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I CM.. Kreiner B. Copyright ;.111d cOlnl)llter programs: Data access of Po\\ert1ex before
thc Higll COllrt II SydllCY law rev Syd11C}P 1998 Vol. 20. Q 2- P 298
2 AO/llopCKoe nl)3Bo. HOIJM3TltBHbIC aK1-bl. H'JU10HiUlbHOC 3aKOHo,n8-renbCTHO Ii {C}K-
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] CM.: Zi,n,nennan D. Globallimits on «Look 3Jld Feel): defining tile scope of software
copyright protectioll by inter))atiorlal agreement / / Columbia jourl1al of tr£1I1S11ati()nal
law. New York, 1996. Vol. 34. ]\'2 2. P. 506.
2 CM.: BUlnaJlUe6 r. OueHKa ]lporpaIMHbrx cl)e}(L18 II I1HTeJU1eKTYIDIbHa.H C06CTBCH-
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B03MO)KllbIM. 31Iat.JI-IT, perliCTpaUl10111lcl51 CI1CTela TO>Ke OKa3blBaeTCSI
Herrpl1feJIMMOH2 .
Cne.ayeT OTMeTI1Tb CJ1a60CTb n031iUl111 .Llo30PlieBa KOTopaSl COCTOl1T
..., .....
B TOM, lITO 01-1 lie npeIIlIaraeT HHK3K0l1 II0Bl)J.i ClICTelbl oxpallbI npo-
,.
rpaMM nMeCTO TpaLIML{1101111b1X MHCTHTyrOB npana I1I-ITeJIJIeKTya.JlbHOll
C06CTneI-IHOCTI1. CnpaBe.LIJl11JJO OTMe1.lasr lle.aOCTaTKM cyweCTBYJOWI1X
CMCTel\f oxpalIbl (KaK aIJTOpCKOH T3K M naTel-lTI10il), .Llo30pueJ lie npelI-
JIaraeT 1I11KaKOH aJIbTepHaTl10bl. BMecnle c meftl, OtJeBMllIIO, t.JTO OTCYTCT-
RI.te npaBOBoii oxpaHbl nporpaf1 JIJISI 3BM Ilallloro xY>Ke, qeM npl1-
MeltellMe JII0601-1, nYCTb llIDKe IlecooeprneHII{)i.i, CI{CTelfbI oxpallbl.
B 3apy6e>KllblX rOCYLIapCTIax TalOKe 1I0BOnbJI0 rnMpOKO o6CY)f([(aJIaCb
...
B03MO)l(HOCTb C03,aa11Jffi CneUllaJIbJIOJ-I CHCTeMbI oxpa 1-1 bl nporp,lIM !(.IDl
3BM. npoeKTbl CneUMaJlblIblX cnOC06l)B oxpallbl rrporpaMM 6bLTII1 pa3-
p,16oTlllbl n 51no111111 11 <I)p,11IliI11'f, 110 TaK 11 He 6blJIl'l nBeLIellbl B n:eMCT-
11Me. Eo <Dpallulili, B tlaCTIloc.,jH, 61>IJla npeWIO)l(ella cy6cI1LIJfapl-Ia51 no
OTl-lOrnelllilO K aI3TopcKo-l1panoloii CI1CTela OXP,111bI KOMnbloTepllblx
nporpaMf\.l, COlleTalOwa51 B ce6e JIOpMbI aBTopCKoro 11 naTeJITJIOrO npalJa

1 J/030p l 4 ee B.A. 0 tCplX no pa3BlrrI1J() I)LIHKa liHTe..1J'JeK1)'aJll)HbDC IlpOityJcrOB / / 3a-
KOHOJtaTCfll>C rBO II 3KOHO{liKa, 1998. l\ 7 C. 8-
2 JT.o30pl(ee B.A. YKa3 COt I C. 10.
17

C npe061Ia.acllllfeM nOCJlerll I If X I  JIo CI1X nop 11 3apy6e>K110i-i J-litYtJI-IOii .'111-
TepaT)'pe l\1()>K110 ICTPeTJ1TI) npe.a.rIO.>KellISI a.Tli)TepllaTlfI31ILIX pe)f{11l\IOIJ
. .
npa1iOIJ011 l)Xpalfbl KOJ\.1nbl()TepllbIX nporp,11\11't IlanpI1f\.lep, OXpllfbl «Slll
generis», T.e. oxpallbl «oco6or() po.aa»)2 JVII1 oxpallbl 11,1 OCII()Ie CO'leTa-
III1Sf KOf\IMep'leCKoi1 Tai-illbJ 11 al-lTl1MOIIonon blloro :3aKOIIOD.aTenbCTIJ13.
HeCMOTPSl Ita 31Ia'-II1TeJlbHOe t111CJ10 nOllXO,ilOn K onpen:elIell11lo rrp,l-
BOBoro pe.>K11Ma nporpaMrvl lIJISI 3 B rv1, .!lI1CKYCCMH B OCIIOBIIOM Be,ileTCSI
Me)l(J)' CTOpOlllII1KtlMH alTopCKo-npalOIJOrO M nt1TellTIloro cnoco6a ox-
pallbI 3TMX 06DeKTOB. K(t)Kl[3H M3 CTOpOl1 LIOBOJ1bIIO y6e.lJJ1TelIbll0 t1pry-
1eHTMpyeT CBOIO TOt.JKY 3pe11HH.
CTOpOHHHKM naTeHTJloi-i OXpaJlbl rrporpaMM YKa3blnalOT, tlTO npo-
rpatMa JVISI 3BM HBJIHeTCH TeXIIOlIOrMei1 IDlH (PYliKll.110lIlipOBaIIM5I
KOMnbiOTepa, TaK KaK B TeXI-II1IIeCKO)\.I acneKTe OHa npenCTaRJISleT C060H
«OCHOBt1III-IYIO Ila aJIrOpJ1Tle nl)Cne.aOI3aTelILI-IOCTb MaTeMaTH 1 leCKI1X IL111
JIOrWJeCKI1X onepal(I1t1, oT06pa)f(el-IIIYI{) lla H3blKe KOIIKpeTlloii 3BM,
'I
KOTopaSI npMBO.l{MT K perneJ-IMIO nOCTaBlIel-illOH 3a;:(atl11 3a KOl-IKpeTIIoe
KOfll{tleCTBO waron» 4  T. e. cnY)f(lfT I1HCTpYMeJlTOM, C TIOMOll{bIO KOTOpO-
ro 3BM MO)KeT pelIlMTb ()npeneJIeIIJIYIO 3aaa t lY. MO.>Kl-IO BbI.!lelIllTb ewe
JIeCKOJlbKO TeXHOJIOrMQeCKI1X KPMTepMen KOl\1nblOTepllblX nporpaMM..
1. npouecc C03.aalllLSI nporpaMM 60nee CXO)l( C pa3pa60TKOH 1130-
6peTaTelIbCKMX HIII1 paUl101laJIM3aTOpCKI1X pernel-l11H, t.JeM C C031IailMeM
rrp0l131JeJIelll1M fll1TepaTypbl 11 I1CKYCCTB,l. EClIl1. npM C03al-I1111 rrpol13Be-
;{el-fMSI aBTop PYK0130,ilCTByeTcsl MOp<UlbflblMH 11 3CTeTIftleCKI1{11. YCTaHoB-
KaMM, TO C03,ilaTeJIM nporpaMM CJIe;XYIOT 3,1 1I0rH 1 leCKMMI1 M aIJaJII1TI1'l1e-
CKI1MM npOl..{eCCaMI1 (nOCTaIIOBKa np06.rIeMbI, onpe,l{eJIeHMe rrpoel\.'Ta, Bbl-
nOJIHel-IMe cneUMMKal.{Hi1 npoeKTa (KOrlI1pOnalil1e), ,aOKYMeIITMpOIaIIHe
npoue;ryp H cneUI1HKauHji 11, IlaKOlleu, C03il1IHe KOMal-l;:( ;:trm nOlIb30-
BaTeJUl) or
2.. E6J1bllla51 t.JaCTb nporpaMM MCnOnb3}'eTCSI n npOMbIllllIelIIIOCTI1,
HaYKe, yrrpaB..TleHMM M lIMlllb laJIaH MX (JaCTb HCnOJIb3yeTCf[ .n;IH Y;XOBJIe-
TBopellMSI .uyxOBHbIX nOTpe6110cTeH t.JenOIJeKa.
3.. nporpa11aM, KaK 11 npyrl1M TeXllOlIOrWIeCKHM peWel-lHSIM)
cnOHCTBeJ-llla TaKaSI 4epTa, KaK TeX1101I0rWleCKaSI 3$eKTIlBHOCTh. MJ-Io-
fMe M3 I-IMX pa3pa6aTbIBal()TCSI lLJIH paCWJ1peHMH <!>YJIKUI101-IaJIbl-lbIX B03-
MO)K}IOCTei1 3BM, IDISI 3(1)<l>eKTMBIIOro BblnOlIHeJ-IMH MMM CneUM(pMtJe-
P""I I b&  1 .h..... l
1 CM..: 3HmUH 1l.M npaBOBaH oxpaHa M3TCMaTI1 t lCCKOro o6eClle t leHI1J:I 3BM. M.
1989 C. 33-36.
2 CM.: Robert A., Nell() A. Proposal for thc International Intellectual Property Protec-
tion of Compllter Softvlare 14 U Pa. J. lIlt') BlIS. L. 213 (1993).
3 CM: Reichlnan J.H. Legal H.brid') BetvlCCJ1 the Patct}t al1d COI)yright Paradigms 94
Colum L Rev. 2432 (1994)..
4 AHucuA10e r.lJ, EllKaClrl08 B II. Ii .ap. 0 IlpaBOBoM oxpaHe anropliTMoB H IlporpaMM
jJlliI 3BM / / BonpoCbI H306peTal"eJIbCTB8, 1976. No 8. C. 7..
18

CKllX 4>YHKIIHH TIfna 60Jlee BbICOKOrO 6bICTpOLXe1tcTBHR HnJ.i 60nee on-
TI1MaJIbHOrO HCnOnh30B3HI1H .nOCTynliOH naMSlTli].
3311111Ta )l(e HCKJIIOlfl1TenhHbIX npaB B c4>epe TeXHOnOrliH TPCt.nllI.(H-
Ol-JHO OCYl11eCl"nRsreTcH )-IOpfaMli naTeHTHOrO npaBa.
CTOpOllllHKH naTeliTIIOI1: OXpaHbl nporpaMM .AJISI 8BM TalOKe I-Ie-
pe.nKO apry{eIITl1pYIOT CBOIO n03HUl11O TeM, 1ITO naTellTl-lOe npaBO MO-
}KeT 3al.U.liTHTh OCllOBOnOJIaralOl.U.yJO H,L1elO - anrOpHTM npOrpaMMbI, B
TO Bpern K3K 3nTOpCKOe npaBO 331l.lMIl.laeT TOJIbKO <l>opiy, T.e.. KOH-
KpeTHbI1t TeKCT npOrpaMMbI.
HeCMOlpSi Iia Cepbe3ll0CTb H3J10:>KeHHbIX apryMeHToB, npe.nCTaBIDIeT-
cn, o.nllaKO, 'ITO aBTopCKO-np3BOBOH cnoc06 oxpaHbl nporpap.,1M .zum
88M Hal160JIee OnTHMaJIeH no cne.nYIOI.U.HM npHqHllaM.
BO-IJep8btX, KOMnhlOTepllble nporpaMMbl OTBeqaIOT Tpe60BallliSIM,
npe,lI'b.SIBJI.SIeMblM K npOH3BeeHHSIM:
1) nporpaMMbI,[J)lH 8BM npe.nCTIiDJIIDOT C060M KOHKpeTIloe 11
q>OpMaJIl130n3HHoe BblpaJKeIIMe H.neH;
2) XOTSI nporp3MMbI H BblpaJKalOT cnoco6 I1JII1 MeTO.n .neHCTBI1H, 110
lIe 3KBIIHaneliTHbi H{, nOCKOnJ)KY lIe l:lanpaBJIellbl llenocpe.nCTBeIII-IO JI3
li3feHeHl1e .neHCTBlITelIbIIOCTI1, a YKa3blBalOT TOT nOrINeCK11H nyrb, KO-
TOpbIM IIaJI)1e)ICI1T CneOBaTh qenOBeqeCKOMY pa3Yf}';
3) KOMnhlorepllble nporpaMMbl SIBJIIOTC pe3YJIbTIlTaMM aKTOB HH-
TeJIJIeKTYaJIbllO ro TBOp'leCTBa;
4) nporpaMl\-fJ») JlIDI 3BM HMelOT KOIIKpeTIIoe BbJpIDKefll1e B BH.ne
OnpeDeJIeHHOrO q>H3111.:leCKOrO o&beKTa 2 .
BO-8mopbLX cYlU.eCTByeT pSI.!( npeIDITCTBI1H Jl1I.SI npHMeHell11SI na-
TeHTI10H oxpallbl nporpaMM,aJISI 3BM. P33BJITI1e nporpaMMHbIX cpe.nCTB
'lacro npOSIBJISIeTCSI B lle311a 1 1HTeJIbHbIX ycoBeprneHcTBoBaHHRX, 11306pe-
TaTeJIbCKH:H ypOBeHb KOTOphIX He 01"Be1.IaeT Jpe60naHI1f1M naTeHTocno-
C06110CTH. D.mJ BOCC03aHHSI H OCBOeHI1SI 60nbWH11CTBa 3an3TeIJTOBaH-
IlblX TeXlIHtlCCKliX peweHliM KOllKypellTaM Tpe6yeTC.SI J.aTp3TliTb He1ano
npeMelll1, nporpaM{bl )ICe nerKO ,ay6nl1pylOTCSI C nOMOIIJ.bIO Tex }ICe Ma-
WMH, KOTOpblMI1 OHli npl13BaJlbl ynpaBlliITh. n03TOM)' nporpaMMbI .nei1:-
CTBHTenbllO IIaIOTCSI B 3al.U.I1Te OT 6YKBaJIhHOrO KonliponaHH3.. Ta-
KYIO 3al.U.HTY npe.nOCTanJ1SIeT H1eHHO 3BTopCKoe np3BO.
B-mpembUX, 60nbWHHCTBO CTp3l1 fl1pa npH.aep:>KHBaeTCSI aBTopCKO-
npaBOBOH CHCTeMbl oxpallbl nporp3MM MH 3BM, II Bbl60p J.illoi1: CMC-
TeMLI 13 IlameH CTp311C 0311aQaJI 6bl liCKJIIOtlelllie 1'13 cq:>epbl MeJK.ay:Ila-
pO.nHOH oxpaHbI OTe1.:leCTBelillblX nporpaMMHblX npODYKTOB..
1 CM.: Tumo8 A. KOMnbJOTcpHIDI nporp3MMa: Ilp01t3Be.aeHHe Wlii TCXHOJIOrH$I? 1/
MHTCJ11ICKT)'a'lhHM c06cfBeHHocTh, 1999. )\2 3. C. 28-29.
2 CM.: MUJ1be A. OxpaHa nporpaMMHoro 06CCnCQeHIf},l 3BTOpCIGIM npaBOM: pa3BHTHe
K}pHJ1HleCKO" MbJC!lH II EJOmICTCHh 110 aBTOpCKO\iY npaBY IOHECKO, 1989 ,1
T. XXII. M 4. C. 18.
3 CM..: Kpaoe14 R. Yxa3. cOt!. C. 39.
19

nporpaMMbl lIJISI 3BM SlIJJIfIIOTCSI) 6e3ycnol110, lleOp;:(MHapllhl111 11
C.JIO)l(llbII\.111 06'beKTalVll-l, 111eIOWI1MI'1 Yl-111Ka.rlblIYJO TeXl-llftIeCKYIO nplfpO-
lI)'. O;XI{aKO 3TO 06CTOHTeJIbCTBO lie 5-IBJl5IeTC}! llenpeOnOJIl1MblM npenIT-
CTBl1eM JIJ1SI OXPll[bl npOrpal\'IM aBTOpCKI1M npanOl\1, Ileo6xo.aJ1MO JIliWb
C03.l{aBaTb CneUMaJIbllble II0pMbI, noc B.SilUellllhle npaBOBOMY pe)l(M1Y
KOMnblOTeplfblX nporpa MM.
CJIe.nyeT OTMeTHTb, t.JTO CpaJJlleIIl1e nporpaMM lIlISI 3 B M C JIl1Tepa-
TYplIblMl1 npOI'13Be,neIII1JIMI1, npOBo.nI110e B 3aKOIIO!laTeJIbCTBe 3TO
f\tepa, HanpaBJlellHaH Ha 06ecnet.JellHe OXpalJbl nporpaMM B COOTBeTCT-
BMM C Me)l(llyHapOlIHblMI1 cOfnalUelJl1SIMM (npe)l(!(e Bcero C EepllcKoii
KOHBeHHeH 06 oxpalle JIMTepaTYpJ-{bIX 11 x)'.l{O)f(eCTBeHHblx npoM3Be.ae-
I-IMI1), a He Ha npflMoe cpaBllelil1e npl1po.abl KOMTIbIOTepflblX nporpaMM
C nl1CbMellllblMM npOM3Be.neHMSIMI1. HCXO;IllbIH TeKCT nporpaMMbI, 3a-
nMcalillbII1 IIa SI3blKe nporpaMJ...II'lponaII11ff, 'IO)KeT 6bITb TalOKe np0411Taii
npM :>KeJIaHMH pa306paTbC5f B nOpfI)1Ke pa60Tbl nporpaMMbl. O;:(IlaKO
«'lMTa6enbIIOCTb)} I1CXO.l{HOro TeKCTa lIe I1MeeT rrpSIMoro OTllOWelll1Sl K
ero <!>YIIKUI1H, KOTopafI 3aKJIlOtlaeTCSI B npe06pa30Balll111 MIICTpYKUI11(
nporpaMMI1CTa B o61>eKTI-IYIO nporpaM1vty, npeJ1.CTaRJIeI-IHYIO rrOCne.l{OBa-
Te.JIbHOCTbIO HYJIei1 11 e,aI1IIMU. Ha3tla4el-II1e CO.l{ep)l(alUHXCSI B nporpaM-
v
Me KOMaJI;I He B03.l{eMCTBl1e Ha 3MOUMI1 I1JIM pa3}'M IIMTaTenSl, a ocy-
lUeCTBJIeilMe KOMnblOTepOM onpe.nenel-IHblX npoueJIYpl.
KOHenUMSI aBTopCKoro npaBa, 3apOLlMBlUaSICH ellle n I-Ia4aJIe BO-
ceMHMuaToro BeKa, OKa3aJIaCb KpaHl-le BMeCTlITenbHOH. B ,nonOJIlleHI1e
K TPa,n11UHOIIHbIM nliCbMellllblM pa60TaM Olla OXBaTl1JIa )f(MHOnHCb 11
rpaBlOpbI, a co npeMelleM OTorpa1111, KI1HOI1JlbMbl Ii cl>ollorpaMMbI.
TaKOH «KayqYKOBbIH) xapaKTep aBTopCKoro npaBa, cnoco6Horo B6MpaTb
B ce6SI IIOBble !lOCTl1)I(el-IHfI qenOBet.JeCKOH MbICJIM, n03BOJISleT rOBopHTb
o .nonyCTHMOCTM oxpallbl aHTopCKMM npanOM 11 nporpaMM ,z:rmr 3BM.
ITpM31-IaHMe B 60JIbWI1I-1CTne rOC}'.napCTH nporpaMM lIlISI 9BM 06'b-
eKTaMI1 aBTopCKoro npaBa I-Ie 031Iat.JaeT, o.nHaKO, HeB03MO)l(HOCTb na-
TeHTOBaHHSl KOMnblOTepHblX nporpaMM B onpeAeJIeHHhJX cnyq351x. npe-
,z:re.Hbl naTeHTocnoco6HOCTM nporpaMM BO MHorHX 3apy6e)l(HbIX rocy,uap-
CTBax 6bIlIM BbIpa60TaHbI npe)l(J(e ncero cYLle61IOH npaKTMKOH.
Bo <Dpa111I.1iM naTeHTllblH 3,lKOH 1978 r. npe;:(YCMOTpeJI, qTO npo-
rpaMMbl ,lIJUI 3BM caMl1 no ce6e IfapsrIJy C HayqllbIMI1 TeOpl1.SIMI1,
MaTeMaTWIeCKHMM MeTo,naMI1, MeTOnaMM Mbl1llJ1eHI1H, npaBMJIaMM Mrpbl
M rrpe.l{OCTaBJIeHMe1 MII<!>opMaMM lie nOMe)l(aT naTeHTllOH 3alllMTe
9TO nOJIO)f(eI-IMe 060CII013bIBaJIOCb TeM, t.JTO Bce OI-II1 He nOMalOTCSI
rrpOMblllIJIeHl-lOMY npl1MeHeiIMIO. TaKMM 06pa30M, naTeHTHasr 3aWl1Ta
KOMnblOTepHblX nporpaMM, KacaIOllll1xcSI Mrp, MeTOJJ:OB CqeTa, nopMKa
Be.l{eHMH .l{en, 06pa60TKM TeKCTOB 11 T.n., 3anpeillaeTCSI rrpHMO Ii 6e30ro-
BOpOlIIIO. B TO )l(e npewl n. 3 CT. 6 3aKOHa 1978 f. n03BOIDIeT TonKOBaTb
3TOT 3anpeT rOpa3D.0 fM6 t le. B HeM yrOIIReTCSl) t.JTO naTel-ITOBall1110 He
1 Kpoeeij J/. YKa3 COq. C. 39.
20

