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Pa3pymeHHe (noBpe}KAeHHe) Ha3eMHbIX TpaHcnopTHbIX cpeAcT8 . . nOBpe>K)I.eHHe TpaHcnopTHbIX caMoneTOB B MeCTax HX 6a3HpoBaHHH nOBpe}K)I.eHHe CY)I.OB . . . . . . . . . .. .... floBpemAeHHe KOMMYHanbHbIX coopymeHHM: ...... nOBpe}K)I.eHHe neCHbIX MaCCHBOB . . .. .... nOBpe}K)I.eHHe pe3epByapoB AnH xpaHeHHH }KH)I.KOro TOnJIHJ3a 3aBHcHMoCTb CTeneHH nOBpemAeHHH OT paccToHHHH B3aHMoAeHcTBHe OO'beKTOB C B03AYlllHOH y.n.apHOH BOJIIIOH B03HHKHoBeHHe HarpY3KH OT y)I.apHOH BOJIHbI . . . . . . . . BJIHHHHe pa3MepoB OO'beKTa Ha BenH4HHY HarpY3KH BnHHHHe <pOpMbI OO'beKTa Ha BenH4HHY HarpY3KH rpa<pHKH H3MeHeHHH HarpY3KH BO BpeMeHH . . . . . . . . . 3aMKHYTble coopymeHHH npHMoyronbHoH <pOpMbI . . . . . 4acTH4Ho OTKpbITbIe npHMoyronbHbIe coopymeHHH OTKpbITwe KapKaCHbie coopY}KeHHH CoopY}KeHHH IJ.HJIHH)I.pHqeCKOH <pOpMbI 68 70 71 73 75 79 81 83 88 90 95 99 102 104 106 108 109 III 113 114 .. . . 115 116 118 119 r JI a B a 5. 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I' nepe)I.BH>KHbIe )I.OMHKH Ha npHuenaX . i . . . npOP.OBOJIbCTBHe I . . . . . . . . . . . . . npOMbllIIJIeHHbie coopY>KeHHH . . . . OnblT 51noHHH . . . . . . . . .. .... J1cnblTaHHH B IllTaTe HeBa)I.a B 1955 ro)I.Y . . .. ...... nOCTpoHKa co CTaJIbHbIM KapKaCOM H aJIIOMHHHeSbIMH naHeJIHMH BecKapKaCHa5I nocTpoHKa co CTaJIbHbIMH naHeJlHMH . . . . . . . BecKapKacHaH nocTpoHKa C naHeJIHMH H3 BOJIHHCTOH CTaJiH . . . . HCIIblTaHHH C l(eJIblO onpe)I.eJlHTb B.HHHHHe npO)I.OJI>KHTeJIbHOCTH cpa3bI C>KaTHH Ha CTeneHb pa3pYIlleHHH . . . . . . . . . Pe3epByapbI ,lI.JIH xpaHeHIfH >KH,lI.KOro TOnJIHBa . . . . TH>KeJIble CTaHKH . ............... 3JJ.aHHH KOMMep4eCKoro H a)I.MHHHcTpaTHBHoro Ha3HaqeHHH BRe)I.eHHe . ......... ..... MHOr03Ta>KHble 3)I.aHHH C iKeJIe306eToHHbIM KapKaCOM lV\Hor03Ta>KHbIe 3)I.aHHH co CTaJIbHbIM KapKacoM . . . . . 3)I.aHHH C HeCYIII.H MH CTeHa MH . . . . . . . . . . . . MOCTbl . . . . . . . . . . . . TpaHcnopT . . . . . . . . . . . . Tpa MBaH H 3BTOM06HJIH ABapHHHbIe MaUIHHbI . . )l(eJIe3HoJJ.0p0)l{HbIH IIO)I.BH>K HOH COCTa B TpaHcnopTHwe CaMOJIeTbI Ha a3p04pOMax C Y)I.a . . . . . . . . . . . KOMMYHaJIbHbIe coopY>KeHHH H cpe)I.CTBa CBH3H JIHHHH 3JIeKTpOnepe)I.a4 . . . . . . . ra30Bble, BO)I.OnpOBO)I.HbIe H KaHaJIH3al(HOHHbIe ceTH T CTaHOBKH )I.JIH IIO,ll.a4H npI1pO)I.HOrO H HCKYCCTBeHHoro 'ra'3a' . . . . Y CTaHOBKH co C>KH>KeHHblM He<pTHHbIM ra30M .,.. 060PY)I.OBaHHe CBH3H . . . . . , I , '.  "  r , , te"* ; ,., .. I I, . .,  I. r JI a B a 6. AeHcTBHe Ha3eMHblX, nOA3eMHbiX H nOABOAHblX B3pblBOB . . . . XapaKTepHcTHKa Ha3eMHoro R3pbIBa B03)I.YIllHaH Y)I.apHaH BOJIHa 06pa30BaHHe BOpOHKH BOJIHa C>KaTHH B rpYHTe XapaKTepHcTHKa nO)I.3eMHoro B3pbIBa B03.lI.YIllHaH Y rr.a pHaH BOJIHa . .. ... . 