Автор: Бернатосян С.Г.
Теги: биографические исследования генеалогия геральдика флаги география
ISBN: 985-6109-01-9
Год: 1994
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ISBN 985-6109-01-9 (.EyPaneAcKu KHira
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CaMaSi MOUJ.HaSi pa,nHonaMna .................. .............. .......... ................ ........ 99
CaMaSi SlpKaSi JIaMna. ................ ...................... ..... ............... ........... ...... 100
51 plJaHlllHH cBeTOH3JIytlalOUJ.HH ,nHO,n .................................................... 100
CBCpxcMKHe KOH,nCHcaTopbl ......... ......................................... ................ 100
npeJ1CJIbi B03MO>KHblX ,naBneHHH .......................................................... 100
llOCTH>KHMhlC noporn TCMnepaTYPHoH lllKanbl H3MCpCHHH .................. 101
<I>eHoMcHbl <t>a30Bblx nepexo,nOB ................. ........ ...... ................... ......... 102
CBCpXBblcoKHe CKOpoeTH J1BH>KeHHSI ................................................... 102
3HepreTHtlCCKHC noporH ............ ........... ...... ........... ............................... 103
51,ncpHblc HcnhlTaHHSI .......................... ........ ........................ ..... ........ ..... 103
... J.1 a6conlOTHaSi THllJHHa ............. ....... ...... .............. ............ ............... 104
CBCpXKOpoTKHC 3BYKOBbll' HMnyJIbCbl......................................... .......... 104
CBCpXKOpoTKHH HMnynbc CBCTa ................................................. .......... 104
TOHlJaHlllHH nYtloK CBeTa ...................................... ................ ............... 105
KOe-t1TO 0 na3epax. ............... .................. ................... ................ ......... 105
CaMaSi rny6HHHaSi HaytlHaSi JIa60paTopHSI............................................ 106
CaMblH rpa
Ho3HblH HaytlHblH npoCKT ............................................... 106
o
BAorOHKY 3a T04HOCTblO
HaHBblClllaSi TOlJHOCTb B H3MepCHHH <t>YHJ1aMCHTaJ1bHbIX
nOCTOSiH Hhi x........ ........ .......... ... ......... .................................................. ... 110
PCKOp,nHblC lJaCTOTbl CBcToH3nYtleHHSI .................................................. 110
CaMblH rpy6blH nOAClJeT BCJlHlJHHbl <t>YHJ1aMeHTaJlbHOH
nOCTOSlHHOH ........................................................................... ................ 111
o TOlJHOCTH MamHTHblX <t>YHnaMeHTaJlbHblX nOCTOSlHHblX ................... 111
CaMoe TOlJHOe onpeAeJleHHe MarHHTHoro nOJISI 3CMJIH ....................... 112
YT04HeHHblc 3TaJIOHbl OCHOBHblX <t>H3H4ecKHx Cl1HHHLl ....................... 112
CaMblc T04HblC lJaCbl ......................... ......... ............ .... ............ .............. 113
CaMbic TOlJHblC BeChI ........................... ................ ...................... ........... 113
CaMhlH lJYBCTBHTCJIbHblH BJIaroMep ...................................................... 114
CaMhlH TOlJHhlH TcpMoMeTp .................................................................. 114
PCrHCTpaLlHSI CBepXMaJIbiX JIHHCHHblX nCpeMew.eHHH ........................... 114
MHHHMaJlbHaSi TOJIw.HHa, nOJ1BepraeMaSi H3MepeHHIO ........................... 115
3a T01.lHOCTblO - B KOCMHlJeCKHC J1aJIH ................................................ 115
CKOJIbKO pa3 MO>KHO paCCelJb no CelJeHHIO lJCJlOBelJCCKHH BOJIOC? ...... 116
'-IeM HC BelJHblH J1BHraTeJlb? ................................................................ 116
JIYlJlllHH HH,nHKaTOp KPHBH3HbI H ropH30HTaJlbHOCTH .......................... 116
J.1J1CaJIbHaSi OK pyrJIOCTb ....... ...... .................. .................... ................ ...... 116
06bllJHblH MbIJIbHblH nY3blpb ................................................................ 117
.. .
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KOMIlblOTep YAI1BJISleT
, -
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CaMblH BblCOKOlJaCTOTHblH TpaH3HcTop ................................................. 120
MHKpoKoMnblOTcphl ............................ ........ ........ ........... ............ ............ 120
MHHH-3neMeHT naMSITH ............... ........... ....... ............ ..... .............. ......... 121
CaMaSi nnOTHaSi H 6blcTpaSi 3anHCb HH<t>oPMaLlHH ............................... 121
CaMhle 6h1CTpble KOMnbIOTepbl.............................................................. 122
CyncpKoMnblOTep ..............................................................................."'. 122
CaMblH 60nbllloH ncpcoHaJIbHblH KOMnblOTCp ....................................... 122
npoH3BO,nHTCJIb nYlJlllHX ncpcOHaJIbHblX KOMnblOTepoB B MHpe .......... 123
CaMblH MaJIeHbKHH npHHTep ................................................................ 123
CaMblH 6blCTpblH npHHTCp ............. ............. ............... ............ ..... .......... 123
CaMblH MOW.HblH He3JICKTpoHHblH KOMnblOTep ..................................... 124
nepBblH apH<t>MOMeTp ............................ ............. .......... ..... ................... 124
CaMblH MaJICHbKHH apH<t>MoMCTp ......... ....... ........................ ....... ........... 124
CaMaSi MaJIeHbKaSi norapH<t>MH4ccKaSi JIHHeHKa ................................... 124
CaMbie ApeBHHe ClJeTbi ......................................................................... 124
CaMbie nepBble KOMnbIOTepbl.................. .............. ............ ........... ......... 124
KOMnblOTep B nepcTHe? MO>KeT 6blTb... .............................................. 125
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Marl1S1 411CeJI 11 <pl1ryp
nepBblC CHCTeMbi ClJHCJIeHHSI................... ................ ........... ............. ..... 128
PO>K,neHHe MaTCMaTHlJeCKHX 3HaKOB ..................................................... 128
nOJ1 3HaKOM «n H».......................... .......... ................. ................. .......... 129
CaMoc 6oJIblllOe npoeToe lJUCJIO........................................................... 129
COBepllleHHoe lJHCJIO - 3TO lJyJ10......................................................... 130
CaMoc 6oJIbllloC 4HCJIO.... .................. ............. ............. ............ .... .... ..... 131
OT Kpyra ronoBa H,neT KpyroM ............................................................ 131
MHHHMaJIbHaSi reOMeTpH4eCKaSi nOBcpXHOCTb....................................... 132
y ,nHBHTenbH
H MHp Y3JIOB H CnneTCHHH............................................. 132
BblclllaSi CTeneHb CHMMCTpHH ............................................................... 133
n pOMbIlllJIeHHbIe peKOpAbI
nepBble MaHy<t>aKTYPbl ........... ........... .................... .......... .... ............ ..... 136
CaMbic J1pCBHHe npoMbllllJIeHHble LleHTpbl............................................ 136
CaMoe CTapoe ,neHcTBYIOw.ee npoH3Bo,nCTBO ......................................... 137
CaMoe KpynHoe B MHpe npoH3Bo,nCTBO................................................ 137
CaMaSi 60nblllaSi 3aB0l1CKaSi TeppHTopHSI .............................................. 137
KpynHcHlllHc B MHpe KOMnaHHH.......................................................... 137
H e<t>TenpoMblCJIbi ................................................................................... 138
CaMblH KpynHblH Kapbep... ................. .... ........ ............. ......................... 138
KpynHeHlllHe aJIlOMHHHCBble npoH3Bo,nCTBa.......................................... 139
PeKopnbl 6YMa>KHOH npoMbllllneHHOCTU ................................................ 139
CaMblH 6onbllloH nHCT pe3HHbl ............................................................ 139
3KcnaHcHSI LleJlJlO<PaHoBoH nneHKU ...................................................... 139
rpa<t>HHbl H3 XI I I BeKa..... ..................... .... ............. ................. ....... ..... 140
KpynHeHlllHe npoH3B0J1HTCJlH 30JIOTa H aJIMa30B ................................ 140
MeTa.T1J1yprulJeCKaSi M03aHKa................. ............ .... ........... .......... ........... 140
. .---.,.
CBCPXTOHKHC >Kene3HblC nHcTbl............................................................ 141
Y HHKaJ1bHblC npo80lla...... ...... ..................... ......... ......... ........... ....... ...... 141
Cyncpnonw HnHHKH . .............. ............... .............. ....................... ............ 142
MOlUHCHWHC 3y6t1aTblc nCpCnatlH B MHpC ........................................... 142
CaMhi" KpynHblH MaWHHHhlH arpcraT .................................................. 143
CaMhi" npoTSI>KCHHhlH nCHTOlJHhlH KOHBCHCp ....................................... 143
CaMhi" MOlUHblH npCCC-CTaHOK ............................................................. 143
CaMhiH 6oJIhllJOH cocyn D.hlOapa .......................................................... 143
Hacochi-aHTHnonhi ...................... ............. ............. ...... ........................... 143
CaMhlH 60nbllJO" BoJtonpoBoaHhlH KpaH ............................................... 144
nCpBbIC ;J.BHraTCJ1H.... .......... .......... ......................................... .......... ..... 144
CaMblc MOlUHhle ABHraTCJIH ..... ............... ............................. ....... .......... 145
CaMoc 6b1CTpoe BpaUlcHHc pOTopa ....................................................... 145
CaMhlc MaJIeHbKHC ABHraTCJ1H .............................................................. 145
na POBO" rHraHT ............ .......... ..... ........ ..... ................................. ........... 146
BOJtSlHOC KOJ1CCO.. ............. .......... ................. ............. ............................. 146
CaMhIH 3KOHOMHlJHblH COBpCMCHHbIH nBHraTenb .................................. 147
3HepreTMKa
CyncpTpaHc<t>opMaTophl ... ............ .................... .................... ....... ........... 150
TOK nOKopSieT paCcTOSlHHSI.... ........ ......... .................. ......... ................... 150
CaMblH MOUlHhlH :mCKTponH3Cp B .Ml-1pC .............................................. 151
KpynHcHwaSi B MHpC napOBaSi Typ6HHa .............................................. 151
CyncprcHcpaTophl... .... ....... ........ ........... ....................... ........... ............... 151
PCKOPJtHO KOpOTKHH CpoK CTpol-1TeJIbCTBa 3JICKTpOCTaHLlHH ................. 152
CaMbl" npOnOn>KHTCJ1bHbIH CpOK HcnpcphlBHOH pa60Thi
3HCprCTHtlCCKoro 6J10Ka. .................. ........... ........... ................................ 152
TCnJ10BbIC 3nCKTpocTaHLlHH.... ........ .......................... ...... ..... .................. 152
rHJtP03JICKTpOCTaHLlHH ........ ....... ...... ................................ ........ .............. 152
A TOMHblC 3JICKTpOCTaHLlHH.. ......... ..... ........ ..... ....................... ................ 153
COJIHClJHblC 3nCKTpoeTaHLlHH... ............... .............................................. 154
BCTpSlHbIC 3neKTpoCTaHLl.HH ....... ........ .... ............ ........... ......................... 155
Tenno 3CMJlH - B 3nCKTpHtlCCTBO ........................................................ 156
n pHnHBhI-C03H,naTCJIH ....... ........ ................. ................................ ............ 156
CaMaSi ,nCWCBaSi 3JICKTp03HcprHSI ......................................................... 156
PCKOPJ1bI nOTpc6ncHHSI 3HCpn'1H ........................................................... 156
3anacbI rHJ1p03HCprHH orpoMHhl ........................................................... 157
...
....
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ApXJ1TeKTypa
CaMOC npC8HCC nOCCJlCHl-tC ........................ ............... ........ .................... 160
CTa PCi1WHC ropona............................................................................... 160
nCp8b1H rpa.nOCTpoHTCJlbH bl H nJlaH.. .............. ........................ ............... 160
CaMaSi l1pCBHSlSI KopCHHaSi pCKOHCTPYKLlHSI ropona.. ............................ 161
JIYlJlllHC H3 caMblX 8CJlHlJCCT8CHHbiX naMSlTHHK08 apxHTcKTypbl........ 161
CaMblc 60JIbWHC KaMCHHblC MOHOJIHThI.................................. .............. 162
CaMaSi npC8H SlSI nHpaMHna..... ....... ........ ........ ....................................... 162
CaMaSi 60JIblllaSi nHpaMHna .................................................................. 162
nCp8blC apotlHblC COOpY>KCHHSI ............................................................. 163
CaMblc 8nClJaTJlSlIOUlHC KYJIbT08h1C COOPY>KCHHSI ................................. 163
KpynHcHwHC 8 MHpC xpaMhi ............................................................... 163
CaMhiH 8h1COKH H x paM ...... ........ ....... ......... ..................................... ...... 163
CaMblH panHoaKTH8HhlH xpaM .............................................................. 164
CaMoc 6J1aroyxalOUlcc 3naHHC ................................................... ...... ..... 164
3.l1aHHC C caMoH JlYtlwci1 aKYCTI-1KOH 8 ..mpc ........................-- ........-.. 164
CaMoc lJHCTOC B MHpe nOMCUlCHHC ..................................................... 165
KpynHcHlllHH 8 MHpC KHHOKOHLlCpTHhlH 3aJI....................................... 165
CaMaSl J1pC8HSISI ncpC8S1HHaSl nocTpoHKa .............................................. 165
CaMoc CTapoc anMHHHCTpaTH8HOC 3J1aHItC ..............................-............ 165
MaKcHMYM H MHHHMYM nOJlc3Hoi1 nJlOUla;Ut ....................................... 165
113 CTCKJla H MCTaJlJ1a... ................ ..... .................................................. 166
CaMblc 60JIbWHC OKHa .......... ............... ........ ................................. ........ 166
n Cp8blC Hc6ocKpc6bl..... ..... .............. ......... ........................... ................. 166
CaMblc 8blCOKHC cOOPY>KCHHSI............................................................... 166
CaMblH BblCOKHH >KHJ10H .nOM ............................................................... 167
CaM blH YCTOHtlH8blH Hc6oCKpc6.. ..................................... ...................., 168
H C60CKpc6. KOTOphlH «CBI-1CTHT».. ............... .................... ....... ............... 168
CaMbic BbiCOKHC 6aw HH ... ...................... ...... ........ ............. .......... ......... 168
focTH HHLlhi Ha BhlCOTC ...... ......... ......... ................................... ...... ........ 168
CaMhiH KPynHblH TOpro8blH LlCHTp ...................................................... 169
CaM blC 60JlbW HC TcaTpbl ....... ......................................... ....... .............. 169
CaMhiH 60JlbWOH 1-1 POCKOWHblH .nOM ................................................... 170
CaMoc npOCTopHOC 3.l1aHI-1C....... .................... ....................... ................. 170
CaMblc 60JIbWI-1C ncpCKpblTHSI B MHpC................................................. 170
CaMaSl orpOMHaSl TCnJIHLla ..... .................... ..... ............. ........................ 170
BCJI H KaSi KaMCHHaSl CTCHa ........... ..... .......... ............. ......................... .... 1 70
Orpa.nbl H3 orpa.n....... ............ ...................................... ......................... 171
llPC8HCHWHH CTpoHTCJIbHblH MaTcpHaJ1 ................................................ 171
Korna nOSl8HJ1CSI )KCJ1c306cTOH... ............... ........ ................................... 172
MOHYMCHThl-HCnOJ1I-1Hbl.. ........................................................................ 172
llPCBHCHWHC CHCTCMbl OTOnJ1CHI-1S1.............. .............. .......... ........... ....... 173
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113 HCTOpHH pa3BHTHSI BOAOnpOBO,na .................................................... 173
4 YJ10-<t>oHTaHbl .............................................. ............... ................. ........ 174
KpynHeHlllHe HCKyccTBeHHble B0J10XpaHHJIHwa..................................... 174
11 ppHraLlHoHHble COOPY>KCHHSI ........... ....... ........ ......... ................. ........... 175
TpaHcnopT
HA CY ill E.... ...... ..... .................... ........... .... ....... ................. ...................... 178
rIepBblc napoB03bl................ ........ .... ............. ............. ........ ........ ........... 178
CaMbI" MOllJ.HblH napOB03..................................................................... 179
rICPBbl" B MHpC TCnJlOB03 ................................................................... 179
rIepBble 3JIeKTpOB03b1. ................ .... ......... .......... ........... .... .............. ....... 179
CaMblH MaJICHbKH" JIOKOMOTHB.................. .............. ......... .................... 180
rI C P B bI C Ba ro H bl .................................................................................... 180
CaMbI" BMCCTHTCJlbHbl" BaroH..... ......................................... ................ 180
CaMble J1J1HHHblC 'H TSI>KCJJblC COCTaBbl ................................................. 180
CBCpXCKOpocTHblC 3KCnpCcCbI..... ..... ............ .......... ............. ......... .......... 180
rIepBeHLlbi aBToM06HJIccTpOCH HSI .. ..... ......................... ............. .............. 182
HOBHHKH, BnepBble npHMCHCHHblC Ha MalllHHax ..............
.................. 183
rIcpBaSi aBToM06HJlbHaSi BbiCTaBKa .................. ............................ .......... 183
ABToM06HJlbHaSi CTaTHCTHKa. ..................... .... .......... ...... ........................ 183
KpynHC"IllHC npOH3BOJtHTCJlH aBToM06H.llCH ......................................... 184
CaMbI" J1JIHHHbl" aBToM06HJlb JIH4HOro nOJlb30B(iHHSI ......................... 184
CaMbI" lllHPOKH" aBToM06HJlb ............... ........... ......................... ..... ...... 184
CaMbic Ma.neHbKHe aBTOM06HJlH ........................................................... 184
CaMoc nJlHTeJIbHOC CCPH"HOC npOH3B0J1CTBO MOJ1CJIH ........................... 185
CaMble HHTcpHaLlHOHaJIbHblC aBToM06HJlH ............................................ 185
CaMbic 3KCTpaBaraHTHbiC aBTOM06HJIH... ............................................... 185
ABTOM06HJIH C HaHJlYlJWC" a3poJ1HHaMHKO" ........................................ 185
CaMbie 3KOHOMHlJHblC aBToM06HJIH ....................................................... 186
CaMbie 3KOHOMHlJHble cepHHHblC aBToM06HJlH ...................................... 186
CaMblH HaJ1C>KHbI" aBToM06HJIb ............................................................ 187
n epBblC roHOlJHble aBTOM06HJlH ............... ........ ............ ........... ....... ....... 187
CaMbic 6blcTpble roHOlJHblC aBTOM06HJIH .............................................. 187
I1cnblTaHHe CKOpoCTblO. .................. ........... .................... ..... ................... 187
CaMblH 6b1CTpoX0J1HblH COJIHLlCM06HJlb...... ...... ......................... ............. 188
I1JtCaJIbHOC MCCTO nJlSl pCKopnHblX npo6croB ....................................... 188
CaMbI" nOJIroBClJHbl" pCKopn CKOpoCTH ................................................ 189
rIJIaBalOllJ.He aBTOM06HJIH ..... .................... ................... ....... ................... 189
rIepBblc rpY30BHKH ......... .......... .......... ......... ............................ ..... ........ 189
CaMble 6oJIblllcrpY3Hblc aBTOM06HJlH .................................................... 190
CaMbl" 60JlblllOH CaMOCBaJ1. ...... ........... ....... ......... ........................ ......... 190
CaMbie 60nbwHe aBToM06HJ1bHble mHHbI ............................................. 190
CaMblH KpynHblH aBTonpHu.en H nonynpHu.en..................................... 190
CaMblH MOID;HblH aBTonorpY3lJHK .......................................................... 191
nepBble nOAbeMHble KpaHbI.................................................................. 191
CaMbie 60nblllHe KpaHbI ....................................................................... 191
CaMblH 6oJIbwOH KplOK ........................................................................ 192
CaMblH MaHeBpeHHblH KpaH ................................................................. 192
nepBble TpaKTopbl ....... ............... ........... ..................... .......................... 192
DY nbA03ep-mraHT ........... ....... ............ ................... .............. .................. 192
CaMblH 6oJIbwOH ryceHH1JHblH TpaKTOp ............................................... 193
nepBblH 3KCKaBaTOp... ............. .............. ............................................... 193
CaMbie 60JIblllHe 3KCKaBaTopbl ............................................................. 193
CaMblH 6oJIbwOH TSlra1.l ........................................................................ 193
CaMoe TSI
eJIOBeCHOe nepeMem.eHHe CBOHM XOAOM ............................. 193
PeKoPAHble nepeMeweHHSI rpY30B ........................................................ 194
nO
apHble MalllHHbI .................................................................... ......... 194
nepBble MOTOU,HKJlbI........ ......... .............................. .......... .................... 194
CaMble 6b1CTpoxoAHble MOTOU,HKJIhI ...................................................... 195
ODIIJ:ECTBEHHbIA TP AHCnOPT ......................................................... 196
TpaMBau ....... ...... ....... ............ ...... ..................... .................................... 196
TpoJlJleH6ycbI ... ......... ........ ............................. ............. .......................... 196
CaMblH 6onbwoH aBT06yc........................................ ............ ....... ... ....... 196
CaMblH AJIHHHblH aBT06yc............. ............. .................. ........................ 196
CaMblH KpynHblH npoH3BOAHTeJIb aBT06ycoB ....................................... 197
CaMblH npoTSI>KeHHblH aBT06ycHblH MapwpYT ...................................... 197
rOpoAcKoe aBT06ycHoe
Bu
eHHe ........................................................ 197
CaMblH J1eWeBblH, Aa em.e H eAeT caM no ce6e................................. 197
11 AO HameH 3Pbl e3AHJlH B TaKCH ..................................................... 198
l{BI1)1(EHI1E DE3 OnACHOCTI1 .......................................................... 198
n epBble cBeTocI>opbl........... ...... ....... ............... ................ ...... ................. 198
3JIeKTpoHHKa - X03S1UH nepeKpeCTKa................................................... 199
CaMhlH 6oJIbwOH cBeTocI>op .................................................................. 199
nepBblH pery JIHpoBID.HK ........ ...................... .......................................... 199
113MepHTeJIb TpaHcnopTHoro lllYMa ...................................................... 199
KorAa aBToM06HJ1b 06peJI «rJIa3a» ....................................................... 199
PeMH:H 6e30nacHOCTH......... ....... .................... ...... .............. ............ ........ 200
nepBblH HOMepHoH 3HaK....... ................. ......... ................. ............ ........ 200
B B03l{ YXE ...... ....... ......... ............... ................. ................. ...................... 200
nepBble nOKOpUTeJIH B03AYWHOro OKeaHa ............................. ............. 200
nepBble ynpaBJISIeMbie AHpH>Ka6JIH ...................................................... 201
nepBble JIeTaTeJlbHble annapaTbi TSI
eJIee B03Ayxa............................. 20 I
nepBble nOJIeTbi Ha caMOJIeTe .............................................................. 201
nepBble nepeJIeTbi 1.lepe3 OKeaHbI . ....................................................... 202
nepBble aBHall.HOHHble JIbI>KU.... .......................... .......... ................ ....... 202
nepBble
eJIbHOMeTaJIJIHlJCCKHe ..................... ................... .................... 203
nepBble caMOJIeTbi 6oeBoro Ha3Ha1.leHHSI.............................................. 203
PeKOpJ1b1 CKOpocTH H BbiCOTbl nOJIeTa.................................................. 203
nepBblH HeBHJ1HMblH caMoneT ................................................. ....... ...... 204
nepBblH cOBeTcKHH nacca>KHpcKHH caMoneT ........................................ 204
nepBblH B MHpe cBepx3BYKOBOH nacca
HpcKHH caMoneT ................... 204
CaMblH AJIHHHblH caMOJIeT .................. ..... ....... ....... ............................... 204
CaMb111 rpy30nO.nbCMHblH CaMOJICT... ...... ......... ........ ......... ........... .......... 204
CaMoneT C MaKCI1ManhHblM lJI1CJ10M KpbLlbC8 ...................................... 205
CaMOJICTbI C Hal160Jlbwl1M pa3MaXOM KpblJIbC8 ....................................205
CaMblH 8MCCTI1TCJ1bHbIH CaMOJIeT. ........... ..... .................. ........ ..... .......... 205
CBcpxncrKl1c 11 CBCpX.JKOHOMHlJHblC Cc1MO 1CThl .........................'mmm..mmm.. 2D5
CaMbic 6oJlbwI1c 11 MaJ1b1C a8HaMOnCJm ............................................... 206
MaKCI1ManbHaSi l1aJIbHOCTb H nponOJ1>KHTCJ1bHOCTb nCpCJlCTa ............... 206
PCKopn naJIbHOCTI1 nOJ1CTa Ha MYCKYJ10J1CTe ........................................206
CaMaSi J10JIraSi pCaJl113aLlI1S1 npOCKTa J1CTaTCJ1bHoro annapaTa.............207
nepBbl H COBCTCKHH RCpTOJleT........ ....................................... ...... .......... 207
PCKopnbl rpY30nOn'bCMHOCTH RCpTOJICTOR .............................................. 207
CaMblH 6oJlbwOH RCpTOJleT..... ........... .......................... ........ .................208
CaMbic ManCHbKI1C 8I1HTOKphlJ1h1C Mallll1Hbl ......................................... 208
CaMblH BbiCOKOCKOpOCTHOH 8CpTOJJCT.. ............................. ...... ............... 209
CaMblH nYlJWHH R Ml1pC aRI1
H.J.HOHHbIH .nRl-1raTCJlb .............................209
nCp80C npl1MCHCHI1C napaWIOTa............................ ..... ......... ................. 209
HA BOllE 11 noll. BOll0t1....................................................................209
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3xo HaHOOnbllleH CHJIbi «)KHBeT» B rJIy60-
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new.ep B aMepHKaHCKOM WTaTe HblO-MeKcuKo.
.lI.JIHHa nO
3eMHoH nOJIOCTH 1300 M, lllHpHHa
200 M, a BbiCOTa 100M. rJIy6HHa 3aJIeraHHSI
3TOH new.epbl 400 M.
rOpbl
.
Bblllle Bcex Ha
ypoBHeM MHpoBOro OKeaHa
nOAHSITa Be1.lHO 6enaSi AHTapKTlQa, B cpe,nHeM
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CHCTeMY .lI.)KOMOJIYHI'Ma - caMaSi BbiCOKaSi ropa
B MHpe (8848 M). I1MeHHo TaKaSi OTMeTKa
3a<t>HKcHpoBaHa BO Bcex Y1.le6HHKax, KHHrax H
CnpaB01.lHHKax. no U3MepeHHSlM )ICe HTaJIbSlH-
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n01.lTH Ha 25 M 60nbwe o<l>HlI.HaJIbHO npH3HaH-
HOH H COCTaBJISIeT 8872,5 M.
BJ10Jlb 3ana,nHoH 1.laCTH IO>KHOH AMepHKH
TSiHeTCSI BblC01.laHWaSi Ha 3TOM KOHTHHeHTe
HenpHCTynHaSi ropHaSi
enb - AH,nbl C ropoH
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Kop,nHJIbepbl - BblC01.laHWHe Ha CeBepo-
aMepHKaHCKOM KOHTHHeHTe. A BblJI.enSleTCSI
3Aecb ropa MaK- KHHJIH (6194 M).
KHJIHMaH,n)Kapo (5895 M) - peKOPACMelf
Ha BOCT01.lHO- A<t>PHKaHcKoM fiJIOCKoropbe.
B AHTapKTH.Qe caMblH BbiCOKHH. nHK HOCHT
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CaMaSi. BbiCOKaSi B ABCTPaJIHH - ropa Koc-
10111KO (2230 M) .
B CTpaHax CHr BblCO'laHWeH BepwHHoH
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naMHpe.
Ho MaJIO KTO 3HaeT 06 OAHOH HHTepecHoH
oc06eHHOCTH. HH .lI.>KOMOJIYHI'Ma, HH APyme
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BeplllHHa llHM60paco B IO)KHOaMepuKaHcKHx
AHJ1ax. BbicoTa 3TOH ropbl Ha
ypoBHeM MOpSi
Bcero 6272 M. OJ1HaKO, eCJIU npH6aBHTb
paCCTOSlHHe OT lJ,eHTpa 3eMJIH, TO OHa OKa>KeTCSI
Ha 2181 M Bblwe .lI.>KOMOJIYHI'Mbi.
BynKaHbl
.
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rona 3CMJlSI pO>KnaCT B CpCnHCM TPH HOBbiX
BYJlKaHa. BYJlKaHbl npeJ1CTaBJISIIOT C060H reo-
JIOfHlJCCKHC 06pa30BaHHSI. <t>OpMHPYIOUJ.HCCSI
HatJ, TpCUJ.HHaMH B 3CMHOH Kope, lJCpe3 KOTopble
npopblBalOTCSI HaPY>KY JlaBa, ncnCJl, PblXJlblC
nOpOJ1bl, KHnSlUJ.HC ra3b1 11 BOJ1S1HbIC napbl.
npHlJCM Ka>K,nblH TPCTH" H3 HHX - He Ha
cywc, a nOJ1 B0J10H. Bccro >KC Ha nJlaHCTe
3apcrHcTpHpoBaHo 60Jlcc 1000 ACHCTBYIOWHX
BYJIKaHOB, H3 KOTOpblX nOlJTH lJCTBCpTb-
nonBOAHblC.
CaMbie BbICOKI1C ACHCTBYIOUJ.He BYJlKaHbI
HaXO;:J,SlTCSI B IO>KHOH AMCpHKC Ha TCppHTOpHH
'3KBal{Opa. 3TO BYJlKaHbI KOTonaxH H CaHraH
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5452 M.
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nOTyxwHH BYJlKaH - AKoHKarya, HMCIOWHH
BblCOTY 6960 M (no l{PyrHM naHHblM - 7055
M). OH
c - H caMaSi BbiCOKaSi BcpWHHa
MaTcpHKa IO>KHaSi AMcpHKa.
CaMbl" BblCOKHH ACHCTBYIOUJ.H" BYJlKaH Ha
KaMlJaTKC (POCCHSI) - KJllOtjeBCKaSi ConKa. Ee
BblCOTa 4750 M.
OrnctJ,bllllawHH lJCTblpCXTblCSllJHHK <I>aKo
(4070 M) B KaMcPYHc - caMblH BbICOKHH
BYJlKaH B A<t>PHKC. 3HaMcHHTaSi 3THa, lJTO B
CHlJ.HJlHH, - BblCOlJaHlllaSi B EBponc.
J113 OCTpoBHblX J1CHCTBYIOUJ.HX BYJlKaHOB
nepBcHCTBO J1ep>KHT MaYHa-J1oa (raBaHCKHC
OCTpOBa), HH3BepralOwaSi nOTOK JlaBbi C BbICOTbl
4170 M. .
CaMoe KpynHoc CKonJICHHC nCHcTBYIOWHX
BYJlKaHOB Ha OrpaHHlJCHHOM YtjacTKc nJlaHeTbi
HaXOJ1HTCSI B 30HC MaJIa"CKoro apXHneJlara-
caMoro KpynHoro Ha 3cMJlc, paCnOJIO>KCHHOro
MC>KJ1Y MaTcpHKOBblMH lJaCTSlMH A3HH H ABC-
TpaJlHH. B HaCTOSiwee BpCMSI 3l{CCb HaClJHTbl-
BalOT 93 Ha3CMHblX H 2 nOABOJ1HblX BYJlKaHa.
Ha TCppHTOpHH POCCHH HaH60JlblllCe lJHCJIO
J1CHCTBYIOWHX BYJlKaHOB B paHoHc KYPHJlbCKHX
OCTpOBOB H Ha KaMtjaTKe - COOTBCTCTBCHHO 34
1-1 22.
CaMoe KaTacTMHtjcCKOC H3BCp)KCHHC
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Bbl6poWCHO npH H3Bep>KCHH" BYJlKaHa TaM6o-
pa Ha HHJ10HC3HHCKOM OCTpOBC CYM6a8a B
1815 roJ1Y. 06WH" 06-hCM Bbl6pocOB COCTaBHJI
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H3BCp>KCHHC BYJIKaHa npOH30WJlO B 1835 rony,
KortJ,a OrHCJ1bllllaUJ.aSl K03crBHHa B UCHTpaJlb-
HOH AMcpHKe Bbl6pOCHJla 50 KM 3 nopon.
DOJlbWC BCCro JIaBbi - 12,5 M 3 - 8bITCKJlO
npH H3BCp>KCHHH BYJIKaHa J1aKH B JIICJlaH;:J,HH
B 1783 roJ1Y. llJlSl cpaBHCHHSI: caMOC MOUJ.HOC
H3BCp>KCHHC 3HaMeHHTOH KnlOtjCBCKOH ConKH,
npOHClllCJ1WCC B 1829 roJ1Y, BblHCCJ10 Ha
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HaH60JIbwee KOJIH1.leCTBO Sl,nOBUTbiX l'a30B
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eHHH BYJIKaHa
MaYHT-nene Ha OCTpoBe MaPTHHHKa B KapH6-
CKOM MOpe. KaTaCTpo<t>a npoH30wna B 1902
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y H YHeCJIa >KH3HH OKOJIO 30 TbiC. 1.leJIOBeK.
BYJlKaHH1.lecKHe Sl,nOBHTble l'a3b1, BblcBo6o,nHB-
lllHecSi H3 Ol'poMHOro KpaTepa, ceMH CMePTb
BOKpyr ce6S1 B pa
Hyce 10 KM.
Cpe
H scex H3BeCTHbiX HaM npHpo
HblX
KaTaCTIXXIJ. caMblH MOI.QHblH B3pblB npoH30WeJI
B 1883 roAY npH HeO>KHAaHHOM np06Y>KAeHHH
BYJIKaHa KpaKaTay Ha OAHOM H3 OCTpoBOB-Ma-
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eHHblX BOKPyr OCTpoBa .sIBa.
B3pblB 6bI.TI TaKOH KOJIOCCaJIbHOH CHJIbl, 1.lTO ero
OTroJIOCKH 6b1.TIu YCJIblmaHbI npaKTH1.lecKU BO
Bcex yroJlKaX nnaHeTbi. 113 >KepJla BYJIKaHa
npH 3TOM Bbl6poweHO 60JIbwe 20 KM 3 nopo
.
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CaMblH cnOKOHHblH xapaKTep H3 1340
eHCTBYIOI.QHX BY JlKaHOB npoSlBnSleT a>YA3HSlMa
Ha SlnOHCKOM OCTpoBe XOHCIO. OHa npocblna-
eTCSI JIHlllb pa3 B HeCKOJlbKO CTOJIeTUH.
A caMblH aKTHBHblH BYJIKaH - I1canbKo-
B CanbBaAope. 113 >KepJIa 3TOH HeBbiCOKOH ropbl
(1885 M Ha.l{ ypoBHeM MOpSl) npaKTH1IeCKH
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OCTpoBa raBaHH B THXOM OKeaHe. Y 3TOro
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WOB B MHpe KpaTep. Ero AHaMeTp 4,$ KM,
TorAa KaK BhlCOTa caMoro BY JlKaHa COCTaBJlSleT
1247 M. CBOH 6ecnOKOHHhlH xapaKTep BYJlKaH
npoSlBJlSleT nOCTOSlHHO. HeYCTaHHO 6YPJlUT Jla-
BOBoe 03epo, BpeMSI OT BpeMeHH BblXOASlw.ee
H3 6eperoB.
CaMbiM Heo
HAaHHblM AJlSI BYJIKaHOnOI'OB
C'IHTaeTCSI H3Bep>KeHHe ropbl D.06pa'l 6J1U3
6oJlrapcKoro ropoAa DenSiKa B SlHBape 1348
roAa. Ka3aJIOCb, HH1.lro He npeABew.ano KaTa-
CTpo<t>bI, BeAb HHKor
a AO 3TOro B 3AeWHHX
KpaSiX nOA06Horo He CJIY1.lanocb. A
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11 TbiC. '1enOBeK H3 npeBpaw.eHHblX B neneJI
17 6J1H3JIe>KaInHX HaceneHHblX nYHKTOB.
CaMbiM 3<l>Q>eKTHhlM H3 H3Y'IeHHblX BYJI-
KaHH1IecKHX 06pa30BaHH:U C'IHTaIOT .l{eHCTBYIO-
InUH BYJlKaH Ha lOre OCTpoBa OHeKOTaH H3
DOJIblUOH KYPHJIbCKOH rpSl,nbl, Ha3BaHHblH B
1.leCTb PYCCKOro MopennaBaTenSl n. K. KpeHH-
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THna «BynKaH B BYJlKaHe». Ero
eHTpaJIbHblH
KOHYC B03BblWaeTCSI Ha 1326 M BHYTPH
KOJIbUeBoro 03epa, nHaMeTp KOTOporo 7 KM.
CaMblH BbiCOKHH BYJlKaHH1.leCKHH KOHYC B
MHpe y KnI01.leBCKOH ConKu Ha KaM1.laTKe. 3TO
BYJlKaH npaBHJIbHOH <t>oPMbI CJIel'Ka yce1.leHHoro
KOHyca C KpaTepoM Ha BepWHHe.
CaMbiM ApeBHUM BYJIKaHOM, no KpaHHeH
Mepe B EBpone, SlBJlSleTCSI Kapa.l{al' Ha llepHo-
MOpcKOM n06epe>Kbe KpblMa. CaMblH MOJlOAO:U
BYJIKaH Ha nnaHeTe - Ap.l{YK06a. Ero po>KAe-
HHe 3a<t>HKcHpoBaHo 7 HOSl6pSl 1978 l'O.l{a.
CaMbiM 3HaMeHUTbiM BYJlKaHOM SlBJISleTCSI
3THa Ha CH
HJIHU. OHa npUBJleKaeT BHHMaHHe
CBOHM 6ecnOKOHCTBOM. 3THa - CKopee He ropa,
a
enblH ropHblH MaCCHB. Ee nJIOlll.a,nb npH-
MepHO 1200 KM 2 , AHaMeTp CBhlwe 200 KM, a
BbiCOTa 3323 M. Jh06onbiTHo, 1.lTO nocne
MOWHOro H3Bep>KeHHSI B 1964 roAY 3THa cpa3Y
>Ke Bblpocna Ha 50 M. Ha 3TOM BY JIKaHe CBblllle
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KOJlenHYIO KaPTHHY, AOCTOHHYIO KHCTU XYAO>K-
HHKa. TaKoH pe3KHH nepena.l{ BbiCOT, Ha6nlO-
AaeMblH Y :noro 6epel'a CH
HJIHH, BCTpe1.laeTCSI
Ha nnaHeTe pe.l{KO.
Hau60JlbwylO nOJlb3Y OT aKTHBHOCTH BYJI-
KaHOB, pacnOJIO
eHHblX Ha TeppHTopHU OAHOH
CTpaHbI, CYMeJlH H3BJIe'lb Cne
HaJIHCTbI I1CJIaH-
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3
eCb AnSI o6orpeBa opaH
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e .>KHnblX
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TaK>Ke AOCTOHHoe npHMeHeHHe - OH CJIY>KHT
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aSl oBow.eH U
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epeSiX C BYJIKaHH'Ie-
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TeppMTOpMM Ha 3eMne
.
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eJlaH-
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reorpa<t>bI npHwnH K BblBOAY, 1ITO n01.lTH Ha
TpeTH CYWH HaweH nJIaHeTbi He 06Hapy
eHo
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nOBepXHOCTH, CorJIaCHO HX nOJ1C'IeTaM, npeBbI-
lllaeT 48 MJIH KM 2 . ECJIH He ClJHTaTb AHTapK-
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37,5 % ee TeppHTopUH OCTaeTCSI HeTpoHYTOH.
B EBpone cBo6o
Hblx 3eMeJIbHblX nnOlU.aAeH
OCTanOCb Bcero 2,8 %,
a H TO B OCHOBHOM
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CTpaHax CHr poBHO TpeTb TeppHTopHH CBo-
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Ha nnaHeTe C'IHTaIOT 3HaMeHHTYIO lI.onHHY
CMePTU Ha rpaHHu,e aMepHKaHCKHX IDTaTOB
KanH<t>oPHuSi H HeBaAa B nYCTblHe MoxaBe.
reorpa<t>H'IecKHe Ha3BaHHSI 3TOH MeCTHOCTH
roBOpSiT caMH 3a ce6S1: rH6JIblH pacna
OK,
yw.eJlbe MePTBe
oB, Ylll.CJlbe CTa '1epTeH,
rp060BoH KaHbOH, KaHbOH OT1.laSlHHSI, lI.aHTOBa
nJlOlU.aAKa, KOJIOAeu. OTpaBa, y6e>KHlU.e no-
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, nHK
nOXOpoHHblH H T.