nO;IJ1e)l(HT JI11111b npOrpaMfa n.nSI 3BM KaK TaKOIJ,tSI.. Ho eCJII1 KOlnblO-
TepllaSI npOrpt1fMa IIjJs.leTCH tIlcrrbl() ()6J)eKTt1 naTellTOBaIIJiSI rraTeHTII,l1
3aSIDKa paCCf\.laT]JMBaeTC51 no cyweCTBY COOTBeTCTBeIIIIO, npM YCJIOBMM,
"ITO 11306peTellJfe IleOTheMJIeMbIM 3..rlel\leIITO1 KOToporo SIBnSIeTCSI npo-
rpaMM(l I1JISI 3BM, I cBoeit COIOKynIIOCTM ouellMIaeTCSI naTel-lTllbIM
IJenO1CTBOM K3K npi-IrOlIIloe MR TeXJII11.JeCKOrO H npOMbl1lllIeH}IOrO
npJfMClfel-IJfH, Ila Ilero naTe.JIT MO)l(eT 6bITb Bbl.a,\II. B tJ3CTIIOCTI1, naTell-
Tocnoc06110CTb npM31.raeTC51 38 p060TaMI1 11 P060TI{3lIpOI3alIHblMI1 KOM-
nneKCal\fl1, aBTOMaTM31ipOnalJlIblMM CMCTel\13MM npOeKTJ1pOBal-lI1SI 11 T.n..,
B OCllOBe cfJYJIKl{1101IHpOBaJllffi KOTOpblX ne:>KaT KOlnbIOTep}lble npo-
rpaMMbI.. npH 3TOM npaBOBaSl 3aWMTa pacrrpOCTPallfIeTCH lie Ha BXOJUI-
ll{11e B naTel.rryeMble 11JIlIYCTpHaJIblfble CI1CTeMbl I.UIH npOLleCCbl KOMnb-
10Tepilble nporpaMMbl KaK TaKOIJble, .1 nl11I1b Ha I1X npOMblllJJIelfllOe
npl1MeflellHe.
J1MeIIIJO 3Ta n03MUl1.H nOCTenellllO yrBepJ1lUIt1Cb 130 «!>pall11.Y3CKOii
cy.ne6Jloii npaKTI1Ke, XOTSI np06lfBaJIa ()lla ce6e 1I0pOry co 31Ia'II1TeJ1b-
IlbJl\111 TPYI1I10CTSIMI1.
TIeplJOlfat.JaJIbllO <l>pal-ll.{Y3CKMe CYJle6flbie oprallbl 3aHfLTI)1 n0311UllIO
rroniioro JlenpM3Jlalll1SI 3a KOMnbIOTepllbl1H nporpaMlaMM naTellTocno-
C06HOCTI1, fleB311pasr IIa HX COOTBeTCTBl1e KpliTepl1IO npO1bIIillIelll-IOH
npMMeHI1MOCTI1. n OKa3aTenbilbIM H 3TOM fUI311e CTaJlO perneHlie na-
pIDKCKoro CYlIa OT 22 M,lSI 1973 r. no .aeJIY KOMnaIII11i «Mobil oil», non-
TBep}I(UellllOe 28 l\-Iasr 1975 r. KaCCaUJiOllllblJ\.1 Cy.aOM. 111 II KaTeroplltJe-
CKOM: <J;>opMe OTBepranaCh naTellTocnOCOOllOCTb TeXII0J10mH, Tpe6ylO-
 '" v
well ;IJIU cnoero npHtv1ellefl11H onpe.ae.JleIIIIOI1 KOMnblOTepllOJi nporpaM-
Mbl. O;:(II3KO C IlatlaJIa 80-x rr.. XX B pa11UY3cKMe cynbl nepecMoTPeJIH
CBOIO rrpeLIllJe("jByJow.YIO npaKTI1K)1. Pa3BepHyroe 06'bHClle1111e TaKoro
nepeCMOTpa .aaeTCSI B pellJell1111 naplDKcKoro cYrla OT 15 HIOHSI 1981 r.
no LIeny llJJII()M6ep)l(e (Schlun1berger). CYLI c<}>opMynl1pOBaJI o6ll{l1i,i
rrpl1l-lUJfn, cornaCl-lO KOTOPOMY «cnoc06y He MO)KeT 6bITb OTKa3al-iO B
naTelITocrroc06110CTI1 JII1.Wb 1(,1 OClll)B,lHlIM Toro, 'ITO O,Ulffi HJII1 I-Ie-
CKonbKO 3TanOl3 ero peaJIl13al.{Ml1 OC}'llIeCTBflUIOTC$1 KOMnbIOTepOM
ynpaBJUletbll\l rrporpaftoi1:; IIO:I061-1blii nOI1XO...1 nOB..'IetleT 3a C060H B
KOHeqIIO1 IITOre 113DSITI1e 113 ccfJepbI naTellTOlit1J-II-UI 60JIbllJI1I-ICTBa ne-
naef\,lblX B nOC.JleJJJ-lee BpeM51 ll306peTellHH, JIa101l111XC5I IJ nporparvlM-
110M 06ecne t leIII1I1) 11 II npaKTI1'JeCKOM lUIalle npHBe.aeT K nary61-IbIM
pe3ynbTaTaM». 3aTeM cyn npliCT}'nHJI K pa360py M306peTellliSI, no nOBO-
AY KOToporo 6blno B036Y)I(ileli0 ;reJ10, C TOtJKH 1pe1I11S1 ero coorneTCTIJH.H
KpHTepl1lM naTeilTocnoc06HOCTI1 11, B tfaCTl-fOCTI1, Kpl1Tepl110 npOMbIrn-
nelillofl npI1leII11IOCTI1. 113()6peTeII11e npenCTt1BJI5I1l0 C060H HOHblH
cnoc06 Ife(pTepr.1313eLIKM., IleOTbeL'1eMbIM 3neMeJITO1 KOToporo SIBJIRJIaCb
()6pa60TKa OC06blM 06P,\30M nonytlellllblX rtalll1LIX Ita 3BM. Cyn npM-
wen K BbIBOlIY, liTO 0110 YlIOBJIeTROp5IeT BceM 1pe60naIJI1SIl\1, npe;:{'bflB-
JIHeMbIM naTeJ-ITllbIM 3aKOl-IOM. Cy;:( nO,U,BeJI TaIOKe Otlellb BIDKllbIM I1TOr
21

CBOl1M pac-cr:>K1Iel-ll1}rM 0 npl1pOl1e 3aKOII0J1,aTe.rIhIII>IX nO}lO)KeIll1ii, OTIIO-
CfIlUl.IXC1 K naTeIITOIJaIIIIIO KorvInbl()Tel)llbIX nporparrlt\rl. 011 )'Ka3a..1J, I.ITO
«Hop1a, }'CT..\llaHflIIB3IOwa.sr 3anpeT 11,1 naTe11TOIJ,1IJlle KOt\rlDbIOTepJlbIX
npOrpal\I'I, 51BJI5IeTC51 HCKJ110 t lelll1er-..f 113 06wero nplIJJ-lJIa, II B CI1JlY :JToro
eii nOR)KHO Lla13aTbC1 peCTPI1KTHB}{Oe TOIIKOI3<1111.te» I.
B CI.llA nOBopOT 13 Ronpoce npl1 r 311(]III-lSI fl<lTellTocnoco6110CTl1
nporpaM1 nJ1SI 3BM npOlf30rneJI IJ neJ1e rlpaTep (1969 r.). BeLloMcT130
no naTellTal\-1 II TOBapJlbl'1 311,lKaM OTKa3aJIO IJ IJblnatle naTellT,l IIa npo-
rpa1MHpreMbIM KOMnblOTep 06lUero ll,\311,\tleJI111. CY.A )Ke YCTaHOI11JI)
lITO 13DeLlelIHe nporpa1Mbl npeo6pa3yeT KOMnblOTep 06wero Ila31la t le-
v '"
111151 B CneUHaJII13HpOBallllblH KOMnbIOTep, KOTOpblJ.f BMeCTe CO cnoco-
60M, nOcpeL(CTBOM KOToporo 01-1 pa60TaeT (T.e. nporpaMMllbl1 06ecne-
tIeI-IHeM), MO:>KeT naTeliTonaTbCH npl1 C-00TDeTC-TBI111 Tpe6013all11SIM 110-
DH31IbI, nOJIe3110C-TII 11 IleO I leI311LlIIOC-TI1. B J1,ene ,QarI1vfOIJ.rI npOTII3 L(bep
(1981 r.) BepXOBl-lbl:H Cr.a CllIA rCTaIIOBIIJI) tlTO npOCToe BKJIIOt.leIIHe
I-IenaTeHTOCnoc061-10rO 06neKTa D naTeIIToCnoc06I-IbI:H B npotlHX OTlIO-
lIIelIHSIX c-noc06 lIe ,aeJIaeT :JTOT cnoc06 IIenaTeIITocnoc-06IIbIl\f 13 ue-
JIOM. HaKOlleu., nHa perneHHSI ArreJIJI$IUlIOIllloro cy,aa <DeJIepaJIhllOrO
v
oKpyra IJ 31Ia1jI1TeJIbHOH Mepe onpeeJII1J]I1 cOBpeMeHI-Ible npe,aeJIbl na-
TeilTocnoc06110CTl1 KOMnblOTepl-lblX nporpaMM B CI.llA. PernellHe no
LleJIr ArranaT (1994 r.) rJIaCHJ1o) t.ITO a)Ke eCJII1 }\rlaTel\laTI1QeCKOe cYJ..Ue-
CTBO neJIa caMO no ce6e lIe npe,lICTaIJJI}reT J1111jerO lil-lOrO, KaK I-Iena-
TeJITOCnoc0611rIO a6CTpaKTI-IYIO 11.i\eIO, 110 rrpJi CBeLlefIHH K npaKTl1 t le-
CKO1Y npHMellell1110 cywecTBo ,lIeJI1 MO)KeT CTaTb OTBeQalOlUI1M 3aKO-
I-IY, a TeM caMhllv1 nonaCTb no,lI naTellTIIrlO OxpaIJr. B ,aeJIe JIOYPH
(1994 r.) cr,a 3alIIeJI TaK AaJIeKO, 'ITO npH31-IaJI naTeJITOCnoc0611blMH
MaWHI-I01jHTaeMble I-I0CHTeJIH nal-ll-lhlX C 3anJ1Cal-ll-lbll\fH I-Ia IJI1X npo-
rpaMMaMH 11 6a3aMH ,aal-lllbIX, TaKHe, KaK rl16KHH ,aI1CK. 3TO peWel-ll1e
0603Hat.I11JI0 KpaHIII1M rronxo,a K Bonpocr n,1TeIITI-I0:H OXpal-lbl KOMnblO-
Tepl-lblX nporpaMM, HMelOWHM MeCTO B CI.llA. Ha OCl-lOBe Bblrnenepe-
QHCJIellllblX 11 I-leKOTOpblX ,lIpyrl1x CY,lIe61IbIX ,lIeJI 6blJIH pa3pa6oTalibI
I-IOBbIe llpaBHJIa llaTel-ITI-IOrO Be,aOMCTI3a ,lLJIH paCCMOTPel-ll1SI OTI-IOCSI-
llIHXCSI K KOMnblOTepaM 11306peTe11Hii, KOTopble B13e,aeHbI B ,aeMCTBHe C
29 MapT3 1996 r. CornaCJIO npalJI1JlaM npl1 perneHI1H Bonpoca 0 na-
TeliToCnoco61-IOCTH KOMnblOTepllbIX nporpaMM Tpe6yeTcSI rCTa"IOBI1Tb
TeXHH1..JeCKHM xapaKTep naTellTyeMoro B 1.}>0pMrJIe H306peTe11HSI npo-
rpaMMIloro npO,lIYKTa 2 .
B 1997 r. .SInolIHSI BCJIe.n: 3a CI.llA npHHHJla Ii0BbIe npaBHJIa 3Kcnep-
TH3bl naTeJITHbIX 3a.SlDOK.. Tenepb MalliHllOtlHTaeMbIe I-I0CHTeJIH ,lIaIIHbIX
r v--
1 3HmuH JI.M. YKaJ. cot.!. C. 14-16.
2 CM.: PeeUHCKUU O.B., llO.llOHCKtlR H.B. CpaHHeHlie CYJle6HbIX pellIeHHii 8 ClIIA,
BenHK06pHT8HHH II EnB no naTCHT8, OTHOC5IIUHMCSl K [lpOrp8MJ\.fHOMY 06eCIIe I IC-
HlilO KOMllbJOTepOB II ITp06neMbI npOMhIllinCHHOH c06cTBeHHoCTII, 1998. 1\2 12.
C. 112-114.
22

C 3anl1CalJHblIH lla 111iX. npOrpafMaMI"1 lilllf 6a3aMH .naHHbIX C'-JHTaIOTCH
naTeHTOCn oc06J-1 bl"'IJI Ii B fI no 111111 J .
EOJIce KOIlccpBaTMBHbIfl rro.axO;l K naTetITOBallJ..11O nporpalv(M ;uISI
3BM IIa6nlOMaeTCH H BeJII1K06plITalllflf. ECJ1I'1 ;:(0 1977 r.) Kor,t1a 6bm
npHI"IHT libll"le ;:(eHcTuYIOlllHM naTellTHblil 3aKOII, nareHTlloe BeAOMCTBO
BeJIHK06pHTalll1H .aOCTaTOtIIIO nH6epaJIbll0 BhI.aanaJIO naTel"ITbl Ha H30-
6peTe11HH, OTIIOCSILUJ1eCSI K nporpalv(fIIOMY 06ecne 1 IeIIHIO, TO nocne
3Toro rrpaKTIfKa CTaHOBI1TCSI 60nee orpaHH t IIfBalOlI.{ei1. JI.nH xapaKTepH-
CTIfKH nOJIO)f(el"1115.I en B BenHK06pl1TaHHH npHBen elv ( ;lBa AeJIa, pac-
CM01peHllhIe naTeIITIlblf CYAOM, .aeIIO KOlv(nalII'IH «<I>y.a3HUY) H .!leno
KOMnaHI1Ji «PeHTeOII».
no JIeJIY «<Dy.a311U.Y» B pewelilili cy.n:a CKa3ali0 cne;:JyIOlI.{ee:
«I1.CKJIIOLJ:eHHeftrl H3 naTelITon311J..1$I SIBJISIeTCSI npe;:(MeT CymllOCTH J a
1"le cl>OPMbJ. n03TOIY HCKnl01IeilHe r]o t{aCTI-I 1(2) 3aKolia pacnpoCTpa-
llSIeTCH 1"la nlO60H Bli.l{ naCCHBIloro II0CHTen.H IL'lH 3anHCH HCKJIlOqeHHO-
ro 06"beKTa. TaK, TonbKO RMllib nOTOMY, tITO nHCT 6Yl'IrarH B npliHllHne
naTeHTYeM (KpOMe CJ1yaH, Kor.aa 011 He 06na.aaeT HOBH3IiOii), J-IeLIonyc-
THMO, K npHMepy, 3arrHcaTb nHTepaTYpHYlo pa60TY WI" KO\olnbloTepllYIO
nporpaMMY Iia nHCT 6YMarJ1, a 3aTeM "CnpalllHBaTb naTel"ITHyJO MOIIO-
non 1'1 10 Jl]IH 3T0i1 6YMarH, HeCYllleH 3anl'1callllYIO pa6oT)'- A.lfaJIOrliqllO,
He.aonYCTI'IMO 6e3 '-JerO-TO eille J..lcnpallllfB3Tb 3aWHTY ,WISI KOMnbIOTep-
v
HOI1 nporpaMfl..lhI, KorMa Olla xpalII1T'CSI If a larJIHTIIOM II0CHTene HJlH
Kor.I1a OHa npocTO 3arp}rJKeHa B KOMnbl()Tep.
Ha nepBhIH B3rnSllI, KOlv(nbIOTep, pa60TalOlllHM nO;l ynpaBnelll'leM
. ,.
0;:(H011 nporpaIMbl-, OTnJ..ltlell OT YCTPOl1CTBa 1.13 Toro }l(e KOMnbiOTepa,
pa60TalOlI.{ero no.a ynpaBJIeJIHeM .LIpyroif nporpaMlbJ. 113 3TOrO cne.aY-
eT, qTO cl>opMyna H306pCTei"JI1$I Ila KOlnbIOTep, ynpaBJIHeMbIi1 npo-
rpaf\.IMOH, IUlH Ila cnoc06 ynpaBnelfl151 KOMrrblOTepOM nocpe.aCTBOM
nporpaMMbl, HJ111 Ha cnoc06 BhInOJlliellHSI npou.ecca nyTeM 1.lcrrOJlb30-
BaHH5I ynpaBJISIeMOrO TaKIf1 06pa30M KOftt1nbIOTepa MO)l(eT 6hITb npen-
MeTOM naTellTIloii oxpallbl. O.aHaKO, rrOCKonbKY cy;:( paCCMaTPI1BaeT
CYlI.{IIOCTI, a He cl>OPMY, pa3pa60TtlHKY IIeAOCTaTOtlHO IIOBOH rrporpaM-
MbI, tlT06bl I'lcr-llJI1BaTb ')xpallY ee C03;:(a"IHSJ npOCTO nOMellla51 ee B
OJIHO H3 3TliX Bblpa)KeIIHH. Cy.a HJIH naTeHTlloe Be.LIOMCTBO .LIOn)l(llbl
IlanpaBHTb CBoe BHHMallHe He Ita £}>aKT Toro, liTO rrporpatfa ynpaBnSI-
eT KOMnblOTepOM, 110 Ita TO, qTO ;:(enaeT KOMnhlOTep, ynp3BJlfieMbli
TaKHM 06pa30M.
n03TOMY CI1CTe 06pa6oTKH AallllhIx IJanpaBJ1eHIIYIO Ha nonyqe-
Hl1e JIOl10ro pe3YJIbTaTa, He cne;:JyeT nHwaTh oxpallbl Ha OCHOBe Toro)
'-ITO 3TO nporpaMMa KaK TaKOBaH. C LIpyroH CTOpOllhI JIa>Ke eClIH rrpo-
rpaIMa .JaCTaBJISleT KOMnbl{)Tep pa60TaTb nO-HOBOMY, Ileo6xo;:(Hf\.fO Bce
I CM.: llocoeetn}"eJ,IC.fl C HaytlHo-rexHlfllccKlfM cOBeToM? II naTeHTbl It JllfltCH3JtVi.
2000. N9 4. C. 4.
23

)Ke nOCMOTPeTh, lITO )f(e TOLJHoO J1enaeT KOMnbIOTep, T.e.. Iia CYIIOCTb
BblnOJIlls..e10ro npoecca_ ECJli1 I3ce, ([TO n.enaeTC5I, no CBoefi CYTI1 IB-
n.HeTCR JblnOJIflell11eM O.nIIOH 113 n.e5ITeJIbIIOCTeii, onpe.aellellllblX CorJIac-
lIO 1.IaCTI1 1(2) 3aKoila KaK IleOXpaIJHelble, Torn.a 11 CI1CTeMa 6y.neT Ile-
OXpal-lHeMOH» .
CYlLH no 3TOMY peweHl11O) naTel-ITHOblii cyn. BeJII1K06pl1TalIl111 OTBep-
meT KpaHlIOCTI1, Bpo.ne naTel IT013al I 1151 II0CI1TeJJefr C 3anl1Cal-II-IblMI1 Ha
HHX nporpaMMaMl1, 11 ,nonYCKaeT oxpaHY nporpafwfMHoro 06eCne'lelI11R,
ecnl1 OHO RBJIReTCR 'laCTbIO cnoc06a, DbIITOnliReMoro KOMTIbIOTepOM,
Iml1 BXOL(11T KaK 1.IaCTb B KOMnblOTep.. npl1 3TOM, KaK 11 B ClIIA, cy.n
TPe6yeT HaJII1t.JH.SI TeXHI1 t JeCKoro xap,lKTepa 3aHBJ1eHHOrO nporpaMMliOfO
06ecne1.Iel-lH.SI.
B .JIpyrOtwl 113 J{BYX ynoMSlHYTblX ;len, on.HoaKO, np05lBMJICR KOI-ICepBa-
TH3M al-Irnl1MCKI1X Cy.nOB.
B 11306peTell1111 KOMnaHliJ1 «PeHTeOII) 6bln rrpe.nCTa BJ1 el-l cnoc06
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IIH.SI Kopa6n.H ailaJII1311pOlJaJII1Cb B 11306peTell1111 11 CpaBl-ll1BaJIl1Cb C 6a-
30H .nal-lllblX 113BeCTI-IbIX Kopa6neH. AilaJII13 Co.neP)KaJI pa3J{enelll1e cl1ny-
3Ta I-Ia IleCKonbKO BepTl1KaJIbHblX nOJIOC, B Ka)l(llOM 113 KOTOpblX BblCOTa
Kopa6IDI npenCTaBJ1.smaCb 11I1CnOM.. 3TI1 tll1CJIa 3aTeM CpaBl-ll1BaJIl1Cb C
tJHc.naMI1 B 6a3e ,nallllblX IDISI HI{eIITMcl>I1Kau.JtrI1 Kopa6JISI_
KOMnaHI1SI « PeMTeOI-I» c.nenarra 3aHDJ<y I-Ia H306peTel-iHe YCTpOMCTBa
MR rrpJtreMa CBeTOBblX Cl1flIaJIOB OT Kopa61IeH 11 CpaBl-lel-lJ1R CHrllaJIOB C
6a30M !(aHHbIX, KaK 3TO Onl1Cal-iO BbIwe. naTel-lTl-lblM cy.n BeJII1K06pHTa-
I-IHH 3aHBMJI) 1.ITO 11306perel-II1e MfI J1[(eIITI1cl>I1Ka1111 Kopa6neH 6blJIO
YJvICTBel-lllOM ,neSlTenbl-IOCTblO 6e30TI-IOCHTeJIbHO K TOlv!Y, lITO lIenOBeQe-
CKI1M fwf03f I1neIlrncl>Hl1pOBaJI 6bl Kopa61I11 OTJIWIllblM rryrefwf. naTel-lT-
Iloe Be.nO1CTBO CJIen:yer 3TOMy pellel-IJ11O. ECJII1 H306peTeHI1e BbInOJII-IR-
eT I-lelITO, 'ITO MO)l(I-IO c.neJIaTb B t.JeJIOBeqeCKOfwf }'Me, AaJKe eCJIH 3TO Ae-
JIaeTCSI OTnl11.Il-lbIM nyreM, TO naTel-IT I-Ie 6y,neT Bblnall. BOT KaKHM mo6o-
nblTl-lbIM 06pa30M CKa3al-lO 06 3TOM B cyne6JIOM peWel-lHI1: «.H COOTBeT-
CTBeHl-lO np 1131-1 ,1 10, qTO cnOBa «}'MCTBel-llIaSI AesrreJIbI-IOCTb» ,nOJDKl-lbI
TOJIKOBaTbCSI TaK, KaK OHI1 nOI-II1MaIOTC1 B 06blQl-iOM pe1.Il1. rOcn on 11 1-1
.[bKeKCOI-I C0611paJICSI yJ<a3aTb, QTO BblnOJIJleilHe YfwfCTBel-lllOM AeSITeJIbI-IO-
v
CTH npeAnonaraeT C0311aTeJIblibIM npouecc: HellTO I-laMepel-ll-lOe, cOBep-
rnaeMoe B YMe. .H, o.nl-laKO, lie rOTOB tlHTaTb 3TI1 cnOBa B KaKOM-JII160
orpal-l11'II1BalOweM CMbICJIe. .H Aonro np0)KI1J1 C Tex nop, KaK y31-1aJI, I.ITO
ceMblO BoceMb 6yneT nRTb)::{eCSIT weCTb. C rrOMolllbJO alIaJIHTWIeCKoro
npol..{eCca SI Mor 6bl nOKa3aTb, KaK nonyqaeTCSI pe3ynbTaT.. 3TO, AeMCT-
BI1TeJIbI-IO, YMCTBel-ll-laSI ):{eHTeJlbI-IOCTb. Ho eCJIH R BCTPeqy I-Ia YJIl1l..{e
.npyra H Y31-IalO ero, TO CnOBal\{11 6YLleT TPYL{IIO 06DICliHTb n01.Ie1Y. Ee3
COMlIel-II1M, aKT pacn0311aBaHol1SI MO)KeT no IleKOTopOM crenel-I11 6blTb
rrpOal-IaJII13HpOBafi H Bblpa)l(el-I B CJIOBaX, HOO HI1KaKaH KOM6111-IaI11 cnOB
lIe II03BonHT 06bIQI-IOlv!Y nOCTopOlllleMY BblAenl1Tb Moero .npyra B TOJIne.
24