06paaoBaHHe BOpOHKH H BOJJHa C>KaTHH KpHTepHH pa3pymeHHH . . . . Ha3eMHIe B3pbIBbI . . . . nO)I.3eMHble B3pbIBbi . . . . . . . . . XapaI{TepHCTHKH nO)I.BO)I.HOrO B3pbIBa . . . . Y)I.apHaH BOJIHa nO)I.BO)I.HOrO B3pbIBa . . . . . . . . nOBpe>K)I.eHIIH, Bbl3bIBaeMbIe Y)I.apHOH BOJIHOH B BO)I.e Pa3pYIlla lOrn.ee )I.efICTBHe nO)I.BO)I.HOrO B3pbIBa (onbIT B3pbIBa Y aTOJIJIa DHKHHH) . , , , , · , ,  .  . . . , . . . , .  I '.. 14 ... It!  " tI I 14 II 672 I Ii' ., .. Crp. 211 BOJIlIhl (1))11 IIOJI,BO.'I,II()M 11'1 11 ,1114' l1:M(,lIl'llllI' JUI;I ,/1.11 \ 111.1 06paJUBaIlIH' BlljI()llhll Iqlll 11.114'1\111111\1 II 111',1111\111('1\1 1\ 11 11 ,111.1 Pa::JMcpJ,1 lI()jI()llhll IIpll 11.1.11'1\111()1\1 II '1",1111' Pa:Mcphl UUpOllhll "1)11 IICI)I"H'MIIIIM "'III.IIIl' nO)JeMlILIC B:\pl>IBl>1 lIa UOJII,lII0i'1 I'JlyGIIIIl' . HarpY:=JKa Ha 3arJIy6JIClIllbIC D rpyllT COOpY)I{CIIIUI )J.aBJIeHHe CBo6oJI.HOrO npOCTpaIICTOa H 3al1U1TIlOe )J,eftc !'lUll' t'U())J rpYUTOBoro nOKpbITHH . . . . . · · · · · . . · . · . . f-IarpY3Ka Ha npHMoyrOJIbHbIe coopy>KeHHH . . . . . . HarpY3Ka Ha 3arJIy6JIeHHbIe CBO,lJ.4aTbIe H KynoJIo06pa3HbIe coopy- .>KeHHH . . . . . . . . . . · . . . . . .. .... P a3pYllleHHH (nOB pe}K,lI,eHHH), B03HHKaIOllI.He no)I. ,lI,eHCTBHeM BOJIHbI CjRa- THH B rpYHTe ................ flo)I.3eMHble coopY}KeUHSI . . . . . . . . . . . HeKOTopble BonpOCbl pa3BHTHH nO)I.BO,lI,HOro B3Pblua . . . . CBOHCTBa nOJI.BO)I.HOH y)I.apHOH BOJIHbI . . . . B03,lI,YIllHaH y,lI,apHaH BOJII-Ia npH nOJI.BO)I.HbIX B3pbIBax . . · · BblCOTa BOJIH, 06pa3YIOllJ,I1XCH Ha nOBepXHOCTH BOAbl npH nO)I.BO)I.HbIX B3pbIBax . . . . . . . . . · '.. · . . · . . Oopa30BaHHe nO)I.BO)I.HOH BOpOHKH · . . . nOBpejR)I.eHHH OT nO)I.BO)I.HOA Y)I.apHOH BOJIHbI nOBpe>KJJ.eHHe CY)I.OB . . . . · . . . . IIoBpejR)I.eHHe nO)I.BO)I.HbIX CoopY)KeHHH 212 217 219 220 222 225 227 230 238 239 240 242 245 247 248 250 254 r JI a B a 7. CBeToBoe H3J1Y'leHHe Hero AeHCTBHe H3JIY4eHHe orHeHHoro Illapa ..... 06III.He CBoHcTBa CBeTOBoro H3JIY4eHHH OCJIa6JIeHHe CBeTOBoro H3JIy4eHHH BJlHHHHe aTMoc<pepHWX yCJIOBHH BJIHHHHe ,lI,Ma H TYMaHa 3KpaHHpOBaHHe ... BJIHHHHe BH)I.a B3pwBa ,lJ.eHcTBHe CBeTOBoro H3JIY4eHHH nor JIOIII.eHHe CBeTOBoro H3JIY4eHHH B03)I.eHCTBHe CBeTOBoro H3JIyqeHHH Ha KO>KY H rJIa3a nOBpem,lI,eHHH, HaHOCHMble CBeTOBbIM H3JIyqeHHeM TKaHHM, )I.epeBY H nJIaCTMaCca M . . . · · · . . · · . · · . . . · . . . . . BeJIH4HHa CBeTOBoro HMnYJIbCa, npH KOTOpOM Ha6JIIO)I.aeTCH BOCnJIa- MeHeHHe pa3JIH4HbIX MaTepHaJIOB .............. 