. 3TOT YlJaCTOK nOKHHYTOH
6oroM TeppHTopUH AJIUHOH OKOJIO 25 KM,
oKPY>KeHHblH ropaMH C 3aCHe>KeHHblMH Bepwu-
HaMH, SlBJISleTCSI HaH60JIee rJIy60KoH 6e3Bo
HoH
BnaAHHoH Ha 3eMJIe - B cpe
HeM 85 M HH>Ke
ypoBHSI MOpSi. lI.OJIHHa CMepTH - caMblH 3aCYlll-
JIUBblH paHoH B 3ana
HoM nOJIYlllapHu. A no
KOJIH1.leCTBY )KapKHX
HeH B roAY OHa
ep>KHT
MupoBoe JIU
epcTBO. MaKCHMaJIbHaSi TeMnepa-
Typa 3
ecb
oxo
HlIa AO +56,7°C.
HecMOTpSl Ha HeBblHOCHMble, Ka3aJIOCb 6bl,
YCJlOBHSI, B llOJIHHe CMepTH He 3aTHxaer
>KU3Hb. 3J1eCb >KHBYT 40 BHAOB MJIeKOnHTalO-
W.UX, 44 B
a npeCMblKalOID.H, XCSI 15 BH.QOB
nTU
, 13 npe
CTaBHTeJleH
apcTBa pbl6bHX H
12 BHAOB aM<t>H6HH. Ha CTOJIb OrpaHH'IeHHOM
Y'IaCTKe npoKJISITOH 3eMJIH paCTeT 545 BHAOB
MHpoBOH <t>JIOpbl. A B caMOM cep
e lI.OJIHHbI
CMepTH - B oa3UCC cI>epHec-KpHK - 06HTaeT
He60JIblllOe nneMSI HH
eH
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ce6S1 naHaMHHTaMU.
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.
B paHoHe ropHOro 03epa JIox-JIeHH, B
IO>KHOH '1aCTH OCTpoBa MpJIaHAHSI, MO)KHO
CJIbllllaTb caMoe He06b1KHoBeHHoe B MHpe 3XO.
C BeplllHHbl KappaHTYH.lI.1Ia, HanpUMep, OHO
MO>KeT nOBTopSlTbCSI nOO'lepe
HO
o 100 pa3.
PeKOPAHaR MeTeOCBOAKa
.
CaMbiM TenJlblM rOIJ.OM Ha nnaHeTe 3a
nocneAHHe nOJlTOpa CToneTHSI, nocne TOro Kal<
Ha Bcex MaTepHKax OTJIa>KCHa '1eTKaSi MeTeo-
poJIoru'lecKaSi CJIY>K6a, CTaJI 1990 roA. Cpe
HSlSI
ero TeMnepaTypa OKa3anaCb Ha
CJlblX +O,65°C
Bblllle npe>KHero peKop
Horo 1988 ro
a. ECJIH
B3S1Tb 3a OCHOBY
BYXJIeTHHH
HKJI, TO Ha
3eMJIe Tennee Bcero 6wIO B 1981 H 1982
ro
ax. nocneAHee npo)KHTOe HaMH AeCSlTHJIeTHe
BblAeJlHllOCb cpe
u
Pyrux TaKHX )Ke KJlHMa-
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TeMnepaTypbl B03Ayxa B 3HMHee BpeMSI, no
MHeHHIO MeTeopoJIoroB, 6blJ1 OTMe1.leH C 1977
no 1984 roJ1 B HeKOTOpblX peruoHax ClllA. 3a
3TOT nepHOA TpU XOJIO
Hble 3HMbl CMeHHJIHCb
TpeMSI TenJlblMU 3HMaMU. no
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paHee He 6b1JIO 3aperuCTpHpoBaHO.
CaMblH pe3KHH cnaIJ. TeMnepaTypbl, npo-
HCllleJ1111HH B Te1.leHHe CYTOK, 6bIJI 3apcrUCTpu-
poBaH 23-24 SlHBapSi 1916 roJ1a B aMepHKaH-
CKOM lllTaTe MOHTaHa. OH COCTaBHJJ 56°C: C
+7 AO -49°C.
CaMoe pe3Koe nOTenJleHHe Ha6JIIO
aJIOCb
TaK>Ke B CeBepHoH AMepHKe, B lllTaTe IO>KHaSi
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TeMnepaTypa B03Ayxa nOBblCHlIaCb OT -39 AO
+8°C. '3TO aOCOJIIOTHblH peKOp,n nepena
a
TeMnepaTYp.
CaMaSi HH3KaSi TeMnepaTypa Ha nnaHeTe
3aperucTpHpoBaHa 21 UIOJlSI 1983 ro,Qa Ha
CTaH
HH «BocTOK» B AHTapKTH,ne OTMeTKa
TCpMOMCTpa R 3TOT llCHb onYCTl1.l1aCb no-
89.2°C. 3TO Ha 0.2" HH)KC npC>KHcro pCKOpJ1a.
OTMC4CHHOro Ha aHTapKTHlJCCKOH CTaHUHH
«M HpHblii» R dBfYCTC 1960 rolla.
CaMaSi HI-13KaSi TCMncpaTypa B POCCHIt
61>iJla 3apCI'I-1CTpl-1pOBaHa B 1885 l'O;:{y B paHoHc
BCpxoSlHcKa - -67,8°C. 11.0 -67,6°C J1OXOJ1HJla
Tl:MncpaTypa B OHMSlKOHC B 1933 mJ1Y.
CaMaSi HH3KaSi CpCJ1HcroJ10BaSi TCMncpaTY-
pat paBHaSi -57,8°C, 3apCfHCTpHpOBaHa B 1958
roL\Y B AHTapKTHJ1C, B paHoHc IO>KHoro
nOJHOca.
CaMaSi nblCOKaSi TeMnepaTypa Ha 3eMHOM
mapc 3aqmKl:l-1poBaHa B J1HBHikKOH nYCTbIHC,
B MCCTClJKC 6.11113 3J1b-A3H3HI-1, 13 CCHTSl6pSl
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B 60-x ronax Hawcro CTOJICTHSI cpellHcroJ10BOH
YPOBCHb TCMncpaTypbl J1Cp>KaJICSI Ha OTMCTKC
+34.4°C. OCTaCTCSI ll06aBHTb, qTO CpCllHSlSI
TCMnepaTypa B03llyxa Ha nJlaHeTe paBHd
+J4°C. 3TO Ha cYllie. A cpeJJ;HSlSI TCMncpaTypa
nOBcpxHocTHoro CJlOSI MHpOBOro OKcaHa COCTaB-
JlSlC'T +17,4°C.
MopCKaSi BOlla HaH60Jlce CHJlbHO nporpc-
BaCTCSI B MCKCHKaHCKOM 3aJIHBC 101 Ha IOrc
KpacHoro MOpSi (J10 +33°C>.
CaMaSi ropSllJaSi peKa - npHTOK AMYL\apbH
Taltpcy. B OTL\CJlbHbIX MCCTax TCMncpaTypa
BO.'J.bl nOJJ;HHMaCTCSI no +45°C.
Cpc.::m 03CP no CTcnCHH nporpCB..I nOBCp-
c
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ncpdTypbl B03J1yxa (+56, rC) 6h1.110 OTMC4CHO
10 HlOlISi 1913 roJ1a B llOJlHHC CMCpTH Ha
nOJlYOCTPOBC Ka..'1H<t>OpHHSI B CCBepHoH AMC-
pHKC.
B IO>KHOH AMCpHKC HaHBblCUlaSi TCMnepa-
Typa HC npCBbIWaJla +47°C. PCKOPll EBpOnbJ
paRCH +4 rc. Ha TaKYIO BbICOTY nOJ1HHMaJlCSI
CTOJl61-1K TCpMoMcTpa R MCCTeqKC CblO
all-Pc-
a.llh B I1cnaHHH H B CTOJIHLI.C KHnpa-
HUKOOH1.
CaMaSi BhlCOKaSi TeMnCp
lTypa B A3HH
(+53°C) OTMC4aJ1aCh B nYCTblHC Tap Ha
TCppHTOpJ-tH VtHL\HH. TaKoH >KC nOKa3aTC.llb
BHCCCH f\ pCfHCTp pCKOPllOB ABCTpaJIHH. OH
3aQ>HKcHpoBaH B 6acccHHc pCKH <I>JlHHncpc.
B CnpaBOlJHOH JIHTCpaTYPc pacnpOCTpaHCHO
MHCHHC, lJTO caMaSi BblCOKaSi CpCJ1HcroJ10BaSi
TCMncpaTypa B03J1yxa, paBHaSi +31°C Ha6J11O-
llaJlaCb B MCCTC4KC <I>cpaHllH Ha nOJ1YOCTPOBC
c,A.1Y. o e
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3HalJHT, 3TO HC TOJlhKO caMoe 6oJlblllOC 03CpO
Ha CBeTe, HO H K TOMY >KC caMOC ropSllJCC. Ha
EHPlOqbCH Koce KacnHSI 3a<t>HKCHpOBaHa pe-
KopnHaSi TeMncpaTypa 03Cp - +37,2°C.
CaMaSi BblCOKaSi TeMnepaTypa nOlJBbl Ha
TeppHTopHH cTpaH CHr OTMelJaeTCSI B paHoHc
CTaHLlHH WYPHH B Y36cKHcTaHc. nOqBa 3L\CCb
npCllCTaB.I'1S1CT CBeTJlbIH CCp03CM, KOTOpblH npo-
rpcBacTcSI J10 ..... 79°C. Ha ABa rpaJ1yca MCHhUlC
nporpCBaCTCSI nCCOK Ha CTaHUHH PCnCJleK B
TYPKMcHHcTaHc.
HaH60JlbWee 3HalJeHHe aTMoc4>epHoro
lI.aBJleHHSI. paBHOC 1083,3 M6ap, OTMCqCHO B
AraTC KpacHoSlpcKoro KpaSi B nOCJlCJ1HHH J1CHh
1968 ro
a. M HHHMaJlbHOe aTMocQ>epHoc AaBJlC-
HHC, KOrAa-.I'1H60 3apcrHCTpHpOBaHHOC Ha nJla-
HCTC. Ha6J1lOnaJlOCb 24 CCHTSl6pSl 1958 roJJ;a
6JIlf3 <I>HJlHnnHHCKHx OCTpOBOB - 873 M6dp.
HaH60Jlcc qaCTO CHJlbHblC BCTpbl npOHO-
CSlTCSI no 3eMJIe A.Ae.nH B AHTapKTlf.Qe co
cpenHeH CKOpocTblO OKOJlO 22 M/ c. DbiBalOT
AHH. Kor,na 3AeCb CKOpoCTb BeTpoB AOCTHraeT
10 M/ c. Ho a6cOJlIOTHhle peKoPAhI cpeAHeMe-
CSlqHOro H cpeAHeroAoBoro 3HaqeHHH CKOpoCTH
serpa 6WIH OTMeqeHbI B 1913 roJ1Y Ha Mhlce
D,eHHcoHa B AHTapKTHJ1e - COOTBeTCTBeHHO
24.9 M/C H 19,4 M/C.
CaMhiH CHJlbHblH nopblB BeTpa 3a BCIO
UCTOpHIO npoH30wen 12 anpeJlSl 1934 ro,na Ha
rope BaWHHrTOH, HaxoASlw;eMcSI B aMepHKaH-
CKOM lllTaTe HblO-X3MnwHp. Tor,na B TeqeHHe
HecKOJIbKHX MHHYT BeTep ,nYJI co CKOpoCTblO
123 M/ c. 3a nocneAHHe .neCSlTH,lIeTHSI caMhi"
CUJlbHblH BeTep (93,6 M/ c) 6h1J1 3a<t>HKcHpoBaH
8 MapTa 1912 roAa Ha MeTeOCTaH
HH, pacno-
JIO:>KeHHOM B 3anaAHoH lIaCTH rpeHJIaHJ1HH.
CaMaJi YCTOH'IHBaSi noroJ].a COXpaHSleTCSI B
nOJIYMUJlJIHOHHOM 6pa3HJlbCKOM ropoAe MaHa-
yce, pacnOJlO:>KeHHOM Ha AMa30HKe. TeMnepa-
Typa B03Ayxa 3AeCb Ha npoTSI>KeHHH roAa
npaKTHqeCKH He MeHSleTCSI. HaH60Jlee cTa6HJlb-
HblH KJlUMaT Ha6JIIOAaeTCSI B nepBOM nOJlYro-
J1HU, KOI'Aa cpeAHSISI TeMnepaTypa B03Ayxa
+28°C. CYXHX ce30HOB B MaHayce He 6b1BaeT,
a cpeAHeMeCSl1.lHhlM ypoBeHb ocaAKOB KOJle6J1eT-
CSI OT 150 ,no 250 MM. 11 TOJIbKO B HIOHe-
ceHTSl6pe BhlnaJ1aeT ocaAKOB 1.lYTb MeHbwe.
KaK HH CTpaHHO, caMoe COJlHe'lHoe MeCTO
Ha 3eMHOM wape pacnOJlO>KeHO He rAe-TO B
3KBaTopHanbHoM 30He HJlH >KapKOH nYCTblHe,
a B AHTa, pKTlf.Qe B paMOHe nOCTOSlHHOH
CTaHQ,HH «nHOHepcKaSl». 3AeCb nOBepxHOCTb
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MOInHaSi A03a, OTpa>KaSiCb OT JIeASIHoro naHu.H-
pSi, pacceHBaeTCSI B KOCMHqeCKOM npoCTpaHCT-
Be. B HaCeJleHHblX MecTHOCTSIX HaH60JIblllaSi
cpeAHeCYTOllHaSi pa,nHalJ,HSI COJlH
a Ha6J1IOAaeT-
CSi B 3HaMeHHTOM ropHOKJIHMaTH1.leCKOM KYfOP-
Te .lI.aBoce B lllBeHlJ,apHH - 110 KKaJI/ CM .
CaMoe 6oJlbwoe 'IHCJlO COJlHe'lHhlX 'IaCOB
OTMeqaeTCSI B paHoHe BOCT01.lHOH Caxapbl. B
cpeAHeM 3a roA 3Aecb COJIHu.e CBeTHT 4300 1.l,
T.e. 91% OT B03MO>KHOro. B «KHure peKOPAOB
fHHHecca» caMoe COJIHeqHOe MeCTO Ha 3eMJIe
BlOMe, aMepHKaHCKHH lllTaT ApH30Ha, rAe
Ha6JIIOAaeTCSI 60JIee 4000 COJlHe1.lHblX lJaCOB B
roAY (-90%).
CaMblH BJla>KHblH perHOH nnaHeTbi Haxo-
,I(HTCSI Ha OCTpoBe PelOHbOH B I1HJ1HHCKOM
OKeaHe, B MeCTHOCTH CaHnacc. Oca
KH 3J1eCb
BbinaLIalOT nOlJTH 6ecnpepblBHo. B 3TOM paHoHe
3aperHCTpHpoBaH peKopA: C 15 no 16 MapTa
1952 roJ1a BblnaJI 1.lYAO-AO>KAb H TOJlInHHa CJIOSI
oca,nKOB J10CTHrJla 1810 M.
A MUHYTHblH npeAeJIbHblH nOKa3aTeJlb
OCaJJ;KOB paBeH 31,2 MM. CTOJlbKO HX BblnaJIO
4 UIOJISI 1956 roAa B IOHHoHBUJlJIe <ClllA).
CaMblH CHJlbHblH 42-MHHYTHblH JIHBeHb nporneJl
B aMepHKaHCKOM WTaTe MUHHecoTa 22 HIOJISI
1941 roAa. TorAa ocaAKOB BblnaJIO 1060 MM.
CaMoe BJIa>KHOe MeCTO Ha TeppHTopHH
6blBmero CCCP - CKJlOH KHpru3CKOro xpe6Ta
y peKH AAblrHH. 3AeCb B cpeAHeM BblnaAaeT
2958 MM ocaAKOB. qYTb YCTynaeT no BJIa>KHo-
CTH BaTYMcKHH perHOH.
CaMoe 6oJlbwoe KOJlH'IeCTBO ocaJ].KOB 3a
roA, KaK YTBep>K,AaeT «KHHra peKOPAOB rUH-
Hecca», BbinaJIO B MeCTelJKe qepanYHA>KH B
I1HJ1HU C aBryCTa 1860 no HIOJlb 1861 roAa.
3a 3T0 BpeMSI AO>KAH nOqTH He npeKpaInaJIHCb,
H ocaAKOB BbIJIHJlOCb 26 461 MM. A HIOJIb TOro
>Ke roAa CTan peKopAHblM no KOJlH1.leCTBY
BbinaBlllUX ocaAKOB 3a MecSI
- 9299 MM.
Ho HCTHHHblH peKopA He nonan B 3HaMe-
HHTOe H3J1aHHe. B TOM :>Ke MeCTHOCTH qepa-
nYHJ1>KH B aBryCTe 1941 roAa XJlblHYJI BCJlH-
1.laMlllHH B MHpe nHBeHb, npoAOJl:>KaBWHHCSI
6ecnpepblBHo 5 CYTOK, B pe3YJIbTaTe 1.lero
Bblnano 31 500 MM ocaAKOB.
3a nOCJleAHHe AecSlTHJleTHSI HaH60Jlblllee
qHCJIO AO>K,nJIHBblX AHeM - B cpeAHeM 325 B
roA - Ha6J1IOAaeTCSI B MeCTeqKe EaxHSI <I>eJIUKC
B IO>KHOH qaCTH qHJlH.
A BOT B ceBepHblX WHpoTax qHJlH, B
npoAOJlbHOH AOJlHHe, B nYCTblHe ATaKaMa,
HecKOJlbKO JIeT nOAPM He BblnaJ1aeT HU eAHHOM
KaneJlbKH AO>K,nSl. CaMblH HU3KHH cpeAHeroAo-
BOH ypoBeHb ocaAKoB - Bcero 0,5 MM - Ha-
6JIIOAaeTCSI B lJHJIHHCKOM ropoJ1e ApHKa, pac-
nOJlO>KeHHOM 6J1H3 rpaHU
bI c nepy. B APyroM
lJUJlHHCKOM ropoAe I1KuKe AO>KJ1S1 He 6h1J10 Ha
npoTSI:>KeHHH 14 JleT.
A peKOpJ1 no npoJ10Jl:>KHTeJlbHOCTH 3acyw-
JIUBOH noroAbI npHHa,wIe>KHT MecTe1.lKY YaAu
Xan<t>a B CYAaHe.3AeCb He Ha6J1IOAaJIOCb HH
eAHHoro AO)K,AJlHBOro AHSI Ha npoTSI>KeHHH
enblx I 9 JleT.
CaMoe CHe>KHoe MeCTO Ha 3eMHOM lllape,
COrJlaCHO CTaTHCTHqeCKHM AaHHblM, Haxo,nHTCSI
B aMepHKaHCKOM WTaTe BalllHHrTOH. Ha CKJlo-
Hax BynKaHa PeUHHp B cpeAHeM 3a ro
Bblna
aeT 14,6 M CHera.
CaMble KpynHble rpaJ].HHbl BbinaJIH B
MeCTe1lKe Ko<I><PHBHJIJI B CIlIA 3 OKTSl6pSl 1970
ro
a. B ,nHaMeTpe OHH
OCTHraJIU 14 CM H
BeCHlIH no 750 r. rpa
HHbI. naAaBWHe B
aMepHKaHCKOM lllTaTe He6pacKa 7 HIOJlSI 1926
rolla, HMenH B ,nHaMeTpe 13.6 CM.
M rpOM, M MonHMM
.
CaMoe 6oraToe rpo3aMH MeCTO pacnona-
raeTCSI B pauoHe THXOro OKeaHa 6JIH3 SlnoH-
CKHX OCTpoBOB. 3Aecb co cnYTHHKa 3apemCT-
pHpoBaHbI CBepXMonHHH, BO BpeMSI KOTOpblX
BblCBo6o>K.naJIOCb no 10 TpnH BT 3HeprHH.
PeKoPAHblMH
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pa3psmoM OKono 10 MJIp
BT.
KaKou Hace.neHHblu nYHKT nnaHeTbl SlBJlSI-
eTCSI HaH60nee npOOHBaeMOH MHllleHblO AJlSI
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o, CIlIA) , paCnOJIO>KeHHOe Ha
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BblpblBalOTCSI MOInHblM nOTOKOM B HH>KHHe
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qaCTble ynapbl MOJIHHH HcnblTblBalOT Ha
ce6e H Te 6eperoBble nUHUU nOJIYOCTpoBa
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B Mope Ha nYTH MOWHblX MOpcKHX 6pH30B,
BeTpoB C CYT01.lHOH nepHOAU1.lHOCTblO.
He06xonHMo OTMeTHTb, 1.lTO nOA B03Aeu-
CTBHeM MOII.{HOro pa3pSlna MOJIHHH B rpYHT,
Korna TeMoepaTypa MO>KeT nO
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pblX MoncKYJlbI BOJ1bl CBo60J1HO pa3J1araJlHCb Ha
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npH06pCTaJIH pCKOPJ1HYIO :JHCprHIO, paBHYIO 76
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MarHHTbl, MaCCOH OKono 200 T Ka>KJ1b1H, 6b1nH
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lJeCKOe AOCTH>KeHHe 6oJIrapcKoro Y1.leHoro n.
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TPH OCHOBaHHSI-onopbl. npoJleTbi Me>K.nY HHMH
AOCTHralOT B lllUPHHY 206 M, a MaKCUMaJIbHaSi
ux BbiCOTa 50 M. Bce 3TO npocrpaHCTBO C Tpex
CTOpoH 3aCTeKJIeHO. Jl,06aBHM, 1.lTO OpHrHHaJIb-
Hoe 3AaHHe nOCTpoeHO <t>paHu,Y3CKHMH apXH-
TeKTopaMH KaMeJlO, 3eJXl>IOCoM H .ne MaHH B
1958 roAY,
nepBwe He6oCKpe6bl
.
nepBble BbiCOTHbie 3.naHHSI, KaK 3TO HU
YAUBHTeJlbHO, 6b1J1H nOCTpoeHbI He B XX
CTOJleTHH, KOrJ1a C<t>oPMHpoBanaCb MOlll.HaSi
CTpoHTeJIbHaSi HH):{YCTPHSI, a HaMHoro paHbllle.
11 COBceM He 20-3Ta>KHble He6ocKpe6b1, noSl-
BHBlllHecSi B lIuKaro B 1892 ro,ny H B
HblO-AopKC Ha nepeCelJeHHU YJlHLl EpoABeSi U
nSiTOH aBeHIO B 1902 roAY, nOJlO>KHJIH Ha\!aJlO
nOBceMCCTHOMY CTpoHTeJlbCTBY MHoro3Ta>KHblX
6allleH. Pa3BaJIHHbI cooPY>KeHHH, paBHblX co-
BpeMeHHOMY 25-3Ta>KHoMY 3,naHHIO, OOHaPY>Ke-
Hbi Ha TeppHTopHH HblHelllHeH CeBepHoH rBa-
TeMaJIbi. OHU 6bUIH nOCTpoeHbI Me
y 300 H
900 ro.naMH Halliero JleTOHC'IHCJIeHHSI H CB
e-
TeJlbCTBYIOT 0 paC
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HBHJIH3a
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MaHSI.
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3HaJIH .npeBHHe ernnTSIHe U KHTaH
bI. CaMoe
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.no Hac ,nOllIJlH CBeAeHUSI, 6b1JIO 3aBepllleHO K
280 ro,ny ,no H.3. B AneKcaH,npuH. nOCTpoHKa
3Ta B03BblrnaJIaCb HaJ1 roPOAOM H 6b1JIa BHJ1Ha
co Bcex ero KOH
OB. BbiCOTa ee COCTaBJlSlJla
npHMepHo 140 M. OHa 6b1JIa OTJ1aHa no.Q
BOHHCKHe Ka3apMbI. TaKoe He6b1BaJIOe no TCM
BpeMeHaM COCpenOT01.leHHe BOHHCKHX CHJl Ha
OTHOCHTeJlbHO MaJIOH TeppHTopUH Cblrpano
Ba>KHYIO poJIb B 3alllHTe ropoJ1a OT Bpa>KCCKHX
HallleCTBHH.
B POCCHH nepBblH BblCOTHblH .nOM C
MeTaJIJlHlJeCKHM KapKaCOM nOSlBHJICSI B 1908
roAY 6J1aro.llapSi YCHJIHSlM apXHTeKTopa P.M.
KJIeijHa. 3TO BceM H3BeCTHblH MOCKOBCKI-1H
LI.YM. 6b1BlllHH YHHBepCaJIbHblH Mara3HH «MlOp
H MepenH3». nepBoe )KeJle306eToHHoe BbICOT-
Hoe 3naHHe <JI,eJIOBOH nBOp) TaK>Ke 6b1J10
nOCTpoeHO B MocKBe 5 JIeT cnYCTSI no 3aKa3Y
npoMbllllJIeHHHKa H. BTopoBa.
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.
BnJIOTb no XI I I BeKa caMbiM BbiCOKHM 113
Bcex COOPY>KCHHn, B03BeneHHblX PYKaMI-1 lJ CJ1 0-
BeKa, 6b1J1a erHneTCKaSi nupaMuna Xconca.
onHO U3 ceMU lJY,nCC CBeTa. D,aJIbHSISI ec TOlJKa,
«nOCTaBJleHHaSl» B 2580 roJ1Y .no H. 3..
B03BbllllaJIaCb Han 3eMJleH Ha 146.6 M. 3TOT
peKOp.n, BHJ1HMO. TaK 6b1 H YCTOSlJl .QO
cOBpeMeHHoH
HBHJIH3aLlI-1I-1. eCJIH 6bl B cpc.n-
HCBCKOBOM aHrJIHHCKOM ropoJ1Ke JIHHKOJIbHC He
6b1J1 nOCTpoCH Ka<t>e.npaJIbHblH co6op, KOTOpbli1
Ha 14 M OKa3aJ1CSI Bblllle nHpaM
bI.
B 1889 roJ1Y B napH>Ke no.nHSlJIaCb B
3aOOJ1a4HYIO BblCb 3H<t>eJleBa 6alllHSI <320.7 M).
OCTalOw.aSlCSI 11 CCroAHSI npCKpaCHblM CI-1MBOJlOM
O;J,HOro 1-13 KpaCI-1RCI-1WI-1X ropOAOR Ml-1pa.
HalJaJlo XX CTOJICTI-1S1 03HaMCHOBaJIOCh
CTpOI-1TCJlhCTROM MHoro:na>KHhlX KapKaCHhlX
3AamtH. nCpROHaljaJlbHO RhlCOTHbIC 3J1aHI-1S1
B03B0J1I-1J1H B 4 HKaro H B H hlO- t-lOPKC. B cnopc
JTHX rop0J10B RCpX OAep>KaJI HblO-t-lOpK nocJle
COOPY>KCHI-1S1 B 1913 ro;1Y 58-JTa>KHoro Hc60-
cKpc6a RblCOTOH 228 M 1-1 YACp>KHBaJl ncpBCH-
CTBO MHOrl-1C roJ1bl. B Ha l la;1C 30-x roJ10B C
I1HTCpBaJlOM BCCro roA HaJJ. H hlO- t10PKOM
B3MCTHY;1HCb ARC 6awHI-1: 3AaHI-1C <t>l-1pMhl
«KpaHCJlcp» (318.8 M) 1-1 3HaMCHI-1TOC 3;1aHI-1C
«3MnaHp-CTCHT-DI-1J1nHHr» (381 M). fioJlcc
4CThlpCX JJ,CCSlTKOR JlCT Ml-1p HC nOCSlra..i1 Ha .JTI-1
pCKOpnbl. TCM 6oJlce, lJTO B 1973 ro.ay
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«CI-1JPC» B 41-1Karo YJlY l jWH;1 3TOT pCKOPA cpa3Y
;J,O 443 M. 3TO 3AaHI-1C CTp0I-1J10Cb 5 nCT C
paClJCTOM Ha BbiCOKYIO CCHCMI14CCKYIO YCTOH-
4I1BOCTb. EMY HC CTpalllHhl HI-1KaKI-1C, Aa>KC
WKRaJlhHbIC, RCTpbI. npH RCTpCHOH noroJ1C,-
a JTO ljaCTO 6h1RaCT R YI-1Karo. - caMOC
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pCdJ11-13aLlI-1IO npoeKTa RCCMl-1pHO 1-13BCCTHoro
apXI-1TCKTOpa ll.. TpaMna 0 B03RCACHI-11-1 3J1aHI-1S1
BhlCOTOH 594 M. npaRJJ.a, nOCJIC J1OJlrI-1X 06cY>K-
JJ.CHHH cnCLlHa,,1I-1CTaM npl-1111JlOCb C6POCl-1Th C
RCpXHCH lJaCTI-1 Hc6ocKpc6a «.n 1-1 III HH c» 35 M
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701 M. TCM caMhlM Y HblO-t1opKa 6yncT OTHSITO
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AaJ1CKOC 6YJ1ymcc. BI-1JJ.I-1MO, R XXII RCK. B
3AaHHH npCAYCMOTPCHO RCC Hc06xOAI-1MOC A.;lS1
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B YI-1Karo. HCCKO,,1bKO 70-JTa>KHbIX Hc60CKPC-
60R nOAHI-1MalOTCSI Ha 196,7 M. KpOMC TOro,
OHU ClntTalOTCSI CaMbIMI-1 RbICOKI-1MI-1 1-13 BCCX
COOPY>KCHI-1H B Ml-1pC. nOJ1HOCTbIO nOCTpOCHHblX
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He 6 oCKpe6
.
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TeJlbCTBO CBepXBblcOTHOro 3naHHSI no npoeKTY,
pa3pa60TaHHOMY cneUHaJIHCTaMH H3 <t>HpMbI
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6paHO nOJ1XOASllll.Ce MeCTO Ha rJlaBHOH Ha6e-
pe>KHOH ropo,na. Ha OTBe,neHHOH noon <t>YH,na-
MeHT 3,naHHSI nnOwaJ1KC pa3MepoM 64 x 64 M
nOAHHMeTCSI 124-3Ta>KHblH He6ocKpe6 Ha BbI-
COTY 532 M. npeAcTaBbTe cc6e ,nOM, nOJ1HSlTbIH
Ha BbICOTY OCTaHKHHCKOH TeJle6alllHH, 8 KO-
TOpoM pa3MeWCHbI >KHJlblC MaCCHBbI, O<t>HCbl,
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'ITO MbI MO>KCM CTaTb COBpeMeHHHKaMH PO>K-
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JlH60 nOCTpoeHHblX 4enOBeKOM, 60Jlbllle Bcero
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HblO-t-}OPKC. CBocOOpa3HblH CBUCT OT 3TOro
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JIOB. CnC
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.
CpCJ1H Tenc6allleH ncpBcHcTBO C 1967 no
1975 roA y,ncp>KHBana OCTaHKHHcKaSl, no,nHSI-
TaSi Ha 536 M, nOKa ec He «nepe
croJlSlJIa»
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ropoAa TOpOHTO. Ee BbiCOTa OT nOAHO>KHSI AO
OCTpOKOHe1.lHoro wnHJISI 555,5 M.
BaplllaBcKaSi paJ1HOMa1.lTa B nOJIbllle non-
HSiTa Ha 646,38 M. ECJIH ,nBe 3H<t>eJIeBbi 6alllHu
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,nOTSlHYTCSI J10 MaKYWKH BapmaBcKoro lllnHJISI.
11 Bbl6paHa 3Ta "IYAOBHlll.HaSi BhICOTa nOJlbCKH-
MH Cne
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yroJ1Y peKop,nOMaHHH, a B CTporoM COOTBeTCT-
BHH C paClJeTaMH, no KOTOpblM BbiCOTa aHTCHHbI
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cHTpOM.
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B aMepUKaHCKOM ropoAe ATJlaHTa AeHcT-
ByeT rocTUHHlJHblH Kopnyc BbiCOTOH 220,2 M.
B LlUJIHH,npH1.leCKOH 6alllHe pacnOJlaraeTCSI 1100
KOM<t>oPTa6eJlbHblX HOMCpoB. PSlAOM C HC"
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ccpe,nHHbI 80-x roJ10B, Korna 6b1JIa CJ1aHa
73-3Ta>KHaSi roCTHHHLla B CHHranype, OKa3aB-
III a SIC SI XOTb Ha 6 M, HO BhIllie npe>KHero
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nepBbIX nOCTOSlJlb
eB caMblH BbiCOKHH nnaBY-
lJHH OTeJlb B MHpe. KaK 11 npe,nycMaTpHBaJIOCb,
nSlTH3Ta>KHOe cooPY>KeHHe, XOpolliO Aep>KawC-
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CKOro 3aJIHBa, B TeppHTOpHaJlbHblX BOAax
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a 3aTeM B cneu,HaJIBHblX npo3pa'IHblX JlH<t>Tax
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Cne
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K HeH MO>KHO TOJlbKO nOJI3KOM.
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3aB0J1bl, pa8Ha 20 M.
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napTHblMH CTaJlH C4HTaTb npOAOJlr08aTbiC
KHpnH4H pa3McpOM 20 x 30 x 10 CM. B
nocnc,nYIOUJ.eM 8 apXeOJlOrHlJCCKOH K)'JIbTYPC
J],8YPClJbSl npocMaTpH8aCTCSI ncpcxoA Ha HC-
nOJlb30BaHHC cTapo8aBHJIOHCKHX KHpnHlJCH
nOlJTH K8aJ1paTHOH ct>oPMbl (31 )( 34 x 10 CM).
n pHMepHO 8 TO >KC 8pCMSI 8 llPC8HCM EmnTc
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HblX pa3Mcp08.
B C08pCMCHHOH CTpoHTCJ1bHOH HH,nYCTPHH
HCnOJlb3YIOT pa3Hble KHpnHlJH. lla H CTaH,nap-
THbie HX pa3Mepbl .naJleKO He onHHaKOBbi B
pa3HblX CTpaHax. PeKOp.n npo.nOJI>KHTeJlbHOCTH
Hcno.nb30BaHHSI O.nHOro H TOro >Ke CTa
apTa
npHHaJl,JIe>KHT BeJlHK06pHTaHHH. 3J1ecb Y>Ke 60-
JIee 7 CTOJIeTHH HeH3MeHHO BblnYCKalOT npSlMO-
yro.nbHHKH pa3MepaMH 219 x 105 x 67 CM.
HaH60JIblllYIO npoH3BOAHTeJlbHOCTb .neMOH-
CTpHpyeT KHpnH1.lHblH 3aB0J1, pacnOJIO>KeHHblH
B aHrJIHHCKOM ropoAKe CTIOBaproH. E>KeHe-
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<t>paHIJ.Y3cKoro caAOBHHKa )1<' MOHbe, KOTOpblH
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cnoc06 H3roTOBJIeHHSI IJ.BeT01.lHblX KaAOK, 3a-
nOJlHHB MeTaJlJlHlJCcKYIO <t>oPMY IJ.eMCHTHbiM
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poKOro npHMeHeHHSI >KeJle306cToHa B MHpe
HalJHHaeTCSI C TOro MOMeHTa, KOrJ1a B 1885
roJ1Y MOHbe C 60JlblllOH BblroAoH AJISI cc6S1
npoAaJI naTeHTbl CTpoHTeJlbHblM KOMnaHHSlM.
npaBJ1a, HCTOpHSI COXpaHHJIa HMSI Hecnpa-
BeAJlHBO 3a6b1Toro <t>paHIJ.Y3cKoro HH>KCHCpa
JIaM60, KOTOpblH cwc B 1855 roAY npCJ1CTaBHJI
Ha BCCMHPHYIO BbiCTaBKY B napH>KC JlOnKY,
H3roTOBJleHHYIO H3 >KeJle306eToHa. Ero CooTC-
lJeCTBeHHHK, HCCJIeJ10BaTeJlb <1>. KoaHbe, B 1861
roJ1Y H3J1aJI KHHry C onHcaHHeM cnoc06a
H3roTOBJleHHSI >KeJIe306eToHHblx KOHCTPYKLlHH.
nepBble KpynHblc COOPY>KeHHSI H3 >KCJle3a
H 6cToHa nOSlBHJIHCb B 1887 roJ1Y B rCpMaHHH
Jot ABcTpo-BeHrpHH. 3TO 6blJlH MOCTbI npoMbllll-
JIeHHoro Ha3HalJeHHSI. nepBblM nOA06HblM coo-
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B HHKOJIaeBe no npoeKTY OJ1apeHHoro PYCCKOro
HH>KCHCpa H. nSiTHHIJ.Koro B 1904 roJ1Y.
TCXHHlJCCKHC YCJIOBHSI H 060cHoBaHHble
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OBOH
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- 47,5 M - HaMHoro Bblllle APyrHx MOHYMCH-
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nOMcKoH KOJIOHHbI B napH>Ke H KOJlOHHbl
TpaSiHa B PHMe (OKOJlO 38 M).
CaMblH BblCOKHH MCTaJlJlHlJeCKHH MOHY-
MCHT 3CMHOro lllapa BCJlHlJaCT «BopoTa» aMC-
pHKaHcKoro ropena CCHT-JIYHca Y n06epC>KbSl
peKH MHCCYPH. MOHYMeHT B <t>oPMe nOJlY3J1-
JlHnCa, YC'raHOBJIeHHblH B 1965 JiOJ1Y, nOJ1HH-
MaeTCSI Ha OTMCTKY, paBHYIO 192 M.
CaMaSi BbiCOKaSi MOHYMeHTaJlbHaSi CTaTYSI
B MHpC CTOHT Ha MaMacBoM KypraHc 6J1H3
BOJlrorpaJ1a. no npoeKTY apXHTeKTopa SI.6.
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C HCnOJlHHCKOH cTaTycH >KeHUJ.HHbI C MClJOM B
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3HaMCHHTOH CTaJIHHrpaAcKoH 6HTBbI. BblCOTa
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COCTaBJlSleT 82,3 M. MOHYMeHT BblnOJlHeH H3
>KeJle306eToHa.
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BOH H 3HaMCHHTOH MOHYMeHTaJIbHOH <t>Hrype
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B OKTSl6pc 1886 roJ1a B HblO-AopKe. rHraHT-
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CHCTeMY KOMMYHHKaQ,HOHHbl}( COOPY>KeHHH H
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nOCTpOHKU, CTOSlBllICH Ha 3TOM MCCTe, OHH
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HHSI BncpBble npaKTHlJeCKH pCaJIH30BaHa B 1877
roAY B aMcpHKaHCKOM roponc J1oKnopTe. CTaH-
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113 CTapblX CHCTCM u.CHTpaJlbHoro OTOnJle-
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WHX OOopoT ,no 3,5 T BOJ1bI B lJac nOJ1
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16 M, a wHpHHa-3,1 M. HarpY3Ka Ha
Ka>KAYIO KOJIeCHYIO napy nOXOJ1HJIa AO 19 T.
KOHCTPYK
HoHHaSi CKOpocTb npe.nYCMaTpHBa-
JIaCb He 60nee 85 KM/ lJ. 3JIeKTpoB03h1 3TOH
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CaMblM ManeHbKMM
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CaMYIO MaJIeHbKYIO AeHCTBYIOWYIO MOAeJlb
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ponHHe napoB03a - B AHrJlHH. MOAeJlb cHa6-
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TOplJHKOM. CaM OH BMelll.aeTCSI B CKOpJlyne
rpeLlKoro opexa. ll,JlSI napoB03HKa cneu.HaJIbHO
YJlO>KeHa KpoXOTHaSi KOJICSI lIIHpHHOH 6,5 MM.
nepBble BarOHbl
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IlepBbIe 3aKpblTble TOBapHble BaroHbl no-
SlBHJIHCb nOlJTH nOBceMeCTHO B cBponcHcKHx
CTpaHax B 40-x ro.nax npoWJIoro CTOJIeTHSI. JICT
lJepe3 neCSlTb B COCTaBbI Y>Ke nOAu.enJISlJlHCb
CnaJIbHble BaroHbI, efi.\e 1.lepe3 CTOJlbKO >Ke
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npHHSlTb >KeJlC3HoAOpo>KHblH BaroH npoH3BO.n-
CTBa 6b1BlIIeH rll,p. KCTaTH, 3Ta CTpaHa
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3Ta)KHblC BaroHbl BblnycKaJIHCb 60JIblllHMH nap-
THSlMH H npeJ1Ha3HalJaJlHCb He TOJlbKO J1J1S1
BHYTpeHHHX >KeJIe3HOnOpo>KHhlX JIHHHH, HO 11
nJlSl CTpaH-coccneH Ha BOCTOKe. B BaroHc 130
CH,nSllJHX MeCT H 60Jlee 200 CTOSllJHX.