nepei1.aeM K 60JIee a6CTPaKTIIOlf KOI-lu.enL(l1l1: eCJII1 SI 1-ii0XalO anenbCHII,
H 311a10, t)TO ::>TO aneJIbCI1II. 51 Y31iaJO ero KaK TaKon011 C nOIOlllblO npo-
L(ecca cpaBHelll1H, BbI3blla$I 3anax aneJIbCl11la, KOTOpblM $I 0601-IIDI npe-
JKne, HO IIeJIb3SI nO;Io6p,\Tb CJI0Ba, KOTopble rr03BOJISIT paCn03HaTb 3anax
aneJIbCl1lla TO1Y, KTO J-111Kor,na ero lie 1110XaJI. Ho Bce )l(e npl1 pacno-
31-1aBa1IlII-I aneJIbCI1IIa SI lie COMHenaIOCb, 'ITO BblnOJIl-lSl1O }'MCTBeIIIIYIO
.neSITeJlbI-IOCTb. Ee3 COMllel-IMM, MO)l(IIO npMlrYMaTb YCTpOMCTBO, KOTopoe
.uOCTl1raJIO Toro )Ke pe3YJIbTaTa c nOMObIO npouecca XHMI1QeCKOrO
allaJIl13a" TaKoM aJIbTepllaTI1BllbIti npouecc pacn031laBall11S1 I-Ie 6blJI 6bl
YMCTBeHHOH ,neHTenbI-IOCTblO, 11 YClpOHCTBO Morno 6bl BOruIOTHTh O.nlIO
11lI11 60nee M306peTeI-IHM. 01111 6blJII1 6bl TeXl-lHtleCKHM ycnexolwf, 1-10 3TO
lie TO, tjTO np0l130llLTIO B ;Ial-IIIOI 11306peTe11HH. 3L1eCb lbl CTaJIKI1Baelwf-
CSI CO cpaBllelll1eM 06"'beKTOB. 51 TOJIbKO lITO rrpOUI1Tl1pOBaJI CJIona Be.ny-
ero 3KcnepTa, KOTOpbII1 nOSICIIIUl KaK npOTeKaeT npouecc 11 KaK n. 8
(pOpMynbl 11306peTelII1SI YCTIllIalJIlnaeT BKJIlOllaeMble B I-Iero OnepaL(l1l1.
OcyeCTBJIReTCH TO, lITO BblnOJll15leT TaKoe :>Ke cpaBllel-lHe, KaK H BbI-
nOJII-I5leMOe B Ylwfe npl1 pacn0311aBalII111 o6DeKTa, 1-10 ocYWeCTBJIHeMOe
3neKlpOJlllblMI1 Cpe,iICTBall1. 3TO n 6onbllIei1 Mepe ,neMOIIClpl1pyeT YM-
v
CTBel-lHblH rrpou:ecc, IIe:>KeJIH pacn03HaBall11e aneJIbCl1l-la, KOTopoe Sf: I1C-
rrOnb30BaJI KaK npHMep. I1cnoJIb3yeMbiM Ila ,nene npou:ecc MO)l(eT 6bITb
BblpIDKel1 c.nonaMH H TaK H DblpIDKelI 13 n. 8. 01-1 MO)l(eT 6blTb conOCTaB-
JIel-l C npou:eccoM) BKJIlOqaefblM B ,nOCTIDKelll1e Toro pe3YJIbTaTa, QTO
ceMblO BoceMb eCTb IDITblIeCHT weCTb)} I.
KaK BH,lII1{, naTeHTI-IbIM cy.n BenHKo6pl1TallMI1 B n:aHI-IOM cJ1ytlae
nOCTaBHJI 3aCJIOII 11306peTelll110 KOMnalll1H «PeHTeOI-I>)., COCnaBllll1Cb Ha
'V v
TO, liTO ,neHCTBI1SI, np0l13Bo,nI1MbIe MallJI1I-IOH, MOryr BblnOJII15ITbCSl B
Y1e a nOTOMY lie MOfyr 6blTb 061>eKTOM H306peTeI-IHH. O.nllaKO 3TO pe-
llIelll1e cy,na 51BlliIeTCSI cKopee I1CKJIlOtlel-ll1eM 11 IDIH BeJII1K06pHTalll1l1,
OTLI.enbl-lbllwf npOSIBJIellHeM 113Bec.. y rHoro KOIICepBaTl13Ma allrnHHcKHX cY-
.uOB. EOJIee xapaKTepl-lblM MSI cY,i1e61-10H npaKTI1KI1 CoelIHIIelIlloro Ko-
pOJIeBCrna RBJIReTCH Bce )l(e neJIO «<I>Yll.3I1UY)}.
TIaTeJ-ITllblM 3aKOII 113palliISI I-Ie COnep)l(I1T rrpH!\.fblX YKa3alll1M I-Ie Ile-
naTeliTocnoco6110CTb nporpaivlM AJ1SI 3BM M onpen:enHeT 11306perelll1e
KaK npo.nyKT HJII1 cnoco6, KOTopbIe RBlliIlOTCR IIOBbIMI1, none31Ibl{I1,
y
npl1MeHI1MblMI1 11 npOIblllinellllOCTI1 11 CeJIbCKOM X03RI1CTBe H HBJISIIOTCSI
pe3ynbTaTaMI1 H306peTaTenbCKOM .neSITeJlbIIOCTH (rn. 11, CT. 3). n03TOMY
naTeliTocnoco6110CTb 11306peTe1111SI, co.nep)KalllerO nporpaMMY ;vIR
3BM, 3aBI1CHT OT Toro, y,i10BJIeTBOpSIeT JII1 H306peTell11e Tpe60BallHSIM
CT. 3 fJI. 11 naTelITIIOrO 3aKOl-la KOMl1ccap no naTel-lTaM TIaTel-lTl-lOrO
Be,nOMCTBa M3pal1JISI OTKa3aJI B Bbwaqe naTeIITa no 3aSIBKe Ha cnoc06
,.
MHII11MI13aUHM pacxona TOruIHBa npH noneTe Bepronern, OCl-lOBal-ll-lbIH
Iia nOCTORllllOM KOllTpOJIe C nOMOllJ.blO 3BM 3a CKOpOCTblO noneTa 11
1 Cf.: PeeuHCKUU O.B.. [JOAOHCKGJI H.B. YKaJ. co. C. 114-116.
25

M3MeJleHI111 ee TaKI1M 06pa30M, tlT06bJ pacXOlI TOWIMBa 6bln MI11IMMaJIL-
lIbIt. B CIJOelvI peruel-IJ111 KOfl.tCcap COCJIa..rxcsI 11,1 111lTepnpeTaU"ll0 CT. 3
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no MIlel-IMIO cy.aa, onpe.aeJlel-iI-Ie naTciIToCnoc06JIOCTH 11306peTeI IJ1JI B
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OTKpblTHM NQ 4 OT 13 l105I6pSl 1975 r. «0 npM31lalIHM M306peTellHSIMM
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CKHM 06ecrrelleHHelv1 3BM»2.. Dei:i("'TBYIOlUI1H naTeHTHblM 33KOH P<I>,
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T.C. npKXO.n:bKO.. M3JIO)f(elIIIOe B 3asIBKe pernellHe 33):{a1.JM 3aKnIOqa.n:OCb
C O.QI-IOM CTOpOJfbl, B YCTal-lOBKe BeIITI1JIHTOpOB, B TOM 1.JMCne 11 .n:onOJI-
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60JIblllee rrOBblrnel-lMe TeMnepaTypbl, H C JIpyrOM B ocyweCTBJIell"IM
annapaTHo-nporpaMMI-IOrO ynpaJJJIelIIDI BeI-ITHJIHTOpaMH 3 . ,QpyrMM npM-
v
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pacn03lIaBal-lH.SI BH3YaJIbliOH MllcpopMaUMM Fine Reader, OCllOBallllblX IIa
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TYaJIhHIDI C06CTBeHHOCTb: COBpeMeHHbJe I1p06JIeMbI: npo6JIeMHO-TeMaTHQeCKliH
C60PHHK PAR. M., 1998. C. 197-211.
2 3aKoHooamellbcmeo CCCP no H306pCTaTCJ1hC1.BY. M., 1981. T. 1. C. 262-263.
3 CM.: flPUXOObKO T. C. nporpaMMHOC 06cClle t leHJ.fe Ii naTeHTHoe npaBO / / llaTeHTbI Ii
JIHueH3IiH, 2001. NQ 3. C.28-29.
26

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1 CM. DUHHUK. 11. naTCHTHOC IlpaBO. oc06CHHOCTH 3all.IJIThI KOMnblOTepHbIX TeXHono-
fHH / / Orl<pbITble CIICTeMbl, 1999 ]\;Q 11--12. C. 89-90. Tal'i( .>KC ony6nJ1KOBaHa
4>opfY!la .aaHHoro H306pCl"CHI15l.
27

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I CM.. M111be. A. YKa3. COq. C 22.
2 Gordon S. E. The Vcry Idea Vlhy Copyright Law IS Inappropriate Way to Protect
Computer Programs. EIPR, 1998. Vol. 20. NQ 1. P 10-13. nOlIpo6Hee 0 BOJlpOcax.
CBs:l3aHHblX C BocnpoH3BelleHHc!.i HeJIHTepa.nbHbIX 31IeMCHTOB JlporpaMM .lJ)lSI :=>BM CM.
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29

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paCnpelIeJIeHlle pecypcol Me}f(.L(Y npOrp(1fMaMI1 (naM5ITI1, OtJepel{11()CTI1,
Bpe1eII11); I3hl$II3neII11e Ilenpe,JJJl1lIellllblX cI1TyauJt1ti 11 COOTneTcTByIOl..Qee
pcarl1p013all11e Ira I-JliX (C601i B pa60Te YCTpoiicTB, nporpaIM, BblKJ110'-le-
Jll[e 3..rleKTpOnI1TaIIIDI). Hali:60Jlee pacnpoc1pallelllloil B 1I3CTOSIwee
13pel\151 Hl3n.sleTCSI onepaUl10111laSI CIICTel\-la Windows.
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liepKY YCTpoffCTH Ha c6ol1, BBeI{eJ111e pa3J111411hlX rrapoJIeii 11 KO.nOB.
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npaBOI3an oxpaJ-la lie pacnpoCTpafl.s:leTcsr (n.. 5 CT. 3 3aKoila P<1> «0 npa-
BOBOfl oxpafle nporpaMM lUISI 3BM 11 6a3 rralll-IbIX»).. J],alJIIOe perneJll1e
3aKOII0.aaTeJISI npe,nCTaBJ1SIeTC1 fie COIJCeM nOrHtll-lblM. .H3bllGl nporpaM-
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l..(enblO 113nl1CailIDI JIpyrl1x rrporpaivlM I TOJ.1 111111 1111011 Onepal..(11011110H
cpelle. 6e3YCJIOBIIO, nporpaMlv1a, IJanl1Calllla51 H3 onpel{eJIellllOM 13b1Ke
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IlblM }I3bIKOM nporpaMMl1pOBalllffi. JIorH\IIIO 6bI 6blno npe,nnOJIO)KI1Tb
YCJIOBl1e, 'ITO ,nJUI KOMMeptleCKoro 11CrrOJlb30Halll1SI nporpaMf\.fbl, Ilanl1-
caIIIIoii IIa onpe)IenellllOM $I3blKe nporpaMMl1pOBalll151, ee C03;IaTeJlb
.n;O.fI)f(ell nOJlytl11Tb pa3pernell11e OT 06na,.1aTen1 npaB ..fa nallllblH SI3bIK
rrporpaMll1pOBaHI1}I. O,lIllaKO aBTOp nporpaMhlbl 3Toro lie JIenaeT, 11 3a-
KOI-l 113XOD,I1TCSI Ha ero CTopOlle. Ha np,lKTI1Ke, t.IT06bl XOTb KaK-TO KO1-
nellCI1pOBaTb 3TOT IIelIOCTaTOK 3clKOII0.aaTenbCTIJa, B...1Ja.L(enbl.{bI 5I3blKOIJ
nporpa1lv1HpOHalI11j.1 pewalOT 3TY np06JIe1Y nyreM YCTallOBJIelll1SI Iia
1111X 60JIee BblCOKOii I..(etlbl.. K npI1f\.1epy, n,tKeT Delphi, npel{J-1,1311lqell-
IlblH .ann npOrpaf\1Ml1pOBaIIMSI JJ cpe.ae Windows, CTOI1T OKono 2000 aJ\.te-
pHKaI-ICKI1X 1I0...'1JIapOIJ, tlTO }fa nop51;tOK IJblWe CTOI1MOCTI1 .npyrl1x npo-
rpaMMJlblX npOlIYKTOB KOpnOpi.l.L(1111 Microsoft 1.
4. CpeocmBa o6pa6omKli meKcmOB II 11306paJICellllu, TaK I-la3blBael'wfhle
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1 CM.: 1lJln06 A. YKaJ. COl.!. C. 29-30.
30

1\. ClICme\tbl Y'1p08'1eJIIUl 603a,,",111 aall/lbLX.
6. llpolpa..I,,lbl IICI\.)lCCn18eltIJOlO I 111111e.'I!1eKll1a. K lllIM OTIIOCflTCSI
npoTJ.)U\1J\.fbl, n03BOJISlIOWI-Ie ofipa6aTblBaTb eCTeCTnellllbli.i SI3bIK 11 rw1o.ae-
JlI.tpOBa1b .a I-ian Of, n()!\10raJOWl1e npJ.Ill11l\faTh peWellll51 (3KCneplllble
CI1CTefbI), npOl13BOiIIITb anTorw1aTI1 t leCKOe .aOK33aTe.nhCTfiO TeOpelYi, 11C-
no.nb30BaTb po60TOTeXIIMKY, ocyweCTBJIfiTh allTOfaTWleCKoe nporpaf-
lYiHpOBallJ1e paCn03JlaRaTb 06pa3bl (OTne'JaTl<li, cpOllorpaIMbl) H T.n.
7. CpeeJcnleo O"lR o6pa6omKti 1(11tjJP08b1X OOllllbiX, 06ecneIHBaloWHe
C03lI.al I lie TaK Ila3b[nae1hIX «3.neKTpOllllbIX Ta6JI11L(» .tIJI${ BhlnOnl-leJl11S[
p3CleTon 11 no.nrOTOBKH paCl.leTllhlX .aOKYleIITon.
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1I11H anTopCKI1X npaB, a TaK)f(e TaK Ila3hlnael\.lble «KOJ\.fnbl0TepHbIC BliPy-
Chi»), T.e. nporparwll\'lbl 06naaalOll.{1fe cBoIICTno:\( C3MonocnpOl13BOlll1TbCH
11 C03.aaBaTb nOfeXl1 8 pa60Te If a 3BM 6e3 C3J-IKUliI1 .n06pOCOBeCTllb1X
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BaTbCS[ pa3JTI1 t llible 13 1111. hi KO'lnLI<)TepJlbIX nporpaIM, T.K. cnoc06110CTI1
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Bn()JIlle TJ.1 nI1lllbI.tli cl>YIIKI..{IiSI1\111 06bl']llh1X np()rpal\frwl. B cnytJae J.IC-
nonb30nalll.IJ[ T3KHX npOfpal\t(1 l1J1R Ilapywelilifl 11CKJIJ()IIHTenbtlblX npaB
K OTBeT<...7BelllIOCTJ1 JI.OJI)I(]lbI npl1H.rreKaTbC5I nO.Hb30HaTeJlli t KOTophle CO-
neprnalOT npOTl-lBOnpaBllble .aeilcrnlff"} 3 lie pa3p(16oTtII1KJ.1 KOl\t(nbIOTep-
IlbIX nporpal\1f..l Wl1pOKOrO 11t\31Itl l lellJ.ISL Hlla$I cI1TyaUJU( CK!Ia..JbIDaeTCSl n
cnyqae C nporpaf\.11a1..t, KOTopble CIJel(llaJJblIO npe.a1la3li3tlellbl JLTI5I Ifa-
pywell11SJ aUTopcKlLX npaD, T.e. np()rpaJ\lfaiH, 3aue,nOMO npIIBO,llSIll{I1MI1
K IlecallKUllO 11I1pOna I 1110l\ly Yllll {ITO)l(eII1110, 6no KJ.1pO 88111110, MO;JJI4>I1Ka-
Ll.I111 ..111160 KOnl-tpOB3111-IIO Ifll(l>0pMaLl.lfl1. C03;J:aTeJ111 TaKHX nporpaMM
TaK )f(e, KaK Ii nporpat"1-"1pyCO), MOryr npHBJ1eKaTbCH K yrOJIOBllOH
OTReTCTBeliliOCTI1 no CT. 273 Yro..I10BflOro Ko.aeKca P<D «<C03..n:aIIJ1e, liC-
nonh30nalll1e I-I pacnpoCTp811elilte Bpe,ll0110clll>IX nporp3MM ;IJ1S1 3EM)).
C.neJI.OBaTenbllo, pa3pa60TKa npen:01IOCI-IhIX nporpal\t(M 3anpewel-la, H
anTopcKoe npaBo "Ia ill-(X lie pacnpocTpallSIeTcfI. Uenecoo6pa3Hbll\-1
npe.acTalJJIfleTCSi UlfeCel-ll1e .aonOJIlleIII-lii B 3aKoII P<D «0 npaBoBoM ox-
palle nporpal\'fM )lJ1SI 3BM H 6a3 ;:rallllbIX», KOTopble npHJ\.lo YCTaifoBl1l11f
6hl 3anpeT Iia C031I311l1e Bpe.aofIOCJIbIX KOl\..lnbloTepllhlx nporpaMM, alla-
nOfJ.PJllblll CYIUCCTI\Yl0ll.{eMY R 3aKoile Pecny6.nl1Kll oe.n:apycb «06 ali-
TOpCKO1 npane 1-( Cle)KllbIX npanax) (CT. 39)1.
9. Ifll/llelpllpoeollllblC Cllcnle.l'tlbl., KOTopble npeiICTannSiIOT c060i1 co-
BOKynJIOC'fh (l)YHKUI'IOllaJIbIIO pa3.JI11 1 111b1X KOMnOlleIIT08) cnoco6HhlX
U3al-(l\lo.aeIICTBonaTb hte}K1l)' C()60H I1YTCM nepe.natll1 MII(l>op-lalllfI1 11 061>-
e,aI1Hel-lllbIX eL1Hltbl{ nOJl b308aTenbCKIif II] ITCp(pei.icol\tL T aKJ.1e CJ.ICTe1 bl
06ecne t lliB31OT pa3nll l JIJbJe 11H<!>opf\,1aLU'fOHI-Ible Ii nbl t lllCJll1TeJIbHble rro-
I Cf.: BeaO..\'OClllll HalUIOHen)Horo C06p3HU}} Pccn}'{)l1iK11 EC][OPYCb. 1998. Xq 3J -32.
Cr. 472.
31

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MO}l(llbIM TO, tlTO pallbllle Ka3aJIOCb 11(11 IlelI.OcTynllbII. n03TOlYIY B
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}l(aTb aBTopCTBO Ha C03.nallllble KOMnbIOTepO1 MY3blKaJIblible npOH30e-
.neHHSI B cnyqae, ecnH nporpaIMbl CIOryr Call1, 6e3 nocTopollllei1 no-
MOIUH, Bblpa6aTbIBaTb CBSl3allllble Cepl1J1 TOIlaJIbHblX KOM6HHaUl1i-i, T.e..
Toro, 'ITO COCTaBJUleT cyrb (Y3bIKa.nbHoro TBop 1 IeCTBa. B .n:aHHOM cnytlae
1 10. 63TYPHH npeWIO)f(J.UI ell.(C O;IHH BapH3HT: IIJJlf3HUHlfC 3BTOpOM npOH3Bej{eHlf$I ...
KOMIIblOTepa (EOlnYPUH IO.M. npo6nCMbI KOMTlbJOTelJHOrO n1J3Ha. M. 1991. C. 121).
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IDIH «HcKYcCTBeHHbIH HHTCJIJIeKT» HC HBJJSICTCH C}"61>CKrOJ 11paB3, BBHJlY oTcyrcTBll$J y
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32