3aBHCHMOCTb BeJIHqHHbI CBeTOBoro HMnYJIbCa OT paCCTOHHHH . · . B03)I.eHCTBHe CBeTOBoro H3JIY4eHHH Ha pa3JIH4HbIe MaTepHaJILI BO BpeMH 51,lJ,epHbIX B3pbIBOB B 51noHHH . . . . . BOCI1JIaMeHHIOIll.ec J],eHCTBHe . . . . B0311HKHonellHe nO>KapOB . . . . . PacnpOCTpaHeIIHe nO>KapOB BOCnJIaMellHIOlll.ee ,lI,eHCTBHe 5I)I.epUbIX B3pbIBOB, npOH3Be)I.eHHbIX B 51 nOIlHH 259 261 262 265 268 ./ . . . . 269 271 272 273 274 27G 277 I I I' , I" , ',' ,II . ':', I , ','K,I '.'K:I '.!.KI 2 ': 289 292 296 298 301 302 303 304 306 307 309 310 311 316 317 320 322 323 328 331 333 673 
I " 51lI.epHbIH B3pbIB I<aK HCTOqHHK nO}KapOB . . . . . . . . . . B03HHKHOBeHHe H paCnpOCTpaHeHHe nO}KapOB B )lUOHHH OrHeHHbIfl IllTOpM B XHpOCHMe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TeOpeTHqeCKHe BOnpOCbI paCnpOCTpaHeHHH H .n.eHCTBHH CBeTOBOrO H3JIY- qeHHH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pacnpe.n.eJIeHHe H nOrJIOrn.eHHe 3HeprHH, H3JIyqaeMOH OrHeHHbIM lllapOM 3HeprHH CBeTOBOro H3JIyqeHHH, HCnYCKaeMOro OrHeHHbIM lllapOM 3aBHCHMOCTb 3HeprHH CBeTOBOro H3JJyqeHHH OT paCCTOHHHH . . . . r JI a B a 8. HaqaJlbHOe H.lI.epHoe H3J1YQeHHe . . . . . I  ' I , . 1 , r, to I  ,I II It npHpo.n.a H.n.epHblX H3JIyqeHHH ..... HeHTpoHbl H raMMa-JIyqH . . . . CpaBHeHHe H3JIyqeHHH, 06pa3YIOrn.HxCH npH H.n.epHOM B3pbIBe r a MMa -JIyqH . . . . . . . . . . . . 11cToqHHKH raMMa-JIyqeH . . . . 113MepeHHe raMMa-H3JIyqeHHH . . . . . . . . PeHTreH . . . . . .. ...... 3aBHcHMoCTb .n.03bl raMMa-H3JIyqeHH}1 OT paCCTOHHHH 3aw.HTa OT raMMa-JIyqeH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CKOpOCTb HcnycKaHHH HaqaJIbHOro raMMa-H3JIyqeHHH HeHTpoHbI . . . . . . . . . . . HCTOqHHKH HeHTpoIloB .... 113MepeHHe nOTOKa HeHTpoHoB 3aBHcHMoCTb cYMMapHoH .n.03bI HeHTpoHoB OT paCCTOHHHH 3alI1.HTa OT HeHTpoHon . . . . . . . . . . . . . TeOpeTHqeCI<He BonpOCbI, CBH3aHHbIe C HaqaJIbHbIM H.n.epHbIM H3J1yqeHHeM B3aHMo.n.eHcTBHe raMMa -JIyqeH C Bew.eCTBOM K03<P<P H IJ.HeHTbI nor JIow.eHHH ra MMa -JIyqeH 1\t\accoBbIH KOs<pQ:>HIJ.HeHT nor JIorn.eHHH TOJICTbIe 3arn.HTHbIe nperpa.n.bI. KOs<pHIJ.HeHT B03pacTaHHH CneKTp HaqaJIbHOrO raMMa-H3JIyqeHHH . . . . . . B3aHMoJJ.eHcTBHe HeHTpoHoB C BellI.eCTBOM 3HepreTH4eCKHH: cneKTp HeHTpoHoB . . . . . PacnpocTpaHeHHe raMMa-..TJyqeH . . . . PacnpocTpaHeHHe HeHTpoHoB . . . . r JI a B a 9. OCTaToIIHoe SI,lI.epHoe H3JJYQeHHe H BbinaJJ.eHHe pa.n.HoaKTHBHbIX npo.n.YKTOB B3pblBa . . . . . . . . tf ,....  .. ' ' . I :L I ,:J :. I' t; "'tit . :t:: : J  . . . . . . HCTOQHHKH OCTaTOqHOrO H.n.epHoro H3J1yqeHHH BBeJJ.eHHe . . . . . . . . . . . PaHHee BbIIJa.n.eHHe g. ..... Pa.n.HoaKTHBHoCTb H pacna.n. npo.n.yKTOB paHHero BbIna.n.eHHH Pa.n.HoaKTHBHoCTb, HaBe.n.eHHaH HeHTpoHaMH Y paH H nJIYTOHHH . . . . . . . . . . . . . «4HCTble» H «rpH3HbIe» 60M6bl . . . . . . . . . Pacnpe.n.eJIeHHe pa.n.HoaKTHBHbIX npo.n.YKTOB B3pblBa npH paHHeM BbIna- 14  '!, .