Теги: всеобщая история средние века (v – xv вв) история средних веков христианство тамплиеры
ISBN: 5-9533-1371-3
Год: 2007
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CTH pbIQapeM-MOHaXOB B npecrynJIeHHHX npOTHB Eora, B KOTO-
pbIX HX 06BHHHJIH Cy,n;bH.
YHHqTO)KeHHe op,n;eHa HeJIb3H 06'bHCHHTb, eCJIH He yqHTbIBaTb
3BOJIIOQHIO KpeCTOHOCHoro ,n;BH)KeHHH. CaMa H,n;eH KpeCTOBbIX no-
XO,n;OB HaqHHaH C XIII B. Bce MeHbIIIe H MeHbIIIe BOJIHOBaJIa YMbI
3ana,n;HoeBponeMQeB. PeryJIHpHbIe Hey,n;aqH, KOTopbIe TepneJIH
KpecToHocHbIe BOHHCTBa, OXJIa,n;HlIH nbIJI BOHHOB H3 3ana,n;HoM
EBponbI. fepOHqeCKHM opeoJI, oKpY)KaBIIIHM BoeHHO-MOHallieCKHe
op,n;eHbI, nOCTeneHHO HCqe3aJI, oc06eHHo nOCJIe Toro, KaK XPH-
CTHaH OKOHqaTeJIbHO H3rHaJIH C EJIH)KHerO BocToKa MaMJIIOKH.
HeKoTopbIe op,n;eHbI HaIIIJIH ce6e HHoe 3aHHTHe - rOCnHTaJIbepbI
3aXBaTHJIH Po,n;oc H c,n;eJIaJIH ero 6a30M B 60Pb6e npOTHB MYCYJIb-
MaH B Cpe,n;H3eMHOM Mope. TeBTOHCKHe pbIQapH nepeCeJIHJIHCb
B BOCToqHYIO IIpYCCHIO, r,n;e C03,n;aJIH CBoe c06CTBeHHoe op,n;eH-
CKoe rocy,n;apCTBO. IIIcnaHcKHe op,n;eHbI KaJIaTpaBa H AJIbKaHTapa
nO-npe)KHeMY 60pOJIHCb C HcnaHCKHMH MaBpaMH. JIHIIIb O,n;HOMY
op,n;eHY - TaMnJIHepOB - He HaIIIJIOCb MeCTa, TOqHee CKa3aTb, OH
ero He ycneJI HaUTH.
MbI y)Ke ynoMHHaJIH, qTO op,n;eH TaMnJIHepOB BbI3bIBaJI He,n;o-
BOJIbCTBO H ,n;a)Ke HeHaBHCTb y npe,n;CTaBHTeJIeU BbICIIIeu BJIaCTH.
Ho TaMnJIHepOB HeHaBH,n;eJIH H B HHbIX Kpyrax. MOHaxH-<ppaH-
QHCKaHQbI H ,n;OMHHHKaHQbI BH,n;eJIH B HHX CBOHX eCTeCTBeHHbIX
conepHHKoB. E e Ha BocToKe TaMnJIHepbI HaBJIeKJIH Ha ce6H He-
npl1H3Hb KyTIQOB H cy,n;oBJIa,n;eJIbQeB, qbHMH KOHKypeHTaMH 6bIJIH
B c<pepe 6aHKoBcKoro ,n;eJIa H MOpCKHX nepeB03Kax. HeHaBH,n;eJIO
op,n;eHa H ,n;yxoBeHcTBo, nOCKOJIbKY Te, nOJIb3YHCb npHBHJIerHH-
MH, ,n;apoBaHHbIMH nanCTBOM, BCHqeCKH y eMJIHJIH enHCKonOB,
a66aToB H npHxo,n;cKHX CBH eHHHKOB, OTKa3bIBaJIHCb BbInOJIHHTb
HX Tpe60BaHHH, YKpbIBaJIH y ce6H OTJIyqeHHbIX OT QepKBH H T. ,n;.
HaKoHeQ, B Hapo,n;e op,n;eHcKHe pbIQapH, oc06eHHo TaMnJIHepbI,
nOJIb30BaJIHCb HenpHH3HblO H3-3a cBoeM cKynocTH H rop,n;bIHH.
ECTecTBeHHo, Kor,n;a B 1291 r. AKpa, nOCJIe,n;HHM xpHcTHaHcKHM
10
IIPE,l{I1CJIOBI1E K PYCCKOMY 113,l{AHI11O
ropo,n; Ha EJIH)KHeM BOCTOKe, naJI no,n; y,n;apaMH MYCYJIbMaH, OT-
BeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a rrOpa)KeHHe CTaJIH BCe rpOMqe H rpOMqe B03JIa-
raTb Ha TaMnJIHepOB H rOCnHTaJIbepOB, KOTOpbIe 6bIJIH y,n;06HoM
MHIIIeHblO ,n;JIH Hana,n;OK.
TaKHM 06pa30M, K HaqaJIY XIV B. Bce CJIOH 06 ecTBa 6bIJIH
HacTpoeHbI npoTHB BoeHHO-MOHaIIIeCKHX op,n;eHoB, n03ToMY B
1307 r.; Kor,n;a pbIQapeM-TaMnJIHepOB apeCTOBaJIH no 06BHHeHHIO
B H,n;OJIOnOKJIOHHHqeCTBe H epecH no npHKa3Y <ppaHQY3cKoro KO-
pOJIH <I:>HJIHnna IV KpacHBoro (1285-1314 rr.), 06 ecTBeHHoe
MHeHHe BO MHorOM 6bIJIO no,n;rOTOBJIeHO K TaKoMY pa3BHTHIO co-
6bITHM, XOTH, KOHeqHO, nepBoe H3BeCTHe nOBeprJIO xpHcTHaH-
CKHM MHp B crynop, CTOJIb TH)KeJIbI 6bIJIH 06BHHeHHH, BbI,n;BHHYTbIe
npoTHB TaMnJIHepoB. MO)KHO TOJIbKO ,n;ora,n;b BaTbCH 06 HCTHH-
HbIX HaMepeHHHX <I:>HJIHnrra KpacHBoro: <ppa QY3cKHM KOpOJIb,
qbH MOJIqaJIHBOCTb BOIIIJIa B norOBopKY Y)Ke npH ero )KH3HH, KaK
HHKTO YMeJI xpaHHTb B TaMHe CBOH MbICJIH. I1CCJIe,n;OBaTeJIH BbI-
,n;BHraJIH caMbIe pa3HbIe npe,n;nOJIO)KeHHH. O,n;HH CqHTaJIH, qTO <I:>H-
JIHnny IV HY)KHbI 6bIJIH ,n;eHbrH Ha OnJIaTbI ,n;oporocToH HX BOMH,
KOTopbIe OH BeJI B AKBHTaHHH H <I:> JIaH,n;pHH, n03ToMY OH H n03a-
pHJICH Ha Ka3HY TaMnJIHepOB; ,n;PyrHe YTBep)K,ZJ;aJIH, qTO KOpOJIH,
KOTOpbIM npOCJIaBHJICH CBOHMH ,n;ecnOTHqeCKHMH 3aMaIIIKaMH, He
MOrJIO pa,n;OBaTb TO, qTO TaMnJIHepbI C03,n;aJIH CBoero po,n;a rocy-
,n;apCTBO B rocy,n;apCTBe H, 6y,n;yqu npHqaCTHbI K [(epKBH, 6bIJIH
Heno,n;BJIaCTHbI KopOHe H T. ,n;. <I:>paHQY3CKHM yqeHbIM )1(. <I:>aBbe,
aBTOp 6Horpa<pHH <I:>HJIHnna KpaCHBoro Bo06 e nOJIaraeT, qTO
<I:>HJIHnn ,n;eMcTBOBaJI HCKJIlOqHTeJIbHO H3 peJIHrH03Horo pBeHHH,
CqHTaH CBOHM ,n;OJIrOM KaK KOpOJIH H xpHCTHaHHHa HCKopeHHTb
epeCb H3 CBoero rocy,napCTBa.
B 1307 r. no npHKa3Y <ppaHQY3cKoro KOpOJIH <I:>HJIHrrna IV
TaMnJIHepbI BO rJIaBe C BeJIHKHM MarHcTpoM, Haxo,n;HBWHeCH BO
<I:>paHQHH, 6bIJIH apecToBaHbI. IIIx apecT BbI3BaJI IIIOK B 06 ecTBe:
,n;a, TaMnJIHepOB MHorHe He JII06HJIH, HO npH3HaBaJIH HX oc06bIe
3aCJIyrH B 60Pb6e C capaQHHaMH. no HHHQHaTHBe <ppaHQY3CKoro
KOpOJIH npOTHB TaMnJIHepOB 6bIJI HaqaT rpaH,n;H03HbIM npoQecc.
3TOT npoQecc HHTepeceH Y)Ke He TOJIbKO TeM, qTO Ha HeM Cy,n;HJIH
pbIQapeM-MOHaXOB - Ka3aJIOCb 6bI, npH3HaHHbIx 3a HTHHKOB
11
IIPE/l,I1CJIOBI1E K PYCCKOMY 113/l,AHI11O
BepbI XPHCTOBOM; Ha CaMOM ,neJIe peqb IIIJIa 0 e e 60JIee ,npaMa-
THqeCKOM npOTHBOCTOHHHH, OKa3a IIIeM OrpOMHOe BJIHHHHe Ha
cy,nb6w 3ana,nHoM EBpOnbI - 60Pb6e nanCTBa H KopoJIeBcKoM
BJIaCTH 3a rOCnO,nCTBO Ha XpHCTHaHCKOM 3ana,ne. llpoQecc TaMn-
JIHepOB npe,nCTaBJIHeT c060M O,nHH H3 3TanOB 3ToM 60pb6bI. B ,neM-
CTBHTeJIbHOCTH CaM KOpOJIb <1>HJIHnn KpaCHBbIM He HMeJI HHKaKO-
ro npaBa apeCTOBWBaTb TaMnJIHepOB H HaqHHaTb npOTHB HHX
paCCJIe,nOBaHHe: npHKa3 06 3TOM Mor OT,naTb TOJIbKO nana PHMC-
KHM KJIHMeHT V, KOTOPOMY op,neH H no,nqHHHJICH Henocpe,nCTBeH-
HO. O,nHaKo <1>HJIHnn CYMeJI Y3aKOHHTb CBoe BMeIIIaTeJIbCTBO B
,neJIa QepKBH, TaK KaK <popMaJIbHO paCnOpH)KeHHe 0 HaqaJIe pac-
CJIe,nOBaHHH ,neHTeJIbHOCTH TaMnJIHepOB nocrynHJIO OT HHKBH3H-
Topa <1>paHQHH, 06JIa,naBIIIero BceMH npeporaTHBaMH OT,naBaTb
TaKoM npHKa3. K TOMY BpeMeHH, KaK nana BbICKa3aJI CBoe He,no-
BOJIbCTBO H nOTpe60BaJI OT KOpOJIH OTqeTa, 6bIJIH no,nrOTOBJIeHbI
npH3HaTeJIbHbIe nOKa3aHHH 60JIbIIIHHCTBa TaMnJIHepOB. B xo,ne
,nonpOCOB ,na)Ke BbICIIIHe caHOBHHKH op,neHa, BKJIlOqaH BeJIHKOrO
MarHCTpa )l(aK ,ne MOJIe, npH3HaJIHCb B BepooTcrynHHqeCTBe. TeM
He MeHee CJIe,nCTBHe H npoQecc paCTHHYJIHCb Ha ,nOJIrHe ro,nbI H
cTaBKoM B Hrpe CTaJI Y)Ke He npeCJIOBYTbIM op,neH, a BJIHHHHe
Ha xpHCTHaHCKHM MHp. JIHIIIb B 1312 r. llana KJIHMeHT cBoeM
BJIaCTblO Ha BbeHHcKoM QepKoBHoM c060pe pacnycTHJI op,neH.
III Y cOBpeMeHHHKoB npoQecca, TaK H Y HCCJIe,noBaTeJIeM B03-
HHKaJIH H B03HHKalOT COMHeHHH B cnpaBe,nJIHBOCTH npHroBopa.
O,nHH cnpaBe,nJIHBO YKa3bIBaJIH, qTO npH3HaHHH BbIpbIBaJIHCb Y
TaMnJIHepOB no,n nbITKaMH; qTO CJIe,nCTBHe HaqaJI <ppaHQY3cKHM
KOpOJIb, HBHO 3aHHTepecoBaHHbIM B YHHqTO)KeHHH op,neHa; qTO
caMbIe IIIOKHpYIO He npH3HaHHH ,naBaJIH HH3IIIHe qHHbI op,neHa,
qaCTO JIHqHOCTH COMHHTeJIbHbIe HJIH JIerKO no,n,nalO HeCH ,naBJIe-
HHIO. lJ;PyrHe CCbIJIaJlHCb, qTO op,neH Y)Ke B CBHToM 3eMJIe 3a6bIJI
o CBoeM npe,nHa3HaqeHHH, BTHHYBIIIHCb B 60Pb6y 3a MHPCKYIO
BJIaCTb H CTH)KaH 60raTcTBo; qTO <1>HJIHnn IV ,neMcTBOBaJI He H3-3a
KOpbICTHbIX n06Y)K,neHHM, HO JIHIIIb no 6JIarOqeCTHBOMY HaMepe-
HHIO OqHCTHTh [(epKOBb OT cKBepHbI.
HeocJIa6eBalO HM HHTepec K op,neHY TaMnJIHepOB CBH3aH co
CJIyxaMH, KOTopbIe HaqaJIH CTpeMHTeJIbHO pacnpocTpaHHThCH B
12
IIPE,l{I1CJIOBI1E K PYCCKOMY 113,l{AHI11O
06 eCTBe Y)Ke BO BpeMH npoQecca: B pe3H,neHQHHX TaMnJIHepOB
TaK H He y,naJIOCb OTbICKaTb HeCMeTHbIX 60raTCTB, KOTopbIe, KaK
CqHTaJIOCb, CKOnHJIH pbIQapH-MOHaXH 3a ,nOJIrHe ro,nbI Cpa)KeHHM
Ha CBHTOM 3eMJIe. M nOHbIHe MHorHe YBepeHbI, qTO COKpOBH a
op,neHa nOKOHTCH B KaKOM-TO nOTaeHHOM MeCTe. TaMHbI H MHCTH-
Ka Bcer,na npHTHrHBaJIH IIIHPOKYIO ny6JIHKY. B HaIIIe BpeMH cnpH-
TaHHbIe 60raTCTBa op,neHa CTaJIH YBJIeKaTeJIbHbIM CIO)KeTOM ,nJIH
pH,na ny6JIHKaQHM, <pHJIbMOB, HeH3MeHHO nOJIb3YIO HXCH IIIHpO-
KHM cnpOCOM. IIOBbIIIIeHHbIM HHTepec ,no CHX nop BbI3bIBaeT H
,naJIbHeMIIIaH cy,nb6a qJIeHOB op,neHa. MHorHe ,no CHX nop He XO-
THT BepHTb, tffO 6JIHCTaTeJIbHbIM H TaHHCTBeHHbIM op,neH TaMnJIHe-
pOB 6bIJI pacny eH, a pbIQapH KTO norH6 Ha KOCTpe, KTO YMep B
3aTOqeHHH, HCKynaH CBOH - npH,nYMaHHbIe HJIH HaCTOH He -
nperpeIIIeHHH. Heo,nHOKpaTHO BcnOMHHaJIH, qTO HeCKOJIbKO TaM-
nJIHepOB 3aHBHJIH nane KnHMeHry BO BpeMH 3ace,naHHM BbeHHC-
Koro c060pa, 6y,nTO B oKpyre ropo,na CKpbIBaeTCH OKOJIO nOJIYTO-
pa TbICHq BoopY)KeHHbIX ,no 3y60B BOHHOB, rOTOBbIX ,nOKa3aTb
CBOIO npaBory CHJIOM 0PY)KHH. 3TH MH<pHqeCKHe nOJITOpbI TbICH-
qH TaK H He 6bIJIH HaM,neHbI. 3TH H ,npyrHe paCCKa3bI ,naJIH OCHO-
BaHHH npe,nnOJIaraTb, qTO op,neH npo,nOJI)KHJI CBoe cy ecTBoBaHHe
TaMHo HJIH JIer B OCHOBY ,npyrHx op,neHOB - MaCOHOB, p03eHKpeM-
QepOB H T. ,n. MHOrOqHCJIeHHbIe ny6JIHKaQHH ,neJIaJIH H3 TaMnJIHe-
pOB e,nBa JIH He xpaHHTeJIeM TaMHbI MHcyca XpHCTa». B CHJIY
3Toro 06CTOHTeJIbCTBa HCTOpHH TaMnJIHepOB 06pocJIa caMbIMH
pa3HbIMH H no,nqac HeBepOHTHbIMH JIereH,naMH H pOCCKa3HHMH, B
KOTOpbIX HeBepOHTHO CJIO)KHO pa306paTbCH COBpeMeHHbIM HC-
CJIe,nOBaTeJIHM. M3,naTeJIbCTBO EBpa3HH» npe,nJIaraeT qHTaTeJIIO
B3rJIHHYTb Ha np06JIeMY C pa3HbIx n03HQHM. lJ;Ba <ppaHQY3CKHX
HCTopHKa - MapceJIb JI06e H fH <1>0 - H3JIO)KHJIH CBOIO TOqKY
3peHHH Ha ,npaMaTHqeCKHe C06bITHH, CBH3aHHbIe C B03HHKHOBe-
HHe H rH6eJIblO 3HaMeHHToro op,neHa. MapceJIIO JI06e 60JIbllIe
6bIJIO HHTepeCHO caMO cy ecTBoBaHHH op,neHa, IM <1>0 - npoQecc,
JIereH,nbI H npe,nnOJIaraeMOe nOCJIe,nYIO aH TaMHaH )KH3Hb op,neHa.
A. 10. Kapa'lUHCKUU
MAPCEJIb nOEE
TP ArEAV151
OP [HA
T AMnnM[POB
.
""
BBeAeHHe
Ha npOTH eHHH BCeH CBOeH HCTOpHH eJIO TaMnJIHepOB
nOpO HJIO CTOJIhKO nJIaMeHHhIX KOMMeHTapHeB, CTOJIhKO npH-
CTpaCTHhIX TPY OB H CTOJIhKO 6eCCMhICJIeHHhIX TOJIKOBaHHH,
qTO Teneph CTaJIO BeChMa 3aTpY HHTeJIhHO rOBOpHTh 0 HeM
061>eKTHBHO H no CYII(eCTBY.
QT06hI HanHcaTh cephe3HYIO KHHry Ha 3TY cnopHYIO TeMY,
CJIe OBaJIO 6MTh O HOBpeMeHHO HCTOpHKOM Cpe HeBeKOBhH,
IOpHCTOM, Ha JIe aII(HM 06pa30M pa36HpalOII(HMCH B HHKBH-
3HTOpCKOM cy onpoH3BO CTBe HaqaJIa XIV B., H BOCTOKOBe-
OM, 3HalOII(HM HpaBhI, 06hIqaH H ceKThI JIeBaHTa.
Pa3YMeeTCH, OBOJIhHO CJIO)l{HO 06HaPY HTh Bee BhIllieHa-
3BaHHhIe KaqeCTBa Y O Horo qeJIOBeKa. II03TOMY HH O Ha H3
MHOrOqHCJIeHHhIX KHHr, nOCBHII(eHHhIX TaMnJIHepaM, He CMor-
JIa O HaCTOHII(erO MOMeHTa nOJIHOCThlO Y OBJIeTBOpHTh JIIO-
60nhITCTBO Tex, KTO eJIaeT BO qTO 6hI TO HH CTaJIO 06paThCH
O CYTH 3Toro eJIa.
MhI, BhIcTynaH KaK npOCThIe 3cceHCThI, He 06JIa alOII(He HH
O HOH H3 nepeqHCJIeHHhIX cnoc06HOCTeH, OTHIO h He CTpe-
MHMCH B0306HOBHTh eJIO 0 TaMnJIHepaX HJIH pa3BeHTh OKPY-
)I{alOII(YIO HX TaHHY. TeMOH HallieH pa60ThI CTaJIO KpaTKoe H3-
JIO)l{eHHe HCTOpHH op eHa XpaMa, qT06hI COBpeMeHHhIH qHTa-
TeJIh Mor KOe-qTO npOHCHHTh JIH ce6H B 3TOM Bonpoce. IIocJIe
Toro KaK MHorHe HCTOpHKH npH3HaJIHCh B CBoeH Hecnoc06HO-
CTH OCTOBepHO OKa3aTh BHHY HJIH HeBHHOBHOCTh TaMnJIHe-
pOB, MhI He MO)l(eM 6hITh HaCTOJIhKO caMOYBepeHHhIMH, qT06hI
HaMepeBaThCH pa3pellIHTh 3ry np06JIeMY.
16
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,l1fI OP/l,EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
O HaKO HaM IIOKa3aJIOCb IIOJIe3HbIM pa306paTbCH B «3TOM
KPYIIHOM eJIe, 6bITb MO)l(eT, caMOM 3HaqHTeJIbHOM BO BceM
Cpe HeBeKOBbe» (MHIIIJIe). ,lJ:eHcTBHTeJIbHO, eJIO TaMIIJIHe-
pOB TeCHO CBH3aHO C HeCKOJIbKHMH HaH60JIee Ba)l(HbIMH BO-
IIpocaMH, B03HHKaBIIIHMH B cepe HHe Cpe HeBeKOBbH: Bonpo-
COM 0 pOJIH KpeCTOBbIX nOXO OB, BJIHHHHH BOCTOKa Ha 3aIIa ,
)l(eCTOKOCTH HHKBH3HQHH, 0 KOH<pJIHKTe Me)l( Y QepKOBHOH
BJIaCTblO IIaIIbI PHMCKoro H KOpOJIeBCKHM a6COJIIOTH3MOM, BO-
IIJIOII(eHHeM KOToporo CTaJI <l>HJIHIIII KpaCHBbI:tP. JIH CIIeQHa-
JIHCTOB 06aBHM, qTO TaMnJIHepbI 6bIJIH HHHQHaTopaMH Kpyn-
HbIX <pHHaHCOBbIX OIIepaQHH H IIpe BOCXHTHJIH COBpeMeHHYIO
CHCTeMY eHe)l(HOrO yqeTa.
IIpe e qeM IIepeHTH K 3TaIIaM 3HaMeHHToro cy e6Horo
IIpOQecca, MbI peIIIHJIH H3yqHTb pOJIb, KOTOpylO TaMIIJIHepbI
CbIrpaJIH BO BpeMH CBHII(eHHOH BOHHbI. IIOCKOJIbKY 60JIbIIIHH-
CTBO pa60T, IIOCBHII(eHHhIX op eHY XpaMa, paCCMaTpHBaJIH
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KpaCHBoro, Bee IIpHBbIKnH KaK-TO 3a6bIBaTb 06 YCJIyrax, KO-
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II(eCTBOBaHHH op eHa, Kor a HX qepHo-6eJIoe 3HaMH, «60ce-
aH», pa3BeBaJIOCh Ha Bcex IIOJIHX Cpa)l(eHHH BO BpeMH KpeCTO-
BbIX IIOXO OB.
HaIIIe 3cce He IIhITaeTCH HH pea6HJIHTHpOBaTb, HH 06JIH-
qHTb TaMIIJIHepOB. MbI He CTaJIH OrpaHHqHBaTbCH IIepeqHCJIe-
HHeM H OQeHKOH <paKTOB H IIPOQHTHpOBaJIH H COIIOCTaBHJIH
MHO)l(eCTBO CBH eTeJIbCTB, a 3aTeM IIOIIbITaJIHCb OTCTOHTb HaH-
60JIee y6e HTeJIbHbIe OBO bI.
* * *
IIepBbIH KpeCTOBbIH IIOXO OCTaBHJI IIaJIeCTHHY H3HeMO-
ralOII(eH H 6YKBaJIbHO KOpqaII(eHCH B cy oporax. JIaTHHcKoe
1 <I>HJIHnn KpaCHBbIH - <ppaHQY3CKHH KOpOJIb B 1285-1314 ff.
(IlpUMez. pea.)
17
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,I1H OP/l,EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
KOpOJIeBCTBO, OCHOBaHHOe rOT<PPH OM EYJIhOHCKHM 1 , 6hIJIO
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KO HenpOqHhIM 6hIJIO <ppaHKCKOe 3aBOeBaHHe, «B TO BpeMH KaK
CO BCeX CTOpOH nO CTeperaJI Bpar, rOTOBhIH BOCnOJIh30BaThCH
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MY HBJIHBIIIHeCH npe MeTOM cnopa 3eMJIH, nepeKpeCTOK TpeX
KOHTHHeHTOB, YXOBHhIH QeHTp TpeX peJIHrHH». HaH60JIhIIIaH
QaCTh IIaJIeCTHHhI OCTaBaJIaCh B PYKaX MYCYJIbMaH. II03TOMY
JIaTHHHHaM CJIe OBaJIO YMaTh He TOJIhKO 06 «OKKynaU;HH , HO
H 0 3aBoeBaHHH.
BMeCTO Toro QT06hI 3aHHMaTbCH no CBoeMY YCMOTpeHHIO
nOJIHTHqeCKHM H COU;HaJIhHbIM 06YCTPOHCTBOM MOJIO Oro ro-
cy apcTBa, rOT<pPH EYJIbOHCKHH 6hIJI BbIHY)I( eH BeCTH BOHHY
c 6aH aMH MeCTHhIX nOBCTaHu;eB H YCMHPHTh HenOKopHhIe ro-
po a. Cpa)l{eHHe npH ACKaJIOHe 12 aBrycTa 1099 r. 3 Ha HeKO-
Topoe BpeMH npe oTBpaTHJIO onaCHOCTh, rp03HII(YIO co CTOpO-
HhI <l>aTHMH oB4, HO Tpe60BaJIOCh C eJIaTh eII(e 60JIbIIIe: no -
ep)l(aTb CyxOTIYTHoe C006II(eHHe C n06epe)l(heM, 3aXBaTHTh
OQarH conpOTHBJIeHHH H oT6HTh apa6cKHe KOHTpaTaKH.
B HaQaJIe XII B. B CBHTYIO 3eMJIIO MHoro pa3 npH6hIBaJIO
nOAKpenJIeHHe, HO npou;ecc BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH MHpa 6hIJI TPY -
HhIM H OJIrHM. BJIaCTh rOT<ppH a EYJIhOHCKOro 6hIJIa IIIaTKoH,
H ero HaCJIe HHK, ero 6paT EaJI YHH TaK)I(e 6hIJI BhIHY)I( eH
BeCTH ynopHYIO 60ph6y, QTo6hI no ep)l(aTb JIaTHHCKoe H XPH-
CTHaHCKoe rocnO CTBO Ha 3THX 3eMJIHX I1cJIaMa. BHe3anHhIe
Hana eHHH H rpa6e)l(H eII(e OJIro 6Y YT npO OJI)I(aThCH B O-
1 TIaTHHo- VlepycaJIHMCKOe KOpOJIeBCTBO - KOpOJIeBCTBO, OCHOBaH-
Hoe Ha EJIH)I{HeM BOCTOKe KpeCTOHOCQaMH. (IlpUMe'l. pea.)
2 B npe bI Yll(eH pa60Te: Godefroid de Bouillon. Bruxelles, 1943.
(IlpUMe'l. a8m.)
3 B 1099 r. KpeCToHoCQbI pa3rpOMHJIH npH ACKaJIOHe apMHIO,
nOCJIaHHYIO erHneTCKHM XaJIH<poM H3 HHaCTHH <I>aTHMH oB, qT06bI
OTBoeBaTb VlepycaJIHM. (IlpUMe'l. pea.)
4 Apa6cKaH HHaCTHfl <I>aTHMH oB npaBHJIa B ErHnTe C HaqaJIa
X B. (IlpUMe'l. a8m.)
18
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE,l!H.H OP,l!EHA TAMIInHEPOB
JIHHe 110p aHa. QT06hI IIpOTHBOCTOHTh yrp03e, KOTOpylO He-
BepHhIe 6Y YT IIpO OJI)I{aTh IIpe CTaBJIHTh JIH CBHTOH 3eMJIH,
IIoTpe6yeTcH IIO ep)l{HBaTh IIOCTOHHHOe IIpO OJI)I{eHHe Kpe-
CTOBOrO IIOXO a. KOpOJIH l1epycaJIHMa HaIIpaCHO 6y YT 06pa-
II(aThCH C HaCTOHqHBhIMH IIpH3hIBaMH 0 IIOMOII(H K 3aIIa y, Bee
paBHO qHCJIO IIaJIeCTHHCKHX BOHHOB 6y eT He OCTaTOqHhIM.
I1MeHHo 3TOT He ocraToK JIIO eH H He06xo MOCI'h Y1<peIIHTh
3aII(Hry xpHCTHaHCTBa B JIeBaHTe CTaHYT IIPHqHHOH 3apo e-
HHH BoeHHhIX op eHOB: TeBTOHCKHe phIQapH, rOCIIHTaJIhephI H
TaMIIJIHephI 6y YT HrpaTh pOJIh KOpOJIeBCKOH «)I{aH apMepHH ,
6 HTeJIhHOH KOHHOH CTpa)l(H Ha 60JIhllIHX IIepeKpeCTKax O-
por IIaJIOMHHKOB. 3THM MOHaxaM-BOHHaM, Bcer a rOTOBhIM
BCryIIHTh B 60H, qT06hI IIO ep)l{aTh op eH, IIpeKpacHo IIO O-
llIJIO 6hI Ha3BaHHe «JIeTyqHe OTpH hI .