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pO.:tbl 3TliX npOl13lJe.neflllii co CTOpOJlbl nonb30liaTeJIeM nporpallvl, KOTO-
pble 6ynyr BblJIanaTb 11X 3a CBOll C06CTBeJlllble. 6pl1TallCKI1e 33KOI-lOM3-
Tenl1, BMllJ1tvfO npenycr-.fOTpeB nOIlo6110e pa3BI1TI1e C06blT11i-i, B 3aKoile
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'tJeCTna, TaK :>Ke.. KaK If no 6pHTa.ICKOIY 3aKOJI0;(aTenbCTBY, .aOJI:>KflbI
npllJI3lUle:>KaTb C06CTBCIIIIJIKY KOlnl)IOTepa, Ita KOT()P01-1 Oilli C03.nallbl..
qTO )l(e KacaeTCSI ..rII1QllbIX np«lB, TO HX CJIe;(YeT npl13llt113aTb 3a C03;(aTe-
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lvlO)l(eT Bb13B<tTh pHll npaliOBblX KOII(p..I'JHKTOB le}Kl1Y 1111t\fli. npe,l:lCTaBllSl-
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TopcKoe npal30 Ita npOI13IJe.rrCIIIISI, C03nalilible KOlnbIOTepOt)). B Ha-
CTOSII.Uee :>Ke HpeIS[ II OTIIOWeJIJ.111 npoJ1313e.,aellHil KOlnhIoTeplloro TIJOp-
tieCTIJ3 IO:>KIIO PYKOBo.nCTRonaTbCH CT. 136 rpaallcKoro Ko.neKca P<l>,
KOTopaR YCTa IiaBJIJ1 BaeT, tITO nOCT)'n..rlelIHSl, norzleIIIILle n pe3ynbTaTe
I1CrrOJIb30IJ,11IJ11 I1lvlyweCTIJ«l (IUIOllbl, npOllYKUI1SI, .nOXOMbl) I npI1HaD)1e-
I CM. MIL/lAe A. MY3bIKa Ii 3ICK£])OHJ.fK3. npo6}]CMbl IIHTCJ1JIeKl}'IDlbHoii co6CTBeH-
HOCTlf H3 MyJhIKa'lbHbIC 11pOJI3BCilCHII If lICJIOJIHCHJ1s.1. C03)l,lHHbIC C nOMOWbK) 3!JCK-
TPOHHKJf / / bK>JVICrCHb no aBTol>CKO}.iY IIJJaRY. 1995. T XXVII X2 2. C. 18.
2 TaM >Ke.
3 OKIOJt06 O. nll:1BOBOH CT3TYC IrHTeJIJlCKTYl.'1bHOIi C06CTBCHHOCTH: A RTOpc (p. lllfCC. _.
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Tyr. 2000. C. 20.
33

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34

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Iia 06bl'llllbIX 6YlvlIDKIlbIX fIOCHTeJISfX, KOTopble npeLlCTaBJIeIILI B CTpYKTY-
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6narO;:I.3p51 J1peKTMIe EIJpOIit;ilcKoro COI03a «0 npt\IJOHOH oxpalIe 6a3
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linH HHbIX cpenCTB.
1 V
1 Vilrje T. C. HarmOJlisiIlg il1tcllcctllal properly la\vs in the Ellropcan Union: past, pre-
sent 311d filtllfe / / Ellropeal1 inlellcctllal prOI)Clty review. 1995. 1\'2 8. P. 366.
35

B rep!\.lalll111 1 al\rYCT,1 1997 r.. 6blJI npl11151T 3aKoli 06 1111(OpMaUI1-
OIJIlblX 1-[ KOl\Il\IYIII1KaUlIOIIIII>IX c..rIY/K6ax, CT. 7 KOTOpOr() 1311()CI1T 1.132\le-
IJellliSI 13 ],lKOII 06 aBTopCKOJ\1 np(.tlle 1965 r., KacalOWIleC5I 6a3 .aalll[bIX.
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TOlYi (Kc.1K npOI13Be,neI-I11SI) I.
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B Ilatlrre 1999 r..) TeplYIl1ll «6a3a .rrallllbIX», pallee Hcnonb30BaBllll1liCJ IJ
aBTopCKOM 3aKOII0,aaTenbCTIJe CiliA, 3alellell TeptvIl11 I Olvl «KO.frneKUIIH
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cpoplYlaUJtII1 npe,ncTaBJIHeT C060M MII(pOpMaUI110, KOTOpa.H c06paHa H op-
raIII130BalI3 C uenblO 06'be.u111IeII11sI Ill1CKpeTllblX 3JIeMe}ITOB 1{IIcl>opl\'la
Ul111 n OIIOlYi lYieCTe MJII1 nocpelICTBOM OiIlloro HCTOtlHI1Ka TaKI1M 06pa-
30lYI, 4:T06bl nonb30BaTenl1 t\-for,JII1 I1lYleTb K IIMlYi .n:ocTyn»)2.
OTlleceHI1e K 6a3al\1 .uaHHbJX nl1Wb 3neKTpolilibIX RJIH aBTOl\laTI1311-
pOBalIHblx 6a3 naHHblX cywecTl3yeT, nOlYI11l\10 3aKOI-IOnaTeJIbCTBa P<I>, B
anTopCKI1X 3aKOHaX 60JIbrnI1HCTIa cTpal1 Cllf, KOTOpbJe C03;{ana.HI1Cb
no,n CI1Jlbl-IbJM BJIIDIHJ1elYi pOCcHMcKoro..
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,neJlSleT 6a3Y .n:aHllblX KaK «coBoKYnJIOCTb J1.i'lI-lHbIX, MaTepl1aJIOB 11..'111
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3aKoH Pecny6nHKI1 Ka3axcTaH «06 alJTOpCKOM npane H CMe:IKIIbIX
npaBax» YCTallaBnHBaeT, lITO 6a3a lIc11fHbiX 3TO «COBoKynllocTb ,n:all-
IlblX (CTaTeli, paCqeTOB, cpaKTOB II T..ll.), npe;1CTaBJISIIOll.{I1X no no,n60py
IDlM pacnOnO:IKeHI1IO MaTepl1aJ10B pe3ynbTaT TBoptleCKoro Tpy,na H CHC-
TelYlaTH311pOBalilibIX TaKMf 06pa30M, 'ITO 3Tli .aalllIbIe MornH 6bITb IJaii-
J1.eHbl 11 06pc.16oTaHbI c nOMOll.{blO 3neKTpOl-IIIOM BblQl1Cnl1TeJIbHoti fa-
1lI111Ibl (8BM»))4.
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3aKoile «06 aBTopcKO1 npc.113e 11 ClYle:IKllblX npaBax)) OT 11 aBrycTa
1998 r. CYll.{eCTBeHHO paCllil1pMJIa onpeneneHl1e 6a.3bI MallllbIX: «6a3a
.n:allllbJX JI 3TO KOMnIUISlIl.J1SI lYiaTepHaJIOB, ,nc.lIIIIblX, HIIopMaUHH, no
no,n:60py H pacnOnO)l(el'IHIO lYiaTepHaJIOB npe,nCTaBJISIIOll.{a5j pe3ynbTaT
1 CM.: noiJulu6uxUH J/. COBepJllCHCTBOBaHllC npanOBOH oxpaHbI 6a3 J{3HHDIX / / I1H-
Ten.'leKT)'anhHasI co6cTBeHHocTb, 1999. XQ 4.. C. 22-24.
2 Collections of IJlformation Antipiracy Act. H. R. 354. I06th COl1gress, 1st SCSSiOJ1,
Janllary 19 1999. P. 2.
3 AOlnopCKoe npoeo: HopMaTIiBHble aJtfbl. Hal(HOH3-TIbHOC 33KOHOJ{aTenbCfBo Ii Me)K-
iJ:yJiapOllHbIe KOHBCHl.{HIi / COCT. 11. CHnOHOB. M., 1998. C. 214.
4 YKa3. COq. C.. 299.
36

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ytlaCTIll1KOIJ CHf OT 9 lIeKa6pH 2000 r. 6bL'l11 npllHRTbl PeKOMell,aal{Hl1
no cOBeprnellcTDonallMlo HaUl10HaJIbJlbiX 3aKOIIOB 06 aBTopCKOM npL\Be
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peKOMell.naUHIO 11 OfIblT 3apy6e.>Klloro npaBOBoro perY,,1JHpOBaH 11 $I , nepe-
Clv10Tp onpe.1lenelll1SI 6a3bI allHblx B OTetleCTBellllOtvI 3aKoll0.aaTeflbCTBe
npe,nCTaB..'I}leTCH IIe..rIOM 6nIUKai1111ero 6Y.1lywero.
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VlCnOJlb3yeMbie AflSI npaBOBOL1 oxpaHbI 6a3.QaHHbIX
Ea3bl ;:tallllbIX, TaK )J(e, KaK 11 nporpaMlvlbl )UIR 9BM, OTIIOCHTCSI
OTe t leCTI1el-IlIbltvI 3aKOII0;xaTeJIbCTBOM K 061>eKTilM aBTopCKoro npaBa..
Ea3aM .nallllbIX npe110CTaBJIIeTCSI npaBOBIDI oxpalla KaK C60pl-II1KaM OCO-
Goro nM-aa (CT. 2 3L\KOIIa P<1> «0 rrpaBoBoII oxpalle nporpatvIM MSI 3BM
H 6a3 .aalllibIX))). B CBH311 C 3TI1M rrOlvllltvIO pacnpocTpaHellHH Ila 6a3bI
;xaIIHbIX 06IT(HX npHIIl{11nOB aBTopcKoro npalJa, nepetlHCneJlllblX B napa-
rpacpe 1.1 IlaCTOHIT(eii pa60Tbl, B OTHOllleIIHH 6a3 alIHbIX YCTaHOBJIellO
rrpaHl1ll0, cornaCl-lO KOTOp011}' anTopcKoe rrpaBo I-Ia 6a3Y II.allllbIX, KL\K
C60Plll1K oc060ro HJ11Ia, npI13JIL\eTCSI npH YCJIOl31ili c06nlo,aeHI1H aBTOp-
CKoro npaBa fla Ka)f(l(oe H3 npoH3BenellHM, BKJIIOtlellllbIX B 3TY 6a3Y
;xalIHbIX.. ITpl1 3TOt al3TopcKoe npaBO Ila KCl)I():{Oe 113 npOI13Be.neII11ii.,
BKJIIOqeHI-IbIX B 6a3Y ):{aIIllbIX) coxpalleTC, 1'1 3TI1 npOI13Be.aelll1$I MOryT
11cnonb30BaTbCSI IIe3aBI1CHtvIO OT TaKoii 6a3bI IIaIIIIbIX. ABTopcKoe rrpaBO
Iia 6a3Y ):{al-IllblX lIe npenSlTcTByeT lIpyrHtvI nl1l{aM ocymeCTBJIflTb calvl0-
CTOSITenbl-Ibl11 n01I60p 11 Opra11J13al{HIO np0l13lJeeflHi1 H tvlaTepHaJlOB,
BXOlIHWMX n 3T)' 6a3Y lIaJIHbIX.
-
1 BeOO"JIOCmU HaI{HOHaJIbHOrO co6paHH$I Pccny6nliKJi Eenal)ych. 1998. N2 31-32.
CT. 472.
2 Ho/neHmblli nMlleH3l1lI. 2001.. NQ 2. C. 56-57.
37

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COCTanI1TeJI5l no ee C031Ia1111JO. HanpMMep, 6a3a ,aallflbIX, B KOTOpOH
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.neT oxpaHHTbCH aBTOpCKI1M npaBOM, 1])e6yeT JVIH CBoefO C03;:xaIIMH on-
pe;:Ie..rzeHllbIX BJIO)KeIII1M Ii npaBa ee co<..,-raBI1Teneii 6bITb 3alUl1lUeHbll\'IIi.
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60TtIliKIi TaKOH pacnpOC1])aHelIlIOM B POCCI1Ii 6a3bl ,nalIHblx, KaK «KOI-I-
CY.,,11bTaIIT nnIOC»), CTonKllynJ1Cb CO cne,aYlow:eM np06JIeMOH. 01111 TpaTSIT
01.Iellb Mlloro BpeIelIM lia c60p 11 o6pa6oTKY liHcpopMaUliM Ii c1>OpMlipO-
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IIe311a'II1TeJIbHO M3MeHeHHOM BJU{e, nOSIBJISIeTCH KaK npo,nYKT ;:xpyroi-i
cl>11pMbl. .L(oKa3aTb, 'ITO 31IeCb 11MeeT MeCTO HapYllleHHe aBTOpCKOro npa-
Ba, npaKTlftleCKIi HeB03MO:>KIIO. HOpMaTI1BHO-npaBOBbJe aKTbJ, KOTOpbJe
COCTaBJISIIOT co.nep)KaHI1e TaKOH 6a3bl naHllblx, aBTopcKliM npanOM I-Ie
oxpalISlIOTCR, a cnoco6 HX CI1CTeMaTM3aUI111 He3HaqliTeJIbHO H3MeHeH.
nO.nyqaeTcsr, 'ITO, nonllOCTblO CKOnl1pOBaB CO.llep)l(alilie CI1CTeMbI «KOI-I-
cynbTallT nJIIOC» 11 3aTpaTHB IIe60nbWMe YCHJIHH Ha ero opra11H3al.{1110
qyfb OTnWIHbIM OT OplifliHaJIbHOrO cnoco60M, KOll'rpacl>aKTOpbl li3BJIe-
KalOT ;:XOXObl Ii HaHOCHT 3Ha l JI1TenbllbiM YlU e p6 HacTOHW:HM pa3pa6oT-
QI1KaM, BnO}l(HBlllliM HeMaJIO YCIDIlii1 B CBOM lIeHCTBI1TeJ1bHO KaqeCTBeII-
HbIi1 Ii OpMfHHaJlbHbJH npo,UyKT I .
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6e}l(HOMY onblTY. .L(lipeKTlilJa EIJpOneficKoro Coo6weCTBa OT 1 J MapTa
1996 f.. NQ 96/9 «0 npaBoBoH oxpalle 6a3 lIaHl-lbIX» npe.nYCMaTPI1BaeT
,nBoMcTBeIIHYIO CliCTeMY OXpaHbJ. C O.nIIOH CTOpOHbl, 6a3bl .nallllhlX KaK
c06paliIDJ cBe,nelIHH, OTnWlalOWMeCH oT6opOM Ii pacno.,,110XelIMeM MaTe-
pMaJIa, T.e. eCJ11i oroop Ii CMCTeMaTI13aUliSI co.nep}l(allliR 6a3 .nalIllblX CO-
CTaBJISIIOT 11HTeJIJIeIcryaJIbHOe TBopelIlie aBTopa, TO oxpaHRIOTCH aBTOp-
CKHM npaBOM. C .npyroit CTOpOHbJ, MH 6a3 .naHHbIX, KaK no,n60pKIi CBe-
;:xeHliM, 11MelOei1 co,nep)l(aTeJIbllbIM xapaKTep, npeD:YCMOTPeHa oxpaHa
«sui generis», T..e.. oxpaHa ;«oco6oro p0t\a>), 1U111 oxpal-Ia «cneUliaJIblibIM
npaBOM», KOTopaR HanpaBJIeHa lIa 06eCneQelllie IJ031IarpaJK.lXeHHH M 3a-
1 CM.: AcrjJOHiJuapo8 n.M. npo6nCMbI npaBOBoH oxpaHbI H 3all(lfTbI HHBeCTHl.{J.iH B
HH opMaUHOHHbIe pecypCbl / / HayqH O-TeXH 1i1;ICCKa IiH<1?opMallJiff  cep. 1. 1997.
J\ 9. C. 29-30.
38

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cYWecTBeHIIYIO tJaCTb cO.llep)Kalilffi :nOM 6a3bI .naHHbIX. nOIJTOpSIIOweecSI
I CM.. Garrigues C Databases. a Subject-Matter for Copyright or Neighbouril1g Rights
Regime? jjEIPR. 1997. Vol. 19. J\{] 1. P. -5. ..
39

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40

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2 CM.: CyoopUKoe C.A. OCHOBbI aBTopcKOro npaBa. MHHCK, 2000. C. 239.
3 CM.: 3UOeJlbAfOH E. MbICJlli 06 aBTopCKOM npaBe Ii nyfHX ero pa3BHTWI B Cip8Hax
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4 (,T o 6paHue 33KOHOJtaTenbCTBa Pel>. 20.02.1995. Nq 8. CT. 609.
41

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p. 1, 1997.  9. C.. 32.
42

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<DelIepaUHH) .
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rrpaB If a nporpaMMbl ,llJIfl :3 BM H 6a3bI .aallllbIX:
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npaBax)} ;
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IlapO;XllblX npaBOIJblX aKTOB B KalJeCTBe MCTOqHHKOB perynMpoBaHIDI
43

pa3JIIIIJIII>IX rpynn 06weCTBelillblX OT}IOllJeIIJ1Ii, n TOM '-IliCJle B 06JIaCTI1
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BOpOB no OTJIOllJellHIO K npaRI1JIaM, IJKJIIOtlel.lllbll\1 B 3aKOllbi PeD: ecnH
l\.le)l(JIyllapOI!llbll\.t LIoroBopofvl P<P YCTallOBnellbI I1IIble npaBIUIa, tle'1
npelIycMoTpellbl 3aKOIIO,.I, TO npHMellSIIOTCH npaBl1JIa Me)lQyllapOI!llOrO
norOBopa.
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IlbIX cornaweHHM B 06naCTIi oxpallbI alJTOpCKHX npal3. fnalJIIOH 3Mclyeii
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rpIDKJIal1 11 IOpI11I11'leCKHX nl1U OLIlloro r()CYLI,lpCTBa fla TeppiiTOpHI1 IlPY-
rl1x rOCYLIapCTI3 Yl.JaCTlll1KOB f\.leA<1[YJ-I,lpOlIflbIX JIOrOBopOB. MllblIH
CJIOBaIH, uenb TaKHX COrJIaWelll1ll COCTOJ1T B oxpalle 3.BTOpCKI1X rrpan
I1I-IOCTpaHueB, a 3aK.JIIOYelIHe TaKI1X cornawellMlf, KaK H nJ06bIX fvle)f(JIy-
HapOJ1l"lblX LIorOBopOB, npeLICTaBnSleT C060li KOMnpOMHCC HaUHOI-laJIb-
IIbIX 3aKOIIOLIaTe.ITbCTB I.
MHTepec pa3nWIHblX rocy..aapCTB K BonpocaM oxpaHbl HIITeJIJIeKTy-
aJIbilOH co6CTBeIIIIOCTI1, 11 B tJ3CTIIOCTI.1 npan If a nporp3MMbi LVISI :3 BM
M 6a3bl LIaHllblX, IJnOnile nOIISITell. no n.allllblM Business Software
Alliance (Me)Kl(Yl-lapo..aII(1J:( Opra1-1H33UI151 (l>Hpl\.1 npOH3B0J1HTeneH npo-
rpaMMlloro 06eCneI.JeJIHSl 7 IleSITeJlbllOCTb KOTOpOll HanpaBneHa H3 60pb-
6y C He3aKOlillblM Hcnonb30Bal-lHeM nporpaMMHblx npOJIYKToH), TonbKO
B 2000 r. MHpOBasI OTj)acnb no npOH3n0J1CTBY 11 pacnpOCTpailell1110 npo-
rpaMM110ro 06ecne t lellHH nOllecna y6blTKH IJ It,8 MJIp JIOJIJIapOB H3-3a
HeneraJIbHOrO I1cnonb30nailim ee npoIlYKUHH2.
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KJIlOtIHTeJIbHbJX npaB Ha nporpaMMbl MJI51 3BM npe,nnpl1HIDIa Bce1Hp-
IlasI oprallH3aUIDI HHTeJIneKTYaJIbIIOM. co6CTBeHHOIH (BOMC), KOTOpasl
B 1971 r. C03DaJIa KOHCYJ1bTamBHYIO rpynny 3KcnepTOB no 3TOM npo-
6neMe. B 1978 r. 6blnH rrpl1llHTbl THnoBbIe nOnO)KeHHH 06 oxpalle npo-
rpaMMlloro o6ecnc t letl HSI BbIYHCnJ1TenbHbIX MawH11 3 . npH 3TOM nOJ1
nporpaMMI-lblM o6eCneQellHeM nOlll1MaJIHCb KOMnblOTepHble nporpaM-
Mbl, HX OnHCal-IHe H BcnoMoraTenbllblM laTepHa.,rI (MaTepHan., C03JJ:all-
HblM C ueflblO 06nef\leHJ1SI nOllHMaHI1H 11J1H npHMelleHHH nporpaMMbl,
IlanpHMep onHcalIHe np06neMbi H HIICTpYKUHl1lIJIH nonb30BarenSI). TH-
1 CM.. bOZGlnOea JI. CornarneHHS1 B 061l3CTH OXP8Hbl 8BTOpCKHX npaB / / I1HTCJlJ]CKTy-
aJlbH3S1 C06CTBCHHOCTb, 1997. NQ 7-8. C. 58.
2 CM.: JIalnKuH A. ,l{ep)KJ{ Bopa. KpaCTb rlporpaMMbl CTaJIJ1 no-.aoM3WHeMY / / 113BeC-
THSI,. 24.05.2001. j\ 90 (25928). C. 6.
3 lly6IlUKllI'UR BOl1e 814, )f(eHcBa, 1978.
44

