeBLI K TlOpro 6LIJIa He CTOJILRO CJIe;a;CTBHeM e,e BHYT-
penHero "IIYBCTBa, CKOJILRO CJIe;a;CTB,HeM BJIIUIHHH onpe;a;eJIeHHOB'
KJIlHKH... IIo3TOMY OHa OqeHb cJIa60 ;a;eiiCTBOBaJIa npOTHB Hero». Bea
COMHeHHH, BepH He 3HaJI ;a;OHleceHIrli MepcH, BO ;a;OJImen 6hIJI
BHaTh '06 aTOM A'eJIe B 06m;HX "IIepTaX OT a66aTa ;a;e Be,pMOHa.
CaMa HOpOJIe'Ba 3arqHm;aJIaCL nepeA MaTepbro, OTRa3hIBaHCb OT
BCHHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH: «IIpH3HalOcb, ;a;OporaH MOH MaTymKa, "ITO
He OrOp"lleHa 3THMH OTCTaBRaMH, HO H B HHX COHoeM He BMemHBa-
na'Cb». 8TO YTBepm;a;eHHe npoTHBOpelIHT paCC1\a3Y MepCH, a caMO
cTapaHH'e MapHH AHTyaHeTTLI 3apaHee onpaB;a;aTbcH yme ee paa-
o6JIa"llaeT. 8TO npHTBopCTBO BnOJIHe COOTB'eTcTByeT ee TaRTHKe AeiI-
CTBOBaTb HcnoATHIIIKa, npHMeHe'HHoH elO B aTOM AeJIe. BnpOlIeM,
MapHIO Tepe3HIO Hie y aJIOCL 06MaHYTL: «BhI rOBopHTe, "liTO Be
6LIJIH OI'OplleHbI. BLI ;a;OJImHLI HMeTb Ha TO AOCTaTOlIHLIe OCHOBaHHH.
O;a;HaKO C He'HOTopLIX nop ny6JIHKa nepe'CTaJIa pa'C OllaTL BaM no-
XBB.JILI... 'H npHMO npHIIHCLIBaeT BaM MeJI1\He HHTp'HrH» 1.
'rfROpH<p eH napTHH mya3eJIHCTOB, HanpOTHB, CllHTaJIH, 'liTO cym;e-
cTByeT HeCOM'HeHHaH ICBH3b Mem;a;y 6JIeCTHII(eH pea6HJIHTa HleH rep-
n;ora Ae rHHa 11 rra)J;eHlIel\f :MH!HHCTpa, 11 npHITBC:bIBaJIH pemaIO YIO
pOJIb B aTOM ;a;eJIe MapHH AHTyaHe'TTe. qa,cTo n;HTHpOBaJIH nopa3H-
TeJIbHLIe CJIOBa repn;orHHH ;a;e IlIya3eJIL, nORa3LIBarom;He, ,I(O KaRoro
HCCTYITJIe'HHH 3Ta HeJIenaH HCTOpHH ;a;OBeJIa rJIaBHLIX 3aHHTepeCOBaH-
HLIX JIHn;: «H 6LIJIa BHe ce6H OT pa,I(OCTH, Y3HaB 0 TpHYM«pe r-Ha
e rHHa. H 'ClIHTalO, "liTO conYTC'TByIO aH eMY OITaJIa ,I(BYX MHHH-
CTpOB ynO,I(06JIHeT r-Ha ;a;e rHHa p'HMICKIIM TPHYM<paTopaM, sa KOJIeC-
HH eH KOTOpDIX Ta JIH HX pa60B»2.
CaM TIOpro HHKOr,I(a He 06BHHHJI MapHIO AHTyaHeTTY. IIOMHMO
qYB'CTBa IIpHJIH"IIHH, Bcer;a;a y,I(epm'HBaBmero ero OT ynoMHHaHHH
IIMeH lIJIeHOB HOpOJIeBCROH 'ceMLH, OH, nO-BH,I(HM'OMY, ClIHTaJI Mopena
fJIaBHDIM, eCJIH He eAHHCTBeHHhIM, BHHOBHHI{OM CBoero na,I(eHHH.
TaR, 11 HIOHH 1776 r. OH nHmeT ,I:(IOITOHY: «Pa ' 3rOBop C r-HOM
1J;'AHiKIIBHJIbe TOJILRO ,I(ORaaLIBaeT He;a;o6pocoBecTH'ocTb O;a;Horo 118
co6e ' ceAHHROB [OH rOBopHT a;a;eCb, He'COMH,eHHO, 0 Mopena], ROTo-
PLIH, HaR H TBep;a;O y6emAeH, 'C;a;eJIaJI Bce caM H 'TOJIbKO 'tJ:TO He np:n-
6er 1\ nOMO H A'YaHLH II CapTHHa IIJIH He nOMor HM»3.
1 CM. nnCbMO MapnH AHTyaHeTTbI OT 15 MaH H OTBeT MapHH Tepe-
8RB OT 30 MaR B: «Correspondance», t. II, p. 441, 491.
2 IIHcLMo OT 18 MaH 1776 r. , D;nTHpyeMoe CerlOpoM. CM.: S e g u r.
Ope cit., p. 352.
3 S c hell e, t. V, p. 435.
'522
IJACTb TPETbH. IIPOBAJ1
IIellaTHbIe XpOHHKH Toro BpeMeHH He nbITaJIHCb aHaJIH3HpOBaTb
npH"tfHHbI OrraJIbI Tropro. PYKOIDICHble XpOHHKH MeHee OCTOpOil,IibI.
Ho TOJIbKO Ap,n;H HaMeKaeT Ha BMemaTeJIb'CTBO B aTO ,n;eJIO HOpOJIeBbI.
B l1epellHe B03MomHblX l1pHllHH Ol1aJIbI, 0 KOTOpbIX r0130pH'T BOI{pyr,
DH ynoMHHaeT nepe,n;a'IY ROpOJIeBOii B PYKH Mopena MeMyapa
jJ'ep ora ,n;e fHHa, KOTOpblH HK06bl HMeJI oc06ble npHllHHbl maJIO-
tBaTb'CH Ha Tropro. Tpy,n;HO ce6e npe,n;CTaBHTb, 0 lleM MOrJIa 1I,n;TH
'pellb B TaHOM MeMyape, pa3Be 'tJ:TO Mbl nOBepHM paCCHa3Y 0 Tpex
.a66aTax, 110CJIaHHbIX C MIroCHeH B AHrJIHIO, KOTOpblH nameTCH HaM
MaJIorrpaB,n;ono,n;o6HbIM. IIOMHMO aTOI'O, Ap,n;H ynoMIIHaeT IIHCbMO
TIOpro l{ Cerbe no nOBO,n;y «COBelpmeHHoro MOHapxa», ,n;pyroe l1HCb-
MO K cynpyre ICOBeTHHKa napJIaMeHTa, maJIOBaBm'eHICH Ha ,n:eHCTBHH
.cBOHX npeCTbHH, 01leHb pe3KHe B03pameHHH npOTIHB Ha3HalleHHH
AMeJIo, np'e,n;CTaBJIeHHble B COBe'T, HaKOHen;, ,n;eJIO C BhlcmHM no,n;aT-
SbIM Cy,n;OM. Ha aTO nOCJIe,n;Hee ,n;leJIO 'OCblJIaeTCH II PHBbep B CBoen
nOlIbITKe 06'LHCHHTL npOHcme,n:mHe COObITHH.
TaR KaR aTH JIeTOnHCD;bl TID;aTeJIbHO oooHpaIOT caMble MeJII{He
CJIYXH, TO MomHO, CJIe,n;OBaTeJIbHO, 3aKJIIO'IHTb, liTO ny6JIHKa He 06-
BHHHJIa HH KOpOJIeBY, HII Moperra B TOM, liTO OHH CBOIlMR IIHTpHra-
MH Bbl3BaJIH na,n;,elHHe Te'HepaJIb'HOrO IKO'HTpOJIepa. JIOBKOCTb, C KOTO-
pOH ,n;eHcTBOBaJIH R Ta 11 ,n;pyroH, 'ITOObI y6e,n;IITb KOpOJIH B CBOHX
)J;OOpbIX HaMepeHIIHX, IIMeJIa em;e O,n;HH )];OrrOJIHIITeJIbHbIH R HeMaJIO-
BamHbIH pe3YJIbTaT-IIM y,n;aJIOCb YTaHTb CBOH K03HII OT ny6JIRKH.
CaMoe npaB,n;orro)];06HOe 06'LHCHeHHe COCTOHT B TOM, 'ITO 06a
MaHeBpa ocym;ecTBJIHJIH!Cb coe,n;HHeHHblMH YCHJIHHMH, XOTH aTO 11 He
6bIJIO orOBop,eHO 3apaHe'e, rrOCKOJIbKY He 6blJIO HH aKoH «c,n;eJIHH».
ROpOJIeBa ORa3bIBaJIa rrocToHHHbIH nCIIXOJIOrH'Ie I CKHH HamHM, KOTO-
pblH 'ObIJI, HecoMHeHHo, 01leHb 3Ha1IHTeJIbHbIM. Ho caM MexaUR3M
ObIJI c03,n;aH Moperra B pe3YJILTaTe yxo,n;a B OTcTaBKY MaJIb3ep6a.'
ItMelHHo Mope.lIa :HrpaJI pOJIb (8eaYUfeeO)), 1110 III caM B CI]3.010 olJe,pe)];b
6bIJI (8eaOMb M)).
MTaK, Mbl MomeM BbIBeCTH 3aKJIIOlIeHHe, HOTopoe HameTICH HaM
IIpHOJIH3HTeJILlIO BepHbIM C TOlIKH 3peHHH rrOCJIe,n:OBaTeJILHOCTH
IIpH"llBHHbIX OBH3eH. IIOMHMO MHome'CTBa 3anYTaHHblx H Hppan;HO-
HaJIbHbIX 'aIrH80,n;oB, rJI,aB'Hbl,M )];B1ImYII¥IM <paR' O'poM OblJIa nap/ta-
.MeUTCnafl onnoaul,fufl. IIMeH\Ho OOIa
BbI3BaJIa oTcTaBRY MaJIb3ep6a;
IIOBJIHHJIa Ha Mopena, a nOTOM 1100 pHJIa ero;
II3MeHlIJIa l1'epBOHa"tIaJIbHble HaMepeHHH I,OP'OJIH.
CJIe)];OBaTeJIbHO, na OOOHX :3TarraX CBoero aRcnepHMeHTa Tropro
CTOJIKHYJICH C O,n;HHM 11 TeM iRe HBJIeHB!eM - KOJIJI'eKTHBHbIM Heno-
HHMaHH'eM.
B Mae 1775 r. C HelIOHHMaHHeM Hapo,n;a, I{OTOpOe HamJIO Bblpa-
meHHe B OeC110pH)];KaX «MY'IHOH BOHHbl» 11 3aBepmHJIOCb neBOJIb-
HLIM ca60TaiKeM HOBOB nOJIHTHKH.
Il'J1ABA VII. rOJIOBA HA nJ1AXE
523
B MapTe 1776 r. C HenOHIIMaHlIeM rrapJIaM:eHTa, KOTopoe HamJIO
,fibIpameHHe B 06CTPYK HH, B <popMe CI\pLITOH arHTa IfH H HaiKHMa
II 3aBepmHJIOCL Tome 'ca60TameM, HO Ha aTOT pa3 BnOJIHe 06AYMaH-
HLIM II pemaIO 'HM.
ROH'CTaTan;IIH 3THX <paKTOB npeACT8JBJIHeTCH HaM BamHoii, no-
.CKOJIbKY OHa n03BOJIHeT CBeCT,H K MHHHMYMY pOJIb 3IllI30;a;II"IIeCRIIX
' aKTopOB.
RpoMe Toro, OHa BLIHBJIIcleT HeKOTopLle CXO;a;HLIe MOMeHTbI B na-
J:(eHlIH TIOpro B 1776 f. II B na;a;eH'IIH HeKI\epa B 1781 f. «IIapJIa-
MeHTbI HHKor;a;a HlIlIerO He npo aIOT, H HeT HH O)J;Horo nplIMepa,
QKor)J;a BpamAYIO HH C HIIMH MHHHC'Tp CMor lIerO-HH6YAb ;a;06HTLCH,
pa3Be "liTO eMY Y)J;aBaJIOCL HeKOTopoe BpeMH oT6HBaTLCH» 1.
16 M:aH Mopena npHHHJI rrplIcHry B KalI'e'CTBe rJIaBLI <PHHaHcoBo-
1:0 COBeTa 2.
TaKHM 10'6pa ' 30M, OH nOBTOp'IIJI MaHeBp, ym,e npe)J;npIIHHTLIH JIM
ne3aAOJIrO ](0 OTCTaBKII a66aTa Teppa. XOAIIJIH 'CJIYXH, 'tJ:TO OH B03-
.['JIaBIrT Bce COBeTLI, lI'TO 6LIJIO 6LI paBHOOHJILHO npOB03rJIameH1llO
,ero nepBLLM MHHHCTpOM. Ho XOTH OH, KaK MLI nOA03peBae:M, II JIeJIe-
:HJI Bce e e 3TY M'e1ITY, eMY TaK HHKorAa H Be Y)J;aJIO'CL ele ocyII:(e-
C 'TL.
HeCROJILKO ,IJ;HefI cnYCTH nOCT reHepaJILHOro KOHTpOJIepa, 06H-
aalHHOCTH ROTOpOtfO BpeMe'HHO HlCJ.IOJLHHJI BepTeH II IKOT10pLIH YTpaTHJI
>'CBoe npemHee 3Ha"lleHIIe H3-3a BocCTaHOBJIeHHH <PH'HaHCOBoro COB'e-
Ta, 6LIJI ne.pe)J;aH HOBOMY MIIHH!CTPY B JIHD;e RJIIOHLH.
OiKap yrBepiKAaJI, "liTO aTOT BLI60p 6LIJI C)J;eJIaH 6e'3 YlIa ' CTHH
M,opena. OH 6LIJI TaK OKpbIJIeH OTCTaBKOH TIOpro, lITO He CTaJI HRO-
16bI 3aHHMaTLCH 1I0;a;bICKaHHeM eMY 3aMeCTHTeJIH. RIJIIOHLH me 6y;a;-
TO o)J;epmaJI Bepx 6JIarO;a;apH HHTplIre KaMep)J;HHepa KOpOJIH 1'Le'p-
p1l 3 H P1IroJIe ;a;'¥ aHLH. 8Ta BbI;a;YMKa, o6MaHYBmaH HeKoTopLIX
mCTopHROIB 4 , !He B ';a;elpmRBaeT IRPHT1IR1I.
B caMOM ;a;eJIe, MbI yme BH;a;eJIH, 1ITO Mopena 6bIJI 6JIaromeJIa-
"TeJIbHO Ha1cTpoeH K KJIIOHLH 11 IIO;a;YMbIBaJI 0 HeM eII(e BO BpeMeHa
.saMeH!>I Teppa. C APyroH CTOpOHLI, B nHCLMe R BeplI OT 10 MaR
'TlOpro ,caM ynoMIIHaeT, "liTO Mopena rOBOpHJI 0 KJIIOHLII C KOpO-
,JIeM.
BepoHTHo, Mopena XOTeJI CRpbITL OT Omapa, O)J;Horo 113 B03MOiR-
1 CeKpeTHaH nepenHcKa, ony6JIHKOBaHHaH JIecKlOpoM.
2 B 9TOT COBeT Torp;a BXO HJIII CJIe YIOm;He JIHl'(a: q>eH O e MapBDJIL,
mOJIU e <PJIepH, BOCTap, Ta6ypo e Peo.
'3 B TO BpeMH TLeppH, KameTCH, eHCTBHTeJILHO nOJILaOBaJICH Oc 6L1M
1J;oBepUeM KOpOJIH. 06 aTOM rOBopHT II AP}J;H.
" CerlOp J);ame npHXO T K BLlBOAY, 'tJTO, BaaHaqaH Mopena rJIaBOH
<l>HHaHcoBoro COB eTa, JllOp;OBHK XVI XOTeJI aarJIa HTL HaHeceHHYlo eMY
'l'aKHM o6paaOM 06HAY. (8 e g u r. Louis XVI et Necker, p. 5.)
524
IJACTb TPETbH. IIPORAJ1
HLIX RaH,IJ;B1,n;aTOB Ha 3TOT nOCT, RaRYIO pOJIL OH CLlrpaJI B Ha3:Ha'1e-
HUH RJIIOIHbH.
JJ:Ba "lIeJIOBeKa, CMeHHBmHe O;a;HH m>yroro BO rJIaBe Be;a;y ero
MHHHCTepCTBa, npe,n;CTaBJIHJIH C060H pa3HTeJIbHLIH ROHTpa'CT..
B "lIaCTHOH iKH3HH RJIIOHbH nOJIL30BaJICH TaKOH me nOCTLI,n;HOH CJIa-
nOH, KaK H T ' epp3, HO B;a;o6aBoR OH 6LIJI nOJIHOCTLIO JIumeH Tex ;a;eJIO-
BbIX ICIIoco6HocTeH, I{OTOPLIMII B BbI'cmeH CTeneHH o6JIa;a;aJI rpo3Hbru
a66aT.
O;a;HaRo B nopy CBoero HHTeH,n;aHTCTBa B Bop;a;o, oco6eHHo BO
BpeMH 3nH300THH, RJIIOHLH nORa3aJI CBOIO HCTHHHYIO Tpy;a;ocnoco6-
HOCTL. Teruepb me npHo6II(e'HHe K BLIcmeH rocy;a;apcTBeHHoH BJIaCTH}
a TaRme, BaBepHoe, np'e)];1IYBcTBHe 6JIH3KOrO KOHn;a pa3BH3aJIH ca-
MbIe HH3KHe HaKJIOHHOCTH ero HaTypbI.
OooC'HoBaBmHcL B IIapHme C Tpel\lH cecTpaMH, HOTopLIe Bce Tp
6LIJIH ero JIIO ' 6oBHHn;aMH, OH BeJI caMYIO pacnYTHyIO iKH3HL H 3aIIH-
MaJICH 'CIIeKYJIH HHMH.
Y Hero e;a;Ba XBaT1IJIO BpeMeHH HaHTH JIerK1IH BLIXO;a;, opraHH-
30BaB JIOTepelO, H OTMeHHTb OCHOBHbIe pe<POPMbI TlOpro. QexonRn
CH'CTe,Ma 'OLIJIa BOCCTaHOBJIe,Ha ,C 'HeKOTOpb]MH 1I3MeHeHHHMH, II ;1;0-
pomHaH IIOBHHHOC'TL Tome, no B 6oJIe'e CKpLITOH <popMe 1.