II03TOMY CJIe yeT HaIIpHMYIO CBH3hIBaTh OCHOBaHHe BoeH-
HhIX op eHoB C H eeH KpecroBhIx IIOXO OB. Ka3aJIOCh, Bce 6JIa-
rOIIpHHTcrBoBaJIO 6JIarOqecrHBhIM 3aMhIc.naM 3THX opraHH3a-
QHH. I1x 3HaHHe reorpa<pHH MeCTHOCTH H crpaTemH IIpOTHBHHKa
OKa)l{eT HeoQeHHMhIe yc.rryrH eJIY KpecroBhIx IIOXO OB. BoeH-
HhIe op eHa 6y YT coxpaHHTh repOHqecKYIO Tp HQHIO IIepBoro
KpecroBoro IIoxo a BIIJIOTh o IIOJIHOrO IIOpa)l{eHHH, KOTopoe
6y eT 03HaqaTh IIpOBaJI ByxCOTJIeTHeH CBHII(eHHOH BOHHhI.
Kor a B 1291 r. AKpa, IIOCJIe HHH JIaTHHCKaH QHTa eJIh B
A3HH, na eT IIO HaTHCKOM MycYJIhMaH, BoeHHhIe op eHa 6y-
YT e HHCTBeHHhIMH, KTO cpa)l{aJICH o caMoro KOHQa pa H
TOp)l{eCTBa KpeCTa Ha IIOJIYMeCHQeM. 113MyqeHHhIe BYXCOT-
JIeTHeH 60Ph60H, KpecToHocQhI CnellIHJIH BepHYThcH Ha 3ana ,
HO BoeHHhIe op eHa C CO)l{aJIeHHeM IIOKH aJIH 3eMJIIO, KOTopaH
eHCTBHTeJIhHO CTaJIa HX YXOBHOH BOTqHHOH.
3THM MOHaxaM, aBllIHM 06eT 3aII(HII(aTh CBHThIe MecTa H
IIaJIOMHHKOB, 3eMJIH 06eToBaHHaH 6hIJIa opo)l{e, qeM Ta, OT-
Ky a OHH pO OM. BhIHY)I{ eHHhIH OT1>e3 H3 CBHTOH 3eMJIH
CTaJI JIH HHX HaqaJIOM CKHTaJIhqeCKOH )I{H3HH, KOTopaH JIH
TaMIIJIHepOB TparHqeCKH 3aKOHqHTCH Ha KocTpax, 3a)l{)I{eHHhIX
H3 3aBHCTH <I>HJIHIInOM KpaCHBhIM.
YACTb nEPBA5I
fJlaBa I
HCTOKH
Kor a BCTaeT BOnpOC 0 BOeHHhIX H peJIHrH03HhIX Op eHaX
Cpe HeBeKOBhH, qaCTO 6hIBaeT TaK, qTO Me)l{ Y TaMnJIHepaMH,
rOCnHTaJIhepaMH, TeBTOHCKHMH phIQapHMH, phIQapHMH rp06a
rOCnO HH, Po oca H MaJIhThI He npOBO HT HHKaKoro CYII(eCT-
BeHHoro pa3JIHqHH. A nOHBJIeHHe B HcrOpHH HeKoTophIX BoeH-
HbIX op eHoB, qhe cYII(eCTBOBaHHe 6hIJIO OqeHh He OJIrHM (MhI
HMeeM B BH,n:y, rJIaBHhIM 06pa30M, phIQapeH-MeqeHOCQeB)1,
JIHllIh YBeJIHqHBaeT nYTaHHQY, C KOTOpOH CTaJIKHBaeTCH qHTa-
TeJIh, CTpeMHII(HHCH pa306paThCH B 3TOM Bonpoce.
B03HHKHOBeHHe opraHH3aQHH rOCnHTaJIhepOB Ha CBHTOH
3eMJIe npOH3011IJIO 3a OJIrO O KpeCTOBhIX nOXO OB. B nepHO,n:
C IV no XI BeK, BpeMH, BO MHorHX OTHOllIeHHHX He H3yqeHHOe,
COBepllIaJIOCh MHO)l{eCTBO naJIOMHHqeCTB B JIeBaHT, H CB. IIpe-
CTOJI, no,n: ep)l{HBaBIlIHH CBH3H C rpeqeCKHMH naTpHapxaMH
l1epycaJIHMa, CTpeMHJICH YCTpaHHTh npenHTCTBHH, B03HHKaB-
llIHe nepe nHJIHrpHMaMH. CJIe,n:OBaJIO oxpaHHTh HX, nOMoraTb
HM H JIeqHTh, eCJIH OHH 3a60JIe1OT.
MbI He 6y,n:eM paCCKa3hIBaTh 0 nepHneTHHX 3anYTaHHOH H
nOJIHOM C06hITHH HCTOpHH rOCnHTaJIhepOB. KaK H TaMnJIHephI,
OHH 6y,n:YT OKa3bIBaTh BoopY)I{eHHYIO no,n:,n:ep)l{KY KpeCTOHOC-
1 MeqeHOCQbI - BoeHHO-MOHaIlleCKI1H op eH, OCHOBaHHbIH B 1202 f.
,n;JIH 3aXBaTa 11 Kpe eHl1fl BOCTOqHOH IIpyccl1l1. B 1237 f., nOCJIe pa3-
fpOMa B 611TBe C JII1TOBQaMI1 MeqeHOCQbI CJII1JII1Cb C TeBTOHCKI1M op,n;e-
HOM, 06pa30BaB JII1BOHCKI1H op,n;eH. (IlpUMe'l. pea.)
22
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,I1Jl OP/l,EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
QaM BCHKHH pa3, KaK HM 6y.n;eT npe.n;OCTaBJIHTbCH TaKaH B03-
MO)l{HOCTb, H BHeCYT CBOH BKJIa.n; B 3aII(HTY <ppaHKCKOrO KOpO-
JIeBCTBa l1epycaJIHMa.
IlocJIe na.n;eHHH B 1291 r. AKpa rOCnHTaJIbepbI BMeCTe C
TaMnJIHepaMH oTcrynHT Ha OCTpOB KHnp. B 1309 r. OHH 3aBJIa-
.n;elOT PO.n;OCOM, r.n;e 6y.n;YT OCTaBaTbCH Ha npOTH)I{eHHH .n;BYX
BeKOB: n03ToMY HX Ha30BYT pbIQapHMH Po.n;oca>.>. B 1522 r. Ha
HHX Hana.n;YT TypKH CYJIeHMaHa BeJIHKOJIenHoro. IIlecTb TbI-
CHq pbIQapeH no.n; KOMaH.n;OBaHHeM BeJIHKOrO MarHcTpa <l>H-
JIHnna BHJIJIbe .n;e JI'I1JIb A.n;aHa B TeqeHHe HeKoToporo BpeMe-
HH 6y.n;YT OKa3bIBaTb conpOTHBJIeHHe BOHCKY H3 20 0000 TY-
pOKe 113rHaHHbIe C OCTpOBa, OHH 6y.n;YT nepeXO.n;HTb H3 KaH.n;HH
B MeCCHHY H H3 BHTep60 B HHQQY. B KOHQe KOHQOB, B 1530 r.
KapJI V OT.n;aCT HM OCTpOB MaJIbTY. TaM OHH nOKpOIOT ce6H
CJIaBOH, Cpa)l{aHCb C HaCJIe.n;HHKoM CYJIeHMaHa CeJIHMoM.
Op.n;eH pbIQapeH MaJIbTbI 6bIJI ynpa3.n;HeH B 1789 r. EOHa-
napT 3aHHJI OCTpOB BO BpeMH noxo.n;a B ErHneT. OH no06eII(aJI
BbInJIaqHBaTb op.n;eHY neHCHOH, HO 06eII(aHHH He c.n;ep)l{aJI.
MaJIbTHHCKHH op.n;eH COXpaHHJICH .n;o HallIHX .n;HeH H npo-
.n;OJI)I{aeT BbInOJIHHTb Me.n;HQHHCKHe <PYHKqHH, nOCKOJIbKY HMe-
eT B CBoeM paCnOpH)I{eHHH Me.n;HQHHCKHe QeHTpbI H 60JIbHH-
QbI, nOJIb3YIOII(HeCH TeMH )I{e npHBHJIerHHMH, qTO H 60JIbHHQbI
KpaCHoro KpeCTa. B BOHHY 1914-1918 rr. pa3JIHqHbIe acco-
QHaQHH MaJIbTHHCKoro op.n;eHa H3JIeqHJIH 3a c06cTBeHHbIH
CqeT OKOJIO 500 000 paHeHbIx. 11 cero.n;HH op.n;eH Be.n;eT 0611IHP-
HYIO Bpaqe6HYIO .n;eHTeJIbHOCTb H HHTepecyeTcH MHO)l{eCTBOM
6JIarOTBOpHTeJIbHbIX MeponpHHTHH, KOTOpbIM OKa3bIBaeT 3Ha-
qHTeJIbHYIO MaTepHaJIbHYIO nOMOII(b.
B EeJIbrHH AccoQHaQHH pbIQapeH MaJIbTHHCKoro op.n;e-
Ha» HaCqHTbIBaeT OKOJIO llIeCTH.n;eCHTH qJIeHOB .n;BOpHHcKoro
npOHCXO)l{.n;eHHH l . OHa llIe<pCTByeT Ha.n; 60JIbHHQeH H HMeeT
1 Ha 3Ty TeMY eM. pa60ry ,lJ;aHcepa: Dansaert. Histoire de l'ordre
souverain et militaire de saint Jean de Jerusalem, dit de Rhodes ou de
Malte, en Belgique. Bruxelles, 1932. (IlpUMe'l. a8m.)
23
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPATE/l,I1JI OP/l,EHA TAMnJII1EPOB
c06CTBeHHYIO 6pHra y Me HQHHCKHX CeCTep, KOTOpOH PYKO-
BO HT BpaqH, npHMKHYBIlIHe K Op eHY.
* * *
Op eH TeBTOHCKHX phIQapeH 6hIJI OCHOBaH TOJIhKO 5 Map-
Ta 1198 r. B pe3H eHQHH TaMnJIHepOB B THpe. TaK HeMeQ-
KHe KpecToHocQhI XOTeJIH npeCeqh HJIH XOTH 6hI YMepHTh
CJIHIlIKOM CHJIhHOe BJIHHHHe op eHoB TaMnJIHepOB H rocnH-
TaJIbepoB.
Il03 Hee BeJIHKHH MarHcTp TeBToHcKoro op eHa 060CHO-
BaJICH B BeHeQHH, a 3aTeM B Map6ypre. Te, Koro Ha3hIBaJIH
Tor a «TeBTOHCKHMH phIQapHMH npH06peJIH MHoro 3eMeJIh B
IlPyccHH H C n9MOII(hlO phIQapeH-MeqeHOCQeB I npHHHJIHCh 3a-
BoeBhIBaTh npH6aJITHHCKHe cTpaHhI (KYPJIHH HIO H JIHBO-
HHIO). Op eH OCTHr pacQBeTa B HaqaJIe XV B., HO BCKope
HaqaJI npHXO HTh B yna oK no BJIHHHHeM pOCKOIliH H BHYT-
peHHHX pa3 opOB. Op eH TeBTOHCKHX phIQapeH, pa36HThIX no-
JIHKaMH, COXpaHHJICH O HaqaJIa XIX B.: HanoJIeoH ynpa3 HHJI
ero 24 anpeJIH 1809 r., HO OH 6hIJI BOCCTaHOBJIeH TpH QaTh JIeT
cnycTH H npo OJI)I{aeT cYII(eCTBOBaTh o HallIHX HeH B TaKOM
)I{e KaqeCTBe, qTO H MaJIhTHHCKHH op eH, TO eCTh KaK nOqeT-
HaH KaCTa BhICllIeH 3HaTH 2 .
1 Op eH pbIQapeH-MeqeHOCQe8 6bIJI C03 aH 8 1204 r. 8 )J;IOHa-
MIOH e (1I1180Hl1fl) Anb6epoM AneJIb OpHCKI1M, enl1CKOnOM 1I1180H-
CKI1M. IIoHaqaJIY 8 I1X nOJIHOMOql1fl 8XO I1JIa 3a I1Ta Xpl1CTl1aHCKI1X
MI1CCI10Hep08, HO MaJIO-nOMaJIY OHI1 6bIJII1 808JIeQeHbI 8 3a80e8aHI1e
TeppHTOpl1H, HaCeJIeHHbIX fl3bIQHI1KaMI1-CJIa8flHaMI1. OHI1 3aIDUII1 3CTO-
HI1IO 11 QaCTb 1I1180HI1I1. B 1237 r. CJII1JII1Cb C op eHoM Te8TOHCKI1X
pbIQapeH. (IlpUMe'l. a8m.)
2 3aMOK Bbe )l(OH 8 PI1)1(K08eHe, 8 6eJIbrl1HCKOM 1I11M6ypre
H8JIHJICH pe311 eHQl1eH KOMaH opa Te8TOHCKI1X pbIQapeH. (Ilpu-
Me'l. a8m.)
24
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPATE/l,l1fl OP/l,EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
* * *
06paTHMCH Teneph K npOMCXO)K eHHIO Op eHa XpaMa.
B OTJIHqHe OT rOCnHTaJIbepOB H TeBTOHCKHX pbIQapeH
TaMnJIHepbI, 3a HCTOpHeH KOTOphIX MbI peIlIHJIH npOCJIe HTb,
npOCYII(eCTBOBaJIH He OJIrO. IIOHBl1BIlIHCb B HaqaJIe XII B.,
Op eH XpaMa 6hIJI paC<pOpMHpOBaH B HaqaJIe XIV nOCJIe Tpa-
rHqeCKHX rOHeHHH, npeBpaTHocTH KOTOpbIX HaM npe CTOHT
H3yqHTb.
OKOJIO 1120 r. eBHTh <ppaHQY3cKHX CCHhOpOB no npe Bo-
HTeJIhCTBOM IlIaMnaHCKoro BOpHHHHd fyro e IIeHHa HJIH
IIeHeHa (Hugo de Paganis) pellialOT nOCBHTHTb ce6H 3aII(HTe
naJIOMHHKOB CBHTOH 3eMJIH. OTHMH pbIQapHMH 6bIJIH: fOT-
<ppH e CeHT-OMep, AH pe e MOH6ap, fYH oMap, fO <PPOH,
POpaJIb, )Ko<p<ppya EHTOJIb, HHBap e MOH e3Hp Ii ApIlIaM60
e CeH-3HbHH.
IIo npHMepy pyrHx peJIHrH03HbIX op eHOB OHH npHHeCJIH
TPH MOHallieCKHX 06eTa B npHCYTCTBHH naTpHapxa Hepyca-
JIHMCKoro. B 06aBoK OHH B3HJIH Ha ce6H 06H3aHHocTb oxpa-
HHTb oporH CBHTOH 3eMJIH. OHH TaK)Ke 06eII(aJIH npHCYT-
CTBOBaTb Ha QepKoBHoH cJIY)K6e B qaCOBHe, npHHa JIe)l{aII(eH
KaHOHHKaM-aBrYCTHHuaM. TaMnJIHepbI He 6hIJIH KJIHpHKaMH,
XOTH OHH H BeJIH no 06HhIH HM 06pa3 )KH3HH. OHH 6bIJIH
6paTbHMH>'>, KaK MbI O CHX nop Ha3hIBaeM MOHaXOB, KOTO-
pbIe He 6bIJIH nOCBHII(eHbI B YXOBHbIH caH.
Ha nepBbIH B3rJIH , HHqTO He OTJIHqaJIO TaMnJIHepOB OT
rOCnHTaJIbepOB, H CTaHOBHTCH HenOHHTHO, 3aqeM C03 aBaTb
HOBbIH BoeHHbIH op eH, eCJIH fyro e IIeHeH Hero copaTHHKH
MOrJIH npOCTO npHcoe HHHThCH K rOCnHTaJIbepaM, a)l{e eCJIH
nOCJIe HHe H 6bIJIH HTaJIbHHCKOro npOHCXO)K eHHH. CJIe yeT
JIH .npe nOJIO)KHTb, qTO fyro e IIeHeH )KeJIaJI C03 aTb t/JpaH-
l{Y3cKUii. op eH B npOTHBOBec HTaJIbHHCKOH opraHH3aQHH roc-
nHTaJIbepOB? MbI TaK He CqJ.tTaeM: npHHQHn HaQHOHaJIbHOrO
onpe eJIeHHH He 6bIJI JIH llamUHJlH CBHTOH 3eMJIH HaCTOJIhKO
Ba)KHbIM, qT06bI BbI3bIBaTb HBHO BhIpa)l{eHHOe npOTHBOCTO.H-
2S
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPATE/l,I1JI OP/l,EHA TAMIlJII1EPOB
HHe. BHYTpeHHHe pa3HOrJIaCHH 6Y YT B03HHKaTb, CKOpee, Ha
nOqBe TOprOBbIX HHTepeCOB Me)f( Y KynuaMH O HOM HaUHO-
HaJIbHOCTH, KaK, HanpHMep, Me)f( Y. nH3aHUaMH, BeHeUHaHUa-
MH H reHY33uaMH 1 .
B03HHKHOBeHHe cppaHUY3CKOH OpraHH3aUHH, nOHBHBllIeH-
CH 6JIarO apH HHHUHaTHBe fyro e IIeHeHa, 06'hHCHHeTCH, CKO-
pee, TeM cpaKTOM, qTO op eH rOCnHTaJIbepOB B 1118 r. eII(e He
BbInOJIHHJI BoeHHbIe 06H3aHHOCTH; TaMnJIHepbI HCKpeHHe CqH-
TaJIH, qTO COBepllIalOT HeqTO HOBoe, nOCBHI.IJ:aH CBOIO )f(H3Hb
I1CKJIlOqHTeJIbHO 3aI.IJ:HTe naJIOMHHKOB.
O HaKO, nO-BH HMOMY, pbIuapH XpaMa H rOCnHTaJIbepbI
6Y YT PYKOBO CTBOBaTbCH O HHM MOHallieCKHM YCTaBOM H
eHCTBHH HX 6Y YT HanpaBJIeHbI Ha O HY ueJIb: 06eCneqHTb
6e30naCHOCTb naJIOMHHKOB CBHTOH 3eMJIH. IIpe06pa30BaHHe
HX B e HHbIH op eH, B03MO)f(HO, nOMOrJIO 6bI H36e)l{aTb 6ec-
qHCJIeHHbIX pacnpeM, BCTaBIlIHX Ha nYTHX, KOTOpbIMH B Te-
qeHHe BYXCOT JIeT napaJIJIeJIbHO IlIJIH rOCnHTaJIbepbI H TaM-
nJIHepbI. CJIHHHHe npOH30H eT MHoro n03 Hee, nOCKOJIbKY
H36e)f(aTb HH eMOpaJIH3YIOI.IJ:HX paCKOJIOB, HH nOCTbI Horo CO-
nepHHqeCTBa He y aJIOCb.
IIpHMeqaTeJIbHO TO, qTO H BJIaCTb, H 06I.IJ:eCTBeHHoe MHe-
HHe B OCHOBHOM 6Y YT OT aBaTb npe nOqTeHHe TaMnJIHepaM,
HeCMOTpH Ha HapeKaHHH, HaKonHBIlIHeCH 3a OJIrO O 3HaMe-
HHToro npouecca, KOTOpbIM npHBe eT K YHHqTO)l{eHHIO rOHH-
Moro op eHa.
KaKOH )f(e 6bIJIa 06CTaHOBKa Ha xpHCTHaHCKOM JIeBaHTe B
MOMeHT C03 aHHH op eHa TaMnJIHepOB?
1 ABTOp I1MeeT B BI1 y KOH<pJII1KTbI 3a rJIaBeHCTBO B ccpepe ToprOB-
JII1 C EJII1)1{HI1M BOCTOKOM, KOTopble pa3BepHYJII1Cb B ropo ax JIaTI1-
HO-l1epycaJII1MCKoro KOpOJIeBCTBa nOCJIe ero OCHOBaHI1H (oc06eHHO
KpOBOnpOJII1THbIMI1 CTaBIlIl1e B XII B.) Me)KtJ;y KynQaMI1 Tpex KpynHbIx
11 He3aBI1CI1MbIX ToprOBbIX pecny6JII1K - II 113 hI , feHYI1 11 BeHeQI1I1.
I1Hor a CTOJIKHOBeHI1H Me)l{ HI1MI1 6bIJII1 CTOJIb CI1JIbHbI, qTO cpaKTl1qe-
CKI1 napaJII130BbIBaJIH BCIO )l{113Hb KpecToHocHbIX rocy apcTB Ha Boc-
TOKe. (IlpUMe'l. pea.)
26
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,I1Jl OP/l,EHA TAMIInI1EPOB
CBHTaH 3eMJIH BKJIlOqaJIa B ce6H rpa<}>CTBO 3 eccKoe, KHH-
)I{eCTBO AHTHOXHHCKOe, rpa<}>CTBO TpHnOJIH H KOpOJIeBCTBO
HepycaJIHMCKOe. B KOpOJIeBCTBe TOr a npaBHJI BaJI YHH II,
H3BecTHhIH BO BpeMH nepBoro KpecToBoro noxo a no HMe-
HeM BaJI YHHa IO Bypra H H36paHHhIH KOpOJIeM HepycaJIHMa
Ha IIacxy 1118 r. I
BaJI YHH CTaJI nOKpOBHTeJIeM TaMnJIHepOB H OT aJI HM
qaCTh KOpOJIeBCKOro BoPQa, B03Be eHHoro Ha MeCTe peBHe-
ro xpaMa COJIOMOHa. OTclO a npoHcxo HT HMH, aHHoe 6paT-
CTBY, - BOHHCTBO XpaMa , H Ha3BaHHe temples (xpaMhI),
0603HaqaBllIee pa3JIHqHhIe OMa op eHa.
TaMnJIHephI 6hIJIH OqeHh 6e HhI, H HHqTO nOKa He npe Be-
II(aJIO HX 60raTCTBa B 6Y YII(eM. OHH 6hIJIH HaCTOJIhKO HHII(H,
qTO Ha BYX qeJIOBeK y HHX 6hIJIa Bcero O Ha JIOllIa h; B na-
MHTh 06 3TOM HX neqaTh OJIro npe CTaBJIHJIa C060H H306pa-
)I{eHHe KOHH, Ha KOTOpOM CH HT Ba Bca HHKa. KOPOJIh, naT-
pHapx H pyrHe caHOBHHKH KOpOJIeBCTBa npe OCTaBHJIH HM
HeKHH oxo , a6hI TaMnJIHephI MOrJIH KynHTh caMoe He06xo-
HMoe. II03TOMY HX Ha3hIBaJIH 6e HhIMH phIQapHMH XpaMa .
KaK npe CTaBJIHeTCH, TaMnJIHephI, npe e Bcero, nOCTaBH-
JIH nepe C060H KOHKpeTHYIO 3a aqy: Ha6JIIO aTh 3a npoxo)l{-
eHHeM naJIOMHHKOB H oxpaHHTh HX no opore, H YII(eH OT
HepycaJIHMa o BOpOT 5.1 <}><}> hI. 3Ta opora 6hIJIa HaBO HeHa
pa360HHHKaMH-6e YHHaMH. BhIJIO He06xo HMO COnpOBO)l{-
aTh n)'TellIeCTBeHHHKOB, npOXO HBllIHX qepe3 YII(eJIhH H no-
CTaBHTh crpa)l{y B03JIe Bo oeMOB, KOTophIe MOrJIH 6hITh OTpaB-
JIeHhI HJIH 3arpH3HeHhI HenpHHTeJIeM. K TOMY )I{e Ha TaMnJIHe-
pOB HepycaJIHMa B03JIaraJIaCh 3a aqa 3aII(HII(aTh naJIOMHHKOB,
HanpaBJIHBllIHXCH K Hop aHY, qT06hI COBepllIHTh pHT}'aJIbHOe
OMOBeHHe H B03HeCTH MOJIHTBhI Ha 6eperax CBHII(eHHOH peKH.
KOMaH Op OJI)I{eH 6hIJI 6paTh C C060H naJIaTKH H MHCO JIH
1 EaJI YHH II - HepycaJIHMCKHH KOpOJIb B 1118-1131 rr. )];BOIO-
pO HbIH 6paT OCHOBaTeJIH KOpOJIeBCTBa I'oT<l>p a EYJIbOHCKoro. (Ilpu-
Me'l. pea.)
27
MAPCEJIb JIODE. TPAfE/l,115I OP/l,EHA TAMIIJIl1EPOB
naJIOMHHKOB. Bce 3TO nepeB03HJIOCb Ha BblOqHbIX JIOllIa .HX H
OnJIaqHBaJIOCb C nOMOII(blO nO a.HHHM.
B TeqeHHe eB.HTH JIeT eB.HTb pbIuapeM C06JIIO aJIH YCTaB
CB. ABrYCTHHa. IIo-BH HMoMY, OHH BeJIH CKPOMHYIO )I{H3Hb, He
npHHHMa.H HOBbIX qJIeHOB B 6paTCTBO H He HOC.H HHKaKOM OCO-
60M O e)l{ bI O Toro H.H, Kor a KOpOJIb HepycaJIHMa, EaJI-
YHH II He pellIHJI B033BaTb 0 nOMOII(H K 3ana HOM EBpone.
Tor a OH npHKa3aJI BeJIHKOMY MarHCTpy raMnJIHepOB fyro e
IIeMeHY OTnpaBHTbC.H K IIane fOHOpHIO, a6bI npOCHTb ero
HaqaTb HOBbIM KpeCTOBbIM noxo . TaK)I{e KOpOJIb HepycaJIHMa
nepe aJI fyro nHCbMO K CB. EepHapy KJIepBOCCKOMY. EaJI YHH
npOCHJI a66aTa KJIepBO xo aTaMCTBOBaTb 3a TaMnJIHepOB ne-
pe CB.HTbIM IIpeCTOJIOM H aTb nOCJIe HHM TaKHe CTaT}'TbI,
KaKHe COXpaHHJIH 6bI HX Ha cJIY)l{6e y xpHCTHaHCKHX BJIa bIK.
BeJIHKHM MarHCTp BOCnOJIb30BaJIC.H 3THM. nopyqeHHeM, qT06bI
npe CTaBHTb IIane CBOHX copaTHHKOB H nonpOCHTb ero YTBep-
HTb HOBbIM op eH.
3aTeM fyro e IIeMeH Hero 6paTb.H COBepllIHJIH TO, qTO
MO)l{HO 6bIJIO 6bI Ha3BaTb «arHTaUHOHHOM noe3 KOM>'> no EB-
pone. B AHrJIHH H <1>paHUHH OHH npH3bIBaJIH 3ana HoeBpo-
neHCKHX rocy apeM c06HpaTb nO KpenJIeHHe JI.H OTnpaBKH Ha
CBHTYIO 3eMJIIO. IIOTOM, nOCJIe OBaB COBeTY PHMCKoro IIanbI,
TaMnJIHepbI .HBHJIHCb Ha UepKOBHbIM C060p, KOTOpbIM npoxo-
HJI Tor a B Tpya, B llIaMnaHH.
fJlaBa II
YCTAB TAMnnHEPOB
C060p B Tpya OTKpbIJICH 13 HHBapH 1128 r. IIoMHMo IIan-
CKoro JIeraTa TaM npHCYTCTBOBaJIH apXHenHCKonbI PeHMCKHH
H CaHCKHH, a66aTbI CHTO, KJIepBO (CB. EepHap) H IIoHTHHbH.
Op eH XpaMa OCTpO HY)I{ aJICH B 0 06peHHH QepKBH, qTO-
6bI nOnOJIHHTb CBOH pH bI MHO)l{eCTBOM 6paTbeB BO <l>paHQHH.
IIoHaqaJIY K op eHY, COqeTaBllIeMY BoeHHoe peMeCJIO H MOHa-
llIeCKHH aCKeTH3M, OTHOCHJIHCb C He OBepHeM. ,lJ:a)l{e JIH 3TO-
ro BpeMeHH KpeCTOBbIX nOXO OB 6bIJIO Y HBHTeJIbHO, qTO MO-
HaXH C06HpaJIHCb npOJIHBaTb KpOBb, qT06bI HCnOJIHHTh CBoe
npe Ha3HaqeHHe. He oTpHQaH HCKOHHoro OTBpaII(eHHH K cpa-
)I{eHHHM, IJ;epKoBb CHOBa npHcnoca6JIHBaJIaCb K 06CTOHTeJIb-
CTBaM BpeMeHH H MeCTa.
BhICJIyrnaB peqb BeJIHKOrO MarHcTpa, npocHBllIero Y3aKo-
HHTh cYII(eCTBOBaHHe op eHa, OTQhI C060pa He 3aMe JIHJIH
,n;aTb CBoe COrJIaCHe H IIOpyqHJIH CB. EepHapy, ceKpeTaplO c06-
paHHH, COqHHHTb YCTaB JIH HOBoro op,n;eHa.