-  tr '" > I tJ 1 ,ti .. I.. .neHHH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II I' 674 I. -. . ,. " I II " Iii Crp. 333 337 BHIIJ)1 :\:1I);Iil{(\I"'SI ........ . . . . <l>opMa II pa:\M(,phl pai'I()IIa :\;\pail(CIIHH . . . . . P a ii 0 II : \ a P ; DK l' 1111 H . . . . . . . . . . . . CXCMht p;I(,III)(\J{,J)CIIHH paJHoaKTHBHbIX npo.n.YKTOB B3pblBa npOrIIO:\HIH)BClIIHC KOIlTypOB paHoHa BbIna.n.eHHH pa.n.HoaKTHBHbIX II POJJ.YKTOB B3pblBa . . . . .. .... l1.a.eaJILllbIe cxeMbI BbInan.eHHH pa.n.HoaKTHBHbIX npoJJ.YKT08 B3pbIBa 5lJJ.epHbIe B3pbIBbI 60JIblllOH MOrn.HOCTH . . . . . . . . . . . . npHMeHeHHe 3aKOHa no.n.06HH .............. CxeMa BbIna.n.eHHH pa.n.HoaKTHBHbIX npoJJ.YKTOB C HaBeTpeHHoH CTO- pOHbI OT snllueHTpa HJJ.epHoro B3pbIBa MeraTOHHOH MOlll.HOCTH 5IJJ.epHbIe 83pbIBbI KHJIOTOHHOH MOrn.HOCTH ......... npHqIiHbI HeonpeJJ.eJJeHHocTH nporH03HpoBaHHH . . . . . BbIna.n.eHHe paJJ.HoaKTHBHbIX npo.n.YKTOB B3pbIBa C .n.om.n.eM . . . . . B3pbIB 60JIblllOH MOrn.HOCTH 1 MapTa 1954 rOJJ.a Pa.n.HoaKTHBHoe 3apameHHe npH H.n.epHbIx B3pbIsax . . . . . . . . Pa.n.HOJIOrHQeCKaH BOHHa . . . . 3apameHHe nJIorn.aJJ.eH . . 3apameHHe npH nOJJ.3eMHbIX B3pbIBax nOJJ.BO.n.HbIe B3pbIBbI . . . . OCJIa6JIeHHe OCTaTOqKOrO H.n.epHoro H3JIYQeHHH AJIb<pa - H 6eTa -qaCTHIJ.bI . . . . raMMa-H3JIYQeHHe . . . . . . . . . . n03.n.Hee BbIna.n.eHHe pa.n.HoaKTHBllbIX npo.n.YKTOB B3pbIBa BBe.n.eHHe . . . . . . . . . . CTpoeHHe aTMoc<pepbI . . . . . . . . . ,lJ.BH)KeHHe pa.n.HoaKTHBHbIX npo.n.YKTOB B3pbIBa B aTMoc<pepe, 111.111.1 JJ.eHHe HX H3 Tponoc<pepbI . . . . . . . . . . . BbIna.n.eHHe pa.n.HoaKTHBHbIX BeilI.eCTB H3 cTpaToc<pepbl Bblna.n.eHHe pa.n.HoaKTHBHbIX Bew.eCTB B pe3YJIbTaTe HcnbITaHHH SI)WI' Horo opymHH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HeKoTopbIe TeopeTH4ecKHe BonpocbI, CBH3aHHbIe C OCTaT04HbIM HJlt'P"I.II\, H3JIY4eHHeM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CKOpOCTb pacna.n.a pa.n.HoaKTHBHbIX npo.n.YKTOB B3pwBa HHTeHcHBHoCTb H3JIyqeHHH Ha.n. nOBepxHocTblO paHOHa paJ1.11< );\ h IIIII Horo 3apameHHH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CKOpOCTb na.n.eHHH QaCTHU ..... . . . . . . . . nporll03HpOBaHHe TpaeKTopHH .n.BHmeHHH qaCTHIJ. npH HX P(-lIIlII'1\1 111.1 n a.n. e H H H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 343 348 355 356 357 359 361 362 365 370 371 .. 374 375 377 379 381 383 384 385 386 389 391 394 397 399 401 413 416 417 r JI a B a 10. B03.l1.eiicTBHe D).I,epHblX B3pbIBOB Ha pa.ll.HOCBD3b H pa.n.HoJ)u),a '"11" BBeJJ.eHHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3JIeKTpOManlHTIILIH HMnYJIbC . . . . . . . . 