RJIIOHLH C HCTHHHLIM XJIa;a;HOKpOBHeM 3aHBJIHJI, "lITO OH onpo-
BeprHeT rrOCJIOBH Y, KOTopaH rJIaCHT, 'tfTO HH O;a;HH reHepaJIbHbIH
KOHTpOJIep He YMHpaeT Ha CBoeM rrOCTY. II B 'caMOM ;a;eJIe, OH YMep
18 oI rH6pH 1776 r., 3aCJIymHB Bceo6 ee ocym,n;eHHe. II ;a;eHcTBH-
TeJIbHO, KaK Tor;a;a paCrreBaJIH, « O;a;HH 'CIIOCOO OH HameJI YCH;a;eT:b ITa
M'eCTe».
reHepaJIbHbIH KOHTpOJIb 6bIJI Tenepb ;a;OBepeH oo,n;pymeCTBY
Taoypo-He Kep. OTHbIHe Mor 6LI Ha"IIaTbCH HOBbIH OIThIT pecpoPM.
Ho ny6JIHKa, YBH,n;eB ocym;a;eHHe peq,opMaTopoB, OOJIbme He BepliI1'
B p,eq,opMbI. HeKRep - "lIeJIOBeR ,n;aJIbHOBH;a;HbIH 11 IIOJIHbIH OJIarHX
HaMepeHHH, HO OB OOJIbme <pHHaHCHCT, "lIeM :3KOHOMHCT, II 60JIbme
6aHKHp, 't!'eM <pHBaHcHcT.
ITpaBHTeJIbCTBO ynycTHJIO BpeMH H 'CtIaCTJIHBYIO B03MomHOCTb.
JIIO,D;OBHR XVI Mor OLI 'CRa3aTb, KaR H TnpaH MaJIaTe'CTa B IIbece
MOHTepJIaHa:
H eY:JICe/tu Tan pano - Y:JICe noa{}no?
B lIepBLIe ,n;HH, IIOCJIe;a;OBaBmHe 3a oTcTaBKoH, MOrJIO nOKa3aTb-
CH, tITO ,n;JIH Tropro OHa OJIaro, 3TO, eCTe'CTBeHHO, 06'bHCHHJIOCb KOH-
n;OM 't!pe3BLI"lIaHHOrO HanpHi-KeHHH, CTaBmero rrpOCTO HelIepeHOCH-
MLIM.
B T'OT me Be"IIep B ,n;OMe Y CBOHX ,n;pY3eii: (HaBepHO, Y r-mH BJIOB-
,n;eJIb) OR CJIymaJI 3a6aBHLIe paccym,n;eHHH MaJIL3ep6a, OO'LHCHHB-
mer'<> eMY B'oe ,omHOKH, ROTopLIe OH COBepmHJI, «IIOMemanillHCb Ha
1 a,IUIKTLI OT 11 aBrYCTa H 19 aBrYCTa 1776 r.
TJ1ABA VII. rOJIOBA HA nJIAXE
525
06 eCTBeHHOM 6JIare». «8Ta mYTJIHBaH Cn;eHll OiKHBHJla BeC:b Be-
qep)} 1.
21 HIOJlH a66aT }J;e BepH e e OTMe1JaeT: «}J;yma H TeJIO r-Ha l'lOp-
ro HaCJIam}J;aIOTCH rrORoeM, RaRoro OH He 3rraJI, RorAa 3aHHMaJl CBOD
IIOCT» 2.
Tropro JII06HJI mYTIIT:b rro rrOBO}J;Y CMepTH Tepp3 H CeH-iKepMe-
na, rrOBTopHH CJIOBa MaJI:b3ep6a 06 OC060H «60JIe3'HII MJIHII'CTPOB»,
ROTopaH 6:bIJla orrpe}J;eJreHa «RaR la pituite vitree * Y }J;peBHHX». « tie'
AYMalO, - rOBOpHJI orr, - 1JTO r-JI MaJIL3ep6 II H YMpeM OT 9TOH
60Jle3HH». A 1Jep'e3 HeCROJl:bRO }J;Hen: «He B 06II}J;Y BaM 6Y}J;:b CI\a3a-
HO, HO Y MeHH H'eT HIIRaRoro meJIaHHH YMHpaTb OT 60JIe3HH MlfrrH-
CTPOB» 3. O}J;HaR'O r-iKa }J;e Moperra 6:bIJIa He JIHmeHa rrpOHH:n;aTeJIb-
HOCTH, H60 B }J;eH:b OrraJIbI TIopro ona nHCaJIa: «MHe Ha}l-\eTCH, OBI
60JI:bme }J;epmaJlCH 3a 'CBoe MeCTO, 1JeM BbI }J;YMaeTe».
Tropro 6bIJI 3a}J;eT 60JIe,e rJly60Ro, lJeM BbIRa3bIBaJI, IT, nepOHT-
HO, fJIy6me, lJeM eMY caMOMY Ra3aJIOC:b.
M a66aT }J;e BepJI, RaR BH}J;HO, Tome B 9TOM y6e}J;HJICH, TaH HaI\
OCeH:b1O 1777 r. 3aMeTHJI: «.fI BHi-RY, 1JTO r-II Tropro rrpOBO}J;IIT }J;HH'
B IIplIHTHbIX 3aHHTHHX JlHTepaTypoii, HaYHoH, B 6ece}J;ax C }J;PY3bH-
MH, HO OH HHROf}J;a He rOBopHT HM, lJTO C1JaCTJIHB, 06peTH cnOI\on-..
CTBHe)} .
MCn:bITaHHe Ha}J;JlOMHJlO TBOptfeCRYIO CHJIY, rJly60RYIO BnyTpeH-
RIOlO 3HeprHIO 3Toii H'CRJlI01JHTeJl:bHO iKH3HeCTOHROH HaTyp:bI.
3a BeC:b rro, CJle,D;HHii nOlJTH rrHTHJle-THHH, rrepHO}J; Tropro He IIO-
AYMaJl rrpO}J;OJlmIrTL CBOIO TeOpeTHlJ'e'CRYIO pa60TY, ROTOpOH orr Mor
6:bI Terrep:b IIOCBHTHT:b TaR MHoro cBo60 oro Bp,eMeHH.
MomHO 6:bIJlO omH}J;aT:b, 1JTO Terrep:b, 060raTHBmHCL HOBbIM Orr:bI-
TOM, OH BHOBL B03:bMeTCH 3a 60Jl:bmHe np06JIeM:bI 9ROHOMHlJeCROH
HayKH, B ROTOp:bIe OH caM Yi-Re BHec TaR MHoro HOBoro. Ho 9Toro
He rrp'OH30mJlO.
ROH}J;opce 06'b1lCHHeT 3TO 'CTpaHHoe MOJIlJaHHe ero erreTHJI:b-
HOCT:bIO. Tropro 60JlLme He XOT8J1 3aHHMaT:bCH rr'OJlHTH"tleCRHMH BO-
rrpocaMH H BfceM, "ITO MOrJlO HMe'T:b XOT:b naHOe-JIH60 O'THomeHHe R
a,D;MHHJIDCTpaTJIBlI:bIM }J;eJlaM. «TaRHe 3aHHT'HH CJlHmROM 60Jle3HeHHOI
HanOMHHaJIH 6:bI eMY>) ero BeJlHRHe Hec6:bIBmHeCH Ha}J;em,I(:bI.
EMY Hells6emHO npHmJlOC:b 6:bI OC:bIJlaTLCH Ha c06CTBeHH08'
yrrpaBJlemre, a 3TO B:bI3BaJlO 6bI 3a}J;eBalOID;He }J;pyrHx JlHn; ROMMeH-
Ta1pHH, ero MOrJIH 6bI 3arrO}J;03,pHTL B MCTil:eJlLHbIX II06yiK eHIHHX..
1 V e r i. Ope cit., t. I, p. 449.
2 Ibid., t. II, p. 25.
* PBOTa, 6LIBarom;aH no YTpaM Y aJII\OrOJIHI\OB. - llpuM,. peo.
3 CM.: D u Po n t. Ope cit., 24 fevrier, 6 mars 1778; S c hell e, t. V
p. 541-544.
'526
QACTb TPETbH. llPOBAJ1
CKOJlb 6bI TIM 6bIJIM BeCOMbI aTH CCbIJIKH Ha -qYB'CTBHTeJlb'HOCTb
1:1 }J;eJlHKaTHOCTh, MbI He BH M, KaK OHII MOrJlH 1I0MemaTb TIOp-
ro IIpO}J;OJImHTb XOTH 6bI TeopeTHtJeCKHH aHaJlH3, KOTOpbIH Mhl
HaXO,D;HM B ero TpY}J;ax «BoraTCTBO», a e e 60Jlbme B «.IJ:eHb-
rax», HJlH co6HpaTb MaTepHaJI, He 3a6o HCb 0 ero CROpOH
ny6JIHKan;HH.'
lIo CBII e'TeJlLCTBY Toro me KOH,D;opce, Tropro COCTaBHJI nJlaH
60JIbmOH pa60TbI, «nOCBHIr(eHHOH ero pO}J;HHe - -qeJlOHe'1leCTBY». Ho
TaH HHKor}J;a H He Ha-qaJl ee IIH'caTb. KOH,D;opce BRpaTD;e nepe}J;aeT
nJlaH aTOll pa60TbI no BocnOMHHaHHHM 0 CBOHX 6ece}J;ax C Tropro:
«O}J;HaKo, - 3aMe-qaeT OH, - Tropro He JIro6HJI 0 DieM rOBopHTb }J;ame
CBOHM 'caMbIM 6JIII3KHM }J;PY3bHM». CY}J;H no OIIHcaHHHM KOH}J;opce,
'KOTopbIe B 'CIIJlY BbICKa3aHHoro BbIme MorYT 1I0Ka3aTbCH He OlJeHb
,D;OCTOBepHbIMH, petJb mJla, 1I0-BH}J;HMOMY, 0 <pHJlOCO<pCKOM H MeTa-
I <p H 3H-qe ' CKOM C01IHH,eHHH, n'OCBHIr(eH'HOM IIpOHcx'Om}J;eHHro 1I0HHTnH H
H3bIHa, Bce06Ir(eH MOpaJlH H 6e l ocMepTHro ;r(ymH.
E}J;HHCTBre'HHaH TBop-qeCKaH pa60Ta, 3aHHMaTb'CH KOTOpoii B rO,D;bI
"CBoeH OllaJlbI Tropro HMeJl CHJlbI HJlH meJlaHHe, 6bI.JIH nepeBo}J;bI
JIaTHHCKHX 1I0aT'OB. OH 3aKOH'IHJI HaKOHeD; «AH}J;OHY» BHprHJlHH,
ne'peBeJl <ppaHIJ;Y3 I CKIIM MeTpH-qeCKHM CT'HXOM 60Jlbmyro -qaCTL L ero
.me] «BYKOJlHR» II O)J;RY KRIIl'Y «8HeH,D;LI».
Cpe,D;H coxpaHHBme CH BeCLMa 06mHpHOH Koppe'ClloH}J;enD;HH
. Tropro MbI JlHmb H3pe,D;Ka HaxO}J;1IM CT'OJIL JIro6HMbIe aBTop'OM ,D;JlHH-
'Hble pa'c'cym}J;eH'HH 110 IIOB'O}J;Y TeK HX O'6bITHH. MbI MomeM OTMe-
. THTb JIHmL HeCKOJlLRO co06pameHHii, npe,D;HaaHa-qeHHbIX ,D;JlH <I>paH-
I\JIHHa 11 Ka'caroIr(HXICH HaJlOrOB, H ,eIr(e HeCKOJlLRO, npe,D;Ha3Ha-qeH-
HbIX }J;JlH lIpaHca H KacaroIr(H CH nOJlHTH-qe,CKoro pemHMa B Coe}J;H-
HeHHbIX IDTaTax 1.
tITO KacaeTCH OCTaJlbHOrO JlHTepaTypHoro HaCJle,D;CTBa, TO MbI
npOCMOTpeJlH He1fTO BpO}J;'e ,D;HeBHHKa, HaIIHcaHHoro C m'HBocTLro,
'CBOHCTBeHHOH TlOpro B ero -qa'CTHOH nepeIlHCK'e. B 'HeM MHoro no,D;-
po6HOCTeii JIlIlIHOI'O xapaKTepa, B -qaCTHOCTH 0 a,D;opOBLe aBTopa H
· ero ,D;pyaeH. IIo,D;arpa Tropro, pemHM ero mHaHH, KOCTLIJIH, 60JleaHL
r-mH ,D;'AHBHJlL, CTpa,D;aBmeii OT KaMHH B ne-qeHH, 60JIelaHL r-mH
AJlL6ep, xapRaBmeH KpOBLro. r -ma BJIOH,D;eJlL CJlOMaJla Hory... y
r-Ha <DpaHce paa60JleJlOCL ropJlo...
OR BeJI CBOel'O pO,D;a XPOHHRY AMepHRaHCKOii BoiHbI 3a Heaa..
dBHCHMOCTL ,D;JlH lIH<popMaD;HH CBOlIX Kop'pecnoH}J;eHTOB. OH omrCbI"
BaJl, KaR CTpaCTHo aaHHTepeCOBaHHbIH apHTeJlb, Bce 1I0pameHHH H
;1I06e,D;bI B 3TOii 6opL6e.
OH CReIrTlf1IeCKH OT'3bIBaeTCH 0 BoaMomH'OCTHX npaBHTeJl CTBa
"BO <DpaHD;IIH, a 0 CBOHX npOTHBHHKax - rJlaBHbltM 06pa30M 0 Mope-
1 ITo MHeHHro AronoHa, 8TH TeKCTLI 6D1J1H nepBDlMH Ha6poCKaMH P;BYX
HayqHLIX COqHHeHHB:, saP;YMaHHLIX Tropro, a HMeHHO: «Traite des vrais prin-
IIcipes de l'imposition» H «Reflexions sur Ia situation des Americains unis».
T'J1ABA VII. rOJIOBA HA llJIAXE
527
lna II HeKK,epe - nopoH CypOBO, a nopoH C Hac.MemJIHBbIM npe3pe-
HHe f. IIe'pBoe BpeMH OH rOBOpHJI 0 Mopena C HeKoTopoii rope"tl:bJO
f( «"tIeJlOBeK 3TOT o}J;epmIIM mam}J;oH MeCTH... eJlL ero - npe}J;cTa-
'OIITL MeHH I<OpOJIIO KaK 6e3YM a, oKpymeHHoro 6e3YMD;aMH...»), HO
,BcKope on o6p,e'TaeT Y Hero "tIe'pT:bI KOMH"tIeCKOrO rrepCQ1Hama.
qTO Ka'caeTCH HeKKepa, TO OH (<QeJlOBeK-06opOTeHL)), «f-H Ha-
.AYTbIH», r--H Nekre, «"tIeJlOBeK JlH MeHH H:bIHe II HaBcer a OTBpaTH-
'TeJlbIThIH». «BOT rocno HH HeKKep, CHHIO HH OT CJlaBbI H caMo,'[(o-
BOJl:bCTBa...» 1
TIOpro 'OXOTHO rro,u;cMeHBaeTcH Ba,'[( OTHomeHHHMH Mem,'[(y ,D;BYMH
:MHHHCTpaMH: «rOBOpHT, 6Y,D;TO r-HY Mopena BeCLMa Ha OeJl r-H
HeHKep Hero npOeKTbI. A f-HY HeKKepy em;e 60JlLme Ha}J;oeJl
tr-H Mopena, HO JlI06oB:b 1< 06m;ecTBeHHoMY 6J1ary H K CJlaBe -
'CTpaCTH, YMeIOID;He npeO,'[(OJleT:b JlI060e oTBpa eHHe».
OH CtIlITaeT HX crrOC06H:bIMH - 11 BMe'CTe, H rrOp03'HL - Ha JlIO-
.6yIO HH30CT:b: «fl aiRe 60IO'C:b, KaK 6bI 3TH ,D;Ba rocnO}J;HHa, "tITo6bI
YKpenHT:bCH nOrrpO"tIHee [B03J1e KOpOJleB:bI], He B:bITaIqllJIH CHOBa
.r-Ha ,u;e rHHa».
3a BpeMH npe6:bIBaHHH TIOpro B IIapHme M:bI HaXO HM MaJIO
'srrH30}J;OB, 3aCJlYil\HBalOID;HX yrroMHHaHHH. l1ocH<p I I B,O BpeMH CBO-
er9 nYTeme'CT'BIIH IIHKorHHTO BO <PpaH HIO nomeJIaJI BCTpeTHTLCH C
T:rhpro "tIaC'THbIM o6pa30M Y ero }J;,pY3eif.
TIOpro ycep,'[(HO noceII(aJl co6paHHH AKa,'[(eMHII Ha,D;nHceif H
H3HID;HOH CJlOne'CHOCTH, Ky,'[(a 6bIJI H36paH 5 MapTa 1776 r. B 1778 r.
OH CTaJl ee npe3H,'[(eHToM.
DB 'pemIIJI BLIcTynHT:b na ee 3ace aHHH 15 ,D;eRa6pH 1780 f. npo-
THB npoeKTa, HMeBmefO cBoeH n;eJILto O'TMeHIITL rrpaBO OO'CTOHT:b
O,'[(HOBpel\IeHHO "tIJIeHOM ,D;BYX aRa eMHH. Ho Tropro He BeaJIO B YCT-
HLIX }J;HICI<YOCHHX: OH B:bI3BaJl pa3,'[(pameIDIe 60Jl:bmHHCTBa II rroJlY-
HJI Hcero nHT:b rOJI'OCOB.
HeKOTopoe BpeMH on 3amrMaJlCH nOH'CHaMH }J;OMa B IIapHiRe, r,'[(e
XOTeJl pa3M'eCTHTbCH co cBoeii 6H6JIHOTeKOH. HaKOHen; B 1779 f. OB
RyrrlIJI OC06HHK, OTeJl:b BHapM, Ha YJIII e Byp60H C'eH-iKepMeH
:(H:bIHe ,'[(OM M 121 no JIHJIJlb'CKOii YJlHn;e), r,D;e 11 060CHOBaJlCH B
.arrpeJle 1780 r. TaM 25 <peBpaJlH 1781 f. 'ero HaCTHfJla BOBaH 60-
ne3Hb. Ha :3TOT pa3 He 06:bI"tIHDIH My"tI'HTeJILHLIH rrpHcTyn no,'[(al'pbI.
TpoHmen nOCTaBHJI ,'[(HafHo3 - BOCnaJleHHe iReJltffioro rrY3:bIpH,. a
tBnOCJle,'[(cTBIiH B'CKp:bITHe o6HapYiRHJlO MHome'CTBO KaMHeH B rre"tIe-
HII. On yme 60JlLme He BCTaBaJI, HO nepeil\HJI HeCKoJIbKO rrepHo,u;OB
YXY}J;meHHH 11 YJIyqmeHHH. JIema B nOCTeJIII, OH saKOH1lHJI ,'[(HHTO-
tBaTL AIOnony nepeBO (Ha :3TOT pa3 He MeTplI"tIe'CKIDd CTHXOM) O,'[(bI
rOpa HH «Aequam memento»*, KOTopaH ,6:bIJIa TaK CXOiRa C ero
nOJlOiReHHeM». OH 3aKOH"tIIiJI ee TaK:
1 nHCbMO r-iRe 'AHBHJIb OT 4 HOH6pH 1777 r.
=Ie «CTapaHcH xpaHHTb Ayxa CIIOKoHCTBHe» (AaT.) - llpUM. pea.