B 3TO BpeMH EepHap, HeCMOTpH Ha CBOIO JII060Bb K OT-
rneJIbHHqeCTBY, npHHHMaJI BeChMa aKTHBHoe yqaCTHe B perne-
HHH KpynHbIx nOJIHTMqeCKHX H QepKOBHbIX np06JIeM, B03HM-
KaBrnHX He TOJIbKO BO <l>paHQHH, HO H BO BceM MHpe. HeY H-
BHTeJIhHO, qTO CBHThIe OTQhI ,n;OBepMJIH eMY ,n;eJIHKaTHOe eJIO
no,n;BeCTH no HOBhIH op,n;eH COJIH HOe OCHOBaHHe. CB. EepHap
3HaJI TaMnJIHepOB co BpeMeH C03,n;aHHH HX op,n;eHa, l{OKa3a-
TeJIhCTBOM TOMY HBJIHeTCH IIMChMO, KOTopoe OH BnOCJIe CTBMH
OTnpaBHJI rpa<py fyro IIIaMnaHcKoMY, Kor,n;a nOCJIe,n;HHH nOKH-
29
MAPCEJIb JIDEE. TPAfE/l,HJI OP/l,EHA TAMIInHEPOB
HYJI CBOH 3eMJIH, qT06hI npHCOe HHHThCH K Op eHY TaMnJIHe-
pOB. B 3TOM nOCJIaHHH a66aT KnepBocKHH CO)l{aJIeJI, qTO HO-
BhIH TaMnJIHep He npe noqeJI op eH CHTO, O HaKO aJIee
6y eT BH HO, KaK BhICOKO CBHTOH a66aT QeHHJI BOHHCTBO
XpaMa.
,lJ:OJIro 06cy aJICH Bonpoc 0 TOM, KaKOB 6hIJI BKJIa Eep-
Hapa B COCTaBJIeHHe YCTaBa. ECJIH BepHTh «JIumepamypHoii
ucmopuu CPpaH uu», CB. EepHap He MO)l{eT 6hITh aBTopOM
YCTaBa xpaMOBHHKOB, nOCKOJIhKY H CTHJIh, H caM yx YCTaBa BO
MHorOM OTJIHqalOTCH OT Tex, qTO 6hIJIH npHCYII(H COqHHeHHHM
CBHToro a66aTa. Ho MO)l{HO 3aMeTHTh CXO CTBO Me)l{ Y YCTa-
BaMH TaMnJIHepOB H QHCTepHaHQeB, a B TeKCTe KJIHTBhI BeJIH-
KHe MarHCTphI Ha3hIBalOT QHCTepHaHQeB CJIOBOM 6paThH»1.
B aHHOM CJIyqae 3TO npe nOJIaraJIO 6JIH3KOe YXOBHoe po -
CTBO. YCTaB C03 aH qeJIOBeKOM eHCTBHH, KOTOphIH CTaBHT aK-
QeHT, npe)l{ e Bcero, Ha BOHHCKOH aKTHBHOCTH TaMnJIHepOB:
corona non datur sine certamine (HeJlb3Jl aOcmU'lb mOH3ypbl 6e3
60pb6bl). A MHOrOqHCJIeHHhIe 6H6JIeHCKHe TeKCThI, KOTOphIMH
H306HJIyeT YCTaB, OKa3hIBaIOT, qTO CB. EepHap, OCKOHaJIhHO
3HaBlliHH IIHcaHHe, npHJIO)l{HJI K HeMY CBOIO PYKY.
* * *
BnOCJIe CTBHH, qT06hI nOMOqh fyro llIaMnaHcKoMY HaHTH
CTOpOHHHKOB B BpeMH ero npO)l{HBaHHH BO <1>paHQHH (1128-
1130 rr.), CB. EepHap HanHCaJI HeKoe no 06He anOJIOrHH TaM-
nJIHepaM: De laude novae militiae ad milites Templi (IIoxBQJla
HOBOMY BOUHcmBY XpaMa). 3Ta nOXBaJIhHOe CJIOBO HBJIHeTCH
Bcero JIHllih cpaBHeHHeM EO)l{herO BOHHCTBa H phIQapCTBa TOH
3nOXH. CBHTOH a66aT HaXO HT Y OBOJIhCTBHe B TOM, qT06hI
npeB03HOCHTh nepBoe H qepHHTh BTopoe. B CBoeM qpe3Mep-
HOM ycep HH nOXBaJIHTh HOBoe BOHHCTBO OH OXO HT ,n;o Toro,
1 A CB. EepHap, KaK ynoMHHaJIOCh BhIllIe, npHHa JIe)l(aJI KaK pa3 K
op eHY QHcTepQHaHQeB. (IlpUMe'l. pea.)
30
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,I151 OP/l,EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
qTO npHBeTcTByeT BcrynJIeHHe B pH hI TaMnJIHepOB 3JIO eeB,
6e360)l{HHKOB, nOXHTHTeJIeM JIIO eM, CBHTOTaTQeB, y6HMQ, KJIHT-
BonpecrynHHKoB, npeJII060 eeB. (I1TaK, npe HaMH npe CTaeT
HeqTO BpO e «HHOCTpaHHOrO JIerHOHa». Ha CaMOM eJIe MhI
YBH HM, qTO TaMnJIHephI 6Y YT BeCTH ce6H B IIaJIeCTHHe KaK
npOCThIe COJI aThI, H eCJIH HM H CJIyqaJIOCh npOHBJIHTh cJIa60-
CTH C TOqKH 3peHHH MOpaJIH, TO HX, 6e3 COMHeHHH, CJIe.n;yeT
OTHOCHTh K TOM JIerKOCTH, C KOTOpOM B Op eH npHHHMaJIHCh
OTJIyqeHHhIe OT QepKBH, «ropHqHe rOJIOBhI», BOphI-KapMaHHH-
KH H aBaHTlOpHCThI Bcex MaCTeM.)
B03HHKaJI Bonpoc, He B3HJI JIH CB. EepHap, COqHHHH CBoe
YBeII(eBaHHe, 3a 06pa3eQ KopaH: H TaM H TaM 3ByqHT O HH H
TOT )I{e npH3hIB K CBHII(eHHOM BOMHe H K H3rHaHHIO Bpara.
CTOpOHHHKH 3TOM H eH onHpalOTCH Ha TOT <paKT, qTO IIeTp
,lJ:ocTOnOqTeHHhIM, a66aT KnIOHH, OTnpaBHJI B 1143 r. CB. Eep-
Hapy JIaTHHCKHM nepeBo KopaHa BMeCTe C HCTopHeM Maro-
MeTa Hero yqeHHH. Ho cerO HH H3BeCTHO, qTO nepeBo Ko-
paHa, C eJIaHHhIM no npoch6e lleTpa ,lJ:ocTOnOqTeHHOro, aTH-
pyeTcH cepe HHoM 1143 r. II03TOMY OH He Mor 6hITh H3BeCTeH
CB. EepHapy B 1128 r.
* * *
Op eH COCTOHJI H3 phIQapeM 6JIarOpO Horo npOHCXO)l{ e-
HHH, Cep)l{aHTOB - BhIXOJJ;QeB H3 COCJIOBHH rOpO:>KaH H KaneJI-
JIaHOB. IIOMHMO Tpex MOHameCKHX 06eToB TaMnJIHephI OJI)I{-
HhI 6hIJIH C06JIIO aTh MHOrOqHCJIeHHbIe 06H3aHHocTH KaK Qep-
KOBHoro, TaK H BoeHHoro xapaKTepa. OHH He HMeJIH npaBa
c aBaThCH B Cpa:>KeHHH, a)l{e eCJIH O HH 6HJICH npOTHB Tpex.
OHH HHKor a He OJI)I{HhI 6hIJIH npOCHTh nOII(a)J;hI HJIH nJIa-
THTh BhIKyn: HU oiJHOZO KYCKa cmeHbl, HU oiJHOZO 1UlOZKa 3eMllU.
OHH OJI)I{HhI 6hIJIH C06JIIO aTh HCQHnJIHHY B 6010; HM CJIe-
OBaJIO B03.n;ep)l{HBaThCH OT .n;ep3KHX nocrynKOB. 11M He no-
3BOJIHJIOCh HH npH KaKHX YCJIOBHHX HaqHHaTh aTaKY HJIH )I{e
eMCTBOBaTh, npe)l{ e qeM HX BOeHaqaJIhHHKH OT a YT HM
31
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfEI!HJl OPI!EHA TAMnJIHEPOB
npHKa3. OHH 6hIJIH 06H3aHhI npOHBJIHTh C ep)l{aHHOCTh H
OCMOTpHTeJIhHOCTh. O HaKO HM CJIe OBaJIO nOKH)J;aTh nOJIe 60H
nOCJIe HHMH.
PhIQapH HOCHJIH 6eJIhIe nJIa II(H 1 , a Cep)l{aHThI - KOpHqHe-
BhIe HJIH qepHhIe. KaneJIJIaHhI HMeJIH qepHOe nJIaThe; Kor a
OHH nOJIyqaJIH enHCKonCKHH caH, TO TO)l{e MOrJIH HOCHTh 6e-
JIhIM nJIaII(. II03 Hee, B 1146 r., IIana EBreHHH III, nOKpoBH-
TeJIh TaMnJIHepOB, npHKa3aJI HM HaIIIHTh Ha JIeBYIO CTOPOHY
nJIaII(a KpacHhIM KpeCT.
Cpe H o e)l(,[(hI TaMnJIHepa nOMHMO npoqero OJI)I{HhI 6hI-
JIH 6hITh Be Py6aIIIKH, Be naphI IIITaHOB, HJIH Be naphI HC-
nO Hero 6eJIhH, TYHHKa, HapH , no 6HThIH MeXOM, MeXOBaH
HaKH Ka JIH 3HMhI, MaHTHH H KOTTa C KO)l{aHhIM nOHCOM, O Ha
IIIanKa H3 XJIOnKa H O Ha H3 BOMJIOKa.
Bo BpeMH BoeHHhIX eHcTBHH TaMnJIHep 06JIaqaJICH B KOJIh-
qY)I{HhIM ocnex. ,lJ:JIH Cpa)l{eHHH Ha rOJIOBY O eBaJICH IIIJIeM,
a Ha Ma pIlle - )I{eJIe3HhIH IIIHIIIaK. B ero CHa pH)I{eHHe BXO H-
JIH, B qaCTHOCTH, OnJIeqhe, )I{eJIe3HhIe 6aIIIMaKH, KOJIhqyra. OH
BJIa eJI MeqOM, KonheM, KHH)I{aJIOM H TYpeQKOM naJIHQeM C
TOpqaII(HMH IIIHnaMH.
3TO BoopY)I{eHHe OJI)I{HO 6hIJIO 6hITh XOpOIIIO cpa60TaHO,
HO 6e3 n030JIOThI HJIH PyrHx YKpaIlleHHH. TaKOBa 6hIJIa pe-
aKQHH Ha 06hIqHYIO Tor a nhIIIIHOCTh o eHHHM phIQapeH Toro
BpeMeHH, YKpaIllaBIIIHX ce6H H CBOHX KOHeH 30JIOTOM, cepe6-
pOM H IIIeJIKaMH: 3MaJIh, qepHh H 30JIOTO YKpaIllaJIH JIeHqHKH
ce eJI, qenpaKH, nOKphIBaJIa HJIH nonOHhI 6hIJIH H3 naMJIH,
TO eCTh caMora opororo IIIeJIKa; CTpeMeHa H3 qHCTOrO 30JIO-
Ta, nOBO hH C 30JIOTOM OT eJIKOM, 30JIOThIe Y HJIa, YKpaIlleH-
HhIe parOQeHHhIMH KaMHHMH, - TaKOB 06pa3, KOTOphIH BMe-
CTe PHCYIOT HaM repOHqeCKHe n03MhI H a66aT KJIepBO» (Ba-
KaHaap) .
1 3TOT nJIa HanOMHHaJI PflCY C KanIOIliOHOM, KOTOpylO HOCHJIH
QHCTepHaHQhI. 11 HHor a peqh 3aXO HJIa 0 «QHCTepHaHCKOM op eHe
XpaMa». (IlpUMez. a8m.)
32
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE,l{I1Jl OP,l{EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
TaMnJIHephI OJI)I{HhI 6hIJIH HOCHTh He60JIhIlIYIO 60po y H
KOpOTKO CTPHqh BOJIOChI, B TO BpeMH KaK Y phIQapeH TOH 3nO-
XH BOJIOChI 6hIJIH JIHHHhIe.
EOJIhIlIHHCTBO phIQapeH TaMnJIHepOB He COCTOHJIH B 6paKe.
I1Hor a B op eH npHHHMaJIHCh )I{eHaThIe MY)I{qHHhI, HO Tor a
OHH OJI)I{HhI 6hIJIH OT aTh qaCTh CBoero COCTOHHHH B Ka3HY
op eHa.
Y Ka)l{,L\OrO phIQapH OJI)I{HhI 6hIJIH 6hITh TPH JIOIlIa,L\H H
O HH CJIyra HJIH opY)I{eHoceQ. Y Hero 6hIJIH Be naJIaTKH: O,L\Ha
JIH Hero caMoro, t(PyraH - JIH ero CHapH)I{eHHH. Ky a JKe
YIlIJIO npe)l{Hee BpeMH, Kor a COBceM eII(e He aBHO nepBhIe
6paThH HMeJIH JIHIIIh O Horo KOHH Ha BOHX?
TaMnJIHephI npOHBJIHJIH oc06ylO 3a60TY no OTHOIlIeHHIO
K JIOIlIa HM: y6HHCTBO JIOIlIa H HMeJIO CTOJIh )I{e 60JIhIlIOe
3HaqeHHe, qTO H y6HHCTBO pa6a. ,lJ:JIH Cpa)l{eHHH BhI6Hpa-
JIHCh JIOIlIa H CaMOM: QeHHOM: B TO BpeMH nopO hI - ryPK-
MeHCKHe.
PhIQapHM 3anpeII(aJIOCh OXOTHThCH, pa3peIlIeHa 6hIJIa TOJIh-
KO OXOTa Ha JIhBOB. GHH He MOrJIH nYTeIlIeCTBOBaTh KaK CO-
KOJIhHHqHe C nTHQeM: Ha pYKe.
3HaMH y HHX 6hIJIO qepHo-6eJIhIM: ero Ha3hIBaJIH EoceaH,
HK06hI OT vaucent - TO eCTh O HH TaMnJIHep CTOHT COTHH
COJI aT... IIo MHeHHIO HeKOTophIX aBTopOB, EoceaH 03Haqa-
JIO 6eJIhIH H qepHhIH : 6eJIhIH CHMBOJIH3HpOBaJI YIlIeBHYIO
qHCTOry H BepHOCTh xpHCTHaHaM, qepHhIM: - rop OCTh H He-
HaBHCTh K HeBepHhIM. Ha 3HaMeHH 6hIJI O HH H3 caMhIX CMH-
peHHhIX eBH30B: Non nobis, Domine, non nobis, sed nomini tuo
da gloriam. (He HaM, focnoiJu, He HaM, HO UMeHU TBOe.MY iJail
C.llaBY) .
Ha HX neqaTH 6hIJIH H306pa)l{eHhI Boe phIQapeH Ha O HOM
60eBOM KOHe: HaMeK Ha nepBOHaqaJIhHYIO 6e HOCTh op eHa,
KOTOPOMY He XBaTaJlO JIOIlIa eH HJIH )I{e, no MHeHHIO Mac-
JIaTpH, 3HaK e HHeHHH H CaMOnO)l{epTBOBaHHH. 3THMH BYMH
phIQapHMH, H306pa)l{eHHhIMH TaKHM 06pa30M, 6hIJIH HK06hI
lYro e IIeMeH H ro <l>PH.n; e CeHT-OMep.
33
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,I151 OP/l,EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
rep6 TaMnJIHepOB 6hIJI H3 cepe6pa C rJIaBOH qepHOrO QBeTa.
II03 Hee K HeMY 6y eT 06aBJIeH KpeCT C paCllIHpHIOII(HMHCH
KOHQaMH, H YII(HH OT O HOrO KpaH K PyrOMY.
Hx 60eBOH KJIHq 6hIJI TaKOB: «3a MHOH, 06phIH CHp! Eo-
CeaH H eT Ha nOMOII(h! »
* * *
PeJIHrH03HhIe 06H3aHHOCTH TaMnJIHepOB 6hIJIH COKpaII(e-
HhI O MHHHMYMa. IIOCKOJIhKY 3TH BOHHhI B CBOeM 60JIhIlIHH-
CTBe He 3HaJIH JIaTHHCKoro H3hIKa, HX MOJIHTBa 3aKJIIOqaJIaCh B
npOH3HeceHHH onpe eJIeHHOrO KOJIHqeCTBa pa3 «Omze HaUl»!.
OHH OJI)I{HhI 6hIJIH TaK:>Ke npHCYTCTBOBaTh Ha 60rocJIY)I{e-
HHHX, KOTophIe BeJIHCh KaneJIJIaHaMH.
TaMnJIHephI 6hIJIH 06H3aHhI nHTaThCH nO 06alOII(HM 06pa-
30M H H36eraTh npO OJI)I{HTeJIhHhIX nOCTOB, qT06hI HaXO HTh-
CH B <popMe: TpH)I{ hI B He eJIIO HM 6hIJIO 3anpeII(eHO eCTh
MHCO, HO B 3TH HH B03 ep)l{aHHH HM nO aBaJIH TPH PyrHx
6JIIO a.
Tpane3a npOXO MJIa COBMeCTHO, BO BpeMH ee qHTaJIOCh
CBHII(eHHOe IIHcaHHe. EpaThH eJIH no Boe H3 O HOH MHC-
KH, qT06hI O HH Mor nOMellIaTh PyrOMY YKpa KOH B03 ep-
)l(HBaThCH OT e hI HJIH C06JIIO aTh qepecqyp CTporHH nOCT.
,lJ;JIH Cep)l{aHTOB, KOHIOIlIHX H on03 aBIlIHX HaKphIBaJIH BTOpOH
CTOJI. IIocJIe06e eHHhIe MOJIHTBhI qHTaJIHCh B qaCOBHe. HOqhlO
npH )I{eJIaHHH MO)l(HO 6hIJIO JIerKO nepeKYCHTh.
O HaKO 6paThHM npHXO HJIOCh C06JIIO aTh nOCT ropa3 0
qaII(e, qeM Toro Tpe60BaJI 06II(HH nopH OK IJ;epKBH.
IIo YCTaBY HM CJIe OBaJIO npHqaII(aThCH MHHHMYM TPH pa3a
B ro H npHCYTCTBOBaTh Ha Meece TPH pa3a B He eJIIO. MHJIO-
1 KaK HaM H3BeCTHO, 3TH «OTqeHaIlIH» (patenotres) BMeHHIOTCH
B 06H3aHHOCfh 6paThHM-MHpHHaM B 60JIhllIHHCfBe peJIHrH03HhIX op e-
HOB. C pyroH CTOpOHbI, CJIe yeT OTMeTHTh, qTO aJIh6HrOHQhI O-
BOJIhCfBOBaJIHCh O HOKpaTHhIM npOqTeHHeM Om'le HaUl; aJIee )l{e MhI
YBH HM, qTO TaMnJIHepOB 06BHHHJIH B aJIh6HrOHCTBe. (llpUMe'l. a8m.)
2. 3-992
34
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,I1Jl OP/l,EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
CThIHIO TaK)I{e CJIe OBaJIO nO aBaTh TpH)I{ hI B He eJIIO Bee"
06II(HHOH.
HaKoHeQ 6paThH, HapYillaBillHe YCTaB, OJI)I{HhI 6hIJIH no -
BeprHYThCH TpeM y apaM 6Hqa B npHCYTCTBHH BceH 06II(HHhI,
c06paBIlleHCH Ha KanHTYJI. EHqeBaJIH C nOMOII(hlO KHYTa HJIH
KO)l{aHOrO peMHH, Ha3hIBaeMoro 3CKOpJICe l .
(OTMeTHM HaCTOHqHBOCTh, C KOTOpOH qHCJIO TPH nOBTopH-
eTCH B npaBHJIaX CB. EepHapa. 3TO qHCJIO, BhI6paHHoe, oqe-
BH HO, B qeCTh CB. TpOHQhI, 6y eT HrpaTh TaHHCTBeHHYIO pOJIh
Y TaMnJIHepOB, TaK )I{e KaK H ero KBa paT - qHCJIO eBHTh.)
B TOM, qTO KaCaJIOCh eHer, 6hIJIH npHHHThI )I{eCTKHe MephI.
EpaThH He HMeJIH HHKaKOH c06CTBeHHOCTH; OHH OJI)I{HhI 6hI-
JIH BeCTH CTporHH yqeT eHer, KOTophIe 6hIJIH HM OBepeHhI.
ECJIH B o e)l{ e nOqHBillerO 6paTa HaXO HJIH eHhrH, Ha ero
TeJIOM He qHTaJIOCh OTXO HhIX MOJIHTB, Hero XOpOHHJIH Ha
HeOCBHII(eHHOH 3eMJIe, KaK KaKorO-HH6Y h pa6a.
* * *
YCTaB op eHa CTaJI nOqBOH JIH MHO)l{eCTBa yqeHhIX cno-
pOB. B HTore MO)l{HO YTBep)l(,[(aTh, qTO 3TOT YCTaB 6hIJI C03 aH
B OCHOBHhIX qepTaX Ha C060pe B Tpya, nOJIyqHJI YCTHoe 0 06-
peHHe IIanhI H B aJIhHeHilleM 6hIJI OnOJIHeH BeJIHKHMH MarH-
CTpaMH, KOTOphIM nOMOraJI HX KanHTyJI. 113HaqaJIhHO HanH-
caHHhIH Ha JIaTHHCKOM H3hIKe, n03 Hee OH 6hIJI nepeBe eH Ha
<ppaHQY3CKHH. YCTaB COCTOHJI H3 ceMH eCHTH BYX CTaTeH.
IIepBOHaqaJIhHhIH YCTaB OJI)I{eH 6hIJI 6hITh npe06pa30BaH
B COOTBeTCTBHH C 06CTOHTeJIhCTBaMH BpeMeHH H MeCTa. <l>paH-
QY3CKaH BepCHH CMHrqaeT CTporOCTh JIaTHHCKoro TeKCTa O
TaKOH CTeneHH, qTO nopoH HCKa)l{aeT ero. IIOMHMO 3Toro, O-
6aBJIeHHH 3HaqHTeJIhHO H3MeHHJIH <POPMY YCTaBa, H, KaK H B
60JIhIllHHCTBe peJIHrH03HhIX op eHOB, TaM nOHBHJIHCh HeKO-
1 3TOMY CJIOBY 6JIH3KO BaJIJIOHCKOe «escon5e», 03HaqaBllIee KHYT.
(llpUMe'l. a8m.)
3S
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,I151 OP/l,EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
Tophle t(OnYII(eHHH, KOTOphle MO)l{HO OTHeCTH Ha CqeT qeJIOBe-
qeCKOH CJIa60cTH.
To )I{e caMoe npOH30IIIJIO H C npet(nHcaHHHMH, KaCalOII(H-
MHCH cpoKa nOCJIYIIIHHqeCTBa. B nOCJIet(HHe rOt(hI op eHa B
Hero npHHHMaJIH JII060ro t(aBIllero 06eT 6e30 BCHKHX npHro-
TOBJIeHHH H 6e3 pa360pa. Me)l{t(Y TeM B nepBOHaqaJIhHOM
YCTaBe npH npHHHTHH HOBoro 6paTa npet(nOJIaraJICH HcnhITa-
TeJIhHhIH CpOK. fOTOBHII(HHCH K BCTynJIeHHIO B peJIHrH03HhIH
opt(eH t(OJI)I{eH 6hIJI BhInOJIHHTh TH)I{eJIYIO pa60TY: eMY HY)I{HO
6hIJIO TonHTh neqh, KPYTHTh MeJIhHHqHhIH )I{epHOB, pa60TaTh
Ha KYXHe, yxa)l{HBaTh 3a CBHHhHMH. B onpe eJIeHHhIH CpOK
HOqhlO C06HpaJICH KanHTYJI Hero rJIaBa 3at(aBaJI pHt( Bonpo-
COB HOBOMY qJIeHY 06II(HHhI; OH 3aqHThIBaJI eMY OCHOBHhle
npet(nHcaHHH YCTaBa, 3aTeM COBeTOBaJICH C npHCYTCTBYIOII(H-
MH «qJIeHaMH KOMHCCHH», cnpaIIIHBaJI, HeT JIH Y HHX B03pa)l{e-
HHH npOTHB npHHHTHH rOTOBHII(erOCH K BCTynJIeHHIO B opt(eH.
BCH QepeMOHHH, onpet(eJIeHHaH YCTaBOM, HOCHJIa t(YX Ha60)l{-
HOCTH H Ct(ep)l{aHHOCTH, KOTophIe, KaK Ka)l{eTCH, MaJIO-nOMaJIY
OCJIa6JIH, t(OHt(H O nOJIHOH Bcet(03BOJIeHHOCTH.
B YCTaBe, KaK YTBep)l{ aJIH HeKOTophle, He 6hIJIO ceKpeTHhIX
nYHKTOB, HO nOJIHhIH TeKCT YCTaBa MOrJIH HMeTh TOJIhKO BeJIH-
KHe KOMaHt(ophI opt(eHa (KOMaHt(ophI npOBHHQHH). ECJIH 6hI
TaHHhIH YCTaB CYII(eCTBOBaJI, TO ero CJIet(hI 6hIJIH 6hI 06Hapy-
)I{eHhI BO BpeMH BHe3anHhIX H TII(aTeJIhHhIX 06hICKOB, npo-
Illet(IIIHX 13 OKTH6pH 1307 r. BO <l>paHQHH BO Bcex op eHcKHx
t(OMax, B t(eHh, Kort(a npOH30IIIJIH MaCCOBhIe apecThI Bcex TaM-
nJIHepoB. Me)l{t(Y TeM 6hIJIH HaHt(eHhI JIHIllh KonHH YCTaBa,
npHnHChIBaeMoro CB. EepHapy, nepeBot(hI CBHII(eHHhIX TPYt(OB
H 6yxraJITepCKHe KHHrH.
* * *
OIIIH60qHO YTBep)l{t(aTh, KaK 3TO t(eJIaJIH HeKoTophle, qTO
B KJIHTBe TaMnJIHepOB cot(ep)l{aJIOCh npH3HaHHe npaBa BeJIH-
KHX MarHcTpoB oCY)I{t(aTh qJIeHOB opt(eHa Ha cMepTHYIO Ka3Hh.
36
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,I1JI OP/l,EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
IIoMHMO TpeX MOHameCKHX 06eTOB 3Ta KJIHTBa BKnlOqaJIa B
ce6H 06H3aTeJIhCTBO Cpa)l{aThCH IIpOTHB HeBepHhIX: .H KnHHYCh
IIOCBHTHTh CBOH CJIOBa, CBoe opY)I{He, CBOIO CHJIY H CBOIO )I{H3Hh
3aII(HTe TaHHCTB BephI H 3aII(HTe fOCIIO,L\a BCe,L\ep)l{HTeJIH (...).
51 06eII(alO TaK)I{e IIO,L\qHHHThCH H BO BceM CJIymaThcH BeJIHKO-
ro MarHCTpa Op,L\eHa. BCHKHH pa3, KOr,L\a B TOM 6Y,L\eT HY)I{,L\a, H
6y,L\Y OTIIpaBJIHThCH 3a MOpe, qT06hI Cpa)l(aThCH, H 6y,L\Y OKa3hI-
BaTh IIOMOII(h B 60ph6e C KOpOJIHMH H KHH3hHMH HeBepHhIx, H
IIepe,L\ JIHQOM Tpex BparoB H He 06paII(ych B 6ercTBo, HO, IIYCTh
H O,L\HH, H 6y,L\Y Cpa)l{aThCH C HHMH, eCJIH 3TO HeBepHhIe .
Op,L\eH YIIpeKaJIH B TOM, qTO OH BKJIlOqHJI B YCTaB ,L\OIIOJIHH-
TeJIhHhIe IIpe,L\IIHCaHHH. Ho B 60JIhmHHCTBe CJIyqaeB IIO,L\JIHH-
HhIe MOHacThIpcKHe 06hIqaH 6hIJIH IIepeIIYTaHhI C HeIIpaBHJIh-
HhIMH HX TOJIKOBaHHHMH, C,L\eJIaHHhIMH, MHrKO CKa3aTh, He,L\a-
JIeKHMH 6paThHMH. HaIIpHMep, HMeHHO TaK IIpH3HaHHe BHHhI
(TaKoe )I{e, KaKoe IIpaKTHKyeTcH 60JIhmHHCTBoM peJIHrH03HhIX
Op,L\eHoB) B OrpaHHqeHHhIX YMax CMemaJIOCh C TaHHCTBOM IIO-
KaHHHH. O,L\HaKO 3TO IIpH3HaHHe B HapymeHHH ,L\HCQHIIJIHHhI
He HMeeT HHqerO 06II(ero CO CBHII(eHHOH HCIIOBe,L\hlO: OTCTYII-
JIeHHH OT MOHaCThIpCKoro IIOpH,L\Ka He MOryT 6hITh IIpHpaBHe-
HhI K rpexaM.
Op,L\eH XpaMa YIIpaBJIHJICH BeJIHKHM MarHCTpOM, KOTOPOMY
IIOMOraJI CeHemaJIh. B BoeHHoe BpeMH KOMaH,L\OBaHHe phIQa-
pHMH H Cep)l{aHTaMH HaXO,L\HJIOCh B PYKax MapmaJIa. 3aTeM
mJIH IIpeQeIITophI, 3a HHMH IIpHOphI, ,L\OCMOTpII(HKH H, HaKO-
HeQ, KOMaH,L\OphI. H36paHHe BeJIHKOrO MarHCTpa IIpOXO,L\HJIO
IIYTeM cBoe06pa3HOH KOOIITaQHH.