CaMble AnMHHble M TR>Kenble
COCTaBbi
.
CaMblH nJlHHHblH naCCa>KHpcKHH COCTaB
CYMeJIH npoBecTH B 1991 roAY 6CJlbrHHCKHe
MallIHHHCTbI. llJIHHa He06b1lJHoro noe3Aa H3 70
BaroHoB paBHSlJIaCb 1732 M. npe>KHHH peKopA
npoTSI>KeHHOCTH naCCa>KHpcKoro nOe3J1a, YCTa-
HOBJIeHHblH B 1989 mJ1Y roJlJIaHJ1CKHMH >KeJle3-
H0J10pO)KHHKaMH, 6b1J1 nOOHT Ha 132 M.
B MaBpHTaHHH OT panOHa J106bllJH >KeJle3-
HOH PYAbI 6J1H3 ropoJ1a 3BepaT AO KPynHoro
nopTa Hya.nH6y npoTSI>KCHHOCTblO 650 KM
peryJlSlpHO KYPCHPyeT caMhIH AJlHHHblH U3
TOBapHblX COCTaBOB. IlOC3A, CocToSlwHn KaK
MHHHMYM H3 150 BaroHoB, BenYT cpa3y lJeTbIpe
TennOB03a OOwcH MOlll.HOCTblO 20 TblC. JI. c.
3a OAHH peHc nepeB03HTCSI B cpeAHeM 18 TblC. T
>KCJlC3HOH PYJ1bl.
MCTOpHSI 3HaeT CJIY1.laH, KorAa OTnpaBJlSlJlI1
nOC3na H C OOJIbllIHM lJHCJIOM BaroHOB. IlpaBJ1a,
TaKHC peHcbl 6b1J1I1 3nI130J1l1lJeCKHMI1. 113BecT-
HO, 4TO B HOSl6pc 1967 roJ1a B CiliA H3
3anaJ1HOH Bl1prHHH" .no nOpTcMYTa 6blJlO
ncpeBe3CHO O.nHHM COCTaBOM cpa3Y 42 700 T
yrJISI B 500 BaroHax. U.cn01.lKa BaroHoB paCTSI-
HYJlaCb Ha 6 KM.
CaMhiH TSI>KeJlOBCCHbIH nOe3J1 npollIeJl B
HalJaJIC 1986 rona C yrJleM H3 3KH6acTY3a Ha
Y pan. B HCM 6b1J1o 439 BaroHOB. OHH
COeTaBJISlJlH 6,5 KM, a 06WHH BCC npeBblCHJl
42 TbIC. T.
CaMblH 6b1CTpblH B MHpC TOBapHSlK HalJaJI
KypcHpoBaTb B eeHTSl6pe 1987 rona no Mapw-
PYTY Ilapl1>K - IlepnHHbSlH B OCHOBHOM co
CBe>KI1MH OBOWaMI1 H <t>PYKTaMH. CPCJ1HSlSI
CKOpOCTb nOC3na paBHSlJIaCb 160 KM/ lJ.
CBepXCKopOCTHbie 3KCnpeCCbI
.
IlcpBblH pCKOp.n eKopocTH Ha >KCJle3HbIX
J1oporax Halliero CTOJICTHSI 6b1J1 3a<t>HKCl1pOBaH
B 1903 roJ1Y. Tor.na 3J1CKTpoBaroH npol13BOn-
CTBa HeMcLlKoH <t>HpMbl «CI1MCHC» pa3BHJI
CKopoeTb 210 KM/lJ. CKalJK006pa3HbIH poeT
a6eOJllOTHbIX CKopoeTCH Ha >KCJlC3H0J10pO>KHbIX
nYTSlX npol130111eJl B 50-e ronbl. PeKOpJ1HOH B
TC ronbl CTaJIa CKOpocTb ::meKTponoe3na <t>paH-
u.Y3CKoro CcpHHHoro npOH3BOACTBa - no
331 KM/ lJ.
IlocneJ1YlOwHe .neCSlTHJICTHSI OTMelJeHbI
TCM, lJTO SlnOHCKI1C cncu.HaJIHCTbl npeycnCJlH B
3Ha4HTeJlbHOM YBCJlHlJCHHH CKOpOCTH Ha BCCM
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MarI-1CTpaJ1b, npO.nO>KCHHaSi Me>KJ1Y TOKI-10 H
OcaKOH. CBCpXCKOPOCTHOH 3Kcnpccc npe0;10J1C-
BaJ1 paCCTOSlHI-1C B 515 KM 3a 3 4 15 MI-1H. B
nOCJ1CJ1YIOW.CM CpC
HSlSI CKOpOCTb Ha OTJ1CJ1hHblX
nYT
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nOHHI-1 npCBblCI-1J1a 200 KM/lJ.
B 1980 roJ1Y no >KCJ1C3H0J10pO>KHOi-i J1I-1HI-1I1
napl-1>K - JII-10H npOWCJ1 cyncp3Kcnpccc 113 2
3J1CKTpOB030B 1-1 8 BaroHOB. Ero CKOpOCTb
J10CTl1rJ1a B CpCJ1HCM 260 KM/4. PaCCTOSlHI-1C
MC>K
Y J1BYMSI KPynHCHWI-1MH ropOJ1aMI-1 6blJ10
npoi-iJ1eHO 3a 100 MI-1H. 3TO 6b1J1 pCKOPA
CKOpOCTI-1 pcrYJ1S1pHoro naCCa>Kl1pCKoro co06w.c-
HI-1S1 Ha pC.lIbCOBOH OCHOBC. A pCKOP
HYIO
CKOpOCTh Ha onHOM 1-13 Y4aCTKOB nYTI-1 pa3BI1J1
clJpaHLlY3CKI-1H 3J1
KTpOB03 - 380 KM/4.
B nOCJ1CJ1YIOUlCM B 3ana
Hoi-i rCpMaH1-11-1
6bI.n1-1 CKOHCTpYHpOBaHhl HOBhlC CBCPXCKOPOCT-
..blC COCTaBhl «I1HTCPCI-1TI-1» C TpcxclJa3HhiM
aCI-1HXpOHHblM
Bl-1raTCJ1CM MOWHOCTblO 11 400
J1. c., AOCTl-1ralOw.I-1C CKOpOCTH 317 KM/4. I Ma
1988 rona HOBbli-i Tl1n CBCpXCKOpOCTHOro 3KC-
npccca HCMCLlKOro np0l-13BOnCTBa JCE nOKa3aJ1
CpCJ1HIOIO CKOpOCTb 406,9 KM/4. 4TO 6hlJI0
3apCrl-1CTpl-1pOBaHO KaK oclJHLll-1aJ1bHOC Ml-1pOBOC
J10CTI-1>KCHI-1C.
OJ1HaKO clJpaHLlY3b1 BHOBb 3aCTaBI-1J11-1 roBO-
pl-1Tb 0 cc6c. nOCJ1C TW.aTCJ1bHOH pa3pa60TKI-1
cyncpnOC3J1a MapKI-1 TG V. 3KcnpcccHbli-i cocniB
«ATJ1aHTI-1K» B KOHLlC 1989 roJ1a CTaJ1 KYPCH-
pOBaTb MC>KJ1Y napl-1>KCM 1-1 n06epC>KbCM AT-
J1aHTI-14CcKOro OKcaHa co CpCAHCH CKOpOCThlO,
HCMHorl-1M npCBblWalOw.ci-i 300 KM/4. PCKopn-
Hhli-i >KC np06cr 6blJ1 OCYUlCCTBJ1CH YKOP04CH-
HblM BnBOC COCTaBOM co CKOpOCTblO 482 KM/4.
..
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Ho 11 3TO 6hlJ1 CW.C HC npCACJ1. nOCJ1C
HCKOTOpblX YCOBCPWCHcTBOBaHI-1i-i JKCnpCCC
TGV Ha Y4acTKc napl-1>K - JII-10H npOM4aJ1C
C PCKOP;{HOH CKOpOCThtO 515 KM / 4.
B HaCTO
w.cC BpCM
BblCOKOCKOpOCTHhlC
)KCJIC3HOAOP0)KHbIC J1I-1HI1I1 HaXO
T pacnpOCT-
paHCHI-1C HC TOJ1hKO BO cI>paHlum 1-1 rCpMaHI1U,
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dHI-1C CAI-1HOi-i cBpondlcKoi-i CCTI-1 co cpc
Hci1
CKOpOCThtO nCpCJ1BI1>KCHI1
3KcnpCCCOB 300--
350 KM/4, 4TO pa3rpY31-1T B EBponc ..lBl-1d.rmHI1J1.
C 3TOi-i LlCJ1hlO HaMC4aCTCSI npOJl0>KI-1Tb
9600 KM HOBblX BblCOKOKallCCTBCHHhlX >KCJ1C3-
HOAOpO>KHbIX nYTci-i, B
OnOJ1HCHI-1C KO MHOrllM
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6YAYUlCM MC>KJ1) LlBYM
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CpCJ1CTB Ha MarHI-1THoi-i nOJ1YWKC. 3Ha l UlTeJ1hHO
oncpCJ1I-1Jm J1pyrl-1x B OCBOCHHI1 1-1 BHC.apCHI-1I-1 B
>K1-13Hh HOBOro BI-1J1a TpaHcnopTa
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TaKoro 3J1CKTpOnOC3na YCTaHOBI1J1 HOBbli-i pc-
KOPA CpCJ1HCi-i CKOpOCTI1 nBI-1)KCHI1
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cpcnCTB - 337 KM/lJ. nocnc pSina YCOBCPWCH-
cTBoBaHHH, c.nCJlaHHblX clmpMoH «TowH6a», Ha
OTJ1CJlbHblX YlJdCTKaX HcnblTYCMaSi MOnCJlb pa3-
BI1Bana CKOpOCTb J10 517 KM/lJ.
K 1987 rony B rCpMaHHH 6blJll1 3aBcpWCHbi
pa3pa60TKI1 HOBbiX MapOK 6CCWYMHblX BaroH-
HblX COCTaBOB «TpaHcpanHLI-06» 11 «TpaHcpa-
nl1J1-07», neTalOllI.HX Ha MarHHTHOH nOJ1BCCKC
l:0 CKOpOCTblO OKOJlO 500 KM/4. rOTOB K
JKCnJlyaTauHH ncpB
H Y4aCTOK MarHHTHOH
"paCChl, COCnI1H5IlOllI.CH HCMCLlKI1C ropona na-
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KOMCLl C. CTCBHH B 1600 rony. llBI-1>KYWCi-i
:11J10i-i MCXaHI-14CcKOro YCTpoHcTBa no KOHCT-
PYKLlI-1I-1 CTCBI-1Ha SlBJl5IJlCSI BCTCp. npl-1 XOPOWCM
BCTpC 3TOT npc,aweCTBCHHHK aBTOM061-1J1Sl pa3-
,.:mBaJl CKOpOCTb J10 35 KM/4.
OJ1HaKO OTC4CT I-1CTOpl-11-1 aBTOM06I1JICCTpO-
CHI-1S1 BCC >KC Hano Ha41-1HaTb C 1769 roJ1a,
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pCHHCro cropaHI1S1. pa60TalOllI.I-1H Ha 6CH3I-1HO-
BOM TOnJl1-1 BC, n05lBI-1J1CSI B 1885 roJ1Y. Ero
CKOHCTpy"pOBaJ'I OJ1apCHHhlH H
CLlKI-1i-i I-1H>KC-
HCp K. 6CHU. OnHOUHJlHH.nPOBblH nBHraTCJlb B
J1BYXMCCTHOH TpCXKOJlCCHOH MalllHHe pacnoJla-
rancSi C3anH H I1MeJl MOlliHOCTb BCCro 0,9 JI.c.,
HO ec X BaTano J1J1S1 CKOpOCTH 15 KM/lJ.
nOJlHLJ.CHCKHM H TaKaSi CKOpocTb J1BH>KCHH5I
nOKa3anaCb lJpC3BbllJaHHO B
COKOH, 11 OHH
orpaHH411J111 ec B 4epTe ropona no 6 KM/4.
n04TH o.nHOBpeMeHHO C KOHCTPYKLJ.HeH
ECHLJ.a B rCpMaHI1H nOSlBHJlaCb lJCT
pCXKOJlCC-
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4aJlhHI1KaMI1 aBTOM06HJlCCTPOCHHSI MO>KHO Ha-
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co6oM Ha TOJIbKO 1.lro nOCTpoeHHOM rOpbKOB-
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(6blBwero HMeHH H.B. CTaJIHHa) B 1936 ro
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nBHraTeJIeM, pa3BHBaJIa MOlQHOCTb 66 KBT
(90 JI. c.). CKOpocTb nepenBH>KeHHSI - AO 115
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.
Y>Ke B Ha lJaJIe HCTOPH" aBTOM06UJ1S1 no-
SlBUJlOCb HeMano Ba>KHblX TeXHH1.leCKHX HOB-
llleCTB H H306pcTeHHH. Kap.naHHaSi nepeAalJa
Bn
pBble, HanpuMcp, 6h1J1a HCnOJlb30BaHa B
KOHCTPYK
HH 6eJIbrHHCKOro MOTO
"KJIa <I>H B
1904 rony.
nepBble nHCKOBble TopM03a YCTaHOBJleHbI
B 1905 B «HMncpHane».
3J1eKTpH
ecKHH CTapTep BnepBblC nO
BHJI-
CSI Ha aBTOM06HJle «Ka.nHJlJIaK». 3ToT arperaT
6YKBaJIbHO peBOJlIO
HOHH3H poBan a BTO M06HJI b-
HYIO npoMblWJleHHOCTb. Be.nb AO H306peTeHHSI
CTapTepa 3anycK aBTOM06UJ1S1 6h1J1 .nJlSl BO.nH-
TeJISi HenpocTblM AeJIOM. HMeHHo CTapTep
n03BOJlUJI aBTOM06UJ1IO CTaTb JICrKHM B ynpaB-
JIeH"H H 6blTb AOCTynHblM .nJlSl Ka>K,noro.
nepBaR aBTOM06MnbHaR
BblCT8BK8
.
nepBaSi B HCTOpHH aBToM06HJlbHaSi BblCTaB-
Ka COCTOSVIaCb B napu>Ke B 1895 roAY. 3Aecb
6bIJIO npoAeMOHCTpHpoBaHO 46 pa3HblX KOHCT-
PYK
HH aBTOM06HJlSl C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM 3JIeK-
TpUlJeCKHX, napoBblX H paKeTHblX nBHraTeJIeH.
ABTOMo6MnbHaR CTaTMCTMKa
.
no ro.nOBOMY npoH3BOACTBY KaK JlerKOBblX,
TaK H rpY30BblX aBTOMalllHH JlH.llHpyeT .sInoHuSI,
yneJIbHblH Bec KOTOpoH B MHpOBOM aBToMOOu-
JleCTpOeHH" CeH1.laC COCTaBJlSleT 23 %. ElQe B
HeAaneKOM npolllJlOM HUKTO He Mor O>KH):1aTb
TaKoro 6YPHOro aBTOM06liJlbHOro 6YMa B CTpa-
HC BOCXO.nSlWero COJlH
a. B 1950 ro.ny B CIllA
Ha 1000 >KHTeJleH BbmYCKaJIOCb 325 aBTOMO-
6HneH, a B 1964 ro.ny - 439, Tor.na KaK B
SlnoHHH COOTBeTCTBeHHO 10 H 34.
O.nHaKo CWA Bce )ICe OCTalOTCSI Be.nYl.l.{eH
3BToM06HnbHoH .nep>KaBOH, Ha TeppHTopHH
KOTOPOH npOH3B0.l1S1T caMble KOM<t>oPTa6cJlbHble,
caMble 60JIblllHe H poeKOlllHble aBTOM06HJlH B
MHpe.
Bcero B CIllA BblnYCKaeTCSI 36 MapOK
aBToM06HJleH. Ho Aa>Ke TaKoe 6oJlblllOe lJUCJIO
Mo.nCJleH cepliHHoro npOU3BOACTBa SlBHO He
,nOTSlrnB3eT AO peKOp.l1Horo nOKa3aTenSi. CUlA
U 3AeCb OKa33JIliCb TOJIbKO BTOpblMU, YCTynuB
nepBeHCTBo BCJlUK06pUTaHHH, rAe npoH3BOASIT
43 pa3JIHlJHb(e MapKH aBTOM06HJleH.
3aTo no TaKOMY nOKa3aTCJlIO, KaK eMKOCTb
pblHKa C6b1Ta aBTOM06HJIeH, CUlA He YCTynalOT
HUKaKOH .npyroH CTpaHe. Ka>K.nblH TpeTHH
HOBblH aBToMOOHJIb, npoH3Bo.nI-1MbIH B MHpe,
nOKynaeTcSI aMepliKaH
eM. A BeAb TOJlbKO B
1987 roAY MHpoBoe npoH3Bo.nCTBO aBTOM06HJleH
COCTaBHJIO 34,1 MJIH lllTYK. B cpe.nHeM B CIllA
O.nliH aBTOM06HJlb npHxo.nHTCSI Ha 1,8 '1eJlOBCK.
JJ.JlSI cpaBHeHHSI: B KHTae COOTBeTCTBeHHO H3
1374 KHTaH
cB
CaMblH 6onbllloH aBTonapK onSlTb-TaKH B
CIllA. no nocne.nHHM .naHHblM, 3AeCb B pa60TY
TpaHcnopTHoH CeTH BOBnelJeHO 179 MJlH TpaHC-
nOpTHblX cpencTB, B TOM 1.lHCJIe 137,3 MnH
JIencoBblx aBTOMaWHH H 41,7 MJIH 3BT06ycOB
H rpY30BHKOB.
nOJlYlJaeTCSI, lJTO H SlnOHCKHe aBTonpo-
MblllIJIeHHHKH B nepBYIO OlJCpenb pa60T31OT Ha
pblHOK CIllA.
KpynHeMwMe
npOM3BOAMTenM aBTOM06MneM
.
EOJlbllle Bcex aBTOM06HJleH B MHpe BbInY-
CKaeT 3MepuKaHcKliH KOHuepH «D.>KeHepan MO-
TOpc», npoU3BOnSll.l.{liH 60JIee 7 MJIH aBToM06H-
JIeH B ron. B pa3HhlX cTpaHax 3TOT aBTOMO-
6HJ1bHblH rnraHT HanaAHJl npoH3BonCTBO JIer-
KOBblX aBTO npeCTH)lCHbiX MapOK: «EbIOI-1K»,
«KaAHJIJIaK», «Ill eB pOJIe», «OnCJlb». «BOKC-
XOJlJl» , «OJIACM06HJIb», «J.1cy.n3Y», «XOJI.l1eH»,
«nOHTli3K» U AP.
no KOJlH1.leCTBY npoH3Bo.nHMblX aBTOMalllHH
B nepBoH .neCSlTKe KPyoHeHwHx aBTOM06HJIb-
HblX MamaTOB BCJIe.n 3a «D.>KeHepaJI MOTOpC»
CJIe.nYIOT «<I>op.n MOTOp» (CWA), «ToeTa»
(SlnoHHSI), «<I>onbKcBareHBepK» (repMaHHSI),
«HHccaH MOTOp» (SlnoHHSI), «PeHO» (<I>paH-
USI), «ne>Ko - CHTpoeH» «(J>paH
HSI), «KpaH-
CJIep» (CIllA) , «(J>J.1A T» (J.1TaJIHSI), «XoH.na
MOTOp» (SlnoHHSI). Ka>K,naSi H3 HHX BblnYCKaeT
e>KeroAHo OT ] AO 4 MJlH aBTOM06HJIeH, a Bce
BMeCTe KOHTpOJlUpYIOT 80 % liX MHpOBOro
npoI13BOACTBa.
CaMblM AnMHHblM
aBTOM06Mnb nM'IHOrO
nonb30BaHMR
.
B 1979 ro.ny B ClllA no cne
HanbHoMY
3aK33Y O.l1HOro npeAnpHHHMaTCJlSI 6bUI c06paH
JlerKOBOH aBTOM06HJIb .nJIHHOH 8,99 M. B
aBTOM06HJIe no npHXOTH 3aKa31.lHKa pa3MeWe-
Hbl MaCCHBHblH ceH<t>, ABa
BeTHblX TeJleBH30pa,
XOJIOAHJIbHHK, 6ap, Bu.neOMamHTo<t>oH H CTe-
peOYCTaHOBKH B KOMOJIeKTe C 8 .nHH3MHKaMH
CaMblM WMPOKMM aBTOM06Mnb
.
OH 6b1J1 CKOHCTpYHpoBaH H c06paH B
AHrJlHH. IllHpHH3 He06b1lJHoro KOM<t>opTa6cJIb-
HOro aBTO, U3roTOBJIeHHoro B e.nHHCTBCHHOM
3K3eMnJlSlpe. B .nBa p33a npeBblCHJI3 .nnHHY.
CaMble ManeHbKMe
aBTOM06MnM
.
MO>KeT JlH aBToM06HJIb 8eCHTb Bcero 28
Kr H BMeCTUTbCSI B 6ara>KHHKe l1PyroH JIencoBoH
aBToMalllHHbI? J.1MeHHo TaKO" CBepXJlencHH
aBTOM06HJlb nOCTpOHJl HeMe
KHH AH3aHHcp M)
IOKHHrep B Ha1.laJIe 70-x ro.nOB. Ero .nBHraTeJIb
MOI.l.{HOCTblO B 2,2 JI. c. n03BOJlSleT pa3BHTb
CKOpOCTb .no 40 KM/1.l. 3Ta MHHH-KOHCTPYK
HSI
npoCTa. <I>YHK
HH ynpaBJleHHSI H TOpMO>KeHHSI
3aJIO>KeHbl B OAHOM pbllJare.
B 6YAYl.l.{eM B03MO>KHO nOSlBJleHHe H HOBOro
THna aBTOCTOSiHOK, nOXO>KHX Ha npHBbllJHble
npHBOK3aJ1bHble KaMepbl xpaHeHHSI. Be.nb Y>Ke
eCTb CKJIa,nblBalOwaSiCSI B He60JlblllOH lJeMO,AaH
aBTOMaWHHa. Ee C03AaJIH Cne
HaJIHCTbl U3BeCT-
HOH SlnoHcKoH <t>HpMbI «ToeTa» B cBo60.nHoe
OT OCHOBHOH pawbi BpeMSI.
CeH1.laC caMhlM MaJIeHbKHM aBTOM06HJleM
MaccoBoro npoH3BOACTBa SlBJlSleTCSI lllBeH
ap-
CKaSi MO.nCJlb «llbSiBOJIHHO». OHa cHa6>KeHa
ABHraTCJlSlMH ,ABYX pa3Hblx pa601.lux otTheMoB
- 250 H 125 CM 3 . 3Ta MO.neJIb H caMaSi
nJIaCTMaCCOBaSi. nOJIHMepHble MaTepHaJIbl, B
OCHOBHOM nOJlH3<I>HpHbie CMOJlbl, HCnOJlb30BaHbl
B «llbSlBOJlHHO» B HaH60JIbllleH CTeneHH.
CaMoe AnMTenbHOe
CepMMHOe npOM3BOACTBO
MOAenM
.
06bl1.lHO, KaK nOKa3bIBaeT npaKTHKa aBTO-
M06HJIeCTpOeHHSI, o.nHa Mo.neJlb aBTOM06HJlSl
CMCHSleTCSI ,ApyroH, 60JlcC cOBepllleHHoH, B
cpe.nHeM 1.lepe3 Ka>K,nble 5-6 JleT. PeKop.n B
3TOM OTHoweHHH n06HJI «<I>OJIbKCBareH->KYK»,
KOTOpblH B HeH3MeHHOM Bu,ne BblnYCKaJICSI
60JIee Tpex AeCSlTHJIeTHH. COBeTcKaSi Mo.neJlb
rA3-21 «<BoJIra») npOU3BO,AHJIaCb B Te1.leHUe
14 JleT, nOKa He 6bIJla 3aMeHeHa MO,AeJlblO
rA3-24.
CaMbie MHTepHaL\MOHanbHble
aBTOMo6MnM
.
PenYTa
HIO caMbiX HHTepHa
HOHaJlbHblX
HMelOT wBeACKHC aBToM06HJIH «BoJIbBo». llJISI
KOMIlJIeKTa
HH JIerKoBYllieK 3TOH MapKH HC-
nOJlb3YlOT HaH60JIbWee lJHCJIO aBTOM06HJIbHblX
arperaTOB H .o.eTaJIeH, npoH3Bo.nHMblX B pa3HblX
CTpaHax. TaK, WeCTH
HJlHHJJ;poBble .nBHraTeJlH,
KOTOpblMH OCHaWeHbl «BOJIbBo», <t>paH
Y3cKoro
npOH3BOACTBa. CHcTeMa BnpblCKa TOnJIHBa H3-
roTOBJlSlCTCSI B repMaHHH. ABTOMaTHlJeCKHe
TpaHcMHccUH npoH3BoASlTCSI B SlnoHHH no
aMepHKaHcKoH JlH
eH3HH. nOCTaBI.l.{HKH npH60-
pOB 3J1eKTp0060py.noBaHHSI HaXOASlTCSI B BeJIH-
K06pI1TaHHH. KY30Ba OT.neJlbHblX MO,AH<t>HKa
HH
«BoJIbBo» nocTynalOT B roTOBOM Bu,ne H3
HTaJlUH.
CaMble 3KCTpaBaraHTHbie
aBTOM06MnM
.
lIawe Bcero OHH npoH3Bo.nSlTCSI BO <I>paH-
I1.UH. C 3CTeTHlJCCKOH TOtlKH 3peHHSI HOBbie
<t>paH
Y3CKHe MOAeJlH He BcerAa H.neaJIbHbl H
HHorAa Tpy.nHO BocnpUHUMalOTCSI 06b1BaTeJleM
H3-3a HeO>Ku,naHHblX KOHCTPYKTOPCKHX pelllC-
HHH.
ABTOMo6MnM C HaMnY'IWeM
a3pOAMHaMMKOM
.
HaHMeHblllHM K03<l>Q>H
HeHTOM - 0,13 -
Jlo6oBoro conpoTHBJlCHHSI KY30Ba, T. e. HaH-
JlY1.l111UM a3po,AHHaMH1.leCKHM nOKa3aTCJlCM, 06-
JIa.nalOT onblTHbie 06pa3
bI JIen<OBbiX aBTOMO-
6HJleH «BOJlaHUC-AnoJIJIOH». n01.lTH KaK y
roH01.lHblX MalllHH!
Y 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHoro <t>paHLlY3cKoro aB-
TOM06HJlSl «CHTpoeH-3KO-2000» K03<l><t>H
HeHT
conpOTHBJIeHUSI paBeH 0,212. Jho6onbiTHo, lJTO
B poJlH AH3aHHepa HOBOH MOAeJIU BblCTynHJIa
3BM. no paC1.leTY aBTopoB 3TOH KOHCTPYKIJ.HH,
HX AeTHIJJ.e - aBTOM06HJlb 6J1H>KaHlllero 6YAY-
wero. IJ.a H no pacxo.ny TOnJIHBa - 2,3 JI Ha
100 KM npo6era npH CKOpocTU 90 KM/1.l - 3Ta
Mo.neJlb BblrJISIAHT npeAnOlJTHTeJIbHee MHorux
HOBeHlllHX OOpa3
oB ,ApyrHx <t>HpM.
CaMble 3KOHOMM'IHble
aBTOM06MnM
.
nCpBble COCTSl33HI-1S1 Ha CaMYIO 3KOHOMl-1lJ-
HYIO 3BTOM3WI-1HY 6b1J1I1 npOBCACHbi B 1939
ro.ny. Ha CnCLlHaJlbHhlH npl-13 «3KOHOMI1P3H»,
Y4pCA-.nCHHhlH KOMnaHHCH «lllcJlJI». npC1'CHnO-
BaJlI-1 HC caMblC 6blCTpblC 3BTOM06HJlI-1, nCpRblMI-1
3aBCpWHBllll-1C roHKY. n06CJ1I-1TCJlb onpCJ1CJlSlJlCSI
no O,lHOMY nOKa3aTCJlIO - MHHI-1MdJlbHOMY p
IC-
XOnOBaHl-11O Ton...11-1R3 Ha onpc,aCJlCHHOC paCCTO-
SlHI-1C. AMcpl-1KaHcLl P. rpI-1HIllI-1J1,a. npco,aOJlCR
Ha aBTOM06HJlC «<Dop,a» YCT3HOBJleHHYIO ,aI-1C-
TaH LlI1 10, 3aTpaTHJI 5,6 JI roplO4Cro Ha 100 KM.
B 1968 ro,ay aBTOM061-1J11O «<DYtA T -600» c
BI1 J 10H3MCHCHHblM MHHH-J1Bl-1r3TCJlCM YAanOCb
np06C>KaTb CTOKI-1J10MCTPOBKY, 113pacxo,aOBaB
BCCro 0,772 JI TOnJlHBa.
4CpC3 nSlTb JlCT Ha K3p,aHHaJlbHO ncpc06o-
PynoBaHHOM nl-1KanC «OneJlb-PeKopn» CT3pOro
06pa3Lla pCKopn 3KOHOMI-1lJHOCTH 6bI...'l YJlY4WCH
J10 0.625 JI 6CH31-1Ha Ha 100 KM. Ew.c 4CpC3
nSlTb JlCT 3TOT nOKa3aTCJlb YMcHhWI-1.ncSi J10
0,214 JI TonJlI-1Ba H3 100 KM. YtMCHHO C TaKI-1M
PC3YJlhT3TOM npowcJI J1I-1CTaH
1-11O 3KcncpHMCH-
T
t.rlbHblH aBTOM0611J1h. p33p360T3HHb1H cnCLlI-1-
aJIl-1CTaMI-1 KPCHCclJHJI,aCKOro TCXHOJlOrl-14CcKoro
HHCTHTYTa <ClllA).
3aTcM CBOC BCCKOC CJ10BO CKa3a
1-1 cnCLlI1-
aJlHCTbl 3anaJ1HOrCpMaHcKoH clJl-1PMbl
<llaHMJlcp-
ECH
». 3a KOpOTKOC BpCMSI I1MI-1 6blJll-1 n0611Tbi
O,aI-1H 3a J:\Pyrl-1M pCKOPAbl 3KOHOMHlJHOCTI1. B
1980 roJ1Y aBTOM06HJlb 3TOU clJHPMhl, 1-13paCXO-
.nORaB 1 JI TOnJlI-1Ra. npowcJI 1267 KM.
B TOM >KC roJ1Y HORaSi HTaJIhSlHCK3S1 MOnCJlb
no,a 3BYlJHbiM Ha3B3HI-1CM «Cepc6pSlHaSl CTpC-
Jla», I-1MCSI B 6aKt: 1 .n TOnJlI-1Ba, npconoJlcJla
Y>KC 1302 KM, T. c. Ha 100 KM U3pacxo,aOB3J13
BCCro 0,077 JI TOnJlI-1Ba.
Ho H TaKOC <t>aHT3CTI-14CCKOe J10CTI1>KCHI1C
HC OKa33J10Ch npc.nCJlOM TBOp4CCKI-1X B03MO>K-
HOCTCH KOHCTPYKTOpOB. B 1986 roA) B H3RC-
CTHOH SlnOHCKOH clJl1PMC «TOCT3» C03,aa.al-1
aBTOM061-1J1b, KOTOpblH C>Kl-1raJl BCCro 0,055 JI
roplO4Cro 33 Ka>KJ1b1C 100 KM np06cra.
KOHClJHO, 3TH KOHCTPYKLlI-1I-1 HC 6bl,,1H
npenH33Ha4CHhi AJISI 06b14HOU C3J1b1, a cnCLlI-1-
3J1bHO 1-13roTOBJISlJll-1Cb - 4aCTO B CAI-1HCTRCHHOM
3K3CMnJISIpC - J1J1S1 peKOpJ1HblX np06croR.
CaMble 3KOHOMM'IHble
CepMMHbie aBTOM06MnM
.
Cpcnl-1 CCpl-1l-1HblX JlCrKOBblX 3RTOMaWI-1H
CCpCAI1HbI 80-x ronoB C3MblMI-1 3KOHOMI-14HhlMI-1
nBl-1raTCJlSlMI-1 6hlJll-1 OCHaWCHbl <t>paHLlY3CKI-1C
MO,aCJlI1 «OC>KO- 205». «Oc>K0-I04» H «CI1TPO-
eH-A». Ytx nBI-1r3TeJll-1 I-1MCIOT 4 LlI-1J1I-1Hnpa C
pa604l-1M otThCMOM 1124 CM 3 . npl-1 CpCJ1HCH
CKOpOCTI-1 3TI-1 aBTOM061-1J11-1 nOTpc6J1S1IOT Ha 100
KM nYTH OT 4.3 no 4,7 JI 6CH3I-1Ha. ll,,1S1
cpaBHCHI-1S1: COBCTCKaSl MO,aCJlb TOro ncpl-1ona
«MocKBI-14-412» paCX0J10B3JI3 npl-1 ropo.aCKOM
LlI-1KJlC C3J1bl 11,3 n TOnJlHBa Ha 100 KM.
llo nocnc,aHcro Bpl:Ml:HH OJ1HI-1M 1-13 caMblX
3KOHOMI14HbiX JlCrKOBblX aBToM06I-1J1CH Macco-
BOro np0I13Bo.aCTB3 ClJl-1TaJlaCb clJpaHLlY3cKaSl
MOJ1eJlb «BCCT3» clJHPMbl «PCHO». Ha paCCTOSl-
HI1C OT napH>Ka ,ao EOPAO npOTSI>Kl:HHOCThlO
501.4 KM CH nOTpc60BdJlOCb 0.747 JI.
KOHCTPYKLlI-1IO «BCCThl» OTJlI-14alOT BblCOKOC
K34CCTBO nl-13aUHa H M3KCHMaJlhHO B03MO>KHOC
I-1CnOJlb30BaHHC HOBbiX CBCpXJlCrKI1X KOMn03I-1T-
HbiX 1-1 KCpaMI-14CCKI-1X MaTCpl-1aJlOB, YHI-1K3J1b-
HblX MCTaJlJll-14CCKI-1X CnJlaBOB.
B 1989 roJ1Y npl-1 I-1CnblT3HI11-1 HOBOH
MOnCJlI-1 ,,1crKoBoro aBTOM061-1J1S1 «AYJ1I-1-IOO»
ncpc,a 3anYCKOM cc B CCpl1HHOC np0l13BOnCTBO
6blJl YCT3HOBJICH HORblH pCKOp.n 3KOHOMI14HO-
CTI1. C nOJlHblM 6cH306aKoM BMCCTI-1MOCThlO
84,7 n 3KCnCpI-1MCHT3...1bHaSl MOJ1CJlb «AYAH»
nOKpblJl3 paCCTOSlHHC 4800 KM. YtHa4e roBOpSl,
Ha K3)KJ:tbIC 100 KM M3WI-1H3 nOTpc6J1Sllla 1.79 .11
TOnJlI-1Ba npl-1 CPCLlHci-i CKOpOCTH LlBI-1>KCHI-1S1
OKOJlO 60 KM/lJ.
«]3eCTA.-;;Y
i!I
., ---.-.
m-- -
., .' .. ..
CaMbiM Ha.qe>KHbIM
aBTOM0 6 Mnb
.
OAHHM H3 Ba>KHblX nOKa3aTeJIeH, XapaK-
TepU3YIOWHX CTeneHb Ha.ne>KHOCTH aBTOM06H-
JISI, C1.lHTaeTCSI 06lll.aSl BeJIHlJHHa aBTonp06era
AO 'ero nOCTaHOBKH Ha nepBblH KanHTaJIbHhlU
peMOHT. ABToM06HlIb H3BeCTHOU MapKH «Mep-
ce.nec» np06e>KaJI no JJ:oporaM 1 908 274 KM,
KaK roBOpHTCSI, ewe C 3aBOACKHM MaCJIOM,
YCTaHoBHB TeM caMbiM cBoe06pa3HblH MHpoBOH
peKOPA H OCTaBHB n03aAH no nOKa3aHHSlM
cnHAOMeTpa MOneJlb «<I>OJIbKCBareHa» Ha 300
TbiC. KM.
nepBble rOHO'lHble
aBTOM06MnM
.
I1MeHHo B roH01.lHblX MaWHHax nOSlBJlSlJlOCb
HeMaJIO KOHCTPYKIJ.HOHHblX HOBUHOK, KOTopble
3aTeM HaXOAHlIH npHMeHeHHe B cepHHHoM
npoli3BOACTBe.
nepBble COCTSl3aHHSI Ha CKOpoCTb npoxo-
AHJlH B 1894 roAY BO <I>paH
HH no Tpacce
napH>K - PyaH. 113 CTapTOBaBlllHX 60Jlee 100
aBToMOOHJIeH roHKY 3aBeplllHJI JIHlllb 21.
nepBblH roH01.lHblH aBToM06HJIb «Mepce-
Aec» 6
Cne
HaJIbHO CKOHCTPYHpoBaH B rep-
MaHHH B 1901 ro.ny. 06JIerqeHHblH ABYXMeCT-
HblH KY30B, nJIHHHblH U HH3KHH KanOT,
4-
HJIHH,l{poBblH, MOlll.HeHlllHH no TeM BpeMe-
HaM ABHraTeJIb B 35 JI. C., OObeMHCTbIH 6aK
AJISI TOnJIHBa, CKOpocTb no 87 KM/lJ - BOT ero
xapaKTepHCTHKa.
nepBblH roH01.lHblH aBToMOOHJIb B POCCHU
6bIJI nOCTpoeH B 1913 roAY H nOJlY1.lHJI
Ha3BaHHe «Pycco- EaJIT C24-60». llBHraTeJlb
MOWHOCTblO 60 JI. c. n03BOJIHJI AOCTH1.lb
peKoPAHoH CKOpocTH 129 KM/1.l, 1.lTO nOJIO>KHJIO
Ha1.laJIO <t>HKcHpoBaHHblM Ha
HOHaJIbHblM pe-
Kop.naM CKOpoCTH.
CaMble 6blCTpble rOHO'lHble
aBTOM06MnM
.
Ha HalJaJIO 30-x roAOB peKOp
CKOPOCTU,
paBHblH 240 KM/ lJ, npHHa.nJle>KaJI UTaJIbSlHCKO-
MY roH01.lHOMY aBTOM06HJlIO «Anb<t>a POMeo».
B 1934 ro.ny KOHCTPYKTOP <1>. nOpwe-CTaplllHu
B fepMaHHH C03.naJI MalllHHY «AYTO - YHHOH»,
KOTopaSi 6blJla cHa6>KeHa 12-
HJIHHnpoBbiM
ABHraTeJIeM MOWHOCTblO 485 JI. c. H pa3BHJIa
CKOpocTb AO 340 KM/lJ. 3TOT peKopA OKa3aJICSI
caMbiM AOJlroBe1.lHhlM B KJIacce roH01.lHblX
aBTOMalllHH U 6
nOOIiT JlHlllb B 1970 ro.ny,
KorAa Ha roHOlJHYIO Tpaccy BblWJIa HOBaSl
aHrJlUHCKaSi MOAeJIb «72-<I>op.n-KocBOPT». Ha
HeH 6b1J1 yCTaHOBJleH 8-
HJIHH!J.poBblH 3KOHO-
MHlJHhlH ABHraTeJlb C YJlYlJWeHHblMH 3KOJIOrH-
qeCKHMH xapaKTepHCTHKaMH, lJTO AaJIO B03-
MO>KHOCTb .nOCTHlJb CKOpoeTH 350 KM/1.l. Ho
TeMn pocra MaKCHMaJIbHOH CKOpocTH co Bpe-
MeHeM YMeHblllHJICSI. 3TO OObSlCHSleTCSI TeM,
1.lTO, no MHeHHIO Me>KJ1YHapo.nHoH aBToMOOHlIb-
HOH <t>eAepa
HH (<I>I1A) , 6elllcHoe <t>OpcHpoBa-
HHC BbiCOKHX cKopocTeH npHBOAHT K yxy.nwe-
HUIO APyrux TeXHHKO-3KOHOMH1.leCKHX nOKa3a-
TeJleH U HaHOCHT Bpe.n pa3BHTHIO aBTOM06HJIe-
CTpoeHHSI. TaK, lJpe3MepHaSi noroHSI 3a BblCO-
KUMH CKOpOCTSlMU YCKOpHJIa npo
ecc HenOJIHO-
ro cropaHHSI TOnJIUBa, a OTCIO.na 3arpSl3HeHHe
OKPY>KaIOWeH cpenhl. n03TOM)' B npaKTHKY
aBTOM06HJIbHblX COCTSl3aHHH 6
H BBe.o.eHbI
roHOlJHble <I>oPMYJlbI, CTHMYJlHpYIOWHe aBTO-
KOHCTPYKTOPOB Ha pa3pa60TKY 60JIee 3KOHO-
MHlJHblX, 3KOJIOrH1.leCKH 1.lHCTblX H 6e30nacHbix
MOAeJleH, a TaK>Ke AJISI YCTpaHeHHSI 6oJIbllloro
pa3pblBa B CKOpoCTSiX roH01.lHblX U OOb11.lHbIX
aBTOMOOHJIeu.