528
flACTb TPETbH. npOBAJJ
q TOO nepenJIblTb nO)J;3eMHYIO peI{Y,
OTKy,u;a 60JIee BeT B03BpaTa.
18 MapTa 1781 r. COCTOHHHe Tropro yxy nm:JlOCb H Ra3aJlOCh
yme 6eaHaAemHDIM. «OH He ,IlYMaJl, "'ITO ROHe, ero TaR 6.rmaOK», It
He B:bIpa3HJI CBOIO IIOCJle HIOIO BOJlIO. OH YMep 6e3 epKOBHoro IIPH-
'Ia'CTHH. CaMbIe IIpe,n;aHH:bIe e'ro ,n;pya:bH, AIOIIOH, r-iI\a BJlOH,n;eJl:b 11
rep OrHHJI 'AHBHJI:b, }J;emypHJlH y era IIOCTeJlH. Ho B II OCJIe,n;HHe'
MHHyTbI ,n:IOITOH pemHJI - 0 "'IeM OB IIO'fOM comaJleJl - yBecTH CBOHX
CIIYTHH , "'ITo6LI y6epe"'I:b HX OT CJlHmKOM THiRl\OrO HCIILITaHHH.
H cMepTb HaCTHrJla "'IeJlOBeI\a B IIOJIBOM O HB01JeCTBe 1.
1 CM. nHCbMO AroITOBa MaJIb3ep6y OT 17 anpeJIH, npHBo,u;HMoe llieJIJIeM.
(8 C hell e, t. V, p. 652). r-ma ,u;'AHBHJIb npotIJIa B KHHre KaI{OrO-TO xupyp-
ra, tITO CJIYX nOKH,u;aeT tIeJIOBeKa n03me Bcex PyrHx tIYBCTB. Tor,u;a AIonoH
npHmeJI B OTtIaHHHe, tITO nOKHHYJI CBoero ,u;Pyra }J;O HacTynJIeHHlI pOKOBOB
MHBYTLI.
nOCJlECllOBHE
529
IIocJIecJIOBlle
IIpe,n;m'ecTBoBaBmHe PeBOJlIO HH nHTHa}J;D;aTb JleT npaBJleHHH
JIIO,n;oBHRa XVI ORa3aJlH'Cb lIpe3BbI"tlaHHO 6J1aro,n;aTHoH nOlIBOH ,n;JlH
Se"tlHOrO (H60 OR Hepa3pemHM) cnopa 0 ,n;eTepMHHH3Me. C O,n;HOH
CTOpOH1>I, nO"tlTII «p1I8H"tleCRH o alemb HenpeO}J;OJlHMYIO CIIJlY }J;aB-
JIeHHH, B'ce B03paCTaIO ee HarrpHmeHHe, ROTopoe OTM'e"tlaJlH }J;aJIbHO-
8H}J;H1>Ie COBp'eMeHHHRH, II RameTCH, "tlTO yme H1PIerO HeJIb8H 6LIJlO
H86emaTL. C ,n;pyroH CTOpOHLI, B CD;enJleHHH C06bITlIH BH}J;Hmb HeKO-
TopLle B03MOmHOCTlI c,n;eJIaTL BbI6op, oTcTyrrHTb, CMaHeBpHpOBaTb, H
KameTCH, lITO e e MomHO 6LIJlO, «CMeHHB JlOma}J;eH», H3MeHHTb
cy}J;b6y. RaR MbI yme OTMe"tlaJIH no nOBO}J;Y «MyqHOH BOHHLI», peno-
JIIOD;HOHHOMY HBJ4eHHIO B pemaIOII(HH nepHO}J; ero pa3BHTHH npHCY-
e oco6oe CBOHCTBO: RaiK}J;LIH MomeT ero 8aMeTHTL, HO HHRTO HS
3HaeT, RaR ero npe}J;OTBpaTHTb. II caM <paRT, "tlTO Bce CJlYlIaHHOCTD
]];eHCTBYIOT Bcer,n;a B O}J;HOM H TOM me HanpaBJIeHHH, He CJIymHT JlH
HBHbIM rrpII3HaROM H'eOTBpaTHMOCTH?
PeBOJlIOD;HH HHRor}J;a Hie 6bIBaeT HeOiKH,n;aHHOH, HO Bc'er}J;a Y}J;HB-
JIHeT. ,[(ame B Hamil }J;HII OTHomeHHe 3ana}J;H1>IX }J;epmaB K TOMY, liTO
OHH Ha3LIBalOT «ROMMYH1fCTHlIe'CROH orraCHOCTLIO», HJIII OTHomeHHe
8bI ' CORopa3BHTbIX CTpaH R CTpaHaM 8ROHOMHlIeCKH OTCTaJIbIM ,n;aIOT
HaM TOT me rrpHMep cnoco6HOCTH BH,n;eTL II nOJlHOH Hecnoco6HOCTB
QTO-JIII60 C}J;eJlaTL, KaKOH MDI Ha6JIIO,n;aJIH BO BpeMH aaKaTa CTaporo
rropH}J;Ra.
CTpaHa, nopo,n;IIBmaH H c,n;eJIaBmaH BceMHpHOD: lI)J;eIO PeBOJIIO-
HH, - <1>paH HH - He 6bIJIa nepBOH, OC08HaBmei peBOJIIO HOHHOe
530
llOCJlECJlOBHB;
HJBJIe'HHe eKOJIOIIIH3aIJ;HH tRalK na TeppHTOpHHX, 1KOTOp:bIMH OHa yrrpaB-
JIJIJIa paH:bme, TaK 11 Ha Tex, KOTOp:bIMH OHa ynpaBJIJIeT II ceiilIac .
KorAa IIHmYTCJI 3TH OTpOKH. MomeM JIH M:bI ocym,n;aTb cOBpeMeIHHH-
ROB JIIOAoBHKa XVI, He nOHHMaBmHX rrpe,n;O'CTepemeHHH rrIOpro,.
HacaBmHXCJI rrp06JIeM Toro BpeMeHH (rroKyrraT1eJIbHOH crroco6HOCTH,
HecnpaBe,n;JIHBOrO HaJIoroo6JIomeHIHJI, MOTOBCT13a ,n;Bopa), eCJIH M:bIJ
,n;o CHX nop He BITOJIHe rrOHHMaeM Toro, 1ITO OH nH'CaJI ABa BeK8.
Haaa,n; 0 np05JIeMe naweeo BpeMeJIH (H , e'3'8JB'HC1JJMOCm KOJIOIIIHii)?
Ho eTepMHHn3M TeM He MeHee He ,n;OKa3aH. OH nef}OYi,aayeM.
E'CJIH B HCTOpHH M:bI Ha6JIIO,n;aeM TOJIbKO HeH36eiRH:bIe peBOJIIOIJ;HH,.
TO aTO nOTOMY, lITO H'CTOpHH MomeT nOKa3aTb HaM JIHIIIb peBOJIIO-
IJ;HH CBepmHBmne'CH. <PaTaJI:HCT:bI (H KOHcepBaTOp:bI) MorYT Bcer,n;a)
COCJIaTbCJI Ha TO, lITO pe<POPMbI T eTHbI, ,n;ame Bpe}J;HbI (TaR KaR
OHH He MorYT OCTaBJIHTb JIIO}J;eii 6e3pa3JIHQHbrMn): OHn Haii,lJ;YT rrpe-
n;e,n;eHT:bI ,n;JIH AOKa3aTeJI:bCTa. Ho He rrOTOMY JIH, lITO lIa e Bcero pe-
<pOpM:bI 6:bIJIH He,n;OCTaTOQH:bI, 3an03,n;aJIII UJIH, KaK B J;lameM CJIYQae,.
He 6:bIJIH npOBe,n;eHbI B iRJil3H:b?
MOiReM JIH M:bI nepe-q'HCJIHT:b peBOJIIOIJ;HH, KOTOp:bIX ,n;eHCTBHTeJI:b-
HO y,n;aJIOCb H36emaTb C rrOMO IO peq.opM? MJIH p'OKOBLle COO:bI-
TIIJI, KOTopLIe Y}J;aJIOCb npe,n;OTBpaTHT:b He CJIYlIaHHO, HO 6JIaro,lJ;apR'
pemHTeJILHLIM ,n;eiicTBIIHM II - CJIe,n;yeT ,n;o6aBHTL - 6JIaro,n;apH YCH-
JIHJIM JIHlIHOCTH? CrrOC06H:bI Jill MLI npH3HaTb, lITO MyqHTeJI:bH:ble"
Y'cTYnmr, C03HaTeJI})HLIe mepTB:bI MOryT C81'tOl-tO.M,UTb cTpaH,e BeJIH-
KHe 6e,DjCTB'HH? B03Bpa1I(aJICb e1I(e pa3 R COBpeMeHHOCTII, MLI XOTHl\ft
HanOMHHTb JIH6epaJIbH:ble pemeHHJI npaBIITeJILCTBa B 1954 II 1955 rr .
B OTHomeHHII npOTeKTopaTOB <Ppa HH B CeBepHoii AWPHKe, peme--
HUH reHepaJIa ,n;e rOJIJIH B 1958 H 1960 rr. 0 C0061I(eCTBe; eCJIH 6LI)
OHB He 6:blJI'H npHHHT:bI, B KaKIIX CTpamHLIX rrOCJIe,n;cTBHJIX He 06B:K-
HHJIH 6LI M:bI CeHlIaC ymacHLIH ,n;eTepMHHH8M HCTOpBH.
B 3aKJIIOlIeHHe HameH pa60T:bI HaM XOT JIOC:b 6:b1 OT?vIeTIIT:b, lIT()
B On:bITe rocy,n;apCTBeHHLIX rrpeo6pa30BaHHH TIOpro pOJIb CJIYlIa.f:l;
KameTCH HaM Be'CbMa OrpaHHlIeHHOH BorrpeKH TO?4Y, lITO TaK QaClTO
;U;YMaIOT. 11 MLI rrOJIaraeM, lITO MomeM pemHTeJI:bHO OT6pOCHT:b mH-
pOKO npHHJITOe H y o6Hoe 06'bHCneHHe, HOTopoe YCMaTpHBaeT 3TY
CJIyqaHHOCT:b B oco6eHHOCTHX xapaKTepa BYX JIlin;: «ECJIJI 6LI 'rrop--
ro 6:blJI PHmeJIbe», « ECJIH 5LI JIIO oBHK XVI 6LIJI .JIIO oBHKOM
X I V. . . » ] .
«TIOpro He Mor rro6eAIITb nOTOMY, lITO 6bIJI CJIHmKOM TBep , BJ
nOTOMY, lITO JIro,n;OBHK XVI 6LIJI He,n;ocTaTo Ho TBep,n;».
1 «IIpe)J;cTaBHM ce6e, 'ITO B 3TO BpeMH n;apCTBOBaJI 6])1 He )J;06PLIii JIIO-
OBHK XVI, a reHplIX IV HJIH JIIO)J;OBHK XIV. IIpe)J;cTaBHM c.e6e, qTO Ha Me-
CTe BH)J;Horo q,IIJIocoq,a II 3KOHOMHCTa, HO JIHmeHHOro npaKTH'ICCKOH XBaTKB,.
KaKHM 6:blJI TIOpro, cy)J;b60H <DpaH HH paCnOpHiRaJICH 6bI PUmeJILe...>}o
(C h 0 U 1 gin e. L'histoire et la Vie, p. 84.)
UOCJJ.ECJ10BHE
531 1
B 6opL6e C HapO,n;HbIM MHTemOM, C rrapJIaMeHTCKOH Onn03HD;HeH,
C HaTHCKOM rrpHBHJIernpOBaHHbIX II 3aHHTepeCOBaHHbIX JIlIn; TIOpr
He XBaTaJIO TO"'IKH onopbI - HBHOH rro,n; epmI\H orrpe,n;eJIeHHOH lIaCTH
o6ID;e ' CT13eHHoro MHeH'HH. Cpe,D;HHe CJIOII 06 eCTBa, MaJIO npOCBe-
eHHaH «npOBHHn;HaJILHaH rry6JIHRa», Bcer,n;a eMY CO"'IYB'CTBOBaJIH,
,n;aifce Kor,n;a II He BIIOJIHe ero rrOHHMaJIH, HO He HMeJIII HHKaKHX.
Cpe,D;C'fB BbIpameHIIH.
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3peHHH, - "'ITO rJIaBHaH 60JIe3Hb CTaporo rropH,n;Ka, BO BCHKOM CJIY-
"'Iae BHa"'IaJIe, KOpeHHJIaCL B 3ROHOMHK'e. Tropro 6bIJI xopomo IIo,n;ro-
TOBJIeH, "'IT06bI pa36HpaTL,cH B 3KOHOMH"'I8tC1\HX rrp06JIeMaX, TaR I\aI-\
6bIJI O,D;HHM H3 HeMHorHX, CYMeBmHX }IX pa3rJIH,n;eTb; II, rrpo,n;OJImaH;
Ha"'IaTOe, OH CYMeJI 6bI HcnpaBHTL omH6RII HJIH RpaHHOCTH TeopHH.
Ho ,D;JIH 8ROHOMJIlle'CKOH pe<poPMbI 06ID;ecTBa He06xo,n;HMO, lITo6bI B.
rocy,n;apCTBe 6bIJIH OIIpe,n;'eJIeHHLIe IIOJIHT'HQeCKHe rrpe,n;IIOCbIJIHH.
TaKHe rrpe,n;IIOCbIJIKII 6:bIJIH e e He Bce HaJIHIJ;O, a Kor,n;a rrHTHa)];-
n;aTL JIe'T cnYCTH OHH B03HHKJIH (3apO,D;bIm HaIJ;HOHaJILHOro IIpe,n;CTa-
BHTeJILCTBa B JIHD;e reHepaJILHbIX mTaTOB), TO Tor,n;a, paaYMe'eTCH,.
6bIJIO yme noa,n;HO, CJImIIKOM rr03,n;HO. Ho, He Cy;MeB cnaCTH C'TapbIH
IIOpH,D;OK, YCKOpHJI JIH TIOpro ero na,n;eHJl1e, B "'IeM ero rropoH YIIPO-
RaIOT? ECJm ynpeK Henen, TO caM <paKT BoaMomeH. B TaKoe BpeMH,
Rc{r,n;a TOJILRO caMaH pemHTeJIbHaH pe<popMa MomeT npe,n;OTBpa'THTL"
peBOJIIO,IJ;HIO, H1ey,n;aBmaHCH IIorrbITKa pe<I>opMbI mrolc06Ha JIHmb ee
YCROpHTL - 0, COBceM H1eMHoro! - H ,D;BHmeHlIe CTaHOBHT'CH OTHbI-
He Hey,n;,epmHMbIM. He 6bIBaeT rrOJIHTID{H 6e3 p:HJCRa, HO eCTb nOJIII-
THEa, 06pe"'I'eHHaH Ha Hey a"'IY. IIpHBHJIerHpOBaHHbIe II npOTHBHHKK'
rrporpe1cca, OCTaBaHCL ,D;O KOHD;a BepHbIMH CBoeH JIOI'HK'e, 06BHHHIOT
BO Bcex CBOHX He'ClIa'CTLHX T'ex, RTO, no,n;o6HO TIOpro, rrbITaJICH :ox
crraCTH, H36aBHB OT KJIeHMa HecrrpaBe,n;JIHBOCTH. «CJIerreD; rJIH,'[(HT H&j
ce6H LB aepKaJIO» 1. J( alOUfue 8cezoa OOCTOU1-£b a.!lOCTU.
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haine). CJIe YIOm;aH D;HTaTa, KaK HeTpY HO Y3HaTL, npHHa JIemHT r-me e'
HoaR.
II pHJlO)l(eHHe
534
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KOTOpLlle KaK 6y,n;TO OTBOCHTCH K MeJIKHM C06LITHHM HCTOpHB, no
TeM Be MeBee rrpe)];CTaBJIHIOT HeMaJI:bIii HBTepec rrpH H3yqCHUB
nplPIRHHoii CBH3H C06LITH:U:, KOTOpoii MLI 3aHHMaJIHC:b Ha CTpanH ax
STOH KHRrH.
1. MLI YiI\e BH,n;eJIH, lITO C 10 MaH OTCTaBKa TIOpro 6:blJIa TBep-
1];0 pemeHa JIIO,D;OBHKOM XVI B cornaCHH C Moperra. HaM TaKme
H3BecTHo, lITO (BbIHym,n;eBH:bIH) yxo,n; reH'epaJILHOrO J\oHTpOJIepa
lJ;OJImeH 6LIJI 'COBrraCTL C ()];06POBOJILHLIM) yxO,n;OM MHBHcrpa KOpO-
JIeBCKoro ,n;Bopa. JIro,n;OBHK XVI TaKHM 06pa30M rrOKOH1.J:HJI co BceMB
crropHLIMH BorrpocaMH: rrpe»\,n;e Bcero C )];eJIOM ,n;e rHHa B yro,n;y
KOpOJIeBe H IIOlITH TOTQaC me c ,n;eJIaMH MaJI:b3ep6a, AMeJIO, TIOpro.
O,n;HaKo 3a rrOCJIe)];HHe COpOK BoceML "tIaCOB rrpOH30meJI KaKon-TO
HHD;H,n;eBT, KaKon MDI He 3Ba'eM, KOTOp:bIn e e yxy,n;rrmJl OTHom,e-
HHe KOpOJIH K «OrraJILHOMY» MHHHCTpY.
BOC'CTaHOBHB B:bI"tIepKHYTLIe OTpLIBKH B pYKOrrH'CH e Bepu, MY
BDJ{HM:
lITO I\OpOJIL CB81IaJIa XOTeJI HaIIHcaTL TIOpro rrIICLMO. OH OTKa-
saJICl! OT SToro RaMepeHHH: «B BOCKpeceBLe 12 Mag BMe,C'lO Toro,
tITo6:bI nOJI B.TL y-qTHBoe rrHCLMO OT ROpOJIH C 6JIaro,n;apHOCTLIO sa
BepHYro CJIYiR6y, Kal\ TO 6:bIJIO YCJIOBJI,eHO C r-HOM Mope1IIa...»
lITO Moperra rrpe,D;JIOmHJI caM OTrrpaBHTLCH K Tropro, no KOpOJIb
OTrOBOpllJI ero OT :3TOro: «Kor,n;a ORB: p mHJIB: Mem,n;y ,c06oii 06,&-
JlBHTL aaBTpa 06 ,OTCTaBRe Tropl'o, Moperra CKa'SaJI: H IIon,n;y K HeMY,
'1To6LI 6:bITL CHUM, Kor,n;a H YSHaeT 0 pemeHHH 'CBoeii cy,n;L6b1
IIPHJ10JRElT1fR
535
(KOrJJ;a on nOJIYlJIIT Barne nnCLMO), ne h H BcerAa ObIJI CBH3aH C
nn J. - lleT,- OTlleTMJI 1\0pOJIb, - B 3TO f neT IIeo6xo,n.H 10CTH. K
1 O fY 11\0 lIe clIHTaJiTe ero B "IIICJle llallIIIX ; PY30Ho Y l\leIIH CCTh nOl\a-
a8TCJIbCTOa oopaTIIOrO».