nOIJble nOnO)f(eJIHH 6bVIH npHllHTbl B Ka1.JeCTBe peKOMeHeMOrO 06pa3-
ua .a1I51 IlaUI101-IaJIbilbIX 3aK01101laTenbCTB. B 1983 f. BOJlIC Bbl;:J:BHllyna
H npeMBapl1Tenbf-lblH npoeKT rv1e}l(J!yllapo.aHoro .aorOBopa B naHlloM c<j)e-
pe 1. B npe.lUIaraBIlII1XCSf BO 11 C .n:0KYMeIlTaX npeJIYCMaTpHBaJIOCb C03,na-
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BCTpeTWI nOMep)f(KI1 HaUHOHaJIbHbIX 3aKOHo.aaTeneH. E.lXHHCTBeHHbIM
3aKOHo,naTenblfblM 1l0KYMeHTOM, B KOTOpOM SIBIIO BbIpa3HJIOCb BJIHHIIHe
THnOBblX nOnO)KeHHH 7 SlBJlSIeTCH nOCTallOBJIeJIHe NQ 6 focYltapCTBeHllo-
ro KOMHTeTa no HayJ(e 11 TeXHHKe EonrapMH, B nOnO)l(eHH.SIX KOToporo,
nOCBSIlUellllblX npOH3Bo.nCTBY H C6blTy (HO lie oxpal-Ie) nporpaMMHoro
o6eCneQeHlffi, HcnOJlb30BailbI onpe,neJleIIH.sI II nODXOl{bl, 3aHMCTBOBall-
Ilble H3 .a0KYMeHTa BOMC. B TeqellHe nOcneJIYIOlI.lHX )1eCSlTI1 neT (no
npl1llHTHSI llMpeKTHB EC) aBTopcKHe npaBa Ila rrporpaMMbl H 6a3bI D:all-
HbIX I-Ia Me)I(!XYIlapOMHoM ypOBlie perYJIHpOBaJIHCb JIHlllb cornaweHlffiMI1
B 06nacTM oxpallbl aBTopcKHX npaB 06mero xapaKTepa.
CTapeHwHM cornawellHeM TaKoro po..aa SlBJlSIeTCSI EepllcKasI KOll-
IJeHUHSI 06 oxpaHe nHTepaTypllbIX 11 xy.aO:JKeCTHeHHbIX npoH3Be.aellHM
1886 r. 2 . B IlaCTOSIlUee npeMH ee l{J[eJlaMH HBJISIIOTCSI 60nee 140 rocy-
MapCTB. POCCHMCKaH <1>e.aepauHSI rrpHcOel{HIIHJIaCb K EepHcKoM KOIIBeII-
L(HH 13 M,lpTa 1995 r. TaK KaK, cornaCf-IO 3aKoHY P<I> «0 npaBoBoM ox-
paHe nporpaMM .lUISI 3BM 11 6a3 ,aaHllbIX) 1992 f., nporpaMfvraM .lUISI
3BM npe)10CTaBJUleTCH npaBOBaH oxpalla KaK npOH3Be.aeHHSIM nMTepa-
Typbl, a 6a3a1 .aaIIHbIX "''<1' KaK C60pHMKaM (CT. 2), CneD:OBareJIbHO,
6eplicKasI KOHBellUHSI perynlrfpyeT OTHOlIIeHHSI H B 06naCTH aBTOpCKHX
npaB Ha KOMnbloTepHble nporpaMMbl 11 6a3bl.aaHHblx.
KOllBellUWI 6a3HpYeTC.sI Ha npHllUlffie «HaUHOIIan:bHoro pe)I(HMa»,
cornaCllO KOTOpOM)' npOH3Be.aeIIIISIM, nOSIBJISIIOLllHMCSI B paMKax EepH-
CKoro COI03a, .aOJDKlla npe.aOCTaBmITbCSI oxpaHa B D:pyrHx cTpaHax-
yqacTlll1Uax TaKaSi )f(e) KaK H npOH3Be.aeIIHSlM co6crBelll-lbiX rp3Jl<naH.
3TOT pe)f(HM I-Ie 3aBHCI1T OT BbInonllelIllil <j)opManbHOCTerl, perHCTpa-
UI1H, .aenOIIHpOBaHHSI H T.n. l{enb KOHBeliUHH 3<l><l>eKTIlBHaH Ii e.aH-
IIo06pa3HaSI oxpalla npaB aBTopOR nHTepaTypllblX H xy.nO)l(eCTBeHllbIX
v
npOH3Be,neIIHH.
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IOTCSI aBTOpbI H HX npaBorrpeeM1IHKH. ABTopaMH, IlbH npaBa OxpalIHIOTCSI
KOIIBeIIUHell, SIBJUIIOTCSl rpa)KJIaJle CTpall-yqaCTIIIIU, ony6nHKoBaBIllHe
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CBOH npOH3BeD:eHHH BnepBble n OlIJIOlt 113 CTpall, npI1coe.aHHHBWJ1XC.sI K
KOIIBeHUHH) a TalOKe aBTopbI Ileony6JIHKOBallllbIX npOH3Be..n:eHHH; nHua
1 fly6l1UKQl.(U,R BOI1C I LPCS I II I 3t )KeHcBa, 24 q,eBpa1JR 1983 f.
2 EepHCKaR KOHBeHLtHSJ 06 oxpaHC RHTCpatypHhIX 1-1 xy.nOXCCTBeHHhIX npoH3BeneHHH.
ITapl-l)KCKHH aKT OT 24 l-lJOJISI 1971 f., H3MeHcHHLIH 2 OKTSJ6pSl 1979 r II ABTOpcKoe
npaBO: HOPM3THBHble aKTLI.. HaI.J:I-IOHa..'IbHoe 33.KOHO,ltareJIbCTBO H MexnYHap0,ltHble
KOHBCHllHH I COCT. t aBT. Bcryn. CT. M. ClfnoHoB. M., 1998. C. 336-371.
45

6e3 rpaJtOI;aHCTBa, HMelOLUHe Me CTO}J(}ITeJIbCTBO B rOCYJlapCTBax-
laCTllliK(L"; rpmKJIalle rOCYlIapCTR, lIe ytlacTnylOI.Wi.X B KOIIBelll{11H, 110
HMeIOll.{Me MeCTonpe6blBailHe B OlIHOH H3 CTpaII-yqaC1HI1l{. B OTII01liellHI1
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BaThCSI oxpallOH, npeOCTaJ3.JIHeMOM KOlIBelll.U1eH, B nonHOM o6beMe..
EepHCKaSf KOHBeHUHSI npeJIOCTaBJISfeT MHHHMaJIbHhle CTaH,lI.apTbl ox-
pallbl nlITepaTypHOH Ii xYJ10)f(eCTBelIHOH c06CTBeHHOCTH. K HCKJIIO'JM-
TeJIbHblM npaBaM, cornaCIIO KOHBeHUHIi, OTIIOCSlTCSl: npaBO Ha nepeBO.n
(CT. 8), Ha Bocnpoli3Be.n:eHHe B nlo60H <l>opMe 11 nlO6blM cnoc060M
(CT. 9); Ha ny6nHqllOe 11CnOJIHeHHe .npaMaTHtIeCKHX Ii MY3b1KaJIbfIO-
.npaMarnqeCKHX npOH3Be.n:eHHH (CT. II); If a TpaHCJISIQHIO npOH3BeneHHH
B 3<1>HP HJIH nocpe.n:CTBOM Ka6eJIbHOrO 060PYJJ:OBaHHSf HJIH 11epe3 rpOM-
KorOBOpHTeJII1 (CT.. 11 bis); Ita ny6nHtJIIYIO neKJIaMaUHIO (CT.. 11 ter); If a
aaanTaUlilO, apalDKHpOBKH 11 .llpyrHe H3MellelIHSl np0113Be.neHI1M (CT. 12).
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lIHJOTCSI 3aKOHaMH CTpaHbl, B KOTOpOH HC1pe6YeTc$l 3aJ1.tMTa (CT. 6 bis (3».
MI1HHMaJIbHhIe CTaH):{apThI oxpallbl BKJIlOtIalOT TalOKe If DJII1Tenb-
HOCTb ee .n:et'lCTBHSI. B COOTBeTCTBHH C n. 1 CT. 7 CpOK oxpaHhI, npe.n:o c -
TaR1I$leMot'l KOI-IBeHQHeH, COCTaBmIeT Bce npel\ffi )l(113HH aBTopa 11 IDITb-
.nec.srr neT nocne ero CMepTH.
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npe,nOCTaBJilllOlUHM MMIIHMaJIbH'IO oxpallY aBTopcKHX npaB, KOTOpaH
MO)l(eT 6hITb YCHJ1ella HaUHOHaJIbHbIM 3aKOHOlIaTeJIbCTBOM Ii ,npyrl1MH
Me)l(JlyH a pO.n:HbIMI1 corna Welll1SIMH 1 .
3Haqel-iHe EepHCKOH KOllBeHuHH lI1I5I npaBOBOH oxpallbI KOMIIbIO-
TepilbIX nporpaMM H 633 naHI-IbIX COCTOHT, nOMHMO 06eCnetIeHIDI oxpa-
HhI aBTOpCKHX npaB rpaJKJ1aH H roplf.[(WIeCKHX nl1U o.nlloro rocy-napCTBa
v
lla TeppHTopHH .npyrHX roCy.n:aPCTB, B TOM, "Iff 0 COfJIaCIIO ell oxpalla aB-
TOpCKI1X npaB He 3aBHCHT OT perHCTpaUHH K1IH .n:enOI-IHpOBaHI1SI np0113-
Be.n:eHIi$l. TaK B CIllA nocne rrpHcoe.aHHeHHSI K BepHCKOM KOHBeH[{HH
(1989 r..) perl1CTpal.{HR nporpaMM Ii 6a3 -naIIHbIX lIe SlBIDIeTCH 06Sl3a-
TeJIbHblM YCJIOBl1eM I1X cy-ne6HOH 3a1UHTbl.
,[{pyroM BaJKl-leHWeM KOIIBeHUHeM B 06naCTI1 oxpal-IhI aBTopCKHX
npaB SlB1IHeTCSl BceMHpHaSl KOlIBeIII1.IDI 06 aBTopcKOM npaBe 1952 r.
()KeHeBCKaH KOHB eH UHSI)2. B HaCTOHlI.{ee BpeMSI OKOJIO 160 rocy,n:apCTB
T P'"
1 llo,npo6Hee 0 BepHcKoH KOHBeHUHH CM.: bozamoea JJ.. CornarneHllS! B o6nacTI1 ox-
paHbl aBTOpCKHX npaB / / HHTeJIJIeKTY8JIbHM C06CTBCHHOCTb, 1997.. M 7-8. C. 58-
60. 0 nOpJUIKe npHMeHeHIffi BepHcKOH KOHBeH1l.HI1 B P<I> CM..: CUIIOH06 H. 0 npHMe-
HeHHH B POCCHH HOpM BepHcKoH KOHBeH1l.HI1 / / I1HTeJUIeJcryaJIbHM co6CTBeHHoCTb
L997. N<1 11-12. C. 62-64.
2 BCeMUPHQH KOHBeHl(.HH 06 3.8TOpCKOM npaBe, nonHcaHHasI B )KeHeBe 6 ceHTSJ6pS!
1952 r. llepecM01peHa B llapJ1JKe 24 "IOnS! 1971 r / / ABTOPCKoe npaBo: HopMaTHB-
HhIe aJ<Thl. Ha1l.HOHanbHoe 3aKOHo,n3TenbCTBO 11 Me:>!<aYHapo.nHhIe KOHBeHI.UiH / COCT.,
aBT. Bcryn. cr. 11.. CHJIOHOB. M., 1998. C. 372-388.
46

nl:lJISII()TC5I tLryeliaf.,fH BceMHpJlol1 KOHBeHUlfH 06 aBTOpCKOf\,1 npaBe D.nSI
CCCP )KelleJ!CKa.s:I KOIIIelllll-lSI IJCTynl{}la B CJ1JIY C 27 MaSI 1973 f.
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CBeT) 11 npHfeiIReTCSI MeHbwI1li H3 IIHX (TaKO" )f(e npllllUHn 3aJIO)l(eH H
8 6epIICKOM KOIIBeI1LlHW). MHHI1MaJ1bllbIi1 CpOK oxpalIbl BceMHpllOM
KOllBeIIUl1eii YClallaBJlHnaeTC[ B 25 neT (3Ta OllIla H3 IleMIIorMX MaTepH-
3JIb}iO-npaBOBbIX HOpM KOHBeJIUHI1).
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OTllOWelll1H CTpal1 laCTJIHU EepliCKoi1 KOHBeIIUMH. EcnH KaKasI-
nH60 CTP,llla BblM.neT nocne 1 SlllBapR 1951 f.. H3 COCTaBa EepllcKoro
C0103a l TO np0I13Iie-aeHI1H) crpaHOH rrpOHCXO:>KJleHHfl KOTOpblX OHa SIB1I.S:I-
47

eTCH) He 6y.aYT n0..11b30BaTbC B CTpallax EepllCKoro COI03a oxpallOH,
npe.JOCTaI3.a1SICMOll Bcervillplioif KOIIIJeJIUI1eii. BTopoe npaBI1JIO YCT31IaIJ-
nI1B<.\eT) (ITO }f(ellenCKa5J KOHBeIJlIJ1J lie npl1lellsleTcH B OT.IOllIell1flX
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cyecTBYloT perHoHanbllble M ,QHYCTOpOI-iIIHe COfJlaWeJIH5I B 3TOH 06-
na.CTI1. TaK 24 cel-ITSI6pSI 1993 r. B MOCKlle rOCYLIapCTBaMH qnellaMH
CH r 6bllI0 nOJ1nHCaHO CornarneHHe Ii 06JIaCTH oxpaHbI aBTopCKoro
npaBa H CMe)f(HbIX npaB I . PSIlI J1BYXCTOpOHJIHX COrJIarnelll1M. 6bLll 3aKJIIO-
qeH eme CCCP: cornallIeHI1S1 C BeHrpl1eH (1977), ABC1pHeH (198 I),
llIBeUHeli (1986) H rJ:pyrl1MH rocyaapCTI3,11112.
KpoMe Toro, II0pMbI aBTopCKoro np,\Ba IlepeJ1KO co,aep)f(aTCH H "'fe:>K-
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Ale)l(,lly CCCP H ClllA) nOLInHCalIJloe 1 HIOIIH 1990 r. B BarnMHITOlle,
6bLryO BKJIlot.JeIIO CneUHaJIbllOe nonO)J(ell11e 0 TOM, lITO nporpaMMhI )])IS!
3BM J101DKHbl oxpaHSlTbCSI clBTOpCKI1M npanOl\t TaK :>Ke, KaK npOM3BeJ1e-
11]15:1 nlITepaTYPbI 3 . npM 06lelle n11Cbl\1aMH B XOL!e nO;:J.nMcaHHH corna-
llIeIIIDI 6blJ1H YKa3allbi H IleKOTopble lI.eTtL1H, KacalOlllHecSI npaROBOM
oxpaHbl nporpaMM J1S1 3BM.. Hanpl.I1ep, co6CTBellHHK nporpaMMbI
BnpaBe BocnpOM3BeCTH ee eLIMIJH'IIIYIO Konl110 B ue.lliIX apXl1BI1pOnaliIDI
111111 B J1pyrliX cnytIaRX, Tpe6yefvlblx .a.rrfl HCnl)J1b30BaIIlffi nporpaMMbl.
nOMH10 rrepet.JHcnellllblX Me:>KaYllapOLIllbIX cornarnellHH 3Ha t leUHe
HMelOT 11 HeKOTopble J1pyrHe )]OrOnOpbl, B KOTOpbIX POCCHH He yqacTBY-
eT, 110 KOTopble, lie HRJIHHCb I1CTO"-jIIHKOM npaBa B P<I>, TeM lie MelIee,
MOryr HrpaTb pOJIb opl1ellTMpa .l{JIS! pa3BHTH$I Bllyrpellilero 3aKOHo.na-
TeJIbCTBa HarneH C1paHhI.
B l-iaCTOSIll.{ee BpeM.SI IlallIHM rOCYLIapCTBOM 3aSIRJIel-iO CTpeMlIeUHe
BOMTI1 BO BceMHpHYIO ToprOBYJO Opra11M3aUHIO. O,nHHM 113 ycnoBHM
BXO)IQeHHSI HB.JlSIeTCH npHcoe.nMIIellHe K CornallleHHIO no ToprOBblM
acneKTaM npaB HHTeJIJIeKTyanbl-fOH c06CTBeHHOCTH (TRIPS) 1993 r. 3T0
cornalliellHe l.arraraeT Ha em ytJaCTf-II1KOD 06SI3aTenbCTBa no BblnonJ-le-
I-IHIO EepHcKoH KOHBellUHH 06 oxpaHe npoH3BeLIellMH nMTepaTYpbl H
HCKYCCTBa H pHlIa .apyrHX cornarnel-Ilrfll B 06J1acrn oxpaHbl MHTeJUIeKTY-
anbHoii c06CTBeHtIOCTH. EepllCKa$I H )KelleBCKaH KOIIBeHUHH, YCTIlHaB-
1 COZllallleHue 0 COTPYJrHHQeCTBC B 06naCTI1 OXpaHbJ aBTopCKoro npaBa If CMC)KHbIX
IlpaB. nO A nl1CaHO B MocKBe 24 ceHTSJ6pSJ 1993 r / / I1HTeJUIeKTYa11bHIDI C06CTBCH-
HOCTb. T. 1. ABTopcKoe npaBO 11 CMe)KHLIC npaBa / COCT.. H KOMMeHTa I1.B.. nonOBa.
MI1HCK, 1997. C. 180-183.
2 TeKCThI 3THX COrnalIJeHHfI CM.: A6mopCKoe IlpaBO: HopMaTHBHLIe aKThI. Hal.llio-
HaJIbHoe 3aKOHol1aTenbCTBO 11 Me)f(llYHapo)IHble KOHBCHlllili. M.., 1998. C. 408-423.
3 COf.,'IarneHl1e 0 ToprOBbIX OTHOllleHliSlX MC)I([lY CWA Ii CCCP / / I1HTe1L'IeKTyanbHaSl
co6CTBeHHOCTb. T. 1. AJrrOpcKOC npaBO 11 CMe)f{HbIe npaBa / COCT. 11 KOMeHTa
I1.B. nonoBa. MHHCK, 1997. C.184-189.
48

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CKl1lf npOKaT 3THX npoH3Berrelll1ii. focy.aapcTl30 oCH06oaeTcsI OT 06H-
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npHI3en K YtaJ1eIII11() npalJa aBTopa Ita lI3fOTOJ1..Jlelll1e KonI1i1. C()rnawe-
JIHe YCTallaBJIllnaeT np0l.(elI)'pbI 3all{I1ThJ 111ITeJL1eKTY(L1bIIOll C06CTIeH-
IIOCTH, KOTopble .aOJDKllbl 6blTb paBI{bIMI1 llJISI Hcex H cnpaBelLJIHBbIMI1
(CT. 41). CornaclIo CTaTbe 42 TRIPS, q)1eHbf CornawelIIUI npe,nocTaB-
J1S110T npano06...rraaaTen51M IJ03f..10)l(lIOCTb 06pawaTbcH K rpDKlIaJICKI11
npouenypaM DJIH 06ecne1.lellllsl nlO60ro npaHa 111ITeJIJIeKTya:lbIIOM C06CT-
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IIal\f !10IDK110 6bITb .aal-lO npaJJO 060CIIOBbI13aTb CBOlf J1CKI1 II npe.aocTaB-
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EOlIbWOM 1111Tepec npe;J:CTalli1HIOT TalOKe .nIJe )]MpeKTHBbI Enponeil-
CKoro co06weCTIJa: .a1ipeK'THna 1991 r  «0 npaJ30BOii oxpaHe 1lp0rpaMM
3BM»2 H HpeKTlina 1996 r. «0 npaBoBoM oxpalle 6a3 .aaIJIIbIX)}3. )1J1peK-
THBbl EC SlBJIffIOTCSI TIpaBOJ3bl111 a K'TaM 11 , IlpMII11MaetvibIMI1 EBponeilcKHM
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EC, KOTopble }'Ka3b1Ba10T l.{eJlb MSI rocy.aapCTB 'lJIeHOB EC H n03BO-
nfllOT KIDKlIOM)' 113 JIal.{llOllaJIbllblX npaBl1Tenbt..7B HCn0J1b30BaTb MeTOLIbI
;:uISI .nOCTIDKeIII1SI 9T0i1 uenH, KOTopble OHO ClJHT,\eT OnTHMaJIbllbIMH 4 .
1 nO.np06HCC 0 TPMnc CM.: EOPUC06 K.r. np3BoBble <POpbl Il3PTHCjJCTB3 EBponeil-
CKoro COlO3a B c.(pepe KO{MYHliK31(Hn If HH.pOpM3UHOHHbIX YCJI}T II MOCKOBCKI1H
)f{ypHaJI MC:>K,aYH31)0l1HOrO Ilpa]Ja 1998. NQ 2. C. 101-104; AcrpaHoua-
p08 E. AI. Bonl)OCbI flpanoBoii OXpaHJ,1 HH(l>ol){aUltOHHLLX PCC)'PCOB B lfHQ;>()PM31IMOH-
HOM 06l1(ecTBc I I I1H<!)OPl\i31tI10HHI>IC PCCypCbI POCCHII, 1997. NQ 6. C. 22
2 C01I11cii Dircctivc of 14 r..1ay 1991 011 [hc legaJ protectioJ) of compllter programs II
Official JOlln131 of the Ellfope3n CotTItTIllnities, 1991 N L 122/42. PYCCKHH JlepeBOll
CM.: J(upeKlnU8(/ EC «0 IlpaBoBoH OX!'3HC KOMllbJOTepHblJ( nporpa}'iM) ]\"41 91-250 OT
14 M:UI 1991 r. II )K}l'HaJl MC)f(;lYH 3 1)Ol(HOrO llaCTHoro npaB3, 1994. NQ 4. C. 68-83.
3 C()1111Cil Directivc 011 the legal protection of databases J 996 I I OlTici31 Journal of the
EC. L. 77. March 27, 1996. P. 20 et seq.
4 CM.: Xapln.llU T.K. OCH()BI>I npaB3 EBponeHCKoro CO()611IeCTB,\. M., 1998. C. 112. B
HaCTO!lllCe BpeMs-I II EBI>OI1Cft:cKliH COJ03 BXOll.5JT JISJTH,\J.1.1.{3Tb rOCYl1apcTB: ABCT}JIISJ,
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nHTL B 3117 opraHH33WIIO.
49

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aJIbllOil LleRTeJIblIOCTH HX C03.aaTe.JISI 1.1 lIe SIBJIHIOTCH 06weI13BeCTf-lbIMI1
cpe,nM pa3pa60'PII1KOB nporpa1vIMI [oro o6ecne t le'iliSI;
2) H..aeH 11 npHIIU11nbl, -'Ie)f(aWl1e IJ OCllone nl060ro 3nel\lellTa npo-
rpaMMbI, BKJIlOqaSI Te, KOTophle lIe)l(aT B OCllOIJe ee I1IITep<}>eMca, lie ox-
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50

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CpOK Cne[(MaJlbl-IOH oxpaHbI 6a3 l{aHHbIX. B Mae 1996 r. B KOHrpecc
ClllA 6blR rrpelICTaBJlel1 3aKOIIonpoeKT H. R. 3531 «0 BKJIaue B pa3-
1111TI1e 6a3 .naHHbIX H aHTHnHpaTCKI1X Mepax B 06naCTH HHTeJIJIeKTy-
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poneHcKoro COI03a. Ha OCllOBe 3Toro 3aKOHonpoeKTa l{eJlera[(HSI
51
.