McnblTaHMe CKOpOCTblO
.
nepBbIH o<t>H
HaJIbHblU peKOpn CKOpOCTH
- 63 KM/ lJ - 6blJI 3a<t>HKcHpoBaH B _ KOH
e
npOlllJloro BeKa.
B 1899 ro.ny Cne
HaJIbHO nocTpoeHHblH
nYJIeBUAHblH 3JIeKTpoMOOHJlb BnepBble npeOAO-
JIeJl Py6e>K CKOpOCTH B 100 KM/1.l.
B 1910 roAY 3BTOM061-1J1CM «ECHLl» HCMCLl-
KOro np0l-13BOACTBa 3Ta CKOpOCTb 6
Jla YBCJlI-1-
4CH3 BJ1BOC.
r 1927 roAa. Korn3 KOHCTPYKLlI-1CI-1 «CaH-
6I-1M» 6hlJla nOAHSITa nJlaHKa pCKopnHoi-i CKO-
pOCTI-1 AO 326,5 KM/4, Ha MHOrl1C roJ1h1
npl10pl-1TCT GtMblX 6hICTPOXO.nHhlX 3aKpenl1J1CSI
3a MaWI-1HaMI-1 aHrJlI-1i-icKoro np0I-13B0J1CTBa. A B
Cnl-1CKC pCKOPJ1CMCHOB CTaJlH lJCpCAOBaTbcSI
JlI1111b I-1MCHa aHrJlHHCKHX nHJlOTOB - Cl1rpCH-
Ba, KCMn6cJlJla, AHcToHa, K066a. MaKCI-1MYM,
lJcro .n061-1J1HCb aHrJll-1lJaHC, - 3TO nOBbICI-1J1H
pCKOPA CKOpOCTI1 ):10 634 KM/ lJ. D,JlSI YCTaHOB-
JICHI-1 SI pCKOPAOB Y>Ke Tpc60BaJll-1Cb cnCLll1aJlb-
HhlC TpaCCbl Ha .nHC BblCOXWI1X COJlCHbiX 03Cp
1-1J11-1 H3 I-1J1CaJlhHO pOBHhlX MCCTHOCTSIX.
B 1964 rOAY CBOC BCCKOC CJlOBO CKa3aJll-1
aMCpl-1KaHCKI-1C KOHCTPYKTOPbl, nOCTpOI-1B ncp-
BblC Typ60pCaKTI-1BHbiC cyxonYTHhlC MaWI1HbI
nOA H33BaHI-1S1MI-1 «3CJlCHOe 4YAOBI-1111C» 1-1 «llyx
AMCPI-1KI-1». OHH 6blJll-1 OCHalliCHbl J1Bl-1raTCJlSlMI-1
«ll>KCH-79» MOlliHOCTblO 17 TbiC. JI. C. clmpMhI
«ll>KCHCpaJl 3J1CKTPI1K». Ha JTHX KOHCTPYKU,I1-
SIX aMCpl-1KaHCKI1C roHllll1KH Ap<t>oHC 1-1 EPC.nJlOB
B TC4CHHC .nBYx JlCT nOOlJCpCAHO YCTaHaBJlH-
BaJlI-1 pCKOPAhi CKOpOCTH OT 657 J10 966 KM/4,
nOKa HC nOJ1OWJlI-1 K Py6c>KY 1000 KM/4.
C orpOMHblM HCTCpnCHI-1CM O>KI1AaJlCSI 4C-
Thlpcx3Ha l mhiH pCKopn CKOpOCTI-1 cyxonYTHblX
M3WI-1H. 3TO C06blTI-1C np0l130WJlO B 1970 rOJ1Y,
KOrJ1a aMCpl-1KaHCLl r. ra6CJlI-14 Ha MaWI-1HC
«roJly60e nJlaMSI» C Typ60pCaKTI-1BHbiM ABl-1ra-
TCJ1CM «PI-13KWH-llai-iHaMHKc» MOWHOCTblO 53
TbIC. JI. C., pa60TalOUJ.cM Ha paKCTHOM TOnJlI-1BC,
pa3BI-1J1 CKOpOCTb 1001.5 KM/ lJ. nonblTKa npc-
B30i-iTI1 3TOT pCKOPA 6hlJla npCAnpl-1HSlTa B
CCHTSl6pc 1979 roAa, KOrJ1a MaWI-1Ha «rOHf»
CTpCMI-1TCJlbHO npOHCCJlaCh no Tpaccc co CKO-
pOCTblO 1024 KM/4. Ho 3TOT pCKOp
HC 6hlJl
oclJl1Lll-1aJlbHO 33 pCrI-1CTpl-1pOBaH. PCKOPACMCHOM
nO-npC>KHCMY C4HTaJlCSI r. ra6c.111-1 lJ.
TOJlhKO B OKTSl6pc 1983 ro.na aHrJlI1i-icKoMY
I-1H>KCHCPY P. H06J1Y YAaJlOCb C03naTh pcaK-
TI1BHhli-i llCTblpCXKOJlCCHhiH JKl1na>K «TpacT-2»
llJIItIHOi1 8,2 M 1-1 MaCCOH 3,9 T. KOTOphli-i
npOM l laJlCSI no Tpaccc, nOArOTOBJlCHHOH B
nYCTblHC DJl3K POK, liTO B aMCpl-1KaHCKOM
lllTaTC HCBaAa, CO CKOpOCTblO 1019,7 KM/4.
n pl-1 3TOM ABl-1raTCJlb pa3BI-18aJl TSiry B 7,7 T.
He.naJICK. BI1J1I-1MO, TOT ACHb, KorAa aBTOMO-
611J1b CMO>KL'T AOCTI-14b CBCPX3BYKOBOi-i CKOpOCTI-1.
CpCJ111 >KCHlll.HH MHpoBOH pCKOPll npI-1Hd.n-
J1C>KI-1T aMcpHKaHCKOH aBToroHlllH
e K.
O'HCHJI. YnpaBJlSleMblH CIO aBTOM06HJlb Ha
CnCLll-1aJlbHoi-i KOJICC. npoJlO>KCHHOH no nHV
BblCOXWCro COJlCHOro 03cpa B aMcpHKaHCKOM
WTaTC OPCroH. AOCTHr CKOpOCTI-1 701 KM/4.
CaMblM 6b1CTPOXOAHblM
COnHL\eM06Mnb
.
MaKCI-1MaJlbHaSi CKOpocTb MaWI-1H, pa60Ta-
IOWI-1X Ha COJlHC4HOH ::)Hcprl-1l-1. 6blJla .nOCTHr-
HYTa B 1987 roAY npl-1 I-1CnhITaHI-1S1X COJ1HLlC-
M061-1J1S1 KOHCTPYKU,HH «CaHpcHccp», pa3pa60-
TaHHOH KpynHcHwcH aBTOM061-1J1bHOH KOMna-
HUC" «.Ll)l(CHCpaJl MOTOpc», - 56,7 KM/4. 3TO
C06h1TI-1C np0I-130111JlO Ha nOJlHroHc B aMCpI-1KaH-
CKOH nycTblHc ApH30Ha, B OAHOM 113 caMblX
COJlHC4HblX MCCT nJlaHCTbI. npC>KHI-1H nOKa33-
TCJlb 6b1J1 paBCH 39,8 KM/4.
C --rT:tIJ.1..e.M...O
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pl1KaHCKOM WTaTC IOTa, CJlaBI1TCSI TCM, 4TO
TaM 6blJlO YCTaHOBJlCHO MaKCHMaJlbHOC KOJlI-1-
1.leCTBO peKOp
OB CKOpocTH Ha aBToMOOHJISIx.
HMeHHO Ha
He 3TOI'O Bhlcoxlllero COJIeHoro
03epa 6h1J1a npeB30if.qeHa l000-KHJIoMeTpoBaSi
OTMeTKa CKOpocTH nHJIOTOM r. ra6eJIH1.leM.
MHpoBhle peKop.nhl CKOpocTH
J1S1 aBTOM06HJIeii
C MHOro
HJIHH,l{poBhlMH H OAHO
HJIHH,l{poBhlMH
ABHraTeJISlMH paBHhI COOTBeTCTBeHHO 673,5 H
575,2 KM/1.l. OHM 6h1J1H 3a<l>HKCHpoBaHhI BO
BTOpoH nOJIOBHHe 60-x roAOB TaK>Ke Ha .nHe
3T01'O 03epa. 3Aecb
e YCTaHOBJleHhI peKOPAhI
CKOpocTH AJISI MOTO
UKJIOB H CHe>KHhlX MOTo-
HaPT. npeAeJI CKOpocTH AJISI nocne.nHHJ( OKa-
3aJICSI paBHhlM 227 KM/1.l.
CaMbiM AOnrOBe'lHblM
peKOPA CKOpOCTM
.
D,OJIbllle Bcex npo.nep>KaJICSI aBToMOOHJIb-
HhlH peKOp
CKOpocTH, YCTaHOBJleHHhlB B 1906
roAY BO BpeMSI cnOPTHBHhlX COCTSl3aHHH BO
<I>Jlop
e (CIlIA) C Y1.laCTHeM 50 pa3JIH1.lHhlX
Mo.ne.neB aBTOMalllHH. BhlHrpan roHKY aBTOMO-
6HJIb C napOBhlM ABHraTeJleM, npoweAlllHH
Tpaccy co CKOpocTblO 205 KM/1.l. TOJlbKO B 1985
ro.ny y.naJIOCb npeB30HTH 3TY CKOpocTb. KOH-
CTPYK
HSI P. Bap6epa, cHa6>KeHHaSi napoBhlM
ABHraTeJIeM «CTHMHH D,eMOH», npowna 3a1.leT-
HhlB Y1.laCTOK nYTH, npOJIO>KeHHhlH no AHY
03epa DOHHeBHJI, co CKOpocTblO 234 KM/1.l.
nn8B81OI1.\Me 8BTOM06MnM
.
nepBhlM aBToM06HJIeM, HaY1.lHBlllHMCSI n.na-
BaTb, C1.lHTalOT 06pa3e
, nOCTpoeHHhlH B 1907
ro.ny <t>paH
Y3cKHM H306peTaTeJleM PaBaHe. OH
6h1J1 BHeWHe nOXO>K Ha JIOAKY, OCHal.l.{eHHYIO
rpe6HblM BHHTOM,
BYMSI napaMH Y3KHX KOJIeC
U aBToM06HJIbHhlM ABHraTeJIeM MOWHOCTblO 25
JI. c. Ha cYllie pa3BHBaJI CKOpocTb AO 30, a
Ha DJIaBY AO 5 KM/1.l.
XOTSI, ecJIH npocneAHTb HCTOpHIO TeXHHKH,
TO nepBeH
eM cpeAH MexaHH3HpoBaHHhlX aM-
<t>H6HB MO>KHO Ha3BaTb KOHCTPYK
HIO aMepu-
KaHcKoro H306peTaTeJISi 3BaHca, nOCTpoHBwero
B 1803 roAY KOHCTPYK
HIO «OpYKTep AM<t>H-
6oJIHc» Ha napoBoH TSire. OR 6h1J1 c06paH Ha
OCHOBe 3eMJIe1.lepnaJIKH H npocnY)KHJI nOJITOpa
.neCSlTHJIeTHSI, nepe6HpaSiCb caMoxo.nOM OT OA-
HOH peKH K APyroH.
nepBaSi MOAeJIb aBToMOOHJISI-aM<t>H6HH
MaccoBoro npoH3BOACTBa HalJana BhlnYCKaTbCSI
B 1932 ro.ny KOMnaHHeH « TpHnneJIb BepKe»,
<X;HoBaHHoH HeMe
KHM KOHCTPYKTOPOM TpHn-
neJIeM. npuMepHo B Te >Ke roAhi nOSlBHJICSI
nepBhlH COBeTCKHH YHHBepcanbHhlH 6poHeaBTo-
MOOHJIb EAll, cnocOOHhlH ABHraTbCSI no CYllle,
Ha BOAe H no PeJIbcaM.
CaMaSi MOwHaSi H3 aM<t>H6HH MaWHHa
nOSlBHJIaCb B 3ana.nH9H repMaHHH B 1972 m.ny.
KOM4>opTa6eJIbHblH CaJIOH ee BMeWaJI 6 1.leJlO-
BeK. D.BHraTeJIb 06ecnelJHBaJI CKOpoeTb nepe-
.nBH>KeHHSI Ha aBTOMOOHJIbHhlx .noporax
o 120
KM/q, a Ha BOAe AO 15 KM/1.l. n03AHee
nOSlBHJIHCb aBToM06HJIH-aM<t>H6HH 60JIee MOW-
Hhle H 6h1CTpoxo.nHhle, HO Bce OHM 6h1J1H
BhlnOJIHeHhI' B eAHHCTBeHHOM 3K3eMDJISIpe Ha
OCHOBe cy
eCTBYIOI.l.{HX JIY1.lWHX MOAeJIeB aB-
TOM06HJIeH.
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BnepBble cepUHHhlH BhlnYCK rpY30BblX aB-
TOMalllHH 6h1J1 HaJIa>KeH MalllHHOCTpoHTeJIbHhlM
KOM6HHaTOM «TaTpa» B 4exuu B 1900 roAY.
nepBaSi MOAeJIb rpY30BHKa cnocOOHa 6h1J1a
nepeB03HTb rpY3 AO 2 T co CKOpocTblO .no 20
KM/ 1.l. MO
HOCTb ABHraTeJISi COCTaBJISlJIa 12 JI.C.
B POCCHH AO Ha1.laJIa nepBoH MHpoBOH
BOHHbI Ha YJlH
aX MHorHX ropo.nOB KYPCUPO-
BanH aBTOMaWHHhI C BhlCOKHMH .nepeBSlHHhlMH
6opTaMH, c06paHHhle Ha lllaCCH BhlnYCKaeMblX
Tor.na JIerKOBYllieK. OAHH H3 nepBhlX TaKHX
aBTOM06HJ1eH B MOCK Be 6h1J1 npHcnoc06J1eH .nJlSl
nepeB03Ku KHur U ra3eT. Jho6onhiTHo, 1.lTO
HHHU.HaTOpoM nepeo60PYAoBaHHSI aBTOM06HJISI
MapKH «<I>HA T» no.n rpY30BHK CTaJI H3BCCTHblH
PYCCKUH KHHroH3AaTeJIb H. ChlTHH.
CaMble 60nbWerPY3Hbie
aBTOM06MnM
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COpeBHOBaJII1Cb B npOH3BOACTBe
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MalllHH, n03TOMY TPYJ1HO BblSlBHTb H3 HI-1X
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nOJlYlJHJla HOBaSi MOAeJlb rPY30BOH Mallll1HbI
«MaMMYT» npOH3BOACTBa aMcpHKaHCKOH <t>l1p-
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co CBOI-1M «npa;1.e.nYWKOH» - nepBblM COBCTCKI-1M
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CSI B SlpOCJlaBJIC B CCpCJ1HHC 30-x roJ1OB,
cnoco6cH 6b1J1 ncpCB03HTb rpY3 MaCCOH 4 T.
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MHTepecHo OTMeTHTb, liTO B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT
TOHHa>Ka nepeB03HMoro rpY3a OT,a:eJIbHble OCH
no BOJIe BOAHTeJISi MOryT npHnOAHHMaTbCSI HM
3eMJIeH.
CaMbiM MOIL\HblM
aBTOnOrpY3'1MK
.
CaMblH MOII{HblH aBTonorpY3'1HK C BHJlO'l-
HblM 3aXBaTOM rpY30nOA'beMHOCTblO 80 T CKOH-
CTPYHpoBaJIH B CepeAHHe 80-x rol{OB WBeACKHe
KOHCTPYKTOPbl H3 <t>HpMbI «KaJIbMap 11MB».
MowHocTb ero 6-U.HJIHH.ApoBOro .o:H3eJIbHOro
ABHraTeJISi COCTaBJlSleT 532 JI.c., 'ITO n03BonSieT
eMY nepeABHraTbCSI C MaKCHMaJIbHO .nonYCTH-
MblM rpY30M co CKOpocTblO 24 KM/ 'I H
nOAHHMaTb ero Ha BblCOTY 3,3 M. ITorpY3'1HK
cHa6>KeH CHCTeMo:n .nHCTaHuHoHHOro ynpaBJIe-
HHSI.
nepBble nOA'laeMHble KpaHbI
.
ITepBble B MHpe nO.lJ:'beMHble KpaHhI pa60-
TaJIH Ha cHJle napa. 06pa3eu, MalllHHbI,
cnoc06HoH nOAHHMaTb TSI>KeJIbie rpY3b1 Ha
pa3JIH'IHYIO BblCOTY, 6hU1 pa3pa6oTaH B AHrJIHH
Y>Ke B 1830 rony. B KOHue 40-x ronoB
npoIllJIoro CTOJIeTHSI nOSlBHJlHCb nO.lJ:'beMHble
KpaHbI ru,npaBJIH1.leCKoro npHHlI.Hna Ae:ncTBHSI.
I1cnOJlb30BaTb 3JIeKTpH'IecKHe ABHraTeJIH
,a:JlSI TpaHcnOpTHpoBKH rpY30B OAHOBpeMeHHO
I!pe,a:JlO>KHJlH HH>KeHepbl CiliA H fepMaHHH B
Ha'laJIe 80-x ro,a:OB npoWJIoro BeKa. A C 1895
ro.o:a B MHpoBYIO npaKTHKY npo'lHO BOIDJIH
pa3JIH'IHble KOHCTPYKlI.HH nO.lJ:'beMHblX KpaHOB C
ABHraTeJISlMH BHYTpeHHero cropaHHSI.
B POCCHH BblnYCK nepBblX nO.lJ:'beMHblX
KpaHOB 6bIJI HaJIa>KeH B KOHu,e XIX CTOJIeTHSI
cpa3Y Ha HeCKOJIbKHX 3aBOAax - KpaMaTop-
CKOM, nYTHJlOBCKOM, BpSlHCKOM.
CaMbie 60nltWMe KpaHbI
.
KpynHeHwHe B MHpe KpaHbI Ha aBTOMO-
6HJ1bHOM maCCH BblnYCKalOTCSI B O.o:eccKoM
npoH3BOACTBeHHOM 06'beAHHeHHH HMeHH .sIH-
BapcKoro BOCCTaHHSI. ABTO'KpaH cnoc06eH nOA-
HHMaTb rpY3b1 BecOM AO 1 ()() T Ha BblCOTY AO
47,7 M. 1.ITOOb1 BhIJ{ep>KaTb TaKYIO orpoMHYIO
HarpY3KY, MalllHHa pa3MelU.eHa Ha lllaCCH C
ceMblO OCSlMH.
CpeAH aBTOKpaHoB 6b1CTpee Bcex B MHpe
nepeMeII{aeT rpY3b1 ru,npaBJlH'IeCKHH KpaH
SlnoHcKoH <t>HpMbI «KaTO». OH cnoc06eH nOA-
HHMaTb rpY3 BecOM AO 30 T co CKOpocTbIO OT
28 .0:0 74 M/MHH. 06II{aSi ,a:JlHHa TeJIecKonHlle-
CKOH lIeTblpexceKu,HoHHOH CTpeJIbI «KaTO» co-
CTaBJISIeT 30 M.
ABToKpaHbI C caMhlMH ,a:JlHHHblMH CTpeJIaMH
npoH3Bo,a:HT aMepHKaHCKaSi <t>HpMa «rpoBe»,
OHH pa3ABHralOTCSI AO 53,3 M.
Ha caMYIO 6oJIblllYlO BblCOTY cnoc06HhI
nonHSlTb rpY3 aBTOKpaHbI, npoH3BonHMble 3a-
nanHorepMaHcKoH <t>HpMO:n «P03eHKpaHu». rpy-
3b1 BeCOM no 30 T 3TH KpaHbI. c06paHHble Ha
aBTOMOOHJ1bHoM waCCH, -nonHHMalOT Ha BblCOTY
160 M.
Jle:nnUHrcKHH 3aBon TSI>KeJIOro MaIllBHQ-
CTpoeHHSI BblnycKaeT mraHTCKHe BpaII{aIOIU.He-
CSI KpaHbI rpY30nO.lJ:'beMHOCTblO 250 T. Mx
MO>KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb npH CTpoHTeJIbCTBe MOC-
TOB, BblnOJIHeHHH oc06b1x npoMblWJIeHHblX npo-
eKTHblX 3a,naHHH, pacIIHCTKe 60JIbwHX TeppH-
TOPH".
CpenH ryceHH1.lHblX KpaHOB caMOH 6oJIb-
won rpY30nO.lJ:'beMHOCTblO 06.nMaIOT MalllHHbI,
BbmYCKaeMble repMaHCKOH <t>HpMOH «rOTT-
BaJlbA». 3TH KpaHbI Cnoco6HbI nOAHHMaTb rpY3b1
BeCOM ,nO 500 T.
113 nOpTaJlbHblX KpaHOB (Ha3b1BaIOTCSI TaK
nOTOMY, '1TO HX CTpeJIhi H nOBOpOTHble nnaT-
<t>oPMbI paCnOJIaralOTCSI Ha BblCOKHX nOpTanaX.
nepelIBHralOJ..QHXCSI no PeJIbCaM) BbllIeJISleTCSI
aMepHKaHCKHH 06pa3eu. c06paHHblH Ha nnOTH-
He MOlll.HeHllleH
po3JIeKTpoCTaHu.HH «rpaH,n-
KYJIH» Ha peKe TeHHeCCH. '3TOT KpaH HMeeT
He TOJIbKO peKopAHYIO rpY30nOJtbeMHOCTb, paB-
HYIO 2300 T, HO H 06JIa,naeT BblCOKOH CTeneHblO
TO'lHOCTH MaHHnYJIHpoBaHHSI nOJIO>KeHHeM nOA-
HSiTOro rpY3a, MeHbllle 1 CM.
1-13 nnaBY1.lHX KpaHOB JIY1.l111HMH C1.lHTaIOTCSI
TpCXTblCSl1.leTOHHHKH lllBeHu.aPCKoro «EanbAepa»
H SlnoHcKoro «MHcaxH».
Cpe,nlt KpaHOB, pa6oTalOJ..QHx Ha cy,nOBep-
<t>SlX MHpa, caMblM 60JIbwHM C1.lHTaeTCSI MOAeJIb
WBe,nCKoro npOH3Bo,nCTBa, KOTopaSi MO>KeT nOA-
HHMaTb rpY3b1 BeCOM AO 1500 T Ha BblCOTy AO
105 M. npoJIeT Me
y nYTSlMH 3TOro mraHT-
CKOro KpaHa COCTaBJISIeT 174 M.
CaMbiM 60nltWOM KplOK
.
CaMblH 6oJIblllOH KplOK 6b1J1 H3roTOBJleH B
cepe,nHHe 70-x roAOB AJISI KpaHa rpY30nOlI'beM-
HOCTblO 650 T, YCTaHOBJIeHHoro B MOpcKOM
nopTy raM6ypra. KplOK 3aKpennSleTCSI Ha Tpoce
KpaHa c nOMOJ..QblO raHKH-mraHTa MaCCOH 1130
Kr. Macca caMoro KplOKa - 8,6 T, a AJlHHa-
336 CM
CaMbiM MaHeBpeHHblM KpaH
.
B 1986 roAY B D.pe3AeHe Ha1.laJlH Bbmy-
CKaTb cBepxnencHe rHApaBJlH1.lecKHe KpaHbl,
c06paHHble Ha aBTOMOOHJ1bHoM lllaCCH «BapaH-
150h). npeHMYJ..QecTBo 3TOro caMOro ManeHb-
KOro aBTOKpaHa nepe,n CBOHMH CTaplllHMH
c06paTbSlMH COCTOHT npe
e Bcero B TOM, 'ITO
OH cBo6oAHO MO>KeT pa60TaTb B CKJIaACKHX
nOMeII{eHHSlX H C He60JIblllHMH rpY3aMH. Co-
rJIaCHO paC1.leTaM cneu.HaJlHCTOB. 3TOT KpaH
MO>KeT ,no 25% COKpaTHTb npocToH B norpy-
30'lHo-pa3rpy30'lHblx pa60Tax.
nepBble TpaKTOpbl
.
B XIX BeKe B03poclllHe nOTpe6HocTH
CeJIbCKOX03S1HCTBeHHoro npoH3BOACTBa nOCTaBH-
JIH nepeA H306peTaTeJISlMH Bonpoc 0 C03AaHHH
MalllHH, KOTOpble MOrJIH 6b1 OOecne1.lHTb Mexa-
HH3au.HIO OCHOBHblX 3eMJIeAeJIb1.leCKHX pa60T.
nepBble CeJIbCKOX03S1HcTBeHHble MalllHHbI noSl-
BHJlHCb B AHrJlHH. n03>Ke MalllHHHaSi TeXHHKa
nOJIY'IHJIa pacnpocrpaHeHHe B aMepHKaHCKHX
mTaTax.
MAeSi C03AaHHSI caMOABH>KYlll.HXCSI MexaHH-
lJeCKHX nOB030K C napoBblMH MalllHHaMH ,nJ1S1
3<t><PeKTHBHoH 06pa60TKH 3eMJlH - npoo6pa3
TpaKTopa - npHHalJ)le>KHT BeJlHKOMY aHrJlHlJa-
HHHY D.>K. YaTTy. nepBblH ryceHH1.lHblH TpaK-
TOp Ha napoBOH TSire CKOHCTpYHpoBaJl PYCCKHH
H300peTaTeJlb <I> .A. 6J1HHOB B 1888 rollY.
KOHCTPYKlI.HIO nepBoro TpaKTOpa C ABHraTeJlCM
BHYTpeHHero cropaHHSI npeAJIO>KHJlH B 1896
roAY aMepHKaHCKHe KOHCTPYKTOPbl Xa pTy H
TIappy. 1.Iepe3 nSlTb JIeT OHa HalliJIa CBOC
npaKTHlJecKoe BonnOJ..QeHHe. 1.IeJlOBe1.leCTBO no-
JIYlJHJIO nepBble KOJIecHble TpaKTopbl «XapT-
napp».
CepHUHOC npoH3BOACTBO ryceHH1.lHblX
TpaKTopoB nepBOH HanaAHJla aMepHKaHCKaSl
ctJHpMa «XOJIT» B 1912 roAY.
5ynbAo3ep-rMraHT
.
CpeAH MOJ..QHblX 3eMJIepoHHblx MalllHH Bbl-
AeJISleTCSI 6YJIb,n03ep, BblnycKaeMblH SlnOHCKOH
<t>HpMOH «KaMa
y». KOHCTPYKTOPbl ycnelliHo
CnpaBHJlHCb C nOCTaBJleHHOH 3aAa1.leH - co-
3J1aTb MalllHHY J1J1S1 3<1>Q>eKTHBHoH pa60TbI B
6oJIOTHCTOH MeCTHOCTH, AOCTHrHYB peKoPAHoro
nOKa3aTeJISi - npH Bece 6YJIbA03epa 16,2 T ero
HarpY301.lHOe AaBJIeHHe Ha n01.lBY COCTaBJISICT
Bcero 0,23 Kr/cM 2 .
CaMblM 60nbWOM
ryceHM&lHblM TpaKTOp
.
CaMOH 60J1blllOH H CaMOH MOll1HOH H3
CCpHHHO BblnYCKaCMblX ryCCHI-11.JHbIX TpaKTOpOR
SlBJlSICTCSI MOJJ.CJ1b D.-I 0 npOH3B0J1CTBa aMCpH-
KaHCKOif <t>HPMbl «KaTCpnHJ1J1Cp». TpaKTOp
cHa6>KCH 20-
HJ1HHJ1PORbIM .nH3eJ1bHbIM JJ.RHra-
TeJ1CM M0ll1HOCTbIO 700 J1.C. " ReCHT 90 T.
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Ha4aBlllcrocSI J1J1S1 CTpOHTCJlbCTBa >KCJ1C3HbIX
Aopor, npeJ1Jl0>KHJ1 aMcpHKaHcKHi1 HH>KCHCp B.
OTHC B 1836 roAY. l)cpc3 nBa roJJ,a OH >KC
CYMCJ1 pCaJ1H30RaTh CBOH npoeKT. OepRblif
JKCKaRaTOp 6hlJ1 c06paH H3 AcpCBa. TOJlbKO B
npHH
HnHdJ1hHblX Y3J1aX KOHCTPYKTOP HCnOJ1h-
30BaJI MCTaJIJ1H1.JCCKHC LtCTaJ1H. OapoBoi1 LtRH-
raTCJ1b pa3RHRaJ1 M0ll1HOCTh 17 J1.C., O(ThCM
KORwa COCTaRJ1S1JJ 4YTb 60JlcC 1 M 3 . 06ll1H"
Bec 3KcKaBaTopa AOCTHraJI 15 T.
CaMble 60nbWMe
3KCKaBaTopbl
.
Ha OAHOM H3 KpynHci1wl-1x np0I-13R0J1CT-
RCHHhlX npcJ1npl-1S1Tl-1if Pocnm. roJ10RHOM 3aRO-
ltC no «YpaJlMaw» B EKaTcpl-1H6yprc, np0l-13-
BOASlTCSI HCnOJ1I-1HCKHC lllaralOll11-1C 3KCKaRaTopbl
MapKH 3W-IOO/125. YKa3aHHblc LlH<t>Phl 03-
HalJatOT, lJTO 3KCKaRaTOp :noro 06pa3Lla C
JJ,J1HHOif CTpCJ1hl 125 M MO>KCT 3alJefnHYTb 3a
pa3 rHraHTCKHM KOBlllOM .no 100M rpYHTa.
B MarJ1c6ypre HaJla>KCHO npoH3RoACTRO
caMblX npoH3BOAHTCJ1bHbIX B MHpC 3KCKaBaTO-
pOB ES 3150, npCJ1Ha3Ha4CHHbIX LlJJSI pa60Tbi
B OTKpblThiX yroJ1bHhlX Kapbcpax. Bec 3TOif
MaXHHhl - 4300 T. 4TO YCTynacT OTJ1CJJhHhlM
06pa3LlaM 3KCKaRaTopOB-CY nCpTSI>Kc.nORCCOR.
BhlnVCKaCMhlX R Ml-1pC. Ho 3aTO 3TOT .JKCKaBa-
TOp. cnoc06CH 06pa60TaTh 7800 M 3 rpYHTa R
lJac, HaChmaSi 3a 3TO RpCMSI U,CJ1YIO ropy
BblCOTOH 45 M. Jh060n blTHO , lJTO MalllHHa
nCpCMC1I1aCTCSI cpa3y no 4CTblpCM >KCJ1C3HOJJ.0-
pO>KHbIM KOJJCSlM C nOM0ll1blO 256 KOJ1CC.
CaMblM 60nbWOM TRra&l
.
B 1983 roAY no 3aKa3Y OLtHoif SlnOHCKoif
CTp0l-1TCJ1hHOif KOMnaHl-11-1 Ha np0I-13RO!tCTBCHHbIX
nJ10ll1anSiX I-1TaJ1bSlHCKOif <1mpMhl «KOMCTTO»
6blJ1 C03naH M0ll1Hblif TSlralJ, cHa6>KCHHbli1 576
KOJ1CCaMI-1. J.1MCHHO CTOJ1hKO KOJ1CC BMClllaCTCSI
no nJlHHC TSlra4a, paBHoif 12 M. 1l1I-1pl-1Ha
TaK>KC BnC4aTJ1S1tOlllaSi - 10M. C03naHHC TSI-
ralJa 06YCJ10RJlCHO TpaHcnopTHpOBKOif KpynHblx
CTpOHTCJ1bHhlX KOHCTPYKLlHif. CKOPOCTb J1RH>KC-
HI-1S1 TaKoro MOHCTpa CABa J10XOAHT AO 5 KM/4.
CaMoe TR>KenOBeCHoe
nepeMel1.\eHMe CBOMM XOAOM
.
KOfAa R HCAaRHCM npOlllJ10M R03HHKJla
Hc06x0J1I-1MOCTb ncpc6poCKI-1 onHOro rHraHTcKoro
3KCKaBaTopa BCCOM 4500 T C OAHOro yroJ1bHOro
Kapbepa Ha npyroH, cneu,HaJlHCTbI U3 BOCT01.l-
HOH repMaHHH pelllHJIH AOBCCTH cro AO MeCTa
CBOHM XOAOM, He AeMOHTHpySI Ha COCTaBHblC
4aCTH. C 3TOH U.eJIblO BCC npHpOlJ.Hble npenSlT-
CTBHSI) KOTopble 6blJIH Ha nYTH npoTSI>KeHHO-
CTblO 37 KM, 6ynb TO aBTonoporH, )KeJIC3HOnO-
po>KHblC nOJIOTHa. pe1.lYWKH. OBparH, BbiCOKO-
BOJIbTHbiC JIHHHH H T.n., ncpCKpblBaJIHCb H
y6HpaJIHCb C nYTH. CaMoH CJIO>KHOH nperpaAoH
6b1JIa peKa Illnpce, KOTOpylO npHlllJIOCb cnpSl-
TaTb lJaCTHlJHO B 3J10poBCHHblC TPy6b1 H
OOcblnaTb AaM60H lllHpHHOH 80 M. nepCJ1BH-
raJICSI KOJIOCC no lllnaJIaM lllHpHHOH 55 M co
CKOpocTblO 500 M B CYTKH nOCpCJ1CTBOM
co6cTBeHHoro 3J1CKTponBHraTeJlSl MOWHOCTblO
500 KBT.
PeKOPAHble nepeMeL1.\eHMR
rpY30B
.
CaMOH npoTSI>KCHHOH TpaccoH. no KOTOpoH
nepCB03HJIH TSI>KeJlblH Hcra6apHTHblH rpY3,
BCCOM 150 T, 6bIJI MaplllPYT OT CeMHnaJlaTHH-
CKa B Ka3axcTaHc J10 03cpa I1ccblK-KYJlb
AJIHHOH OKOJlO 2 TblC. KM. Ha paCCTOSlHHC 1600
KM nCpeBC3JIH YCTaHOBKY lJ.JlSI HC<t>TCO\lI-1CTHOro
KOMnnCKca BeCOM 2620 T 4CTblpC TpCHJIepa
MapKH «HHKOJIac» C OOwHM KOJlH4CCTBOM
KOJIeC, paBHblM 768.
CaMblH TSI>KeJlbIH rpY3 BeCOM 3800 T 6b1Jl
ncpeBe3eH B 1984 roAY B roJIJIaHACKHH roPOAOK
JISlH.r13cHxarc AJISI MCCTHOH He<PrSlHOH KOMnaHHH.
CaMblH 60JIblllOH Hcra6apHTHblH rPY3-
TeXHOJIOrH4ccKYIO YCTaHoBKY. no npOH3BOACTBY
ncpeKHCH B0J10pOAa - lJ.OCTaBHJIa K MCCTY Ha-
3HalJCHHSI B AHrJlHIO roJIJIaHACKaSi TpaHcnopT-
HO-MOHTa>KHaSi (tJHpMa «MaMOHT». Pa3Mcpbl
rpY3a eOCTaBJlSIJIH 11 x 22 M, BblCOTa - 9,5 M,
Bee - 600 T.
PC3cpByap BblCOKOro J1aBJleHHSI, npCAHa3-
HalJeHHblH AJISI YCTaHOBKH Ha X"MHlJCCKOM
KOM6HHaTe B ropoAe EpaTHCJIaBa, OKa3aJICSI
OAHHM H3 KPynHcHlllHx nepCB03HMblX rpY30B
HJlHHAPH4CCKOH <t>OPMbI. D.JlHHa rpY3a - 13,5
M, AHaMeTp - 5,2 M, 06WHH BCC - 590 T.
nepc6pocKa rpY3a Ha paCCTOSiHUC 343 KM 6b1JIa
CDCJIaHa JlCTOM 1989 roAa 3a ACBSlTb AHCH.
nO>KapHble MaWMHbl
.
nepBaSi KOHCTPYKLlHSI nO>KapHoro Hacoca
6b1Jla C03AaHa B CepeJ1HHe XVI BeKa B
nopTyraJIHH. HeH3McHHblH aTpH6YT nO>KapHoro
nCJla - rH6KHH lllJIaHr K Hacocy, 6b1Jl BncpBble
npHMCHeH B 1690 roL{Y.
nepBaSi napoBaSi nO>KapHaSi MalllHHa 6bVIa
CKOHCTPYHpoBaHa B 1859 roAY. OHa 6bVIa
orpoMHblX pa3MepoB H cHa6>KeHa napoBblM
KOTJIOM, n03TOMY nOJIY1.lHJIa Ha3BaHHe «napo-
BOH CJIOH». C 1890 roAa CTaJIH H3BeCTHbI
neAaJIbHble nO>KapHble MCXaHH1.leCKHe YCTpoH-
CTBa. C H300peTeHHeM ABHraTCJlSI BHYTpeHHero
cropaHHSI H ero nOBceMeCTHbiM HCnOJIb30BaHHeM
B HalJaJIe Halliero CTOJIeTHSI 6b1JlH nOCTpoeHbl
nO>KapHble MalllHHbl npHBbl1.lHOH KOHCTPYKUHH.
D.JlSI 3<l><PeKTHBHoH 60pb6h1 C orHCM Ba>KHO
TO. HaCKOJlbKO 6b1CTpo OTpearnpylOT nO>KapHblC
Ha CHrHaJI TpCBorn. B 3TOM OTHOllleHHH
JIYlJllleH cpeAH COBpCMeHHblX nO>KapHhlX MalllHH
SlBJlSlCTCSI MOJ1eJIb «Slryap XD.>K 12». Ha c60Pbl
3TOH MalllHHe HeOOxol1HMo Bcem HeCKOJIbKO
CCKYHA. a pa3BHBaeT OHa MaKCHMaJIbHYIO
CKOpoeTb cpelJ.H ce6e no.n06HblX - 210 KM/ lJ.
CaMoH 6oJlblllOH nO>KapHOH MalllHHOH cne-
u,HaJlHCTbI Ha3blBalOT MOJ1CJIb «0 III KOlll». Ha
BOCbMH KOJleCaX C .nBYMSI rH6KHMH WJlaHraMH
OHa BCCHT 60 T, a MOWHOCTb ee ABHraTeJl
COCTaBJlSlCT OKOJlO 860 JI.C. 3TO n03BOJlSlCT
Bbl6pacblBaTb Ha OrHeBbiC Py6e>KH AO 76 TbIC. JI
nCHbi B cCKYHny.
nepBble MOTO
MKnbl
.
MOTOUHKJIY ccronHSI 60JIce CTa neT. rOnOM
cro pO>KllCHHSI npH3HaH 1885-H, KOrJ1a HCMeu,-
KHH HH>KCHCp " npCJ1npHHHMaTeJIb r. D.aHMJICp
C03J1aJI MaWHHY AJISI BCpXOBOH C3J1h1. Ha3BaHHC
MOTOLlHKJI BncpBblC npHMCHHJIH lJ.JlSI CBOCH
KOHCTPYKLlHH HCMCLlKHC H306pcTaTcJIH 6paTbSl
XHJlbnc6paHnbl U A. BOJIb<t>MIOJIJIep. KOHCTPYK-
LlHSI ncpBoro MOTOLlHKJla npCDCTaBJISIJIa Co60"
BCJlOCHnCJ1 C .nepCBSlHHOH paMOH H peMCHHOH
nepClJ.alJeH. Ha KOTOpoM 6b1JI 3aKpenJIeH CBepx-
JlerKHH DBHraTCJ1b C onHHM lI.HJIHHlJ.pOM pa60-
lJHM OObeMOM B 264 CM 3 H MOlll.HOCTblO B 0,5
JI.C. CKOpocTb MOTOll.HKJIa, BccHBwero 50 Kr.