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nIfCL le, 0 I\OTOpOM H rOBOpHJI...» 1
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MeeTCH, ne B caMOH OTCTaBRe, YiI\e TBep,n;o pemeHlloii, no B meCTO-
KOCTH ee IIpOBe eHHH?
ROHetIHO, MOiKHO npe,n;nOJIOmHTb, "'ITO ROpOJIb 6blJI pa3,n;pan\en
nacToiitIHBOCTbIO, C l\aHOH Tlopro ,n;06HBaJICH a y,n;HeHIJ;HH. 8TO 06'b-
fICHenne HMeeT TO IIpeHMYID;eCTBO, "lITO COBna,n;aeT C naMeHOM n IIO-
CJIe,n;Hel\f nnCbMe TIopro (OT 18 IaH), HO naM OHO KameTCH rrCHXO-
JIOrH"'IeCRII HaTHHYTbIM. Tal\oii CJIyq jf Mor pa3,n;oca,n;oBaTb ROpOJIH,
HO He YMaJIHTb B Hel\I 'tfYBCTno ynan\enJIH.
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npeCJIOBYTblH anH30 C no,n;,n;eJIbHbIM nHCbMOl\I, HI\OObl nepeXBa"'IeH-
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BaTh paHbme 6blJIO 6bl ,n;JIH nero pHcHoBaHHo.
AooaT ,n;e BepH YCJIblmaJI paCCKa3 06 3TOl\f IIepeXBa"'IeHHOM IIHCb-
Me 10 OHTgOPH 1783 r., 3HatIHTeJIbHO n03iI\C rrpOHcme,n;mHX COObl-
THi, II a'Ta Bep'CHH rrpe,n;CTaBJIHeTCH HaM ropa3,D;0 OOJIee IIpaB,IJ;OIIO-
OOHO:ii, lIeM neOOblRHOBeHHaH HCTOpHH, paCCHa3aHHaH )J:roIIOHOM.
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K TOMY me OH Mor BIIOJIHe 6blTb nO JIHHHbIM. STOT ,n;pyr HROObl
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KaKIIM BbI ero OIIHCaJIH»2.
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pemHJI OTCTaBHTb CBoero MHHHCTpa.
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oaIOT 06bJlIHO TOJIbRO 9IIII30,n;HlIeCRHe nOCJIe,n;CTBHH. HH3Roe, MeJI-
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TOJIbRO 'tfTO oocYiR)J;aJIH. OHa nOCTaBJIeHa B caMOM nHCbMe Tropro
OT 18 MaH.
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ony6JIH:KOBaHHOro TeKCTa.
2 PYKonHcHbIH AHeBHHK e BepH.
536
nPHJ10JREHHE
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BMteHHO: 0 «npeAnpBJHJlTOM MHOH AeMapme, KOTOpLI:U:, KameTCJI,
BLIaBaJI Barne neAOBOJILCTBO...» .
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npeAnpHBJlTOM Tropro nep'eA OpOJIeM no nOBoAY OToaBaHIIH rpaqJa
e rllHa. TaKoe T,OJIKOBaHHe KameTCJI HaM COBepmeHHO nenplIeM-
JIeMLIM. BeAL 3TO 6LIJIO cAeJiaBJo e e B JlHBape. A aHa"lHTeJILHO
noame, BO BpeMJI KOpOJI.eBCKoro aa'ceAaHIIJI napJIaMeHTa, KOpOJIL AaJI
TIOpro caMLIe y6e,t(HTeJILHLIe AOKaaaTeJILCTBa CBoero AOBepIIJI.
IIo3ToMY MLI C"IIITaeM 60JIee BepOllTHLIM, 'lITO perqL lIAeT 0 AeMap-
me, CAeJIaHHOM aHa"l1tTeJILHO noame H CBHaaHHOM c ero llIICLMaMII,
o KOTOpLIX OK rOBoplIT B CJIeAYIOIqeii cPpaae, III, aHa"lHT, CBJlaaHHOM
C HaaHaqeHHeM npeeMHIIKa MaJiLaep6a. A 6LIT:b MomeT, Tropro
lIMeeT B BHAY npOCTO CBOIO nOnLPrKY npOHHRHYTL K KOpOJIIO B llJlT-
Y 10 MaJl. BLIpameHHe «KOTOPLIH, Ka,.:KeTCJI, BLIaBaJi Bame HeAO-
BOJILCTBO» MomeT 'CBlIAeTeJILCTBOBaTL JIlImL 0 paaApameHInI, C Ka-
KIIM KOpOJI:b OTKaaaJICJI ero npIIHJlTL.
E e 60JIee BepOJl1fHO, "ITO Tropro, nOTpJlCeHHLIH CYXOCTLIO II
q,OPMOH cBoei OTC'TaBKII, pemlIJI, "ITO IIMeHHO 3TOT «AeMapm», Ka-
Km.{ 6LI OR HH 6LIJI, BLIaBaJI BapLIB KOpOJIeBC:Goro He,I:tOBOJIWTBa,
HCTHHHOH nplIqllHLt KOToporo, COrJIaCHO HameH rHnOTeae, OH He DO-
AOapeBaJI.
nPH J10mEHlfE
537
06 e BSrJIH,IQJI
Tropro
Ha HUe ] II A ID IO
nOJIHTBRY
a>p
R CqaCT:bIO, MLI 3HaeM IIX 113 01leHL nOJIHOrO AOKYMeHTa, HanH-
caHHODO TIOpro KalK paa B aTO IBIpeMH (no CJIOBaM AIOnOHa, OK'OJIO
6 arrpeJIH) no IIOBOAY MeMyapa, COCTaBJIeHHoro BepmeHHoM B OTBe1'
Ha 3anpoc McnaHI:'fII, meJIaBmeH 3HaTL, KaKOBLI B'3rJIHALI «ppaH Y3.
CKoro npaBHTeJILCTBa Ha BLInOJIHeHlIe o6HaaTeJI CTB no «ceMeiHO"
MY naKTY», B CJIyqae eCJIH McnaHIIH IIJIII IIopTyraJIHH OKamYT'CH B
COCTOHHHII BORHLI 1.
Tropro, HaK B'cerAa, npOHBIIJI B aToH pa60Te CBOro CKJIOHHOCTL E'
npoCTpaHHLIM H BcecTopoHHIIM paccymAeHHHM. IIo cBoeH KOMn031I.
H'H, a TaKme B CIIJlY nOpOAIIBnnIX aTOT TeKCT 06CTOHTeJILCTB, H€
Tpe60BaBmHX HeMeAJIeHHLIX npaKTlf1IeCKHX Mep, OH HanlIcaH CKO-
pee TIOpro-yqeHLIM, 1IeM Tropro-MHHII'CTpOM. B HeM IIMeroTcH AJIIIH-
HLIe TeOpeTHqeCKHe paccymAe'HHH, KOTopLIe He )'iC'TapeJIH 11 B HamB
HH, HO, HaBepHO, Ka3aJIIICL CJIHmKOM OTBJIeqeHHLIMII B TY anoxy.
OCHOBHLIe IIAeH aTOH pa60TLI, BLIpameHHLIe 1Ia'CTO y6eAIITeJILHO
H C 60JILmOH CIIJIOH, CBH3aHLI HenocpeAcTBeHHO c paHHHMH npOH3-
B'eAeHHHMH Tropro.
OH pa3BHBaeT 11 HLIHe aKTyaJILHYro TeMY 0 He1l36emHOii He'3a-
BHCHMOCTH KOJIOHIIH H AaeT ypOK nOJIHTlf1IeCI{OH MYAPOCTH, COCTOH-
m;eii B YMeHHII «npeABIIAeTL HaCTOHm;ee»: (( Myapou U CllaCTJtU80U
6yoeT CTpana, 11,OTOpafl nep80U CYMeeT nOOllunUTb C8010 nOJtUTU11,Y
n08bZM 06CTOflTeJtbCT8aM U C08JtaCUTCfl 8uoeTb 8 C80UX 11,OAOnURX
t npHBO HTCH B: S C hell e t t. V, p. 384-420.
35 3. cI>op
538
nPHJlOiREHHE
JtUlUb C()1Oa1-tbZe npoeU1-ttfuu, a 1-te ae.MJtu, nOOe.ltaCT1-tbZe MeTpono-
/tUU»l.
HeaaBHCHMOCTL KonOHHii He TOJILKO HeHa6em l Ha, HO OHa He cy-
JJ;1rI .H Tex HenpIIHTHOCTeH, HaKHe eH npBnIICDIBaIOT. Tropro CTapa-
u u
eTCH ;r(OKaaaTL B COOTBeTCTBIIH C TeOp1leH, HaaLIBaeMOII HDIHe «car-
tieriste», "ITO pacxo I, 'CBHaaHHLIe C KOJIOHHaJILHOH clIcTeMoH, npe-
BLImalOT np1fHOCHMLIe eID ;r(OXO;r(DI.
C KOMMep"leCKOH TO"lKH ap'eRllIH KOJIOHHII aIOT MeTpOnOJIHD
JIHmL o"lem He6onLXIIYIO BLIro;r(Y, OrpaHlAeHnyIO "Ia'CTLIO IIpH6LIJIH t
nOJIyqaeMoH naD;HOHaJILHOH 8KOHOMIIKOH Ha ITepeBOaKa (K TOMY me-
MLI 'caMH OnJIa"lHBaeM npo yRTbI, ROTopDIe nOKynaeM 1IJrH IIoKyrra-
lOT 1IHO'CTpaHD;DI, H B 060HX CJIyqaHx IIpOHCX'O,IOIT TonLKO 'IIepeMem;e-
De '60raTCTB R BDIrO;r(e KOMMepcaHTOB, HO He coa;r(aeTCH HOBOH CTOII-
MQlCTH) .
C JilHaHCOBOH TO"lKH apemrH BaHMa'eMLIe HaJIOrH H IIOmJIHHLI
n;eJIHKOM YXO HT Ha 06e'crrelIeHlle IIopH;r(Ka II a;r(MHHIroTpaD;BIO.
HaKoHeD;, 'C BoeHHOH TOlIKH apeHHH KOJIOHHH MorYT 6DITL no-
neaHLI, nlImL Kor;r(a pelIL lI)];eT 0 TeppHTOpIIHX, HMeIOIIJ;HX onpefJ:e-
neHHoe CTpaT'erlA'eCK'Oe nOJIome1me (6aaLI), TO elCTL pacnOJIomen-
HbIX B6JIHa,H BoaMomHoro IIpOTIIBHIIKa.
«ECJIII COClIHTaTL, ClKOJIbKO TpaTHTCH Ram LIH ro IHa 0'6'Opouy
II a HHII'CTpaD;lIro KOJIOHHH fJ:ame B MHpHOe BpeMH 11 e'CJIII IIpH6a-
BHTL R aTOMY KOJI'OOCaJILHLIe paCXO,IQ>I, KaK'He OHH Tpe.6YIOT B rOfJ:Ll
BOHHbI, TO CJIe;r(yeT aa YMaTL'CH, He 6y eT JIll BLlrO)];He'e ;r(JIH Hac
OTRa3aTLCH OT H1IX H npeooCTaeUTb UN, noJtUY1O ueaaeUCUMOCTb,
oa3ICe ue {Jo3lCuoaRCb Toeo MOMeUTa, noeoa C06bZTUR aaCTaS(lT uac-
npUURTb Ta-noe peme1-tue».
8TO 06 ee co06pameHH'e 6LIJIO BLIICKaaaHO He TOJILKO no nOBO)];Y
TpIIHa;r(D;aTH aHrnHHCKHX KOJIOHHH B AMep'HKe, XOTH pe'tlL mJIa HM:eH-
HO 0 HHX. HenLaH C"IHTaTL 60JILmOH aaCJIyroH TlOpro, lITO OK T,enep:o.
npe;r(BB eJI 'HCXO;r( aToro ;r(ena, Be;r(L OR np'e BH,n;eJI ero le e Tpll;r(n;aT,D-
JIeT Ha3a;r(, 'aa;r(OJIro O paaBHTHH 006LITIIH.
Ho 9TH Ico06pameHHH TIOpro OTHOCHJIHCL 11 K <l>paHD;HII. OR ;r(0-
Ka3LIBaJI, "ITO ,IJ;JIH <l>paHD;IIH HeT HIIKaKOH BDIrOADI coxpaHJlTL ROJIO-
HIIH, IIpOBaBO H lIe caxap, TaK KaK OHa BO BCHKOM: CJIyqae 6YfJ:er
BDIHym eRa IIpe;r(O'CTaBHTL 11M IIOJIHYro cB060fJ:Y TOprOBJIH.
8TH co06pameHHH OTHOCIIJIIICL II KO BCeM: eBpone:icKIIM CTpa-
HaM: «BOT K "IeMY paRO HJIH IIOa)];HO IIPHfJ:YT Bce eBpOne:HCKlle cTpa-
RbI, HM'eIO He KOJIOHIIII, 6Y)];L TO ;r(06pOBOJILHO HJIH IIOHeBOJIe». He-
aaBHCIIMOCTL aMeplIKaHCKIIX KOJIOHHH JIlImL YCKOp1lT aTO ;r(B1ImemIe.
II HaKORen;, COBeT 3TOT oc06eHHO n;'eneH ;r(JIH IIcnaHHII. IIoqeMY
6LI eH He Ha"laTL IIepBOH! «BLIJIO 6:bI B B:bICmeH CTeneHH ;r(OICTOHHO'
Myt;r(pOCTH BcnanCKoro KOpOJIH Hero COB'eTa HeMe;r(JIeHHO cocpe;r(OTO-
tIHTL CBoe BHIIMaHlIe Ha B03MomHOCTH TaKoro YCKopeHHO O OT;r(eJIe-
1 BLI eJIeHO B TeKCTe.
nPHJ10HiEHHE
539
HJiIJI H Ha MepaX, KOTOpLIe CJIeAyeT npHHJlTL, lIT06LI K HeMY nOAro-
70BHTLClI» .
II Tropro B CaMLIX 1IpKHX BDIpameHIIHX paaBJiIBaeT HAero npeBpa-
eHHlI ROJIOHHaJILHDIX ya B yaDI cOAPymecTBa:
«3aMemITL enH npemHerO nopa60II(emIH aMepllKaHCKHX npo-
IBHHIJ;HH npHHIJ;HnaMH 6paTCKOrO 'co pymecTBa, OCHOBaHHOrO Ha
.eAIIHCTBe npollCxOmAeHHH, HaDIRa, HpaBOB, OT'CYTCTBRH npOTHBOnO-
JIOmHOCTH HHTepeCOB».
(( H aoo CYMeTb npeO/tOJ/CUTb c806ooy -nan oap, He ,I];OmH,ItaHCL,
rKorAa y Hac BDIpBYT CHJIOH JIarCTL, KOTOPYro MLI yme He CMomeM
y,n;epmaTL» .
HaM KameTcH, "ITO MLI OHOBa BHAHM 6JI'e'CTJI erO TlOpro BpeMeB
-ero nOJIHT1PIeCROH q,u:n:OCOq,'HH, TeopeTHKa «Pa,cnpe,n;eJIeHHH 60-
raTCTB». Ho HaM TpYAHee BlI eTL B HeM rocy apcTBeHHoro ,n;eJlTeJIH.
tHeymeJrH TlOpro Bcephea npeAJIaraJI HeMe,n;JIeHHO npe,n;OCTaBHTL
.neaaBII'ClIMOCTL KOJIOmIJIM, npOHaBOAHBmllM caxap? H Mor JIll OB
AYMaTL, lITO HcnaHHH nOCJIe yeT ero paaYMHOMY COBeTY, Kor,n;a OHa
TO H ,n;eJIO BOJIHOBaJia B'eICL MHp CBOHMII pa'cnpHMH c ITopTyraJIHeii
H3-aa HeCROJILRHX nOJIOCOK aeMmI B IOmHOH AMepHKe?
B paaAeJIe CBoero MeMyapa, Henocpep;CTBeHHO RaCaIOIr(eMCJI
BonpOlca, 0 ROTOpOM aanpamHB1an:a IIcnaHHH, Tropro CHOBa npeAa-
eTCH a6CTpaRTHLIM pa'ccym eH'HHM. TaR, OK rOBopHT, II He 6e ' a OCHO-
BaItHH, "ITO B ,n;aJILHeiim'eM paaBHTHH aHrJIo-aM9pHRa:rroROI'O ROK-
.tPJIHKTa caMDIM BLIroAHLIM AJIH <DpaH HH '6LIJIO 6DI, eCJIH «AHrJIHH
CJIOMIIT cOnpOTHBJIeHHe ICBoeH KOJIOHHH», TaR KaK 'TorAa rrOCJIeAHHJI
'6y eT paaopeHa H AHrJrHH npH eTCJI nOCTOHHHO AepmaTL TaM -qaCTL
CBOHX BOHeK - AJIH ee coxpaHe'HHlI. OAHaKO OR He AOBQI HT JAO Jlorn-
'qeocRoro ROH a CBoe paccymAeHHe, a HMeHHO "ITO <DpaH 1IH CJIe o-
BaJIO 6LI cOAeHcTBoBaTL TaRoMY aaBepmeHHIO C06DITHH. HanpoTHB,
,on paTyeT aa KocBeHHYIO nOAAepmRY nOBcTaH eB.
BOT KpaTKoe H3JIOmeHlle npaKTH1Ie'CKHX aaRJIIO"IeHHH Tropro:
1. He AOBepJITL H'cnaHHII, ROTOpall MOiKeT B'TJIHYTL Hac B Boii-
'BY. He AOBepHTL TaKme AHnn:OMaTaM 3TOH CTpaHDI, aBmHM MHoro
npIIMepOB HecKpoMHOH 60JITOBHH. ITO-BH,n:HMOMY, B MaAPH e 6LIJIO
neMaJIO «rHHOB».
2. Ha6eraTL YTBepmAeHHH pa'CXOAOB, 6eCnOJIeaHDIX AJIH 060po-
HLI HamHX OCTpOBOB, HO HeaaMeTHO YKpenJIHTL Hamil BoeHHO-MOP-
ICRne CHJILI.
3. HaKoHen;, B CJIyqae BoaMomHoro RO Hq,JIHKTa , CHMYJIIlpOBaTL
t1Io,n;rOTOBKY Mop:CKoro Ae'caHTa, a Ha caMOM AeJIe cocpe,n:OTO"lIlTL
.-cBOH CHJILI B HamHX c0'6cTBeHHLIx KOJIOBHHX HJlI:I B HHAHH.
ECJIII Bepl:lTL ):(ronoHY, MeMyap TIOpl'O «npOllaBeJl nOTpHcaIOJI(ee
'Brre"laTJI'eIDIe Ha ROPOJlH». OR TaR palCXBaJIHBaJI ero, "ITO BLraBaJl
.3aBH'CTL APyrHx MHHHCTpOB K reHepaJlLHOMY ROHTpOJIepy.
KaRHM OLI CIIJILHLIM HII 6LIJrO Bne"laTJIeHH'e ROpOJIJI, OHO He no-
MemaJIO eMY -qepe3 HeCKOJILKO HeH rrpllHHTL pemeHHe 06 OT'C'TaBKe
CTOJIL YBamaeMoro MHHHcTpa.