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-- .. tot HOHH3aUHSI aTMOC<pepbI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BJIHHHHe HOHH3aUIHI Ha paCnpOCTpaHeHHe pa,lJ.HOCHrlIaJIUU 110HH3aIJ.HH B HOpMaJIbHOH aTMOC<pepe . . . . . . 110HH3aIJ.HH, C03,lJ.aBaeMaSl SI,lJ.epHbIMH B3pbIBaMH . . . . . . B Be)I.eHHe . . . . . . . . . B3pbIBbI Ha BbICOTaX MeHee 16 KM B3pbIBbi Ha BbICOTax OT 16 .0.0 64 KM B3pbIBbI Ha BblCOTax OT 64 )I.O 112 KM . . . . . . . . . . B3pbIBbI Ha BblCOTax (So.nee 112 KM . . . . . fIpoTeKaHHe HOHH3aIJ.HH BO apeMeHH . . . . B03,lJ.eHCTBHe SlJ{epHblx B3pbIBOB Ha pa)I.HO- H palI.HOJIOKaI..\HOHHble CHrHaJIbI B Be)I.eHHe . . . . . . . . .. .... JI.Hana30H CBepX)I..,1HHHbIX BOJIH . . . . . . . . . . . . . JI.Hana30HbI )I.JIHHHbIX H Cpe)I.HHX BOJIH . . . . JI.Hana30H KOpOTKHX BOJIH PacnpocTpaHeHHe MeTpOBbIX BOJIH . . . . PacnpocTpaHeHHe )I.eIJ.HMeTpOBWX H caHTHMeTpoBwx BOJIH B03)I.eHCTBHe H)I.epHbIX B3pbIBOB lia paooTY pa)I.HOJIOKaIJ.HOHHbIX CHCTeM . . . . . .. .... ........ B03)I.eHCTBHe Ha3eMHblX H nO)I.3eMHbIX B3pbIBOB Ha pacnpocTpaHeHHe pa)I.HOBOJIH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PaCqeT B03)I.eHCTBHSI H)I.epHbIX B3pbIBOB lIa pa60TY pa,lJ.HO- H pa,lJ.HOJIOKa- IJ.HOHHblX Cpe)I.CTB . . . . . . nJIOTHOCTb aTMoc<pepbI H BbICOTa . . . 3aTyxaHHe CHrHaJIa . . . . .. .... nJIOTHOCTb 3JIeKTpOHoB, 06yc10BJIeHHaSl HaqaJIbHbIM H3JIyqeHHeM CKOpOCTb nOrJIow.eHHH CBOOO)I.HbIX 3JIeKTpOHOB npH npHJIHnaHHH HX K HeHTpaJIbHbIM qaCTHuaM HJIM peKOM6HHaIJ.HH ......... nJIOTHOCTb 3JIeKTpOHoB, oopa30BaBllIHxcSI no,lJ. )I.eHCTBHeM 3ana3)I.bI- oalOrn.ero H3JIY4eHHSI . . . . . . . . 3aTyxaHHe CHrHaJIOB . . .. .... npeJIOMJIeHHe pa)I.HOBOJIH . . . . r 11 a Ball. AeHcTBHe SI,lI.epHoro B3pblBa Ha JlIO,lI.eH BBe,lJ.eHHe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BH,lJ.bI nopameHHH . . . . nOTepH B 5InoHHH . . . . npHqHHbI cMepTHbIx CJIyqaeB . . . .. ..... npHqHHbI nOpa)KeHHH Cpe)I.H OCTaBIllHXCSI B )KHBbIX .... nOpameHHH Y,lJ.apHoH BOJIHOH . . . . . . . . nOpa}KeHHSI OT HenOCpe)I.CTBeHHoro B03)I.eHCTBHSI Y)I.apHOH BOJIHbI: 6HOJIOrH4eCKHe <paKTopbI . . . . . . . . . . . . nOpameHHH OT Henocpe,lJ.cTBeHHoro B03)I.eHCTBHSI y)I.apHOH BOJIHbI: <pH- 3HQeCKHe <paKTopbI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nOpameHHH, KOCBeHHO CBSl33HHbIe C )I.eHCTBHeM y)I.apHOH BOJIHbI . CKOpOCTb ,lJ.BH)KeHHH JIeTSlw.HX 06JIOMKOB . . . . . . . . . . KpHTepHH nOpa)KeHHH no)I. ,lJ.eHCTBHeM JIeTSlIll.HX npe)I.MeTOB H npH nepeMeIll.eHHH TeJIa . , , , , , , , , , . , , . , , t . . . I   'i : .' ' . ,... I I "  -   j t. " I" I! ,I. til .. .' 