HC npeBbllllaJIa 12 KM/1.l.
npHOpHTCT r. llaHMJlepa B H306pcTcHHH
MOTOUHKJIa He ocnapHBaeTCSI. Ho Ka>K.naSi
CTpaHa X01.lCTb HMeTb cBoero C03naTeJISi ncpBoro
MOTOUHKJIa. HanpHMep, B AHrJlHH nepBbIM
MOTOll.HKJIOM C1.lHTaeTCSI MOTOUHKJI. KOHCTPYK-
LlHH 3. DaTJIepa. C03naHHblH B [887 ro.ny.
<1>paHlI.Y3b1 naJIbMY nepBeHCTBa OT.naIOT CBOCMY
COOTe1.leCTBeHHHKY <1>. MUJlJlc. a HTaJIbSlHLlbi
y6C>KJ1CHbl, lJTO nepBhlH - 3TO MOTOLlHKJI KOH-
CTPYKU,HH 3. EepHap.nH, KOTOpblH nOSlBHJICSI B
HX CTpaHC B 1893 roAY.
BnepBble cepHHHoe npoH3Bo.nCTBO MOTO-
l(HKJIOB HaJIaJ1HJla <t>paH
Y3cKaSi <t>HpMa «ll.e-
D.HOH-DYTOH» B 1897 roAY, pa3pa60TaB KOHCT-
PYKl(HIO TpeXKOJIeCHoro, JlerKoro H 6b1CTpoXO.n-
HOro (JJ,0 50 KM/q) MOTOpHOro TpHl(H, KJla
6b1CTpo 3aBOCBaBlllYIO nonYJISIpHOCTb. npoH3-
BOACTBO «JJ,BYXKOJICCHbiX MOTOl(HKJIOB n01.lTH
OAHOBpeMeHHO HaJIaAHJlH B caMOM KOHl(e
npolllJIoro CTOJIeTHSI TPH <t>HpMbl: aHrJlHHCKaSi
«HOPTOH», <t>paHlI.Y3cKaSi «ne>KO-CHTpoeH» H
HTaJIbSlHCKaSi «CTopepo».
B COBeTcKoM COlO3e BncpBhlC 6bIJlO HaJIa-
>KeHO CcpHHHoe npoH3BOACTBO MOTOLlHKJlOB Ha
JleHHHrpaACKOM 3aB0J1e «npoMeT» B 1930 rony.
D,ByxKOJIeCHaSi MalllHHa C ABYXTaKTHbiM J1BH-
raTCJleM MOlll.HOCTblO 6,5 JI.C. pa3BHBaJIa CKo-
poeTh AO 75 KM/1.l, 3anac ee XOAa COCTaBJlSlJl
265 KM.
CepuHHoe npoH3BOACTBO nepBoro B Mupe
AH3eJlbHoro MOTOl(HKJIa HaJIa>KeHO JlHlllb B 1989
roAY <t>paHl(Y3cKOH <t>HPMOH «EoKKapJJ,o». Mo-
.neJlb OTJIH1.laeTCSI oco60H 3KOHOMH1.lHOCTblO pa-
60TbI JJ,BHraTeJlSl, pa3BHBalOwero MOWHOCTb 75
JI.C. (42 KBT). Ha 100 KM np06era pacxoAyeTcSI
2,7 JI J1H3eJlbHoro TOnJIHBa, T.e. OJ1HOH nOJIHOH
3anpaBKH XBaTaeT Ha TO, lJT06b1 nOKpblTb
paCCTOSlHHe B TblCSllJY KHJIOMCTpoB co CKOpO-
CTblO J10 [75 KM/1.l.
nepBblH MoneA - 06JIerlJeHHblH BapHaHT
MOTOl(HKJIa co BcnOMOraTeJIbHblM nCJ1aJIbHbIM
npHBOAOM - nOSlBHJlCSI BO <1>paHLlHH B 1897
roAY. KOHCTPYK
HSI, pa3pa60TaHHaSi BblXOAl(a-
MH H3 POCCHH 6paTbSlMH BcpHepaMH, 6b1Jla
OCHaWeHa cBepxnerKHM ABHraTCJleM BHYTpeH-
Hero cropaHHSI. B CHapSl>KeHHOM COCTOSlHHH
nepBblH MoneA HMeJI Maccy B 40 Kr H pa3BHBaJl
CKOpOCTb AO 20 KM/ lJ.
nCpBblH MOTopoJIJIep - pa3HOBH.nHOCTb
MOTOLlHKJIeTa C .nonOJIHHTeJIbHOH nJIaT
pMOH
J1JISI Hor Bon HTeJI SI H KOJICCaMH MeHblllcro
1lI,taMeTpa - CKOHCTpYHpOBaJI roJIJIaHnCKH"
H3OOpeTaTcJ1b MaHep B 1903 rony.
CaMble 6WCTPOXOAHbie
MOTO
MKnbl
.
CaMYIO BhlCOKYIO CKOpOCTb pa3BWI aMcpH-
KaHCKH" roHOlJHblH MOTOUHKJI (JIaHTHHHr-
EeJIJI». OH 6b1J1 C03J1aH B enHHCTBeHHOM
3K3eMnJISIpe KOHCTPYKTOpoM ll.. BecKo cnCLlH-
aJIbHO .nJlSl YCTaHOBJleHHSI peKop.nHoH CKOpoCTH.
BHclllHe MOTOl(HKJI HMeeT cHrap006pa3HYIO
<t>oPMY nJlHHOH 6.3 M. BbiCOTOH 0.8 M. Macca
- 422.6 Kr. B 3aAHcH cro 4aCTH YCTaHOBJ1CHbI
J1Ba lJCTblpCXTaKTHblX nBHraTeJlSl «SlMaxa» MOlll.-
HOCTblO no 150 J1.C. Ka>KAblH. B KOH
e 1978
roJ1a Ha CnCl(HaJIbHOH Tpaccc npoTSI>KCHHOCTblO
1 KM (JIaihHHHr-EcJlJI» pa3BR1l CKOpocTb
512,94 KM/lJ.
npH npOBCJ1eHHH KOJIb
eBbiX roHOK C
pa3J1HlJHblMH npcrpaAaMH pClllalOlll.eC 3Ha1.leHHC
HMeCT He MaKCHMaJIbHaSi CKOpocTb. a coxpa-
HeHHe Ha Jlt06b1X YlJaCTKaX TpaCCbl BblCOKOH
cpenHCH CKOpocTH, qTO onpCAeJlSlCTCSI He TOJIb-
KO HaAC>KHOCTbtO H 6blCTpoXOAHOCTbIO MOTo-
l(HKJla, HO H cOBoKynHocTblO APyrHx 3Kcnny-
aTal(HOHHblX nOKa3aTeJICH. C 3TOH T04KH
3peHHSI caMOH 6b1CTpoX0J1HOH B MHpe npH3Ha-
eTCSI MOAeJlb roH0'4:HOro MOTOl(UKJIa 3anaJ1Ho-
repMaHCKOH MapKH «KpaHAJ1ep» B KJlaccc
MalllHH 50 CM 3 . CBepxnerKHH MOTOl(HKJI MaCCOH
56 Kr H AJlHHO" 1,22 M cnocOOcH Ha roHOlJHOH
Tpacce pa3BHBaTb CKOpoCTb .no 200-210 KM/1.l.
CPCAH MOTOLlHKJ10B cepHHHoro npoH3B0J1-
CTBa HaH60JlblllYIO CKOpocTb 240 KM/lJ MO>KeT
pa3BHTb SlnOHCKaSi MOAeJIb «CYJ13YKH-X750». K
TOM)! >Ke 3TOT lllocceHHblH MOTOl(HKJI pa3roHSI-
CTCSI J10 CKOpoeTH 100 KM/lJ 3a caMOC KopOTKoe
cpeAH Bcex JJ,PyrHx cyxonYTHblX MalllHH BpCMSI
- BCCro 3a 3,6 c. TeM BpCMCHeM nocTynHJIH
CBeAeHHSI, qTO MOTOl(HKJI APyroH SlnOHCKOH
<t>HpMbI «XoHna 65 MarHa» Ha onbiTHOM
YlJaCTKC pa3BHJI MaKCHMaJlbHYIO CKOpoCTb, paB-
HYIO 278 KM/lJ.
O&
ECTBEHHbIM TPAHCnOPT
TpaMBaM
.
nepBblH TpaMBaH 6b1J1 CKOHCTPYHpOBaH B
1884 mAY B repMaHHH. OH nepetJ.BHraJlCSI co
CKOpocTblO 10-12 KM/ lJ.
nepBblH TpaMBaHHblH nYTb B POCCHHCKOH
HMnepHH 6b1JI npOJlO>KeH B MocKBe B 1899
roJ1Y 6JIaroAapSi aKTHBHOH lJ.eSlTeJlbHOCTH Pyc-
CKOro TeXHHlJeCKoro OOlll.ecTBa.
CaMaSi pa3BeTBJleHHaSi B CTpaHax CHr
ceTb TpaMBaHHblx nYTeH npoJlO>KeHa B CaHKT-
neTep6ypre. 3Aecb HMceTCSI 53 TpaMBaHHblx
MaplllpYTa, Ha KOTOpblX <t>YHK
HOHHpyIOT OKO-
JIO 2,5 TbiC. BaroHOB. B MocKBe Bcero Ha ABa
TpaMBaHHblX MaplllpYTa MeHbllle.
CaMa
KPYTaSi TpaMBaHHaSi JlHHHSI B MHpe
YCTaHOBJ1eHa B aBCTpHHCKOM rop0;:te JIHHu,e.
.D.JlHHa ee Bcero 3 KM, 3aTO BblCOTa nOA'beMa
Ha 3TOM YlJaCTKC COCTaBJ1S1eT 254 M.
TponneM6YCbl
.
nepBa
Tp0J1JIeH6ycHaSi JlHHH
6bIJla npo-
J10>KeHa B npHropone EepJIHHa B 1882 rony
HCMeLlKoH <t>HpMOH «CHMeHc». Ha nopore XX
CTOJICTUSI 3TOT BHA TpaHcnopTa 3aBOeBaJI BO
MHorHX CTpaHax 60J1blllYIO nonYJ1S1pHOCTb. B
EBpone K 1914 roJ1Y 6b1J1o Y>Ke B 3KcnJlyaTaLlHH
30 TpoJlJIeH6ycHbiX MaplllpYTOB 06lll.eH npOTSI-
>KeHHOCTblO 200 KM.
B 6b1BllleM CCCP nepBblH TpOJlJIeH6yc CTaJl
KypcHpoBaTb 7 HOSl6pSl 1933 roJ1a no MOCKBe.
MaplllPYT npoJ1eraJI OT EenoPyccKoro BOK3aJla
no JIeHHHrpaJ1CKoMY npocneKTY H BOJIOKOJlaM-
CKOMY lllocce H HMeJl npOTSI>KCHHOCTb 7,5 KM.
nepBblH OTelJeCTBeHHblH Tp0J1J1CH6yc MapKH
JIK-I 6b1J1 c06paH H3 ncpeBSlHHblX lll.HTOB,
06111HTbIX CTaJ1bHblMH JlHCTaMH. B cro canOHe
6b1JIo npeJ1YCMOTpeHO 37 CHnSl4HX MeCT H 2
.nBepHbiX npoCMa. OTKpbIBalOlll.HXCSI BPYlJHYIO.
TpoJlJleH6yc pa3BHBaJl CKOpocTb no 55 KM/4.
K 60JIblllOMY CO>KaJIeHHIO, J10 HalllHX lJ.HeH HC
coxpaHHlIOCb HH OAHOro 3K3eMnJISipa poAOHa-
lJaJIbHHKa OTelJeCTBeHHoro TpoJlJleH6yca. Y>Ke
nOTOM Ha YJlH
aX MOCKBbI nOSlBHJlHCb YCOBep-
llleHCTBOBaHHble MOAeJlH TpoJ1JleH6ycoB MapoK
SITE-I H SlT6-3, npoH3BOAHMblX Ha SlpOCJlaB-
CKOM aBT03aB0J1e.
CaMblM 60nbWOM aBTo6yc
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CywecTByeT HeCKOJIbKO aBT06ycoB, npe-
TeHJ1YIOWHX Ha 3BaHHC caMblX 60JlblllHX B
MHpe. OJ1HH H3 HHX aMepHKaHcKoro npoH3BOn-
CTBa J1J1HHOH 12 M. OH paCClJHTaH Ha nepeB03KY
171 naCCa>KHpa B KOM<t>oPTa6eJlbHblX YCJIOBH
X.
OTJ1H4aeTCSI 6oJIblllOH MaHeBpeHHOCTblO H xo-
pOlllHMH 3KCnJIyaTau,HOHHhlMH xapaKTepHCTH-
KaMH. .D.pyroH aBTOOyc, CKOHCTpYHpoBaHHblH B
fepMaHHH, - 3T0 cBoero poJ1a KYJlbTYPHblH
u.eHTp Ha KOJleCax. llByx3Ta>KHblH aBT06yc
HMeeT J1J1HHY 18 M H BblCOTY 6 M. Ha OJJ,HOM
3Ta>Ke o60PYJ1oBaH 3pHTeJIbHblH 3aJI co cLleHoH
H 3KpaHOM, Ha ApyroM - BbiCTaBO'lHhlH 3an.
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6eJlbrHHCKaSi <t>HpMa «BaH XOOJl». 3TOT nBYX-
3Ta>KHbIH TpexocHblH QYAo-aBTOOyc HMeeT J1J1H-
HY 15 M, lllHPHHY 2,6 M It BblCOTY 4 M. B
aBTOOyce 69 CHJ1
1.lHX MeCT, TYaJIeT, KYXHSI,
y.n06Hoe J1J1S1 n0J1b30BaHH
6ara>KHOe OTAeJIeHHe
H ApyrHe YAOOcTBa, 06eCnelJHBalOlll.He KOM<t>oPT
H BbiCOKHH CCpBHC. BnepBble 3TOT aBTOOyc CTan
HcnOJlb30BaTbCSI B lllBeu,HH Ha MC>KJJ,yropO.nHOM
MaplllpYTe, coenHHSllOweM ropoJ1a CYHJ1CBaJ1Jlb
H JIyneo.
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ABTOOycHblH CaJIOH Ha 121 MeCTO nOCTpo-
HJla B 1977 ro.ny aMepHKaHCKa
aBToMOOHJ1bHaSl
<t>HpMa «Y 3HH». llJlHHa ero naCCa>KHpcKoro
CaJIOHa 18 M.
K 1984 roJ1Y B 3anaJ1HOrepMaHCKOM ropone
HIOpH6epre npOlllJ1H HcnblTaHHSI HOBOH MOnenH
aBT06yca 4JHPMbI «MAH». ABT06yc COCTOHT H3
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OCSlMJ.1 H 4CTblpbMSI nBCpHbIMJ.1 npOCMaMI-1,
cHa6>KCHHbIMH TCJICKaMCpaMH. CaJ10H aBT06yca,
B KOTOpoM 72 CH;:tCHbSl, HMceT J1J1HHY 23 M.
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T06ycOB caMoro pa3J1HlJHoro npCJ1Ha3HalJeHHSI.
B roJ1 OHa BbmycKaeT 14 TbIC. lllTYK.
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B ABCTpaJ11-11-1 OT ropoAa MCJ1b6YPHa 4CpC3
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npOTSI>KCHHOCTh aBT06ycHoro MaplllpVTa - n04-
TH 5,5 TblC. KM. Ha npeo,ao.nCHHC :noro
paCCTOSlHHSI no YCTaHOBJleHHOMY rpa<t>HKY aB-
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BhIXOnI-1T, 4TO aBT06yc ,aOJl>KCH npC0J10JlCTb
TaKOC orpOMHOC paCCTOSlHHC co cpc,aHcif CKO-
pOCTbtO nOlJTH 100 KM/4. 3TO TO>KC peKopAHblH
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ABT06YCHaSi (OMHH6YCHaSl) ceTb 06ll1.C-
CTBeHHoro TpaHcnopTa B ropo.acKoif 4cpTe 6CpCT
CBOC Ha4aJ10 C anpcnSl 1903 rona. 3TO
HCCKOJ1bKO n03>KC, lJCM 6blJ1H npo.rIO>KeHbI
ncpBble TpaMBaifHblc 1-1 TPOJlJlCH6YCHbiC JIHHHI-1.
nCpBblC aBT06ycbl Hd y.nl-1u.ax MOCKBbl
nOSlBHJlI-1Cb B 1924 rony. ll.o 3TOro B HaH60Jlcc
KpynHblx ropo,aax PoccHikKOH I-1MnCpHI-1 eAHH-
CTBCHHblM ropO.aCKHM 06ll1.CCTBCHHblM BHnOM
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CKOro nBH>KCHHSI C03J1aHa 8 MOCKBC. B 4epTe
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ro TpaHcnopTa npCAJ1O>KI-1J1a 6CJlbrHikKaSi KOM-
naHHSI «BN». K 1990 roAY OHa C03J1aJ13
caMOXO,a, KOTOpoMY HC HY>KCH BOJ1HTCJlb. Y n-
paBJ1S1CTCSI OH lJCpC3 Cl-1rHaJ(bHblif Ka6cJlh,
np0J10>KCHHbIH no MaplllpYTY CJIelJ.OBaHHSI Ha
HC60Jlbllloif rJly6HHe. Hc06xonHMbi BCCro JIHlllb
lJ.BC poBHblC 6opo3AbI no lllHpHHC aBTOM06HJlb-
HblX lllHH. OHTaHHC y HCro 3J1eKTpH4CCKoe.
TOK nocTynaeT .I1H60 OT npHBbl4HOro KOHTaKT-
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C4HTaTh H aBT06ycOM, H TpOJlJleH6ycOM, H
TpaMBaCM. Ho opHrHHaJIhHblH rH6pHn B OTJlH-
lJHC OT CBOHX CTapWHX c06paTbeB HMCCT 60Jlec
rH6KYlO CHCTCM)" ncpCB030K. n pH Hc06xonHMO-
CTI-1 Ha 06b1lJHb1X aBToM06HJ1bHblX J10porax, rIte
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nCpCKJllOlJHTb Ha PY4HOC ynpaBJICHI-1C C BOnH-
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ropone MO>KHO COlJJ1eHHTb HeCKOJlbKO BaroHoB
H nepeB03HTb B 3TOM 6e3pa3MepHOM TpOJlJIeH-
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BHA OOwecTBcHHoro TpaHcnopTa nOKa caMblH
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ceroAHSllllHero TaKCH npHBonHT B O.nHOM H3
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aHTHlJHble BpeMeHa nOAaBaJIH lJeTbI pex KOJIeC-
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MeTpoM. KOHCTPYKLlHSI ero COCTOSlJla H3 nBYX
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JIeHHblX Ha OAHOM H3 KOJIeC 3KHna>Ka. n pe-
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pHTeJlbHO OCTaBJIeHHble OTBepcTHSI B ABYX
oOoJ1ax COBMeWaJIHCb H lJepe3 HHX BHH3 B
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KaMellieK. OKOHlJaTeJlbHblH paCqCT C naCCa>KH-
poM npoH3B0J1HJICSI no KOJlHlJeCTBY KaMeIliKOB.
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K COBpeMeHHOMY nepBblH ClJeTlJHK-TaKCOMeTp
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a XIX BeKa, KorAa B napH>KC, B OCHOBHOM
6JIa roAa pSi <t>paHQ,Y3cKOMY aBToMOOHJlbHoMY
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BaTb B MeXaHH1.leCKHC. C nOB030K CHSlJlH
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J1eBYIO KOJIOHKY, BbIBeJlU pbllJarH ynpaBJlCHHSI.
11 nepBbIe TaKCH nOKaTHJIHCb no OAHOH H3
KpacHBeHlllHx CTOJlH
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lJTO n03BOJlSlJlO pa3BHBaTb CKOpOCTb J10
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napKe 60Jlee 60 TbiC. 06b11.lHblX JIerKOBblX
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6HJlbHOro H rY>KeBoro TpaHCnopTa. 3TO aHr-
JlH"CKHH HH>KCHep H. HaHT. B 1868 roAY Ha
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napJlaMCHTa OH ycraHOBHJI ra30BblH ABYX<t>O-
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CHrHaJIaMH. HY>KHblH CBeT 3aropaJICSI C nOBbI-
llleHHeM Hanopa ra30BOH ropeJlKH B OKHC
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nepBbIH B MHpC 3J1eKTpHQeCKHH cBeTo<t>op
nOSlBHJ1CSI Y LleHTpaJIbHOro nepeKpeCTKa aMe-
pHKaHcKoro ropo,aa KJlHBJleH,aa B 1914 roAY.
A cBeToc!>op C TpeTbHM npeAynpe>KJ1aIOWHM
>KCJlTbIM CHrHaJlOM BnepBble 6b1J1 CJ1eJ1aH Qepe3
4 ro.na. B CCCP nepBbIH cBeTo<f>op 6blJl
YCTaHOBJleH B Q,eHTpe MOCKBbl Ha nepeCelJCHHH
YJlHQ, neTpoBKa H KY3HeQ,KHH MOCT B 1924
roAY.
nepBbl" aBTOMaTH1.leCKHH CBCTO<t>Op
TpC-
MSI Q,BeTOBbIMH CHrHaJIaMH 3apa60TaJI B 1928
mJ1Y B aKaACMHQeCKOM aHrJ1HHCKOM roPOJ1KC
JIHJIC. C 3TOro BpeMeHH npH60pbl non06HoH
KOHCTPYKLlHI-1 CTaJlI-1 6blCTpO pacnpOCTpaHSlTbCSI
BO BCCM MHpe H 3a neCSlTKH J1eT He npeTCpneJIH
cyw.CCTBeHHbIX H3MeHCHH".
3neKTpOHMKa - X03RMH
nepeK peCTKa
.
B nOc.nCJ1HCC BpeMSI nOJ1YlJHJ1H Wl-1pOKOC
pacnpOCTpaHCHI-1C CBCTO<t>Opbl C 3.nCKTpOHHOH
CHCTCMOH ynpaBJ1CHHSI. Korna LlBCT CHrHa."a
H3MCHSlCTCSl B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KO"lHlJCCTBa
MaWHH, CKOnHBWI-1XCSI y ncpCKpCCTKa. CaMYto
COBCPWCHHYto B Ml-1pC CHCTeMY CHHxpoHH3au,1-11-1
pa60Thi CBCTO<t>OpOB npC.D.JlO>KHJlH CnCu,Ha,,1l1CThl
H3 HaLlHOHa.l1bHOrO 6topo CTaH.D.apTOB Ii TCXHO-
J10rHH <CilIA). 3Ta CHCTCMa paCClJHTaHa Ha
pery.nHpoBaHHc y"lHlJHOro .D.BH>KCHHSI B JIOC-AH-
.D.>KCJ1CCC, KOTOphlH ClJHTaCTCSI ropO.D.OM C caMblM
I-1HTCHCI-1BHhlM .nBH>KeHHCM TpaHcnopTa. OHa
n03BOJlSlCT «cOrJ1aCOBaTb» BCC ACHcTBytoumC
CBCTcxPOpbl 60J1bWOro ropona 1-1 cro OKpCCTHO-
CTCH 1-1 c03AaTh «3CJ1CHhIC YJ1HU,hl» C T04HOCTbtO
AO HCCKOJ1bKHX CCKYH
.
CaMblM 60n bWO M cBeTo<l>op
.
B O.aHOM H3 nopTOB BCJ1ltK06pl-fTamlltl
YCTaHOB,,1cH rpOManHl>lH CRCTO<l>OP, Cl-1rHa,,1hl
KOToporo pa3"lH4atoTCSI B TCMHOTC Ha pacCTO-
SlHI-1I-1 AO 46 KM. a npH ]:tHCBHOM CBCTC - .ao
9 KM. TaKoc nOCTHraCTCSI 6J1aroAapSi HaJ1l-1lJl-1tO
B Ka>KAOM cro OKHC
BYX M0ll1HbiX raJlOrCHHblX
"laMn no 1,5 TbiC. BT.
nepBblM per y nMpOBUJ,MK
.
no MCpC TOro KaK Ha ym-tu,ax 60J1hlllUX
ropOAOB Ml-1pa pOCJlO 4HC,,10 aBTOM06I-1"lbHbIX
3Kl-1na>KCH, B03HHKJ1a Hc06xo;UtMOCTh B pcry-
"lltpORaHUlt I-1X nBI-1>KCHI-ISI. nCpBhlC npo<t>cccH-
OHaJ1bHbIC pcrYJ1HpOBll1HKI-1 TpaHcnopTHoro
BI-1-
>KCHltSi HalJaJlI-1 pa60TaTb Ha EJ1HCdicKHX nO"lS1X
napl-1>Ka B KOHU,C npOWJ10ro CTOJ1CTI-1S1 - B 1899
roD.Y.
3MepMTenb TpaHcnopTHoro
WY Ma
.
llJ1S1 pcn1CTpau,I-1H WYMa dBTOM061-1.l1hHOrO
TpaHcnopTa H HI-13KOnp0J1CTatolllHX ,,1CTaTCJ'1b-
HhiX CpC.aCTB B OapH>KC OKO"lO M HHI-1CTCpCTBa
oxpaHbl oKpY>KatolllCH CpC.1bl YCTaHORJ1CH H3-
MCpl-1TCJ1h WYMa, KOTOpbli-i no CBOUM pa3McpaM
It 4YBCTBI-1TCJ1bHOCTH pcrl-1CTpaLlJIItI WYMOBhlX
KOJ'1c6aHI-1H HC I-1MCCT aHa,,10rOB B Ml-1pC.
KorAa aBTOM06Mnb o6pen
cc rna3a»
.
BncpBblC 3"lCKTPlt l ICCKI-IC <t>aphl Ha aBTO-
M061-1,,'1S1X nOSlBH"lI-1Ch B 1908 roD.Y. OHI-1
aBa,,'1H
CI-1J1Y CBCTa, paRHYIO 21 CBC4C. OOC,,1C 3Toro
3aMClJaTC"lhHhlii HCMCU,Kl-1ii onTHK-MCXaHHI<.. K
Udlc C03.1aJ1 60"lhWI-1C <t>apbl C <t>OKYCltpORaH-
HbiM nYlJKOM CBCTa CnCLlI-1
LlbHO D.,,1S1 aBTOMO-
61-1"lCH.
Ha4HHc.tSl c 1914 ro..1c.t Ha aBTOMaWHHax
CTa"ll-1 nOtKCMCCTHO MOHTupORaTh 3J1CKTpl-1 t IC-
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CKHe OCBeTHTeJIbHble YCTaHOBKH. OHH COCTOSVIH
H3 reHCpaTOpa, aKKYMYJlSnOpHblX 6aTapeH.
CTap-repa H <t>ap.
PeMHM 6e30naCHOCTM
.
BnepBblc B aBToMOOHJISIx peMHH 6e30nac-
HOCTH 6b1JIH npUMeHeHhI BO BpeMSI aBToroHoK,
CHCTeMaTH1.leCKH YCTpaHBaeMbiX B HblO-'AOPKC
B HalJaJIe BeKa. MO>KHO J1a>Ke YKa3aTb TOlJHYIO
AaTY pO
eHHSI pCMHeH 6e30naCHOCTH. 3TO
npoH30w.no 20 MaSi 1902 roJ1a, KOrJ1a OlJ.HH H3
YlJaCTHHKOB roHOK, aMepHKaHcKHH HH>KeHep Y.
6eHKep, AJISI 60JIbllleH HaJ1e>KHOCTH npHCTer-
HYJ1CSI HeCKOJIbKHMH peMHSlMH 6e30nacHOCTH,
1.lTO H cnaCJIO ero OT HeMHHyeMoH rH6eJIH BO
BpeMSI aBapHH. Ho B MaCCOBOM. nopSiAKe TaKHe
peMHH CTaJIH HCn0J1b30BaTbCSI JlHlllb 1.lepe3 ceMb
AeCSlTHJIeTHH.
nepBblM HOMe pH OM 3HaK
.
CaMblH nepBblH HOMepHoH 3HaK nOSlBHJlCSI
Ha aBToMOOHJle. 3TO CJIYlJHJIOCb B 1901 roAY,
KOrJ1a 6epJIHHCKHI1 npeJJ,npHHHMaTeJIb PYJJ.OJIb<tJ
repQ,or BAPyr BhlBeCHJ1 Ha CBoeM aBTO Tpex-
3HallHhlH Ha60p 6YKB H Q,H<t>P - IAI. Kat<
OKa3aJ1OCb, 6YKBbI 6h1JIH HHH
HaJlaMH ero
HeBeCTbl, a
H<t>POH 1 OH Bhlpa>KaJl CBoe
OTHOllleHHe K HeH, KaK K CAHHcTBeHHoH H
ropSllJO JI.ooHMOH. B nocneAYIOWeM, B CBSl3H C
poCTOM aBToM06HJIbHhlx napKOB B ropoJ1ax H
YBeJIH1.leHHeM lJHCJIa AOpo>KHhlX npoHclllecTBHH.
B03HHKJIa OCTpaSi He06xoAHMocTb B perucTpa-
II.HH MalllHH nOA HIUHBHJ1YaJIbHblMH HOMepaMH.
npH 3TOM COXpaHHJIaCb TeHAeHQ,HSI COCTaBJISlTb
HOMepHhle 3HaKH H3 OnpeAeJIeHHoro COlJeTaHHSI
6YKB H Q,H<t>P, KOTophie Bhlpa>KalOT He JlHlJHble
HHTepeCbI co6cTBeHHHKOB MalllHH, a YKa3bIBalOT
«nponHCKY» aBToMOOHJISI B CTpaHe, npoBHHQ,HH,
perHOHe, ropoAe.
B B03AYXE
nepBwe nOKOpMTenM
B03AYWHOrO OKeaHa
.
nocne nepBoro B HCTOpHH nOJIeTa Ha
B03JJ.YlllHOM lllape, COBepmeHHoro 6paTbSlMH
)K03eQ>oM H 3TbeHoM MOHroJIb<tJbe B 1783
roAY. HalJaJIaCb 3pa OCBoeHHSI 6e36pe>KHoro
B03nYlliHoro npocTpaHCTBa.
B HaCTOSllll.ee BpeMSI B npccce HeKOTopblX
CTpaH HHorAa nOSlBJlSleTCSI HHQ>opMa
HSI 0 TOM.
lJTO 6paTbSl MOHroJIb<t>be He 6b1J1H nepBhlMH B
H300peTeHHH TenJlOBblX a3pOCTaTOB. 06we-
CTBeHHOH OrJIaCKe nepHOAH1.leCKH npeAaBaJIHCb
CBeAeHHSI, 0 L\OCTOBepHOCTH KOTOphiX TPYJJ.HO
CYJ1HTb. OHH CBHJ1eTeJIbCTBOBaJlH 0 TOM, lITO
eIl.{e AO <t>paH
Y30B nOKOpSIJIHCb B03AYlllHhle
npocTopbl. He H36e>KaJlH nOJ1OOHhlx n
lTpHOTH-
lJeCKHX BblMhlCJIOB H B POCCHH. EhiJIa HCKYCHO
npHAYMaHa CJICJ1YlOwaSi HCTOpHSI, KOTopaSi ne-
peKOlJCBblBaJIa H3 OAHOro nelJaTHoro H3J1aHHSI
B J1Pyroe. OHa rJlaCHJIa, lJTO 60JIee lJeM 3a 50
neT J10 noneTa 6paTbeB MOHroJIb<tJbe nepBYIO
nonhlTKY JleTaTb CAeJlaJI pSl3aHCKHH nOA'bSllJHH
KpSlKYTHOH, KOTOphiH «HaAYJI MeWOK J1b1MOM
noraHblM H BOHlOlJHM H OT Hero CJJ.eJIaJI neTJIIO,
cen B Hee, H HelJHCTaSi CHJla nOJ1HSlJIa ero BbIIliC
6epc3h1 H nocne YAapHJIa ero 0 KOJIOKOJIbHIO,
HO OH YQ,enHJIcSi 3a BepeBKY, lJeM 3BOHSlT, H
OCTaJlCSI TaK >KHTb».
A BOT KaKHe BepcHH CYIl.{eCTBYIOT Y lJeXOB.
OAHH H3 CMCJlblJaKOB no HMCHH B. <I>YlJHK KaK
6ynTo oCYlll.eCTBJISUI nOJleTbi Ha He60J1blllHC
pacCToSlHHSI npH nOMOIl.{H KphlJ1beB It KOCTIOMa
C npHcTemYTblMH 6aJIJIOHaMH, n03ToMY OKa-
3aJlCSI Ha CKaMbe nOJ1cy J1HMblX 3a CBSl3b C
He4HCToH CHlIOH. llPyroH lJex, MOHax KHnpHaH,
cMaCTepHJl JJ,eJIbTOnnaHbl opHrHHaJIbHOH KOHCT-
PYKQ,HH, 0 lJeM SlK06bl CKa3aHO B coxpaHHB-
lllHXCSI CTapHHHblx PYKonHcSlx. OH COBeplllaJI
HenpoAOJI>KHTeJ1bHble B03AYlllHble nporyJIKH no
pOAHhlM KpaSiM eIl.{e B 1768 roAY.
nOJ1OOHbIX npHMepoB MHOro. 11 nOHSITHO
Tenepb, nOlJeMY cpa3Y HeCKOJIbKO eBponeHcKHx
CTpaH C4HTaIOT, lJTO HMCHHO C HX 3eMeJIb
83MblBaJlH B HCoo nepBble CMCJlblJaKH.
nepBble ynpaBnAeMbie
AMpM)Ka6nM
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B KOH
e npollIJloro BeKa Y1.leHble POCCHH
HC npHHSlJlH BCepbe3 HnelO CKpoMHOro npoBHH-
HaJIbHOro Y1.lHTenSi K. 3. U,HOJIKOBCKOro,
npenCTaBHBlllero B PyccKoe TeXHH1.leCKOe 06-
lI(eCTBO CMenblH npoeKT ynpaBJISIeMoro AHPH-
>Ka6JISI. CnC
HaJIbHaH KOMHCCHSI pelllHTCJlbHO
ero OTBepl'JIa. «npocTble TeOpeTH\leCKHe coo6-
pa>KeHHSI H MHoroJIeTHHH ODbiT B03AyxonnaBa-
HHSI HeocnopHMO nOKa3b1BaIOT, 1.lTO KaKOU 6bl
<t>oPMbI H C KaKoro 6b1 MaTepHaJIa HH 6bUIH
COOPY>KeHbI a3pocTaTbI, OHH Bcerna 06pe1.leHbI
6b1Tb HrpYWKOIO BeTPOB», - BOT KaKoe 3aKJIIO-
\lCHHe Mbi HaxonHM B apXHBHblX nOKYMeHTax
no nOBony rJIy60Ko npo.nYMaHHoro npe.nnO>Ke-
HHSI U,HOJIKOBCKOro.
non06Hoe YHH1.lTO>KalOlI(ee 3aKJII01.lCHHC
nOJIYlJHJI H onapeHHblH HeMe
KHH KOHCTPYKTOP
r. lI.aHMJIep, Kor.na npe.nJIO>KHJl CBoeMY npaBH-
TenbCTBY HCnOJIb30BaTb .nJISI ynpaBJIeHHSI .nHPH-
>Ka6JICM pa3pa60TaHHblH HM JIel'KHH lJeTbipeX-
TaKTHblH nBHraTeJlb BHYTpeHHero cropaHHSI Ha
>KH,nKOM TOI1JlHBe.
nOSlBJICHHe AHpH>Ka6JISI >KeCTKOH KOHCT-
PYKIJ.HH CBSl3b1BaIOT C HMeHeM HeMe
Koro
rpa<t>a, KOHCTPYKTopa .nHpH>Ka6JIeH, reHepaJIa
<1>. U,ennenHHa. lI.HpH>Ka6JIH «U,ennenHH» C
aJIlOMUHHeBbiM KapKaCOM, 06TSlHYTblM ra30Hen-
poHH
aeMoH TKaHblO, BenH1.laBO napHJIH B
BbIIllHHe nepe.n B30poM U3YMJIeHHblX CBH,neTCJleH.
B .neHcTBHTeJIbHOCTH >Ke U,ennCJlHH He
HMen HHKaKoro OTHOllleHHSI K H306peTcHHIO. A
npocnaBHJl OH CBoe HMSI 6JIaro.napSl... HenpHK-
PblTOMY BOPOBCTBY. Ha AeMoHcTpau.HOHHblX
HcnblTaHHSlX pa3HblX 06pa3
oB AHpH>Ka6J1eH B
repMaHHH U,cnneJlHH npHMeTHJl O.nHH H3 HHX,
CKOHCTPYHpoBaHHblH BeHrepcKHM H306peTaTe-
JIeM lI.. lllBap
eM. BocxuweHHblH XOpolllHMH
3KCl1JIyaTa
HoHHblMH CBOHCTBaMH .nHpH>Ka6JISI
lllBap
a, ero KOHCTPYK
HOHHO" OpHrHHaJIbHO-
CTblO H npoCTOTOH H3roTOBJIeHHSI, U,enneJlHH
pelllHJl OBJIaAeTb HM. lllaHTa>KoM H yrpo3aMH
OH BblHynHJI lllBap
a YCTynHTb eMY 3a HeKO-
TOPYIO neHe>KHYIO KOMneHca
ulO 3TOT AHpU-
>Ka6JIb.
KCTaTH, TaK Ha3b1BaeMaSi >KCCTKaSi KOHCT-
PYKllHSI nHpH>Ka6JISI U,enneJlHHa H HblHe npH-
3HaeTCH caMOH cOBepllleHHoH H paLlHOHaJIbHOH
B AHpH>Ka6JIecTpocHHH.
nepBble neTaTenbHble
annapaTbi TR*enee B03Ayxa
.
I1ACSI nocTpoeHHSI JIeTaTeJIbHblX annapaTOB
TSI>KeJIee B03Ayxa Bbl3BaJIa B KOH
e XIX BCKa
TaKYIO SlpocTHYIO nOJleMHKY, KaKoH, 6blTb
MO>KeT, ew.e He 3HaJIa HCTOpHSI. nCpBble
3HTY3HaCThI CaMOJIeTOCTpoeHHSI 6blJlH pa3AaB-
JIeHhI KOHccpBaTH3MOM H KOCHOCTblO «CHJIbHblX
MHpa cero», HX 6eCKopblCTHaSi HHH
HaTHBa
>KeCTOKO no.naBJISlJIaCb HeBe>KaMH pa3JIU1.lHoro
paHra.
BH.nHMO, no.n06HaSi CKenTH1.leCKaSi 06cTa-
HOBKa BOKPyr CaMOJIeTOCTpoeHHSI He n03BOJIHJIa
3aKpenHTb 3a PYCCKHM H300peTaTeneM A. <1>.
MO>KaHCKHM npHopHTeT C03naHHH nepBoro 06-
pa3
a ca MOJI eTa. MO>KaHCKHH elI(C 3aAOJIro .no
6paTbeB PaHT nOJIYlJHJI naTeHT Ha C03.naHHe
CaMOJIeTa. TOJIbKO BOT
eHHYIO pa3pa60TKY
H306peTaTCJlSI noxopoHHJIH B
apcKHX apXHBax
lJHHOBHHKH. A poCcHHcKHe aKa.neMHKU nblTa-
JIHCb y6e.nHTb MO>KaHcKoro B 6eCI1JIOnHOCTH ero
rpy.na H COBeTOBaJIH nOCTpoHTb CaMOJ1eT... C
MalllYWHMU KpbUlbSlMH.