MhI He 6Y,L\eM B,L\aBaThCH B ,L\eTaJIH HepapXHqeCKOH JIeCTHH-
QhI TaMIIJIHepOB. OTMeTHM TOJIhKO, qTO xpaHumellb oaeJICa
(drapier) 3aBe,L\OBaJI IIJIaTheM 6paTheB, Y 3HaMeHOC a (gonfalo-
nier) 6hIJIH B IIO,L\qHHeHHH Bee opY)I{eHOCQhI, a rypKOIIOJIhe
(turcoplier) PYKOBO,L\HJI JIerKOBoopY)I{eHHhIMH BCIIOMOraTeJIh-
HhIMH BOHCKaMM (TYPKOIIOJIaMH). CMompumeJlu aOMOB (casaliers)
CJIe,L\HJIH 3a CeJIhCKHMH BJIa,L\eHHHMH HJIH IIOMeCThHMH, KOTO-
phIe HMeJIHCh Y 6paTheB Ha CBHTOH 3eMJIe.
37
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,I1JI OP/l,EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
qTO KaCaeTCH KaneJIJIaHOB, OHH OJI)I{HhI 6hIJIH qHTaTh Tpe6-
HHK nepe BCeMH 6paThHMH. OHH. HOCHJIH nepqaTKH B 3HaK
rrOqTeHHH nepe OCBHII(eHHeM CBHThIX apOB. Cpe H KaneJIJIa-
HOB 6bIJIH CBHII(eHHHKH H KJIHpHKH, HaHHThIe Ha Onpe eJIeH-
HhIH CpOK, HO OHH He HMeJIH HHKaKOH YXOBHOH BJIaCTH Ha
6paThHMH.
CYII(eCTBOBaJIH reHepaJIhHhIe KanHTYJIhI, TO eCTh BepXOB-
HbIe COBeThI, B03rJIaBJIHeMhIe BeJIHKHM MarHCTpOM. IIpHCYT-
CTBOBaTh Ha HHX MOrJIH TOJIhKO caHOBHHKH op eHa. CHa-
qaJIa 3TH reHepaJIhHhIe KanHTYJIhl npOBO HJIHCh B l1epycaJIH-
Me, 3aTeM B PyrHx ropo ax IIaJIeCTHHhI, a no KOHeQ H Ha
KHrrpe.
qTO )I{e O e)l{eHe eJIhHO npOBO HMhIX KanHTYJIOB, B Ka)l{-
OM OMe XpaMa CYII(eCTBOBaJIO HeqTO Bpo e HCQHnJIHHap-
Horo COBeTa. IIocJIe KpaTKOH BCTynHTeJIhHOH peqH KOMaH opa
HJIH KaneJIJIaHa BHHOBHhIe, HapYIIIHBIIIHe YCTaB, ny6JIHQHO
rrpH3HaBaJIHCh B COBepIlleHHH npocrynKa. I1Hor a Ha KanHTY-
JIe BHHOBHhIX 06BHHHJIH HX )l(e 6paThH. 3aTeM 06cY)I{ aJIaCh
<popMa HaKa3aHHH. IIocJIe HOBoro noyqeHHH npe Ce aTeJIH CO-
BeTa BHHOBHhIe nO BepraJIHCh 6HqeBaHHIO. 11, HaKOHeQ, Ka-
rreJIJIaH apOBaJI HM OKOHqaTeJIhHOe npOII(eHHe.
EhIJIO npe YCMOTpeHhI HaKa3aHHH: HaqHHaH OT 6HqeBaHHH
BnJIOTh O H3rHaHHH H3 op eHa (nOCJIe Hee 3a CHMOHHIO, CO-
OMHIO, y6HHCTBO, npe aTeJIhCTBO HJIH paCXHII(eHHe QeHHO-
CTeH). Y6HHCTBO xpHCTHaHHHa MOrJIO nOBJIeqh 3a C060H no-
)l(H3HeHHoe 3aKJIIOqeHHe B O HOH H3 KpenOCTeH op eHa Xpa-
Ma. IIpH caMhIX TH)I{KHX 'npecTyrrJIeHHHX CJIe OBaJIa OmCpO'lKa,
TO eCTh BHHOBHhIH OJI)I{eH 6hIJI npe CTaTh nepe BepXOBHhIM
CY OM HJIH BeJIHKHM MarHCTpOM. EOJIee JIerKOe HaKa3aHHe
BKJIIOQaJIO B ce6H nOCT, TPYP; H 6HqeBaHHe.
3a HaHeceHHhIe y aphI H paHhI H 3a HapYIlleHHe 3aKOHa 06
OXOTe CJIe OBaJIa nOTepH o eHHHH. To )l(e HaKa3aHHe Ha3HaQa-
JIOCb, Kor a phIQaph Ha nOJIe 6HTBhI Hana aJI Ha HenpHHTeJIH,
He nOJIyqHB Ha TO npHKa3a. Peqb IIIJIa 0 6eCqeCTHII(eM HaKa3a-
HHH, nOCKOJIhKY nJIaII( CqHTaJICH caMhIM nOQeTHhIM aTpH6YTOM
38
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfEI!I151 OPI!EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
TaMnJIHepa. KalOII(HHCH 06JIaqaJICH TOJIhKO B O HO nJIaThe 6e3
KpeCTa. OH OJI)I(eH 6hIJI HaXO HThCH B rOCnHTaJIe no npH-
CMOTpOM YXOBHHKa. OH nOCTHJICH TPH HH B He eJIIO, eJI Ha
3eMJIe H TPY HJICH BMeCTe C pa6aMH. Ero 0pY)I(He H JIOIlla eH
nepe aBaJIH B apCeHaJI.
Bee 3TO, H B oc06eHHocTH KpaHHHe MephI, OJI)I(HO 6hIJIO
6hITh Qpe3BhIqaHHO THrOCTHO JIH rop hIx phIQapeH, 60JIh-
IIIHHCTBO H3 KOTOphIX 6hIJIH ceHhopaMH.
,lJ:eHcTBHTeJIhHO, Y 6Y YII(HX phIQa peH cnpaIIIHBaJIH, HBJIH-
JIHCh JIH OHH «ChIHOBhHMH phIQapH H aMhI , a Y 6Y YII(HX
Cep)l(aHTOB - 6hIJIH JIH OHH cB060 HhIMH JIIO hMH.
KaK H Bee ceHhophI TOH 3nOXH, TaMnJIHephI co ep)l(aJIH
60JIhIIIOe KOJIHQeCTBO cepBOB H CB060 HhIX JIIO eH, QeH TPY
HCnOJIh30BaJIH JIH pacnaXHBaHHH QeJIHHhI, OCYIlleHHH H 06pa-
60TKH 3eMeJIh, nepe aHHhIX HM KanHTYJIaMH H MOHaCThIpHMH,
KpynHhIMH 3eMJIeBJIa eJIhQaMH Toro BpeMeHH.
* * *
KaK )l(e 6hIJIO opraHH30BaHO Be eHHe X03HHCTBa B pa3JIHQ-
HhIX npOBHHQHHX op eHa?
,lJ;a)l(e B HaQane CYII(eCTBOBaHHH op eHa MHO)l(eCTBO <ppaH-
QY3CKHX TaMnJIHepOB He nOKHHYJIH <l>paHQHIO, r e Te H3 HHX,
KTO He npOHBHJI OC06hIX cnoc06HOCTeH B BoeHHOM eJIe, 6hIJIH
onpe.n;eJIeHhI JIH pa60T Ha 3eMJIe. PhIQapH OCB060)l( aJIHCh OT
3TOH 06H3aHHOCTH, OHa OTHOCHJIaCh TOJIhKO K 6pambJl.M-pe-
MeCJleHHUKaM (Ha3hIBaeMhIMH TaK B OTJIHQHe OT 6pambeB-Ka-
neJlJlaHOB) , TO eCTh K Cep)l{aHTaM, 3aHHMalOII(HMCH BHYTpeH-
HHM X03HHCTBOM ,lJ;oMa H 06pa60TKOH BJIa eHHH. B QHCJIO 3THX
CJIyr, pa60TalOII(HX B oMax H 3eMJIe eJIhQeCKHX X03HHCTBax
KOMaH opCTB H rpaH)I(eH 1 , BXO HJIH HaeMHhIe pa60THHKH, He
HMeBIIIHe OTHOIlleHHH K op eHY.
1 He60JIhlllHe <l>epMhI, OT aBaeMhIe B apeH Y H HaXO fl HeCfl B
3aBHCHMOCTH OT KOMaH opCTBa. (IIpUMe'l. a8m.)
39
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPArEI!I151 OPI!EHA TAMnJII1EPOB
Be eHHe 3eMJIe eJIhqeCKOrO X03HHCTBa IIOHaqaJIY 6hIJIO JIH
TaMI1JIHepOB HaCYII(HOH He06xo HMOCThlO. ,lJ:OXO hI C 06pa-
60TKH 3eMJIH OJI)I{HhI 6hIJIH I10I10JIHHTh Ka3HY Op eHa, Be y-
II(erO CBHII(eHHYIO BOHHY. B llIaMI1aHH, HaIIpHMep, TaMI1JIHe-
phI I1pH6erHYT a)l{e K 06hIqe )I{eJIe3HOH PY hI.
Y TaMIIJIHepOB B I10 qHHeHHH 6hIJIO MHOrO JIIO eH: pa6hI,
cB060 HhIe 3eMJIe eJIhQhI, BaCCaJIhI H Bee Te, KTO «IIpe aBaJI
ce6H» I10 I10KpOBHTeJIhCTBO op eHa. 3TH MHpHHe, Ha3hIBae-
MhIe « OHaTaMIf» HJIH «06JIaTaMH» OJI)I{HhI 6hIJIH I1pHHeCTH
OMMa)l{l KOMaH Opy H I1JIaTHTh op eHY e)l{erO HhIH 06POK B
HeCKOJIbKO eHhe B 3HaK I10 qHHeHHH. 3TO «I10KpOBHTeJIhCT-
BO CTaJIO I10qBOH JIH 3JIOYIIOTpe6JIeHHH, H60 MHO)l{eCTBO
OJI)I{HHKOB HJIH 3JIOYMhIIIIJIeHHHKOB TaKHM 06pa30M H36era-
JIH I1peCJIe OBaHHH co CTOpOHhI 6aJIhH 2 HX ceHhopOB.
HTaK, MO)l{HO CKa3aTh, qTO TaMIIJIHephI BO <l>paHQHH HC-
I10JIh30BaJIH <l>eo aJIhHYIO CHCTeMY. Hx opraHH3aQHH JIerKO
BHe pHJIaCh B I10JIHTHqeCKHH H COQHaJIhHhIH MexaHH3M 06II(e-
CTBa, CYII(eCTBOBaBIIIHH B XII B. To )I{e caMoe IIpOH30IIIJIO BO
Bcex HX IIPOBHHQHHX.
KaK MhI BH HM, 3TO 6hIJI phIQapcKHH op eH, coXpaHHIOII(HH
BKYChI, HpaBhI H IIpHBHJIerHH <l>eo aJIH3Ma.
B CBOHX BJIa eHHHX TaMI1JIHephI IIOJIh30BaJIHCh IIOJIHOH
cB060 OH: OHH MOrJIH 6hITh IIoxopoHeHhI B c06cTBeHHoH QepK-
BH HJIH MOHacThIpe.
B 3aIIa HoH EBpoIIe KOMaH opCTBa TaMIIJIHepOB paCIIOJIara-
JIHCh Bcer a II06JIH30CTH OT opor, KOTophIe OHH B HeKoTopoM
1 OMMa)l{ - QepeMOHHfl nO qHHeHHfl BaCCaJIa ceHhOpy B 3noxy
cpeo aJIH3Ma: 6y y HH BaCCaJI CTaHOBHJICfl Ha KOJIeHH, H BKJIa hIBaJI
CBOH PYKH B PYKH ceHhopa, npHHOCfl KnflTBY BepHOCTH, B3aMeH nOJIY-
qaJI nOQeJIYH MHpa H KaKOH-JIH60 npe MeT (Meq, CTflr, nOflC, llIanKY
H T. .), OJIHQeTBopflBllIHH nepe aqy cpeo a - 3eMeJIhHOrO BJIa eHHfl
HJIH eHe)l{HOH peHThI. (IlpUMe'l. pea.)
2 EaJIhH - ceHhOpHaJIhHhIH qHHOBHHK; BO cppaHQY3CKOM KOpOJIeB-
CTBe 6aJIhH 6hIJI cy e6HhIM H a MHHHCTpaTHBHhIM npe CTaBHTeJIeM
KOpOJIfl B OC060M oKpyre, 6aJIhfl)l{e. (IlpUMe'l. pea.)
40
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,I151 OP/l,EHA TAMIInI1EPOB
po,n;e OXpaHHJIH, TaK )I{e KaK H B CBHTOH 3eMJIe. I1HOr,n;a y HHX
6hIJIH CeJIhCKHe ,n;OM3 HJIH rOpO,n;CKHe pe3H,n;eHQHH.
KpyrJIhIe KynOJIa HX qaCOBeH HanOMHHaJIH KphIIlIH Meqe-
TeH, a B )I{H3Hh op,n;eHa XpaMa BOIlIJIO MHO)l{eCTBO BOCTOqHhIX
06hIqaeB. Op,n;eH BHeceT 60JIhllIOH BKJIa,n; B «3HaKOMCTBO C Boc-
TOKOM , KOTopoe B HallIHX KpaHX BOCXO,n;HT K BpeMeHaM Kpe-
CTOHOCHhIX nOXO OB.
rJlaBa III
TAMnnHEPbl H CBJlu.i.EHHAJI BOMHA
3a BpeMH CBOerO «arJilTaQJilOHHOrO TypHe no EBpone TaM-
IIJIHephI HallIJIH MHO)l{eCTBO nOCJIe,n;OBaTeJIeH. HOBhIe qJIeHhI
op,n;eHa, 60JIhllIJilHCTBO H3 KOTOphIX npOHcxo,n;HJIH H3 ceMeH
BhICllIeH 3HaTH, nepe,n;aJIH eMY CBoe HMYIl(eCTBO, 6JIaro,n;apH
qeMY nOCJIe HHH 3HaqHTeJIhHO npHYMHO)l{HJI CBOH 60raTCTBa.
K TOMY )I{e Te, KTO He HMeJI B03MO)l{HOCTH npHHHTh Heno-
cpe CTBeHHoe yqaCTHe B CBHIl(eHHOH BOHHe, 6paJIH Ha ce6H
06H3aTeJIhCTBO nOMoraTh TaMnJIHepaM C nOMOIl(hlO nO)l{epT-
BOBaHHH H ,n;apOB. B 60JIhllIHHCTBe 3aBeIl(aHHH Toro BpeMeHH
MO)l{HO HaHTH nYHKThI B nOJIh3Y TaMnJIHepOB HJIH rOCnHTaJIhe-
pOB; MHO)l{eCTBO KHH3eH ,n;a)l{e BhIpa3HJIH )I{eJIaHHe 6hITh no-
rpe6eHHhIMH B o,n;e)l{,n;e Toro HJIH Pyroro op,n;eHa. HeKOTophIe
H3 HHX B CBoeH Ha60)l{HOCTH, KOTopaH B TO BpeMH CTaBHJIaCh
npeBhIllIe Bcero, ,n;OXO,n;HJIH ,n;o Toro, qTO OTpeKaJIHCh OT CBoero
nOJIO)l{eHHH H 3BaHHH H npHMhIKaJIH K BOHHCTBY TaMnJIHepOB.
I1MeHHo TaK nocTynHJI PaHMYH,n; EepeHrapHH, rpa<l> EapceJIo-
HhI H IIpoBaHca, KOTOphIH B CTapOCTH CTaJI xpaMOBHHKOM H
YMep B pe3H,n;eHQHH TaMnJIHepOB B EapCeJIOHe.
HaKOHeQ, npaBHTeJIH npOCTO BBepHJIH CBOH KOpOJIeBCTBa
TaMnJIHepaM HJIH rOCnHTaJIhepaM.
BCKope xpaMOBHHKH CTaJIH KpynHhIMH 3eMJIeBJIa,n;eJIhQaMH
B I1cnaHHH, r,n;e B 1144 r. HM npHIlIJIOCh Cpa)l{aThCH C MaBpaMH,
QT06hI 3aII(HTHTh CBOH TeppHTopHH. B 3TOH cTpaHe, Ha,n; KOTO-
pOH nOCTOHHHO HaBHCaJIa yrp03a H3-3a 6JIH30CTH HCJIaMCKOro
42
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,I1Jl OP/l,EHA TAMnJII1EPOB
MHpa, HeKOTOpOe BpeMH CnYCTH Op eHa TaMnJIHepOB H roc-
nHTaJIhepOB 06'he HHHJIH CBOH YCHJIHH C YCHJIHHMH MeCTHhIX
Op eHOB KaJIaTpaBhI, AJIhKaHTaphI H CB. l1aKoBa KOMnOCTeJIh-
CKOrO (CaHThHro), qT06hI nO ep)l{aTh 3aBOeBaHHe 3eMeJIh
XpHCTHaHaMH.
Bo <l>paHQHH B 1222 r. <l>HJIHnn ABrycT 3aBeIl(aJI op eHY
XpaMa 2000 MapoK H no06eIl(aJI eIl(e 50000 npH YCJIOBHH, qTO
B TeqeHHe Tpex JIeT TaMnJIHephI 6Y YT cO ep)l{aTh B IIaJIeCTHHe
TpHcTa phIQapeH.
C caMoro HaqaJIa CBoero CYIl(eCTBOBaHHH BO <l>paHQHH op-
eH 6hIJI OCB060)l{ eH OT ynJIaThI ecHTHHhI HJIH PyrHx HaJIO-
rOB. OH 6hIJI cB060 eH OT Bcex <l>eo aJIhHhIX rrOBHHHOCTeH. OH
HMeJI npaBa Ha PhI6HYIO JIOBJIIO, OXOT)', Ha nOJIh30BaHHe naCT-
6HIl(aMH, Ha Py6KY JIeca, TOprOBJIIO H np. .
MhI eIl(e paCCKa)l{eM 0 60raTCTBe op eHa XpaMa H 0 6ecno-
pH Kax, B03HHKIIIHX H3-3a 3Toro H306HJIHH. O HaKO CJIe yeT
OTMeTHTh, qTO rrOHaqaJIY phIQapHM 6hIJI He06xo HM HeKHH
KanHTaJI, qT06hI OnJIaTHTh 60eBoe CHapH)I{eHHe. I1MeHHo 3THM
H 06'hHCHHeTCH CYIl(eCTBOBaHHe nO)l{epTBOBaHHH H 3aBeIl(aHHH,
o KOTOphIX MhI rOBOpHJIH BhIIIIe. Y)I{e B 3TO BpeMH eHhrH
6hIJIH rJIaBHhIM BHraTeJIeM BOHHbI, nYCTh a)l{e CBHIl(eHHOH...
O HaKO BCKope O HHX TOJIhKO OXO OB OT HMYIl(eCTBa, Haxo-
HIl(erOCH Ha BOCTOKe, 6y eT XBaTaTh Ha nOKphITHe BoeHHhIX
paCXO OB.
Ycrrex TaMnJIHepOB 06'hHCHHeTCH npOCTO: B XII B., Kor a
B03HHKJIO TaK MHoro peJIHrH03HhIX op eHOB, Bepa 6hIJIa CHJIh-
HOH, H TeM, KTO cpa)l{aJICH npOTHB HeBepHhIX, CYJIHJIH MHoro-
qHCJIeHHhIe YXOBHhIe 6JIara. IIOMHMO 3Toro, BoeHHhIe QeJIH
op eHa aBaJIH B03MO)l{HOCTh ceHhopaM npOHBHTh BOHHCTBeH-
HhIH yx.
TaKHM 06pa30M, op eH XpaMa 6hICTpO pa3pOCCH, H C ca-
Moro HaqaJIa nOTpe60BaJIOCh pa3 eJIHTh ero Ha npOBHHQHH:
fepMaHHIO, AHrJIHIO, AKBHTaHHIO, AparOH, OBepHh, qexHIO,
EpaH eH6ypr, KaCTHJIHIO, KHnp, <l>paHQHIO, BeHrpHIO, I1Ta-
JIHIO, MaHopKY, IIopT)'raJIHIO, AnYJIHIO, CHQHJIHIO, CJIaBeHHIO.
43
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,I1JI OP/l,EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
C 1131 r. Y TaMnJIHepOB 6hIJIa pe3H eHQHH B Hnpe, B03MO)l{-
HO, ee OCHOBaJI rOT<pPH e CeHT-OMep. 3a TPH ro a o 3Toro,
Ha CJIe YIOIl(HH eHh nOCJIe C060pa' B Tpya, rpa<p <l>JIaH pCKHH
c eJIaJI KpynHhIe nO)l{epTBOBaHHH TaMnJIHepaM.
y Ka)l{ OH npoBHHQHH 6hIJI BeJIHKHH npHop, KOTOPOMY no -
qHHHJIHCh npeQenTOphI.
BCKope, CJIe YH npHMepy 60raThIx ropo oB, TaKHX KaK Be-
HeQHH, reHYH, IIH3a HJIH MapCeJIh, op eH nOCTpOHJI CBOH <pJIOT
JIH nepeB03KH naJIOMHHKOB H ToproBQeB, KOTophIe 60HJIHCh
nHpaToB, KHllIeBllIHX y 6eperoB Cpe H3eMHoro MOpH. Kopa6-
JIH YXO HJIH H3 MapCeJIH Ba pa3a B ro , B anpeJIe H aBrycTe.
Ha cy ax pa3pellIaJIOCh nepeB03HTh He 60JIee nOJIYTopa ThICHq
naCCa)l{HpOB; HO JIH TOBapOB OrpaHHQeHHH no Becy He 6hIJIO,
6e3YCJIOBHO, OTToro, qTO )I{HTeJIH MapCeJIH pacnOJIaraJIH no-
)I{aJIOBaHHhIMH HM MHOrOqHCJIeHHhIMH ToprOBhIMH KBapTaJIa-
MH B pa3HhIx ropo ax JIeBaHTa. 3TO 6hIJI HOBhIH HCTOqHHK
OXO OB JIH op eHa. IIpH Ka)l{ OH oTnpaBKe CY OB MapCeJIh-
CKHe BJIaCTH npoH3BO HJIH OCMOTp Ha 60PTY, qT06hI npoBe-
pHTh, OCTaTOqHO JIH TaM MeCTa JIH naJIOMHHKOB H XOpOlliO
JIH OHH YCTpoeHhI. TaMnJIHephI OJI)I{HhI 6hIJIH BCTpeTHTh He-
HMYIl(HX naJIOMHHKOB nOCJIe nYTellIeCTBHH H n03a60THThCH 06
HX HY)I{ ax.
I1MeHHo K TaMnJIHepaM B 1248 r. 06paTHJICH JIIO OBHK CBH-
TOH, qT06hI 3a<ppaxToBaTh cy a, C nOMOIl(hlO KOTOphIX OH CMor
6bI 06paThCH' o IIaJIeCTHHhI.
* * *
IIo Mepe Toro KaK B03paCTaJIO ero BJIHHHHe, op eH XpaMa
He )I{eJIaJI 60JIee npH3HaBaTh HHOH BJIaCTH, KpOMe BJIaCTH
IIanhI. OCY HTb TaMnJIHepOB Mor TOJIbKO pHMCKHH cy . Ma-
JIO-nOMaJIY op eH HaqHeT CqHTaTh ce6H eCJIH He rocy,n;apCTBOM
B rocy,n;apCTBe, TO, no MeHhllIeH Mepe, QepKOBhlO B QepKBH.
To )I{e caMoe npoH30H eT H C op eHoM rOCnHTaJIbepoB. KaK
MbI YBH HM aJIee, 3TH ,n;Ba op eHa, C03 aHHhIe JIH 3aIl(HThI
44
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,I1Jl OP/l,EHA TAMnJII1EPOB
KOpOJIeBCTBa HepycaJIHMCKOrO, CBOHMH Me)l{ oyc06HQaMH H
HenOBHHOBeHHeM 6Y YT cnOC06CTBOBaTh ero OCJIa6JIeHHIO.
BhIcrnylO BJIaCTh B op eHe XpaMa BOnJIOII(aJI BeJIHKHM Ma-
rHCTp, KOTOphIM CqHTaJICH He3aBHCHMhIM npaBHTeJIeM. Ha
accaM6JIeHX BeJIHKHe MarHCTphI 3aHHMaJIH nOJIO)l{eHHe cpa3Y
nOCJIe enHCKonOB. B HX JIHqHOM paCnOpH)I{eHHH HaXO HJIHCh
HeqTO Bpo e «BoeHHoro OMa H KpenOCTH. B COOTBeTCTBHH C
HnJIOMaTHqeCKHM npOTOKOJIOM nOCJIhI op eHa XpaMa Be3 e
HMeJIH oc06hIe npHBHJIerHH.
Op eH HMeJI npaBO 3aBoeBaHHH Ha BOCTOKe. OH Mor CBO-
60 HO paCnOpH)I{aThCH ropo aMH, 3eMJIHMH H 3aMKaMH, KO-
TophIe 3aXBaThIBaJI y HeBepHhIX. 3TO TaK)I{e 6hIJIO 60raThIM
HCTOqHHKOM OXO OB.
IIpeCTH)I{ TaMnJIHepOB Ha BOCTOKe 6hIJI CTOJIh BeJIHK, qTO
apa6hI HeO HOKpaTHO 06paII(aJIHCh K HHM 3a nopyqHTeJIh-
CTBOM npH orOBopax, KOTophIe OHH no nHChIBaJIH C JIaTH-
HHHaMH.
Op eH XpaMa 6hIJI He CTOJIhKO rocy apcTBOM B rocy apcT-
Be, CKOJIhKO HeKHM CBepxrocy apcTBOM, npHHa JIe)l{aTh K KO-
TOPOMY )I{eJIaJIH caMhIe 3HaqHMhIe JIIO H; nOqeTHOe MeCTO B
op eHe 6hIJIO npe OCTaBJIeHO HHHoKeHTHIO III. Ho KOpOJIIO
<l>paHQHH <l>HJIHnny KpacHBoMY B 1304 r. B 3BaHHH qJIeHa
op eHa 6hIJIO OTKa3aHO: 3TO CTaJIO nepBhIM nOBO OM JIH Bpa-
)I{ e6HOCTH co CTOpOHhI Toro, KTO B aJIhHeMrneM nOKJIHHeTCH
YHHqTO)l{HTh op eH XpaMa.
Op eH He TOJIhKO He nO qHHHJICH CBeTCKHM BJIaCTHM, HO
MaJIO-nOMaJIY CYMeJI BhIMTH H3-no KOHTpOJIH BJIaCTH QepKOB-
HOM. 11 HIOHH 1163 r. 6YJIJIa, Omne datum optimum, apOBaJIa
op eHY npHBHJIerHpOBaHHoe nOJIO)l{eHHe B QepKBH. C 3Toro
MOMeHTa TaMnJIHephI HMeJIH CBOHX c06cTBeHHhIx KaneJIJIaHOB,
qTO CTaBHJIO HX BHe IOpHC HKU;HH naTpHapXOB HepycaJIHMa.
B 1216 r. OHH BhIM YT H3-no BJIaCTH enHCKonOB. K CqaCThlO,
TaKHM 06pa30M OHn 06e30naCHJIH ce6H OT OTJIyqeHHH OT u;epK-
BH co CTOpOHbI enHCKonOB, H60 nOCJIe HHe, KaK, BnpOqeM,
H Bee 6eJIoe YXOBeHCTBO, OTHOCHJIHCh K HHM Bpa)l{ e6Ho.
45
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,I1Jl OP/l,EHA TAMnJII1EPOB
B TeqeHHe OJIrOrO BpeMeHH Ka3Ha TaMnJIHepOB nOnOJIHH-
naCh 6JIarO apH JIenTe, BHOCHMOH 6paTCTBaMH H nO)l{epTBOBa-
HHHM 6paTheB MHHOpHTOB H npOnOBe HHKOB. IIepBoe, Ha qTO
IlIJIH 3TH nO)l{epTBOBaHHH - 3TO CHapH)I{eHHe phIQapeH, 3aII(H-
II(aBIlIHX CBHTYIO 3eMJIIO.
B TeqeHHe MHOrHX JIeT HCTOpHH TaMnJIHepOB 6y eT TeCHO
nepenJIeTaThCH C pa3BHTHeM JIaTHHo- HepycaJIHMCKOrO KOpO-
neBCTBa. ECJIH 6hI HaM HY)l{HO 6hIJIO llIar 3a llIarOM npOCJIe HTh
Bee eJIa H nocrynKH op eHa, HaM npHIlIJIOCh 6hI nepeCKa3aTh
BCIO HCTOpHIO KpeCTOBhIX nOXO OB, a TaKYIO QeJIh MhI nepe
C060H He CTaBHM. IIOMHMO npoqero B 1171 r. TaMnJIHephI
yqaCTBOBaJIH B 060poHe fa3hI, B 1187 r. - B 6HTBe npH THBe-
pHa e, B 1219 r. - B 3aBoeBaHHH ,lJ:aMheTThI H B 1250 r. - B
noxo e Ha ErHneT.