CiliA npeIICTlnl1JIa npe.a.n O>Ke 1I11SI ,D.11 n...'1O Fvr aTli t j ec KO H KO II (pepell UJ 111
BOI1C no IleKOTOpbll\1 IJOnp()CaJ\1 aJJT(}pCKOrO npafa 11 C:Vle)l(llblX np,-\IJ.
B 1997 r. IJMeCTO 3lKOI-ll)npOeKTa ll.I{. 353] 6bl!I no.a rOT()13JIe I I 3aK()-
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tla.r:re 1999 r. KOllrpeccy CiliA 6blJI npellCTflliJlelI 3t1KOIIOnpoeKT H.I<.
354 «AKT 06 allTI1nl1paTcKI1x Mepax IJ OTliowelll'1Jt1 KOJIJIeKUllii Jt111)OP-
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rrO)l(eJIaeT npaBoo6JIallaTe..TIb.
TaKoe nOJIO)l(eill-ie MO)KeT rrpliJeCTJ-1 K f\.fOIIOnOJIJt13311.1111 31131-IJt111 B
onaCHblX ,llJl5I 06weCTna npenenax. He CJIytlaiiJIO npoeKT Me)lQ::{YllapO!{-
Iloro ,aorOBopa npe.zrycMC:tTpl1Balowero CneUI1aJ1bI-IYIO oxpallY 6a3 ,n:al-I-
I-lblX, B 1996 ro!{y Ha Ltl1nnOl\IaTJ1 1 IeCKOJI KOHepelll.{l1l1 B )J(elleBe 6bUI
OTBeprllyr 60nbWI1llCTBOM cTpal-1 lvll-lpa, a BHyrPI-1 CiliA cywecTl3yeT
CHnbllaH onn03Jt1U111 3aKollonpoeKTa1 0 CneL1.HarIblIOH oxpalle 6a3 n(lII-
IlblX OC06el-iHO cpe.nli I-laytJliblX 11 06p,130BaTeJIbIJbIX KpyroB 2 .
El3ponelrcKHe D:MpeKTI1BbI 1991 Jt1 I 996 rr. 10ryT CJI}l)KI1Th opliellTl1-
pOM lUISl pa3BI1Tlffi 3aK0110aTenbCTBa lie TOJlbKO CTpaH Y'JaCTIIHU EC,
1-10 H POCCI111. Pa3Y1Hoe 3al1ML7BOBal-IJ1e psma nOJ10)KeHJt1l1 3THX .nJt1peK-
THB npe.nCT3BJIReTCSI BeCbMa nOJIe311blFvr .LI..rLH pa3BI1TMSI IfauI101laJIbHOrO
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rpaMM lUIR 3BM 11 633 .aaHllbIX. npJt1 3TOlVl, !{YFvraeTCR, CJIe,ayeT 1136e-
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OXpal-lbl 6a3 .ual-lllbIX, KaK cytUeCTBeJ-II-IO IlapYlll(110llJ.Jt1X npana 06weCTBa
J  1
I Report on 311d Recommell<L1.tion from April 1998 Conferellce OIl Database Protection
and Access ISS1ICS / Washingtoll D. C.: PatC]1t al1d Tradelnark Office, DcpartmcIlt of
Commerce. 1998. 30 p.
2 CM.: CyallpuKoe C.A.. OCHOBbI (1BTopcKoro Jlpan\. (\'1ItHCK 2000. C. 233-240; 0
):{upeKTlfBe EC 1996 r. CM. TaIOKC: A6a}L11IH A.1i npaBOBa oxpaHa 633 .naHHbLX B
EBponcHcKoM COlO3e II )KypHal1 MC1YH;'lpO;IHoro [I:l.CTHOrO IlpaB3, 1997. 1\2 2.
C. 24-41.
52

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ltByM.H 6a30BblMH 33KOlfaMH: «0 rrp3BOnOH OXp3He npOrpaMM J1JUI 3BM
H 6a3 ;(all.lbIX)} OT 23 CeI-IT.H6pH 1992 r.. Jt1 «06 aBTopCKOJ\-1 np3Be 11
CMe)l(JlblX npaBaX» OT 9 HIOJISI 1993 r.
BnepBble B IIallleJ1 CTpalle OTllecellHe rrporpaMM l(JI.H 3BM 11 6a3
;(allllblX K 06'beKT3M aBTopCKoro rrpalJa 6b1J[o 3aKpefLTIeliO B OCflOB3X
rpa)K)1al-lCKOrO 3aKO.lo.aaTeJIbCTB,t CCCP 1991 r. (CT. 134), M B 3aKo.le
CCCP «06 H306peTel-IHRX IJ CCCP)} 1991 r., KOTOpblH YCTaIIOBIDI, "lITO
npOrpa1Mbl AJIH 3BM lIe npI13.laIOTCSI J1306peTeHH5IMH (CT. I). CpeltH
HHllYCTpl1aJIbiiO pa3BHTblX CTpal1 rrepHblf..111 cnell.11aJIbllbIe IIOpMbI 06 ox-
palle rrporpaMM .lIJI.H 3BM aBTopcKHM rrpaBOM npHII.HJI11 ClllA H 1980 f.
B 3aKoHe 06 aBTopcKOM np3Be If a KOMnblOTepHble rrporpaMMbl
(Computer Software Copyright Act).. BCKope I1X rrpl1f..1epy nOCne.l{OBaJIO
60JlbWH.ICTHO BeltYll(I1X rocynapcTB: ABCTpaJIl151 1984 r., <I>pa.lulffi,
BeJIJt1Ko6pHTaIIJt1.H, .HrrOI-IH.H, f])Pf 1985 r.., I1crraHl1.H 1987 f..t Ka-
IIa,n:a - 1988 r.., KHTaH -- 1990 r. 11 T.D:.
npl111HTI1e 3aKOilonaTenbCTB8 06 aBTopcKOM npane Jfa nporpaMl\-lbl
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53

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specialis derogat generali «cnel.!I1aJ1bllbIH 3aKOl-1 BbITeCI-I.HeT 06lUHti»..
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TOpCKOM npaBe Ii CMe)I(HbLX npaB8X» / / BCCTHliK BAC, 1999. MIl.
54

tlaCl1-IOCTI1 H nOTOMY, lITO OH 6bUI npHII$IT rr03)f(e>} 1 , rrpenCTaBJIReTCH
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J13 3aKoila PeI> «0 rrpaBoBoM oxpalle nporpaMM ,UJIR 3BM If 6a3 ,aaII-
IlbIX». OTcloa CneII.yeT, 'ITO 3aKOIIo.u:ITeJIb lIe 11MeJI 113l-t1epelllfSI OT-
MellMTb 3aKOII 1992 r. 3 Crrpane,ll.JIJtlBO YKa3aB If a 3TO, faBpIUlOB, o,n:-
JI3KO, npHXOHT K HeO)K11,aaJIIIOIY BblBOMY 0 TOM, liTO HOpMbI 3aKoIIa
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ABTope<t;>. RliCC. ... KaHil. lOp WI. H8YK / IOpH.altqecKHH HHCTHT)'T MB.J. P<I>. M., 1997.
C. 23.
2 roepUA08 3.n OxpaHa KOMnblOTcpHblX TIporpaMM: KaKOH 33KOH cne.nyeT npHMe-
HSlTL? /1 naTCHTbI Ii nHucH3Hlf, 2000. M 9. C. 5-9.
3 CM.: raopUl108 3.n YKaJ. cot{. C. 8.
4 TaM .JKe. C. 9.
55

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1989. Bhln. 864. Tpy,nbI no COIlliaTIbHblM np06J1eM3M KJ16CpHeTHIGf. C. 64, Caeellbe-
sa H.B. npaBoBM oxpaHa nporpaMMHoro o6ecnctJeHJ1H 3BM II TIpaBo Ii IfH<!>opMa-
THKa I no,n pe,n. E.A. CyxaHoBa. M., 1990. C. 18.
2 CM..: OHOpUH A. O<!>opMJ1eHHe 11 paCCMOTpCHlle 1.SIBOK Ha pCfJ1CTpaUHIO nporpatM
WISI 3BM H 633 naHHblX /1 I1HTenneKT)'aJIbHWI c06CTBcHHoCTb, 1998. J\ 5-6. C. 129.
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HH«popMal1HOHHOM 06Il{eCTBC 1/ Ha}"iHO-reXHli1.JCCKaJl IfH<!>opMal1HjJ Ccp. 1, 1998.
N 3. C. 14.
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I CM.. 3HlnuH JI.M. npanOBa5J OX))8H3 \i3rCM3TH'ICCKoro 06eCnCqeH" 3Blvl. M.,
1989. C. 29.
2 CM.. OCH06Hble HHCTJ11Yfbl rpa)f(ll3HCKOro IlpaBa 3apy6e)l(JiblX crpaH. CpaBHHTC!IhHO-
IIpaBOBOC HccnenOB3HHe. PyKOBOJIJITeJJb 3BfopCKoro KOJJnCKTUBa - B.B. 3aneCCK"".
M., 1999. C. 425
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He ClI)')KaWHM.
B CJIYtlae npH31laJII1H pa60TJII1K3 cnY)I(aWHM, cy.n: .n:OJ[>Kell OTBe-
THTb Ila nonpoc: 6bIna nl1 pa60Ta C03naiIa 13 pa-1KaX CJIY)l(e6HbIX 06.Sl-
3allllocTei1:.
B .n:eJIe «ABTeK npOTHB nHclJcl>epa) (1992) Y cYlI.a lIe 8031"lliKJIO TpylI.-
HOCTeM C npl1MeHeHHeM cl>aKTopoB PeMna, t.JTo6bl YCTaHOBHTb, QTO a8-
TOp JIellCTBHTeJIbHO 6bIJI CJI}')KaWI1M. PelIIaSl, 6blJIa nl1 pa60Ta C03.lIaIIa B
pa-1KaX cn}')Ke6HblX 06H3aHHocTei1, cy,n 06paTI1JICH K CT. 228 Agency law
(3aKOJIOlI. a TenbCTBO 0 3alBITOCTH). 01-10 npe,nyCM3TpHBaeT, 1ITO cn}l)Ka-
WI1H neHcTByeT B paMKax C8011X CJTY)Ke6IIbIX 06H3aIIIIOCTeM, ecnl1: pa6o-
Ta COOTBeTcT8yeT xapaKTepy ero cJIyJKe6HOH lI.eHTeJlbHOCTI1, BpeMH 11
MeCTO pa60TbI YCTaHaBJII1BalOTCSI pa60TOJIaTeJIeM; pa60Ta 8bI3BaHa )l(e-
JIaHI1eM 6bITb none31.lblM pa60TOnaTeJIIO. 3aKOl-iOM TalOKe npe.aYCMOTpe-
1.10, tlTO pa60Ta 8blXOnl1T 3a pal\fKI1 cJI}')Ke61lbIx 06S13aHHOCTeli, ecnl1 Olla
1.le COOTBeTcTByeT xapaKTepy CJI}T)Ke6110H ,lXeSITenbHOCTIi, C03.uaHa 811e
YCTallOBJIeHHOrO DpeMell11 H MeCTa, fIe BbI3Balla )KenaHMeM 6blTb none3-
HblM pa60TOlI.aTeneM. CylI. YCTaII08MJ1, tJTO nporpaMMa coorneTCrnOBaJIa
po.ay neSITenbHOCTH, ;uIR KOTOpoii CJTY)KaI.l.lI1H nl1.pcpep 6bln HaH.HT. OH
H pallbille nHCaJI KOMnblOTepHble nporpaMMI)I, CPYJ-IKl.{110IIaJIbIIO CXO)l(Me
C paCCMaTpl113aeMOll. npH 3TOM BblSIClll1JIOCb, QTO cny)l(awHii pa60TaJI
nOMa 11 lie 11aMepeBaJICH 6blTb rrOJle31-1blM pa60TOlI.aTenlO. CylI. peruMJI,
1JTO pa60Ta 8blnonHeila cn}')KaWI1M 3a paMKaMI1 Cn}')Ke6HbIX 06SI3aHIIO-
66

cTei1, 11, TaKMM 06p330M, Ila I-Iee lie pacnpOCTpaH5:I6TCH }JOKTp111-la «pa-
60Ta, CllenaHllaH no Ilai-1:f'.1Y» I.
A.1epJ1KaIICKaJl cy.ae6JlaSI npaKTI1Ka co.nep)J(I1T ewe PM alla..rrorI1 t )-
IlblX peIIIel o ll1f1 2 .. MO)f(I-IO rOBopMTb 0 CJIO)f(I1IWefCSI B CIllA nOJJ:xoe K
perneHHlo .nell, CIJS!3allllbIX C C0311all11efvf nporpa1-1-1I{bIX npOIIYKTOB no
IlaHMY. 3TOT norrxo.a 33KJI10 1 IaeTCS[ B onpe.QeJlell1111 cTaTyca pa3pa6oT t l11-
Ka nyreM HCnOJIb30nalll1JI q,aKTOpOD Pei111a H peweHI'111 Donpoca, 6bLrra
RH pa60Ta BbInonllella D paMKax CJIY'A<e61Iblx 06H3alJIIOCTeM nyreM I1C-
nOJlb30Ba11J1.S1 KpliTepHeB CT. 228 Agency law..
Ha OCI{OBe poccHilcKoro 3aKOIIo.aaTenbCTBa TalOKe fvfO)f(IIO cll>OPMY-
JII1pOBaTb Kpl1Tepl111 .lllIH YCTaIIOBlIeHI1S1 <.I>aKTa JlaJII1 t )I1H IUlH OTCyrCTBH.SI
TpY;:XOBbIX OTIIornell11H Me)K,Lly pa3pa6oTtJI1KOM nl)Orpa"'IMbI 111111 6a3bI
.a,lIIJlbIX 11 rrpeI{nOnaraeMb[M pa60TO.QaTeJIeM. TaKltle KpMTepliJi 6blJII1
npeanO)KeHbl B 1..IaCTHO(.l11 H.A. lllal\.1XaJIoBolt 3 . Ha Haw B3rJUUl., 01111
$IDlIHIOTCS[ B OCHOl3HOM npaBl1JIbJlblMI1, o.allaKO 11X CJ1e;.ryeT IIeCKOJlbKO
113MeIllfTb, llOnOJII-I11Tb, ytlecTb BCT)'nnellI1e B .neHCTBl1e C I cpel3paJIH
2002 f. Tpy.aol3oro Ko;xeKC,l POCCliiicKOI1 <De;xepaUIIJ.1 11 IIJJ10)K11Tb IJ cne-
.aYI()ll{eJ\1 BHlIe.
1.. Pa6oTo.naTe.rlb KOIITpOllIipyeT npouecc p,t60TbI, Te. :
a) KOI-ITponI1pyeT cnoc06 11 cpeCTBa ee BblnOJIlielII151 (CT. 22, 189
TK P<1»;
6) o6ecne t lHBaeT Ii KOIITpOJIHpyeT YCJIOBI15I Tpy.aa (CT. 15, 56, 212
TK P<I»;
2. Pa6oTOaTeJIb KOIITpOJII1pyeT pa6oTllliKa, T.e. :
a) Tpe6yeT OT I-Iero nna;J:eTb onpe.nellellllOl1 KBaJIJ.I<pHKaU:HeH (CT. 57
TK P<I»;
6) KOllTpOJIl1pyeT rpacpHK C03,QallliS£ pa60TbI (pa3.neJI 4 TK P<1»;
B) MO)f(eT nopytlaTb pa60THI1KY .aPyrl1e 3a,rra1J11H (CT. 72 TK P<1».
3. Ha pa60TOnareJUI B03JIaralOTCSI 06S!3aIIIIOCTl1:
a) o6ecnetJI1BaTb CTPaXOBble rapallTHH CJI}')KallleMY (CT. 22 TK P<1»;
6) YlIep)J(MDaTb l-IaJIOrl1 C 3apa6oTKa pa60TIll1Ka (L'T. 24, 226 HaJIoro-
80ro KoeKca P<D);
B) o6ecne t lHTb oxpaJ-IY Tpya cn}')Kamero (pa3L(eJI 10 TK P<I».
4. npe.nMeToM TpYllODbIX OTHorneII11H BblcTynaeT npou:ecc TpY.na, B
TO BpeMH KaK npel!M:eTOM OTHOllIeHliH no rpa)l(J1aHCKO-
npaBOBOMY ;:torODOpy BhICTynaeT npOJl)'KT TpY.lI a .
KpOMe YCTaHOBJIeHWI IlaJII1QH.SI Tpy;:tOBbIX OTHollIeHIi1 le)K.LI:Y aBTO-
pOM nporpaMMHoro npOllYKT3 M pa60TO;:taTeneM, DJISI npl13HaHIiH npo-
1 II(a.lw;A.-olloea H.A. nporpaMMbl}Urn 3BM KaK Cc6Hble npOH3BeJlCHHSI / / nal"tHThl
II RHueH3HH, 1999. ]\lQ 6.. C. 37-38. .
2 CM.: llla"a,lXa/108a IIA. YKa3. COI. C. 36-41; Sulnlnary of Miller v. Chemicals Inc.
808 F. Sllpp. 1238. 1993 (http://www.sgpdlaw.com/softwarc_copyright/ summa-
ries/m ill ersm).
3 CM.: 11!a'fXa/108a 11.A YKa3 COI[I. C. 40-41.
67

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caMO no ce6e elUe 1.le SIBJlSleTCSI OCI"IOB311I1eM .IInH np11311al"II1SI npo-
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B031111Ka10lll"X 113 aBTopCKMX npaBOOTHOllleHliM:» OT 18 arrpeJISI 1986 r., B
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Iioro npOYKT(' MO:>KeT 11CnOJlb30BaTb KOlnblOTepbl li}111 SI3blKII npo-
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TI11JIIOli») pa3pa60TKI1 nporpaM1bl lliII1 6a3bl .nallllbIX, KOTOpa.sI lIe BeneT
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C.H .aoroBOpO-1 Me)l():{Y aBTOpOl\f Ii pa60T0113reneM. .naHHble YCJIOBH5:I MOryr
6blTb orOBopellbl KaK B TpYilOBO1 KOIITPaKTe, TaK Ii B CneUl1aJ1bllO 3a-
KJI'O(leIIII01 .aoroBope. CTOpOHbl fOryr .aorOIJOpliTbCSI 06 OTKa3e aBTopa
OT oc060ro, nOII1l\fO 3apa60TJIOH nnaTbl, B0311arp3)l(L{el-llffi 3a C03Llalll1e
nporpaMlbI LIJIj[ 3BM 111111: 6a3bl .aaIIIILIX O..!llaKO oTcyrCTBI1e Me)l(lXY
CTopollaMH .aoroBopa ewe lIe C811lleTeJ1bcTByer 06 OTCyrCTBl111 Y pa6oTo-
;:xaTeJISI o6SI3alliIocTH BLIJIJIaTI1TL aBTopy cooTceTCTByJomee B031IarpaJK;Ie-
1.llie, K3K 3TO 111fOfLta yrBep)f(".naercSI B nltTepaTYpe 2 . TaKIDI n03liUI1SI, If a
Ilalll B3rJI.SJ.lX, npSIMO paCXOl{liTCSI C TeKCTOAI n. 1 CT. 12 3aKoHa P<D «0
np3BoBoli oxpalle nporpalM '1SI 3BM 11 6a3 LtaHllbIX») 11 MO)KeT npJrnec-
TI1 K llapywelll110 npaJ3 aBTOpOB nporp3l\-11HL(X npOLt}'KTOB.
rOCYAapCTBO
B CJIytlae C03.aaIIH5I nporpa-1-1bl lUISI 3BM lliIl1 6a3bI l{allllblX npH
BbinOJIHelll111 pa60T no rocyn<lpCTJJelIIIOl\fY KOIITpaKTY lUUI clJeLtepaJIbllblX
1 EIO/l./lemellb BepXOBHoro CYJl3 CCCP 1986. NQ 3. C. 23.
2 CM.. BUnl(l;1Uee r B., flOOUIU6u\.UH JI..H 3aKoH POCCI1HCKOH c1>eaepaltHH «0 IIpaBO-
BOn oxp3He IlporpaMM lL'lH 3JleK11)OHllbP< BbI"IliC}lJITCnbHbl'X MalllHH II 633 .naHHblX) If
IlpaKTIfKa CIO npJIMCHeHltSl / / HayqHo-TCXHllqCCK\SI liH<f>OPM311liJl, ccp. 1. 1993. 1\2 7.
C. 17.
68

rocynapCTBelIHblX IIY)Kll 11JII1 11)')KJl cy6'beKTa POCt!HMCKOH <I>e,nepaUHI1,
rocy.aapCTRellllbIM KOIITpaKTOM J...I0)l(eT 6hlTh YCTaIIOBJlell0, lITO I'ICKJIIO-
lllfTeJIbllOe npano IJa TaK)'1O npOrpaflhI 11JII1 6a3Y .aa.l-IllbIX nplfl-I'lrlJIe-
)lCI1T POCCI1HCKOli <I>e.aepaUI111 I1JIH cy6"beKTY POCCI1HCKOH <I>e-aepa,Ul1li,
OT 11 l\1 ell Ii KOTOpblX BblcTynaeT rocy.aapCTIJellllhIit 3aKa3tll1K B 3TO-1
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CBH3H C BbIrronHeHlfe1 TPYMOBblX 06H3alrHOCTeii HJII1 no 3a.Lla11111O pa6o-
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69