KOHCTPYK
HSI >Ke JIeTaTenbHoro annapaTa
Ha npHH
Hne nTH\lbero nOJIeTa C MaWYlI(HMH
KpblJIbSlMH BnOJIHe peaJIbHO 6blJla npe.nJIO>KeHa
B 1894 ro.ny PYMblHCKHM XHMHKOM H. TeKJIY.
no 3aMbICJIY aBTopa HAeH, TaKOH annapaT
JIHlllb npH B3J1eTe, CHH>KeHHH H H3MeHeHHH
HanpaBJIeHHSI .nBH>KeHHSI Me.nJIeHHO pa3MaXHBaJI
KpblJlbSlMH npH nOMOWH MHOroxOAOBbiX noplll-
HeH, pa6oTalOlI(Hx Ha nopoXOBblX ra3ax. A B
OCHOBHOM OH paCC1.lHTaH 6blJl Ha cBo6o
Hoe
napeHHe nocne Ha60pa BbiCOTbi.
nepBble noneTbi Ha CaMOneTe
.
nepBblH nOJIeT lJeJlOBeKa Ha CaMOJIeTe C
.nBHraTeJleM BHYTpeHHero cropaHHSI 6bU1 ocY-
lll.eCTBJleH 6paTbSlMH Y HJI6ypoM H OpBHJIOM
PaHTaMH B 1903 roAY B aMcpHKaHCKOM lllTaTe
CCBcpHaSl KapOJ1HHa. 3TOT CaMOJlCT HhlHC
XpaHHTCSI R BaWHHITOHCKOM MY3CC B03AYXO-
nJlaRaHHSI H KOCMOCa. npH nepROM nOJ1CTC OH
nOKphlJl paCCTOSlHHC. paRHOC RCCro 30 M. T. c.
notjTl-1 RnBOC MCHbWC LIJlHHbI COBpCMCHHhlX
JlaimcpoR. A nCpRhlMJ.1 aBHaLlHOHHhlMl-f nacca-
)'OfpaMH 6hlJ1H RhIXO
Llhl H3 POCCHH H. YTCWCR
H C. HCMtjCHKOR. I-1x R3S1J1 Ha 60pT CBOCro
Cc.lMO.1CTa Y. Paih.
nCpBhlH nOJ1CT Ha CaMOJlCTC R PacCHH
CORCpW HJ1 B 1910 rony 3HTY3HaCT CROCro .acJla
H. E<t>H MOB.
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B TO RpCMSI. Kor.aa B POCCI-1H CaMOJ1CT
RnCpRhlC B3J1CTCJI B Hc60, B rCpMaH1-I1-1 Y>KC
6hlJla roToBa MO;J.CJlh npHHLlHnHaJlhHO HOBOH,
npHBhltjHOH HaM KOHCTPYKLlHH, C03J1aHHOH B
OCHORHOM YCHJ1HSlMH 3. Hhcncpa B 1910 roJ1Y.
npORCJ1S1 a3pO;!HHaMHtjCCKHC paCtjCThl. cnCLlH-
aJ1HCThi npC;!RCw.aJIH CMY HCMHHYCMYIO KaTa-
CTpO<t>Y. O.aHaKo tjCpC3 HCCKOJlbKO JlCT HMCHHO
Ha CaMOJICTC ::nOH KOHCTPYKUHH n. H. HCCTC-
pOR GIC.naJI «MCPTRYIO nCT11 10». a K. K.
ApUCY110R - «wTonop». TCM GIMhlM 3TH 110-
CTH)KCHI-1S1 PYCCKHX nl-1Jl0TOB 1-1 B03.aYWHbIC
TplOKH <ppaHLlY3a A. ncry n0110>KH11l-f H..I'.laJlO
RhlCUJCMY nHJlOTa>KY.
nepB
e nepeneT
epe3
OKeaHbl
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CpCllH YtjCHbiX npOtjHO 3aKpcnHnOCh MHC-
HHC. tjTO RncpRhlC B MHpC 6ccnoca110tjHhlH
nepCJ1CT tjCpC3 OKCaH - ATJlaHTHtjCCKJ.1H - CO-
BCpWI-1JI 3a 33.5 tj aMcpHKaHcKHH JlCTtjl-lK 4.
J1 HH:I6cpr. Ha caMOM ;ICJlC ncpRhlH 6ccnoca-
.aOlIHbIH nCpCJlCT tjCpC3 BO;!hl ATJlaHTI-1KI-1 OCY-
W.CCTRHJlH Ha JlBYXMOTOPHOM CaMOJlCTC «BHK-
KCPC» OTBa)KHhIC B03;!yxOnJlaBaTCJlI-1 A. EpaYH
11 ll.. OJIKOK B HIOHC 1919 roAa. nepCJlCT 6hL1
CORCpWCH no KpaTtjaHWCM) nynf H3 KaHa;J.hl
B I1pJ1aH;J.HIO. B TOM )t(C ro;!y ATJ1aHTJ.1tjcCKHii
OKcaH nCpCCCKJH1 cpa3Y JlRa JlHpH)t(a6J1S1-
HCMCLlKOro H aHrJ1HHcKOro npOH3RO;!CTBa.
THXH
OKcaH BncpBblC 6ccnoca110tjHO nc-
pCJ1CTC11 tjCJlORCK B OKTSl6pc 1931 ro;Ia. Bhl6pa8
MapwpYT H3 5InoHl-m JlJ1HHOH 6011CC 7,3 ThIC.
KM, c.lMCpHKaHCKHC JlCTtjHKH K. nCHr60pH 1-1
x. XCpHJlOH Y;J.atjHO npl-13CMJlHJ111 CaMtMCT
«MHCC BH110Jl» Ha CCBCpO-Jana.aHOM n06CpC)KhC
CWA, np06hlR B R03.ayxC 60Jlcc 41 tj.
nCpBblH 6ccnOCaJ1otjHhlH ncpCJ1CT tjCpC3
CCRCpHhlH J1C;J.OBHThIH OKcaH CORCpWHJ1H co-
RCTCKHC JlCTtjHKH B. n. 4Ka11oB, r. <D.
EaH.aYKoB H A. B. EC11S1KOB B 1937 ro.ay.
MapwPYT OTBa)t(HbIX JlCTtjHKOR-HCnhlTaTCJlCH
npOJlcraJI H3 MOCKRhl tjCpC3 CCBCpHhlii nOJllOC
B aMcpHKaHcKHii ropO;J. BaHKYRcp.
nepBble aBMau.MOHHble nbl>KM
.
nCpBblC aRHaLlHOHHhlC 11bl)t(H CKOHCTPYH-
pORaHhl PYCCKHM HH>KCHCpOM H. P. J106aHoRh1M
B 1913 roJ1Y. I1cnpo60BaHbl OHH 6blJ1H Ha
XO;J.hIHCKOM nOJ1C, HblHC UCHTpaJlbHOM MOCKOR-
CKOM a3p0J1pOMC. npHHLlHnHaJ1bHbiX H3MCHCHHii
8 KOHl. TPYKLll-m c.lRI-1<:lJ1b1>K HC npOH30WJ10 11
CCroJlHSI.
nepBble
enbHOMeTannM
eCKMe
.
nepBblH u.eJIbHOMeTaJIJIH4eCKHH CaMOJIeT.
H3roTOBJIeHHblH H3 <<JIeTalOlI(ero MeTaJIJIa»-
.QlOpaJIIOMHHHSI, C03
aJI B 1917 ro.ny HeMCu.KHH
aBHaKOHCTPYKTOP f. IOHKepc.
nepBblH OTe4eCTBeHHblU u.eJIbHOMeTaJIJIH-
4eCKHH CaMOJIeT AHT -2 6blJI CKOHCTpYHpOBaH
A. H. TynOJIeBblM B 1924 ro
y.
nepBble CaMOneTbi 60eBOrO
Ha3Ha'leHMR
.
CYlll.eCTByeT MHeHHe, 4TO B BOCHHblX
LlCJlSlX CaMOJIeTbi CTaJlH HCnOJlb30BaTbCSI B
nepBYIO MHpoBYIO BOHHY. Tor
a B apMHSlX
BOlOlOlI(UX CTOpoH 4HCJIHJIOCb HeMaJIO a3ponJIa-
HOB. O.nHaKO nepBblH nOJIeT Ha.Q Bpa>KeCKOH
TeppHTOpUeH H nCpBaSi 6oM6ap
HpoBKa C
B03.Qyxa 6b1JIU npoBe.QCHbi BO BpCMSI pa3BepTbl-
BaHHSI HTaJIO-Typeu.KOH BOeHHOH KOMnaHHH B
TpHnOJIHTaHHH (JIuBHSI) B 1911 ro.ny. A3po-
nJlaHbI AJISI nOpa>KeHHSI Bpara C B03.nyxa
HcnOJlb30BaJIUCb H B 60eBblx .neHcTBHSlX Ha
EaJIKaHaX B 1912 ro.ny. Ho Bce >Ke 6oM6ap-
HpoB04HaSi aBHau.HSI B03HHKJIa B 1916 roAY,
Kor
a npH.nYMaJIH YCTpoHCTBO
JISI npHu.eJIbHoro
c6pacblBaHHSI 6oM6 Ha 3eMHble o6heKTbI.
npHOpHTeT B C03.naHHH CaMOJIeTOB-HCTpe-
6HTeJleH npHHa.nJIe>KHT <t>paHu.Y3cKHM KOHCT-
PYKTopaM, KOTopble no.nroToBHJIH K HcnblTaHHIO
B 1915 ro.ny BepTKHu 6HnJIaH cepHH «HblOnop».
CKOPOCTb BooPY>KeHHoro O.nHHM nYJIeMeTOM
CaMOJIeTa .nOCTHraJIa 180 KM/1.l. Pa3Max KpblJlb-
eB COCTaBJISlJI 8,22 M, a AJlHHa - 5,74 M.
rpynnoH aBHaKOHCTpYKTOPOB, B03rJIaBJISle-
MOH H. nOJIHKapnOBblM, B 1923 roAY 6bIJl
C03.naH nepBblu COBeTCKHH BoeHHblH CaMOJIeT
MapKH P-I. lI.BHraTeJIb 3TOro JIerKoro .nBYXMe-
CTHOro 6HnJlaHa pa3BHBan MOIliHOCTb
o 400
1I. C. H 06ccnelJHBaJI CKOpOCTb nepeMCWeHHSI
.no 85 KM/4. CaMOJIeT C MaKCHMaJIbHOH
nOJIeTHOH HarPY3KOH B 750 Kr Mor Haxo.nHTbCSI
B nOJIeTe OKOJIO 4 1.l. I1MeHHo Ha TaKoe BpeMSI
XBaTaJIO 3anaca roplO4Cro.
nepBblH OTe4eCTBeHHblH TSI)KeJIblH 6oM6ap-
AHpoBlI(HK AHT -4 (TE-l) -
eJIbHOMeTaJIJIH4e-
CKHH MOHOnJIaH co cBo6o.QHoHecYlI(HM K pbIJIOM,
SlBJISleTCSI WIO.QOM TBOp1.leCKHX YCHJIHU KOHCT-
PYKTOpoB nOA PYKOBOACTBOM A. H. TynOJIeBa.
OH 6bIJI BbinOJIHeH H3 JIen<oro np04Horo
lOpaJIIOMHHHSI B cepe.nHHe 20-x ro
OB.
nepBblH peaKTHBHblH HCTpe6HTCJlb MHf-9
6blJI pa3pa60TaH B KOHCTPYKTOPCKOM 61Opo
A. H. MHKoSiHa. npHMe1.laTeJIbHO, 1.lTO B
npou.ecce npoMbllllJIeHHoro OCBoeHHSI «Ha XO
Y»
CaMOJleT He pa3 MO.QH<t>HLlHpoBaJICSI.
PeKoPAbi CKOpOCTM
M BblCOTbl noneTa
.
ECJIH nepBblH OTelJeCTBeHHblH HCTpe6HTenb
MHr-9 pa3BHBaJI CKOpoCTb 900 KM/4, TO B
HIOHe 1956 roAa JIeT1.lHK-HCnblTaTenb B. 11.
MaJIaXHH Ha CaMOJIeTe C-l, C03.QaHHOM no
PYKOBO
CTBOM n. O. Cyxoro, Mor npoJIeTeTb
co CKOpOCTblO, npeBbllllalOlI(eU 2000 KM/1.l.
lJepe3 ro.n CaMOJIeT 11-75<1>, pa3pa60TaHHblu
YlJeHblMH BO rJIaBe C A. 11. MHKOSIHOM, Y>Ke
pa3BHBaJI CKOpoCTb 2300 KM/1.l. Pe3YJIbTaTOM
TBOp1.leCKoro cOAPY>KeCTBa KOHCTPYKTOPCKHX
rpynn MHKoSiHa H Cyxoro CTaJJ TSI>KeJIblU
nepeXBaT4HK AaJIbHero
CHCTBHSI E-166, Ha
KOTOpOM Ha py6e>Ke 1950-1960 ro
OB O.nHH
3a .nPyrHM YCTaHaBJIHBaJIHCb MHpoBble peKop.nbl
CKOpoCTH (OT 2388 .no 2681 KM/4) H BblCOTbi
nOJIeTa (OT 22 670 .no 34 700 M). BCJIe
3a
HHM nYTb K HOBbiM MHpoBbiM .QOCTH>KeHHSlM
npoJIO>KHJI E-266.
B HaCTOSllI(ee BpeMSI caMblM BbiCOKOCKOpo-
CTHbiM CaMOJleTOM SlBJlSleTCSI HCTpe6HTeJIb MHr-
25, c03.QaHHblu B KOHCTPYKTOPCKOM 61Opo
A. 11. MHKOSiHa. 0 TaKTHKO-TeXHH4eCKHX
xapaKTepHCTUKax 3TOro peaKTHBHoro CaMOJIeTa
6blTYIOT JIerCH.nbl. B lJaCTHOCTH, MHr -25 cno-
c06eH pa3BHTb CKOpocTb .no 3400 KM/4
npHlJeM MaKCHMaJIbHYIO CKOpoCTb B OTJIH4He
OT .QPyrHx CaMOJIeTOB OH Ha6HpaeT 3a caMoe
KopoTKoe BpeMSI. 3TOT >Ke HCTpe6HTeJIb, cHa6-
>KeHHblH .nBYMSI peaKTHBHblMH .nBHraTeJISlMH, B
nOCJIe.nHHH JIeTHHH .neHb 1977 ro.na JIeT1.lHK-HC-
nblTaTeJlb A. <1>CAOpOB nOAHSIJ1 Ha peKopAHYIO
BhlCOTY, paBHYIO 37 650 M. nOTOJIOK nOJIeTa
Tor
a 6blJI nO
HSlT cpa3Y Ha 1410 M.
H Y . a nepBblH MHpoBOH pCKOp.n BblCOTbI
COBeTCKHe aBHaTopbl YCTaHOBHJIH B 1927 roAY.
Ha CaMOJleTe HOBOH KOHCTPYKLlHH «EypeBecT-
HHK» HM YAaJIOCb nOKopHTb BbiCOTY 5000 M.
\lTO cpa3Y Ha 1200 M npeBblCHJIO npe>KHee
.nOCTH>KeHHe. CaMhiH 6oJlblllOH «III a 0) B He60
c.nenaJI H3BecTHhiH cOBeTcKHH JIeT1.lHK-HCnblTa-
Tenb B. K. KOKKuHaKu, KOTOphiH B HOSl6pe
1935 roAa Ha CaMOJIeTe H-15 nOAH SlJICSI Ha
oTMeTKY 14 575 M.
nepBblM HeBMAMMblM caMoneT
.
nepBble HcnblTaHHSI «npo3palJHoro» caMO-
JIeTa, CTaHOBSllIJ.erocSi HeBH.nHMblM Ha onpe
e-
JICHHOH BhlCOTe nOJIeTa, npoBOAHJlHCb no.n
PYKOBO.nCTBOM PYCCKOro HH>KeHepa B. A. JIe-
6e
eBa B ro
bI, HenocpeAcTBeHHo npeAllleCTBO-
BaBllIHe HalJaJIY BoeHHblX Onepau.HH Ha <t>POH-
Tax nepBOH MHpoBOH BOHHbl. 3KcncpHMeHTbI
npoBOAHJIHCb B nOHCKax MaTepHana, HAYllJ.ero
Ha 06111HBKY a3ponJIaHa, H 3aBeplllHJlHCb YC-
nelliHO. B Mae 1913 roAa C raTlJHHcKoro
a3poApoMa B3MblJI B He60 6HnnaH «<I>apMaH
yn», OO111HTblH np03palJHblMH nJlaCTJ1HKaMH
«3MaJIHT», H Y>Ke Ha BhlCOTe 100M CAeJlaJICSI
npaKTH\leCKH HCBHAHMblM.
nepBblM COBeTCKMM
naCCa*MpCKMM CaMOneT
.
nepBblH cOBeTcKHH MHOroMOTOpHblH nac-
Ca>KHpcKHH CaMOJIeT AHT -9, nOJIYlJHBWHH Ha-
3BaHHe «KPbIJIbSi COBeToB», HcnblTaH B 1929
ro.ny. OH cnocOOeH 6blJl nepeB03HTb 9 nacca-
>KHpoB co CKOpOCTblO 215 KM/\l. B CcpHHHoe
npoH3BOACTBO 3Ta KOHCTPYKLlHSI 3anYllJ.eHa B
1933 roAY. Bccro 6b1JIO cOOpaHo 75 MalllHH,
Ka>K,aaSi H3 KOTOpblX B CpCJ1HeM COBepWHJla .no
2 TbiC. aBHapcHcoB.
nepBblM B MMpe
CBepX3BYKOBOM
naCCa*MpCKMM CaMOneT
.
nePBblH nOJIeT nepBoro B HCTOpHH CBepx-
3BYKOBOro naCCa>KHpcKoro naHHcpa Ty-144
COCTOSlJICSI B nOCJleAHHH AeHb 1968 roAa.
CaMOJIeT Ty-144 6b1JI paCClJHTaH Ha 140
naCCa>KHpcKHX MeCT. D.aJIbHOCTb ero nOJIeTa C
nOJIHOH HarPY3KoH COCTaBJISIna 6440 KM. MaK-
CHMaJIbHaSi CKOpoCTb - 2500 KM/\l.
CaMblM AnMHHblM caMoneT
.
HM CTan CaMOJIeT, c03,aaHHblH aHrJIHHCKH-
MH aBHaKOHCTpYKTopaMH. I1HTepecHo, \lTO 3TOT
Hc06b14HblH annapaT AJlHHOH 123 M MO>KeT
nOAHSlTbCSI B B03AYX co B3JICTHOH nonOCbl,
.nJIHHa KOTOpoH KopolJe cro caMoro. 3Ta >Ke
MOAenb C'IHTaCTCSI H caMOH Me.nJIeHHOH CpeJ1H
COBpeMeHHblx CaMOJICTOB: CKOpocTb nOJIeTa He
npeBbllllaeT 83 KM/\l. \lTO cpaBHHMO co CKO-
poCTSlMH 06bllJHblX aBToM06HneH.
CaMblM rpY30nOA'I»eMHbIM
caMoneT
.
04eBHJ1HO, lJTO OJ1HH H3 MarHCTpd.l1bHbiX
nYTCH pa3BHTI1S1 rPY30BOH aBHaLlHH - 3TO npc-
J1CJlbHO B03MO>KHOC YBCJIHlJeHHe ra6apHTHbiX
pa3McpoB CaMOJICTOB.
B CepCJ1HHC 80-x roJ10B B CCCP 6blJlO
pelliCHO CKOHCTPYHpoBaTb TSI>KCJIOBeCHblH cy-
nepCaMOJlCT AH-225 no.n 3BY\lHblM Ha3BaHI-1CM
«MPHSI». PCllleHO - CACJlaHO. HblHe 3TOT 803-
AYWHbIH rHraHT y,aapHO pa60TaeT, npoJ10Jl>KaSi
y.nHBJISlTb CBOHMH TeXHH"leCKHMH B03MO>KHOCTSI-
MH. «MPHSI» cnoc06Ha 6CCnOCaAO\lHO ncpeBO-
3HTb rpY3b1, npeBbllllalOWHC co6cTBeHHble ra-
6apHTbl, MaCCOH J10 250 T Ha paCCTOSlHHe 850
KM. 3TOT rpY3 nOMCWalOT B CneLlHaJlbHblH
KOHTeHHep H nepeB03S1T «BepXOM» Ha CaMOJleTC
109 MHp08hlX PCKOp;t08 YCTaH08HJ1.l
«MPHSI» 22 MapTa 1989 roJ1a B ncp80M >KC
HcnhlTaTCJlbHOM nOJ1CTC, OTHCCCHHOM K 8hlernC"
Kan
ropl-1H CJ10>KHOCTH. OTMeTHM .'mWb HC-
CKOJ1hKO H3 HHX. «MPHSI» CMOrJla R3J1CTCTh C
nOJlHOH MaCCOH 508,8 T, TCM caMhlM OTHSl8 )'
«EoHHra-747-400» BhlCWCC .10CTH>KCHHC no
MaKCHMaJlhHOH B3J1CTHOH Maccc, KOTOpast pa8-
HSlJlaCb 404,8 T. CO 155 T rpy3a «MPHSI»
npOJ1CTC.Ha OT KHCBa .10 J1cHHHrpa.1a H 6ccno-
ca
04HO 8cpHYJlaCb 06paTHo.
Ha )18YXKHJlOMCTP08YtO 8hlCOTY 6hlJ1 no;:!-
HSiT rPY3 MaCCOH 156.3 T. EC3 rpY3a «MPHSI»
nOCTHrJla Hc6h18aJ10H ;tJ1S1 cyncpTSI>KC.'1hIX caMO-
J1CT08 8hICOThl, pa8HoH 12 410 M.
Hcoo6xo;tHMO OTMCntTh, 4TO )10 P0>K)1CHHSI
«MPI-1H» 6J1HCTaJ1H CTapWHe 6paTbSl - «AHTCi1»
H «PycJ'1aH». A 8 J10BOCHHOC 8pCMSI YJ1H8JlS1Jl
MHp C80HMH 3KcnJlY
lTaLl.HOHHbIMH xapaKTcpH-
eTHKaMH HX npa.1c.a - rpY3080H caMOJ1CT AHT-
20 «MaKCHM rOphKl-1ih) C nOJlcHmi1 MaCCOH 42 T.
CaMoneT C MaKCMManbHblM
'IMCnOM K pblnbeB
-.-
HaM cCrO;tHSI CTa.10 npu8hl l lHhlM, 4TO y
GIMO J 1CTa MO>KCT 6hITh MaKCJ.1MYM 4 Kph1J1
1. A
8C.1h H3 J.1CTOpI-1H a8HaLll-11-1 MO>KHO 8hl.1CJ1ltTh
CJ1Y4aH, KOr.1a 8nOJ1H(' pcaJ'1hHO CYlllccT808aJ1J.f
KOHCTPYKLlJ.1H caMOJ1CT08 C 60J1l
WHM lmC10M
Kph1JlbC8. PCKOP.a 8 3TOM npI-1Ha;:!J1C>KHT YCT-
POHCT8Y, C03;:!3HHOMY 8 1906 ro.1Y aHrJ1HHCKJ.fM
KOHCTPYKTOPOM X. <1>HJ1.1HncoM. Ero ca!\t0.1CT,
cOOPY>KCHHhIH no npHHLlJ.tnV (.<>KaJlt031-1». UMCJ1
HJ.f Ma.10 HJ.f MHoro 196 Kpbl.'1hC8. KaK J.f
C1C;t08aJlO O>KJ.f.1aTb, 3TOT «GIMOJ1CT->KaJlt03U»
HC J.IMCJ1 6y;tYlllcro.
CaMoneTbl C HaM60nbWMM
pa3MaXOM Kp
nbeB
.
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nocTpocHHbli1 .1J1S1 ncpCB03KI-1 KOCMJ.f'lCCKOrO
Kopa6J1S1 «DypaH» J.I cHa6>KCHHhIH WCCThtO
..::18HraTCJ'1S1MH. J.fMCCT GIMhiit 60J1hwoii pa3Max
Kphl.1hC8 J.13 8CCX CYlllCCT8ytOlllJ.IX J1CTaTCJlhHhIX
annapaT08 - 88,4 M. Y AH-124 «<PycJ1aHa»)
OH aOCTMfaCT 73,3 M.
CPC;:!H 3apy6c>KHhlX 06p33Ll08 caMhlit 60Jlh-
WOH pa3Max Kphl1hCR y «DOJ.lHra-747-400»-
64.9 M.
CaMblM BMeCTMTenbHblM
caMoneT
.-
«EOHHr-747-400» Sl8.1S1CTCSI GIMblM 8MCeTI-1-
TCJlhHhlM C3MOJ1CTOM H MHpC. B HCM pa3MClllC-
Hhl 422 MceTa n.1
ni.ll'GI>KMp08. TCOpCTl-1lJCCKI-1
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C8hlWC 500 naCCa>KJ.fpOH Ha paCCTOSlHI-1C n04TH
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Ha 60pT cpa3Y 350 naCCa>KHpOR.
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PYKTOPCKHC ....CHTPbl H npCJ1npHSITHSI. B 1934
ro.ny nOSlBHJIaCb caMaSi COBcpweHHaSi Ha TO
BpeMSI MaJIlOTKa «He6ecHasr 6J1oxa», pa3pa6O'raH-
HaSi <t>paHUY3CKHM KOHCTPYKTOPOM A. MHHbe.
¥1MeSi Maccy, paBHYIO Bcero 100 Kr, CaMOJleT
pa3BHBaJI CKOpOCTb CBblllle 100 KM/4 H no.n-
HHMaJICSI Ha BbICOTY
o 1800 M.
11 CCroJ1H
He OCJla6eBaeT HHTCpCC K
pa3pa60TKC MaJIOMOwHbIX, CBCpXJlCrKHX, 3KO-
HOMH4HbIX, JJ.CllleBbIX. npOCTblX B H3roTORJIeHHH
H ynpaBJICHHH KOHCTPYKUHH CaMOJICTOB. HaJ10
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MOro 3KOHOMHlJHOro B MHpC CaMOJlCTa pa3pa-
60TaJI H3BeCTHblH <t>paHUY3CKHH aBHaKOHCTpYK-
TOp C. n3J1JIeH. Pacxo.nySi CTOJIbKO >Ke roplO-
lJcro, CKOJlbKO MOTopoJlJIep, CaMOJlCT n3J1JICHa
pa3BHBaCT CKOpOCTb J10 [00 KM/4. ABHaKOHCT-
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CBCpXJIerKHe CKJIa.nHble CaMOJleTbI, KOTopble
MO>KHO nepCHOCHTb Ha nJIe4C. .D.RHfaTCJlh
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JlCH H3 JlCrKorO nCHOnJIaCTa, apMHpoRaHHoro
CTCKJlOBOJlOKHOM. Bcc «KBHKH» MCHce 200 Kr,
HO OH MO>KCT JlCTaTb C MaKCHMaJIbHOH CKOpO-
CTblO 200 KM/4. Pacxo.n roplOlJero npH 3TOM
COCTaBJISlCT 6 Jl Ha 100 KM.
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ll.OPHHK. Bec ero KOHCTPYK
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CaMOJIeTa - 6 M.
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.n03anpaBKH roplO4HM 6b1JI YCTaHOBJIeH Ha
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a H
npOAOJI>KaJICSI lJYTb 60JIee 9 CYTOK. 3a 3TO
BpeMSI. 6b1lIo npeO
OJIeHO CBbllllC 40 TblC. KM
co CpeJ1HeH CKOpOCTblO 186 KM/lJ. CaMOJICT
B3JIeTCJI H npH3CMJIUJlCSI Ha BOCHHO-B03AYWHYIO
6a3Y «3.nBap.nc» B KaJIH<t>opHHH.
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HaKo B HCTOpHH B03.nyxOnJIaBaHHSI OT-
MelJCH CJlY4aH, Kor
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HJlCSI B B03J1yxe 60Jlee 9 CYTOK. EpaTbSl
X3HTep H3 QHKaro np06blJlH B B03.nyxe 6C3
nocaAOK 553 4 41 MHH. B3JIeTeB Ha a3pOnJIaHC
«rOpoA 4HKaro» c a3ponopTa CKaH-X3p60p 11
HIOHSI 1930 roJ1a, OTBa>KHble nHJIOTbI npH3CM-
JIHJIHCb TaM >KC 4 HIOJ1S1. 3a 3TO BpeMSI ABOC
H3 6paTbeB X3HTep nonepeMeHHO nUJIOTHpO-
BaJlH a3ponJlaH. H ew.e J1BOe Ha APyroM
a3ponJlaHe nOCTaBJISlJIH HM TOnJIUBO, nHWY 11
Bony. Bccro OHH J103anpaBJI
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SlHHe MO>KHO npC0J10JleTb Ha JICTaTCJIbHOM
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annapaTe, npHBOlJ,HMOM B lJ,BH>KeHHe nelJ,aJISlMH
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«<OpeJI»). Ha 3TOM annapaTe BeCOM 40 Kr C
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OH nOCTpOeH B 1909 roJ1Y no npoeKTY
HH>KeHCpa H. r. 6y6HoBa.
PYCCKHC Kopa6enbI HC TOJIbKO J1aJlH MHPY
ncpBblC 06pa3Llbi nJIaBY\{HX cpcnCTB nJISI no-
CTaHOBKH MHHHblX 3arpa>KlJ,eHHH, HO Ii npcn-
JlO>KHJlH KOHCTPYKIl.HIO cYAHa
JlSI pa3MHHHpo-
BaHHSI BOAHblX YlJaCTKoB. nCpBblH B MHpe
TpaJIbll1.HK THna «3anaJl» BKJIlOlJCH B 6aJITHH-
CKYIO <t>JlOTHJlHIO B 1909 roAY. nOKa3aTCJlbHO,
lJTO npH B0J10U3MCll1.CHHH 150 T cro OCaJ1Ka
CJ1Ba AOCTHraJla 2 M, lJTO lJ,0 MHHHMYMa
COKpaWaJlO BCpOSITHOCTb nonpblBa Ha MHHC.
MHOro nOHCTHHC pCBOJlIO
HOHHbIX npc06-
pa30BaHHH B TCOpUIO H npaKTHKY CYJ10CTpOCHHSI
BHCCJlH PYCCKUC HH>KCHCpbl. nCpBblC B MHpC
TCnJ10XOlJ,bI «<BaHJ1aJI» H «CapMaT») nOSlBHJ1HCb
HMeHHO H3 BHYTPCHHHX BOlJ,HblX nYTSlX POCCHH.
K CO>KaJIeHHIO, OHH HC 6b1JIH coxpaHCHbl nJlSl
nOTOMKOB.
CaMbIH MOll1.HblH B MHpe KOJIeCHblH 6YKCHP,
cnoc06HblH TSlHYTb npOTHB TClJCHHSI cpa3y 6
6ap>K C 34 TbIC. T rpY30B, 6b1J1 TO>KC
pOCCHHCKHM.
COBCTCKHC Kopa6cJlb1 J1aJIH >KH3Hb HaJlHB-
HbIM cy.naM, cynaM THna «pCKa - MOPC»,
nJlaBYlJHM CpC;J,CTBaM Ha nOllBonHblX KpbIJlbSiX.
nepBblM Kopa6nb nOA
MapKOM ccCAenaHO B C CC P»
.
llHCM pO>KJ1CHHSI COBCTCKOro MOpcKOro CY-
J10CTpoCHHSI MO>KHO ClJUTaTb 24 SlHBapSi 1925
roJ1a. Korna Ha EaJITHHCKOM 3aBonc B JICHHH-
rpaJ1c 6b1J1H 3aJIO>KCHbl OCHOBbl CTpOHTCJlbCTBa
\{CTblPCX JlCCOB030B. nCpBblH H3 HHX non
Ha3BaHHCM «ToBapHw KpacHH» cnYWCH Ha
Bony poBHO \{CPC3 10 MCCSlLlCB. 3TO cpcnHcc
CYJ1HO B0J10H3MCWCHHCM 5280 T Ha napoBoH
CHJlOBOH YCTaHOBKC MOWHOCTblO 900 JI. c..
06CcnC\{HBaBlllCH CKOpOCTb B 9 Y3J10B.
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.
BncpBblC npHH
Hn nOCTpOCHHSI JlCJ10KOJIb-
HOro CYAHa pa3pa60TaJI PYCCKHH H306peTaTCJlb
11. KpHTHOB. B 1864 roJ1Y no cro 3aMblCJIY
HOCOBaSi lJaCTb na pOXOJ1a «naHJlCT» 6bU1a
ncpClJ,CJlaHa TaKHM 06pa30M, qTO cynHo CTaJlO
cnoc06HblM «HOCOM» HaJIC3aTb Ha JlbJ1b1 H
pa3J1aMbiBaTb HX C06cTBCHHblM BCCOM.
flCpBbII1 B MHpC MOpCKOH JICnOKOJ1 6b1J1
nOCTpoCH PYCCKHMH Kopa6J1cCTpOHTCJlSlMH no
npOCKTY alJ,MHpaJ1a C. O. MaKapoBa. CnywcH
OH Ha BOJ1Y B 1899 roAY H Ha3BaH HMCHCM
nOKOpHTCJlSI CH6HpH - «EpMaK». Ha 3TOM
JICJ10KOJlC, 3aMeTHM, 6b1J1a HcnpOOoBaHa B
J1CHCTBHH ncpBaSi KOHCTPyKLlHSI panHo, npcJ1-
JlO>KCHHaSi A. C. nonOBbiM.
OJ1HH H3 ncpBblx COBCTCKHX JlCnOKOJlOB Ha
napoBOH TSire non Ha3BaHHCM «A. MHKOSlH»
6bI.i1 6bICTpo nOCTpOCH Ha HHKOJ1aCBCKOM CY-
nOCTpoHTCJ1bHOM 3aB0J1C Y>KC B ncpBblC MCCSlLlbl
nOCJlC BTOp>KCHHSI HCMCLlKHX BOI1CK B CCCP.
H BCCbMa KCTaTH, TaK KaK C HacTynJlCHHCM
X0J10;IOB B03HHKJ1a OCTpaSi Hc06x0J1HMOCTb B
npoKJlalJ,bIBaHHH MOpcKOro nYTH lJCpe3 no..'1S1p-
HbIC JlbAbl. nepBblH >KC pCHC CYAHa \{CPC3 TPH
OKcaHa 06WCH npOTSI>KCHHOCTblO OKOJlO 25 TbiC.
MHJlb BOlllCJI B HCTOpHIO KaK PCKOPAHblH cpe;:{H
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nCpBoe HCBOCHHOC cynHo C aTOMHOH
3HCpreTHlJCCKOH YCTaHoBKoH 6b1J10 nOCTpoeHO
Ha AAMHpaJlTCHCKOM 3aB0J1C JIcHHHrpaJ1a R
1959 rony. ATOMOXOJ1, nOJlYlJHBlllHI1 HMSI JIc-
HHHa, HMeJl BOlJ.OH3MeWCHHC 19 240 T. J],JIHH3
3TOro lJCTbIpCXnaJIy6Horo CYJIHa 134.2 M,
lllHpHHa - 27,6 M, BbiCOTa 6opToB - 60JlcC 16
M. CaMbI" MaCCHBHblH 113 BHHTOB BCCHT 30 T.
06waSi MOWHOCTb 4 rJlaBHblX napOBbiX Typ6HH
- 32.4 MBT. JIcnOKOJl cnoc06cH pa3BHBaTb
CKOpOCTb Cblllle 20 Y3J10B (36 KM/ lJ). 06b1\{HblH
JIClJ,OKOJl TaKOH MOWHOCTH C>KHraJl 6bl C>KCnHCB-
HO 200 T Ma3YTa. ATOMOXOAY XBaTaCT Ha CYTKH
HCCKOJlbKHX rpaMMoB ypaHa.
CaMblH KpynHblH JlCnOKOJl B MHpC nocTpo-
CH B 1985 rolJ.Y Ha JIcHHHrpancKoH cynoBcP<t>H
H nOJ1YlJHJ1 Ha3BaHHC «POCCHSI». llJ1HHa cro
140 M. MOUJ.HOCTb aToMHoro nBHrdTCJlSI Jlcna-
KOJla 75 TbiC. JI. C.
MOpCKOM <l»noT B L\M<I»pax
.
no 06W.CMY TOHHa>KY MOpCKOro <t>Jl0Ta
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YMCHhwaCTC
. no AaHHblM 1977 ro;J.a, nOA
JlH6cpH
1cKHM <t>JlaroM 2617 CYAaMH ncpC803H-
JlOCh 80 MJlH T rpY308. K 1988 ro;J.Y cYMMapHhlH
TOIIHa>K 3apcrHCTpHp08aHHblX 1506 Topr08blX
Cy;t08 COCTa8HJI TOJlbKO OKOJlO 50 MJ1H T.
Bn..;10THYIO K J1HACPY no TOHHa>KY TOp-
ro80ro <t>JlOTa npH6J1113HJ1ach naHaMa, Y KOTO-
pOH 8 nOC1CAHCC 8pCM
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lUllH TCMIl pOCTa no 3TOMY nOKa3aTCJIIO. Ha
noporc 80-x rO;J.08 naHaMa KaK no TOHHa>KY
(20 M J 1H T), TaK H no KOlIH4CCTBY CY!l08 (AO
3267) CTo
m, Ha CCAhMOM MCCTC. 4CpC3 10
JlCT nOA naHaMCKHM QJJ1aroM nJIa8aJ10 Y>KC 5121
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nCpBhlH o<t>HLlHaJlbHbIH pCKOp.a no 6h1CT-
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naHTH4CCKHH OKcaH 3a 18 CYTOK.
n03;J.HCC. Kor.aa B KOHCTPYKLlHH napoxo;J.a
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8 AHrJ1HH 8 1845 ro.ay no;:!. Ha38aHHCM «fPCHT
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O;J.OJ1CJ1
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«MaBpHTaHHIO» H <JIY3HTaHHIO» MOWHOCTblO 70
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«PeKC» llJIHHOH 268 M H rpY30nOll'bCMHOCTblO
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ATJIaHTHKY «PeKC» nepeceK 3a 3 CYT H 22 lJ.
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blM peHcoM
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TelJCHHe 40 nocnellHHx JlCT 3TOT npH3 HMCJI
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caMblC KpynHblc H3 HHX HMCJlH nJlllHY 168-
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naCCa>KHpOB. BonOH3Melll.CHHC COBpCMCHHblX
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nopTY 3TOT rHraHT-KaTaMapaH llJlHHOH 130 M,
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n pu o<l>HUHaJIbHOM cnycKc Ha BOAY CYJ1HO
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.
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napoxo.n B0J10H3MCllleHHCM 2300 T. cHa6>KCH-
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aJIbHO nJISI nepCB03KH HC<t>TH U3 AMCpHKH B
EBpony. 3TO cynHo Ha3b1BaIOT ncpBblM TaHKC-
poM B MHpe. B POCCHH ncpBblM TaHKcpoM
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BOAOH3MClllCHHCM 220 T CTaJI TpaHcnopTHpo-
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cneLlUaJIbHblX 60lJKaX cwc B 1861 rony.
B nOCJIeJ1Hee BpCMSI B I1cnaHHH HaMJ1eHbI
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Rbi" aMCpl-1KaHCU 060py.aOBaJl nepB)'1O 8 Ml-1pC
KI-1HOCTy.n1-11O no.n Ha3RaHI-1CM «4cpHaSl Mapl-1S1»,
r.nc 61>IJm np08c.nCHbJ KI-1HOChCMKI-1 TaHLlORLUI-1U
1-1 Ul-1pKOBblX apTI-1CT08. BncpRhIC KI-1H03aJI,
T04HCC CaJIOH KI-1HCTOCKona, npl-1HSlJI 3pl-1TCJIdi
14 anpC_1S1 1894 ro.aa. KI-1H03aJl COCTOSlJI n3
OTACJIbHhlX KaOI-1HOK, Ha411HCHHhiX KIIHCTOCKO-
naMI-1 ;:tJISI I-1H.a1-18l-1nyaJIhHoro npOCMOTpa KOpO-
TCHhKI-1X CIO>KCTOR.
<DaKTI-14CCKI-1 ncpRhli-i nJlaTHhlii nv6JIU4Hhlii
KI-1 Hocca He 6hl.,'1 OpraHI-130RaH 8
KacPC Ha
6YJlbRapc KanYUlfH08 R napl-1>Kc 28 aCKa6pSl
1895 rOlJ,a. KaccoRhlltl c60p COCTaRllJI 35
cPpaHKoB: no cPpaliKY C Ka>K;:toro, KTO pl-1CKHy.l
RncpRhlC 3aHTI-1 Ha npo6Hhlii cPl-1JlbM
nCpRhlH KI-1HOnpOCKTOp 6bLl 1-1306pCTCH
QJpaHLly3aMI-1. 6paThSlMI-1 J1IOMhCp. B Ha4a J 1C
1895 rOlJ,a UM y.aaJl0Ch CHSlTYIO I-1MI-1 >KC ncpBYtO
KUHOKapTI-1HY cnpOCLlHpOBaTb C nOMOLUhlO :JToro
annapaTa Ha 3KpaH. <DlfJ1hM 6hlJI CHSIT ncpRblM
TCXHl-1 l lCCKI-1 rO;:tHhIM KI-1H0C1>CM04HhIM an napa-
TOM. 1-1306pCTCHHbiM TaK>KC 6paTbSlMI-1 J1tOMbCp
npl-1 aKTI-1RHOH nOMOLUI-1 3JICKTPOTCXHUKa
)1<' KapnaHhC. 3TI-1MI-1 1-1306pCTCHI-1S1MU 6hL10
OTMCllCHO pO>K:{CHI-1C KUHeM
ITOrpacPlll-1, KOTopaSl
B CKOpoM BpCMCHH CTaJIa CaMbiM nOnYJlSlpHblM
H 06llJ.C.l1OCTynHbIM pa3BJIelJCHHCM.