35*
EH6JIH 0 rpa<pHSI
542
BHBJlHOrPAq>HJ1.
OB:II(HE P ABOTbI,
rrOCBH:II(EHHbIE KOHQY CTAPOrO IIOPHAKA
Car r e H. La France sur Louis XV. Paris, 1891.
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Go m e I Ch. Les Causes financieres de la Revolution fran aise. Deux volu-
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1mb e r t deS a i n t - A man d A. L. Les dernieres annees de Louis XV.
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K ape e B H. 11. KpeCTL1IHe II RpecTLHHcRIIH Bonpoc BO <I>paHl'(UII B no-
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544
BHBJIHOrPA<J>HR
BHOrPAcDMQECRHE PABOTbI
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Ia periode 1774-1775. T. V: Turgot ministre; ses dernieres annees et ses
ecrits de la periode 1775-1781. Index general.]
06Ufue uccAea08anUJl, 0 T1Opeo
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'BHBJlHOrPAC>HR
545
-
F 0 n c i n E. Essai sur Ie ministere de Tur t. Paris, 1877.
Say L. Turgot. Paris, 1887.
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EeMep, IOBeJIIIp MapIIII AnTyaneTTbJ
341
EepaJl ABoRaT B OBIIJlJlape, 6MH
BMCJlaH 3a He6JIaroBH}J;nMe peqm
130 .
Bepro ,IJ;eHH, OTBeqaJI 3a TeXHIIlIe-
CRoe yrrpaBJIenHe rOCYl1.apCTBen-
HLIMH rrOQTOBbIMII nepeB03RaMII
364
Eepro iI\aH BaTHcT, PYKOBO)];HTeJIh
rocYl1. a pCTBenHoro ynpaBJIeHHH
rrpO:H3BO)];CTBOM nopoxa 11 CeJlHT-
pbI 126
BepHap, renepaJIbHbIH IIHcneKTop
nOlIT rrpyccRoro ROpOJIH 364, 365.
BepBH <PpaHcya I10axIIM ;n;e IIhep7'
I\ap)];IIBaJI ;n;e, rroaT, rrocoJi cDpaH-
IJ;UlI B BeHen;IIII H PHMe 36
EepBhe, a66a'1', rrceB;n;OBIIM 6apoBa
fOJIh6axa. «!\apMaBHoe 6orocJlo-
Bue» 6LIJlO BrrcpBLle orry6J1III{OBa-
no B 1768 r. 452
BepTeR AHPH, reHepaJlbBbIH ROH-
TpOJlep <pHnaHcoB B 1759 r. I10cJIe
OTCTaBKlI repn;ora }J;'8rIIHoHa B
1774 r. BpeMeHno HCnOJlHHJI 06H-
3aHHOCTII MHHIIcTpa HHocTpan-
HbIX }J;eJI 30, 55, 56, 84, 121, 122.
129, 130, 226, 243, 365, 388, 457 y
458, 501, 519, 52 523
BepTo maH, a}J;MIIHHCTpaTOp yrrpaB-
JIeHHH }J;OMeHaMH 113
BepThe Ae COBHHhH JIYH BeHHnb,
IIBTeB aBT IIapumcKoro reBe-
paJIhCTBa, ObIJI YOHT 22 HIOJlH
1789 r. 91, 124, 423
BepThe Ae COBHHbH JIYH iRan, OTen
npe)];bI;n;ym;ero,- nepBbIH npe3II-
}J;eHT napJIaMeHTa Morry B 1771 r..
91
BeTMau, KOHCYJl B Bop;n;o 251
BIIro )];e CeHT-Rpya, npe3H;n;eHT na-
JlaTbI npomenHH PyancRoro rrap-
JIaMeBTa, aBTOp «Essai sur lar
liberte du commerce et de l'in-
dustrie», YMep B B03paCTe 30 JIeT
436, 440, 441, 443, 444, 449
BIIOJlJI9 JI., IICTOpHI<, nHCaJi 0 «rraR-
Te rOJIOAOBKH» 237, 425
BHPOH, MapmaJI Ae, ROMaH;n;OBa.n
BOHcKaMH, ROTOpbIM ObIJlO ;n;OBe-
peno nO)];aBJleHHe MaHcRIIx BOJlne..
HHH 1775 r. 152, 273, 277, 279t-
282-284, 335
YRA ATEJlb HMEH
\
BneaOH, HaJIOrOBLIH npORYpOP B
BUJILMOM6JIe, PYROBO)];UTeJIL rpyn-
nLl MHTeiKHliIROB 299, 314
BJIo, a66aT, KIOpe OH;n;eBHJlLe-aU-
Bpu, aaMemaHHLIH B Man:cRHx
BOJIHeHHHX 1775 r. 312
BJlOH}J;, a}J;BORaT, aBTop naCKBHnH,
HanpaBJlenHOrO npOTUB ;n;e BaHa
H TIOpro 377
pJIOHp;eJIL, npep;cTaBHTeJIL <PpaB uB
B AHrJIHH, CLIH npHHTeJILHHD;LI
TIOpro 357, 401
BJlOH)];eJIL, r-ma, MaTL npep;yP;ym;e-
ro, )];OlIL renepaJlLHOrO C60pm;HRa
HaJIOrOB B CyaccoHe 99-101, 401,
474, 515, 524, 526, 528
BOBe, RnHrHHH p;e 86
BOBO, RanHTaH rBap}J;UH ROpOJIH 271,
272
Bo)];o HURoJla, a66aT, CHalIaJIa npo-
THBHHR, a aaTeM CTOpOHHHK )];OR-
TPHHLI ReHe, PYROBOP;HJI mypHa-
310M «8<peMepH)];bI» 50, 87, 88, 91,
97, H8, 101, 105, 106, 192, 227, 260,
281, 316, 369, 430, 469, 470, 473,
489
Bop;yaH }J;e reMa}J;eR, )];ORJIa)];QHK B
rOCY}J;apCTBeHHOM COBeTe 99
BOMapme IILep OrIOcT RapoH )];e
65, 102, 34 376, 449, 482
BOMOH, ROMliIccap 319
BOH, a66aT, HaCTaBHHK )];eTeii rep-
IJ;ora IIIOJIbna 40
BOHHOJIb AHTyaH, BeTeplilHap, aBTOp
pa60TbI no 3IIlf300TliIliI 129
BOHcep<p IILep <PpaHcya, lIIlHOBHliIR
reHepaJILHOrO ROHTpOJIH, aBTOp
6pomIOpLI «0 Heyp;o6cTBax <peo
}J;aJlLHLIX npaB» 18, 453, 454, 494,
501
Bop rIOCTaB, HCTOpHR, aanHMaJICR
«naRTOM rOJIOp;OBRH» 422, 425
Bopp;Le, i-RHTeJIb PyaHa, saMemau-
HLIH B MaHcRliIx BOJIHeHliIHX 1775 f.
315
Bocc8n P;IO BHRLOR, ROpOJIeBCRHB
HOTapHYC B JIa Croae 211, 216
Bocero illapJIb, a66aT, MaTeMaTHR,
"[{JIon Auap;eMliIII HaYR 93, 109, 110
BocTap, "[{JIeH <pHHaHcoBoro cOBeTa,
Boar.rraBJIHeMOrO Mopena, IIOCJIe
rrap;eHIlH TIOpro 523
BpeTen: JIYlil OrIOcT, 6apoH p;e, BLI-
nOJlHHJI ceRpeTHLle JJ;HIIJlOM8 TIllie..
CRHe nopYlIeHIlH JIIOp;oBHRa XV
45, 46, 54, 400
SPHOHH, rpa«J>HHH p;e, ypomp;eHHaH
PoraH-Pom op 263
BpOJILH ll1ap b <Ppancya, rpa<p
36 9. <I>op
553:
)];e, MJIap;mHH 6paT MapmaJIa
400
Bporue p;e CeH-IIpe, HHTeH}J;aHT TOp-
rOBJIliI, aaHHMaJICH npOp;OBOJILCT"
BeHHLIM cHa6menlileM npu: Teppa'
83, 90, 230, 237
Bpoa, HallaJIbHHR OTp;eJIeHHH )];eIIem
RanIJ;eJlflplIll renepaJIbHOrO ROH-
TpOJlepa 83, 87
Bya6ep;eH, cy6}J;eJIeraT B JIliIMome
257
ByameJIeH p;e Rloce, apxHenHCROJ1i
8RCRHH 357, 506
Byaj-KeJIeH, rpa<pIlHH p;e, iReHa <ppaH-
yacRoro npe}J;CTaBHTeJlH B IIap-
MO 351
Byafte, HHTeHp;aHT <ppaHD;yacRoro
rrOCJIa B AHrJlHH p;e rIIna 346
BY8H Bypmya p;e, MOPCI{OH MHHliICTp
p;o Tlopro 30, 48-50, 78, 144, 203
ByaccH p;' AHrJla <DpaHcya AHTyaH,
6yp;ym;IlH "[{JIeH ROHBeHTa, 6uo-
rpa<p MSJIbaep6a 355
ByaTo, aBTOp RnHrlil «<PpauD;Y3cKoe
rocyp;apcTBO B 1789 ro» 170
BYRapeJIb, ceRpeTapL reHepanbuoro
I{OHTpOJIepa RJIIOHLH 511
BYJIa p;e I-\aHcH, p;ORJIap;lIUR B rocy-
p;apCTBeHHOM COBeTe, Konnera
TIOpro 83
BYJIa p;e Mapeu, TOBapHm; npoRYPo-
pa B BLIcmeM nop;aTHOM cyp;e 466
BYJIOHL, OP;HH Ha meCTliI HHTenp;au-
TOB <pHHaHCOB, nOp;lIHHennLIX re-
HepaJlbHoMY ROHTpOJIepy 82, 84,.
88
Byp60H, Ma)];eMyaaeJIL e, cynepuu-
Tenp;anT (MHHHCTp) )];BOpa KOpO-
JleBLI MapHH JIem;HucROH 397
Byp6YJIOH, Ra3nalIeH rpa<p HHH
)];'ApTya 396
Hype, reBepaJlLHLIH oTRynm;HR 188
BypeTT, ypomp;eHnaH TopKe6Lo, aa-
Memana B MaHCKHX BOJIHeHUnX
1775 r. 313
BypmeJIa, BeTepHnap 130
Bypmya, KHHroToproBeD; 376, 377
BYTeH, nOJIHD;ei1:cKHH o<pHu;ep, mepT-
Ba napop;rroH MaHH<pecTaD;HlI'
26 aBrYCTa 1774 r. 151
BYTaH, OP;HH H3 meCTH HHTeHp;aB-
TOB <pHH8Hcon, IIO lfiIeHHbIX re-
nepaJIbHoMY RonTpoJlepy 88, 89
BIO <pOH fPlOpiR JIYH JIeKJIepR, rpa«p
p;e 109, 356, 444
BaJIYIRYP, MHTeiHHHR 152
BaJIbpOm, oTHynm;HR 312, 376
Ban-,[(eiiK AHTyaB, xY)];OmHHK 501
554
Baccep, xne50ToprOBel'( 113 rpaB-
BHJIhe 318
Be6ep, ChIn KOpMHJlH bI MapnH AH-
TyaneTTDI, aBTOp MeMyapoB 307,
309
BeJIepc, HCTOpHK 436
BeHcppe, JIeHTenaHT maH,n;apMepHH
300
Bep;a;eH, reBepaJIhHhlH oTKyn HR
194
BepiKenH illapJIL rpaBhe, rpacp e,
MIIBHCTp HHocTpaHHLIx ;n;en 45-
47, 49, 54, 61, 64, 67, 150, 151, 153,
160, 183, 185, 221, 342, 347, 402,
416, 417, 426, 427, 457, 474, 478,
479, 481-484, 486-488, 517, 519,
537
Bepll iR03ecp AJlh<pOHC, a66a T }J;e,
J];pyr Tropro, YllHJICH BMeCTe C
HHM B Cop6oHHe 21, 23, 26-28,
30, 32, 36, 38, 40, 41, 43, 46, 49,
52-54, 56, 59-61, 63, 64, 67, 71,
73, 75, 78, 80, 95, 100, 101, 117,
121, 131, 141, 1150, 153, 154, 156,
159, 163, 164, 166, 174-176, 180,
183, 184, 1186, 187, 189-191, 195,
197 - 200, 205, 206, 226, 227, 233-
235, 255, 265, 272-274, 276-279,
282, 285-287, 306, 310, 316, 318,
336, 338-340, 350, 351, 353, 355,
357-361, 363, 368, 369, 375, 378,
394, 395, 398, 401-403, 410, 413,
416, 417, 441, 446, 448, 453, 457,
464, 469, 471, 475, 476, 478-488,
490, 491, 495, 496, 501, 503-505,
507, 508, 510, 515, 516, 521, 523,
525, 534, 535
BepMoH, a66aT J];e, «cepoe npeocBH-
m;eHCTBO» MapHH AHTyaHeTTLI, ee
BaCTaBHIIR 53-57, 180, 198, 204,
344, 355, 358, 361, 362, 397, 486-
488, 518, 519, 521
Bn:6pa, MapKH3 }J;e 454, 494
Bnrpe, 3RonOMIICT 71
BHK p;e JI'HJlb m. B., npe noJIarae...
MhlH aBTOp «TroproTHHCKoro npo-
pOqeCTBa» 473
BHKR-J];' A3Hp, Bpall 129
BXU{TOPHH, MaJ];aM, J];Oqb JIroJ];o-
BHKa XV 29, 35, 36, 42, 197, 204,
395
BUJIbe, UaqaJIhHHK oTJ];eJleHHH re-
HepaJlbHOrO I{OHTpOJlH 83, 87
BTeI.J1he J];ro Teppam, 6paT npe;n;hIAY-
m;ero, ero nOMoID;HHK 87
BIIJIhpya, repn;or }J;e, ry6epHaTop
rrpoBHH HII JIHOHB3 512
BnprHJIHB: (BeprHJIIIB:), 3HaMeHH-
TLIB: pHMCKHH n03T 526
YKA8ATEJIb HflEH
BBPH, rpacp ;n;e, cppanl'(yacRUB: IIOCOJ1
B llbeMoHTe 397
BHpJIeBO, OJ];HH H3 nHTH HHTen aH-
TOB TOprOBJIH, nO qBHeBHLIX re-
nepaJIbHoMY KOHTpOJIepy 83, 90
Bo, rpacp }J;e, KOMaH}J;OBaJI 'BoHcRa-
MH, rroj];aBJIHBIDHMU B Mae 1775 r.
BOJIHeHHH Ha HBiKHeH CeBe 284 ,
400 -
Borroa, MapKH3 }J;e, BHYK Mamo 37
BorIOa, a66aT }J;e, HHHD;HaTop C03LI-
Ba accaM6JIeH ;n;YXOBeHCTBa 393
BOJlbTep <1>paHcya MapH ApY3 9-
\12, 15, 16, 47, 49, 50, 101, 142, 191,
215, 228, 255, 260, 289, 306, 310
313, 366, 381-384, 389, 395, 404,
446, 448, 451, 453, 454, 462, 468,
471, 473, 518
Ban maH ;n;e, ynpaBJIHroDJ;UB: J];OMe-
HaMH B JIHMome, nepBbIH nOMODJ;-
HHK Tropro B MHHHcTepcTBe Q>u-
BaHCOB 11, 84-86, 95, 133, 186,
37 1 5-377, 382, 448, 452, 454, 471,
510, 511
raiiap M., HCTOpUR 357
raJleH, 3BaMeHHThIH Bpa'tJ: aHTlIq-
HOCTH 378
raJIHaHH <I>ep}J;HHan}J;o, HTaJIhHH-
CRHH 6ypmya3HLIH 3KOHOMUCT H
cpHJIOCO<p 5, 110, 97, 171, 216, 218,
221, 244, 307, 426, 487
reMeHe MapHH JIYU3a ,n;e JIa Typ-
'OBepHh, npHHn;ecca }J;e Po ran,
meHa npHHl'(a;n;e POraH-reMeHe
485, 486, 518
reHpUX III, KOpOJIb <I>paHl'(BH 462,
507
reHpHX IV, KOpOJIb <l>paHD;HH 205,
228, 336, 383, 454, 464, 530
rHHO, npeBO BIIJIhMOM6JIH 299
rHHOM, CM. Ma.}Ib3ep6
ru6ep HnnOJIHT, rpacp J];e, BoeHHhIH
TaKTHI\ II J];paMaTypr 396, 474
rHH A;n;pHaH JIYH J];e BOBnhep, rpa.p,
3aTeM repD;or J];e, nOCOJI <l>paHD;HH
B BepJIHHe, a 3a TeM B JIOHp;oHe
341, 342, 345-348, 351, 361, 368,
477-486, 506, 515-518, 520-522,
527, 534, 536
rJIaHhep PHma]) p;e, aBTOp «nJIana
3ROHOMIiIqeCROrO HaJloro06J1ome-
HHH IiI yrrpaBJIeHUH cpHHaHcaMH»
104-107
fJIIOR RpHCTOcp, HeMen;KHH ROMno-
3IiITOp 205
rOJIJIh illapJlh p;e 12, 13, 18, 19, 46,
200, 530
YRA3ATEJIb HMEH
555
rOMeJlL m., IICTOpHR 308
rOpa H <PJIaKR, KBHBT, pHMCKHH
noaT 527
rOTLe lOr, Bpall KOpOJIH 93
rpaJIeU, COBeTBHK ITapHmcRoro nap..
naMeBTa BO BpeMeBa a>pOB LI 142
rpaB));, aMCTep));aMCRIIH 6auKHp 417
rpaumaB p;e <I>ymH, BenpeMeuuLIB
ceKpeTapL AKa));eMHH BaYR 109
rpHMO e JIa PeBLep, reHepaJILULIB
oTKyn HR 188
rYPHe BeBcaH Ae, «pH3HoKparr 436
rYCTaB III, ROpOJIL mBe HH 183,
449, 471
]];aBH}J; JIopau, <pHuaBcHcT, no nH-
caJI p;orOBOp, 3aKJlrolleBBLIH a66a-
TOM Teppa 1 HBBapH 1774 r. 80,
111, 188, 192
,IJ;' AJIaM6ep iKaB JIepoH, «pHJIOCO«P B
MaTeMaTHK, pa60Tan BMeCTe C
,IJ;HAPo Ba C03 aBlleM «8B HKJIO"
ne));HII)) 8, 101, 109, 376, 382
,Z:(e60Hep, COBeTUHK napJIaMeBTa 154
,IJ;e6pe MHmeJIL, nOJIHTH1JeCKHH ));eH-
TeJlL 200
)J;eKapT PeBe 41
,IJ;eKapT, meB HBa, apeCTOBaUBaH B
CBHSH C BOJIHeUHHMH B BOMoHe
B Mae 1775 r. 313, 319, 324
,IJ;eKeu (Dakin), aBrJIHHCIUIH OHO-
rpa«p Tropro 308, 471
,IJ;eJIaKJ;>ya maB Beucau, a}J;BOKaT It
JIHTepaTop 444, 451, 452, 464, 514
,IJ;eJIaMap HHKOJIa e JIaMap, KOMHC-
cap npH napHiKcKoM cy,n;e maTJIe
22
JJ;eJIapro (,IJ;e JIa Pro), KaneJIJIaB
));OMa npHapeBHH B rapaBcLep-au-
,IJ;pya, 6LIJI saMemaB B MaHcKllx
BOJIUeHHHX 1775 r. 304, 312
.D:eJIenHB ());e JI'SnHB), KaMeH K-
Ka6aTQHR, saMemaBBLIH B BOJIHe..