676 .. ,. .-.-..-- ---- . ...... TxMf7 f ", I: I , O)KOrH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KJI'aCCH<pHKaUHSI O)KOrOB . . . . . . . . . . . O}KOrH nJIaMeHeM H CBeTOBbIM M3JIyqeHHeM B 5InoHHH JI.eHcTBHe CBeToaoro H3JIY4eHHSI H,lJ.epHbIX B3pbIBon, npOH3Be,lJ.eHHbIX lIa)I. HnOHCKHMH rOpO)I.aMH ................. 06w.aH xapaKTepHCTHKa O)KOrOB CBeTOBbIM H3JIyqeHHeM . . . . . . B.nHSlHHe HHTeHCHBHOCTH CBeTOBoro H3JIyqeHHSI H ,lJ.aJIbHOCTH OT 3nH- ueHTpa B3pbIBa Ha TSI}KeCTb OjRora . . . . lI.eHcTBHe CBeTOBoro H3JIyqeHHH H a r JIa3a . . nOpa)KeHHH OT B03JJ.eHCTBHH H,lJ.epHoro H3JIyqeHHSI BBe)I.eHMe . . . . . ,. . . . . . . . E)].HHHIJ.bI )I.03bI H3JIyqeHHH . . . . . . Onpe)I.eJIeHHe D.03 HeHTpOHHoro H3JIY4eHHH JI.03a nOrJIorn.eHHoro H3JIY4eHMSI H)I.epHbIX B3pbIBOB 110HH3HpYlOLUee (<pOHOBoe) H3JIYQeHHe ..... . . . . KOHueHTpaUHH pa)I.HOaKTHBIIOCTH H HOpMbI 3aw.HTbI OT SI)I.epHbIX H3- JIYQeHHH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06llJ.ee ,lJ.eHCTBHe pa)I.HOaKTHBHoro H3JIYQeHHSI . JI.eHcTBHe OCTpbIX )I.03 H3JIytIeHHH ......... .... XapaKTepHCTHKa OCTpOH JIyqeBOH 60JIe3HH npH 06JIVQeHHH Bcero Te.na nOpa)KalOw.ee )I.eHCTBHe H3JIY4eHHSI B )I.03ax 25-100 63p (3aOOJIe- B a H H 51 H eT ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nOpa)KalOInee D.eHCTBHe H3JIYQeHHSI B )I.03ax 100-200 63p (3aOOJIe- BaHHSI HeT HJIM JIefKaSl QJopMa 3aOOJIeBaHHH) . . . . . . . . . . nOpa)KalOllJ.ee )I.eHCTBHe .H3JIYQCHHSI B )I.03aX 200-1000 03p (3aOOJIe- BaHHe He BCer)I.a npHBO)I.HT K CMepTH) . . . . . . . . . nOpa)KalOrn.ee ,lJ.eHCTBMe ,lJ.03bI H3JIYQeHMSI CBbIllle 1000 63p (JIeTaJIb- H a SI )I. 03 a ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BJIHSlHHe H3JIYQeHHH Ha KJIeTKH KpOBH . . . . . OTD.aJIeHHbIe nOCJIe,lJ.CTBHSI paJJ.HoaKTHBHoro 06JIYQeHHH . . . . . . . . B Be,lJ.eHHe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KaTapaKTbI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COKpaIll.eHHe cpoKa }KH3HH no)I. )I.eHCTBHeM OOJIYQeHHSI JIeHKeMHH . . . . . . . . . 06pa30BaHHe HeOnJIa3M 3a,lJ.ep)KKa B pa3BHTHH )I.eTeH . . . . ,l{eHcTBHe H3JIYQeHHH npH paHHHx Bna)I.eHHHX npO)I.YKTOB B3pBa OnacHocTb BHelIIHHX HCTOQHHKOB H3JIYQeHHH (O}KOrH no)I. )I.eHCTBHeM 6eT a -QaCTHU) . . . . . . . '.' . . . . . '.' . . . . . . . BH.YTpeHHMe HCTOQHHKH H3JIYlJeIlIHI ............ OT )I.aJIeHHbIe nOCJIe)I.CTBHH B03)I.eHCTBHH H3JIYQeHHH pa)I.HOaKTHBHbIX Be- rn.eCTB npH n03JI.HeM Bblna)I.eIIHH npo)].YKTOB B3pblI3a . . . . . lI,e3HH -137 . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CTpOHll. H H-90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yr JIepo)I. -14 H )I.pyrHe pa)I.HOaKTHBHbIe H30TonbI rCHeTHlIecKoc )I.eHCTBHe H)I.epHbIX H3J1YlleHHH . . . . . . .IXX 11 } I ,1Q'} ,1)1 '1H) 1 )X 501 502 50:\ 50r, 50t; 507 510 511 512 513 517 519 521 523 525 527 529 531 532 534 536 537 538 I .......n..'- n'.' , ( : 'I' !d 543   <40 546 tj I . t I  C' 548 550 554 555 557 558 560 ,/ ...  , 562 563 564 569 570 571 i  572 574 ,  575 .. " 576 577 . 578 .  582 587 588 592 594 677 .II  r J 