JIJ060nblTHO. '1TO LlBeTHoe KHHO 3apoAH-
JIOCb cpa3Y >KC nOCJle H306pCTCHHSI 6paTbSlMH
JIIOMbep KHHonpoeKTopa H APymx TCXHHlJC-
CKHX HOBllleCTB .nJISI nepBOH .l1CMOHCTpaLlHH
<t>HJIbMa. D.aToH po>KACHHSI Ll.BCTHOro <t>HJlbMa
npHHSlTO C'IHTaTb 1896 ro.n. Ho, cnpaBe.a.JlHBo-
CTH pa.nH, Ha,no OTMCTHTb, lJTO ncpBblC LlBCTHbie
KHHOJlCHTbI AeJlaJlHCb PYlJHbIM paCKpallIHBaHH-
CM TblCSllJ Ka.npoB. nO-HaCTOSlll(CMY LlBCTHbIC
<t>HJIbMbI HaY1.lHJlHCb CHHMaTb TOJIbKO B XX
CTOJICTHH.
M,nelO CHSlTb <t>HJIbM B CHHXpOHHOM 3BY-
KOBOM COnpOBO>K.nCHHH BnepBble pCaJIH30BaJI
H306peTaTeJIb 10. A. JIOCT. nCpBaSi ny6JIHlJHaSi
AeMOHCTpaLl.HSI 3BYKOBOro <t>HJIbMa COCTOSlJIaCb
B DCpJIHHC 17 CCHTSl6pSl 1922 roJ1a, XOTSI
naTCHT 6bIJI nOJIYlJeH 3Ha1.lHTeJIbHO paHblllC.
nepBbIH COBCTCKHH 3KcncpHMCHTaJIbHblH
3BYKOBOH cl>HJIbM no.a. Ha3BaHHeM «nJlaH BeJIH-
KHX pa60T» .nCMOHCTpHpOBaJICSI B 1930 ro.a.y B
MOCKOBCKOM KHHOTcaTpc «XYAO>KCCTBeHHblH».
nCpBblH nOJIHOMCTpa>KHblH 3BYKOBOH xYAO>KCC-
TBCHHbIH <t>HJIbM 6b1JI C03.naH Y Hac B CTpaHe
HeCKOJIbKO n03>KC. Ho nepBblH 6J1HH HC CTaJl
KOMOM. KHHOKapTHHa «nYTCBKa B >KH3Hb»,
XOpolliO H3BCCTHaSi HallieMY CTaplllCMY nOKOJle-
HHIO, cpa3Y >KC BOIliJIa B COKpOBHll(HHLl.Y
MHpoBOro KHHOHCKYCCTBa.
ClllA - He TOJlbKO po,nHHa ncpBOH B
MHpC KHHOCTy.nHH. B KOHKYPCHTHOH 6oph6e C
KOMnaHHCH T. 3.nHcoHa, opraHH3aTopa 3TC.3
crYAHH H rJlaBHoro MOHOnOJlHCTa KHHonpoJ1YK-
Ll.HH B HalJaJIC TCKYll(Cro CTOJICTHSI, B npHropoAC
JIoc-AH,n>KeJlCCa BblpoCJIa KPynHcHlllaSi B Ml-1pC
KHHOHH.l1YCTPHSI «rOJLJIH, BY,n») caMaSi JIYlJlllaSi H
B TeXHHlJCCKOM OCHall(CHHH. PacnOJlO>KeHa OHa
Ha TCppHTOpHH 170 ra H npCACTaBJleHa nOlJTH
llleCTblOCTaMH CbeMOlJHblMH naBHJIbOHaMH.
CKOJIbKO <t>HJIbMOB MO>KHO ,neMOHCTpHpo-
BaTb H3 OAHOro KHHonpocKTopa? O.nHH KHHO-
npOCKTOp B 06b1lJHbiX YCJIOBHSlX KHH03aJla
npoKPY1.lHBaCT OJ1HH <t>HJlbM. A KHHonpoCKTO-
pOM, pa3pa60TaHHblM aHrJlHHCKHMI-1 KOHCTPYK-
TopaMH, MO>KHO ACMOHcrpHpoBaTb O.nHOBPCMCH-
HO 16 <t>HJIbMOB B OJ1HOM KHH03aJIe C MHOro-
TblCSllJHOH ay.nHTopHCH. Ka>KnblH H3 3pHTCJlCH
no >KeJIaHHIO MO>KeT ncpcHTH OT onHoro 3KpaHa
K .nPyroMY, npcnBapHTeJlbHO 3anaClllHCb 6cc-
npoBo.nHblMH HaYlllHHKaMH, BocnpHHHMalOll(H-
MI-1 3BYK TOJlbKO Bbl6paHHoro <t>HJIbMa. )J(cJla-
IOllJ.HC MOryT CMOTpCTb H HCCKOJlbKO <t>HJIbMOB
OAHOBpeMeHHO. EblJla 6bl Ha TO OXOTa. He
HpaBHTCSI KHHOKapTHHa - MO>KHO. He TepSiSl
BpCMCHH, CMOTpCTb APyrylO. pa3 Y>K nonaJI B
,neMOHCTpaLlHOHHbIH 3aJl.
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B O,nHOM H3 KHHOTcaTpoB D.>KaKapTbI,
CTOJlHLlbi I1HAOHC3HH, C 1984 ro,na YCTaHOBJIeH
3KpaH 2828 x 2148 CM. 3TO caMblH 6oJlblllOH
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MMp rony6oro 3KpaHa
.
nCpBhlH TeJIeBH30p, npoo6pa3 COBpeMeH-
HOro, nOSlBHJICSI B 1884 roAY 6J1aro.napSi
YCHJIHSlM H306peTaTeJISI n. HHnKoBa. OH 3a-
naTCHTOBaJI YCTpoHCTBO, KOTOpoC Ha3BaJI 3J1CK-
TpHlJCCKI-1M TCJICCKonOM. Ho OHO 1-13-3a CBoeH
npHMHTHBHOH KOHCTPYKLl.HH HC MOrJIO HMeTb
6YJ1Yll(cro.
nCpBaSi 3J1CKTpoHHO-JIYlJCBaSi Tpy6Ka, KO-
TopaSi cnoc06Ha 06ccnclJHTb lJCTKYIO nepeAalJY
H306pa>KeHHSI Ha TCJlC3KpaH, nOSlBHJlaCb B 1897
ro.ny. Ee CKOHCTPYHpOBaJ1 H306peTaTcJlb 1-13
CTpac6ypra K.«1>. EpaYH. 11 TOJ1bKO lJCpe3 10
JIeT npHlllJla MblCJIb HCnOJlb30BaTb 3JICKTpoHHO-
JlYlJCBYIO TPy6KY AJISI nepc.nalJH H306pa>KeHHSI.
B 1923 roAY BbIXOALlY 1-13 POCCHH H.K.
3BOPblKHHY y.naJIOCb nOCTpoHTb HKOHOCKon-
ncpBYIO TeJICBH3HOHHYIO TPy6KY. 4 CpC3 roA OH
>KC H306pcJI KHHCCKon, no.n06HbIH COBpCMeHHO-
MY. npaKTl-1lJCCKH Y>Ke TorAa MorJlH opraHH30-
BaTb lllHpOKOMaClllTa6HYIO TCJlCBewaTCJlbHYIO
ceTb. OAHaKO B0306JIaAaJlH APyrHc <t>aKTopbl,
He I-1MCIOll(He HHlJCro 06ll(cro C TCXHHlJCCKI-1MI-1
np06JIcMaMH. PcrYJISlpHbie TeJIenepe.nalJH CTaJlI-1
peaJlbHOCTblO TOJlbKO lJepC3 20 J1CT. YlJCHblH
MHp 60poJlcSI. OAHH paTOBaJIH 3a MeXaHHlJC-
CKHH nYTb pa3BHTHSI TCJ1CBH.neHHSI, ,nPyrHe-
3a 3J1eKTpoHHblH. B KOHLlC KOH
OB BO BTOpoH
nOJIOBHHC 40-x ro.nOB 3JICKTpoHHOC TCJleBHJ1C-
HHC MOllJ.HOH BOJIHOH pa3JIHJlOCb no 11HBHJlH30-
BaHHOMY MHPY.
SlnOHCKaSi <t>HpMa «COHH», HMClOlliaSi HblHC
MHpoBOH HMHJI>K B 06J1aCTH npoI-13B0J1CTBa
HOBCHlllCH 3J1CKTPOHHOH TeXHI-1KH, B 1960 ro.tty
BbinYCTHJla ncpBYIO napTHIO TpaH3HCTOpHblX
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MHp.
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HHSI caMbiC 60JIblllHe npoH3BOACTBa roJIJIaHA-
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H3BCCTHaSi BCCMY MHPY <t>HpMa HaJla.nHJIa
c60pKY cpa3y Tpex MO.nCJlCH orpoMHblx Ll.BCT-
HbiX TCJICBH30poB, OTJIHlJalOlllHXCSI .nPyr OT
.nPyra TOJlbKO pa3McpaMH 3KpaHOB: 3 )( 4 M,
4 x 5,5 M H 6 )( 8 M C o.nHHaKoBoH TOJ1IllHHOH
0,7 M. Bce OHH npc.ttHa3HallcHbi JIJlSI nCMOHCT-
paUHH TCJ1enpOrpaMM B 06w.ecTBeHHblx MCCT3X
Ha AaJlbHHC paccToSlHHSI. C03.naTeJlI-1 3TI-1X
TCJlCBH30poB npeJ1ycMoTpeJIH HaCTOJlbKO BblCO-
KYIO SlpKOCTb H306pa>KcHliSl, lJTO Aa>KC npSlMbic
COJIHClJHblC JlYlJH HC SlBJISIIOTCSI nOMexoH .nJlSl
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COTKaH H3 KpacHo-cHHe-3CJlCHblX SllJCCK >KHJJ.KHX
KpHCTaJIJlOB, pacnOJlO>K
HHblX nJlOTHOCThlO B
2150 e.nHHHLI. Ha Ka>K):{blH KBa.npaTHbIH MCTP,
lJCM 06eCnClJHBaCTCSI XopoWCC KalJCCTBeHHoe
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HaJlI-1CTbI, Ha 3KpaHax TenCBI-130pOB COBMC-
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liTO HCKOTopble qmpMbl H3roTaBJlHBalOT TCJlC-
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qmpMbl «MHLly6I-1CH». B Ha4ane 80-x ro.aOB OHI1
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pOM 6 x 9 M, pa60TalOllI.I-1H Ha 25 TbIC.
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H3BCCTHaSi SlnOHCKaSi 4mpMa «COHH» B
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M0J11-16JJ.eH 89
MOJlflWI 38
MOHOJlHTbl KaMCHHble 162
MoncJJ.bl 195
MopS! 26, 27
MOCTbl 220, 221, 222
MOTOpOJ1J1ep 195
MOTOUIIKJ1LI 194, 195
MO'leBHtla 84
MY3cii KOMnblOTepoB 122. 123
MYCKyJ10JleT 20<>, 207
MycKyc 164
MblJlbHblii nY3blpL 117, 132
H
HanOllllCIIIIC 39
HapKOTlI'IeCKOe HCWCCTBO 80
Hacocbl 143
HaTpHi1 77
HaY'Hlblii npoeKT 106. 107
Hc6oCKpc6w 166,167,168
HeraTHB 242
Hei1J10H 86
Hei1TpI-1HO 96.97
Hco6bl'!Hble MaTepl-1aJ1bl 90,91
HeOpraHI-1'!ecKl-1e XI-1MI-1'!eCKl-1e
BeweCTBa 76
HeocBoeHHble reppJ.1TOpl-1l1 34,35
HenryH 63, 64
HecpTenpOMblCJ1bl 138
HecpTb 45
HHKeJ1b 89,92
HH061-1H 91
HO)l( nepo'U1HHbli1 256
HYMepaul-1S1 311aHui1 225
o
06cepHaTopml 50,52.55,58,
60,65,66,68,69,70
OrpaJJ.bl 171
03epa 28,29
OKeaHbl 24, 25
OKHa 166
OpraHI1'!ecKHe XI-1MI-1'!eCKl1e
BeU1eCTBa 76
Oprawl'!eCKl1ii CI1HTe3 84, 86
OcaJJ.Ku 37, 38
OcaJJ.o'!Hble nopoJJ.bl 43
OCMHH 78
OCTpoBa 25,26,29
o TeJH1 168, 169
OTOr1Jlel-1I1C 173
OTpl1uaTeJ1bHOe 'U1CJ10 128
OCPUOJII-ITbl 44
O'iKH 247
n
naMjlTJ1J.IBblii MaTepl1aJl 91
naWlTIll-1KII apXI1TeKrypbl 161 162
napawlOT 209
napoBaSlryp611Ha 151
napoH03bl 178, 179
napoXo.l1bl 212, 213
nCpcJ1cn,1 'ICpC3 OKeaH 202
nepMcII1lIOp 89
nCpbS! CTaJILHblC 254
necoK 82
newepbl 31
nHpaMUl1bl 161,162,163,166
flnaMSI 83
nJ1aH rpaJJ.ocTpOI-1TeJ1bHbIH 160
IlJ1aHeTapl-1H 70
nJ1aHeTbi 62.63
nJ13CTMaCcbl 86, 87
nJ13nlHa 47,62
nJ1on1Ha 152
nJ10L1.1aJJ.b 161
nnyTOH 63.64.65.88
nHeBMoTpy60npoBo.n. 229
norona 37
nO.n.Wa-1nHI-1KI-1 142
noe3na 240
nO>Kapbl 40
n031-1TpOHbi 99
n0J11-13LteTl-1J1CH 61
nOJ1I-1Mepbl 85,86
nom'ITOKCI-1H 79
nOJ1I1<t>opMaJlbJJ.erl-1JJ. 61
n0J11-13Tl1J1eH 87
nOJ1oca nocanO'!HaSi 227
nOpTbl 228. 229
nOCeJ1eHl1e .n.pcBHee 160
nOTenJ1eHl-1e 35
nO'fTOB3j1 MapKa 234
nO'fTOBOC nOCJ13HUe 232
nO'!TOBbIH WTeMnCJ1b 232
nO'!TOBbIH jlllU1K 232
npecc-cTaHoK 143
npl-16op nl-1CbMeHHblH 254
npl1J1l1BlI3S1 3J1CKTpOCT3HLtI1S1 156
npHJ1I1Bbl 24
npl1HTCp 123
npl1pOnHblH ra3 76
npl1'!aJlbl 228
npoBoJJ.a 141, 142
n pOnOJ1>K I-1TCJ1bHOCTb
nepeJ1eT3 206
npOU3BOnUTeJ1U
3BTOM061-1J1cii 184
npOJ1I-1Bbl 27
npOTOH 96
nYJ1bC3pbl 57,59.98
nYCTLItUI 3 1
nblJ1eCOC 248
p
PaJJ.l1l1 77, 78
PanUOaKTI-1BHOCTb 164
Pa,nlfoacTpOHOMI-1S1 67
P3JJ.110r3J13KTHKI-1 61
PaJJ.1-10l1HTeP<t>epoMeTp 116
Pa!J.1-10JlaMnLI 99
Pa!J.1-10npI-1CMHI-1K 244.262
PaJJ.110TeJleCKOn 55,59.67.68
PaJJ.oH 77
PcryJ1l-1pOBilll1K 199
Pe31-1Ha 139
PeKu 27
PeKJI3M3 HeOHOBaSi 252
PCKOHCTpYKLtI-1S1rOpona 161
PeMHH 6C30naCHOCTI1 200
PeHTreHoBcKoe 1-13JTy'-feHI1C 59
Pe<t>J1eKTOp 50, 65
Pe<t>paKTop 68
PI-1<t>T 41
PTyTb 67. 77, 78, 91
PyJ]HI-1K 137
Py'!Ka Ulapl-1KOBaSi 254. 255
Pbl6bl 29
c
CaMOJleTbl 201. 202, 203.
204,205
(;:aMoCBaJlbl 190
CarypH 63. 64
CaX3pl1H 80
CBepXHOB3j1 3BC3JJ.a 57
CBepxnpoBoJJ.HMOCTb 91. 92. 150
CBCPXPCWCTKH 93
CBeT 105
CBeTo!UlOJJ.bl 100
CBeTo<t>opb l 1 <)8, 1 <)<)
CBe'!l1 251
CBI1HCU 78
CeBepHoe nOJl}'wapl1e 27,30,
50,57
CeMb 'fYJJ.ec CBeTa 161, 162
Cepe6po 78
ClUlTeTl1'fCCKl'lC B0J10KH3 87. 88
CI1HXpo<t>a3oTpoH, CM.
YCKOpl-1TeJlI-1 33pSl>KCHHbIX 'f3CTI-1Lt
CI1CTeMbl C'IJICJ1eHI-1j1 128
CUTeLt 136
CKBa>Kl1l1bl 42,43,44
CKOpOCTL JJ.BH>KeHiISI 102, 103
CKolWCTb Ha BOJJ.e 212,213,
216,217
CKOpOCTL n0J1eT3 203, 204
CKOpOCTb CBCTa 102, 110
CJlanKUC BeweCTBa 81. 82
CJllona 78
CMCP'fl1 39.40
C060PLI 164, 173
C03HC3JlIISI 52,54,55,56,57,
59,61,67
COJllle'fH3S1 paJJ.11aUI1S1 37
COJ1He'fHaji CHCTeMa 50, 52, 53.
54,57.63.64,65,67,70
COJ1He'fHbIC BeTpbl 62, 63
COJlHe'!Hblc BCnblWKI1 62
COJ1Hec.tHble nSiTHa 98
COJlHLtC 50,54,56,57,58,59,
60,61,62,63,69.70,103.128
COJlHLteMo6UJlb 188
COOp}'>KeHI1S1 3po'!Hble 163
Coop}')KeHI1S1 K)'J1bTOBbIC 163
CocTaBbl >KCJle3Ho.n.opO>Kllble 180
COCYJJ.bl 143
Cnl-1pT 80
CnllaBbl 89
CnyrHI-1KI-1 fU1aHeT 64, 65
CTa,[11-10Hbl 163, 170
CTaJ1b 141
CT3TI-1CTHKa nO'!TOBaSi 233. 234
CTaTI-1CTlIK3 TeJle<t>ollllaSi 237
CTaryH 161,172,173
CTCKJlO 141
CTCHbl 170. 171
CTcpeoHaywHI-1KI-1 244
CTpI1XHHH 79
CYJJ.a 212
CyncprcHcpaTopbl 151, 152
CynepTpaHc<t>opMaTophi 150
CyxorpY3bl 212
C'JeTbl JJ.peBHJ1e 124
T
TaKCU 198
TaJlJ1I1H 92
T3HKepbl 214, 215
T3XUOHW 96,97,103
TeaTpbl 169, 170
TeJ1eBH30pbl 243,244
TeJlerpaMMbl235
TCJ1erpa<t> 234
T eJ1erpa<t>Hble
3nnapaTbi 234, 235
TeJleCKOnbl 52,65, 6b, 67
TeJ1e<t>oH 235,236, 237
TeJ1e<t>oHHaji J1HHHSI 236
TeJ1e<t>oHHaji CT3HI1iiSi 236
TeJle<t>oHbI-aBToMaTbl 237
TeJle<t>oHHLIH annapaT 235,236
TeJ1e<t>oIlHbl
j cnpaBO'JHI-1K 237
T CJlJl}'P 78
TeMnep3ryp3 35,36,37.
101. 102
TenJ1lU!LI 170
T el1JlOB03bl 179
T epMoMeTp 114
TepMoc 257
TepMOjlJJ.epHble YCT3HOBKI-1 99
TepMoSlJJ.epHblH CI1HTe3 99
Te<t>noH 87
Te'!el-lI1e OKC3HI-1'!eCKoe 24, 25
TI-1T3H 77, 89
TOnll(I-1H3 115
Tona3 90
TOpHH 78
TOYM3THH 81
TpaKTopbl 192, 193
TpaMBal-1 196
TpaMBaH pe'!HoH 210
TpaH31-1CTOp 121
TpaHcypaH08ble 3neMeHTbi 78
TpaHc<t>opMaTopbl 150, 151
Tpaynepbl 215
Tpl-1TI-1H 7R
TponneH6ycbl 196
TpOCTb 256
Tpol)'ap JJ.Bltl)Kyll(I-1HCjI 224
TYMaHHocTI-153,57.58,59,60
TYHflenu 174,222,223
Typ6oreHepaTop 151
Ty<t>JIItI 259.260
TSlra'1 193
y
Yrnepon 61,77
Y.Q06pcul-1S1 34
Y3J1bl 132
Ynm,tbl 225
YHUI-1j1 79
YpaH (nJl3HeTa) 63,64
Y CKOpHTCnl-1 33pSliKelIHbix '!aCTItU
97.98,99,106,107
CI>
<1>a30Bb1C ncpexoJJ.bl 102
<1>3KC 235
<1>apbl aBToMo6a.U1bJlble 199,200
<1>el-ll-1nOH 89
<1>113l1'ICCKlle KOUCTaHTbl 112, 113
<1>oHapb 251
<1>oHTaHbl 144, 174
<1>ocreH 79
<1>oToannap3Tbl 240,241
<1>oTorpaq,u'lccKII ii
BCpTlIK3J1bHblii Kpyr 115
<1>oToKaMepa 240, 241
<1>OTOCHI-1MKI-1 240,241,242
<1>yJ1brypI1Tbl 38
<1>yHJJ.3MeHT3J1bHble nOCTOSlHHble
111,112
x
XI1MI-1'!eCKl-1e Bell(eCTBa 76
XI-1MI1'!eCKl-1e peaKTopbl 85
XI-1MI1'!ecKllc COenJIIICHUSI 76
XI-1MI-1'!eCKl1e <t>opM)'nbi 85
XI-1MI-1'!eCKl-1e 3J1eMeHTbl 76, 77
XI1MII'!ecKoe 0p}'iKue 79,80
XI1HI1H 84
Xnop 78
XpaMbi 162,163,164,165
XpOM 77, 89
u.
Ue3uii 77, 78
UeJ1J1o<t>aHoBaSi nJ1eHKa 139, 140
UeJ1nyJ1ol-1JJ. 86
UeHTpbl ToproBble 165, 167, 169
UCpKBI-1 163
UUaHJlCTblH Kanui1 79
Ul-1aHOBaSi KItCJlOTa 84
Ul1aHOTpltaUeTlIJ1ell 61
Um<J1ou 39
UmlK 90
UYHaMu 39
'-I
1.JaiiHble cepBu3bl 257,258
1.JacbI 113,252.253.254
1.Jeptu-lJl3 255
1.JepHble JJ.blpbl 54.55,60
1.JuCJ13 129, 130, 131
1.Jyryll 141
1.JYJJ.cca CBeTa 29, 30
w
llJapbl 45
llJCJ1K 136
llJmlbI3HTOM0611J1I.llb1C 190
llJJ1IO
bl 228, 229
w.
ll1eTK3 3y6Haji 257
3
3H<t>eJ1eBa 63WHjI 166, 167
3KBaTop 3eMJU1 24
3KcKaBaTop 193, 194
3Kcnpeccbl cBepxcKopocTHble
180, 181
3J1eKTpI1'!ecKl-1ii TOK 99. 150, 151
3J1eKTpI1'!ecKoe HanpSliKeHl-1e 150
3J1eKTpoB03bl 179
3J1eKTp0J11-13ep 151
3J1eKTpOM061-1J1b 182
3J1eKTpOHbl 96,99
3J1eKTpOCTaHUI-1H 152
3J1eKTpOcTaHUJ1I-1
BeTpSlHble 155, 156
3J1eKTpoCTaHUI-1I-1
npl-1J1I-1BHble 156
3J1eKTpOCTaHUl-1u COJlHe'!Hble
(reJlI-10CT3HUI1I-1) 154. 155
3J1eKTpOCTaHUI-1I1 Tel1JlOBble 152
3J1eMeHT3pHble '!3CTI-1UbI 96
3HepreTWIeCKI-1H 6J10K 152, 153
3HepreTI-1'!ecKoe
MaWI1HocTpoeHue 151
3Hepn1S1 103
3HCprOnoTpe6J1eHl1e 156, 157
3CK3J13TOp 224
3<t><t>eKT 110nJlepa 51
3xo 32.35.164
10
lOiKHoe nonywapl1c 50
IOmncp 62. 64. 65
}lJJ.cpHoe op}'iKl1e 103,104
}lJIepUblii pe3KTop 153, 154
}lnpo 3CMJlJI 41
}lJJ.bl 79
reorpa<l>
ecK
Vt YKa3aTenb
A
ABcTpaJ1I-1i1cKI-1i-1 MaTepl-1K 27, 28, 32, 33,41,45, 173
ABC"rpanl-1$1, rocYJJ,apcTBo B IO>KHOM nOJTyUJapull I-fa
OJJ,HOI-1MeHHOM MaTepl-1Ke 36,38,47. 71, 140, 143,
165,197,220,233
ABcTpo-BeHrpml, rocYJJ.apcTBo B EBpone B
1867-1918 rr. 172
AraTa, HaCeJ1eHl-fbli-1 nyl-fKT B KpaCI-fOjlpCKOM Kpae 36
MeJlal-1JJ,a, ropoJJ. B ABcTpaJll-11-1 197
Mblrl-1ff, peKa B KI-1pn131-111 37
A31-1aTcKoe n06epe>Kbe 27
A31-1j1, ljaCTb CBeTa 33.36,226.25]
AKKaD., ropoD. B !J.Bypeljbe 160
AKol-fKarya. ropa. l-fal-160Jlee BblCOKajl BepWUl-fa AHl.l U
Bcei1lO>Kffoi-i AMepIlKI-I. B ApreHTI-1He 32. 33
AKocoM60, BOJJ.oxpam1J11n
e I-fa p. BOJ1bTa B raHe 174
AneKcaHJJ,pa MaCCI-1B, apxl-1neJlar B TI-1XOM OKeaHe Y
ceBepO-3an
l-foro n06epe>Kbjl CeBepHoi1 AMepl-1KI-1 41
AneKcaHJJ,pl-1j1, ropoJJ, B Erl-1nTe 161, 166, 213. 228
AneKcaHJJ,pl-1j1, ropoJJ. B CWA 234
Ana6aMa, ropoJJ. B CWA 104
Ana6aMa, WTaT B CWA 73, 259
AnapKoc. ropoJJ, Ha ni-lpel-feiicKOM nonyocTpoBe 164
An6aHI-1$1, rocYJJ,apcTBo B EBpone I-fa EanKal-fCKOM
nonyocTpoBe 157
AneYTcKajl BnaJJ.l-1l-fa. CM. AneYTcKI-1l1 >KeJl06
AneYTCKue oCTpoBa, oCTpoBa Ha ceBepe Tuxoro
OKeaHa 26
AneYTCKI-1i-1 >KeJl06. BnaJ).J.Ufa B ceBepHOi1ljaCTil
Tl-1xoro OKeal-f3 BJJ,OJ1b 1O>Kl-fbiX nOJJ.BOJJ.HbIX CKJlOHOB
AneYTCKI-1X OCTpOBOB 25.3<)
AnTai-1, rOpHa$l CUCTeMa B JO>KHoii lj3CTl1 3an3JJ.l-foii
CI-1611pll (POCCI-1j1, MHP II KI-1Taii) 147
Anbllbl, rOpHaji CI-1CTCMa B 3anaJJ.Hoii EBpone 31,222
An$lCKa. nonyocTpoB I-fa cCBepo-3anaJJ.e CeBepl-foi1
AMepl-1KII 39.41,225
AnjlCKIIHCKllii 3aJIIIB, 33J111B Tllxoro OKe3t-13 39
AMa30HK3. peK3 B IO>KHoii AMelntKe 26, 27, 260
AMepl-1Ka, ljaCTb CBeTa, 06pa3yeM3j1 MaTep11KaMI-1 -
CeBepHoi1 1-1 IO>KHoii AMepl1Koii. ljaCTO
ynoTpe6JljleTcjI KaK l-fa3Baime CWA 29, 214,
221,260
AMuToKc, ropHblji MaCCUB B rpeHJ1al-fJJ.1-111 43
AMcTepJJ.aM, ropol1 B HmtepJlaH,nax 168
AM)'JIapbjl, pCKa I-fa rpaHI1Lle Y36eKI-1CT3Ha.
TypKMeHI-1CTaHa II A
rat-HicTalt3 3b
Al-frapa, peKa B BOCTOljl-fOIl
CI-16I-1pl-1(Poccl-1j1) 157,174
AHrJlltjl. aJJ.MI-1HI-1CTpaTItIHIO-1l0JlJITWfCCKdjl ljaCTb
BeJIIIK06pI-1Tal'fllIt, 'laCTO ynoTpe6JljleTCjI WIjI
0603U3'lettl1j1 Hcero rocYltapCTBa BeJllIK06pUTal-HUI
69,136,141,142,146,181,184,191,192,194,
195,209,212,213,214,221,225,232,233,234,
241,248,249,254,255,257,258
AI-fJJ.l-1i1cKI-1e KopJJ.I-Ulbepbl, CM. AI-fJJ.bl
Au,nxpa-npa,new, WTaT B MH,n1l1-1 39
AIIJJ.bI, rOpl-f3j1 CUCTeMa B 1O>Kltoii AMepllKe 32, 33,
171,227
AIlTapKTl1,na, MaTepuK B l(el-fTpe 1O>KI-fOii nOJ1j1pl-foi1
06JlaCTI-1 3eMi-fOrO wapa 28,30,32,35,36,37,43,
71,237
AHTapKTJI'.ecKoe n06epe>KLC 30
AIfTHcpnell, ropoJJ. R EeJlLfllI1 228
AUTIII)'a 11 Eap6YJI3. OCTpOHItOe rocYJJ.apcTHo B
Kapll6cKOM Mope 234
Al-fxeJlb, BOAonaJJ. 113 OJJ.ItOM 1-13 IlpliTOKOH pCKIl
Kapol-fll B BeuecY3Jle 27
AnelUuUfcKllii nOJTyocT})OB, nonyocTpoB RIO>Kl-fol-1
EBpone 223
ApanbcKoe Mope, 03epO-MOpC Ha rpatnll(e
Ka3axCTaHa 1-1 Y36eKUCTal-fa 29
ApreHTlUfa, rocYJJ.apcTBo Ii IO>KHOii AMclHlKe 33.
225,226,254
ApItYK06a, IiYJlKalt 34
Apecl-160, ropoJJ. B ny
pTO-PI-1KO 59,61.68
ApH30ua. nyCTbll-tjl B CeBepl-fOH AMepl-1Ke 188
Ap1-130Ha. UJTaT B CWA 37,50,66,174
Apl-1Ka. ropo.n Ha ceBepe
h1JlI1 37
ApHJlb, peKa B MTaJlI-1U 27
ApMeHujI. rOCYJJ.apCTBO B 3aKaBKa3be 40,43,69,
136.223.237
Apfla. peKa B ApMeHl-11-1 223
ApxaureJ1bcK, roPOJJ. Ha ceBepo-3aflaJJ.e POCCI-1J.1 70
Accyp, ropo.n B !J.Bypeljbe 160
ACTpaxaub, ropoJ1 B POCCI-1I-1 229
ATaKaMa, nycTbHljl Ha ceBepe
I-1JlI-1 BJJ.OJlb
TuxouKt:aHcKoru n06epe>t<bjl 37
ATJlaHTa, ropoJJ. B CWA 168
ATJlal-fTl1Ka CM. ATJlaHTwlecKl-1i-i OKeaH
ATJJaHTHljeCKJ1H OKeaH 24, 25, 26, 28, 181,202,
212,213,229.234
AYjll-f- Tenyu, ropHblH MaCeJ-1B I-fa rBI1aHcKoM
n.nocKoropbe (BeuecY
Jla) 28
A(
l-1l-fbl, .npeBlierpeljeCKI-1H ropoJJ. 160
A
pI-1Ka27,28,2<).33,36.81,232,237
A
pl-1KallcKl-1jj KOlfTHHeI-fT, CM. A
pl-1Ka
6
Eanaplljl.
cJJ.epaJlbl-fajl 3eMJljl B repMaHJU1 228
EaJ1-CTC6eu, HaCeJleHHblH nYI-fKT B repMaHl11-1 25<)
Ea3eJlb, ropoJJ. B WBeiiuapl-111 222
EaHKaJ1, 03CpO B POCCI-1I1 28,29,39
EaK)'. CTOJ1llua A3ep6aHJJ>t<al-fa 226,229
EaJlKal-fbl. YlloTpe6JlSleMOe l-fa3BaHHe EaJ1KaI-fCKOrO
nonyocTpoBa 203
EaJlTl-1ikKJUt WI-1T, BblC1)'fl JJ.oKeM6pl-1ikKOrO
YHJJ.aMeIITa B ceBepo-3aflaJJ.I-fOH ljaCTI-1
BOCTOljllo-EBpondkKoii nJlaT
OpMbl 44
EaJITI1HCKOe Mope. Mope ATJlaHTl1ljeCKoro OKealia 26.
39,229
EaJlxaw, 03epo B Ka3axcTal-fe 29
EaCK)'ll'laK, 03epo I-fa npl1KaCnHHcKoH 1U-13MeUHOCTI-1
B POCCIIII 29
Eacpa, ropoJJ. B MpaKe 160
Eacca, npOJIItIB MC>t<J1)' ABcTpaJll-1eit H OCTpOBOM
TacMaHHSI 27,28
EaT, JJ.peBIHlii ropoJJ. 128
EaTaBuSI, ropo,U n WTaTe MJlJlltll-fOHC (CWA) 97
EaT)'MI1, ropoll B rpY3JU1 229
Ea1)'McKI1H perl-1ol-f 37
EaxlISI $emIKc. lIaCeJleHUblH nyUKT B YI1ll11 37
EaxpeHu, rocy,UapcTBo B A31111 168
EaWKl-1pl-1j1. aBTOI-fOMHajl pecny6Jll-1Ka Ha Teppl-1TOpl11-1
POCCJU1 229
EaWKl-1pCKI-1H 3aflOBeJJ.I-fI-1K 40
EeJlI-13, rocYJJ.apcTBo B UeHTpaJ1bHOH AMepl-1Ke 30
EeJloe Mope. Mope CeBepHoro fleJJ.OBI-1TOrO OKeal-fa
26,229
EeJl03epCKI1H KaHa.n 229
EeJlOMOpCKO-EaJlTl-1ikKI-1H KaHaJl. KaHaJ1,
coeJJ.I-1HSlIOU{1U1 EeJ10e Mope C Ol-fe>t<CKI-1M
03epoM 229
EeJl
aCT, ropoJJ. B CeBepHoH M pJl a HJJ.1-1 1-1 216
EeJlb6e, Bo,UonaJ1 B HopBenm 28
EeJlbrl-1j1. rOCYJJ.apCTBO B 3aflaJJ.I-fOH EBpone 140, 153
EeJlb
0I-fT3HI-f, ropoJJ. B CWA 225
EeJljlKa. .npeBl-fl-1ii ropoJJ. B EOJlrapl-11-1 34
EeHraJlbCKl-1ii 3aJ1HB, 3aJ1I-1B MHJJ.I-1HCKOrO OKeal-fa
Me>t<J1)' nonyocTpOBaMJ1 MHJ10CTaH U MHJJ.oKI-1TaH 43
Eeprell, ropoJJ. IS HopBerl-11-1 233
Eeper CJlOI-fOBOH KOCTI-1, CM. KOT-J!'MByap
Eep>t<e, KapCTOBaji flponacTb B 3anaJJ.Hblx Anbflax B
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EepuHra OCTpOB, OCTpOB B rpynne KOMal-fJJ.opcKI-1X
OCTpOBOB B TllxoM OKeaHe 233
ECPKJlI1, ropoJJ. B WTaTe KaJ1I-1
OpHI-1S1 (CiliA) 50, 145
Eepmm, CTOJlUua rCpMal-lltl11 66, 196. 226. 237
EepH, CTOJlUua WBeHuapJ11-1 78
EepTa POD>t<epc, cBcpxrny60KaSi CKBa>t<l-1l-fa B CWA 42
EupM11HreM. ropo11 B Bellli K06pJ1TaHI-1H 141.
225,254
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EJ1
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EurocJ\oH, OCTpUH H apXl1fJeJlare AJleyrcKI-1X OCTpOBOB
B Tl1xOM OKeaHe 26
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OCTpOBOB B Tl-1xOM OKeaHe Me>t<J1)' flOnyoCTpOBOM
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(McKCJlKa) 32
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II OCTpOHOB Ii KOpaJ1JJOBOM Mope BJJ.OJlb
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(CeBepHa
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EopJJ.o, ropoJJ. BO <J>paHLtI-1I-1 186
EOCTOI-f, ropo.o. B WTaTe
Maccalf)'ceTe (CWA) 122, 169
EocclJop, IlpOJlI-1B, CoeJlI-1II
IOWI-1H t.{cpl-foe 1-1
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27
Epa3l-1m1
, rocy.o.apcTBo B IO)f(HOH AMepJ1Ke 45, 152,
225,234,260
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Ep3TCKoe Mope, BOJJ.oxpal-fHm11l1e Ha AHrape 174
EpaYHwBeHr. ropoJJ. B fepMaHl-11-1 116.253
EpaxManyrpa, peK3 B I1HJJ.HJ1 157
EPHJJ.)KyoTep, HaCeJleHHblH nyl-fKT B
Bem1K06pl-1TaHI-1U 140
Epl-1CTOJlb, ropoJJ. B BemlK06pl-1TaHI-11-1 69
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, npOBI-1IILU1
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Kal-faJJ.bl 113
EpJ1TaHCKl-1e oCTpoBa, oCTpoBa Me)f(.lJ.)'
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EplOrre, ropoJJ. B EeJlbrl-1H 259
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B
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Bau, 03epo Ha BOCTOKe TypLt1111 Ha ApM
HcKoM
Haropbe 43
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BaWI-1HrTOI-f, ropa B AnnaJlayax (ClllA) 37
BaWI-1HrTOI-f, CTom1ua ClllA 103,224,232
BaWUHrTOI-I. WTaT B ClllA 37. 152
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KI-1TaHCKa
paBHI-1Ha, paBHI1Ha B CeBepHoM
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i
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, rocYJ1apcTBO B 3ana.olloii EBponc
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141,143,156,171,172,175, lR4, 185, 199,208,
234,242
BeJlI1K06pllTaJ-tI-1
, OCTpOB B ATJl3HTI1'-IeCKOM OKeaHC
25,222,257
Beua. CTOJll-1ua ABCTpI-1I-1 245
BeHecY::tJ1a. rocYJJ.apcTBo B 1O)f(110I-1 AMcpuKe 27
BepCaJlb, npl1ropoJJ. napH)f(a (<J>pauUl1
) 144, 224
Bepxl-lce, 03CpO B ClllA It KaHaJJ.e 28, 29
BepxosmcK, ropoJJ. B POCCIII-1 36
BeCTyeCTep, ropoJJ. B WTaTC
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27, 136
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BUJllOn, peKa B
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Bl-tliCOHa 1lI1K, ropa B MaCCJ1lie CeHTUlleJl B
AifTapKTl1.oe 32
Bl-1pn1HH
, ropo,Q B CWA 143
Buc6allcll. ropoJI B fepMalllH1 255
Bl1co'U1ua. peKa lIa EaJlKallCKoM no.nyocTpOBC 223
BJlaJJ.IIBocTOK, ropoJJ. B POCCIHI 226
Bl-fyrpcHHce
1l0HCKOe Mope, Mope Tllxoro OKealla
Me)K.oy
110HCKHMI-1 OCTpOBaMI1 U BOCTO'lHblM
flo6epC)KbeM A31-111 27
BOJlra, peKa B POCClU1 229
BOJlro-Ea.nnlikKUi-1 BOJJ.l-fblii rTyTb 229
BOJ1rorpaJJ., ropo.o. B POCCI-111 172
BOJlbTa, peKa B 3anaJJ.HoH AclJpl-1Ke 174
BOJlbTa, xpe6eT B AHTapKTH.Lle 28
BOCTO'-IHa
A31-1
139
BOCTOYHa
AliTapKTl1na 44
BocTo'Hia
fepMaHI1S1 194
BocTo'Ula
Caxapa 37
BOCTO'IHo-AclJpI-1KaHCKOe nJlOCKOrOpLc 32
r
faBaHII, onpoB B apXI1flCJlare faBaikKHx
OCTpOBOIi 34, 68
faBaiill, WTaT H ClllA 65
faBaHcKl1e oCTpoBa, apXl1flCJlar
B TI1XOM OKCal-fe 33, 3Q
faBp, ropoJ1 BO <J>paHUI-1I1 215,228
fauTH, rOCYJJ.apCTHO B 3allanlloH 'faCTI-! OCTpOH3
fallnl 157
faJ1anarOCCKl1e OCTpOBa, OCTpOBa B TlfXOM OKeaHe
(3KB3110p) 29
faM6ypr, ropoJJ. B fepMaHl11-1 192, 259
faMWlbToH, ropoll B HOBoH 3eJ1aHJJ.I-11-t 164
faHa. rocYllapcTBO B A<I>pl-1Ke 174
faHr, peKa B I1Hlll-11-1 258
faHbcy, npOBI-1HUI-1
B KI-1Tae 40,171
fap.o.a. oJepo B I1TaJ1IU1 27
fBl1aHCKa
KOTJ10BI-1Ha. flOJJ.BOJJ.Ha
Bna.o.l1l-fa B
ATJ1aHTl1ljecKoM OKeaHC 26
fBI-1HeHCKa
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A<I>pl-1Ke 139
fllblHjI. ropoll B nOJ1bWe 215
feJ1l-1onomtc. n.peBHl1ii ropoJJ. 162
fepMalm
. rocyn.apCTBO B 3anaJJ.HoH EBpofle 42,58.