HHHX 1775 r. 298
,IJ:eJIllJlb, nceB}J;OHHM KJIHKO ));e BJIep-
Barna, CM. aTO HMH
eJIbnem, nepenHC1IHR npH nOCJIe
;o;e rHHe 346
eMoHTHoB, reBepaJI-JleHTeUaBT B
BOMoue 267, 268, 328
,IJ;eIIopT mau AeuH, napHKMaxep,
6LIJI nOBemeu sa YlIaCTHe B BOJI-
HeHHHX BO BpeMH «MytJHOH BOH-
RLI» 293, 294, 324
JJ;epHB maH, YlIaCTHH:K MaHCRHX
BOJIHeUHH 1775 r. 295, 324
)J;epHB Mrnac, BO));OHOC, YlIaCTHIIR
MaiicIUIX BOJIHeHHfI 1775 r. 295,
324
36*
AepOMOH, npOKYpoP 250
AeTym, HatJaJlLHHR OT}J;eJIeUHH re-
UepaJILBOrO ROBTpOJIH «pHHaucoB
83, 86
AH));PO AeHH 85, 447, 449
AoaaaH, Bpa1J, nepBLIH CHB}J;HK Bop-
}J;O 129
,IJ;oBepHL, 68JILH, aBTop }J;ORna));a 0
BOJIHeUHHX B BpH B Mae 1775 f.
302
]];opa MHmeJIL ));e KIo6Lep-ITaJIbMe-
30, JIHTepaTop 152
]];pya p;e CaHTep, Ka3Ha1Jeii rpacpo:-
Blil ));' ApTya 396
,I(YMepK, Op;HB H3 Rynn;OB, 3aHHMaB-
mHXCH ToproBLIMH onepan;HHMH C
XJIe60M 3a ClIeT rocy));apCTBa 230,
231, 233, 234, 236-238, 259, 315
,IJ;yp));au, a66aT, 6LIJI 3aMemaH B
MaBcKHx BOJIHeHliIHX 1775 r. 312
,IJ;roaMeJIL, reUepaJILHLIH HBcneKTOp
apCeHaJIOB 109
,IJ;ro6appH mauua, rpa«pHuH, cpaBo-
pHTRa JIIo oBHKa XV 9, 30-32,
42, 45, 154, 178, 193, 201, 203, 235,
343, 350, 351, 475, 507
,IJ;ro6ya, ap;'LIOTaHT rpa<pa CeB-iKep-
Meua, BaQaJILUHK cTpamll 401
,IJ;ro6ya, a66aT, 6paT npeALIAYm;ero
402
,I(ro6ya, YlIaCTBHR MaHcKHx BOJIBe-
alilB 1775 r. B Meneue 314
,I(ro6ya p;e JI'8CTaH, HCTOpHK 287,
471, 477, 504, 507
,I(ro6ro }J;e JIoumau, BallaJILBHR Rac-
CLI norameHHH }J;OJIrOB 186, 375
.D;roBaJIb ));'SnpeMeHHJIL, COBeTBH:K
IIapHmcKoro napJIaMeBTa 448, 461
}J;ro));e«pau Mapll }J;e BlImH IDaMoop,
MapKH3a 49, 90, 1101, 307, 365, 484,
486
,IJ;IO KpOR }J;e JIa Kyp, ceRpeTapb
,IJ;'AJIaM6epa 376
L(roMOH AJleKCHC, <pHHaHcHcT, no,!];-
nncaJI ));OrOBOp, 3aI\JIro1JeHHI>IH
Teppa 16 HroHH 1772 r. 126
AroMOPTY, a));BORaT 299, 300
,IJ;ro MroH, rpacp p;e, BoeHBLlii MH-
HHCTp 46, 95, 121, 130, 1,50, 155,
160, 194-197, 205, 225, 270, 283,
320, 361, 400, 401, 403, 405, 411
,IJ;roIIJIeKC, liIHTeH,!];aHT HiKoHcRoro
reaepaJILCTBa, B83Ha-.reBBbIii: Trop-
ro 252
,1];roIIOB p;e HeMYP I1bep CaMIOeJlL,
aKOHOMHCT, p;pyr TJopro 15, 69, 74,
91, 92, 96-98, 109, 116, 122, 125,
127, 133, 144, 160, 182, 183, 186,
556
YKA3ATEJIb HMEH
1.87, 189, 193-195, 216, 217, 236,
265, 279, 291, 292, 306, 315, 317,
318, 320, 322, 323, 335-339, 367,
368, 370-374, 379, 382, 389, 391,
410, 411, 416-418, 422, 434, 436,
478, 490-493, 499, 521, 526-528,
535, 537, 539
IOpaH, nO;n;MaCTepbe rrepeIIJIeTlIH-
Ka, 3aMemaHHbIH B MaIICI{HX BOJI-
HeHHHX 1775 r. 275
J];IOnIou, HalIaJlbHliIK OTp;eJIeHHH no
p;eJIaM peHT reHepaJIbHOrO ROHT-
pOJIH q,HHaHcoB 83, 87
J(1O THHe, enHCKon OpaHiRCKHH 454
J];IOTO, ap;BOKaT, aBTOp «Pa3MbImJIe..
HHH 0 MacTepax-nopTHbIX» 452
1];IOcppaH, HOTapHYC, ceRpeTapL na..
naTbI IIapHmcKoro napJIaMeHTa
465
JJ:IOwpeH, HaJIOrOBLIH npoKYpoP 11
nepBbIH 3meBeH B BpH-RoHT-PO-
oepe 300, 301
AlOmeB, MarHCTpaT B BJIya 249, 250
EKaTepHHa II, pOccHHcKaH HMne..
paTpln: a 32
'EJIHSaBeTa, Map;aM, cecTpa JIIOP;OBH-
Ka XVI '197, 200
'iRaBeH, OaJIbH ApmaHTeH 272, 328
'maHTH, KOMMepcaHT B AHmoBe 253
iRapJJ;eH, 6YJIOlIHHR B IIapHme, or..
paOJIeHHbIH BO BpeMH MaHcKHx
BOJIHeHHH 1775 r. 293
"iReHR p;e Bpomo, <pHHaacHcT, aa-
KJIIOlIeHHbIH B BaCTHJIHIO 77
jRepBea ;n;e JIaTym maH illapJIb, JIH"
TepaTop 289, 477 ·
"iKepoHT, repoH ROMep;HH MOJIbepa
«IIpop;eJIKH CKaneHa» 487
iKHBpaK, r-ma p;e 404
iRHpap, aBTOp HCCJIe)J;OBaHHH, no-
CBH eHHoro a66aTY Teppa 235
iKHpap )J;e MemaH, reHepaJIbHbIii
OTKyn HK 377
1Kupap)J;o 459
iKHpO, 3KOBOMHCT 251, 252, 254, 257
1KHpO)J;y, IIHCaTeJIb 349
iK06ea A., HCTOpUR 160, 205, 308,
425, 478
mOJIH )J;e <PJIepH OMep, reHepaJIb-
J.IbIH IIPORYPOP IIapHmcRoro nap-
lIaMeHTa 154, 155, 176, 249, 266,
272, 308, 318, 327, 432, 439, 440,
451, 523
mOJIHBe HHROJIa, nOCTaBID;HK MY3bI-
KaJILHbIX HHcTpYMeHToB )J;Bopa ee
BeJlJiJlIeCTBa, 3aMemaHHbIH B MaH-
CKHX BOJIHeHHHX 1775 f. 314
iRopmeJIb, a6...oaT, OLIBmHB: U8SYHT.
nOBepeHHbIH B eJlax <I>paHl'(BI[
npH...BeHcRoM p; ope, 3aTeM CTap-
mHH BHKapHH eIIHCKonCTBa
CTpac6yprcKoro npR Kapp;HHaJle
PoraHe, 6bIJI saMemaH B «p;eJIe C
G>iRepeJIbeM ROpOJIeBbI» 160 270
402, 475 ' ,
iKo<p<ppeH MapHH Tepeaa, ypOiK'
p;eHHaH Po;n;e, nOKpOBHTeJIbHH a
IIHCaTeJleH H q,HJIOCO<pOB 101
lliy<ppya, a66aT, RIOpe Ha CepoJIs,
aaMemaHHbIH B MaHcKux BOJIHe-
HHHX 1775 r. 312, 322
lliypne, HHTen;rJ;aHT 06'.be)J;HHeBHbIx
<pHBancoBbIx oKpyroB Om H BaH-
OHHa 91, 128, 131, 132
iKIOJIbeH, HHTeH aHT AJIaHCOHa 235
236 '
liIOCH<p II, aBcTpllHCKBH rocy,n;apb
cTapmHH 6paT MapHH AHTya
HeTTbI 66, 334, 341, 347, 352
512, 527 '
Ka;n;e e CaHHeBHJIb, KOpOJIeBCKHH
n;eH30p 258
Kap;HHbHH, 6apoH ;n;e 132
KaHOJIb, CTOJIHP, saMemaHHbIH B
MaHcKHx BOJIHeHHHX 1775 r. 270
KaJIOHH illapJIL AJIeKCaH;n;p e, HH-
TeH;n;aHT reHepaJlbCTBa Mel'( 91,
167, 168, 182, 371
RaMIIaH maHHa JIYHaa, r-ma, nep..
BaH KaMepHcTKa MapHH AHTya-
HeTTbI 26, 36, 198, 361, 397, 507
KaH,n;pa, KOMMepcaHT 314
RaHTe, yqaCTHHK MaHcRHx BOJIHe-
HlIH 1775 r., SaKJIIOlIeHHbIH B Bac-
THlIHIO 311
RapHHbHHCKHH, npHHl'(, OTeD; r-mB
)J;e JIaM6aJIL 204
RapJI I, KOpOJIL AHrJIHH 11, 507
RapJI VII, KOpOJIb <I>paHl'(HH 142,
452
KapJI IX, ROpOJIL <I>pallD;HH 507
RapoJlHHa, ROpOJleBa )J;aHHH 405
Rappe, yqaCTHHK «MyqHOH BOHHLI»,
npHroBopeHHbIH K nOBemenHIO II
nOMHJIOBaHHbIB: 295
Rappe, BJlap;eJlen; MeJlbnH M Y peRA
YpR 254, 321
RacTpH, MapKH3 e, MapmaJI <Ppan-
D;HH 354, 361, 400
RaTpecy, COBeTHHK ITapHiRCROrO
rrapJlaMeHTa BO BpeMena <PpOHP;bl
142
Ra TpOMM, COBeTHHR IIapHiRcKoro
RA8ATEJ1b HMEH
557
napJIaMeHTa BO BpeMeHa <PpOHP;DI
142
RaYHIIn; BeHn;eJIb AHTOH, !{HH3b
.pOH, KaHn;JIep 32, 54
1-\eHeJIL, opaTopIlaHen; 383
l\JIaBbep 8TbeHH, 6aHf\IIp, MIIHIICTp
rocy.n;apcTBeHHbIx HaJIOrOB BO
BpeMH PeBOJIIOn;HH 176, 371
,RJIIIKO .n;e BJIepBam, aKOHOMIICT,
npep;IIOJIaraeMbIH aBTop «illIlHRH,
ROXHHXHHCRaH HCTOPHH»; aBTO-
pOM aToro IIpOH3Bep;eHHH ClIHTa-
lOT TaRiKe RyaHe 435, 436
RJIIIMeHT XI, IIaIIa pHMCRHH 383
RJIOTTeH, HeroD;IIaHT 258
RJIOTHJIb.n;a, Map;aM, ceCTpa JIIOP;O-
BHKa XVI 200, 204, 388, 396
IRJIIOHbIl p;e, IIHTeHp;aHT IIepnIlHbH-
Ha H PYCCIIJIbOHa, 3a TeM reHe-
paJIbHbIH KOHTpOJIep .pHHaHcoB
48, 131, 380, 502, 511, 515, 523,
524.
1\03ep maH, MHCHHK B OKpeCTHOCTHX
'BpeCTa, IIpOa\HBillIlH 60JIee 100 JIeT
382
1\0KeJIe p;e illocIIbep illapJIb IRopiK,
.ap;BOKaT, IIOST, II3p;aTeJIb C60PHH-
'Ka ROpOJIeBCI{IIX SP;IIKTOB B OP;HH-
Hap;n;aTII TOMax 453
?KoRepo maH BaTHcT, ap;BOKaT, H3-
p;aTeJIb :MeMyapoB a66aTa Tepps
176, 179
tl\OJlbOep maH BaTIICT, MHHHCTp
JIIOAoBHKa XIV 166, 214, 215, 227,
244, 383, 455, 464
l\OM maH, 3HaMeHHTbIH xIIpypr 197
ROHp;e, npHHn;, ry6epHaTop ByprYH-
P;IIH 119, 185, 314
1R0Hp;opce AHTyaH HHKOJIa, MapRH3
.n;e, <pHJIOCO.p H MaTeMaTHR 6, 10,
j5, 51, 86, 90--96, 98, 99, 102,
/108--110, 117, 118, 162, 164, 260,
'261, 336, 366--368, 370, 374, 377,
420, 432, 433, 435, 443, 447, 448,
451, 452, 468, 473, 491, 518, 525,
526
ROHTII JIYIl cI>paHcya p;e Byp60H,
npuHIJ; ;a;e, Bpar TIopro 152, 154,
156, 158, 159, 260, 265, 289, 290,
307, 315-317, 348, 432, 447-449,
451, 453, 454, 456, 458, 459, 461,
501
RoopHep, HCTOpIlK 435
ROTT, OARll II3 IIHTII IIHTeHp;aHTOB
TOprOBJur, IIOp;qIlHeHHI:JIX reHe-
paHbHOMY KOHTpOJIepy 83
RomcH, HHTeHp;aHT .pHHaHcoB, CMe-
n:J;eHHbIH TlOpro 87, 88, 90, 112
RpaIIap, XJIe60TOproBen; 305
RpeHn;, rpa.p e, mBep;cKHH noc-
JIaHHIIK 26, 449, 486
RpeMIIH M. ;n;e 405
RpeIIsu, COBeTHIII{ IIapIliKcKoro
IIapJIaMeHTa BO BpeMeHa cI>pOHP;hI
142
RpIlCTSH, ap;BOKa T B Be3aHcoHe,
.n;pyr BOJIbTepa 366, 453
RpOBHJIb RJIeMaH, yqaCTHIIR MaH"
CRIIX BOJIHeHIIH 1775 r. 314
KpOMO, HHTeHp;aHT-Ka3HaqeH rpa.pa
IIpoBaHcRoro 154, 472, 491
Ryaue, a66aT, IIpep;IIOJIaraeMLIH aB-
TOp «illHHHH, ROXIIHXHHCI{aH HC-
TOPHH» 436
KyaHbH, repn;or p;e, cTapmHM mTaJI-
MeHcTep ROpOJIH, 6JIII3RIIH .n;pyr
MapIlH AHTyaHeTTbI 205, 303, 361,
485
RY3eH, 6YJIOqHIIK 275
RYK MSpIl, aHrJIHMCKaH JIep;H 396
Kyp6eToH maH BIIBaH MIlKo p;e,
p;IIpeKTop nopoxOBOM ROMIIaHIIII
127, 128
KIOJIe, COBeTHIIR IIapHiKcRoro nap...
JIaMeHTa BO BpeMeHa cI>pOHP;bI 142
JIaaiK p;e BYPHe, IICeBp;OHIIM TlOp'I'o
382
JIa6aJIepH (JIa BaJIepH), HaqaJIb-
HHK cTpaiKH 282
JIa Ber p;e IIpeJIb, P;OKTOp Mep;II-
n;IIHCKHX HaYR 130
JIa60pp; (JIa Bopp;) , npHp;BopHbIH
6aHRHp 173
JIa6pycc 8pHecT RaMHJIb, HCTOpHR
210, 329
JIa BYPp;oHHa p;e, npe3Hp;eHT naJIa...
TbI napJIaMeHTa 155
JIa6ypep, HaqaJIbHIIK cT aiKII, CMe...
n:J;eHHbIH BO BpeMH MaIICI{IIX BOJI...
HeHIIH 1775 r. 282
JIaBaJIb, r-iKa p;e, IIpHHTeJILHHn;a p;e
BSHa 86 u
JIaBepp;H (JI'ABepp;H), reHepaJIbHbIIi
KOHTpOJIep <pIIHaHcoB 56, 87, 229,
436, 472
JIaBIIcc 8pHecT, HCTOpUH 63, 307
JIaBpIlMep (JIa BpIlHep), rpa<p .n e
Cen-QJHopaHTf'n, 8a TeM repn;or .n e ,
MHHMCTp KOpOH8BcKoro .nBopa .no
MaHb3ep6a 30, 39, 44, 49, 60, 61,
64 95 161 206 282, 293, 296, 320,
334: 351, 353, 3'54, 393, 400 ')
J1aBya3be AHTyaH J10paH 109, 1...6,
189 194, 490, 513
J1a r JIe3bep HHTeH;a;aHT, qJIeH 1{0-
MIICCHH, R TOPOH 6LIJIO nopYlleHo
558
YRA8ATEJIb HMEll
Ha6JIIO;n;aTb sa npO;n;OBOJIbCTBeH-
HbIM cHa6iKeHHeM 222, 230, 400
JIarapn maH cI>paHcya, JIHTepaTOp
382, 395, 448
JIaI{pya, JIIl1lHbIH ceKpeTapL TlOpro
B JIHMOiRe, HaqaJIbHHK OT;n;eJIeHHH
B reHepaJIbHOM KOHTpOJIe HHaH
COB 83, 87, 105, 490, 508, 510, 511
JIa Mapm, rpa ;n;e, CbIH npIlHD;a ;n;e
ROBTH 154
JIaM6aJIb MapHH Tepesa JIyusa,
npHHD;ecca ;n;e, cynepHHTeH;n;aHT
p;Bopa I\OpOJIeBbI 204, 397-399
JIa MHmop;Lep, RyneqeCKHH cTap-
mHHa 230
JIaMyaHLoH RpeTLeH <PpaHcya Ae,
npeSH;n;eHT napJIaMeHTa C 1758 r.,
BLICJIaH B 1772 r. 146, 432, 451
JIaHrJIya, rrpeSHp;eHT BbIcmero co...