* * *
TaMnJIHephI 6hIJIH 60JIee <l>aHaTHqHhI, qeM npocThIe Kpe-
CTOHOCQhI. B HHX B nOJIHOH Mepe BOnJIOII(aJIHCh yx npHKJIIO-
qeHHH H pBeHHe, HanpaBJIeHHOe npoTHB HCJIaMa. Tor a KaK
KOpOJIH HepycaJIHMa nopoH CKJIOHHJIHCh K 3aKJIIOqeHHIO c e-
JIOK C HeBepHhIMH, TaMnJIHephI HHKor a He IlIJIH Ha YCTynKH,
no MeHhllIeH Mepe, B nepBoe BpeMH.
MhI y6e HMcH B 3TOM, eCJIH 06paTHM BHHMaHHe Ha npaB-
JIeHHe KOpOJIH AMOpH, KOTOphIH 3aKJIIOqHJI nepeMHpHe C
accaCHHaMH, TO eCTh C ceKTOH HCMaHJIHTOB, )I{HBIlIHX B JIH-
BaHe H C eJIaBIlIHX y6HHCTBO OCHOBOH rocy apcTBeHHOH
nOJIHTHKH. IIOBeJIHTeJIh accaCHHOB, KOToporo KpeCTOHOC-
QhI Ha3hIBaJIH CTapQeM fOPhI, eCnOTHqeCKH npaBHJI BceH
ceKTOH 6JIarO apH xpaHHMOMY B ceKpeTe ynoTpe6JIeHHIO ra-
IlIHllIa.
OH ep)l{aJI Bcex B rp03HOM nOBHHOBeHHH. Ero areHThI
6hIJIH YBepeHhI, qTO eCJIH, BhInOJIHHH npHKa3aHHH CBoero XO-
3HHHa, norH6HYT, TO cpa3Y )I{e 06peTYT paHCKoe 6JIa)l{eHCTBO.
CTapeQ fop hI HCnOJIh30BaJI <l>aHaTHqHYIO npe aHHOCTh no -
46
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,I1JI OP/l,EHA TAMnJII1EPOB
,n;aHHhIX Ka)l{,n;hIH pa3, KOr,n;a XOTeJI 1136aBI1ThCH OT KaKOrO-
Hl16y,n;h Bpara 1 .
Bce, qTO KaCaeTCH aCCaCI1HOB, OKYTaHO JIereH,n;aMI1. O,n;Ha)l{-
,n;hI XacaH, O,n;I1H 113 caMhIX 3HaMeHI1ThIX npe,n;Bo,n;I1TeJIeH ceK-
ThI, npl1HHJI nOCJIaHHI1Ka OT CYJITaHa ,lJ:aMacKa, yrpO)l{aBIIIe-
ro pa3pYIIII1Th 3aMKI1 11 ropo,n;a aCCaCI1HOB, eCJII1 OHI1 He 3a-
nJIaTHT eMY ,n;aHh. IIpe)l{,n;e qeM OTBeTI1Th, XacaH npl1Ka3aJI
OJJ;HOMY 113 CBOI1X JIIO,n;eH 6pOCI1ThCH BHI13 C BhICOKOH 6aIIIHI1,
,n;PyrOMY OH npl1Ka3aJI npOH311Th cep,n;Qe KI1H)I{aJIOM. 06a OHI1
I1CnOJIHI1JII1 npl1Ka3aHI1e (06 3TOM CTOI1T cKa3aTh) 6e3 Ma-
JIeHIIII1X KOJIe6aHI1H. IIocJIaHHI1KY, OHeMeBIIIeMY OT Y)I{aca, Xa-
caH CKa3aJI "POCTO: «H,n;11 11 CKa)l{11 CBoeMY X03HI1HY, qTO Y
MeHH eCTh 60 000 qeJIOBeK TaKI1X )I{e nOKopHhIX 11 rOTOBhIX
,n;eHcTBoBaTh, KaK 11 3TI1 ,n;Boe». CYJITaH ,lJ:aMacKa He CTaJI Ha-
CTaI1BaTh.
MHO)l{eCTBO aBTopOB, ,n;a)l{e cpe,n;11 COBpeMeHHI1KOB, nOcql1-
TaJII1 TaMnJIl1epOB no,n;pa)l{aTeJIHMI1 «raIllI1IIII1HOB». IIoBHHo-
BeHl1e BeJII1KOMY Marl1CTpy HanOMI1HaJIO a6COJIIOTHYIO nOKOp-
HOCTh accaCHHOB I1X nOBeJII1TeJIIO.
KopOJII1 HepycaJII1Ma, C y,n;I1BJIeHl1eM y6e,n;I1BIIIl1eCH, qTO
yqeHl1e aCCaCI1HOB BO MHorOM npOTI1BOpeQI1JIO MYCYJIhMaHCKOM:
peJIl1rl1l1, JIeJIeHJII1 Ha,n;e)l{,n;y eCJII1 He 06paTI1Th I1CMal1JII1TOB B
CBOIO Bepy, TO XOTH 6hI c,n;eJIaTh I1X COI03HI1KaMI1. II03TOMY
OHI1 BeJII1 ce6H C HI1MI1 OCTOpO)l{HO. Co CBoeH CTOpOHhI, acca-
CI1HhI CQI1TaJII1 <ppaHKOB CBOI1MI1 B03MO)l{HhIMI1 COlO3HI1KaMI1 B
60ph6e C MYCYJIhMaHCKI1MI1 BparaMI1 (CYHHI1TaMI1)2.
TOJIhKO TaMnJIl1ephI He 60HJII1Ch Hana,n;aTh Ha 3aMKI1 acca-
CI1HOB, 11 nOCJIe,n;Hl1e 6hIJII1 BhIHY)l{,n;eHhI KanI1TYJIl1pOBaTh. EhI-
JIO 3aKJIIOQeHO nepeMl1pl1e, 11 I1CMal1JII1TaM npl1IIIJIOCh BhInJIa-
1 CJIOBO «accaCHH» npOHCXO HT no y6e)l{ eHHIO HeKOTophIX OT
CJIOBa «2aUlUUlUH» (ynoTpe6JIfllOI.U;HH raIl1HIl1) HJIH OT nepCH CKoro
hassissin, 03HaQalOI.U;ero oC'rphIH KHH)I{aJI. (IlpUMe'l. a8m.)
2 CYHHHThI H Il1HHThI - Ba HanpaBJIeHHfl HCJIaMa. CYHHHThI H36H-
paJIH XaJII1<poB H3 BceH MYCYJIhMaHCKOH 06I.U;HHhI, Il1HHThI - 113 no-
TOMKOB AnH H OQepH MyxaMMe a. (IlpUMe'l. pea.)
47
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,I1Jl OP/l,EHA TAMnJII1EPOB
qHBaTh TaMnJIHepaM rO OBYIO aHh B pa3Mepe 2000 3KIO HJIH
30JIOThIX 6e3aHToB.
B 1173 r. XacaH oTnpaBHJI nOCJIaHHHKa K KOpOJIIO Hepyca-
JIHMa, qT06hI C006II(HTh eMY 0 HaMepeHHH nepeHTH B PyrylO
Bepy BMeCTe co BceMH CBOHMH no aHHhIMH npH YCJIOBHH, qTO
t:(aHh 6y eT OTMeHeHa. KOpOJIh AMopH, pa YHch TOMY, qTO cY-
MeJI 3anOJIyqHTh CTOJIh MorYII(eCTBeHHYIO ceKT)', B3HJI Ha ce6H
06H3aTeJIhCTBO caMoMY BhInJIaqHBaTh TaMnJIHepaM 2000 30-
JIOThIX MOHeT, H, OKa3aB nOCJIaHHHKY nOqeCTH, OTnpaBHJI ero
06paTHO C 06phIMH HanYTCTBHHMH. OH cHa6 HJI ero 3CKOp-
TOM, qT06hI npOHTH qepe3 onaCHhIe YII(eJIhH.
PhIQapH XpaMa HeMe JIeHHO BhICKa3aJIHCh KaTerOpHqeCKH
npOTHB aHHoro COrJIarneHHH. Ha 06paTHOM nYTH TaMnJIHephI
HanaJIH Ha nOCJIaHHHKa XacaHa H y6HJIH ero. KOpOJIh AMopH
6hIJI B03MYII(eH H3BeCTHeM 06 3TOM rHYCHOM Hana eHHH Ha
qeJIOBeKa, 3a )I{H3Hh KOToporo OH nopyqHJICH. BCH ero HOBaH
nOJIHTHKa 6hIJIa nOCTaBJIeHa no y ap, eCJIH Bo06II(e He nepe-
qepKHYTa.
EhIJI C03BaH CO BeT, qT06hI CY HTh 3TO npeCT)'nJIeHHe 06
oCKop6JIeHHH BeJIHqeCTBa. ,lJ:BYM ceHhopaM 6hIJIO nopyqeHO
pa3hICKaTh BeJIHKOrO MarHCTpa TaMnJIHepOB, 3 a e CeHT-
AMaHa, qT06hI nOTpe60BaTh 3arJIa HTh 06H Y H HaKa3aTh
y6HHQY. BeJIHKHH MarHCTp OTKa3aJICH BhI aTh BHHOBHoro, He-
Koero rOThe IO MeHHJIH, nOCKOJIhKY op eH XpaMa nO qHHHJI-
CH TOJIhKO cy y IIanhI. OH OTBeTHJI, qTO rOThe IO MeHHJIh
6y eT OTnpaBJIeH B PHM, r e ero H 6Y YT CY HTh.
IIpHexaB B CH OH, r e HaXO HJICH nJIeHHHK, KOpOJIh oca-
AHJI pe3H eHQHIO op eHa XpaMa H 3aXBaTHJI rOThe, KOToporo
OTnpaBHJI B THp. C PyroH CTOpOHhI, OH aJI 3HaTh BeJIHKOMY
MarHCTpy accaCHHOB, qTO c06HpaeTCH nOKapaTh npecTynHHKa.
Ho npe aTh ero cy y OH He ycneJI. OH YMep HeKOTopoe BpeMH
cnYCTH, Kor a C06HpaJICH OKa3aTh aBJIeHHe Ha IIany, qT06hI
3aCTaBHTh ero paccpopMHpOBaTh op eH.
48
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,I1Jl OP/l,EHA TAMnJII1EPOB
* * *
BCHKHH pa3, KOr a Me)l{ Y XpHCTHaHaMH H MYCYJIhMaHaMH
3aKJIIOqaJIOCh rrepeMHpHe, TaMrrJIHephI 6e3)1{aJIOCTHO paCTOp-
raJIH COrJIaIIIeHHe.
BCH HCTOpHH TaMrrJIHepOB OTMeqeHa rrpHBO HII(HMH B 3aMe-
IIIaTeJIhCTBO <l>aKTaMH, KOTOphIe, KaK Ka)l{eTCH, rrO TBep)l{ aIOT
CaMhIe rrpOTHBOpeqHBhIe TOJIKOBaHHH. MOHaXOB-phIQapeH ynpe-
KalOT TO B rrOCTOHHHOH HMrrYJIhCHBHOCTH, rrOJIHOM OTCYTCTBHH
rrOJIHTHqeCKOrO 3 paBOMhICJIHH, TO HX CqHTalOT CJIHIIIKOM XHT-
phIMH, CJIHIIIKOM paCrrOJIO)l{eHHhIMH K 3aKJIIOqeHHIO COrJIaIIIe-
HHH C BparaMH, CJIHIIIKOM MaJIO 3a60THII(HMHCH 06 HHTepecax
KpeCTOBhIX rrOXO OB. IIocJIe Hee MHeHHe rrpe06JIa aJIo, rro
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20 arrpeJIH 1236 r. IIarra fpHropHH IX 06BHHHT TaMrrJIHe-
pOB H rOCrrHTaJIhepOB B TOM, qTO OHH )I{eJIalOT 3aKJIIOqHTh
COlO3 C ceKTOH accaCHHOB rrpOTHB KHH3H AHTHOXHH. OH yrrpeK-
HeT HX B TOM, qTO 3a e)l{erO HYIO aHh OHH B3HJIH rro CBOIO
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EhIJIH JIH aHHhIe 06BHHeHHH 060CHOBaHHhI? BrrOJIHe B03-
MO)l{HO. ,lJ:JIH 3THX MOHaXOB-BOHHOB CBHII(eHHaH BOHHa CTa-
HOBHJIaCh rropoH qeM-TO Bpo e HrphI, r e HCrrOJIh30BaJIHCh
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paH BO Bee BpeMeHa O ep)l{HBaJIa Bepx, Kor a CTaJIKHBaJIHCh
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CTOHT JIH rOBopHTh 0 CKaH aJIe, 0 rrpOTHBoeCTeCTBeHHOM
COI03e, 0 rrOJIHTHqeCKOH HeqHCTOrrJIOTHOCTH? 3TH rpy6hIe JIIO-
H, PYKOBO HCh JIyqIIIHMH HaMepeHHHMH, 3a6hIBaJIH B rrhIJIY
eHCTBHH rrepBOHaqaJIhHYIO QeJIh, pa H KOTOpOH H 6hIJI C03-
aH op eH. BpeMeHaMH OHH CHOBa CTaHOBHJIHCh ceHhopaMH C
3arra a, Be YII(HMH 6eCKOHeQHhIe BOHHhI, B KOTOphIX COlO3hI
3aKJIIOQaJIHCb H paCna aJIHCh C O HHaKOBOH 6hICTpOTOH. B BOC-
TOQHOM KJIHMaTe H3-no,n; peJIHrH03Horo rJIHHQa BHOBh HaQH-
HaJI rrpocTyrraTh 06bIKHOBeHHhIH <l>eo aJI.
49
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,I1Jl OP/l,EHA TAMnJII1EPOB
* * *
Me)l{ Y TaMnJIl1epaMI1 11 rOCnl1TaJIhepaMI1, nOCBHTI1BIIII1MI1
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BaTh 6paTCKI1e OTHOIIIeHI1H. K TOMY )I{e YCTaB XpaMa npe nOJIa-
raJI qaCThIe KOHTaKThI Me y BYMH op eHaMI1. TaMnJIl1epaM
pa3peIIIaJIOCh nOCeIl(aTh JIareph rOCIII1TaJIhepOB. Ii TOT )I{e YCTaB
YTOqHHJI, qTO B CJIyqae nOpa)l{eHI1H npH OTCYTCTBI1I1 Cl1rHaJIa
c60pa TaMnJIl1ephI MOrJII1 npI1COe I1HI1ThCH K rOCIII1TaJIhepaM.
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rI1HMI1 , KaK I1X Ha3hIBaJII1 B TY 3noxy, 3anpeIl(aJIOCh 6paThHM,
113rHaHHhIM 113 O Horo op eHa, BcrynaTh B pyrOH.
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IIJIl1epaMI1 11 rOCnl1TaJIhepaMI1 CYIl(eCTBOBaJIO nOCTOHHHoe CO-
nepHl1qeCTBO. Kor a KaKl1e- JII160 Be napTl111 CTaJIKI1BaJII1Ch B
IIaJIeCTI1He, TaMnJIl1ephI 11 rOCnl1TaJIhephI HI1KOr a He npl1HI1-
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6hIJI IIIOKl1pOBaH, Y3HaB, qTO op eHhI TaMnJIl1epOB 11 rOCIII1-
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lIeT nOCJIe B3HTI1H IiepycaJII1Ma MhI BH I1M, KaK, Hanpl1-
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] PaHMYH CeH-)I(HJIbCKHH - rpa<l> TYJIY3CKHH B 1045-1105 rr.,
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O Ha MaCllITa6HaH onepaQHH He npOXO HJIa 6e3 HX nOMOII(H.
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op eHa He ChIrpaJIH B paMKax CBOHX nOJIHTHqeCKHX H BoeH-
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npe nOJIaraJI HX QepKOBHhIH xapaKTep. Ho TaMnJIHephI H roc-
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B 6010 npOHBHJI TaKYIO CTOHKOCTh, a npH nOpa)l{eHHH TaKYIO
HeYCTpaIlIHMOCTh, qTO MYCYJIhMaHe, npHHHMaH ero 3a CBHToro,
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HHIO, CB. feopfHH n06e Hl1 3Mefl, KOTOphIH OJI)I{eH 6hIJI npOfJIOTHTh
Oqh KHfl3fl EeHPYTa. (IIpUMez. a8m.)
51
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,I1Jl OP/l,EHA TAMnJII1EPOB
TaMnJIHepOB H rOCnHTaJIhepOB MYCYJIhMaHe 60HJIHCh OCO-
6eHHO CHJIhHO. IIocJIe 3HaMeHHTOrO Cpa)l{eHHH npH THBepHa-
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npoch6e. IIpaBoM Ka3HHTh TaMnJIHepOB 06JIa aJIH CJIY)I{HTeJIH
HCJIaMa.
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(IIpUMez. a8m.)
S2
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ss
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AKphI, YKPhIJIHCh B JIHMaCCOJIe, Ha KHnpe, r e Y)I{e HaXO H-
JIHCh HeCKOJIhKO rOCnHTaJIhepOB. PaHee KHnp npHHa JIe)l{aR
HM, KOr a OHH KynHJIH ero Y PHqap a JIhBHHoe Cep Qe. Ho
HeKOTopoe BpeMH cnYCTH OHH nepenpO aJIH ero JIY3HHhHHaM.
TaMnJIHephI, BhIHY eHHhIe 6e3 eM:CTBOBaTh, OKa3aJIHCh «B no-
JIO)l{eHHH perYJIHpHOM: apMHH, nOJIyqHBllIeM: H3BeCTHe 0 3aKJIIO-
qeHHH Bce06II(ero MHpa» (MoJlJla).
06a BeJIHKHX MarHCTpa B TeqeHHe HeCKOJIhKHX JIeT 6hIJIH
3aHHThI TeM, qTO BOCCTaHaBJIHBaJIH CHJIhI CBOHX op eHOB.
B 1298 r. MOHax fo eH YMep, H MeCTO rJIaBhI op eHa 3aHHJI
)l(aK e MOJIe, 6ypryH eQ H3 HOQe3a Be3aHcoHa.
B CJIe YIOII(eM ro y )KaK e MOJIe BMeCTe C rOCnHTaJIhepa-
MH npHHHJI yqacTHe B He OJIrOM noxo e npoTHB MycYJIhMaH,
no rOTOBJIeHHOM TaTapcKHM xaHOM fa3aHoM. )KaK e MOJIe
B03rJIaBHJI O HH <pJIaHr TaTapCKOM: apMHH. HOBhIe COlO3HHKH
He aJIeKO OT XOMca o ep)l{aJIH n06e y Ha cYJITaHOM ErHnTa
MaJIHK- Ha3HpoM. Ho OHH HallIJIH ropo a IIaJIeCTHHhI pa3rpa6-
JIeHHhIMH, onycTollIeHHhIMH, pa3pYllIeHHhIMH. TaTapCKHM: xaH
npH3BaJI Ha nOMOII(h xpHcTHaHcKHx KHH3eM: EBponhI, O HaKO
BCKope OJI)I{eH 6hIJI BepHYThcH B CBOH 3eMJIH.
IIpe OCTaBJIeHHhIe caMH ce6e TaMnJIHephI H rOCnHTaJIhephI
6hIJIH He B COCTOHHHH OKa3aTh conpOTHBJIeHHe HeH36e)l{HOMY
HacTynJIeHHIO CYJITaHa ErHnTa. OHH 6hIJIH BhIHY)l{ eHhI Bep-
HYThCH Ha KHnp, r e HM OqeHh CKOpO CTaJIO TeCHO.
KOpOJIh KHnpa feHpHx II He npOHBJIHJI oc060M: 6JIaro-
CKJIOHHOCTH H pa YIlIHH no OTHOllIeHHIO K BoeHHhIM op eHaM.
TaMnJIHephI H rOCnHTaJIhephI, pa3MeII(aBIlIHeCH B O HOM He-
60JIhllIOM ropo e, CTaJIH nO YMhIBaTh 0 TOM, qT06hI nOKHHYTh
3TY HerOCTenpHHMHYIO 3eMJIIO. fOCnHTaJIhephI BTOprJIHCh Ha
OCTpOB Po OC.
qTO KacaeTCH TaMnJIHepOB, TO OHH YKPhIJIHCh Ha CHQH-
JIHH, oTKy a HaqaJIH noxo Ha fpeQHIO. OHH B3HJIH <1>ecca-
JIOHHKH H A<pHHhI, HO OrpaHHqHJIHCh JIHllIh TeM, qTO orpa-
6HJIH n06e eHHhIX, OCTaBHB nOKopHBIlIHeCH ropo a CHQH-
RHM:QaM.
S6
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,I1.H OP/l,EHA TAMnJII1EPOB
HMeHHO TOr a TaMnJIHephI, OCTaBIlIHeCH B )I{HBhIX nOCJIe
C06hITHM: B JIeBaHTe H B Cpe H3eMHOMOphe, OTnpaBHJIHCh BO
<l>paHQHIO, qT06bI npHCOe HHHThCH K TeM 6paThHM, KOTOpbIe C
MOMeHTa OCHOBaHHH Op eHa HHKor a He nOKH aJIH 3ana HOM:
EBpOnhI. ApMHH B03BpaII(aJIaCh B CBOH rapHH30HhI, TO eCTh B
OCHOBaHHhIe 3a nOCJIe HHe BeCTH JIeT npaKTHqeCKH nOBCIO Y
B 3THX KpaHX KOMaH opCTBa.
MHIlIJIe 3aHBJIHeT, qTO nHTHa QaTh ThICHq TaMnJIHepOB npH-
Be3JIH «HeCMeTHhIe COKpOBHII(a: CTO nHTh eCHT ThICHq <pJIOpH-
HOB 30JIOTa, a cepe6pa Ha eCHTH ynpH)I{KaX MYJIOB . CTO nHTh-
eCHT ThICHq 30JIOTbIX <pJIOpHHOB Ha nHTHa QaTh ThICHq phIQa-
peM: COCTaBJIHIOT eCHTh <pJIOpHHOB Ha qeJIOBeKa. MO)l{HO JIH
rOBopHTh 0 «HeCMeTHhIX COKpOBHlQax ? BnpOqeM, QH<ppa B
nHTHa QaTh ThICHq phIQapeM:, OqeBH HO, BKJIlOqaeT B ce6H no-
MHMO TaMnJIHepOB CBHTOM: 3eMJIH eII(e H Tex 6paTheB op eHa,
qTO )I{HJIH BO Bcex CTpaHax 3ana a.
C YBepeHHOCThlO MO)l(HO CKa3aTh 0 TOM, qTO npHe3 BOM:-
CKa TaMnJIHepOB B MHpHhIe 3ana HhIe KOMaH opCTBa 6y eT
cnoc06CTBOBaTh pacnpOCTpaHeHHIO B op eHe XpaMa rapHH-
30HHoro 06pa3a )l(H3HH, KOTOphIM: BeJIH BO <l>paHQHH Bee qJIe-
HhI op eHa, HHKor a He npHHHMaBIlIHe yqaCTHH B CBHII(eHHOM:
BOM:He. Me)l( y TeM BceM H3BeCTHO, HaCKOJIhKO paCCJIa6JIHeT H
pa3JIaraeT COJI aTa )I{H3Hh B rapHH30He.
YexaB C BOCTOKa, TaMnJIHephI nOKHHYJIH CBoe HCTHHHoe
OTeqeCTBO. KaK AHTeM:, OHH norH6HYT, OTopBaHHhIe OT po -
HOM 3eMJIH, HCTOqHHKa HX CHJIhI.
LfACTb BTOPNI
fJlaBa I .
MOHAXH-6AHKHPbl
IIa eHHe AKphI BHOBh np06Y HJIO Ha 3ana e CTpeMJIeHHe
OCB060 HTh CBHThIe MeCTa. B03HHKaJIH nJIaHhI H 3aMhICJIhI,
HO BOO YllIeBJIeHHe nepBhIX KpeCTOHOCQeB yCTynHJIO MeCTO
C ep)l{aHHOH OCMOTpHTeJIhHOCTH, eCJIH He XOJIO HOCTH. Ky a
rrpOnaJIH nhIJIKHe nponOBe HHKH, KOTophIe B TeqeHHe BYX
rrpe hI YII(HX BeKOB nO HHMaJIH Hapo Ha CBHII(eHHYIO BOH-
HY? Ky a eJIHCh IIeTp OTllIeJIhHHK 1 , CB. EepHap H <l>YJIhK H3
HeHH 2 ? Ka3aJIOCh, 3ana 6hIJI HCTOII(eH 60ph60H C HCJIaMOM.
OKa3aBllIHeCH He y eJI, TaMnJIHephI, nOTepHB QeJIh, pa H KO-
TOpOH H 6hIJIO OCHOBaHO HX 6paTCTBO, aKTHBHee, qeM Kor a-
JIH60 rrOCBHTHJIH ce6H 6aHKOBCKOMY eJIY.
3a Ba BeKa CBoero CYII(eCTBOBaHHH op eH BeChMa nO Ha-
TOpeJI B HCKYCCTBe yrrpaBJIHTh eHhraMH. Tor a peqh llIJIa 0
<pHHaHCHpOBaHHH TaMrrJIHepOB, yqaCTBOBaBIlIHX B 60ph6e rrpo-
THB HCJIaMa.
Kor a 3Ta pOJIh Ka3HaqeeB H pacnopH HTeJIeH QeHHOCTHMH
6bIJIa COrrpH)I{eHa C BoeHHhIMH eHCTBHHMH, TO COqeTaHHe Kpe-
CTOBoro rroxo a H 6aHKOBCKOH eHTeJIhHOCTH eII(e orrYCKa-
nOCb: B 06II(eM YCTpOHCTBe op eHa <pHHaHCOBaH eHTeJIbHOCTh
1 ITeTp OTlUeJIhHHK (YM. 1116 r.) - cTpaHcTBYlOlQHH npono-
Be HHK, O HH H3 B OxHOBHTeJIeH ITepBoro KpecToBoro noxo a. (Ilpu-
Mez. pea.)
2 <1>YJIhK H3 HeHH (YM. 1202 r.) - KlOpe HeHH-clOp-MapH, H3BeCT-
HhIM: nponoBe HHK, KOTOPOMY ITana PHMCKHH I1HHoKeHTHH III nopy-
{Hill nponOBe OBaTh KpeCTOBhIH noxo . (IlpUMez. pea.)
60
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,I1Jl OP/l,EHA TAMIInI1EPOB
npe CTaBJIHJIaCh BTOPHqHOH. Ho KOr a CBHII(eHHaH BOHHa 3a-
KOHqHJIaCh, B HOBOM nOJIO)l{eHHH phIQapeH XpaMa nOHBHJIOCh
HeqTO THrOCTHOe: TPY HO 6hIJIO CMHpHThCH C TeM, qTO JIIO H
QepKBH npeBpaTHJIHCh JIHllIh B eJIhQOB, npeYMHO)l{alOII(HX
eHhrH.
IIana EOHH<PaQHH VIII Y)I{e 6hIJI BCTpeBO)l{eH 3TOH MeTa-
MOP<P030H, HO OH 6hIJI qepecqyp nOrJIOII(eH 60ph60H C raJIJIH-
KaHCKHM a6COJIIOTH3MOM.
Ero npeeMHHKY EeHe HKTY XI, KOTOphIH HaXO HJICH Y BJIa-
CTH Bcero JIHllIh C 22 OKTH6pH 1303 r. no 7 HIOJIH 1304 r., He
XBaTHJIO BpeMeHH 3aHHThCH TaMnJIHepaMH.
Kor a nOCJIe KOHKJIaBa, KOTOphIH npO JIHJICH OKOJIO ro a,
BhI60p Kap HHaJIOB naJI Ha apXHenHCKona Eop o EepTpaHa e
fo, MO)l{HO 6hIJIO onacaThCH 3a cY h6y TaMnJIHepOB. Be h B
OKpY)I{eHHH KOpOJIH llIenTaJIHCh, qTO HOBhIH IIana no06eII(aJI
nOCJIe HeMY YHHqTO)l{HTh onaCHhIH op eH.
* * *
EepTpaH e fo paHee 6hIJI KaneJIJIaHOM IJ;eJIeCTHHa V, BO
BpeMH npaBJIeHHH EOHH<PaQHH VIII OH HrpaJI Ba)l{HYIO pOJIh
B nancKoH HnJIOMaTHH. Kor a 14 HOH6pH 1305 r. B JIHoHe
B npHcYTcTBHH <PHJIHnna KpacHBoro OH 6hIJI YBeHqaH nan-
CKOH THapoH, MO)l{HO 6hIJIO Ha eHThCH, qTO ynpaBJIeHHe
JIa heH CB. IIeTpa nonaJIO B YMeJIhIe PYKH. O HaKo cyeBepHhIe
JIIO H npH aBaJIH 60JIhllIOe 3HaqeHHe npoHcllIecTBHIO, CJIyqHB-
llIeMycH B CBH3H C KopoHaQHeH nOHTH<pHKa. Bo BpeMH npoQec-
CHH B qeCTh TOp)l{eCTBeHHoro B'be3 a B ropo HOBoro IIanhI
CTeHa, Ha KOTOpylO B306paJIOCh MHO)l{eCTBO JII060nhITHhIX, 06-
PYIlIHJIaCh npHMO Y Hor KJIHMeHTa V. IIorH6JIo BeHa QaTh
qeJIOBeK. IIana ynaJI C JIOllIa H, HO Bcero JIHllIh JIerKO nopa-
HHJICH. ,lJ:paroQeHHaH THapa, qTO 6hIJIa Y Hero Ha rOJIOBe, e Ba
He CJIOMaJIaCh 06 3eMJIIO: H3 Hee BhIBaJIHJIaCh )I{eMqY)I{HHa Qe-
HOH B llIeCTh ThICHq <pJIOpHHOB, OHa 6hIJIa HaH eHa TOJIhKO
MHoro n03AHee. 3TOT HHQH eHT Ka3aJICH OqeHh nJIOXHM npe -
61
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,I1Jl OP/l,EHA TAMnJII1EPOB
3HaMeHOBaHHeM npaBJIeHHH, HaqaBllIerOCH CTOJIh HenpHHTHhIM
06pa30M.