70,71.79,121,152,169.172.173,179,180.181,
182.184,185,187,189,191,196,201,202,225,
226,228,245,247.260,261,263
feccell, <l>e.o.epaJ1bl-fa
3eMJI
B fepMal,uHI 169, 255
fl-16paJ1TapCKI-1H npOmtB, npomtB, coeJJ.I1HjllOlltl-1H
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f061-1, nyCTblH
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fOHJJ.Bau3, cynepKOltnIHCI-fT, cyulecTBoBaBwl1
i
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252
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fpeHJ131-fJJ.lljI, OCTpOB " CeBepHoM fleJJ.oBI-1TOM OKe3l-fe
25,30.31.37,43.71
fpeLlIt
, rocYJJ.apcTBo B EBpone I-fa EaJ1KaI-fCKOM
no.nyocTpoBe 28. 207
rpY31t
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fpIOHCHnJ1al-f, ropoJJ. R fepMatnU1 141
rypOt-l, 03epo Ha rpal-fllue CWA II Kal-faJJ.bl 28, 29
fxop, TCKTOmtljeCKa
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JJ.
l1aHOC. uaCeJlel-flfLlii nYI-fKT "WBciiuapml 37
l1aJ1JlaJ1. ropoJJ. B 3ctmollJIIt 36
l1aJ1blH1H BOCTOK, 06lltee Ha3BaHI-1e Teppl-1TOpl-1H I-fa
KpaHHeM BOCTOKe POCCI-1I-1 227
D.aHI-1
, rocYJJ.apcTBo B CeBepHoH EBpone 43, 155
l1apJ1I-1I-fITOH, ropoJJ. B BeJ1I-1K06pI-1TaHI-1I-1 226
D.Bype'jbe, 06J1aCTb B cpe.o.HeM 1-1 HI-1)KHeM TeljeHlt1t
peK Tl-1rpa 1-1 EB<I>paTa (3ana.o.Ha
A31-1
) - 0D,1-11-f 113
.o.peBl-feHWI-1X OljarOB Ul1BI1J1113aUlll-1 160, 171, 175
l1eJ1I-1HOBO, ceJ10 B MOCKOBCKOH 06J1. 209
l1cHI-1COHa, MblC B AHTapKTI-1JJ.e 37
l1ep61-1, ropoJ1 B BeJ1I-1K06pI-1TaHI-1I-1 257
D.eTpOiiT, ropoJJ. B CWA 169
D.)Ka
inyp, ropoJJ. B 111-f.o.I-11-1 258
l1)KaKapTa, CTOJ1l-1ua I1HJJ.oHe31-11-1 243
D.)KeMJJ.eT-Hacp, nOCCJ1eHl-1e 6mn BaBI-1J10Ha 171
D.)KepMIt, ropoJJ. B AHrmm 232
D.)KlllUla. flOpT Ii CaYJJ.oBcKOii ApaBI-11-1 L 70
l1)KOMo.nyl-frMa, BbICO'jaHWa
BepwllHa 3eMHoro
wapa B EOJ1bUUtX ntMaJla
X Ha rpaHl1ue HenaJ1a If
KIITa
24, 32, 84
l1Henp, peKa B E"pone, npoTeKatollta
110
reppuTopUl1 POCCItI1. EeJlapycl-111 YKpaltllbl 175
l106pa'1. rop3 B EOJ1rapl-1l-1 34
l106poit HaJJ.e)KJJ.LI, 1O)Kl-fbl
i MblC A<I>pl-1KI-1 232
D.omm<l CMepnt, MC)KrOpHa
BnaJJ.I-1Ha B nyCTblHe
MoxaBc (CWA) 35,36
l10.nyUL, ropo.o. B KIITae 72
not-I, pCKa: B eBponeiicKOH ljaCTI-1 POCCI-111 138
npeBllltii ErllflcT. rocYJJ.apcTBo Ha ceBepo-BocToKe
A(
PUKIt 160. 162, 171.254
D.pcBUItH KI-1Taii 247
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fpeUII
, 06lltee Ha3BaHI1e TCppUTOplH1
.upcBHcrpe'lecKllx rocYJJ.apcTB ua lOre EaJ1KatiCKOrO
no.nyocTJJOB3, oCTpoBax 3rciicKoro MOp
, n06epe)KbC
<1>paKIIiI. no 3analtUoMY n06epe)f(LIO MaJ10ii A31111
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!J.pe3D,CI-f. ropoJJ. B fCpMal-flU1 192
!J.lOcCeJ1bJJ.op<l>. ropoJJ. B fcpMal-flt1-1 224
E
EBpa311
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E"pona. 'laCTL CBeTa, 3anaJJ.Ha
ljaCTb MaTepl1Ka
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181,182,196.212.214.222.223.226.232.236.
247.254
EB
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175.222
EnlllcT, rocYD,apCTHo lIa CCHCpO-HOCTOKe A<I>PI1KI1
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EHl-1ceH, peKa B CeBeptfOH A31m (POCCI-1j1) 152, 157
EpeBal-f. CTOJlI-1ua ApMeHl-11-1 69. 13t>. 165
)I(
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Anbflax BO c1>paHUI-1I-1 31
)f{eJlTOe Mope, Mope B TI1XOM OKeaHe Me>Klt)'
nonyoCTpOBOM Kopejl 11 n06epe>KbeM KI1Tajl 26. 27
)f{eJlTajl peKa. CM. Xyaux3
)f{el-feBa, ropoJJ. B WBeHuaplH1 234
3
3aHp. rocy.napCTBO B UeHTp3JlbHOH A
pl-1Ke 140
3aKaBKa3be, ljaCTb KaBKa3a K lOry OT fJlaBHOrO xpe6Ta
bOJlbL.UOrO KaBKa3a 179,229
3ana.nHajl EeHraJ1l1j1. WTaT B MUJJ.1111 227
3anaJJ.Hajl Bl1prI-1HI-1j1, WTaT B CWA 180
3anaJJ.uajl fpeHJ1aHJJ.I-1j1 43
3ana.nll3j1 EBpofla 42, 141, 223, 229
3aflaJJ.l-fajl Cl-16l1pb, Teppl.fTOpltjl, HaXOJJ.jlL1!ajlCjI B
a311aTcKoii ljaCTl1 POCCIIItI 31,229
3anaJJ.lloe nonywapl-1e 35
3apeBwal-f. peKa B ApMe1-f1-11-1 40
3BepaT, ropoJJ. B MaBpl-1TaH1-11-1 180
3CMJ1j1 AAeJ1l-1, ljaCTb Teppl-1TOpl-11-1 BOCTOljl-fo
i
AllTapKTI-1.nbl 30,37
3eMJljl 3HJJ.ep611, llaCTb TeppllTOpl-111 BOCTOljl-loii
AI-fTapKTI-1JJ.bl 44
301lJJ.cKl-le oCTpoBa, CM. MaJ1ai-icKI-1H apxl-meJlar
MBaHOBO, ropo.n B POCCIII1 40
MepYCaJ1I1M, ropoJJ. B naJ1eCTl-1l-fe 161
M3Ml1p, ropoJJ. B Typul111 220
l'bpal-1J1b, rocYJJ.apcTBo B 3ana.nHoii A31-11-1 28-29,
105,225
MKI1Ke, ropoJJ. B t.fIlJlI-1 37
MJlJllfHoiic. WTaT B CWA 81,97, 107
HJlLMeHb, 03epo B POCCI-1I-1 46
HuJJ., peKa B KI-1Tae. HllJJ.l-1l-1l-f naKI-1CTaBe 138.
160,175
MI-fJJ.I-1HCKI1H OKeaH 24,27.28,37.233
MIIJUljI. rocYJJ.apcTBo B 1O>KI-fOii A3uI1 36,37.67,
157,226,227,232,235
MIIJ101-1e3HjI. OCTpoBHoe rocYJJ.apcTBo B TI1XOM
OKealie 25,26,40.243
Muc, ropoJJ. B WBeiiuapmf 226
MHC6PYK, ropoJJ. B ABCTpI-1I-1 223
Mop.nal-fl-1j1, rocy.napCTBO B 3ana.nHoH A31-11-1 29
MpaK. rocYJJ.apcTBo B 3anamioH A31-111 160, 175
MpaH. rocYJJ.apcTBo Ha IOrO-3ana.ne A3111-1 160. 175
MPKYTCK. ropoJJ. B POCCI-1I-1 226
HpJ1aH.QI-1j1, rocY.QapcTBo B 3anaJJ.I-fOH EBpone 35,202
MCaJ1bKO, BYJlKaH B GaJlbBaJJ.ope 34
HCJlaHJJ.I1j1, OCTpoBHoe rocYJJ.apcTBo B
ATJ1al-fTwlecKoM OKeaHe 33, 34
J1cnaHI1j1, rocYJJ.apcTBo B 3afla}1HOii EBpone 31,36,
40,136,163,181,226
J1CCbIK-KYJlb, 03epo B Kl-1prl-13U11 29, 194
J1TaJlI-1j1, rocYJJ.apcTBo I-fa lOre EBpoflLl 27, 151, 185,
213,222
J1YJJ.eikKoe UapCTBO, rocy.napCTBO OKOJlO 928 - 586 rr.
JJ.O H. 3. B IO>KHOii naJ1eCTl-1l-fe 161
MOKoraMa, ropo,n B
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MoxaHHec6ypr, ropoJJ. B IOAP 141
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KaClmikKI-1M MOpjlMI-1 39
Ka3al-fb, ropoJJ. B POCCI-1I-1 220
Ka3axcTaH. rocYJJ.apcTBo B A31-111 152, 194
Kaii.nyH, HaCeJleHl-lblH nYHKT B MeMeHe 72
KaJ1axapl1, nonynycTblHjI B Uel-fTpaJ1bHOH ljaCTI-1
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KaJllfMauTaH, OCTpOB B MaJ1aiicKoM
apXllneJl3re 170, 216
KaJllJ(
optnljl, WTaT B ClllA 35,38, 116, 133, 154,
155.206,216,217,259
KaJ1l1cf>oPHl1j1. nonyocTpoB B CeBepHOI-1
AMepl-1Ke 36. 41
KaJlbKYITa. ropo.n B MII.n1-11-1 221
KaMa, peKa B POCCI-1I1 229
KaM6epJleHJJ., rpa
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KaMepYII. rucYJJ.dpCTBU B Acf>pl'1Ke 33
KaMljaTKa, flOnyOCTpOB I-fa ceBepo-BocToKe
33uaTcKoi1 'laCTI-1 POCCIIItI 33, 34
KaHaJJ.a, rocYJJ.apcTBo B CeBepuoH AMepl-1Ke 28, 29,
44.73.139.142,152,202,221,229
KallapcKlie oCTpoBa, apXllneJl3r B ATJlaHTwlecKoM
OKcaue 68
Kau6eppa, CTOmtua ABcTpamtl-1 28.46
KaHToH. ropoJJ. B KI1Tae 71
KapaJJ.ar, BYJlKaHWJCCKl-1ii MaCCl1B Ha IOIKHoM 6epery
KpblMa 34
KapaK)'MLI, nyCTblHjI B TypKMeHJ1CTal-fe 31
Kdp116cKoe Mope, yaCTb ATJlal-fTl1yeCKoro OKcaHa
Me)K1{y BOCTO'lt-lbIM n06epe)KbeM UeliTpaJ1bt-loii
AMepl-1Ku, AIITI-1J1bCKI-1MI-1 OCTpOBaMJ1 J1 CeBepl-lLIM
1l06epCIKbeM IOIKHOM AMepuKu 34
Kapml, JJ.PCBl-fjljl 06J1acTb I-fa n06epeIKbc
MaJloii A31-111 161
KapJlc6aJJ.cKl-1e newepbl, Cl1CTeMa netuep R WTaTe
HblO-MeKcl1Ko (CrnA) 32
Kapp3HryltJUla. BepWI1Ha B ropax KeppJ1
B HpJlallnml 35
Kapq,areH, npeliHltI1 rop0JJ.-rocYJJ.apcTBo B CCBCpHOii
Acl>PI1KC 228
KacuKLjlpe, pCKa B BellccY3Jle 27
KaCJI-POK, lIaCCJlCl-filblii nyHKT B LUTaTC KOJlopa,Uo
(CWA) 3R
KaCnl-1MCKOe Mope, 6eCCTOYHOe 03epO-Mope,
paCIlOJlOIKCHIlOe lIa rpaHl1ue EBponbl H A3U11 28, 29,
36,39,229
KaCTllmUI, KOpOJleBCTBO lIa nupel-feikKOM
nonyocTpoBe 164
KaCTJlep. ropoJJ. B HpJl3HJJ.I111 31
KaTap, rocynapcn
o Ha ApaBuiicKoM
nonyocTpolie 157
Kacl>cl>u KJJa66, OCTpOB 25
KaxoBcKoe Mope, BOIloxpaHI1JlHme Ha J1Henpc 175
KBe6cK, peKa R CCReplloii AMcpuKe (KauaJJ.a) 221
KBUIICJlCHI1. tUTaT B AlicTpamm 171
Kdln-Kon, nonyocTpoB B Ceaeplloil AMCpUKC 21b
KeiillTaYIi. ropon B }OAP 232
KeuryKKu. WTaT B ClllA 31
KepreJlclI, OCTpOB B MIIJJ.IH1CKOM OKealie 233
KeprCJlell, nOnBOJlHLli1 XPC6CT Ha lOre HI-IJJ.IHlcKoro
OKcaHa 24
KCP'ICIICKUiI110JIYOCTPOB, ROCTO'-fllajl 'laCTb
KpblMCKoro nonyocTpona 45
KJ1eR, CTOJHII!a YKpal1l-lbi 205
Kl1eliCKaSi PyCL, npcRHepyccKoe rocynapcTBO 9 -
lIa'l. 12 BB. 220
KllJlaY3a, IiYJlKalilia OCTpOBC raliaiill Ii TllxoM
OKCaJle 34
KI1J1c, Bononan Ii Hoplienlll 28
KllmlMallIllKapo, IiYJIKalill'lccKUii M3CCIIB
B Talnamlll 32
Kl1np, OCTpOBJlOe rocynapcTlio B CpCllll3CMIIOM
MOpC 36
KUprJ13CKl-1ii xpe6cT. XPC6CT R TSlHb-Wallc 37
KJ1Taii, rocynapcTBo B A3HII 40.71.72,92,171.
184,221. 225, 257
KnI1IiJlClln, ropon Ii CWA 198
KJJlO'lcBcKaSi COIlKa, BYJlKaH Ha KaM':laTKe 33,34
KHOC, ropoJJ. Ha Kl-1npe 160
K03Crlil1l1a. BYJlKaH Ii UCIITpaJJLlloi1 AMepl1Ke 33
KOllap, 30JlOTOn06LIBalomaSi waXTa B 1OIKIIOii
11 HJJ.IH I 106
KOJJopaJJ.o, IlJJaTO BO BHYTpeHlleM 1l0jlce KopJJ.HJJhep
CCliepl-foii AMepl1KI1 24
KOJJopano, WTaT B ClllA 38,41
KonyM611S1, peKa B UJTaTe BaullllllloH (CWA) 152
KOJlhCKaSi CKBalKlll1a, CKB3)KIIHa cBepxrJry60Koro
6ypCIHUI lIa KOJ1LCKOM 1l0nyocTpOBC 42
KOJJLueBOC 03CpO, o3epo ua OCTI>OBC OlieKoTall
(KYpHJlbCK3S1 rpSlJJ.a) 34
KOMaunopcKl1c OCTpOB3, oCTpoua B lorO-3anaI1liOii
'JaCTIl EepllHroBa MOpSi 233
KOMM}'JUI3Ma nlIK, ropa lIa naMllpc
B TaJllKUKIlCTallC 32
KOHCTaIiTlIHOnOJlb, CTOJ1lI[!a l3u3<JHTlUI 27, 163
KOllclirarcH, CTOJ1l1l..la J1alHtII 252
KOpnllJlLepbl, ropllaSi t.:I1CTCMa B CCBeptloii 11
UelnpaJ1LHOii AMepuKe 32
KOPJ10B, ropoJJ., uelnp KOpJ10licKoro 3MllpaTa 163
KOPIlOBCKUii 3MJ1paT, M)'cYJJLMaIiCKoc rocynapcnw
tla nl1peHcHcKoM 1l0nyocTIJOBe,
HblllCUJliSISI J;knalUljl 163
KopciicKl1iI1l0JIYOCTPOB, 1l0nyOCTpOB Ha BOCTOKe
A3111t 27
KopciicKIlM npomlB, npomlB MCIKIlY KopcikKUM
nOJJyocTI101i0M II JlnoliCKIIMI1 oCTpoliaMl1 27
KOCUlOWKO, ropa B ABCTpaJIIliicKI1X NILnax 32
KOT-n'1-1Byap, rocYJ1apCTBo B A<l)pI1Ke 163
KOTollaxlI, IiYJ1Kall B ropHoii CIICTCMC AtlJlIi
3KBaJJ.ope (101K1laSi AMclmKa) 33
Ko(1)1mBIIJ1JJ. ropon Ii WTaTe K3H3ac (CWA) 38
KpaKaTay, BYllKaH Iia OCTI1OB
PaKaTa (l1J1nOIlC3Wn
34,39
Kpaclloc MOpC, Mope Hf-I./lIlIlCKoro OKcalia MCIKJlY
CCBCpO-BOCTO'ItILIM 1I06cpCIKLCM A<
pI1KI1 II
ApaBlliicKIIM noJlyucTpOISOM 26, 29. 36
KpaclloSlpCKllii Kpaii 36
KpcllIlUbma BYJIKall, IiYJJKaH 11..1 KYPIlJlhCKIIX
oCTpoBax 34
KPIIT, OCTI1OB B CpC!t1l3CMIIOM MOpC 136,162,207
KPCIIO, 1'01'011 B nom,we 251
KPbIM, KPLIMt.Kllii IIOJ1YOCTlwB Iia lorc YKpallllLI 34,
45, 136, 138, 145
KcaTlIH. ropoJJ. B Hcnalllill 136
KYPllJlbCKIIC oCTpolia, apxlJncJlar BYJlKallll'lecKllx
Ot'TPOBOB Ita rpallllue OxoTcKoro MOpSll1 Tllxoro
OKC<llla 33
KYPcKaSi ManlllTlla>l aUOMaJIIljl, MCCTOpOlKllclUlC
>KCJIl'311LIX PYJllta TCppIlTOp"II KypCKoi1,
ECJlrOpOD.CKOii J.1 OpJ10HCKOU 06J1aCTel1 POCCI1I1 143
KLI3bIJlK)'M, nycTblHSI B CpCJJ.HCH A3UJ1 31
KIOCIO, ropoJJ. B }I nOHlU1 141
KtOCIO, OCTpOB B TI-1XOM oKcaHc 222
11
IIa6paD.0p. nonyocTfJOB Ha ceBepo-BocToKe
CeBepHo
i AMepHKI1 44
IIaJJ.mKcKoe 03epo. 03epo Ha ceBcpO-3anaD.e
Poccml 29
IIaKI1, BYJlKalt ...a OCTpOliC I1CJldHD.IUI 33
IIa-MaHw, npOJlHB, oTJJ.eJ1S1101UIlii 6pllTaHcKIle
oCTpolia OT EBponbl 141.207
IIa-naJILMa, OCTpOB 113 rpynnLI KaHapCKIIX
OCTpOBOB 68
IIa-CuJlJla, ropa B YI1J1J.1 66
IIacKo, newepa BO <J>paHUI1I1 32
IIeHl1IirpaJJ., CM. CalfKT-neTep6ypr
IIH6epl--ISI, rocYD.apCTBO B Afppl1Ke 212
IIHBepnyJlb, ropoD. B BeJ1l1K06pJ.1Tamm 222
IIuBItHcKaSi nyCTbIlISl, nycTblWI B ceBepo-HocTollHoit
ATPIiKe (JlIIBJ.1S1, EnllleT 1-1 CYJJ.all) 31,36
JlI-1BIISI, rocYD.apcTBo H AclJpllKe 203
JlIIJlC, ropoJJ. R BeJll1K06plfTaHI1I1 19R
JlI1HKOJ1bll, ropoJJ. B IUTaTC He6pacK3 (CiliA) 166
Jlm-Iu. ropo.ll B AlicTpl--m 196
II 11011. ropoll BO <J>paHUlfif 181
II I1TBa. rocYJJ.apcTBo B Elipone 153
IIIIXTep
)eJlbJJ.e. HaCeJlelUlbll1 nyHKT Ii fepMaI-UIiI 226
IIoKnopT, ropo.ll Ii CWA 173
JloHl1oH, CTOJlItIua BeJllIK06pl1Tamlli 93, 164, 173.
179.198,223,225.241,255,257
Jlopm. ropoJJ. B fepMaI-1I1II 165
IIoc-Ar1aMoc, ropoll Ii CWA lO5,251
IIoc-AH.lllKcJlec, ropoJJ. Ii CWA 199,225,243
IIocT-Jle
iK, nOJJ.3CMHoe 03CpO Ii CWA 28
IIox-Jlciilf, 03epo Ii I1pJ131fD.IfH 35
JlY1I311al-ta, WTaT Ii CiliA 26,09, 221
IIYJlco. ropoJJ. B WlieUUJI 196
IIbBoH, ropoJJ. B 3aKapnaTLc 251
JlSliiJ!3CHXar, ropo.ll B HII.llCpJ1allllaX 194
IISlO1{)'IICKllii 3aJlJ.1B. 3aJIIIB )KeJlTOrO MOIHI, MelK1{)'
6cpcroM A3UJf II JlSlO1{)'IICKlIM nOJryocTpoBOM 171
M
MalipilTaHIfSi. rocYJJ.apcTlio Ii AfppllKC 180
MarJJ.c6ypr, ropoD. B fepMallll1l 193
MaKapTYP. pCKa Ii ABCTpaJIIlI1 45
MaK-fpcrop, ropoD. Ii CWA 179
MaK-KIIIUIII, OD.lla 113 ncpWlII1 AJISICKIII ICKoro xpe6Ta
(CiliA) 32
MaJ1araClHlcKaSi pccny6J111Ka, rOCYJlapCTliO lIa
OCTpOBC MallaracKap 256
MaJlaiicKllii apXHIl
Jlar. rpYlIlla Ol:TI)()lWK Ii
IOro-BocTo'-Hloii A3HI1 B TlIXOM OKcauc 33, 40, 170
MaJ1aKKa, nonyocTpoB, IOlKuaSi OKOIIC'HlOCTb
1l0JlyocTpOl
a 111-I.lloKIITaH 27
ManaKKcKllii npOJllIB, npoJUfH, pa3JJ.cmllolUllii
1l0JlYOCTPOli MaJlaKKa 1I OCTpOB CYMaTpa 27
MaJla PucKa, pCKa Ii 1.IcpHoropUJ1 222
MaJlaSl A311S1, IIOJryocTpoli Ha 3allane A31H1.
OMblBaCTCSI YepHblM, MpaMopHblM. 3reiicKIIM U
Cpe11l13CMIILIM MOpSiMl1 101
Mallay<.'. ropoD. Ii Epa3J.1J11H1 20.37
Mau'lccTCP, rop()Jl B I3CJI\I Ko6p I ITa III II 1 222
MaplialicKaSi linaJllllia CM. MapllaHcKllii lKeJlOo
MaplialfcKllii lKeJ106, nOJJ.liO.llllaSi HnaJllllla Ii '1anaD.lloii
'mCTlI Tllxoro OKeaua 24.42, 100
MapllllHcKaSi BOJJ.HaSi clicTeMa, CM.
BOJlro-EaJITIIIICKIIII liOI1Hl>liI IIYTL
MappaKeuJ. ropOlllta torO-3anaJ}e MapoKKo 1 b4
MapCeJ1b. ropoll BO <J>pallUlIII 21b
MapTlIHllKa, OCTpOIi 113 rpYlIIll>1 MaJll>Ix AIfTIiJILCKIIX
OCTI)()HOB Ii KapIt6<'"KOM MOpe 34
MapIUaJ1JlOBhI OCTpOHa, OCTpOBa Ii TIIXOM oKeallC
(CWA) 234
Macca'ryceTc, WTaT B CWA 257
MaYlia-Kea, ropa IIa OCTpOBC faBaiill (CWA) 05
MaYHa-IIoa, HYJlKall 1-13 oCTIJOBe faBaiill 33
MaYHT-faI\lIIJlbTOII, ropa Ii CWA 70
MaYIiT-Happciicp. ropa Ii AlicTpaJll1ll 44
MaYIIT-neJ1C, BYJlKaH Ha oCTpoBe MapTilltltKa 34
MCKcIIKa, rocYl1apCTIiO Ii CeHeplfoi1 AMepliKe 198
MCKclIKallcKllii 3a.nIlB, 33.1111B ATJlaHTlI'lccKoro
OKcalia Y 6cpcroli CeBcplloii AMCl>IIKlf 26, 36
MCJ1ct:, peKa Ii TYJ'.l1l11l 220
MCJlL6ypu, ropoD. B ABCTpaJ1ll11 1 q7
Mcwl)IIC, ropO.ll H D.pelillcii fpe1tllll 100. 162
MClIlIl.'lI, ropOJl Ii rCpMaH11I1 1
2
Mepllc, 03epo B A(I)PIIKC 175
Mcpnwc Mope, 6CCCTO'lI10C 03epo M 11 op11all II II II
113palIJIC 2
. -29. 225
McconoTaMIUI, CM. nliYPc'.I>C
MCCCIIIICKI1If npoJIIIB. npOJIIIH, pa311cmuolIUIlI
AncllllllllcKIHI nonyocTpoli II OCTI)OH CmHIJIIISI.
COClll1ltSiCT 1101tll'IcCKoe II TlippeHcKoe MOp}t 151
MCXIIKO, CTOJllIIJ.a MeKClIKII 162, 163. 19R. 223
MelJ.aMop, pCKa H ApMe1t1ll1 136
MIIKCItLI, ropo.ll 13 !lpelillcii fpel1l111 160
MI1Jlau. ropo11 B I1TaJIIlI1 27
MIIII, pCKa Ii KIlTae 221
MUHlleanOJUfC, ropOl! Ii WT3Te
Mmfl-fCCOTa (CWA) 122
MIIHtleCOTa, peKa B CWA 44
MIUfl-fecoTa, WTaT B CWA 37,122
MIII-fCK. CT0J1
1ua Pecny6mfKI-1 EeJ13Pycb 170
MllpOBOii OKeaH, IIcnpepblBHa
BO,nH3j1 060J10lJK3
3CMJ1U, oKp}')KaK)Ut3
Bce MaTepuKu 24, 32 36, 233
Muccucl-1nu, peKa Ii ClllA 69.220
MuccypJ1, peKa B CWA 172
MlI'Ulr3H, ropon B ClllA 170
MlI'flfraH, 03epo B CWA 28,29
MUlJurall, UlT3T B CiliA 38
M03JJ.OK, ropoJl Ii POCCIlIl 138
MoiiKa, peKa B C3HKT-ncTep6ypre 220
MOllroml
BllyrpclUl
. rJpOBUIIUU
H KIlTae 72
MOI-ITaHa. LUTaT B CWA 35. 174
Moppuc-n)Kccen. MLlC, ceBcpHa
OKOlle'fl-fOCTb
oCTpoBa rpetIJlaHnll
25
MopTolt, OCTpOB 233
MocKlia, peK3 B eHpoflcHcKOH lJaCTIl
POCClUf 209.220
MocKBa, CTOJ1l1ua POCClllf 40, 70, 144, 165, 169.
173,181, lR9. lQo, 197.202.220,223,226.
236.252
MoxaHc. nycTbUl
B ClllA 35,207
MoxeHJJ.)KO-napo, ropon B npeBHeii MH,lUII1 160
MypTeli. ropon B WHeiiuapll1l 226
MuxeTe. CTOmlita npcBlleii rpY3U11 163
M ::'pllJ1ellJJ., WTaT B ClllA 233
MfOJ1bxaY3ell, ropoJJ. B repM3HJ1II 136
Mf<Hlxeli. ropoJJ. Ii rCpMaH1U1 143, 170.228
H
HaM1I611
, rocYJJ.apcTHo H Aq,pllKC 28, 71
HaHT, ropoJJ. BO $pallUlllf 38
Hapa, ropon R }lnollllli 165
HaxOJlKa. ropoJJ. B POCCIIIt 227
He6pacKa, IJJT3T Ii CWA 38
HCB3. peKa B eBpofleiicKoii 'laCTU POCCIIJI 210
HeB3JJ.3, WTaT B CWA 35, 188
HUnepJ13l1nbl, rocYJJ.apcTBo B 3anaJJ.l-lOii EBpone 58,
114,121,140,168,216,251,254
HUJJ.epJ1ayrcpIlUJTaiill, 113CeJ1elutbliillYIIKT B
rCpM311JHI 141
HU)KIUlii HOBropoJJ.. ropoJJ. B POCCI1I1 86
HUKOJ1acR. ropo,Q lIa YKpalUle 172
HUKOCII
, CTomlua Kunpa 36
HIIJI, peKa H PyallHc. Tall3am1ll. YraHJJ.e, CYJJ.3HC.
ErIHITc 27. 160. 175,
HUIICUlljI.ltpcHliltil ropoJJ. Accllpllli 160,250
HltIIlnyp, npeBlll-111 WYMepCKJfii ropoJJ. 160
HOBa
rBI-1He
. OCTpOB Ha 3anaJJ.e Tllxoro OKealla 25
HOBa
3eJ1aHJJ.11
, OCTpoBHoe rocYltapCTBO B TUXOM
OKeatie 24,33,235
HOBropoJJ.cKa
06J1aCTb, 06J1aCTb B POCCI-1I-1 46
HOBOCu6J1pCK, ropoJJ. B POCCIU1 40, 229
HOBblH CBeT. npl1H
TOe B .:)noxy BeJ1I1KHX
reorpacIJwleCKI-1X OTKpbITI-1H, Ha3Balll-1e 3eMeJ1b,
OTKpblTblX BO BTOpoii fl0J10Bl-1lle XVI B. 214
HOBbIHIO)KHbIH Y
J1bC, WTaT B ABcTpan1-11-1 46,47
HOpBen1
. rOCYJJ.apCTBO Ha CK3HJJ.UHaBCKOM
nOJlYOCTpOBe H3 ceBepO-33na,ne EBponbi 28,
150, 156
HOPUJlbCK, ropon Ha ceBepe eHponeikKoii lJaCTIl
POCCHII 137
HOpMaHJUI
, UCTopll'leCKa
06J1aCTb Iia ceBepe
$paHUIIJI, flpellM)'wecTneHllo H3 1l0nyocTpoBe
HopMaHJJ.l1j1 124
Hoppoyc, flpOJ1I1H B CeBepHoii AMepllKe 221
HOTII-1HrCM, ropoJJ. R BeJU1K06pl1Talll-11-1 257
Hyalll-16y. ropoJJ. B MaBpl1Talflfll '180
HbfO-raBaHa. ropoJJ. B CWA 230
HLfO-n)Kepcu. WTaT B CWA 104
HbfO-MopK, ropoJJ. Ii ClllA 46, 165, 166, 167. 168.
169,172,173,174,200,220,221.224,227,237
HhIO-McKCI-1KO, WTaT B CWA 41, 55
HLIO-PI1Bepa, peKa Ii CWA 221
HbIO-X;)MflWllp. WTaT B CWA 37
HfOpll6epr, ropoJJ. B repM31U1II 196
o
06l1xupo. ropon B }I flOIi 1-111 259
061U1HCK, ropoJJ. R KaJl)')KcKOii 06J13Cnf POCCl-1Jf 153
OraHo, WTaT B CWA 40, 150. 225
OJJ.CCC3. ropoJJ. Ha YKpaUItC 32, 236
03cpHa
nemep3, rllncona
ncutepa H3 3anane
nOJlOJILCKOii R03BblwemfOCTil lIa YKpal-1l1e 31
OiiM
KOII, ropoJJ. B }lKyrIUI 36
OKa, npl1TOK BonrJI 209
OKcaHlI
, 'laCTL Tllxoro OKC3H3, .[1J1
KOTOpoii
xapaKTeplio oc06emfo 60J1bWOe CKOnJ1elllle
OCTpOBOB (OKOJIO 10 TbIC.) Me)K.ny cy6Tpomf.lecK....MI1
wupoTaMIf CeBepHoro U 1O)Klloro nOJryw3pJlii 24,28
OKC
)OpJJ., ropon B BemfK06pUT3111Uf 265
OJU1Mnl1
, npeBllerpelJeCKUH ropoJJ. B 3mfJJ.e
(ceBepo-3ana,Qfla
'faCTb neJ10nOHllcca), MeCTO
flpoliellelUl
OJIUMnUHCKI1X urp 161
OMOJlOHCKIIB M3CCIIH, ropHblii MaCCJlR 113 DaJ1blleM
BOCTOKC 44
OMCK, ropol1 B POCCHII 226
OHe)KCKl-1ii Kal-faJ1 229
OHe)KCKOe 03epo. 03epo Ha ceBepO-3anaJ1e
eBponeiicKoii ttaCTI-1 POCCI-1I-1 29,229
OHeKoTaH, OCTpOB B apxl-1neJlare KYPl1JlbCKI-1X
OCTpOBOB 34
OHTapl-10, 03epo Ha rpaHI-1Lle CWA 1-1 KaHaJJ.bl 29
OnTI-1MI-1CTutjecKajl nelliepa, KapCTOBaji nel.1.lepa Ha
3anaJJ.e nOllOJlbCKOH B03BblweHHOCTI-1l-fa YKpal-1lle 31
OpaBI-1KOCKl-1, HaCeJ1elUfblii nyHKT B $HHJljlHJ1I-1U 38
OpBl-1eTO. ropoJ1 B I1TaJ11-11-1 164
OpI-1HOKO, peKa B BeHecY3J1e 1-1 KOJTyM61-1u 27
OpKl-feiicKl-1e oCTpoBa, apXl-1neJlar y ceBepHoH
OKOHeljHOCTI-1 WOTJlaHJ11-11-1 B COCTaHe
BeJ1MK06pI-1TaHI-1I-1 156
OcaKa, ropoJ1 B
noHlU1 92, 181
OTT3Ba, CTOJlI-1Lla KaHaJ1b1 73
0YK-PI-IJ1)K, ropoJ1 B CWA 99
OXOC-J1eJlb-CaJ1aJ10, BYJ1KaH B ropHoti CUCTeMe AI-fJJ.
1O)KIIOii AMepuKI-1 Ha rpaHI-1Lle ApreHTI-1II bl1-1 t.{1-1J11-1 33
OxoTcKoe Mope, nOJTy3aMKHyToe Mope TJ1xoro
OKealia 27
OXOTCKI-1" MaCCI-1B. ropllblti MaCCJ1B Ha l1aJ1bl-feM
BocToKe 44
n
naBJlOBCK, ropoJ1 B POCCI-1I-1 226
n3BJloJJ.apCKajl 06J1aCTb, 06J1aCTb B Ka3axcTaHe 152
naKI-1CTaH, rocYJ1apcTBo B A31-11-1 226
naJlay, apxl-1neJIar B Tl-1xOM OKeal-fe B rpynne
KapOJII-1HCKI-1X OCTpOBOB 29
naJ1etlacTpo, ropol1 Ha Kmlpe 160
naJ1epMO, ropoJ1 Ha CI-1LlI1JlI-1I-1 136
naMJlp, rOpHajl CI-1CTeMa B CpeJJ.Heii A31-11-1
(TaJJ.)KI-1KI-1CTaH, KJiTati 1-1 A<I'raiUlcTaH) 32
naHaMa, rocYJ1apCTBO B JlaTI-1HCKoti AMepl-1Ke 212
naneH6ypr, ropoJ1 B fepMaHl-11-1 182
naparBaii, rocYJJ.apcTBo B 1O)Kl-foH AMepuKe 152
napaHbjl, peKa, pa3J1eJIjllOl.1.Iajl Epa3lfJll-11O
1-1 naparBaH 152
napl-1)K. CTOJlI-1Lla $paHLlI-1I-1 32, 124, 166, 172, 173,
180,181,182,183,186,187.198,199,236,240,
241,242,245,252
nacaJ1eH. ropoJ1 B WTaTe Kamt<l'0pHI-1j1 (CWA) 41
neHJJ.)Ka6, reorpa<l'J.I'leCKajl 1-1 I-1CTOpWleCKajl 06nacTb
B IO>KHott A31-1H 175
neH)KI-1HCKajl ry6a, ceBepo-BOCTOljHajl "3CTb 3aJ1I-1Ba
WeJlI-1XOBa (OXOTCKoe Mope) 25
neHCWlbBaHI-1j1. WTaT B CWA 123, 154,234
neplll-1HbjlH. ropoJ1 BO $pa1-fW11-1 180
nepcMJJ.cKHii 3aJ1I-1B, 3aJ1I-1B ..3 ceBepO-3allaJJ.C
HIIJJ.u
icKoro OKealia y 6eperOB A3uu 168
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q.paHUI1j1. rocYJJ.apcTBo B 3anaJJ.Hoii EBpone 25, 31,
32,113,136.140,142,143,146,153,166,181,
184,185,187,195.213.222.225,234,237,
241,249
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peiill6ypr, ropoJJ. B WBeiiuapll11 226
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fJI3pllCKliX AJJbJl B WBt:iiuapllll 31
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(}llIotllJjI) 222,259
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221,222
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XyawlITaii, ropa Ii KUT3e 71
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CTblKe C J{»)KIIOli AMepllKoii 30,33
Uyr3py. npoJIIIH Me)Kny j1I1CHlt.'KIlMII OCTpOli3MII
XOKKaillio II XOIICIO 222
UIOpIiX. ropoll Ii WBeiiuapll1l 255
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YeJlSl61HICK, ropOJl Ii POCClIIl 226
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YexlijI. pecny6mlK3 B EBpont: 189
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6yltwtA. 8., CaeapeHcKWl T. (/>. HcroplUl
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EymKeeutiA. 8., 3eJlUKCOH M. C. Be'iHble KaJIeHIlapll.
M.,1984.
BUPlUHCKUU 8. C. O'-jepKI1 I1CTOpl111 HaYKII 11 TeXHIIKI1
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IICTO(Hm flaYK1111 TCXHIIKJ11870-1917 rr. M., 1988.
B MllpC liaYKII. 1990. N
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BOKpyr CHCTa. 1972. N
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5,6,7,8, 10; 1989.N
1,4,5,8,9,11.
12; 19<) 1. N
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