BeTa B PyaHe 315
JIaHffilOHH3 maH AeHH, npenop;aBa-
TeJIb D;epKOBHoro npaBa B PeHHe,
B ;n;aJIbHeiimeM p;enYTaT Yqpe;n;H'"
TeJILHOrO c06paHIIH H KOHBeHTa,
aBTOp C01lHHeHIIH «COBepmeHHbIH
MOHapX», npOCJIaBJIHBmerO HOCH-
a II 511, 512
JIap;D;HHoH, KaHOHIIR 257
JIapom, napHiKcRHH 6y.n:OqHHK, no...
cTpa;n;aBillHH BO BpeMH MaHcKllx
BOJIHeHHH 1775 r. 274
JIapom<pYKo, MOHceHbop p;e, Kap;n;u-
HaJI, apxHenHCI{On BYPiKa 40
JIapom<pYRo, repD;or ;n;e 400
JIapom-8MoH, MOHceHbop p;e, Kap-
;n;HHaJI, apxHenHcRon PeHMcRHu
316, 392
JIapcH P. ;n;e, HCTOpHK 507
JIa CaJIJIL, Hs06peTaTeJIL 388
JIaTYP MOpHC KaHTeH Ae, XYAOiR-
HIIK 30
JIaTYP ;n;1O lIeH, reHepaJI-JIeHTeHaHT
npoBHHD;HH ByprYH;n;HH 252-255,
279, 285
JIa cI>epTe-8M60, r-iKa p;e, nORpOBH-
TeJILHHD;a ROH)J;opce 93
JIa<poHTeH maH e, 6acHonHcelJ; 355
JIa<P<PHT, HerOD;HaHT HS Byp-CeHT-
8crrpH 130
JIa illaJIOTe JIYH PeHe, reHepaJIL-
HbIH npOI<ypOP napJIaMeHTa Bpe-
TaHH 143
JIa illapMya, JIHn;O, CBHsaHHoe C re-
HepaJILHbIM oTKyrrIII;IIKoM mHpa-
pOM ;n;e MeiI{aHOM 377
JIe6peH illapJIL cI>paHcya, KoponeB"
CJ\HM n;eH30p rrpH Morry, B p;aJIb..
HeiimeM OP;HH H3 Tpex KOHCYJIOB
BO BpeMeHa ROHCYJILCTBa 166
JIe6peH, np03BaBHLIH JIe6peaoM-
IIIIH;n;apoM, n03T, ceKpeTapL npUH-
D;a ROHTH 449
JIe6po, r-ma, cOp;epiRaTeJILHHD;3
TeaTpa B JIHoHe 490, 508, 510, 511.
513
JIeBHc, repD;or ;n;e, MeMyapHcT 99t
349
JIep;y, apxHTeKTop 381
JIe;n;y ;n;e BOMeHHJIL 266, 267
JIe3ep, HaqaJIbHHR OT;n;eJIeHHH B re..
HepaJILHOM ROHTpOJIe <pHHaHCOB
87
JIe KaBaJIbe, a66aT, KlOpe IIaH-
HeHe3a, 6JIH3 BepHoHa, saMemaH-
HLIH B MaHcKHx BOJIHeHHHX
,1775 r. 304, 312
JIeKJIepR, nepBLIH nOMOm;HHR reHe-
paJILHOrO KOHTpOJIepa npH Teppa
84, 203, 237
JIeJIe, 6paTLH, BJIap;e.n:Ln;LI MeJIbHII
228, 236-238, 258, 423-425, 427
JIeMyaH 8TLeHH, yqaCTHHK MaH-
CI<IIX BOJIHeHHH 1775 r. 314
JIeHre, iKypHaJIHCT H JIHTepaTop
101, 236, 451
JIeHyap, reHepaJI-JIeHTeHaBT IIOJIH-
D;HH 91, 118, 131, 248, 273, 274,
279, 281, 282, 320
JIe OR, H306peTaTeJIL, IIpep;JIOiKHB"
mHH npOH3BO;n;HTL CeJIHTpy II3
MOpCROH BOP;LI 127
JIe IIJIeiK, a;n;BOKaT 138
JIe lIpeBo p;e BOMOH, ;n;Ba;n;n;aTL P;B8
rop;a (1768--1789) OTCH;n;e.TI B
TlOpLMe 3a pa306JIaqeHHe MHHMO-
ro «naRTa rOJIOp;OBRH» 230
JIepya p;e MOHTeKJIH, ap;BOI<aT 452
JIepya p;e CeHHeBHJIb, a;n;BORaT 453
JIepya p;e illOMOB, 3aHHMa.n:CH roey-
p;apCTBeHHLIMII ToprOBbIMH OFIepa-
D;HHMH C XJIe60M nOCJIe MaJIHCCe
230
JIecRlOp 415, 523
JIecIIHHac mIOJIH, M-JIb p;e, 6JIII3-
KIIH p;pyr TlOpro 74, 75, 85, 90, 93,
99, 101, 133, 179, 377
JIe TPOH, 3HOHOMIICT 99, 227, 261
JIe illarreJIbe M. P. r., p;errYTaT Yq-
pep;HTeJIbHOrO c06paHHH, aBTop
3aKOHa, HarrpaBJIeHHOrO IIpOTIIB
accoD;Han;IIH 443
JIHJIb M. ;n;e, p;parYHcRHH o<pHn;ept
COCTOH.TI B rreperrIlcKe C BOJILTe-
pOM 142, 289
JIoiKeJIb, H306pCTaTeJII> lIYROMOJIb-
BOn: MamHHT,I 109
JIoseH, repn;or p;e, ITJIeMHHBJU\ Map-
IDaJIa BHpona, n8BecTHbIH CBOH-
YRA3ATEJ1b HMEH
559
MH JIro60BHLIMH IIoxom.n;eHHHMIJ
361, 485
JIoMeHH ;n;e BpHeHH 8TbeHH illapJIL,
apXHenHCRon TYJIY3CRHii, reHe-
paJIbHbIH ROHTpOJIep .pHHaHcoB
HaI{aHYHe PeBOJIroD;HH 55, 71, 226,
291, 378, 394, 395
JIopara, repD;or e BpaHRac, lIJIeB
ARa;n;eMHH HaYK 88
JIopaH, .pHHaHcHcT 188, 189, 192
JIopHHe, mROJIbHLIH: yqHTeJIb B
r aHLH, 6LIJI 3aMemaH B MaHcRIIx
BOJIHeHHHX 1775 r. 298
JIoTaHm, rpa<p ;n;e 388
JIoy AmoH, <pHHaHcHcT 70, 143, 188
JIYIl3a, Ma;n;aM, Oqb JIIo;n;oBHRa XV
29
JIro6JIHHCRHH B. C., I1CTOpHR 293,
306, 308, 310
JIroJJ;OBHK IX, KOpOJIL <I>paHD;ilH 462
JIro.n;OBHR XIII, KOpOJIL <I>paBD;HB
336, 507
JIro.n;OBHK XIV, ROpOJIL <I>paHD;HH
139, 144, 163, 336, 388, 414, 464,
530
JIro.n;OBHK XV, KOpOJIL <I>paHD;HH
26, 31, 32, 35, 39, 45, 54, 55, 65,
67, 75, 79, 97, 122, 139, 144-146,
162, 163, 166, 1168, 174-176, 178,
186, 188, 192, 198, 201, 203-206,
336, 339, 343, 449, 467, 507
JIro.n;OBHK XVI, KOpOJIL <1JpaHD;HH
21, 22, 26-29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 39,
40, 43, 46-49, 51, 54, 61-63, 65-
68, 70, 72, 74-77, 82, 87, 90, 99,
122, 142, 144-146, 149, 156, 166,
167, 169, 174, 179, 201-205, 223,
227, 242, 270, 271, 287, 296, 306,
317, 336, 337, 342, 344, 346-348,
355, 361, 366, 368, 370, 380, 383,
392, 395, 402, 408, 444, 445, 452,
454, 455, 457, 459, 464, 467, 472,
475, 476, 483, 487, 490, 491, 493,
498, 499, 503, 507, 510, 513, 514,
520, 523, 524, 529, 530, 534
JIroI\ceM6ypr, meBaJIbe e, npoTeme
MapHH AHTyaHeTTLI 361
JI'8rHHe j-HaH RJIo;n;, no;n;MacTepbe-
ra30B HR, yqaCTHIIK MaHcRHx
BOJIHeHHH 1775 r., 6bIJI nOBemeH
B Ha3I1.n;aHHe ;n;pyrHM 294
,JI'8IIHH, Ra6aTtJIIR, 6bIJI 3aMemaH B
MaHcRHx BOJIHeHHHX 1775 r. 314
JILe}I{OH, apxIITeKTop 105
MaJIHCCe, MeJILHHK, no ;n;orOBOpy c
rrpaBHTeJIbCTBOM 06H3aH 6I>IJI co...
x:paHHTb nocToHHHbIH 3anac XJIe..
6a 229, 230, 238, 422
MaJIb3ep6 RpeTLeH rHiioM ;n;e JIa...
MyaHboH .n;e, npe3H.n;eHT Bblcmero
IIop;a THoro cy;n;a, CMeHHJI repD;ora
Ae JIaBpuHepa Ha nocTY MHHHcTpa
ROpOJIeBCROro Bopa 23, 58, 75, 95,
100, 101, 139, 154, 157, 161-164,
207, 240, 336, 337, 355-358, 368,
374, 375, 377, 378, 392, 393, 395,
396, 398-403, 409, 411, 415, 417,
420, 432, 445, 447, 452, 455-458,
465, 471, 474, 483, 484, 487, 492-
506, 510, 515-517, 519, 522, 524,
525, 528, 534
MapHoH MapCeJIL, HCTOpHK 166
MapHH AHTyaHeTTa, KOpOJIeBa
cDpaHD;HH 21, 31, 33-35, 42, 43,45,
47, 53, 54, 57, 63, 64, 66, 100, 203,
205, 334, 336, 339-343, 345, 347,
349, 352-355, 368, 396, 401, 403,
409, 410, 476, 483-485, 487, 489,
500, 517, 518, 521
MapHH JIeID;HHcRaH, KOpOJIeBa
cDpaHD;I1H 307
MapHH Tepe3HH, aBcTpHHcRaH rocy-
.n;apbIHH, MaTL MapHH AHTyaHeT-
TLI 21, 26, 27, 33, 34, 43, 45, 46,
54, 64, 66, 100, 146, 165, 203, 334,
336, 341, 349, 352, 361, 404, 498,
517, 521
MapI{C I\apJI 70
MapTeMaH, COBeTHHR rrapJIaMeHTa
BO BpeMeHa <I>poHAbI 142
MapTeH AHPH, HCTOpUK 230
MapTeH OJIHBbe, HCTOpHR 435
MapTeH CeH-JIeoH, HCTOpHR 435,436
Mapme, r-JRa 99, 474
MaccepaH, RHH3L ;n;e, HcnaHcluIH IIO-
COJI B AHrJIHH 479, 483
Ma.pep, nO;n;MacTepbe CJIeCapH, 6bl31
3aMemaH B MaHcKHx BOJIHeHHHX
1775 r. 275
Mamo maH BaTHcT, reHepaJIbHbIH
ROHTpOJIep .pIlHaHcoB B 1745-
1754 rr. 36, 37, 393
MaHoH p;'8HBO, reHepaJIbHbIH ROH-
TpOJIep .pHHaHcoB, OAlIH H3 npe;n;-
meCTBeHHIIROB TIopro na aTOM
nocTY 56, 178
MeHap Ae KOHIImap, HRtJaJIbHHI\
OT)J;eJIeHIIH B reHepaJIbHOM ROH-
TpOJIe .pHHaHcoB 83, 87
MeHTop, CM. Mopena
MepCII-ApmaHTO, rpa.p Ae, aBCTpHH-
CRHll: IIOCOJI BO cDpaHD;I1H, HaCTaB-
HHK l\1apHH AiiTyaHeTTLI 21, 27,
29, 43, 45, 49, 54, 57, 62-64, 66,
74, 103, 165, 174, 204, 341, 344,
345, 348, 349, 352, 354, 355, 3S8,
361, 362, 368, 397, 398, 401, 404.
560
'JlRA8ATEJ1b HMEH'
469, 486, 487, 496, 498, 507, 517-
521
MeTpa <DpaHcya, iKypHaJIUeT 89,
107, 126, 127, 145, 152, 227, 254,
261-263, 270, 273-275, 280, 296,
303, 307, 310, 313, 315, 321, 366,
396, 401, 420, 423, 452, 455, 459,
468, 472-474, 494, 511
Mupa60 GHope ra6PHeJIb, 6y;n;Y Hft
tIJIeH Yqpe;n;HTeJIbHOrO co6paHuH
99, 371
MUpJI8BO, Ra3HatIeii Cnen;HaJI:bHOH
RaCCbl, 06CJIymuBaBmeH onepa-
II.UH C 3epHoM 229
MHpOMeHHJIb ApMaH TOMa rro ;n;e,
IIepBLIH IIpe3up;eHT PyaHcKoro
rrapJIaMeHTa, BbICJIaHHbIH B 1771 r.
41, 52, 59-61, 77, 102, 153, 155,
157, 158, 240, 287, 288, 306, 355,
411, 432-434, 444, 445, 452, 455,
456, 461, 502, 506, 510
MumJIe i-I\roJI:b, HCTOpHK 223, 230,
259
MOJIUH:be, 81{OHOMHCT 81
MOJIben, ceKpeTapb B reHepaJI:bHOM
ROHTpOJIe <pHHaHcoB, KOTOPOMY
6blJIO ;n;OBepeHo Ha;n;3HpaTb 3a re-
HepaJI:bHbIMU oTKynaMH 189
Mo-Hoapa, rpa<p, 3aTeM KHH3b ;n;e t
:rrpOTejJ{e illyaBeJIH, HaIIIITaH-nOJI
ROBHHK DIBeHu.apcRoii rBap;n;HH
rpa<pa fIpoBaHcRoro C 1771 r. 28,
41, 44, 62, 79, 136, 192, 201, 340.
343, 365, 404, 406, 415, 474
MOH6apa, r-ma, meHa npe;n;bl;n;ym;ero
41, 79, 490
MOH6apoH M. ;n;e, ;n;BOpHHHH H3
8I\Y:JHa 314
MOHMopancH, meBaJIbe ;n;e, npoTeme
MapHu AHTyaHeTTbI 360, 368, 476,
494
MOHTapan, HHTeHp;aHT TOprOBJIH 83
MonTeHap, BoeHHbIH MHnlICTp npJJ
JIIop;oBIIRe XV 203
MOHTepJIaH, IIHCaTeJIb 524
MOHTecKb8 IDapJI:b JIYH 170, 427
IoHTeccoH, r-iKa ;n;e, npHHTeJIbHHn;a
repu.ora OpJIeaHCKOro 148
MOHTHHOH, HHTeHp;aHT OBepHH, 3a-
TeM fIpoBaHca, 1I3BeCTHbIH <pH-
JIaHTpOII 30, 55, 56, 68, 69, 71, 72,
173, 177, 222, 235, 236, 259, 315
MOHTOJIOH, nepBbIR npe3D;n;eBT Py-
aHCKoro napJIaMeHTa 287
Mony OrlocTeH ;n;e, KaHu.JIep <I>paB-
n;UH 26, 29-31, 45-48, 52, 56, 58,
61, 142, 144-151, 154, 156, 161,
164, 165, 239, 254, 315, 374, 439,
497, 501
MopeJIJIe AHp;pe, a66a T, aKOHOMHCT
H <pHJIOCO<p, ;n;pyr Tropro 26, 32 .
53, 68-71, 88, 91, 96-98, 258"
260, 261, 272, 306, 308, 316, 382"
444, 473
Mopena jHaH <I>pe;n;epuR <l>eJIHIIO,
rpa<p ;n;e, OIIaJIbHbIii MHHHCTp JIro-
;n;OBHKa XV, B03Bpam;eHHbIR K'
BJIaCTH JIroP;OBuKOM XVI 23, 36-
46, 49, 51, 57-61, 63-65, 67, 72,.
75, 76, 78, 83, 89, 95, 97, 100-102j1'
121, 147-151, 153-158, 160, 161 .
178, 187, 206, 270, 277-279, 2811:
282, 287, 337-340, 345, 348-351
353-355, 357-361, 366, 369, 375 .
3a2, 398, 400-403, 407, 408, 410
4f2, 413, 415, 420, 432, 445, 446,
452-458, 472-476, 482, 484, 485
487, 488, 489-493, 495, 496, 498-
503, 505, 506, 510, 515, 516, 518
520-524, 526, 527, 534
Mopena, r-m3, meHa npep;bIp;ym;ero
37, 41-48, 54, 63, 402, 472, 485"
490, 493, 503, 504, 518, 525
MopHaK <l>paHcya, nlICaTeJIL 38
Mopo, apxHTeKTop 105
Mopo, MeMyapHcT 249, 272, 294, 307
515, 519
Iopo p;e BOMOH, O;n;IIH H3 DIeCTH IIH-
TeHp;aHTOB <pHHaHcoB, Haxop;HB-
mlIxca B nOp;qHHeHUH reHepaJIb-
Horo ROHTpOJIepa 82, 84, 90
MopTeMap, repu.or p;e 454, 494,.
502
MOCbe, CM. II pOBaHCKHii, rpa<p
MYDIH <l>HJIHnn ;n;e Hoaii, rpatP ;n;e:\
MapDIaJI <I>paHI(HH 272, 397
HanOJIeOH BOHanapT 86
Hap60HH-<I>puU.JIap iI\aH <I>paHcya1'
rpa<p p;e 400
Hap60HH, rpa<pHHH ;n;e 37
Haccay-CaapoproKeHcKHii, npHHn;;n;9
120
HeiiMapK, 6Horpa«p Tropro 308
HeRRep iI\aR, reHepaJIbHbIH KOHTpO-
JIep <puHaHcoB nOCJIe Tropro 701-
71, 80, 86, 88, 102, 113, 126, 182.
187, 190, 191, 200, 221, 258-261,.
365, 374, 379, 391, 417, 424, 426
471, 490, 491, 523-527
HeHH, 6apoH, KoppecnoHp;eHT rpa«p a
p;e MepcH-ApmaHTo 103, 496
HIIROJIaU, nepBbIH npe3Hp;eHT CtIeT-
HOB: naJIaTbI 151
HoaR, rpa«puHH p;e, cppeiIJIHHa KOpO-
JIeBbI 397, 532
Hoaii, MapRH3 ;n;e, nOCOJI <I>paHD;Hw
.FRA3ATEJ1b HMEH
561
B AHrJIHH, CMeHHBmJIH p;e rHHa
516
()JRap iK. M., reHepaJILHbIH oTRyn-
HR, cTaBmIlH ceKpeTapeM P;JIH
nopyqeHIIH MapIlJI AHTyaHeTTbI
36, 59, 139, 146, 148, 161, 432, 502,
503, 524
pJIeaHcRHi:i, repn;or, OTen; 6YAy:rn;e-
ro <I>HJIHnna 3raJIHTe 59, 148-
150, 156, 158, 162, 165, 185, 502
OpMeccoH MapH <I>paHcya Ae ITOJIL
JIe.peBp, MapRH3 p;' , HHTeHAaHT
t HHaHcoB 82, 84, 126, 127, 393,
'451
Op.peH, HHTeH;n;aHT illaMnaHH 251
\OaCYM, MapKH3 A' , HerOI(HaHT, no..