.. " I  CnOHTaHHbIe H HaBe,lJ.eHHbIe MYTaUHH . . . . MYTaIJ.HH H )].03a H3JIY4eHHH naTOJIOrHH OCTpOH JIyqeBOH 60JIe3HH 1.J:YBCTBHTeJIbHOCTb KJIeTOK . . JIHM<poH,lJ.HaH TKaHb . . . KOCTHbIH M03r . . . . . . OpraHbI pa3MHO}KeHHH Bblna,lJ.eHHe BOJIOC . . )l(eJIYJlO1JHO-KHllleqHbIH TpaKT . . KpOBOTeqeHHe H HH<peKlJ.HH . . . . . . r JI a B a 12. npHH1I.Hnbl npoTHBoaToMHoH 3aU(HTbI . . . . UCHOBbI npoTHBoaToMHoH 3aIJJ.HTbI ..... B Bell e H He. . . .. .... MrHOBeHHoe H 3aMe)1.JIeHHOe ,lJ.eHCTBHe nOpamalOIll.HX <paKTOpOB H,lJ.ep- H 0 ro B3 p bI B a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PaCCTOHHHH, Ha KOTOpbIX npOHBJIHeTCH MrHOBeHHoe JJ.eHCTBHe nopa- malOIll.HX 4>aKTopoB HJJ.epHoro B3pbIsa . . . . " . ..... ._" 30Ha 94><peKTHBHOH 3aIll.HTbI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OTHOCHTeJIbHOe 3H-aqeHHe nOpail{alOlll.HX <paKTOpOB H,lJ.epHOrO B3pbIBa H 4>aKTopoB BpeMeHH . . . . nOpajRalOIll.ee JJ.eHCTBHe Y,lJ.apHOH BOJIHbI . . . . . . . . ,lJ.eHcTBHe Ha coopy*eHHH . . . . . . . . . . . . . .lleHcTBHe Ha JIIO,lJ.eH . . . .. ..... KOHCTPYKIJ.HH coopYjReHHH, OOeCneqHBalOlll.HX 3allJ.HTY OT ,lJ.eHCTBHH HJJ.epHoro B3pbIBa . .. . . . . . !leHcTBHe CBeTOBoro H3JIY4eHHH . . . . . . . . ,lJ.eHcTBHe Ha JlIO,lJ.eH . . , . ...... ......... MeponpHHTHH no 3alIUITe . . . . npOTHBOnOll<apHaSl 3allJ.HTa . . . . . . HaqaJIbHOe H,lJ.epHOe H3JIY4eHHe . . . ,l{eHcTBHe Ha JIIO,lJ.eH. . . . . . . . . . 3aIll.HTa OT ,lJ.eHCTBHH HaqaJIbHOrO H,l.I.epHOro H3nYQeHHH . . . . OCTaTOqHOe H)I.epHOe H3JIyqeHHe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nOpajReHHH, BbI3bIBaeMbIe B pe3YJIbTaTe Bblna)].eHHH pa,lJ.HOaKTHBHbIX npO,l.l.YKTOB B3pbIBa . . . . . . . .. .... ., HaBeJJ.eHHaH pa,l.l.HoaKTHBHOCTb . . . . . . . . . . MeponpHHTHH no 3allJ.HTe . . . . . . . . . . . . Pa,lJ.HaIJ.HOHHaH pa3Be,lJ.Ka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,lJ.03bI H3JIYQeHHH H BpeMH npeOblBaHHH B 3apa}KeHHbIX 30Hax npOJJ.OBOJIbCTBHe H nHTbeBaH BO,lJ.a .. .. .... ,lJ.e3aKTHBaIlJ 1H . . . .. ............. BbIBO,lJ.bI . · · · · . . . · . . . · . nnaijHpOBaHHe MeponpHHTHH no npOTHBoaTOMHOH 3aIll.HTe 3aKJIIOQeHHe . . . · · . . · · · . . . , I, L I" ,,14 to t  t.... t  *' f  f r '" , t I .' . . :'. .. .' ' ,I II \ n p H JI 0 )K e H H e A. 06eCneQeHHe 6e30naCHOCTH