MOJIJIa pHcyeT HaM KJIHMeHTa V KaK «BneqaTJIHTeJIhHYIO
6ecxapaKTepHYIO JIHqHOCTh, cJIa60ro HnJIOMaTa, qeJIOBeKa
nOJIYMep, Hecnoc06Horo npOTHBOCTOHTh <PHJIHnny KpaCH-
BOMY, KOTOphIH, 06JIa aH TBep OH BOJIeH, npHBhIK eHCTBO-
BaTh XOJIO HO H paCqeTJIHBO. IIana 6y eT npH6eraTh K BceB03-
MO)l{HhIM YJIOBKaM, BceB03MO)l{HhIM npOBOJIOqKaM, qT06hI B
KOHQe KOHQOB Bee )I{e nOHTH Ha ycrynKH. I1MeHHo TaK 6y eT
B0306HOBJIeH CKaH aJIhHhIH npoQecc EOHH<l>aQHH VIII, npo-
II(eHO Hana eHHe Ha IIany B AHaHhH 1 H YHHqTO)l{eHhI TaM-
nJIHephI .
KJIHMeHT V 6hIJI npOCBeII(eHHhIM qeJIOBeKOM. MhI 06H3aHhI
eMY OCHOBaHHeM Ka<l>e p peBHeeBpeHcKoro, CHpHHcKoro H
apa6cKoro H3hIKOB B pa3JIHqHhIX YHHBepcHTeTax. OH He 6hIJI
JIHllIeH H np030pJIHBOCTH. MhI a)l{e YBH HM, KaK B HeKOTO-
phIX cHTyaQHHX OH npOHBHT pellIHTeJIhHOCTh. Ho B QeJIOM,
CTOJIKHYBllIHCh C COBepllIeHHO HenpHeMJIeMhIMH Tpe60BaHHHMH
<PHJIHnna KpaCHBoro, OH, B KOHQe KOHQOB, c aCT CBOH n03H-
QHH. KJIHMeHT OH eT O Toro, qTO pa3pellIHT HCnOJIh30BaTh
1 B 1303 r. npoTHBHHKH IIanhI PHMCKoro EOHH<PaQHfl VIII (1294-
1303 rr.) BO rl1aBe C nOCl1aHHHKOM <ppaHQY3cKoro KOpOl1fl <l>Hl1Hn-
na IV KpacHBoro fHl1hOMOM Horape BopBal1Hch B HTaJIhflHCKHH ropo-
OK AHaHhH H 3aXBaTHl1H nOHTH<pHKa B nl1eH. 3Ta aKQHfl 6hIl1a O HHM
H3 3TanOB 60ph6hI EOHH<PaQHfl VIII H <l>Hl1Hnna IV, HaqaBllIeHCfl H3-
3a HenoMepHhIx npHTfl3aHHH IIanhI, BH eBllIero ce6fl e HHCTBeHHhIM
rl1aBoH xpHcTHaHcKoro MHpa. <l>Hl1Hnn 06BHHHl1 EOHH<PaQHfl B pfl e
npecrynl1eHHH, HeCOBMeCTHMhIX C nanCKHM caHOM (B TOM qHCl1e H
y6HHcTBe npe hI y ero IIanhI, Qel1eCTHHa V). Qel1hlO 3aXBaTHBllIero
Ilany Horape 6hI110 npHBeCTH ero Ha 3ace aHHe Bcel1eHCKoro C060pa
H JIHllIHTh nanCKOH THaphI. BCKope Horape Hero CTOpOHHHKH 6hIl1H
BhIHYlK eHhI OTnYCTHTh IIany, HO OT nOTpflceHHfl EOHH<PaQHH VIII
CKOHqal1Cfl cnycTfl HeKoTopoe BpeMH. ,l];alKe nOCl1e cMepTH EOHH<PaQHfl
<l>HJIHnn IV Tpe60Bal1 OT ero npeeMHHKoB npo ol1lKHTh 06BHHHTel1h-
HhIH npoQecc npoTHB YMepllIero H JIHllIHTh ero xpHcTHaHcKoro norpe-
6eHHH. (IlpUMez. pea.)
62
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE,411Jl OP,4EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
nhITKH npH HHKBH3HTOpCKHX npoQeccax. C PyrOM: CTOpOHhI,
HOBhIM: IIana npOHBHT qpe3MepHYIO CHHCXO HTeJIhHOCTh, qpe3-
MepHYIO CKJIOHHOCTh K HenoTH3My 1 ; OH C eJIaeT Kap HHaJIaMH
TpeX qJIeHOB CBOeM: CeMhH: PaM:MOH a e fo, EepHapa e <l>ap-
)I{a H faM:Hpa e IIpeccaKa. HaKoHeQ, OH CJIHIlIKOM JIerKO no -
aCTCH llIaHTa)l{Y co CTOpOHhI KOpOJIH.
Ee3YCJIOBHO, MO)l{HO 06aBHTh B ero onpaB aHHe, qTO IIa-
na MyqHJICH OT 60JIH, KOTopaH nOqTH He OTnYCKaJIa ero: OH
cTpa aJI OT paKa KHllIeqHHKa H )I{eJIY Ka.
KOHTaKThI KJIHMeHTa V C op eHOM TaMnJIHepOB BOCXO HT
K HaqaJIY ero npaBJIeHHH. B KOHQe 1305 r. HJIH HaqaJIe 1306
IIana cneQHaJIhHO npH3hIBaJI BYX BeJIHKHX MarHcTpoB TaM-
nJIHepOB H rOCnHTaJIhepOB, qT06hI 06CY HTh C HHMH pa3JIHq-
HhIe BonpochI, KaCalOII(HeCH 060HX op eHoB, H oc06eHHo HX
yqacTHH B HOBOM KpecToBoM noxo e.
IIo 06II(eMY MHeHHIO, TaMnJIHephI H rOCnHTaJIhephI OJI)I{-
HhI 6hIJIH chIrpaTh Ba)l{HYIO pOJIh B BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH XPH-
CTHaHCTBa B IIaJIeCTHHe. EhIJIO cOBepllIeHHo He06xo HMO, qTO-
6hI IIana 06CY HJI 3TY TeMY C BeJIHKHMH MarHcTpaMH 060HX
op eHoB.
* * *
IIOJIyqHB npHrJIallIeHHe IIanhI, BeJIHKHM: MarHcTp XpaMa
)l(aK e MOJIe, HaxO HBIlIHM:CH Ha KHnpe, pellIHJI 060cHoBaTh-
CH B IIapH)I{e. OH nycTHJICH B nYTh C TeM 60JIhllIeM: CneIlIKOM:,
qTO y)l{e 3HaJI, qTO HMeHHO 3aMhIllIJIHJIOCh npoTHB op eHa BO
<l>paHQHH.
qTO KacaeTCH BeJIHKOrO MarHcTpa rOCnHTaJIhepOB <l>YJIhKa
e BHJIJIape, OH npHHec H3BHHeHHH 3a TO, qTO He MO)l{eT npHe-
xaTh BO <l>paHQHIO: OH 3a ep)l{aJICH Ha OCa)l{,n;eHHOM Po oce,
r e JIHqHO PYKOBO HJI BoeHHhIMH onepaQHHMH.
1 HenOTH3M - pa3 aqa BhIrO HhIX Ol1)1(HOCTeH H npHBHl1erHH
pO CTBeHHHKaM. (IlpUMez. pea.)
63
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,I1JI OP/l,EHA TAMnJII1EPOB
)l(aK ,n;e MOJIe npH6hIJI BO <PpaHQHIO B KOHQe aBrycTa
1306 r. CHaqaJIa OH oTnpaBHJICH B TIapH)I{, qT06hI OCTaHO-
BHThCH B pe3H,n;eHQHH TaMnJIHepOB (TaMnJIe). TaM OH He-
MHoro 3aMeIlIKaJICH, OTnpaBHBIlIHCh nonpHBeTCTBOBaTh KOpO-
JIH. IIpH ,n;Bope HHqTO He CMOrJIO 3aCTaBHTh ero nOBepHTh,
qTO OH Haxo,n;HJICH no,n; no,n;03peHHeM H qTO npOTHB op,n;eHa
3peJI 3arOBOp. B qeCTh Hero, BhICOKonOCTaBJIeHHOrO JIHQa,
paBHoro no THT)'JIY KHH31O, 6hIJI YCTpoeH npa3,n;HHK, H KOpOJIh
,n;a)l{e nOnpOCHJI ero CTaTh KpeCTHhIM OTQOM o,n;Horo H3 CBOHX
,n;eTeH.
3aTeM B COnpOBO)l{,n;eHHH llIeCTH,n;eCHTH phIQapeH )l(aK ,n;e
MOJIe HanpaBHJICH K IIyaThe, r,n;e IIana pa3MeCTHJI CBOH ,n;BOp.
KJIHMeHT V 6JIarO)l{eJIaTeJIhHO npHHHJI BeJIHKOrO MarHCTpa H
rOBOpHJI C HHM, B qaCTHOCTH, 0 nJIaHe, KOTOphIH OH BhIHaIlIH-
BaJI Y)I{e ,n;aBHO H KOTOphIH HMeJI OTHOllIeHHe K CJIHHHHIO ,n;BYX
BoeHHhIX op,n;eHOB TaMnJIHepOB H rOCnHTaJIhepOB.
OTBeqaH eMY, )l(aK ,n;e MOJIe COCJIaJICH Ha TO, qTO ero MOHa-
XH He nOJIyqHJIH 6JIarOCJIOBeHHH Ha CJIY)I{eHHe HHOMY YCTaBY,
KpOMe YCTaBa op,n;eHa XpaMa; K TO MY )I{e, K BeJIHKOMY B03MY-
II(eHHIO xpHCTHaH, Me)l{,n;y TaMnJIHepaMH H rOCnHTaJIhepaMH
MHO)l{HJIHCh CCOphI; nOMHMO 3Toro CJIHHHHe nOBpe,n;HJIO 6hI
6e,n;HHKaM, KOTOphIM nOMOraJI 6hI Teneph TOJIhKO O,n;HH op,n;eH;
H, HaKOHeQ, Kor,n;a HY)I{HO 6y,n;eT ynpa3,n;HHTh 3BaHHH H 06H-
3aHHOCTH, qT06hI 06'be,n;HHHTh HX, npe,n;CTOHJIO pa3pellIHTh
CJIHIlIKOM MHoro BonpOCOB, CBH3aHHhIX CO CTapIlIHHCTBOM.
)l(aK ,n;e MOJIe TaK)I{e CChIJIaJICH Ha TO, qTO YCTaB TaMnJIHepOB
6hIJI 60JIee CTporHM, qeM Y rOCnHTaJIhepOB: B CJIyqae CJIHHHHH
JIH60 nepBhIe ,n;OJI)I{HhI 6hIJIH nOHTH Ha YCTynKH, JIH60 BTOphIM
HY)KHO 6hIJIO 6hI H3MeHHTh YCTaB.
rOBOpH 06 3TOM nOCJIaHHH, P. <PaBThe nHllIeT, qTO 3TO «no-
cTynoK YMHoro H ynpHMoro qeJIOBeKa, ,n;06pOBOJIhHO OTKa3hI-
BalOlQerOCH CJIe OBaTh 06lQHM HHTepecaM, qT06hI HanpaBHTh
Bce CBOH nOMhICJIhI TOJIhKO Ha op eH, rJIaBOH KOToporo OH
HBJIHeTCH, H no KOphICTHhIM MaTepHaJIhHhIM npHqHHaM BhI-
cTynalOlQero npOTHB 06'be,n;HHeHHH ero K ,n;PyrHM no 06HhIM
64
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,I1JI OP/l,EHA TAMllJII1EPOB
oplaHU3at{UJl.M; 1. 3TO CY)I{ eHHe HeCnpaBe JIHBO. B peqH BeJIH-
KOrO MarHCTpa MHOrO 3 paBOrO CMhICJIa.
IIoCKOJIhKY MhI CY HM «a posteriori , MhI CKJIOHHhI CqHTaTh,
qTO CJIHHHHe 6hIJIO B BhICllIeH CTeneHH )I{eJIaTeJIhHO, yqHThIBaH
qTO, 6hITh MO)l{eT, OHO nOMOrJIO 6hI H36e)l{aTh KaTaCTpO<pHqe-
CKoro cy e6Horo npoQecca, 0 KOTOpOM nOH eT pa3rOBOp a-
JIee. Ho pa3Be HeB03MO)l{HO npe CTaBHTh, qTO, HanpHMep, Bpa-
)I{ a, BcnhIXHYBllIaH Me y BYMH op eHaM B IIaJIeCTHHe, JIHllIh
CJIa6hIe OTrOJIOCKH KOTOpOH OCTHrJIH 3ana HOH EBponhI, Mor-
JIa BHOBh pa3ropeThCH H Ha 3ana e, B pH ax HOBoro e HHoro
op eHa, KOTOphIH 6hIJI 60raT H HHqeM He 3aHHT? Teneph Y)I{e
Ba op eHa BhI3hIBaJIH nO 03peHHe: BHyrpeHHHe pa3 ophI, Ka-
)KeTCH, qpe3BhIqaHHO THrOTHJIH 3ana Hoe xpHCTHaHCTBO.
IIana )I{e BH eJI B 3TOM npoeKTe cpe CTBO nOJIO)l{HTh KOHeQ
06BHHeHHHM, KOTophIe KOpOJIh <PHJIHnn KpaCHBhIH BOT Y)I{e
HeCKOJIhKO MeCHQeB C06HpaJI npOTHB TaMnJIHepOB.
Kor a PHMCKHH IIana 3a aJI eMY Bonpoc 0 CBoeBpeMeHHO-
CTH B0306HOBJIeHHH CBHII(eHHOH BOHHhI, )l(aK e MOJIe BhI-
cTynHJI, CKopee, 3a TII(aTeJIhHO no rOTOBJIeHHOe MaCCHpOBaH-
Hoe HaCT)'nJIeHHe, qeM 3a C03 aHHe pa306II(eHHhIX BOHCK. ,lJ:JIH
OCYII(eCTBJIeHHH nJIaHa, no MHeHHIO MOJIe, nOTpe60BaJIOCh
6bI 15 000 phIQapeH H 50 000 neXOTHHQeB. HOBhIe KpecTo-
HOCQhI OJI)I{HhI 6hIJIH 6hI pacnOJIaraTh 60JIhllIHMH cy aMH
JIH nepeB03KH BOHCK. Ha pa3Be KY B BOCTOqHOe Cpe H3eM-
HOMophe 6hIJIa 6hI BhICJIaHa 3cKa pa, qT06hI YCTaHoBHTh 6JIo-
Ka y H npoH3Bo HTh OCMOTp ToproBhIx CY OB xpHcTHaH, KO-
TophIe 6e3 3a3peHHH COBeCTH cHa6)1{aJIH npO OBOJIhCTBHeM
HeBepHhIx. HaKoHeQ, 6hIJIa 6hI npoH3Be eHa BhIca Ka Ha
KHnpe, oTKy a KpeCTOHOCQhI BeJIH 6hI no roToBKY K 3aBep-
llIalOII(eMY BhIcT)'nJIeHHIO. Ha KOpOJIH KHnpa MO)l{HO 6hIJIO
paCCqHThIBaTh, 3aKJIIOqaJI MOJIe, HO B OTJIHQHe OT Toro, QTO
YMaJI llana, MOJIe CQHTaJI COlO3 C KOpOJIeM ApMeHHH MaJIO-
BepOHTHhIM.
1 Fawtier R. Histoire de L'Europe. Paris, 1940. T. VI.
65
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,IDI OP/l,EHA TAMIInI1EPOB
H CHOBa 3TO nOCJIaHHe Bh aeT qeJIOBeKa BeChMa 3 pa-
BOMhICJIHInerO, Cephe3HOrO H TaJIaHTJI BOrO. ECJIH OHeCe-
HHe MOJIe He CMOrJIH npHHHTh BO BHHMaHHe, TO 3TO nOTOMY,
qTO 06CTOHTeJIhCTBa JIH OTnpaBKH HOBoro noxo a Ha XPH-
CTHaHCKHe 3eMJIH JIeBaHTa CKna hIBaJIHCh KpaHHe He6JIaro-
npHHTHO.
* * *
KaKHM B 1306 r. 6hLn cOQHaJIhHhIH cTaTYc TaMnJIHepOB BO
<l>paHQHH? He 6hIJIH JIH OHH Bcero JIHIDh 60raThIMH BeJIhMO-
)I{aMH, 6e3,neJIhHHKaMH, 03a60qeHHhIMH TOJIhKO npoBe eHHeM
BhIrO HhIX <!>HHaHcoBhIX OnepaQHH? He 6hLnH JIH OHH Bcero
JIHIDh ToproBQaMH, ep)l{aInHMH JIaBKH Ha MOCTax, KaK 3TO
6hIJIO B HaHTe, r,ne OHH ocnapHBaJIH Y enHCKona ero npaBO Ha
TOprOBJIIO BHHOM?
QT06hI nOHHTh TY pOJIh 6aHKHpOB, KOTOpylO ChIrpaJIH PhI-
QapH-TaMnJIHephI, HY)I{HO BcnOMHHTh, qTO B cpe HHe BeKa
QepKBH H MOHaCThIpH CqHTaJIHCh caMhIM Ha,ne)l{HhIM MeCTOM
JIH nOMeIneHHH eHer H xpaHeHHH COKpOBHIn. IJ;epKoBHhIe
3 aHHH CqHTaJIHCh HenpHKOCHOBeHHhIMH. IIo 3TOH npHqHHe
OHH He TOJIhKO CJIY)I{HJIH y6e)l{HIneM, HO H CBoeH Ha e)l{HO-
CThlO npHBJIeKaJIH Bcex Tex, KTO HMeJI KaKHe-TO QeHHOCTH,
KOTophIe XOTeJI y6epeqh OT Kpa)l{H HJIH rpa6e)l{a. BepOHTHO,
3TY <pHHaHCOBYIO pOJIh, KOTOpylO HrpaJIH MOHaCThIpH, BoeHHO-
MOHarneCKHe op eHa HCnOJIHHJIH 60JIee CHCTeMaTHqeCKHM
06pa30M; HO O HH TOJIhKO TaMnJIHephI npeBpaTHJIH ee B npo-
<l>eccHOHaJIhHOe 3aHHTHe.
MhI Y)I{e CKa3aJIH, KaKHM 06pa30M 6JIarO apH MHOrOqHC-
JIeHHhIM apaM, orpOMHhIM 3aBeInaHHHM H OXO HhIM onepa-
QHHM op eH XpaMa CTaJI 06JIa aTeJIeM HeCMeTHoro 60raTcTBa.
O HaKo HX He BH)I{HMOe HMy ecTBo 6hIJIO ropa3 0 MeHhrne
Taro, qTO npHHa JIe)l{aJIO rOCnHTaJIhepaM H QHCTepQHaHQaM.
TaMnJIHephI BJIa,n;eJIH HeHCqHCJIHMhIMH 60raTCTBaMH H 6hIJIH
npeBOCXO HhIMH ynpaBJIHIOInHMH. Ee30naCHOCTh HX OMOB,
3. 3-992
66
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,HJl OP/l,EHA TAMIInI1EPOB
JIOBKOCTh npOBe eHHH TOprOBhIX C eJIOK, npaKTHqeCKaH CMeT-
Ka HX npe BO HTeJIeH - Bee 3TO cnoc06CTBOBaJIO pa3BHTHIO
OBepHH Tex, Y Koro 6hIJIH QeHHOCTH, KOTophIe CJIe OBaJIO nyc-
THTh B 060POT HJIH oxpaHHTh.
KOpOJIeBCKHe CY hH H YXOBHhIe JIHQa 06hIqHO nepe a-
BaJIH QepKBHM Te 60raTCTBa, BJIa eHHe KOTOphIMH MOrJIO
CTaTh npHqHHOH TH:>K6hI B HX cy ax. Ho OHH qaCTO npe no-
qHTaJIH OBepHTh CBoe HMYIneCTBO op eHY XpaMa, TaK KaK
nOCJIe HHH BHymaJI HM YBa:>KeHHe CBoeH BoeHHOH CHJIOH.
3HaqHTeJIhHhIe QeHHOCTH XpaHHJIHCh B KOMaH opCTBax TaM-
nJIHepOB, npeBpaIneHHhIX B HaCTOHInHe KpenOCTH. B 60JIh-
mHHCTBe KOMaH opCTB eHhrH nOMe aJIHCh Ha TeKYInHe cqe-
Ta. .OHH npHHOCHJIH OXO nocpe CTBOM Kpe HTOB, nepeBO-
OB H T. . TaMnJIHephI 6hIJIH YMeJIhIMH KOMHCCHOHepaMH, H
JIH HHX He CYIneCTBOBaJIO 60JIee HHKaKHX ceKpeTOB B CJIO:>K-
HOCTHX 6yxraJITepHH. KaK rOBOpHJIH, Y HflX 6hIJIO 60JIhme
Kap YJIHpHeB Ii 6yxraJITepCKHx KHHr, qeM OrMaTHqeCKHX
TpaKTaTOB. B IIapH)I{e TaMnJIHephI BJIa eJIH QeJIhIM KBapTa-
JIOM, OKpY)I{eHHOM 60JIOTaMH H OJIroe BpeMH HaXO HBmeMCH
3a ropo cKOH CTeHOH l . Hx BJIa eHHH OXBaThIBaJIH TpeTh ropo-
a. ,lJ:0 BeJIHKOH <PpaHQY3cKOH peBOJIIOQHH B KBapTaJIe TaMnJIh
qaCTO HaXO HJIH y6e:>KHIne npecrynHHKH HJIH HeCOCTOHTeJIh-
HhIe OJI:>KHHKH.
Op eH XpaMa B IIapH:>Ke 6hIJI KpynHhIM QeHTpOM ynpaBJIe-
HHH <pHHaHcaMH HaqHHaH C nepHo a npaBJIeHHH <PHJIHnna AB-
rYCTa o QapCTBOBaHHH <PHJIHnna KpacHBoro; TOqHO TaK :>Ke B
pe3H eHQHH op eHa TaMnJIHepOB B JIoH oHe HaXO HJIHCh He
TOJIhKO OXO hI HoaHHa Ee33eMeJIhHOrO H feHpHxa III, HO H
paroQeHHocTH aHrJIHHCKOH KOpOHhI.
PHMcKHe IIanhI npH6eraJIH K YCJIyraM xpaMoBHHKOB JIH
c60pa H yqeTa HaJIOrOB, B3HMaeMhIX IJ;epKoBhlO. Bee OMa
op eHa B EBpone HMeJIH CqeTa, OTKphIThIe Ha HMH IIanhI.
1 3TO HhIHemHM:H KBapTal1 Map3 M:11M: KBapTal1 TaMfil1h. (Ilpu-
Me'l. aBm.)
67
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,I1Jl OP/l,EHA TAMllJII1EPOB
TaMnJIHephI 06H3aHhI 6hIJIH C06HpaTh H HaKanJIHBaTh nOJIY-
qaeMhIe CYMMhI.
HecMoTpH Ha 3anpeT <PHJIHnna KpaCHBOrO, Be YII(erO 60ph-
6y C nanCTBOM, TaMnJIHephI OTnpaBHJIH B PHM B BH e BeKCe-
JIeH eHhrH, C06paHHhIe JIH IIanhI <ppaHQY3CKHM yxoBeH-
CTBOM.
TaMnJIHephI 3aHHMaJIHCh KaK nepeBO OM eHer, TaK H ca-
MhIMH CJIO)l{HhIMH <pHHaHCOBhIMH OnepaQHHMH. HanpHMep,
OHH nepeBO HJIH B JIeBaHT 06II(YIO CYMMY HaJIOrOB, c06-
paHHhIX JIH IIaJIeCTHHhI. aHH BeJIH TOprOBJIIO QeHHhIMH Me-
TaJIJIaMH.
COCTaBJIHH KOHKypeHQHIO eBpeHM H JIoM6ap QaM, OHH eII(e
O OT'be3 a H3 CBHTOH 3eMJIH COnepHHqaJIH C KpynHhlMH
HTaJIhHHCKHMH 6aHKaMH. YnpeKH, KOTOphIe OKOHqaTeJIhHO
O<pOpMHTCH BO BpeMH cy e6Horo npoQecca, y)l(e npo3ByqaJIH,
npaB,na, nOKa THXO, KOr a MOHaXH-COJI aThI eII(e Cpa)l{aJIHCh B
IIaJIeCTHHe 60K 0 60K C rOCnHTaJIhepaMH, KOTOphIe nO Bepra-
JIHCh TOH )l{e KpHTHKe, H60 Bee 3TH op eHhI B pa3HOH CTeneHH
3aHHMaJIHCb <pHHaHCOBOH eHTeJIhHOCTblO.
a HaKO TaMnJIHephI BepHO c.nY)I{HJIH <ppaHQY3CKOH KOpO-
JIeBCKOH BJIaCTH. .SIBJIHHCh B TeqeHHe 60JIee eTa JIeT xpaHHTe-
JIHMH KOpOJIeBCKOH Ka3HhI, OHH HeKHM 06pa30M npHHHMaJIH
aCTHe B MOHapXHqeCKOM npaBJIeHHH. I1CTOpHH KOpOJIeBCKOH
Ka3HhI OJIroe BpeMH 6y eT nepenJIeTaThCH C HCTopHeH Ka3HhI
op eHa (B TaMnJIe).
<PHJIHnn- ABrYCT OKa)l{eT HaHBhICllIee OBepHe TaMnJIHepaM,
nOCKOJIhKY, OTnpaBJIHHCh B KpeCTOBhIH noxo , KOpOJIh Ha3Ha-
qHT CBOHM YllIenpHKa3qHKOM 6paTa 3Mapa, Ka3HaqeH XpaMa.
E e B 1304 r., 3a HeCKOJIhKO MeCHQeB o HaqaJIa npoQecca
caM <l>HJIHnn KpacHBbIH aCT op eHY XpaMa rpaMoTY, rapaH-
THPYIO YIO eMY nO ep)l{KY H npHBHJIerHH. 3TH nHChMa HY)I{-
HO nOHHMaTh KaK Harpa y 3a TY n03HQHIO, KOTOpylO TaMnJIHe-
pbI 3aHHJIH B KOH<pJIHKTe Me)l{ Y EOHH<paQHeM VIII H <PHJIHn-
nOM KpaCHBhIM. B HIOHe 1303 r. TaMnJIHephI, B JIHQe ryro e
ITeHpo, AOCMoTp HKa <l>paHQHH, aJIH 06elQaHHe 3a H aTb
68
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,I1Jl OP/l,EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
KOpOJIH OT TIanbI. If OHH nOTpe60BaJIH C03bIBa C060pa 1 . C PY-
rOH CTOpOHbI, Koe-KTO YTBep)l{ aeT, qTO TaMnJIHepbI 3aKJIlOqH-
JIH COrJIallIeHHe C TIanoH K 60JIbllIOMY Hey oBOJIbCTBHIO <I>H-
JIHnna. KaK 6bI TO HH 6bIJIO, nOXO)l{e, qTO Y)I{e Tor a KOpOJIb
3aXOTeJI H36aBHTbCH OT op eHa TaMnJIHepOB.
BepOHTHO, ynpa3 HeHHe op eHa 6bIJIO HaBH3aHO KJIHMeH-
1)' V KaK YCJIOBHe ero H36paHHH; npOH3011IJIO 3TO BO BpeMH
OJIrHX MeCHQeB Me YQapCTBHH, npOTeKIlIHX Me)l{ Y CMep-
TblO EeHe HKTa XI (7 HIOJIH 1304 r.) H H36paHHeM KJIHMeHTa
(5 HIOHH 1305 r.).
TIonbITKH 06'bHCHHTb Bpa)l{,n;e6HocTb KOpOJIH 6bIJIH T eT-
HbI: HO CJIe yeT nOCTOHHHO nOMHHTb 0 TOM, qTO KOpOJIb C
TPY OM nepeHOCHJI <pHHaHCOBoe BMellIaTeJIbCTBO TaMnJIHepOB
B eJIa Ka3HbI.
C 1295 no 1303 r. TaMnJIHepbI He 6Y YT ynpaBJIHTb rocy-
apCTBeHHOH Ka3HOH. Ho nonbITKa KOpOJIH B3HTb eJIa B CBOH
PYKH He npHHecJIa XOpOIlIHX pe3YJIbTaTOB, H KJIlOqH OT Ka3Ha-
qeHCTBa BepHYJIHCb K 6paTY - Ka3HaqelO op eHa XpaMa. <I>H-
JIHnn KpaCHBbIH CHOBa ,n;OKa3aJI CBOIO nOJIHYIO HeKOMneTeHT-
HOCTb B <pHHaHCOBbIX Bonpocax. O HaKO 3TOT ypOK BCKope
6bIJI 3a6hIT. AJIqHOCTh 3arJIYllIHT rOJIOC pa3YMa, He B 06H,n;y
6Y b CKa3aHO npHBep)l{eHQaM TOTaJIHTapHOro Te3Hca, KOTO-
pbIe B COOTBeTCTBHH C TeM, qTO He06xo HMO JIH HX ,n;eJIa, TO
YTBep)l{,n;aIOT, qTO <l>HJIHnn KpaCMBbIH 6hIJI 6ecnpHCTpaCTeH,
TO rOBopHT, qTO, c,n;ep)l{HBaH ce6H, OH COBepllIHJI 6hI 0IlIH6KY.