YllIlBmHH BOpHHCTBO 388
1Iamo p;e MapmeBaJIL, HHTeup;aBT
JIHMY3eua p;o Tropro 120, 388
llaKLe, a66aT, Rrope B illeBpH, npH"
BJIeqeH no p;eJIY «0 sarOBope» B
1775 r. 312, 322
llaHTLeBp, repn;or Ae, cBeKop npHB"
n;eCCLI e JIaM6aJIL 396, 397
DanHHoH, npep;ce.n;aTeJIb npeBOTaJIL-
Boro cy a, ROTOpbIH p;OJIJReH 6bIJI
'CYP;HTL yqaCTHHROB MaHcKHx BOJI-
lHeHHH 1775 r. 293
TIapMaHTLe, arpoHoM 411
ITapcbe, H306peTaTeJIb JIep;OROJIa
108
ne33, MapRII3 p;e, aBaHTropHcT, JIro-
160BHHK RHHrHHH Ae MOH6apa 65,
1'02, 490, 491
TIepap, :reHepaJILHLIH npORYpoP B
ARJROHe 255
neTpH, CT eKOJIbID;H 1\, BP;OXHOBHTeJIL
6ecIIopHp;ROB II rpa6eiReH B BHJI-
JIep-JIe- BeJIe 314
. [JIIp;aHca p;e Mepo6ep, npep;rroJIarae-
MLIM aBTop «McTOpIlqeCRHX 3anH-
COR» 258, 307, 326, 453
{lOJIIIHbHR iRroJIII, rpa.pIlHH .n;e, .pa-
BopIlTKa MapHII AHTyaHeTTbI 345,
358, 359, 361, 362, 397, 477, 487
flOJIb3, reHepaJILHbIH oTKynID;HK 194
nOMe3, COBeTHHR IIapIliRCROrO nap-
JIaMeHTa 322
floMnap;yp AHTyaHeTTa IIyaccoH,
MapRH3a p;e, .paBopHTRa JIroP;OBH-
Ra XV 39, 40, 405
nOHmapTpeH mepOM <l>eJIHnO, rpa.p
Ae 39, 148
DOTeJIb, MarHCTpaT ,IJ;HiROHa 255
II paRc PIIlJapp;, aHrJIIIHCRHH nOJIH-
THlJeeI\I1H nn:caTeJIb II MOpaJIHCT
337, 372, 526
IIpeBo p;'8K3I1JIb, AHTyaH <I>paHcya,
a66aT, P;YXOBHHR npHHn;a )J.e ROH-
TII, nIlCaTeJIb 449
ITpoBaHcRIIH, rpa.p, 6paT JIro;n;oBH-
Ra XVI 53, 63, 64, 79, 103, 193,
200, 204, 343, 377, 471, 472, 475,
491
ITpyaHap, a66aT, nOMoID;BHR WlpeR-
Topa KOJIJIeiRa JIro.n;oBHRa BeJIH-
Koro, aBTOp HCTOplIqeCKHX pa60T
366
IIya, RHH3b Ae, CbIH MapmaJIa ;n;e
MymH 272, 325, 328
IIyaHaH, MapI\I13 p;e, ROMaHp;OBaJl
BOHcRaMH, ROTopbIe P;OJIiRHbI 6bl-
JIH nO)J;AepmHBaTb nopHp;oK B
HJIL-Ae-<I>paHce BO BpeMH MaH-
CRHX BOJIHeUHH 1775 r. 282, 284
llyaHRape PaHMOH, npe3HAeHT
<I>paHn;Y3CI\OH pecny6JIIIKH 200
ll.peTep, H306peTaTeJIb MYKOMOJIb-
HOH MamHHbI 109
Pa.n;OHBHJILe RJIo;n; <I>paHcya JIa3apf);
p;e, npenoAaBaTeJIL pIlTOpHRH Y
He3YHToB, ceRpeTapL Rapp;HHaJIa
JIapom<pYRo, 3aTeM, C 1757 r., Ha-
CTaBHHR p;eTeH KOpOJIH 37
PeHaH 8pueCT, HCTOpHK H <pIIJIOCO<P
94
PeHO maH, TRalJ H3 )J;paHcII 313
PeHo, TKalJ H3 BOHp;I1 298
PHBLep 197, 402, 403, 423, 458, 459,
467, 469, 47 488, 49 497, 522
PHrOJIe p;'¥ aHLII, HaqaJIbHIIK «lJep-
Horo Ka6I1HeTa» ROpOJIH 65, 102,
368, 470, 483, 491-493, 521, 523,
535
PHlJapA III, I\OpOJIb AHrJIHII 23
PHmeJIbe ApMaH IRaH p;ro IIJIeccII,
repn;or Ae, Rapp;IIHaJI, rrepBbIH MII-
UHCTp JIrop;oBIIKa XIII 530
PHmeJILe JIYH <l>paHcya ApMaH AIO
IIJIeCCII, repn;or p;e, MapmaJI
<I>paHD;I1H 153, 202
Pome, CeI\peTapL p;e rHHa BO <ppaH-
:U;Y3CKOl\I rrOCOJIbCTBe B AHrJIIIII
346
P03eH6epr, rpa.p p;e, aBcTpHHCRHB:
P;BOpHHHH, p;pyr AeTCTBa Ma-
pHH AHTyaHeTTbI 63, 334, 352, 353
POJIaH, I\oMHccap H3 RBapTaJIa CeH-
BeHya 275
POJIaH, Ka3Haqeii RaCCLI, 06CJIYiRH-
u
BaroID;eH onepa:U;HII C 3epHoM, ObIJI
Ha3HaqeH MeCTO MIIpJIeBO 229,
422
POHcepa 131
562
YRA8ATEJIb H IEH
Py60, a66aT, O;a;HH H3 ;a;HpeKTOpOB
«iKypUaJIL ;a;IO KOMMepC» 98, 489
PycCeJIL, oTKynIIJ;HR 111, 113
Pycco maB iKaK 407, 449
PIO;a;e JI.., HCTOpHR 264, 269, 280, 293,
308, 316, 321, 397
Procps e 444
CaKCOHCRHB MOPHD;, rpatfJ, Ma pmaJl
<I>paBD;HH, IIpa;a;e;n; mOpiI-\ CaB
406
CaRcoHcRHii, npHHD; 402, 469, 488
CaJILBepT, reHepaJIbHLIH oTRynIIJ;UK
376
CaH6JIaBCS 178
CaB;a;pHe, npoRYpoP B CaBce 305
CapTHH ra6pHeJIb ;n;e, reHepaJI-neu-
TeHaHT nOJIHD;HH C 1759 r., B
1774 r. 6LIJI Ba3HalJeH MOpCRHM
MHBHCTpOM 29, 50, 58, 61, 64, 150,
153, 194, 225, 230, 281, 344, 349,
353, 354, 361, 368, 388, 457, 458,
474, 498, 502, 509, 510, 518, 521
CaTH, a66aT, Ha06peTaTeJIL cIIoc06a
nOJIYlJeHHH CeJIHTpLI HS MOPCROH
BO)J;bI 127
Cacpcppe ;n;e ByaJIa66e, ROpOJIeBCKHB:
a;a;BOKaT B IIoBTya3e, npHBJIeRan-
CH 110 eJIY 0 «3arOBOpe» B Mae
1775 r. 268, 314, 325, 328
Carore, CM. ScnaHLHR
Cerrop, HCTOpHR 35, 287, 293, 308,
399, 402, 421, 422, 425, 491, 521,
523
CerLe AHTyaB JIYH, TOBapHm; npo-
Rypopa B fIapHiRcRoM napJIa-
MeHTe 157, 395, 447, 448, 453, 454,
460-464, 475, 495, 512
CeHaR ;a;e MeMJIaB ra6pHeJIL, HBTeH-
;a;aBT H JIHTepaTop 178, 376, 399,
446, 491
CeB-BacT ;n;e, reHepanLBLIH COop-
IIJ;HK Ba;a;D;aTHHLI, 6hIJI BaaBalleB
Tropro rJIaBOH ynpaBJIeBHH AOMe-
HaMH 114
CeB-mepMeH mapJIL JIYH, rpacl» e,
BoeHHLIH MHBHCTp 78, 79, 199,
387, 392, 395, 399-415, 420,
445, 457, 458, 462, 474, 500, 506,
525
CeH-iKronLeH, r-iRa ;a;e, rKeHa reBe-
paJILHOrO C60pm;HKa nO;n;aTeH AJIH
;a;yxoBeBcTBa B o6JIacTH meRC
255, 382, 383
Ceu-MopHC e, KaUUTaH mBeHI(ap-
CRoii rBap;a;HH rpacpa II pOBaHCRO-
ro 79
CeB-CHMoH JIYH )J;e PYBpya, repI(or
e, MeMyapHcT 39
CeHT-BeB illapJIL OrrocTeB ;a;e, nH-
ca TeJIL 66, 67
Ceppa AHTOHHO 214
Ceppo, ROMHccap, ROTOPOMY 6bIJIa
)J;OBepeHa npoBepRa ClIeTOB Cope-
Ba H }J;YMepRa, 237
CHrJIH (Cig-li) , 3BaMeBHTLIH IIOpT-
HOH TOB snOXH 452
CHropHL, a66aT, npeno aBaTeJID
cpHJIOCOcpHH Tropro 92
CHMOB, napJIaMeBTCKHH H3;a;aTeJIb
494
CHJIYSTT STLeHH ;a;e, reBepaJILHbIii
ROHTpOJIep «pHHaHcoB 173, 200
CHce iK. B. illaMIIHoB e, elIHCKOD
Tpya, 3aTeM Ocepa, Y1JHJICH BMe-
CTe C TlOpro B Cop60HHe 70
CMHT A)J;aM 120
COKpaT 150
COpeJIL mroJIbeH 72
CopeH BepHap iKoaecp, IIOST H ;a;pa-
MaTypr, lIJIeB ARa;n;eMHH BaYR C
1761 r. 241
CopeR, a66aT, IIpo<peccop «pHJIOCO-
CPUH B MOHneJILe 311
CopeH e BOBH, ROMHCCHOHep KOpO-
JIH, aaHHMaJICH XJIe6BLIMH Topro-
BLIMH OlIepa HMH 230, 231, 233,
234, 236-238, 315
Coccepe, oTRynm;HR 111
CO«pHH, Ma;a;aM, ;o;OllL JIIO;o;oBHRa XV
29, 204, 395, 396
CTeH;o;aJIL (BeUJIL AHpH) 72
CTOPMOBT, JIOp;a;, lIocon AHrJIHH BO
<I>paBD;HH 153, 165, 240, 410, 446,
448, 449, 457, 467, 476, 477, 484
CTpysB3e HoxaH <I>pe;a;epHK, rpacP
;a;e, MHHHCTp-pe<popMaTop ,aaHHJI,
o6earJIaBJIeH B 1772 r. 405
Cy6H3 IIiapJIb e PoraB, npHBD; ;a;e,
MapmaJI <I>paHD;HH, 1I06e;a;HTeJIb
npH Poc6axe, cpaBopHT r-iRH IIoM-
na;D;YP H r-iRH }J;I06aPPH 121, 410
CYJIaBH iRaR JIYH, a66aT Ae, Me-
MYapHcT, BO BpeMeBa PeBOJIIOD;HII
;a;HnJIOMa T 36, 48, 49, 99, 295, 307,
309, 351, 370, 399, 472-474, 482,
491, 501, 507, 510
Cs JIeoH, 8KOHOMHCT 307
CIOHp, B;a;OB8, 6YJIOllHHI(a 274
CIOJIJIH MaRCHMHJIHaH ;a;e BeTroH
(6apoH ;n;e POHH), repD;or ;a;e, MH-
HHCTp reHpHxa IV 166, 214, 215,
227, 244, 383, 464
Ta6ypo ;n;e Peo, HHTeH)J;aHT SHO H
illaM6pe3H 231, 400, 424, 523, 524
TaKep }J;iROaaH, aHrJIHHCKHH SKOHO-
YH 8ATEJ1b HMEH
!563
MHCT, O HH lIa npe;o;meCTBeHHH-
KOB AAaMa CMHTa 120, 171, 436
TaHToB, 6LIHa npHBJIeqeBa K cy;n;y
no ;n;eJIY 0 «aaroBope» B Mae
1775 r. 302, 313, 324
Teppa iKosecp MapH, a66aT, reBe-
paJILBLIH KOBTpOJIep cpHBaBcoB,
rrpeAmeCTBeBHHK TIOpro Ha aTOM
rroCTY 26, 29-31, 34, 45-47, 49,
50, 52, 56, 58-61, 76, 78, 80, 84-
91, 97, 98, 110-115, 120, 125, 126,
144-146, 150, 151, 166-179, 185,
186, 193-195, 200, 202, 203, 210,
213, 216, 217, 222, 224, 225, 228-
238, 249, 258, 261, 292, 307, 315,
317, 323, 325, 326, 329, 366, 375,
424, 426, 435-437, 439, 440, 472,
501, 506, 523-525
THMOJIeOHT (THMOJIeoH), ;n;peBHe-
rpeqeCKHH nOJIHTUqeCKHH ;n;eH-
TeJIL H nOJIKOBO;n;en; 202
THpe ;n;e JIa MapTHHLep, a66aT,
I\IOpe B CeH-BHHceHe, npHBJIeqeH-
HbIB: K CYAY no ;rt;eJIY 0 «SarOBO-
pe» B Mae 1775 r. 312
TOMa, OCBe;o;OMHTeJIL TIOpro 316, 317
TOpeJIL, CJIyra 315
TpIO;n;eB (TpIO;n;eH ;n;e MOBTHBLH)
iIllaB RJIo;o;, CbIH BeJIHKOrO HHTeB-
aBTa TpIO;n;eHa, CMeHHBmHH ero
B 1769 r. 82-84, 89, 184, 193, 378,
382, 432, 434, 445, 446, 450, 458
TaH HnnOJIHT, HCTOpHK 200
TIOpro 8TLeHH <I>paHcya, meBaJILe,
cTapmHH 6paT TIOpro 366, 509
TbOppH e BHJIJIL- ' ABpe, nepBLIH
I\aMep HHep JIIO oBHKa XVI 26,
523
Y OJInOJI Opac, aHrJIliIMCKHH nOJIHTH-
qeCKHH ;n;eHTeJIL, ;n;pyr r-)RH Aro-
;n;ecpaH 340
<DapiKec, a66aT, ;n;Pyr roBOCTH Trop-
ro D8
<1> a pmec, 6LIBmHM HBTeB;n;aBT Bop-
;n;o, nOCTaBJIeBHbIH Tropro BO rJIa-
Be MOHeTHoro Bopa 89, 90, 92,
95, 281, 382, 423, 446
<PeihJ;o ;n;e MapBHJIL, rOCYAapCTBeu-
HbIH COBeTHHK, qJIeH <I>HHaHcoBO-
ro COBeTa 84, 393, 523
<DIICiRaH ;n;e CeHT-l\oJIoM6, COBeTBHK
napJIaMeHTa, I10;n;OapeBaBmHHcH B
cKyuKe aepHa 254, 255
{J>HTn;-,D:iKeuMc illapJIb, repn;or ;n;e,
rJIaBBOKoMaH;n;yroID;HH B npoBHH-
U;IIH BpeTaHL, MapmaJI <I>paBn;HH
c 24 MapTa 1775 r. 205
<l>JIep P06ep )J;e, ;n;paMaTypr 50
cDJIepH AH;n;pe 8pKIOJIL ;o;e, Kap;n;H-
naJI, MHHHCTp JIIOAoBHKa XV 43,
191
cDJIepH (moaecp A6paxaM BeBap),
aKTep BepCaJILCKOrO TeaTpa,
B M:ae 1774 r. BCTynHJI B ROMe;n;H
cppaHces 510
<I>JIeCCeJIb, HHTeH;o;aBT JIHoBa 91,
388
cDoHceH, 6Horpaip TIOpro 82, 105,
109, 160, 168, 170, 230, 308,
364, 368, 388, 391, 432, 446, 473,
474
<DoBTeTT, KaBI(JIep rpacpa IIpoBaH-
CKoro 154, 434
<I>op ;n;e Bocpop, Ha06peTaTeJIL «npo-
THBOrHHJIOCTBOH BO;o;R» 130
<I>op e JIa COB , ceKpeTapL cppaH
I(yaCI{OrO I10COJILCTBa B AHrJIHD
345-347, 478, 485
<Doppe, 6YJIOqHHK 294
<DpaHKJIHB BeH;n;iRaMHB 526
<I>peM;n; 66
<I>peTo, COBeTHHI{ IIapHiKcHoro nap
JIaMeBTa, B AaJILBeUmeM 't(JIeu
YqpeAHTeJILBOrO c06paHHH, rBJIL'"
OTHBHpoBaH BO BpeMeHa Teppopa
289
<1>pH;n;pHx II BeJIHKHH, KOpOJIL
IIpyccHH 53, 65, 345, 404
<I>yam m. B., HpeKTop YnpaBJIe-
BHH C60POB C Kom 153
<I>YJIJIOB iKoaeip cI>paBcya, O;n;HH HS
meCTH IIHTeH)J;aHTOB <pHHaHCOB,
y6HT B HIOJIe 1789 r. 87-B9
<1>YUK-BpeBTaBo, HCTOpHK 311, 314,
315, 320
<DypKe BYBap Ae, rocYAapcTBeHHLIi
COBeTBHR, qJIeH KOMHCCHH no
ROHTpOJIIO aa I1pO;n;OBOJILCTBeH-
BLIM cHa6iReHliIeM, yqpeiR;o;eHHOH
a66aToM Teppa, nOMOraJI HHTeB-
AaHTY TpIO;n;eHY BO BpeMeBa TIOp-
ro 230, 429, 504, 506
qapTopbICKHH, KHHaL 91
illa60, yqaCTBHn;a BOJIHeHHH 2 MaR
B OKpeCTHOCTHX BepCaJIH 319
IllaM<pop HHKOJIa Ce6acTLHH, JIHTe...
paTop 42
illaHBaJIOH, HHTeHAaBT rBliIaHDI
50B-511
illaBTeKJIep 366
mann, I1apHiKCKHH 6YJIOqHHK 274
Illap;n;oB, OKJIa;n;qHK no eJIY illaB-
BaJIOHa 509
564
YRA3ATEJIb I1:MEW
lliapJIeMaHL, cpepMep B Bo6HHLH
296, 297, 314
illapnaHTLe, <pepMep 313
illapTpcRHii, repn;or ;n;e, 6y;n;ym;HB:
repn;or OpJIeaHCKHM, <I>HJIHnfi
8raJIHTe 149, 150, 156, 157, 348
illaTJIeH, KOMMepcaHT, nO;n;BeprmHH-
CH npeCJIe;n;OBaHHIO 110 06BHae-
HHIO B pa3JIH'tJHLIX MaXHaa HHX
;n;JIH nOBLImeHHH n;eH 314
ill aTOpy, r-iI\a ;n;e, .paBopHTRa JIm-
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