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MClllfa II EJOJUJeTCHb no aBTopcKoMY npaBY. 1996. j\(Q 2. T- XXX. C.. 5-15.
70

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3areM IIanpaBJIHeT 3TI1 CBe,neIIMH B COOTDeTCTB'IOIUee 06we<"lBO, KOTO-
poe BbLL{aeT (WIH lie BbI.naeT) pa3pellleliHe (Qepe3 ueHTp) Ira OCIIOBe
,neHCTBYlOlltHX B IleM CTaBOK. ABTopcKoe B03HarpaJK):(eH11e M CBeeI-IIDI
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I Co6poHue aKTOB Ilpe3HJI:eHTa If npaBHTcHbCTBa PcJ>, 1996. N1141. CT. 3920.
2 CM.. AHoHbeeo E ABTopcKoe npaBO H I1HrepHeT 1/ I1HTCJ1neK1)'aJIbH3.SI C06CTBeH-
HOCTh, 2000. 1'12 3. C. 39.
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neM. B HaCTOSll11ee }l(e npeMSI T3KI1e Opra1Jli3i\l{I1J1 liepe.AKO SlBJIRIOTCR
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MHTtJUICKTyanbHasI c06cTBeHHoCTb. 1997 N2 11-12. C. 66-68.
2 Co6paHue 38KOHO.nwrCJIbCTBa POCCHHCKOJ1 <1>CltepaI{lili, 13.08.2001. ]\; 33 (118CTb I),
CT. 3430.
72

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1 POCCllUCKaJI rrocTa.  89. 1996.
73

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MCKJIlOqeHlie Cal\.foro Tepf\llilla 113 OTCqeCTBCllHOro 3aKOHo.aaTeJIbCTBa.
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Be POCCMH, 3aKollax P<I> «0 npaBOBOH oxpalle nporpaMM ,lI)1 9BM 11
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nepellle,l1111He no YKa3alillblM B 33KOHe OCIIOBalll1HM K .npyrl1M JIl1uaM, B
1 CM.. lllepilleHe6UQ r 0. Y1jC6HliK P}'CCKOro rp3)Kl18HCKOro npaB8. M.., 1914. C. 452-
455.
2 CM.. AHln IUtl0HO(J b. C., 0/leiJIIIIJI( E.A. ABTopcKoe npaBO. M. , 1957. C. 61 t Ca6e/lbe-
6a H.B. npaBoBoc pcrYJlHpOB3Hlie OTHOIllCHliH B 06.n8CTI1 XYJ10XCCTBCHHoro 1BOpqC-
CTB3. M. 1986. C. 70 H l{p.
74

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6a3bI .naIIHbIX, TaK 11 HX IIa3Balfl1H OT HCS!Koro pOl{a HCKa)KeHHH WIH
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1 CM., Hanp.. FOpdOH M.B. COBeTCKOC aBTOpCKOC np3BO. M., 1955. C. 77-78; Ca8eAb-
eea H.R. np8BoBoe perynHpoBaHHe OTHOlliCHIi:A B 06naCTIi XYJIO)KeCTBcHHoro TBOpqe-
CTB8. M., 1986. C. 71-72.
75

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BaliliaR B «Columbia Journal of Transnational Law»}.
I Zilnlnennan D. Global limits 011 «Look and Feel»: dcfin..ing the scope of software
copyright protectioIl by iIltcrnatiollal agreemellt / / Columbia Journal of Transnatiollal
Law. New York. 1996. Vol. 34. N2 2. P. 503-526
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81

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IlyJO naMHTb S:lBHO OTcyrcTByeT, H 3anHCb nporpaMMbl B naWITb 3BM.
nOllSlTHe «3anHCb» nOLIpa3YMeBaeT nocTOS111110e, YCToi'1t.JHBoe Ila..XO)l(,l{e-
IIHe nporpaMfvlbl B naWITH KOMnbiOTepa, liTO npH Bl3eneliHH nporpaMfbl
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1 C'-{_ Jolln.fon M.E. The uncertam future of compllter software llsers rights 111 the
aftermath of MAl Syslt.ms / / Duke Law Joun1al - Durham (N. C.). 1994. Vol. 44.
J\'" 2. P 327 356.
82

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nporpaMMHpoBaHHIO. OCHOBHbIe TCp}.tHHbl: OKono 3000 TepMIiHOB. M., 1988. C. 108.
.
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cnoC06HOCTH K B3aMMo.aei1cTBI110.
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I intellectual Property Laws and Treatics. Geneva. WIPO. July/August 1998, Text 3
01. P. 8 7 19-'0.
85

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Mff B COOTBeTCTBHI1 C YKa30M npe3MllellTa PeD OT 11 CeJITSI6pSI
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zt8HHI)LX KaK HC,,{aTCpH3JlbHbIX aKTHBOB 1/ IOPJ.ijlH1.ICCKlti1 KOHcynbT3HT,. 1998. J\ 2.
C. 61-67; Meoeeoee A. KOMJlbJOTepH3S1 IlpOJpi.1MMa: Bell(b HlIH He'daTepJia1lbHbIH
aKTlfB? II X03S1"1.'JBO 11 np3Bo, 1997. X 11 C. 103-110; C/>ozeAbcoH /0. 3K3eMnJUlp
nporpaMMbl jUISI :aBM - Belllb unli IlpaBa? II <]>}{HaHCOHa5I ra3eTa 1996. j\fQ 41 (253).
C. 6.
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4 POCCUUCKUR raJCTI1. j\ 194 1997 .
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23 25.
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2001. C. 65.
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npe3J.L1eIITe P<D. rOCYlla.pCTBeIIIIaH perlICTPaUJ1H 6a3 nallllbIX OCYllJ.eCT-
BJIHeTCH 6ecruraTIIO. nOCJTe perliClpaUMH 335IB11TeRb e)KerO,L(JIO IIanpaB-
!ISleT B ueillp « 1111(pOpMperI1CTp» nORIIoe aKTYanl1:311pOIJal.IIloe onlIcall11e
6a3bl ,aallllblX ILTIH coo6meIII1e ° npeKpal.l:(ell1111: JeeII11SI 6a3bl llaIlllblX..
01IenI1IIO, qTO rocynapcT8eliHaSl perJ1ClpaUl1H 6a3 ;J:c\llllhIX B COOTBeT-
CTBHM C llOJIOXClll1CM 0 rOCYLIapCTnellIIOM Y'leTe 11 perMCTPal.{liH 6a3 11:
6al-IKOB lI.al-lllbIX npflfwl0 lie CBSI3alIa C peanI13au.HeJ1: 11 3al.l:(11TOrr aBTOp-
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HHTepeconallIlblX nl1U 0 co.nep)l(alQl1XCH B 6a3ax ,llalllihIX pecypcax). 0;1-
llaKO rOCYLIapCTBelllla1 perHCTpal.{MSI 6a3 nalllIbIX B COOTBeTCTBl111 C }'Ka-
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6a3b1 .aaHllblX 1l1eIl110 JII1UOM, nOLtaBWMM 3aSlBK)' Ha ee perl1CTpaUHIO.
J].orOBOp Ha nepeAay aBTopCKHX npaB Ha nporpaMMbl
.QJls:l 38M VI 6a3bl AaHHblX
nepeatJa HMymeCTBelIlibIX npaB H3 nporpaMMbl ,lUIfl 3BM H 6a3bl
IIaHHblX 06blQHO npOMCXO,llHT nyre1 3aKJIIOlleHMSl aBTopCKoro ;J:orOBopa.
KpoMe Toro, nepena1.Ja alJTOpCKMX npaB MO:>KeT OCYllJ.eCTBJIHTbCSI nocpe.u-
CTBOM 3aKJIIOtJeHIlH LIorOBopa KOMMepqeCKOM KOllueCCHM (r11. 54 fpaJK-
aHCKOrO KOLteKca PeD).
nono6HblH aBTOpCKI1H LIoroBop qaCTO HBnfleTCSl LIorOBopOM KOM-
rureKcHoro THna. B Hero BXO.nSlT:
. 3neMeHTbl 06bltIHOrO aBTopcKOro orOBopa Ha nporpaMIY JI)lSl
3 B M Mil 6a3Y .naHHbIX;
89

· .aoronopa Iia nepe.nalIY I[oy-xay;
· LIoronopa Ha 06Y l lell11e rrOJIb30naTeJIeH Ii OKa3all11e COrryrCT-
BYIOIJ..U'[X ycnyr (TeCTl1pOBaIIMe, nepellalIa IIOBblX BepCI1H 11 DP.);
v
· LtOrOBopa Ha nepe,aalIY npaB Iia TOBapHblM 311aK, B KaqeCTBe KO-
v
Toporo BblcTynaeT IlaMMeHOBaHMe COOTBeTCTBYIOlUeM nporpaMMbl IUIH
6a3bI lIaHHblX.
OT aBTopCKoro LtOrOBOpa c.J1:eLtyeT OTnH1.JaTb npelIYCMOTpelIJlblH
CT. 14 3aKOJIa PeD «0 npaBoBoH oxpalIe nporpaMM )VISI 3BM H 6a3
DaHHbIX) ,noroBop 06 Mcnonb30Balll111 nporpat.1MbI ,[(IDI 3BM HlIH 6a3bl
,naHllblX TpeTbH111 nMaMI1 (nOJIb30BaTenSlII1). B aHHOM cnyqae nOlI
I1cnonb30BaHHeM nOHI1MaeTCSI I1CnOJIb30BaIII1e nporparvrM IUII1 6a3
,aaHHbIX nOTpe6HTeJISlMH IDISI co6cTBeHHblx Hy)K.D: B COOTBeTCTBMI1 C I1X
CPYIIKlil 1 0HaJIbHbIM Ha3HaqeHMeM. npl1 3TOM K rronb30BaTenHM He ne-
peXOLtHT HMKaKl1e aBTopCKI1e npaBa Ha nporpaMMbl HJIH 6a3bl .nalIHbIX.
nYHKT 3 CT. 14 3aKoHa pc)> «0 npaBoBoi1 oxpalIe nporpaMM lIJISi 3BM
M 6a3 ,aafIHbIX» npe,nyCMaTpI1BaeT OC06blM nopMoK 3aKJIIOQeHHfI aB-
v
TopCKoro orOBopa Ha nporpaMMHbl11 npOLtYKT npM npo,aaJKe H rrpe-
,nOCTaBn ell 11 11 MacCOBbl1 nOJIb30naTenHM DOCT)'na K nporpaMMaM M 6a-
v
3aM .nallllblX nYTet.1 H3JIO)l(eHMSI ycnoBl111 ,aorOBopa Ha nepe,aaBaet.1bIX
3K3eMfUISipax nporpaMM H 6a3 LtaHHblX (TaK Ha3blBaeMaJI 06ePTOQHa5I
JIML(eI1311S1). CIII1TaeTCSI) lITO nOK)'naTenb cornarnaeTCSI C ycnOBI1S1MI1
aBTopCKoro .norOBopa, ecnl1 011 BCKpblBaeT 1II1CTPH6yrHB ynaKOBKY C
,QMCKeTaMH HJIH CD-ROM I1CKOM.. fprolQ:(aHCKO-npaBoBoM cpOpMOM
TaKoro ,aoroBopa RBnSleTCH 1I0roBop npMcoenMHeHMSI, npelIYCMOTpeH-
IIblH CT. 428 fpIDKlIaHcKoro KOLIeKca POCCl1frCKOM eDe.nepal.{HM. B Kaqe-
CTBe YCJIOBI1H orOBopa 06bI I IHO YKa3blBalOT HelIonYCTHMOCTb HCnOJIb-
30BaHMSI 3K3eMlUIHpa nporpaMMbI MlII1 6a3bI aIIHbIX 6onee, IleM Ha
O.l{HOM 3BM, MlIM 60JIee, qeM O,nHHM nOJIb30BaTeneM, B ceTI1 O,aHO-
BpeMeHHO. ECJII1 nOJIb30BaTenb He cornaceil C YC.nOBHHMI1 JII1l.{eH3MH,
OH .l{OIDKeH HeMewreHHo B03BpaTI1Tb IlepacnetlaTaHHYIO ynaKOBKY 3K-
3eMTUIHpa nporpaMMbl IUII1 6a3bI .naHllblX BMeCTe C COOTBeTCTBYlOlUeH
OKYMeHTaUHeH npOlIaBUY.
B 60JIblllMHCTBe rOCYlIapCTB Ml1pa, B TOM 'II1CJIe B POCCHHCKOM eDe-
,nepaMI1, B OTHOllleHI1M aBTopCKHX orOBopOB Ha nporpaMMHble npo-
L{yKTbl .neHCTByeT rnnl1 I IHbIM wrH COBpeMeHHblX npaBOBbIX CI1CTeM
npMHl.{Hn CBo601Ibl 1I0rOBopa. O,allaKO, HanpHMep, ,LUISI CTpaH JIaTl1II-
CKOH AMepl1KI1 xapaKTepeH CTPOrl1H rOCYlIapCTBeHHblH KOHTpOJIb 3a
flMueH3MpOBaHI1eM nporpaMMHoro 06eCneQeHI1H, H3-3a qero 3a 3TI1MM
CTpaJlaMI1 3aKpenH1IaCb penyraL(11S1 «Tpy,nIIoro pbIHKa» ATIH nporpaMM-
JIbIX npOlIYKTOB.
B Epa311JI11H npl1HHTbI cnel.{11aJIbHble MepbI, perJIaMeHTHpyrolI:(He
BB03 nporpaMMHoro 06eCneIJeHHSI B CTpaliY. nporpaMMHoe 06ecneqe-
lll1e no 3aKOHY 1987 r. He MO)l(eT nponaBaTbCH B CTPaHe 6e3 perl1CTpa-
90

U.HI1 B CneUI1,lJlbIJOM ceKpeTapl1aTe no 111 I cl>op f\1 a U:11 11. ECJII1 COrlJalUelll1e
3aKJIIOtlel10 Ila Ile3aperMCTpl1pon,IIIJ-JYIO nporpaf\'IfY, TO 0110 C'JI1TaeTCH
Ile.aeiicTBI1TenbllbIM. OIL1aTa IJ qJOpMe npouelITtIblX OTIllic.rlel 111M. , T.e.
PO$UITH  MC K:] 10'1 aeTCSI..
B 1982 r. B MeKcMKc 6bUII1 Bl3e.aellbl CneUHaJIbllble HOpMbl lIJISI
... v
ou:elIKM ycnoBl1ll 3aKJIIOtlelll-ISI COrJIaWelll'!11 Ha nepe.naqy nporpaMt.1 AJIH
3BM, KOTopble 6blnM OTlleneJlbl OT .apyrux BJ11IOB ..IJMueI13I1ii. HeKoTo-
pble BI1.nbl nporpaMMIIoro 06eCne1JeJI11S1 lIe nona.nalOT nOlI KOlrrponb 3a
11X nI1ue.131iponaII11eM. K fll11 OTflOCSlTCfI 11rponbIe nporpaMMbl, npo-
rpaIMbl, SlBJIfIlOlliHeCSI COCTIlBI-IOH qaCTblO 3BM 11 lie npellHa3lla\.ellllble
IJ)I.I 06pa6OTKM I1Hcl>oPMaU.I111.
B BeHeCY3ne 11 KOJIYf6HM TalOKe Ile06xo.aMMO pa3pelllelII1e Ha 3a-
KJII01.lelll1e cornawellMii B 06JIaCTI1 nporpaMII{OrO 06ecne t leIII151. nna-
Te)l(M UfJOCTpaJll-lOMY napTllepy KOIITPOlII1PYIOTCR 11 06naralOTCH IIaJIO-
raII1I.
1 CM.. BumaAuee r.B ABTopcKHIi (nliueH3IioHHblff) J10rOBOp / 3all.{HTa npaB C03J:{aTC-
1IeH H nOJTh30BaTeneH nporpaMM lUISi 3BM M 6a3 .l(aHHhIX (KoM"teHTapHH poCCHHCKO-
ro 3aKOH0J1arenbCTBa). M., 1996. C.. 92-93.
91

rnaBa
-
3aLl\It1Ta npas Ha npOrpaMMbl AJls:l 38M
VI 6a3bl AaHHblX
OCHOBHble n0J10)KeH1-1J.l
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pbl M 11CKyCCTBa JIBnReTCH lie TonbKO npH311aHHe 3a C03naTeJIHMI1 npo-
....
113Be,ae111111 H 11X npaBO-fepllbltI1 nOJIb30Ba.TeJIHMI1 onpe,ae...1JeHIJbIX
cy6DeKTJ1BllblX rpa)K.aallCKl1X npaB, 110 M o6eCneQeHHe 3TI1X npan I-Ia-
.Ae)l(HOH npaBOBOH 3alQI1Toi1.. L{aHlloe nOJIO}l(elll1e B nonHoii lepe OT-
Il0CMTCH 11 K ccpepe C03nall11SI nporpaMM ;:rJIH 3BM M 6a3 ,aaHHbIX. Eo-
....
JIee Toro, BblCOKHII ypOBeHb JleJIeraJIbfIOro 11CnOJIb30BaHHfI nporpaMM-
HblX nponYKTOB neJlaeT np06JIeMbl 3aWMTbi aBTopcKMX npaB Ila KOl\-f-
nblOTepHble nporpaM"-fbl M 6a3bl .zxallllbIX oco6eHHO aKTyaJlbJIbIMH.
np06JIeMa 3alL{MTbl aBTopcKI1X npaB Iia nporpatvtMbl ;:rJIH 3BM M 6a3bl
,naIIIIbIX SIBJ1f1eTCfI O'-Iellb Ba}l(l-lOli nlISi 'flIOrI1X rocy,aapcTB. ,[(a}l(e B
cTpaHclx C IIaM60JIee J11311J111301aII}lbIM KOMnbl()TepllbIM pbIllKOM ,aOJIR
KOHl'pac}>aKTllbIX nporpaMMJlblX npO.iI)'KTOB oc..-raeTCSI BbICOKOM: Anctpl151
42% lliBeMapIDI 44%, BeJIHK06pliTaHI1H 49%. B CTpaHax )l(e C
llal160nee BblCOKHM ypOBHeM nMpaTCTBa cMTyaU11.SI Ii BOBce KaTacTpO-
c}>HtlecKafl: BbeTIIaM 99% KOIITpa4>c\KTl-lbIX nporpaMMllblX nponYKTOB,
KHTaii 96%, OMal-1 95%. no IIallIlbl'f MI1I-111CTepcTBa BHyrpeJlllHX
L{eJI POCCHMCKOU <I>e,aepaUI111 nOJIS! KOIITpa4>aKTHbIX nporpaMMl-lbIX
npo,ayKTOB Ha OTetJeCTBel-lHO'f pblllKe COCTaB..,1IHeT 60nee 80%. TaKaH
cMTyaMH BeneT K KpynHblf\.1 nOTepHM pOCcHMcKoro 610;:oKeTa OT Heyn-
naTbl Ha..1IOrOB npOJI.aBllaMl1 HeJIeraJIbllblX nporpaMMHblx nponYKTOB,
yrp03e CTarilalll1H OTe 1 JeCTBeilHoro npOl13Bo,aCTna KOMnbloTepllblx npo-
rpaMM M 6a3 ,aallllbIX, IJ KOTOpOf 3allHTO 60JIee 200 TblCHq qenOBeK, H
pearrbHot'f B03MO}l(IIOCTI1 np11l\1e1IeJI11H K POCCMH 3KOHOMH t leCKMX
callKUHli co CTOpOHbl 3apy6e)l(JlhiX rocynapCTB.
3alL{MTa aBTopCKI1X npal Ila nporpaMMbl Jl)IfI 3BM H 6a3bI JI.aHHbIX
B03MO}l(Ha I-Ie TonbKO npaBOBblMH cpenCTIJaM11. B nOCJIe,lIHee BpeMH Bce
60nbwee tIMClIO npaBo06na.AaTeJIeM npl16eraeT K TeXHMQeCKI1M cpe.aCT-
BaM 3awliTbl nporpaMMllblX npO.AYKTOB. ElL{e B 1984 r. B ClIlA 6hfn BbI-
.zxa)1 naTeHT NQ 4446519 Jla «Cnoc06 H ycrpOMCTBO rapaHTMpOBaJIMH
6e30nacHocTM KOMnblOTeplloro nporpaMMlloro 06eCneQeIIHR», nOCBH-
wellllbIli 60pb6e C H3rOTOBJ1eIIHeM nl1paTCKMX KonHH l . I)onbwoe pac-
......
1 CM.: PeOllHCKllli O. ITpaBOBa5! oxpaHa KOMllhJOTCpHbIX a1JrOpIITMOBI1 pbIHOlfHble
Tpe60BaHlfSl / / I1HTen.ncKTyaJlbHasJ C06CTBCHHOCTb, 1999. XQ 6. C. 60
92