Ho 06paTHMCH K <paKTaM.
1 I1MeeTcH B BH Y Bcel1eHcKHH co6op, KOTOphIH <l>Hl1Hnn IV Kpa-
CHBhIH XOTel1 C03BaTh l1H cy a Ha TIanoH EOHH<paQHeM VIII. (Ilpu-
Mez. pea.)
fJlaBa II.
06BHHEHHE
KaKOBhI 6hIJIH npHqHHhI 06BHHeHHH, BhI BHHYThIX npOTHB
Op eHa TaMnJIHepOB?
I1CTOpHKH CXO HTCH BO MHeHHHX, npHnHChIBaH nepBhIe
«pa306JIaqeHHH )I{HTeJIIO Ee3he 1 no HMeHH 3CKeH e <PJIOHpaH
HJIH 3CKhe e <PJIyapaH H TaMnJIHepY-OTCT}'nHHKY, KOTOphIM,
KaK rOBopHT, 6hIJI npHOp MOH<pOKOHa B npOBHHQHH TyJIY3hI.
BOT KaK HK06hI Bee npOH3011IJIO.
3TO 6hIJIO B HaqaJIe 1305 r. 3aKnlOqeHHhIe B TIOPhMY 3a
«orpoMHhIe npecT}'nJIeHHH, OHH OKa3aJIHCh B O HOH KaMepe.
IIpHop 6hIJI ocy eH BeJIHKHM MarHcTpoM Ha nO)l{H3HeHHoe
3aKJIIOqeHHe 3a epech H He ocToHHhIH 06pa3 )I{H3HH. Ero TOBa-
pHII(a no KaMepe HK06hI npHrOBOpHJI K cTporoMY HaKa3aHHIO
npeBo IIapH)I{a. 06a OHH XOTeJIH npHroToBHThCH K cMepTH, HO
nOCKOJIhKY B T}' 3noxy npecTynHHKoB He onYCKaJIH K TaHHCT-
BY HcnOBe H, no pacnpOCTpaHeHHOMY B TO BpeMH 06hIqalO,
KaK H B CJIyqae onaCHOCTH, OHH HcnOBe aJIHCh Pyr pyry.
I1cnoBe h TaMnJIHepa HK06bI npHBeJIa rOpO)l{aHHHa B Ta-
Koe HerO OBaHHe, qTO OH H3BeCTHJI 06 3TOM KOpOJIeBCKOro
qHHOBHHKa H no06eII(aJI C eJIaTb ceHcaQHOHHoe pa306JIaqe-
HHe, eCJIH eMY apYIOT cB060 y. KaK OH YTBep)l{ aJI, xpaHH-
MhIH: HM ceKpeT HMeJI TaKoe 3HaqeHHe, qTO JIH KOpOJIH OH 6hIJI
] Ee3he J3 HCTOpHH Toro BpeMeHH OKpYJKeH MpaqHhIM ope0110M. 3a
CTO l1eT o 3Toro B HlOl1e 1209 r. BO BpeMH KpecToBoro noxo a npoTHB
aJIh6HroHQeB ropo CTal1 CBH eTel1eM 3HaMeHHToH pe3HH. I1MeHHo B
Ee3he B 1297 r. HHKBH3HQHH 06BHHI1lIa Kopol1eBcKHx qHHOBHHKOB B
epecH. (npUMez. aBm.)
70
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,HJl OP/l,EHA TAMIIJIl1EPOB
Ba)l{Hee 3aBOeBaHHH HOBOrO KOpOJIeBCTBa. O HaKO TOJIhKO
JIHIIIh KOpOJIh MOr ero YCJIhIIIIaTh. )l(eJIaHHe 3aKJIIOqeHHOrO
6hIJIO Y OBJIeTBOpeHO, H no npHKa3Y <1>HJIHnna KpaCHBoro ero
OTnpaBHJIH B TIapH)I{. KOpOJIh no06eII(aJI 3TOMY t.JeJIOBeKY He
TOJIhKO nOJIHYIO aM.HHCTHIO, HO H KpynHoe B03Harpa eHHe.
TIo PyroH BepCHH, 3CKhe e <1>JIyapaH HJIH e <1>JIOHpaH
6YATO 6hI HBHJICH B nepH Y, t.JT06hI BCTpeTHThCH C KOpOJIeM
XaHMe II AparoHcKHM, KOTOphIH BeChMa CKenTHt.JeCKH OTHeCCfI
K 3aHBJIeHHIO OHOCt.JHKa, XOTH H no06eII(aJI eMY Harpa y B
3000 JIHBpOB H ro oBoH OXO B 1000 JIHBpOB, eCJIH ero 06BH-
HeHHH nO,ltTBep HTCH. Tor a 3CKhe e <1>JIyapaH OTnpaBHJICH
BO <1>paHQHIO, r e OH 06'bHBHJI <1>HJIHnny KpaCHBOMY, t.JTO TaM-
nJIHephI 6hIJIH BHHOBHhI He TOJIhKO B nhHHCTBe }1 pacnYTCTBe I ,
HO caMoe rJIaBHOe - B H,ltOJIOnOKJIOHHHt.JecTBe. TIp" npHHHTHH
B op eH OHH OTpeKaJIHCh OT XpHCTa H nJIeBaJIH Ha paCIIHTHe.
K TOMY )I{e MHorHe H3 HHX TaHHO npHHHJIH MYCYJIhMaHCKYIO
Bepy. HaKoHeQ, HX 06BHHHJIH B TOM, t.JTO OHH npe aJIH eJIO
xpHCTHaH Ha CBHTOH 3eMJIe.
TIO,ItnaBIIIHCh aTMoccpepe He OBepHH, QapHBIIIeH npH BO-
pe, KOpOJIh OXOTHO npHCJIYIIIHBaJICH KO BceMY, t.JTO MOrJIO 6bI
no opBaTh OBepHe K TaMnJIHepaM. OH 3aBH OBaJI HX BJIHH-
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JIH ero Ka3HY, a yp0)l{aH BOT Y)I{ HeCKOJIhKO JIeT 6hIJIH nJIOXH-
MH. HY)I{eH 6hIJI K03eJI OTnYII(eHHH, t.JT06hI OTBeCTH OT ce6H
rHeB Hapo a. 06BHHeHHH, BhI BHHYThIe npOTHB TaMnJIHepOB,
npHIIIJIHCh Ot.JeHh KCTaTH.
* * *
OTHhIHe BHHOBHOCTh TaMnJIHepOB CTaHeT HaBH3t.JHBOH H e-
eH KOpOJIH. ,l];a)l{e B CJIe.ltYIOII(eM 1306 r., KOr.lta OH 6y.lteT YKPbI-
BaThCH B pe3H.lteHQHH XpaMa (TaMnJIe), t.JT06hI H36e)l{aTh rHe-
Ba HapO.lta, He.ltOBOJIhHOrO 06ecQeHHBaHHeM .lteHer, <1>HJIHnn
1 Y)I{e Tor a CYl..QeCTBOBaJIO BhIpa)l{eHHe nHTh KaK TaMnJIHep», a B
repMaHHH CJIOBO TempeZhaus 03HaQanO ny6JIHQHhIH OM. (JIpUMez. aBm.)
71
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,I1Jl OP/l,EHA TAMIInI1EPOB
KpaCHBhIH 06BHHHT X03HeB OMa B TOM, qTO 3TO OHH pa30-
)l(rJIH MHTe)l{. TOJIhKO 3TH Me)l{ YHapO HhIe cpHHaHCHCThI, no
pa3YMeHHIO HaCTpoeHHoro npOTHB HHX KOpOJIH 6hIJIH 3aHHTe-
peCOBaHhI B TOM, qT06hI eHe)l{HhIH KYpC 6hIJI cTa6HJIhHhIM, a
HaJIOrH, CTaBIIIHe npHqHHOH HapO Horo BOCCTaHHH, YMeHhIIIa-
JIHCh. BnpOqeM, YMaJI KOpOJIh, TaMnJIHephI OJI)I{HhI 6hIJIH 6hI
ero 3aII(HTHTh: Y HHX 6hIJIO opY)I{He H BoeHHaH HCQHnJIHHa,
KOTophIe nOMOrJIH 6hI HM npOTHBOCTOHTh MHTe)l{Y.
TIOJIHhIH 3JI06hI H 3aBHCTH, <1>HJIHnn KpaCHBhIH nOKHHYJI
OM XpaMa. EMY npHIIIJIOCh MOJIqaJIHBO COrJIaCHTbCH C TeM,
QTO op eH TaMnJIHepOB 6hIJI rOTOB K 060pOHe JIyqIIIe TpOHa, H
Mor npe OCTaBHTh Ha e)l{HOe y6e)l{HII(e. OH BOOq,HIO YBH eJI
6JIeCK H MorYII(eCTBO Tex, Koro CqHTaJI BHYTpeHHHMH Bpara-
MH C Toro caMoro HH, KaK eMY 6hIJIO OTKa3aHO BO BcrynJIeHHH
B op eH. KaKYIO QeJIh npeCJIe OBaJI Tor a <1>HJIHnn KpaCHBhIH,
BhI BHraH CBOIO KaH H aTYPY? OqeBH HO, OH paCCqHThIBaJI
nO qHHHTh ce6e op eH XpaMa H HCnOJIh30BaTh ero. KOpOJIh
6e3 Tpy a 06HJICH 6hI THTYJIa BeJIHKOrO MarHCTpa, H 3Ta Y-
XOBHaH BJIaCTh aJIa 6hI eMY B03MO)l{HOCTh CKphIThIM 06pa30M
BMeIIIHBaThCH B nOJIHTHKY coce HHX CTpaH. OTKa3 np06Y HJI B
HeM rJIYxylO 3JI06y, H OH 6hIJI rOTOB npHCJIYIIIaThCH He TOJIhKO
K CnJIeTHHM He 06po)l{eJIaTeJIeH H3 Hapo a, HO H B oc06eHHO-
CTH K H3MhIIIIJIeHHHM, ccpa6pHKOBaHHhIM ero c06CTBeHHhIMH
npH6JIH)I(eHHhIMH, cpaHaTHKaMH KOpOJIeBCKOro a6COJIIOTH3Ma.
TIo HX CJIOBaM, TaMnJIHephI He npHHHJIH KOpOJIH B CBOH
pH hI H He 3aII(HTHJIH ero OT HapO Horo rHeBa nOTOMY, qTO
BhIHaIIIHBaJIH no phIBHhIe H eH. Horape, ,lJ;106ya I H npOqHe
1 Horape, fHl1hOM (OK. 1270-1313) - l1erHCT H npH611H)I{eHHhIH
<ppaHQY3CKoro KOpOl1fl <I>Hl1Hnna IV. I1rpal1 3HaQHTel1hHYlO pOl1h B
KOH<pl1HKTe KOpOl1fl C TIanoH EOHH<paQHeM VIII H npoQecce TaMnl1He-
pOB; ,lI;106ya, IIhep (OK. 1250 - nOCl1e 1321) - l1HQeHQHaT KaHOHHQe-
CKoro npaBa, Kopol1eBcKHH a BOKaT B 6al1hfl)l{e KYTaHca. ABTOp MHO-
rOQHCJIeHHhIX TpaKTaToB, r e OH paTOBaJI 3a YBeJIHQeHHe Kopol1eB .
CKHX npeporaTHB Ha TeppHTopHH Bcero KOpOJIeBCTBa H MeQTal1 06
YCTaHOBl1eHHH rereMOHHH <ppaHQY3cKoro KOpOl1fl <I>Hl1Hnna IV Ha
BceM xpHCTHaHcKHM MHpOM. (JIpUMez. peiJ.)
72
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfEJ!HJl OP,!{EHA TAMllAHEPOB
COBeTHHKH JIerKO cyMeJIH BHymHTb KOpOJIIO MbICJIb H 3aCTa-
BHTb ero nOBepHTb, qTO TaMnJIHepbI >KeJIaJIH 3aMeHHTb MOHap-
XHqeCKOe npaBHTeJIbCTBO pecny6JIHKaHCKHM H qro OHH C .nep-
30CTbIO rOBopHnH 0 KopoJIe Hero MHHHcrpax, oco6eHHO 0
AHreppaHe l(e MapHHhH 1 . Y>K He C06HpaJIHCb JIH TaMnJIHepbI
C03l(aTb rocy,napCTBO B rOCYl(apCTBe, KaK TeBTOHCKHe phlQapH
B fepMaHHH? OHH HMeJIH 06bIKHOBeHHe BMeWHBaTbCH B nOJIH-
THqeCKHe l(ena. B KOH<I>JIHKTe, B03HHKmeM Me)l(l{Y AH)KyHCKHM
H AparOHCKHM KOpOJIeBCKHMH l(HHaCTHHMH 2 , OHH npHHHJIH
CTOPOHY nOCJIel(Hero. OHH MOrJIH CTaTb cy,nbHMH Been EBPO-
nbI, 3TH nOJIHbIe BbICOKOMepHH pbIQapH, HeKor,na CKa3aBWHe
KoponIO AHrJIHH: BbI 6y,neTe KopoJIeM pOBHO CTOJIbKO,-CKOJlb-
KO 6y,neTe cnpaBel(JIHBbIM!
B rJIa3aX HX KJIeBeTHHKOB TaMnJIHepbI npOBo,nHJIH ,neMaro-
rHqeCKYIO nOJIHTHKY, c06HpaH BOKpyr ce6H CJIa6blX H He,no-
BOJIbHbIX. Me>K,l{y TeM, KaK MO>KHO 6bIno COBMeCTHTb 3Ty MHH-
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TeJIhHbIM nOBel(eHHeM, B KOTOpOM C pyroH CTOpOHbI ynpeKaJIH
TaMD1IHepOB, 06BHHHeMbIX B TOM, qTO OHH HapymHlIH 06bIqaH -
eCJIH He 3aKOHbI - npOTHB POCKOWH H qpe3MepHbIX paCXOl(OB,
B TO BpeMH KaK KOpOJIb 6bIJI 6e eH?.. 1160 TaK Ha3hIBaeMaH
HJIH HCTHHHaH 6e HocTb KOpOJIH <1>paHQHH H JIe>KHT B OCHO-
Be CJIO)l(HOrO eJIa, KOTopoe HaM npe CTOHT 3 eCb pacnYTaTb.
Y)I{e B 1305 r. KOpOJIIO npHIIIJIOCb HcnpaIIIHBa'tb Cy6CH HIO
JIH Y1<penJIeHHH MOHeTbI, nOKa 011 He npHKa3aJI H3rHaTh eBpeeB,
qT06hI 3aBJIa eTb HX HMYII(eCTBOM. KOpOJIh Mor 6bI B3HThCH 3a
rOCnHTaJIhepOB, KOTophIe 6hIJIH 60raqe, qeM TaMnJIHephI, HO
1 AHreppaH, ceHhOp MapHHhH (yM. 1315) - KaMeprep <l>HJIHnna IV
KpacHBoro Hero npH6JIIDKeHHhIH COBeTHHK, B 1311-1314 rr. ocy e-
CTBJIflJI PYKOBO CTBO BHeIlIHeH nOJIHTHKOH KOPOJI BCTBa, a B 1314 r. -
KOHTpOJIHpOBaJI <pHHaHcoBYIO nOJIHTHKY rocy apCTBa. (JIpUMez. peiJ.)
2 Peqh H eT 0 KOH<pJIHKTe HeanOJIHTaHCKHX KOpOJIeH H3 AH)I(YH-
CKOH HHaCTHH H aparOHCKHX KOpOJIeH, C 1282 r. ocnapHBaBIlIHx Pyr
Y Pyra BJIaCTh Ha CHQHJIHeH. <l>paHQY3cKHe KOpOJIH, KOTOphIM npa-
BHTeJIH AH)I{yHCKOH HHaCTHH npHXO HJIHCh 6JIH3KHMH pO CTBeHHH-
KaMH, nOMep)l{HBaJIH HX B 6oph6e npoTHB aparoHQeB. (JIpUMez. peiJ.)
73
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE,!{I1.H OP,!{EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
op eH rocnHTanhepOB Bee e e npO OJI>KaJI BeCTH aKTHBHbIe
60eBble eHCTBHH. rOCnHTaJIbepbI rOTOBHJIHCb OC HTh OcrpOB
Po OC. B rJIa3aX 061I(eCTBeHHOCTH JIyqwe 6bIJIO 6bI 06pymHTb
ynpeKH Ha OqeBH HO 6eCnOJIe3HbIH op eH.
IIpe CTaBJIHJIaCb npeKpaCHaH B03MO>KHOCTb HaHeCTH CHJIb-
HbIH y ap H OCTaBHTb H3 MHJIOCTb KOpOJIeBCKOH BJIaCTH 3THX
C03 aIOIQHX Hey,no6CTBa no.n.naHHbIX. Tenepb, qTo6bI no,nQH-
HHTh ce6e op.neH, KOpOJIIO y)l(e He HY)l(HO 6bIJIO npOCHTb npH-
HHTb ero B CBOH pH,ltbI. BOJIbWe He 6bIJIO He06xo,l(HMOCTH
nO KynaTb Hapo,nHbIX COqHHHTeJIeH 1 HJIM KpaCHOpeqHBbIX
1 TaK, HanpHMep, MapcenbCKHH n03T POCTaH BepeHrbep COIlHHHJI
campINeCKHe KYDJleTbI npoTHS TaMnnHepOB. O HaKO CJle YeT 3aMe-
THTb, liTO TJ>y6a,nypbI, TaK JlI06flInHe 06nHQaTb B CBome cupseHmax
YXOBeHCTBO H ceHbopoB, HHKor a He el1a.nH TaMnJIHepOB CBoeH MH-
meHblO. 3TO HeocnopHMO CBH.neTeJlbCTByeT B nOJlb3Y op eHa. CTOHT
l1H rOBOpHTh 0 «nponaraH e B npeCce», npOBO HMOH no COrJlaCOBa-
HHIO C BbICWHMH KpyraMH? KaK yrBep a.nOCb, <l>paHcya e PIO, npe-
eMHHK )KaHa e MeHa, HanHcan no npHKa3Y <l>Hl1Hnna KpaCHBoro
CaTHpHqeCKHH pOMaH 0 4>o8eJle, BbICMeHBalOInHH TaMnJIHepOB, HO TaK-
)l{e H IIany PHMCKoro, H HHIneHCTBYIOInHe op eHbI. C110BO «ljJ08eJlb»
flK06bI 03Ha1laJlO «6aljJoMem» , 0 KOTOpOM MbI paCCKIDKeM a.nee. 3T0
O HO H3 MHOrOqHCl1eHHbIX YTBep)l{ eHHH, KOTopble He 6bIJlH npOBepe-
HhI KOMMeHTaTopaMH npoQecca. <l>oBel1b - 3TO 110III b pbI)I{eH MaCTH,
KaK CBH eTel1bCTByeT BbIpa)l{eHHfl, ynOTpe611fleMbIe B XIII B.: «oce -
JIaTh, qHCTHTb cKpe6HHQeH, BhITHpaTb cpOBeJIh», 03HaqaBiliHe «noMo
nocrynHTb, 06Ha e)l{HTb H 06MaHYTb».
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HflLQHXCfl no CTHJIIO. IIepBafl aTHpyeTcfl 1310 r., BTopafl - 1314.
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IIapH, nOXO)l{e, qTO nepBYIO KHHry HanHcal1 pyroH aBTop. OHa co ep-
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paM, eCflTh H3 HHX, KaK Ka)l{eTCfl, 6bIJIH BCTaBJIeHbI B nepBOHaqaJIb-
HhIH TeKCT. ABTOp nepBOH KHHrH - 3TO HeKHH KJIHpHK, CHJIbHO 3a60-
THLQHHCfl 0 npHBHJIerHflX QepKBH, He pacnOJIO)l{eHHhIH onpaB bIBaTh
<l>HnHnna KpaCHBoro H IIany KJIHMeHTa V, Tor a KaK TOT qeJIOBeK,
qTO eJIaJI BCTaBKH B ero TeKCT (Me)l{ Y 1310 H 1314 rr.), BceQeJIO
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qero 06LQero C Te3HCOM JIaHrcpopa, H3 aBiliero «POMaH 0 (/)08eJle» H
CKJIOHHOrO npHnHCbIBaTb aBTopCTBO 06eHx KHHr O HOMY qe110BeKY.
ECJIH Ta qaCTh, r e rOBopHTCfl 0 TaMnl1Hepax, flBJIfleTCfl 06aBl1eHHeM
B TeKCT - XOTfl HHqTO 3Toro He OKa3bIBaeT, - 3TO MOrJIO 6bI 6bITb
74 t
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opaTopOB, qT06hI OqepHHTh HeHaBH HMhIH Op eH. KneBeTa
3anOJIOHHT <1>paHQHIO. DHa COe HHHT BOe HHO H KOBapHhIe
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CKOJIhKO JIeT paCnpOCTpaHHeMhIe H3 3JI06hI H 3aBHCTH CnJIeT-
HH, npeBpaTHB HX B KOHKpeTHhIe 06BHHeHHH. HecMoTpH Ha
nOnhITKH BOCCTaHOBHTh penYTaQHIO, TaMnJIHephI OCTaJIHCh OT-
MeqeHhI neqaThlO 6eCqeCThH. TIhITKH, npH KOTOphIX 60JIhIIIHH-
CTBO H3 HHX norH6JIo, He CMOIOT n030pa, KOTOphIM HX nOKphI-
JIH KOpOJIeBCKaH aJIqHOCTh H HapO HaH xYJIa. TIpeCJIe yeMhIe
TaMnJJHephI OTHIO h He 6Y YT CqHTaThCH MyqeHHKaMH. Ha-
pO HaH MOJIBa 6bIJIa rOTOBa nOMep)KaTh CYIQeCTBOBaBIIIee Y)I{e
OJIroe BpeMH HecnpaBe JIHBOe CY)K eHHe 0 TaMnJIHe.pax. Ec-
JIH cpe H nOCJIe HHX H 6hIJIH xpa6phIe COJI .aThI H OTBa)KHhIe
3aIQHTHHKH CBHTOH 3eMJIH, TO Ha 3ana e HX HHKor a He
BH eJIH, a 06 HX nO BHrax, KOTophIe 6hIJIH, BnpOqeM, Heocno-
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6paThHMH no 0pY)KHIO - rOCnHTaJIhepaMH.
Bee rOBOpHJIH: pa3Be TaMnJIHephI He npe JIH eJIO KpeCTO-
BhIX nOXO OB, BcrynHB B crOBOp C MYCYJIhMaHaMH? K TOMY )Ke
OHH 06JIa aJIH CJIHIIIKOM 60JIhIIIHMH npHBHJIerHHMH H, He-
CMOTpH Ha HX 60raTCTBO, C06HpaJIH HaJIOrH B YII(ep6 HHII(eHCT-
BYIOIQHM op eHaM. TIOMHMO 3Toro HX C60PIQHKH nO)KepTBO-
BaHHH BeJIH nopoH He ocToHHhIH 06pa3 )KH3HH.
3 ech CJIe yeT C eJIaTh ynop Ha TOM, qTO npHHHTHe B op eH
TaMnJIHepOB CJIHIIIKOM qaCTO npOXO HJIO C npHCKop6HOH He-
pa360pqHBOCThlO. B oc06eHHOCTH CJIY)I{HTeJIH 3aqacrylO 6hIJIH
HaCTOHII(HMH BHCeJIhHHKaMH. TI03TOMY B 1207 r. I1HHoKeHTHH
III BhIcTynHJI npoTHB TeH eHQHH TaMnJIl:lepOB npHHHMaTh B
op eH «nepBoro nonaBIIIerOCH 6po Hr COrJIaCHOrO nJIaTHTh
e110M PYK qe110BeKa OrpaHHqeHHOrO, KOTOphIH, KaK H MHorHe py-
rHe, BepHl1 06BHHeHHflM, BhI BHHYThIM npOTHB TaMnl1HepOB . B 1110-
60M cl1yqae «POMaH 0 (/)OBelle» He MO)l{eT CqHTaThCfl naM<pl1eTOM,
HHcnHpHpOBaHHhIM <l>Hl1HnnoM KpaCHBhIM: OH He flBl1fleTCfl qaCThlO
«nponaraH hI B npecce , KOTopafl, no cl1yxaM, 6hIl1a opraHH30BaHa
npHcneIlIHHKaMH KOpOl1fl. (IlpUMez. aBm.)
75
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,I1JI OP/l,EHA TAMILnI1EPOB
HM Ba-TpH eHhe B ro ». TIOMHMO 3Toro, no CJIOBaM 3Toro )I{e
TIanhI phIQapH CJIHIIIKOM JIerKO aBaJIH pa3peIIIeHHe Ha XPH-
CTHaHCKoe norpe6eHHe OTJIyqeHHbIX.
CnYCTH nOJIBeKa, B 1265 r. C060p B ApJIe C npHcKop6HeM
rOBOpHJI 06 oCB060)l{ eHHH OT HaJIOrOB, KOTOphIM rOp HJIHCh
JIIO H, 3aHBJIHIOII(He 0 CBoeH npHHa JIe)l{HOCTH K op eHY, a)l{e
He HOCH ero o eHHHH.
KaCaTeJIhHO CJIY)I{HTeJIeH CJIe yeT 3aMeTHTh, qTO nOCKOJIh-
KY OHH 6hIJIH HH3Koro npOHCXO)l{ eHHH, phIQapH 06paII(aJIHCh
C HHMH BhICOKOMepHO, H qTO 3TO CTaJIO HCTOqHHKOM MHoro-
qHCJIeHHhIX npOHBJIeHHH Bpa e6HOCTH. CJIyrH, nOKHHYBIIIHe
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CTOHHHO OqepHHH HX.
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II(HKaMH pa3 opOB H JIOBHJIH phI6y B MyrHOH Bo e; KaK noro-
BapHBaJIH, OHH B1>e3)1{aJIH B ropo a, HaXO HII(HeCH no HHTep-
HKTOM, qT06hI BHOBh OTKphITh TaM QepKBH. 3TOT pHCKOBaH-
HhIH IIIar npHHOCHJI HM 6JIarO apHOCTh Hapo a, KOTOphIH
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BHHHOCTH. TIana 6hIJI BhIHY)l{ eH BhIcrynHTh npOTHB 3THX
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* * *
qTO CKa3aTh 0 peBHHBO 06eperaeMOH TaMnJIHepaMH TaHHe,
KOTOpOH OHH OKpY)l{aJIH npHHHTHe B op eH HOBhIX 6paTheB?
ECJIH BepH OXpaHHJIHCh, eCJIH BOKpyr OMa XpaMa H a)l{e Ha
ero KphIIIIax CTOHJIH qaCOBhIe, 3HaqHT, TaM npOHCXO HJIO He-
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H. TaK pO)l{ aJIHCh JIereH hI.
HeKOTophIe aBTophI CBH3hIBaJIH ceKpeT TaMnJIHepOB C MOJI-
qaHHeM, KOTopoe npe nHChIBaJIa OKKYJIhTHaH HaYKa. ,lJ;JIH CO-
xpaHeHHH MarHqeCKOH CHJIhI B aHTHqHhIe BpeMeHa BO Bcex
IlIKOJIaX nOCBHIQeHHhIX H B nOCJIe YIOIQHe BeKa BO Bcex TaH-
HbIX 06IQeCTBaX npe nHChIBaJIOCh CTporoe MOJIqaHHe.
76
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,I1Jl OP/l,EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
TaHHY, KOTOpaH OKpY)I{aJIa Op eH XpaMa, cpaBHHBaJIH He
TOJIhKO C ceKpeTOM cppaHKMaCOHOB, HO H npHnHChIBaJIH MarH-
qeCKHH xapaKTep 3anpeTY pa3rJIamaTh QepeMOHHaJI npHHHTHH
B op eH HenOCBHII(eHHhIM. fH6eJIh op eHa XpaMa HK06hI npo-
H30mJIa, no CJIOBaM HeKOTophIX, H3-3a Toro, qTO 6hIJIH Hapy-
meHhI TaHHhIe 3aKOHhI op eHa: HanpHMep, rOBOpHJIH, qTO 6hIJIO
pa3rJIameHO erHneTCKoe npOHCXO)l{ eHHe cpOp, MYJI npOH3HO-
CHMhIX npH BCTynJIeHHH B op eH, KOTophIe 6hIJIH B xo y B
HeKOTophIX KOMaH opCTBax. QHcTaH rHnOTe3a JII06HTeJIeH
TaHH... HHqTO He OKa3hIBaeT, qTO TaMnJIHephI BhIHeCJIH C Boc-
TOKa KaKoe-TO 330TepHqeCKOe yqeHHe. Ha HeKoTophIX H3 HHX
MOrJIH OKa3aTh BJIHHHHe MHCTHqeCKHe 6paTcTBa JIeBaHTa HJIH
ceKThI, Bpo e accaCHHOB, HO, OqeBH HO, peqh mJIa 0 e HHHq-
HhIX CJIyqaHx.