o6paw.eHHSI 60enpHnacaMH . . . . . . . . · . . · · · · · · C H)I.epHblMH 678 1'* .. CTJI. 5H ,r))() 5)7 59R 5D9 600 602 603 605 607 613 618 619 621 622 624 626 627 628 ,- 629 630 633 634 638 639 I 641 643 644 BB('Jl('IIII(, Ilo/I\;lp II n:JpblB J ll'JlSlIllHCCSI MaTepHaJIbl Tpll'lllH IlpoJl.YKTbl )I.eJIeHHH Mepbl 3alll.HTbI . . . n p H JI 0 m e H H e E. 06HapymeHHe SI,lI.epHblX B3pblB08 .... BBe)I.eHHe . . . . . . . . . Ha3eMHble cpe)].cTBa 06HapY}KeHHH H)].epHblx B3pblBOB . . . . 06Ha PymeHHe pa,lJ.HoaKTHBHbIX I1pO,lJ.YKTOB B3pbIBa ....... PacceHIIHe cneTa B3BellleHHbIMH B B03)I.yxe npO,lJ.YKTaMH B3pblBa 3 B Y K 0 B bI e B 0 JI H bI . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . · . CeHC'MH4ecKHe BOJIHbI . . . . . .. .... .... 3JIeKTpOM arHHTHbIH CHrHaJI (pa)I.HOCHrna,T]) . . . . . . . . BH,lJ.HMbIII CBeT H <pJIyopeClleHIJ.HH " . . . . Pa)I.HOJIOKau.HoHHaH CTaHIJ.HH 06paTHoro pacceHHHS1 . . . . . nor JIOIll.eHHe KOCMHqeCKHX IllYMOB . . . . . . . . . . AnOMaJIHH pacnpOCTpaHeHHH BOJIH BeCbMa HH3KOH qaCTOTbl . . . . H3MepeHHH npH nOMOIJJ.H HOH030H)I.a . . . . . . . . . . . . . B03MYllleHHe MarHHTHoro H 9JIeKTpH4ecKoro nOJIeH 3eMJIH . . . . H3MepeHHe HenOcpe,lJ.cTBeHHoro H3JIYQeHHH npH nOMOllJ.H npH6opoB, YCTa- HOBJIeHHbIX Ha HCKYCCTBeHHbIX cnYTHHKax 3eMJIH . . . . BBe,lI.eHHe . . . . . " . . . . . MHrKHe peHTreHoBcKHe JIY4H . . . . . . . . . raMMa-JIYQH . . . . . . . . . . . HeHTpoHbl . . . I " . " . ............. EeTa -qaCTHllbI . . . . . . . . . . BbIBO,lJ.bI . . . . . . PaCQeTHbIe ,lJ.aJIbHOCTH 06HapYjReHlIH npOH3Be)I.eHHbIX B KOCMoce H.l1.epHbIX B3pbIBOB MOllJ.HOCTbIO B 1 MeraToHHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cnoc06bI oOHapymeHHH Ha3eMHbIMH Cpe,lJ.CTBaMH . . . . . . . . . Cnoco6bI o6HapymeHHH npH nOMOlllH HCKYCCTBeHHbIX cnYTHHKOB 3eMJIH .. ( . , / I 'I II I. I I I , I, t, I  " f I I  t f ,: I I (i! I:  ( ;.s., (j.') ,r) (),r)t; GGl 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 . . '. 
I ,,II I: I I, .. : i I, '" .I'I  II: ; \ ':, I .. : ti I . . , I. r  ... ..t . .. t!I , ,UEtiCTBI1E RUEPHOrO OPY}I{I151 M., BoeHH3AaT, 1965. 680c. t ' 1'10 I Pe.QaKTopbl COMUHCKUU E. M.t Te/lflmHUKOB 5. M. TeXHHIJeCKHA pe.naKTop 3yauHa M. fl. .. KoppeKTOp IJJmbt/tosa C. H. III . I ..   ., CJ.aHO B Ha60p 28.11.64 nOn.fiHcaHo K nellaTH 2.4.65 r. «I>opMal' 6YMarH 60X90 1 ,1 16 - 42 1 / 2 nell. 11. = 42,5 YCJI. nell. JI. 43,749 YII.-H3.l(. 11. THpa)f{ 11 000 Tn-65 r. M 188. 113lJ.. M 10/7075 l1.eHa 2 py6. 34 "Oil. 3 aK. N2 1530 2-R 1HfiorpacIJHR BoeHHoro H3,l\aTeJIbCTBa MHHHcTepcTBa 060POHbI CCCP JleHHHrpa,l\, ,U-65, .llBopoBaR nJI., 10 f q ,  l . , f I. " \. . J ' I .' ' r\ 4 !1"" ,\ . ..,;, I , .j