npOCTpallel"ll-Ir no.,nytlWlO llCnOnb30JialllIe TaKI'IX cnoco60J 3WI1Tbl, K,\I<
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Ilble Konl1pOBall11e 1-1 MCnOJIb30naJI11e npOrpa)\fIJlbIX npO.L{YKTOB, T3K K3K
laTepI1,lJIbJlbIX 3,1f\;lKOn I1JIH I1JIorvr6 Ila IJOCI-iTeJII1 npOrpal\lll fI 6aJ nall-
IlhlX nOl3eCIiTL IleB0310)f(IJO.. a n106ble TeXII11 1 1eCKI1e nperpaabl 'Ioryr
6blTb npeOnOJIellbl onbITllbl"IJi XLlKepaMlI. TeXIIIltlecKl1e MeTOllbl 3alL{J-[Tbl
npOrpa1l\1lllblX npo.aYKTOB 06XO.L{SITCH ,noporo 1 nOBblW(110T 113.aep}f(KM
npOli31JOnCTJJtl, lIe .a(llaH npM 3TOM nOJIlloi-j }'Bepe11110CT11 B ycnexe. PO..'1b
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TPy.aIIOCTeI1 Ila rryTJ.1 IleJleraJlbllOro Kon11p013a1111S1 KOfnblOTepllblX npo-
rpal\.t1 M 6a3 ;IalIIlhiX 11 L1.:'1S1 .L{OKa3bIOalll-iSI B cy.ae <l)aKT(\ Ilapyrnel-IMu
aBTOpCKI1X npalJ (1IclnpI11ep, nyre1\1 I-ICn(}nb.30JJalll-lSI TaJlllhIX Ull<PPOBbIX
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6a3 ,naIIIIbTX I ).
B IOpllLll1 I IeCKOlt JII1TepaTYpe 1pa.rlI1UI.[OIIIIO npOBo.aIITCfI pa3rpaJllf-
v
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W.I1X npaBOIbIX aKTax CYlL{eCTByeT nepeKpeCTHoe yn01pe6neHMe JTrx
TepMMHOI1, KOTopble llilCTO paCCMaTpI1HaIOTC1 KaK C1111011l1Mbl. no.a OX-
pal'IOM B U11BI1JII1CTl1Ke 06bll).10 nOII11Mal()T YCTall013neillie 06w.ero npc.l-
130Boro pe}f(I'Ifa uellllOCTeii, B CI1J1Y KOToporo .'OCI,ITenb npaBa 10)f(eT
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M3BJIeKaTb Bblro,nbi npM ero OCYllleCTBJ1eHI1M, a no,,] 3alL{11TOII r lepLI,
KOTopble npe.anpMI-IMMaIOTCR, Korna cy6beKTJ11JIIbie npaBa Ilapywellbi
liJIH ocnopellbl2
no,n 3aw.11TOH aBTopCKMX npaB B pOCCHHCKOli IOpM,,]M t leCKoii IlaYKe
nOJI11MaeTCH COBOKynllOCTb Mep HanpaBJIeJ-Il-lblX Ira BOCCTallonnellMe
IUIM npl'13HatlHe aBTOpCKI1X npaB M 3allll1TY Ml-fTepeCOI rx 06na,n:aTeJleii
npM J;IX IlapyweHMM HJIM ocnapl1Ball11H 3 . AnropcKI1e npaBa ,nOJDKllbl
6blTb lIe TOJIbKO peaJIbHO ocyweCTIJHMbIMI1. Cy6'beKTbI :.>TMX npaB nOJDKllbl
6blTb Jla,n:enellbl IJ0310}f(1'IOCTSJMI1 no npece'lell1110 Ilapywell11S:1 npaB, MX
BOCCTaHOBneIIMIO, KOMnellca1111 Bcex nOTepb, Bbl313al-ilIbiX IIapymel-ll1ervi
CBOI1)( cy6uKTMnllblX npaB. KaK npaBI1J1bliO OTMe1.laJI B.n. [pH6af'OB,
«Cy6beKTMBlloe npaBO npe.aOCTaRJIelIIIOe RI1UY.. 1-10 lie 06ecne 1 Ielilioe OT
Iiapyrnell11R Ile06xo.aMlbJfl'l cpe,nCTIJa-IH JaWI1Tbl, HliRs:reTCH nMWb .neK-
napaTl1nHblf'vt npaBOI». flpaBHIIbllblM npe;ICTaBJISIeTCR TalOKe BbIBon
,.......
1 C!\f... MlJp06llH08 B.A. HacnliHe c I1HTepHCTO{ / / naTeHTbl Ii !I111{eJI3HJf, 1999. 2\ 5.
C. 15-19.
2 CM.. rlI8pUA083.fl. KOMMCHTaPlfH K 3aKOHY POCCliHCKOif (1)e.acpaUlil1 «06 aBTOI)-
CKOf IIpaBe 11 C{e)I(HbJX npaBaX». M., 1996. C- 191, J(030pl(eO B.A. 0 !\fCP3X no pa3Bli-
TI1IO phlHKa HH1.c.'1.'IeKTYaJIbHI>IX npo.aYKTOB / / 3aKoHo.aaTen:bCTBo Ii 3KOHOMIIK3, 1998.
Nq 8. C. 22.
3 Cepzee8 A.fl. npano J1HTCJITIeKTYaJlbHOH C06CTBCHHOCTH B POCCHHCKOH <I>c)\epal.lJII1.
M. 1999. C. 365
93

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paKTepa IJKJllOtlaeTCSI IJ caJv10 c(),aep)l(tlII11e cy61>eKTI'IIJJ loro l\taTepl1,UlbIIO-
fO TPe60Balll1SI K3K 0)]1-10 113 ero npaOOMOljI1(1») 1.
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C10TPellllblX 3aKOHO)]aTeJIbCTBOf\.1. 3TO npanOMOQl1e SIBJIHeTCH O.nIIHM H3
3JleMel1TOB cy6'beKTJ1BHOrO rp,t)KllalfCKOro npana, KOTOpbl11 npOSIBJ1HeT
ce6Sl nHWb TorlIa, Kor1I3 KTo-nJ160 OCntlpl18aeT, nocflraeT HJl1f I-lapywaeT
3TO cy6'beKTHBIIOe rpaJK;J:allCKOe npaBO.
CooTBeTcruellHo cy6oeKl1Ia,,fll, 06JloiJaIOU(II.J\'11 lJpaeOJttO l ilLflJrtll Ita 30-
ll{IIII'Y aBTopCKHX npaB Iia nporpaMMbl ILJISI 3BM Ii 6a3bl )]aHHbIX, HB-
nSiIOTCSI I-iOCIITenl1 3TI1X npaB) T.e. ca111 alTopbl, I1X IlaCne)]IIJ1KJ1) 1-IIIbie
npaBonpeeIHMKl1, pa60TOAaTenl-[ ,\BTOpOIJ B CJIYljaRX C031IailMSI cnY)l(e6-
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IleBblCOKI1M PC3YJIbTIl.TaM paCCnel{OB3111-tH .aeJI rIalliiOM KaTeroplill. TaK, I
1997 r. CBellelll1R 0 npl1rOIJOpaX II OTIIOWelll111 IlapYllll1Teneii aOTOpCKI1X
npaB lla nporpaMMbl rJ.Jl$I 3BM J1..rI11 6a3bl I1alfllblX nOCTyIll1JI11 TonbKO no
2 yronoBllblM .aenaM, B 1998 f. no 12 2 . B BonforpallcKOH 06JIaCTI1 no
c006WeHH.HM ne1.laTI1 nepB()e yro..T1:013110e rIeno, CBS13alllloe C Jlapywelll1-
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;\ 7 C 45.
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116

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CTOpOl-lbl opr,ltll{301allllbIX npeC1)'nllblX rpynn.
1 «BepcUJI BonrorpaJI». N2 21. 2001. C. 5.
117

cnCOK Ilil1TEPA TYPbl
1. HopMaTHBHaJi nHTcpaTypa
1.1. EepllcKaR KOHBellUI1H 06 oxpaJ-le J1lITepaTypHblX 11 xy.nO)KeCT-
Bel-ll-lbIX npOH3BeneHl1it.. napIDKCKl1it aKT OT 24 111OJ151 1971 f., 113MeHeH-
IlblH 2 OKT5I6p51 1979 r. )l(elleBa: BOMC, ] 990.
1.2. BceMllpllaR KOllnellUI11 06 aBTopcKOM npane. nepecMoTpella B
napIDKe 24 1110n51 1971 f. / llpaBa I-Ia pe3YJIbTaTbI I/Il-lTeJUleKTyanbl-loll
.ne5lTeJIbIIOCTH. ABTopcKoe npaBO. naTellTlloe npaBO. )1pyrl1e 11CKJIIOQI1-
TeJIbHbIe npaBa: C6. Il0pM. aKTOB.. M., 1994. BbIn. 17.
1.3. rpOJICOOncKl/li KOlIeKC P<1>. q. 1, 2. M.) 1996.
1.4. FpOJICOOncKl/u Ko.aeKC PeD. q. 3.. M.) 2002.
1.5. IIomellmnbll/ 3aKOII POCCI1itcKOit eDe,nepaI(HI'1 OT 23.09.1992
NQ 3517 -1. POCcI1McKaH ra3eTa. NQ 225. 1992.
1.6. 3aKOH P<1> OT 23.09.1992 NQ 3523-1 «0 npaBoBoM oxpallC npo-
rpaMM JI)lR gBM III 6a3 J1alll-lbIX)). POCCl1itcKaH ra3eTa. NQ 229. 1992..
1.7. 30Kon P<D OT 09.07.1993 NQ 5351-1 «06 al3TOpCKOM npaBe H
CMe}f(llblX npaBax». POCCl/liicKlliI ra3eTa. NQ 147. 1993.
1.8. ({JeiJepOJlbHblU 3aKOl-I OT 20.02.1995 NQ 24-<1>3 (<06 11H4>opMa-
UI111, HH<pOpMaTI13aUI1I1 11 3aWl1Te 11 HcpOpMau.1111». C06pal-I11e 3aKOIIO,aa-
TeJlbCTBa PeD, 20.02.1995, NQ 8, CT. 609.
1.9. Y20Jl06HbIU KoeKC POCCI1MCKOM eDe.L{epaUI/IH. M., 1996.
1.10. TpY0060ii KOJ1eKC POCCl1itCKOH <l>e,nepaUHM. M., 2002..
1.11. KooeKc 06 3,lIMI1Hl1cTpaTI1IJllbIX npaBollapywelll1.HX POCCI1H-
CKOM <I>eJ1epaUJ1H. M.., 2002.
1.12. YK03 npeJHlIellTa P<1> OT 07.10.1993 NQ 10 (<O rocYAapcTBell-
HOH nOJIHTl1Ke B 06naCTI1 aBTopCKHX 11 CMe}f(HbIX npaB». Co6paHI1e aK-
TOB npe3M,lIeHTa 11 npaBI1TeJIbCTBa PeD. 1996. NQ 141. CT. 3920.
1.13. YK03 npe311lIel-ITa PeD OT 02.05.1996 r. NQ 642 {<O Mepax no
pa3BI1TI110 opraflOB IOCTI1Ul1M POCCI1MCKOll <I>elIepaUI111>}. POCCJ1MCKaH
ra3eTa. NQ 89. 1996.
1.14. YK03 npe31 / I,nellTa P<I> OT 11.09.1997r. NQ 1008 «0 POCCI1M-
CKOM areHTCTBe no naTellTaM 11 TOHapllblM 3HaKaM»_ PocCMiicKaH ra3eTa.
NQ 181. 1997.
1.15. IIoCmOH06JleHIle npaBI1TeJIbCTBa PeD OT 12.08.1993 NQ 793 {<06
yrBep)l(l(eHI111 nOnO}f(el-II1SI 0 nOWJII11-IaX 3a naTelITOBaHHe H306peTeHI1M,
nOne31-IblX MOJ1eJ1eit, npOMblWJIel-lHblX o6pa3uoB, perl1cTpa[{1111 TOBapHbIX
31-IaKOB, 31-IaKOB 06CJI}l)KI/IBaHIm, Ilal1MeHOBal-ll1it MeCT npOI/ICXO)Kllel-IIUI
118

TOBapOB, npenOCTllilJIelll111 npana nOJIb30Bal-ll1H ll,\11MeIIOBaII11RMI1 MeT
npOlICXO)l([{eIII'I51 TOIJ(lpOl I[ rrOnO)f(elll'lI1 0 perllCTpa110lJIJbIX c60pax 3a
O(PI-IUI1,lJIbllYIO perl1CTpaU1110 npOrpaIf\.1 LIJ15-1 3BM, 6aJ ,n:allllbIX 11 TOnO-
norHil HIITerpaJIbllblX J..;lliKpOCXe1». POCCHI-ICKl1e BeCTI1. NQ 162. 1993.
1..16. Iloc/"nOlt06J1elllle nptJ31'ITenbcTRa P<I> OT 28.02.1996 NQ 226 «0
rocy.n a pCTBeHI-IOf..1 }TlleTe H perHCTptlUI111 6a3 11 6alIKOB JIaJlllbIX». POC-
CMliCK,\S:I r,13eTa.. NQ 53. 1996.
1. 17. IIocmolioB./leHlie npal311renbCTBa P<I> OT 19.09.1997 r. «0 Poc-
,.
CHI1CKO1 arellTCTBe no naTeHTaM 11 TonapllbIM 31IaKafv1 H nOJIBe)IOtcT-
BelIJIblX eMY OpraI-I113aUI1nx». POCCIIHcKaR ra3eTa. NQ 194. ] 997..
1.18. IIpllKa3 pocAnO OT 05.03.1993 NQ 7n «npaBHJ1a COCTaBne-
IIHSI, no.aatIH H paCCMOTPellKH 3a5IBOK IIa 04>111I11aJIb11YJO perl1cTpaUliio
nporpaM1 I(J1R 3BM M 6a3,LIaIJHblx». POCCI1ifCKI1e BeCTM. NQ 57. 1993..
1.19. /IpIIK03 PocnaTellTa OT 31.12.1998 NQ 245 «06 YTBepAGIeJIlll1
npaBMJI perMClpaUlfH LIoroBopol3 Iia nporpaMMbl JI]IR 3BM, 6a3bI al"-
1-lblX H Tononorl111 HIITerpanbl-lblX MI1I<pocxeM». POccHMcKaH ra3eTa.
NQ 31. 1999 .
1.20.. llpllKa3 PocnaTellTa OT 25.02.2003 NQ 25 «0 np,tBHJIaX COCTaB-
nelllf.SI, no,aalJl1 H paccMo1peII11S1 3aRBKH lfa 04>lfUHaJIbIIYIO perl1clplUl11O
npOrpaMf\.1bl ,lI)I}I 3BM 11 3aHBKI1 Iia O<pHQ.l1aJIbHYIO perl1cTpa111O 613bl
JIaHllbIX». POCCl1licKa5I ra3eTa. NQ 63. 2003.
1.21. Pa30JlCllelille [ocYJIapCTl3el-II-IOrO KOMI1TeTa COBeTa MI11111CTpOB
CCCP no ,LIenaM 11306peTel-ll1'i If OTKpbITI1M NQ 4 OT 13.11.1975 «0 npl1-
3IlallHM H306peTellHHMH 06'beKTOB BbI1JMCJII'ITeJIbJIOii TeXIII1KH, xapaKTe-
pl13yeMhlx MaTeMaTH t leCKI1M o6ecne'lelll1eM 3BM». 3aKollo.alTenbcTBo
CCCP no H306peTaTenbcTBY. M., 1981. T. 1.
1.22. llocmallo8Aelilie Me)f(napJIe:lMeI-ITCKOif AccaM6.rleI{ rocynapcTB
}'4aCTHHKOB CO;:Ipf)KeCTBa He3aBHCMMbIX rocy,n:apcTB OT 09.12.2000 «0
npe.nJIO)f(eHIDIX no cOBeprnelICTBOBal-lHIO Haul1011,UIbIloro 3aKOIIOllaTenb-
CTBa rOCYJIapCTB ytlaCTHMKOl3 CI-If B 06naCTI1 Hl-lTeJIJIeKTYaJIbllOM
co6CTBeIIIIOCTM C }'4eTOM lpe60BalII1lf COBpeMeill-IblX Me}f(1(YIIapOLIHbIX
CTaH,aapTOB». naTel-lTbI 11 nHue1131111. 2001.. NQ 2.
1.23. llocmollo6J1elilie nnellYMa BepxoBlloro Cya CCCP OT
18.04.1986 «0 npHMel-leHHI1 CYJIaMH 3aKOIIOAaTeJIbCTBll npl1 paCCf..10lpe-
H111'I cnopOB) B031111KaIOLUI1X 113 aBTopCKHX npaBOOTJIOrnellliif».. EIOJIJIe-
TeHb BepXOBIIoro CYJIa CCCP. 1986. NQ 3..
1.24. HHfjJopMal(IIOlllloe nl1CbMO TIpe3MI1YMa BblCllJerO Ap611TpIDK-
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H Cle)f(HbIX npaBax». BecTHHK BAC. 1999. NQ 11.
1.25. Co2flOUJelllle no ToproBblM acneKTaM npaB HIITeJLTIeKIYaITbHOli
co6CTBeiliIoCTI1 (Cornarnelll1C TATII1C) / MI1IIKOB A.M. Me)l(lJyHapo,LUlaH
oxpalla J11JTeJIJleJGytlJIbliOif c06CTI3elIJlocTH. Cn6., 2001.
119

1.26. COII/ICil Directive of 14 May 1991 on tIle legal protectiOJ1 of
compllter programs I I Offici,l) JOllfl1a] of tl1e Ellropean CommllI1ities,
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1.27. JI,llpeKnllleG EC «0 npaBoBoiI oxpaHe KOMnblOTepHbIX npo-
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CTI-Ioro npana. 1994. NQ 4.
1.28. COll/1Cil Directive on the legal protection of databases 1996 I I
OfficiaJ Jourllal of the EC. L. 77. March 27. 1996.
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2.1. A60YlLfllili A.H. npanOBa$l oxpalla 6a3 naHl-lblX B EBponellcKoM
COlo3e I I )J(YPllaJI Me)f([(Yllaponlloro 1..JaCTIIOro npana. 1997. NQ 2.
2.2. Allilcoe F.I/. II iXp. 0 npalJOIoif oxpalle aJIrOplITtvIOD 11 npo-
rpaMM MR 3BM II BorrpOChI 11306peTaTeJIbCTBa. 1976. NQ 8.
2.3. A1lmonellKo If.H. OTKpblToe nporpaMMlloe 06ecne t lell11e: war
IIaBc1pe\JY nOJIb30B,lTen10 I I naTeJITbI 11 JIJiue1131111. 2001. NQ 9.
2.4. ActjJallollopoe E.M. Bonpocbl npaHoBoH OXpal-IbI I1IICPOPMaU.M-
OHHblX pecypcoB B I1IIOpMaUJ101IHOM 06111ecTBe II 1111c}JopMaUl1oHHble
pecypcbI POCClfM. 1997. NQ 6.
2.5. ACpaJI01IOp08 E.M. np06neMbI rrpanoBoH OXpaJILI If 3allll1TbI
I11-IBeCTI1Ul1il B 1111<l>oP Ma U110Hl-lbIe pecypCbl. / I I-I aytII-IO-TeXJ II.rqeCKa$I
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2.6. ACtjJOltOllOP08 D.ivf. Dp06neMbi npaBoloi1: OXpaI-IbI nporpaMM-
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1111c}JopMaUIIR, cep. ], 1998, NQ 3.
2.7. Eaco6 O.A. K Bonpocy 06 3KCTepllaJII1HX npM npOM3BO,ACTIJe
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2.8. EOmYPlll1 IO.M. npo6neMbI KOMnblOTeplloro npaBa. M.., 1991.
2.9. EeJloe B.B., Bllma./illee F.B., ).(ellllco8 I.M. I1HTeJIJIeK!)'aJIbHaH
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Y t le6Hoe noc0611e. M.) 1997.
2.10. E.lll13llel( Jf" P06lll106 A. nepcneKTI1BbI npaBoBoM oxpallbl 6a3
nalll-lbIX I I I1HTeJUIeKTYaJlbllaS:J C06CTIJeIlllocTb. ABTopcKoe npano 11
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2.11. Eopllcoe K.F. npaBoBble <}>OpMbl napTllepcTBa EBponei1:cKoro
COl03a B crpepe KOMMYl-ll1KaUI1H 11 I1II(popt..1aUI10111IbIX YCJIyr I I MOCKOB-
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2.12. EY30ea H., /Iodltll16llXllll ll. OC06el-fHOCTI1 oxpallbI anTopCKoro
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neMcKoro COlO3a / I 11 f-ITeJ[JleKTYUTbl{aSI C06cTIeIII-IOCTb. ABTopcKoe
npaBo If CMe:>Kl-lble npalJa. 200 I. NQ 6.
2.13. EY30eo II.B. npanola}l OXp,\lla 6a3 ;xallllbIX: nyrl1 IfX cOBep-
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120

2.14. BaiiuJHYPc A.A. COBpeMeHl-lOCTb 11 nepCneKTI1BbI npaBOBOM OX-
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2.15. BllmlJJlllee I. B., llOOIJil/6l/XlllllLJf. 3aKoII PoccMHcKoif <I>e.ae-
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TenbJlbIX tallJMH 11 6a3 aaIIJlbIX>} 11 npaKTI1Ka era npl1MeHelll1SI / / l-layY:-
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2.18. FaeplI.J106 3..fl. OxpaHa KOMnblOTepl-lblX nporpaMM: KaKOM 3a-
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2.21. Feflw A.E. OCHoBllbIe npl11IUHnbI coneTcKoM CJ1CTeMbi npaHo-
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2.22. Fpl/IJiae6 C.I1. npaBoB(lH oxpalla TonapllblX 31IaKOB, nporpaMM
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2.24. FYllb6lili JO. A1cry,UIbllble npo6neMbi npanoBoH oxpalIbI npo-
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2.27. ,l(030ple6 B.A. 0 Mepax no pa3BI1TI11O pbIl-lKa 11IITeJIJIeKTYaJIb-
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122

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