B KOHeqHOM CqeTe, JIerKOBepHhIH Hapo CqHTaJI TaMnJIHe-
pOB xpaHHTeJIHMH KaKHX-TO ceKpeToB, JIH Hac npOCTO CMexo-
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eHHhIH B pa3BaJIHHaX xpaMa COJIOMOHa. 3TOT CYH YK HK06hI
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3 eCh 6hIJIH c06paHhI Bee 06BHHeHHH, KOTophIe nOpO HJIO Ha-
HBHoe Cpe HeBeKOBhe.
* * *
fIo nOBO y YCTaBa, HK06hI HeH3BeCTHoro 60JIhmHHCTBY
6paTheB, mJIH TaHHCTBeHHhIe H TpeBO)l{HbIe pa3rOBophI, KaK,
HanpHMep, CJIOBa, npHnHChIBaeMhIe O HOMY TaMnJIHepy: « Y Hac
eCTh nyHKThI, KOTophIe 3HalOT TOJIhKO Eor, hHBOJI H MhI, 6paThH
op eHa». OqeBH HO O HO: TO, qTO TaMnJIHephI, KaK, BnpOqeM,
H rOCnHTaJIhephI, nOJIaraJIH, qTO YCTaB HX op eHa He OJI)I{eH
6hITh H3BeCTeH MHpHHaM. BnpOqeM, Kor a MbI BH HM, KaK
HMeHHO MHpHHe TpaKT)'IOT TOT HJIH HHOH MOHameCKHH 06hI-
qal1, CTaHOBHTCH nOHHTHhIM, nOqeMY H B Harne BpeMH MOHaXH
He CKJIOHHhI onHChIBaTh BHYTpeHHlO1O )I{H3Hh MOHaCThIpH.
77
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,I1Jl OP/l,EHA TAMILnI1EPOB
IIepeqHCJIHH Bee 3TH ynpeKH K TaMnJIHepaM, MhI He aJIeKH
OT COCTaBJIeHHH HeKoero no 06HH 06BHHHTeJIhHOrO 3aKJIlOqe-
HHH, H TeM He MeHee, KaK 3aMeqaeT JIH3epaH, CJIe yeT npH-
3HaTh, qTO B XIII B. Ha op eH HH pa3Y He 06pYllIHBaJIHCh Bee
HapeKaHHH cpa3Y, qTO Bce peJIHrH03HhIe op eHhI - He HC-
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Ke, H qTO a)Ke nOCJIe HCqe3HOBeHHH op eHa xpaMOBHHKH
06peTaJIH nOCJIe OBaTeJIeH .
O HaKO 3JIO 6hIJIO npHqHHeHO. 51 KJIeBeThI pacnpOCTpa-
HHJICH Me JIeHHO, HO HeYMOJIHMO. «JIrHTe, JIrHTe, OTO JI)KH Bce-
r.l(a qTO-HH6Y h OCTaHeTCH»: Ka)KeTCH, qTO 3TOT KOBapHhIH CO-
BeT, npHnHChIBaeMhIH BOJIhTepy, 6hIJI HaBeHH TeMH, KTO 6hIJI
3aHHTepeCOBaH B HCqe3HOBeHHH op eHa TaMnJIHepOB.
Qepe3 nHTh eCHT JIeT nOCJIe 3HaMeHHToro npoQecca, KOTO-
phIH MhI c06HpaeMCH H3YQHTh no p06Hee, BOKKaQQO nOBTO-
pHT, QTO TaMnJIHephI 6hIJIH BeChMa pa3Bpa eHhI H QTO OHH
I1CnOJIHHJIH OJIr KpeCTOHOCQeB, eHCTBYH Qepe3 nO CTaBHhIX
JII1Q, npe OCTaBJIHH HaeMHHKaM H CJIyraM BeCTH 60ph6y C He-
BepHhIMH.
06BHHeHHH, 6e3 3a3peHHH COBeCTH BhI BHHYThIe npecryn-
HHKOM, 6Y YT 113 BeKa B BeK 6pocaTh TeHh Ha naMHTh op eHa
XpaMa. To, QTO 6hIJIO Ha3BaHO «TaHHoH HecnpaBe JIHBOCTI1»,
npocYII(eCTByeT o HallIHX HeH.
MhI nocTapaeMcH nOHHTh, TaK JII1 HenpoHHQaeMa TaHHa 11
OQeBI1 Ha JIH HecnpaBe JII1BOcTh.
fnaBa III
YDPEKH
CeHqaC HaM CTOHT H3yqHTb O HH 3a pyrHM ynpeKH npo-
THB TaMnnHepOB. MbI nOCTapaeMCH c enaTb 3TO C MaKCH-
ManbHOH 06'beKTHBHOCTblO, He npeTeH YH Ha TO, qT06bI nony-
qHTb OKOHqaTenbHbIe BbIBO bI. nOBTOpHM e e pa3: Bee HCTO-
pHKH CXO HTCH BO MHeHHH, YTBep)J(,naH, qTO HaM HHKor a He
CTaHeT H3BeCTHO, B KaKOU HMeHHO Mepe TaMnnHepbI 6bInH
BHHOBHbI B HeKOTopbIX KpaHHe He6narOBH HbIX nocrynKax.
BeccnopHbIM HBnHeTCH JIHllIb TO, qTO HX OCbInanH MHoro-
qHCneHHhIMH He060CHOBaHHbIMH ynpeKaMH, qTO HeKOTophIe
nHqHbIe cna60CTH 6bIJIH npeYBenHqeHbI, a qaCTHhIe cnyqaH
3JIoynoTpe6JIeHHH 0606 eHbI, nH Toro qT06bI 06BHHHTb
BeCb op eH.
CaMhIM cepbe3HhIM 6bIJIO 06BHHeHHe B OTpeqeHHH OT XPH-
eTa H OCKBepHeHHH pacnHTHH. Bo BpeMH QepeMOHHH, conpo-
BO aBllIeH npHHHTHe B op eH, TaMnJIHephI OJI)I{HhI 6bIJIH
aTh KJIHTBY Ha MOJIHTBeHHHKe, OTKphITOM Ha CTpaHHQe, r e
HaqHHaJIaCh JIHTyprHH. BnJIOTh O HallIHX HeH B 3TOH qaCTH
MOJIHTBeHHHKa Ha JIeBOH CTpaHHQe nOMeII(alOT H306pa)l{eHHe
pacnHToro XpHCTa.
TaKOB 6hIJI 06hIqaH, KOTOphIH HK06hI nOJIO)l{HJI HaqaJIO KO-
II(YHCTBeHHhIM eHCTBHHM. B COOTBeTCTBHH C 60JIbllIHHCTBOM
nOKa3aHHH BCTynaBllIero B op eH, nOCJIe Toro KaK OH aBaJI
06e npHHHMaJI op eHCKoe o eHHHe H npOH3HOCHJI KJIHTB
OTBO HJIH B CTOPOHY H Tor a npHKa3hIBaJIH eMY OTpeqhCH OT
XpHCTa H TpH)I{ hI nJIIOHYTh Ha KpeCT.
79
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,I1JI OP/l,EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
MhI YBH HM, t.JTO 60JIhIIIOe t.JHCJIO 6paTheB npH3HaJIHCh B
OTpet.JeHHH, YTOt.JHHB, t.JTO OHH C eJIa!lH 3TO Ha CJIOBaX, HO He B
cep Qe (ore sed non corde).
qero CTOHJIH 3TH npH3HaHHH? Bo-nepBhIX, HY)I{HO HCKJIIO-
t.JHTh KaK HenpHeMJIeMhIe Te, t.JTO 6hIJIH BhIpBaHhI no nhITKOH.
06BHHHeMhIe, KOTophIe BnOCJIe CTBHH OTKa3aJIHCh OT CBOHX
CJIOB, 3aHBHJIH, t.JTO OHH npH3HaJIHCh 6hI B t.JeM yro Ho, t.JT06hI
06JIert.JHTh CBOH CTpa aHHH.
qTO KacaeTCH npH3HaHHH, KOTophIe 6hIJIH nOJIyqeHhI 6e3
npHMeHeHHH nhITOK, B 60JIhIIIHHCTBe CJIyqaeB OHH 6hIJIH c e-
JIaHhI BO BpeMH onpOCOB, npOBo,nHBIIIHXCH B npHCYTCTBHH
KOpOJIeBCKHX t.JHHOBHHKOB. IIO CY HMhIe He OCMeJIHBaJIHCh OT-
Ka3aThCH OT Toro, B t.JeM OHM npH3HaJIHCh paHee no CTpaXOM
nhITKH, nOTOMY t.JTO HX HeMe JIeHHO npH3HaJIH 6hI «HepaCKa-
R8UlUMUCR epemUKaMU» H CO)l{rJIH 6hI.
TaKHM 06pa30M, TaMnJIHephI 6hIJIH nepeMOJIOThI 6e3)1{a-
JIOCTHOH MaIIIHHOH, KOTopaH HeYMOJIHMO npHBO HJIa HX Ha
KOCTep.
B03MO)l{HO, HMeJIH MeCTO e HHHt.JHhIe CJIyqaH BepooTcryn-
HHt.JeCTBa. Be3YCJIOBHO, CYII(eCTBOBaJIH ypHhIe TaMnJIHephI,
KaK CYII(eCTBYIOT ypHhIe CBHII(eHHHKH. TaK)I{e, 6hITh MO)l{eT, B
KaKOM-HH6Y h OMe XpaMa, pa3BpaII(eHHOM KOMaH opOM,
TaHHO OTOIIIe IIIHM OT BephI, MOrJIO npOHCXO HTh t.JTO-TO CBH-
3aHHoe C MarHeH. ,lJ;JIH Toro CMYTHoro BpeMeHH, Kor a KOJI OB-
CTBO 6hIJIO Ot.JeHh pacnpOCTpaHeHO, B 3TOM He 6hIJIO HHt.Jero
Y.l(HBHTeJIhHoro. ECJIH a)l{e B XX B. CJIY)I{HJIHCh t.JepHhIe Mec-
ChI, TO Y)I{, pa3YMeeTCH, B cpe HHe BeKa HMeJIH MeCTO ceaHChI
t.JepHOH MarHH, r e OCKBepHHJIOCh pacnHTHe.
* * *
HeCKOJIhKO aBTopOB C QeJIhlO BOCCTaHOBHTh penYTaQHIO
TaMnJIHepOB npH6erJIH K OBOJIhHO HeO)l{H aHHhIM KOMMeH-
TapHHM, a6hI 06'bHCHHTh OTpet.JeHHe OT XpHCTa. TaKOBa,
HanpHMep, TOt.JKa 3peHHH Tex, KTO npHnHChIBaeT oTcrynHHt.Je-
80
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,HJI OP/l,EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
CTBO TaMnJIHepOB HX pa30qapOBaHHIO nOCJIe KpaXa BCeX YCH-
JIHH, npHJIO)l{eHHhIX HMH B TIaJIeCTHHe, JIH 3aII(HThI fp06a
fOCnO HH: HO no 06Hoe caMoy6HHCTBO OT OTqaHHHH - 3TO
qTO-TO H3 06JIaCTH a6COJIIOTHO HeBepOHTHOH HCTOpHqeCKOH
pOMaHTHKH.
TOqHO TaK )Ke He CJIe yeT npHHHMaTh cephe3HO rHnOTe3Y,
COrJIaCHO KOTOpOH TaMnJIHephI HBJIHJIHCh epeTHKaMH H, B OX-
HOBJIHHCh EBaHreJIHeM OT 110aHHa, nOKnOHHJIHCh XpHCry C He-
KoeH 330TepHqeCKOH TOqKH 3peHHH. B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3TOH
BepCHeH fyro e TIeHeH, OCHOBaTeJIh op eHa XpaMa, BCTpe-
THJICH B npe BO HTeJIeM HoaHHHTOB, KOTOphIH HK06hI nOCBH-
THJI ero BO Bee TaHHhI ceKThI.
Hae<l>, rJIaBHhIH C03 aTeJIh 3Toro yqeHHH, 06'bHCHHJI ero
TeM, qTO CJIOBa nHTH nepBhIX CTHXOB EBaHreJIHH OT 110aHHa
MOryT 6hITh HCTOJIKOBaHhI KaK OKa3hIBalOII(He rHOCTHqeCKyIO
CHCTeMY npOHCXO)l(,lJ;eHHH MHpa. O HaKO 3TO OTHIO h He no -
pa3YMeBaJIO, qTO ,nOKTpHHa HoaHHHTOB, KaKOH 6hI epeTHqe-
CKOH OHa HH 6hIJIa, BKJIlOqaJIa B ce6H OTpeqeHHe OT XpHcTa H
Ha pyraTeJIhCTBO Ha KpecToM.
JIaBoKa YTBep)l(,lJ;aeT, qTO TOT <l>aKT, qTO npH BCTynJIeHHH B
op eH B HeKOTophIX OMax TaMnJIHepOB cy ecTBOBaJIO He-
60JIhllIOe qHCJIO MOHaXOB, KOTophIe 6hIJIH BbIHY)K eHhI npOH-
TH HcnhITaHHe OTpeqeHHeM OT I1Hcyca XpHcTa, OKa3aH. Ho
aBTop onpaB hIBaeT 3TO npHKa3aHHe OTpeqhCH OT XpHcTa,
nJIIOHYTh Ha KpecT H npHHHTh HJIH aTh He ocToHHhIH nou;e-
JIYH, rOBopH, qTO peqh IlIJIa TOJIhKO 06 ucnblmaHUU, no 06HoM
TOM KOTOPOMY nO BepralOT HOBHqKa-MaTpoca HJIM HOBO-
6paHQa.
06'bHCHeHHe npH YMaHO BeChMa JIOBKO. ,lJ:eHcTBHTeJIhHO,
op eH XpaMa 6hIJI CKopee Ka3apMoH, qeM MOHaCThIpeM. 11, OJI)I{-
HO 6hITh, BO BpeMeHa paCQBeTa <l>PHBOJIhHhIX <l>a6JIHO, 3TH He-
06pa30BaHHhIe H rpy6hIe COJI aThI qaCTO nO llIyqHBaJIH Ha
CBOHMH )Ke TOBapHII(aMH. Ho, B KpaHHeM cJIyqae, 3TO MO)l{eT
nOCJIY)KHTh 06'bHCHeHHeM JIHllIh OT eJIhHhIX HenpHcToHHO-
CTeH. MaJIOBepOHTHo, qTO 3TH YXOBHhIe JIHQa, npHHeCIlIHe
81
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,I1JI OP/l,EHA TAMIInI1EPOB
TPH MOHallieCKHX 06eTa, MOrJIH YCTPOHTh no 06Hoe pa38Jle'le-
Hue C pacnHTHeM, KOTopoe HBJIHJIOCh CMhICJIOM HX CYII(eCTBO-
BaHHH, C TeM caMhIM pacnHTHeM, K KOTOPOMY no nHTHH:QaM BO
Bcex OMax XpaMa OHH 60CHKOM npHXO HJIH nOKJIOHHThCH,
B03 aBaH eMY caMhIe 60JIhllIHe nOqeCTH.
ECJIH OHH BepHJIH B 60)KeCTBeHHYIO CYII(HOCTh lIIHcyca XPH-
eTa, B ero CMepTh Ha KpeCTe, KaK OHH MOrJIH Tpe60BaTh OT
npHHHMaeMhIX B op eH HOBHqKOB nJIIOHYTh Ha pacnHTHe,
npOCHTh HX COBepllIHTh HeHMOBepHO THrOCTHhIH, HeHMOBep-
HO TPY HhIH nOCT)'nOK, a)Ke pa H Toro, qT06hI YBepHThCH B
HX cnoc06HOCTH nOBHHOBaThCH? MhI He COCTOHHHH B 3TO
nOBepHTh.
IIo CJIOBaM JIaBoKa, TaKHM 06pa30M TaMnJIHephI XOTeJIH
y ocToBepHThcH, COrJIaCHTCH JIH HOBhIH qJIeH op eHa OTpeqhCH
OT rocno a, eCJIH nona eT B PYKH K capa:QHHaM.
3TO TOJIKOBaHHe npoTHBOpeqHT caMO ce6e: TaKHM 06pa-
30M, eCJIH )KeJIalOII(HH 6hITh npHHHThIM B op eH OTpeKaJICH OT
XpHCTa, OH CqHTaJICH nOKOpHblM, HO O HOBpeMeHHO H nomeH-
l{UallbHblM 8epoomcmynHUKO.M. lIIJIH )Ke OH 6hIJI TBep H HeKO-
JIe6HM B Bepe, HO HenOKopeH. To MY, KTO HpOCTHO OTBepraJI
oTcTynHHqeCTBO, rOBOpHJIH: BhI 6y eTe npeBOCXO HhIM BOH-
HOM 3a MopeM H OTnpaBJIHJIH ero B CBHT)'IO 3eMJIIO. I1MeHHo
3TO H TOJIKHYJIO HeKOTophIX TaMnJIHepOB, KOTophIe 6hIJIH CJIa-
6hIMH BOHHaMH, K TOMY, qT06hI OTpeqhCH OT XpHCTa, a6hI
HMeTh B03MO)KHOCTh OCTaThCH BO <1>paH:QHH. TaMnJIHep IIhep
IIHKap 3aHBHJI: ECJIH 6hI H OTKa3aJICH OTpeqhCH, MeHH 6hI
OTnpaBHJIH Ha CBHT)'IO 3eMJIIO .
Kor a PyroH TaMnJIHep CTaJI npOTeCTOBaTh npOTHB OTpe-
qeHHH, KOToporo OT Hero nOTpe60BaJIH, ero COBeCTh 3aCTaBH-
JIH 3aMOJIqaTh, CKa3aB eMY: «IIepeCTaHhTe, 6eCTOJIKOBhIH, BhI
nOTOM paCCKa)KeTe 06 3TOM Ha HcnOBe H . ,lJ:PyroMY KaK 6Y TO
CKa3aJIH: He BOJIHYHTech, 3TO Bcero JIHllIb IlIYTKa, 3TO He no-
HaCTOHII(eMY» .
O HH H3 BhICIlIHX caHOBHHKOB op eHa, )l(o<p<PPya e rOH-
HeBHJIb, npHOp IIyaT)' H AKBHTaHHH, Kor a eMY 3a aJIH Bonpoc
82
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,HJl OP/l,EHA TAMIInHEPOB
o npHqHHaX OTpeqeHHH, CKa3aJI, qTO OCHOBaHHe 3TOH Tpa,n;H-
QHH npHnHChIBaJIH O,n;HOMY BeJIHKOMY MarHCTpY-BepooTcryn-
HHKY, KOTOphIH, OKa3aBllIHCh B nJIeHY Y CYJITaHa, CMOr nOJIY-
qHTh cB060,n;y, TOJIhKO nOKJIHBIlIHCh, qTO BBe,n;eT B Op,n;eHe 06hI-
qaH OTpeKaThCH OT XpHCTa. fOHHeBHJIh ,n;06aBHJI, qTO, no
CJIOBaM HeKOTophIX, CTaBllIaH npe,n;MeTOM OCY)K,n;eHHH QepeMO-
HHH 6hIJIa C03,n;aHa B naMHTh 0 CB. TIeTpe, KOTOphIH TpH)K,n;hI
OTpeKCH OT XpHCTa.
3TH 061>HCHeHHR He MOryT 6hITh npHHHThI Bcephe3. KaK
MO)l{HO npe,n;nOJIO)l{HTh, qTO BeJIHKHH MarHCTp, nonaB B nJIeH,
nOCqHTaJI, qTO HY)KHO c,n;ep)KaTh KJIHTBY, ,n;aHHYIO npOTHB CBO-
eH BOJIH B 3aKJIlOqeHHH? 11 B03MO)KHO JIH BcnOMHHaTh 06 OT-
peqeHHH CB. TIeTpa nYTeM HOBoro OTpeqeHHH?
Bee 3TO a6cyp,n;HO. ECJIH OT,n;eJIhHhIe oTpetJ.eHHH H HMeJIH
MeCTO, TO 3TO 6hIJIH e,n;HHHqHhIe CJIyqaH nOpOqHOrO CBHTOTaT-
CTBa. Op,n;eH, 061>e,n;HHHBIlIHH HeCKOJIhKO ThICHq MOHaXOB, He
CMor 6hI coxpaHHThCH B TeqeHHe ,n;BYX BeKOB, eCJIH 6hI B OCHO-
Be ero JIe)KaJIH KOII(YHCTBeHHhIe ,n;eHCTBHH. KaK MO)f{HO npe,n;-
CTaBHTh ce6e, qTO ThICHqH qeCTHhIX H npaB,n;HBhIX JIIO,n;eH, Ka-
KHMH 6hIJIH 60JIhllIHHCTBO npHHHMaeMhIX B op,n;eH, MOrJIH CO-
rJIaCHThCH HaqaTh 6JIarOqeCTHBYIO )KH3Hh, COBepllIHB KpaHHee
eHHHe, HanpaBJIeHHOe npOTHB BephI?
B03MO)KHO, qTO pOCKOllih H qecToJII06He TaMnJIHepOB cno-
C06CTBOBaJIH TOMY, qTO 60JIbllIHHCTBO H3 HHX nOTepHJIH Bepy.
Ho OT 6e3pa3JIHqHH K epeCH He O,n;HH llIar. ,lJ:a)Ke eCJIH Bepa
pbIQapeH 6bIJIa Y)Ke He TaK KpenKa, He CJIe,n;yeT BH,n;eTh B
HHX npe llIeCTBeHHHKOB ,n;eHCTOB, qTO nOHBHTCH B nOCJIe,n;y-
IOIQHe BeKa.
O,n;HO eJIO - 3TO HcnOBe,n;OBaTb KaTOJIHQH3M rOJIOBhI>.)
(BO <PpaHQHH 3TO Tpa,n;HQHH, KOTopaH, KaK Ka)KeTCH, OTHOCHT-
CH K Cpe HeBeKOBblO) H COBceM ,n;Pyroe - COBepllIaTh KOIQYH-
CTBeHHbIe ,n;eHHHH. IIo 3,n;paBoMY paccY)K,n;eHHIO, HeB03MO)KHO
CBH3aTb Me)K,n;y C060H QepeMoHHIO npHHHTHH TaMnJIHepOB B
op,n;eH H qepHbIe MeCChI, KaK 3TO HHor a ,n;eJIaJIOCb HeKOTO-
pbIMH.
83
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,I1Jl OP/l,EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
ECJIH eTaJIH, nOHBHBllIHeCH no XO Y onpOCOB, H CMYlQa-
lOT, He CJIe yeT 3a6hIBaTh, B KaKHX Y JIOBHHX BeJIHCh 3TH O-
npochI. Bee 6hIJIO nO TaCOBaHO B caMOM CBoeM npHHQHne.
OTBeThI 6hIJIH 6YKBaJIhHO npo HKToBaHhI naJIaqaMH KOpOJIH
HJIH HHKBH3HQHH. HaM H3BecTHo, qTO HMeHHO 03HaqalOT Ha
npOTH)I{eHHH BceM HCTOpHH H oc06eHHO nOCJIe H306peTeHHH
«ChIBOpOTKH npaB hl HeKOTophIe HK06hI 06pOBOJIhHhIe npH-
3HaHHH.
BnpoqeM, nOKa3aHHH nOJIHhI HeJIenOCTeM H npOTHBOpeqHM,
KOTophIe HcKpe HTHpYIOT a)l{e caMhIe npaB ono 06HhIe BbI-
CKa3bIBaHHH. HanpHMep, TaMnJIHep )KaH e TIoH-JI'3BeK rOBO-
pHT, qTO B KaqeCTBe HaKa3aHHH 3a OTpeqeHlie ero HcnOBe -
HHK- paHQHCKaHeQ nOBeJIeJI eMY nOCTHThCH no nHTHHQaM Ii
3anpeTHJI eMY QeJIhIM ro HOCHTh py6aWKY. Me y TeM YCTaB
Y)l{e npe nHCbIBaJI nOCT no nHTHHQaM H 3anpe aJI CHHMaTh
py6aWKY. KaK CBH3aTh 3TO Me y C060H? HeB03Mo)l{HO nOJIa-
raThCH Ha TaKHe npOTHBOpeqHBhIe no p06HOCTH4
MhI YBH HM, qTO a)l{e nOKa3aHHH, c06paHHhIe BHeWHe
6ecnpHCTpaCTHhIMH nanCKHMH KOMHCCHHMH, Bee )I{e He HBJIH-
JIHCh 06pOBOJIhHhIMH, nOCKOJIhKY OHH 6hIJIH aHhI no BJIHH-
HHeM npHCYTCTBYIO HX TaM KOpOJIeBCKHX qHHOBHHKOB, npH-
CTpaCTHhIX JIerHCTOB 1 , Be3 e BhIHCKHBalO HX epeCh.
CBepx Toro, no npH3HaHHIO MHllIJIe, KOTOphIM H3yqHJI npo-
TOKOJI npoQecca, B PYKonHCHX eCTh HCnpaBJIeHHH H nO qHCT-
KH: 3TO OKa3hIBaeT, qTO nOKa3aHHH CTapaJIHCh npHBeCTH B
COOTBeTCTBHe C Tpe60BaHHHMH KOpOJIH.
B KHHre «HcmopUJl lPpaHl{UU» MHllIJIe 06'bHCHHeT OTpeqe-
HHe OT BephI, rOBopH, qTO npHHHTHe B op eH HOBhIX 6paTheB
6hIJIO HaBeHHO TeaTpaJIhHhIMH H OqeHb cBoe06pa3HhIMH PHTYa-
JIaMH BpeMeH paHHero xpHCTHaHCTBa: npHHHMaeMhIM B op eH
1 flerHCT - 3HaTOK rpa)l{ aHCKOro npaBa, nOJIyqHBIIIHH 06pa30-
BaHHe B YHHBepCHTeTax TYJIY3bI, MOHneJIbe HJIH OpJIeaHa. C KOHQa
XIII B. JIerHCTbI HrpaJIH Ba)l{HYIO pOJIb B oKpY)I{eHHH <ppaHQY3cKHX
KOpOJIeH (oc06eHHo <l>HJIHnna IV). (IlpUMez. pea.)
84
MAPCEJIb JI05E. TPAfE/l,HJI OP/l,EHA TAMIIJIHEPOB
6hIJI Ha3hIBaeM rpellIHHKOM H BepooTcrynHHKoM no npHMepy
CB. TIeTpa. Ero BcrynJIeHHe B op eH 03HaqaJIO nepexo B PY-
rylO Bepy H paCKaHHHe: OTKa3 OT 01lIH60K, OJIHQeTBOpHeMhIH
OTpeqeHHeM. TI03TOMY nOCJIe Hee HBJIHJIOCh Bcero JIHllIh naH-
TOMHMOH, pa3hIrpaHHhIM CaKpaJIhHhIM eHCTBHeM, CHMBOJIHKa
KOToporo 6hIJIa nOHHTHa JIHllIh nOCBHII(eHHhIM. TIOTOM He 6e3
BJIHHHHH rop hIHH HaqaJIHCh 3JIoynoTpe6JIeHHH. TIoHeMHory
no B03 eHCTBHeM hHBOJIhCKOrO 3rOH3Ma op eHY 3aXOTe-
JIOCh CTaTh caMO OCTaTOqHhIM.
fHnOTe3a KpaCHBaH, HO rrpH 6JIH)I{aHllIeM paCCMOTpeHHH He
BhI ep)l{HBaeT KpHTHKH. ECJIH YTBep)l{ eHHe, {{TO cypOBaH ca-
MO OCTaTOqHaH peJIHrHH rrpHBO HT K caTaHH3MY, H cnpaBe -
JIHBO, TO HeB03MO)l{HO npe CTaBHTh, KaK QeJIhIH peJIHrH03HhIH
op eH C TaKHM cnOKOHCTBHeM YTBep HJICH B CBoeM BepOOT-
cTynHHqeCTBe H CBHTOTaTCTBe. COTHH H ThICHqH MOHaXOB He
MOrJIH 06pOBOJIhHO nepeHTH Ha CTOPOHY 3JIa. 3TO rrOTpHCJIO
6hI CTOJInhI Bcero xpHcTHaHcTBa.
Bee, {{TO MhI TOJIhKO qTO.CKa3aJIH, B paBHOH Mepe OTHOCHT-
CH H K HenpHCTOHHhIM nOQeJIYHM, KOTophIe HK06hI HMeJIH
MeCTO npH npHHHTHH HOBhIX 6paTheB. MhI rOBOpHJIH, {{TO
3 eCh peqh MOrJIa H,L{TM 06 HcnhITaHHH H 0 6ecTaKTHoH IlIYTKe.
HY)I{HO MbICJIeHHO nepeHeCTMCh B Te rpy6hIe BpeMeHa, Kor a
6eccTbI CTBO nepeXO HJIO Bee rpaHHQhI. YCTaB npe nOJIaraJI,
qTO TOT, KTO npHHHMaJI HOBoro 6paTa B op eH, OJI)I{eH 6hIJI
rrOQeJIOBaTb ero B ry6hI in signum bonae fidei et fraternae
dilectionis (B 3HaK ao6poii Bepbl U 6pamcKo20 YBaJlCeHUJl). Te-
neph 3TOT )I{eCT rrpeTHT HallIHM 3ana HhIM HpaBaM. Ho OH 6hIJI
eCTeCTBeHeH B <l>eo aJIhHOM QepeMOHHaJIe, npe nOJIaraBllIeM
nOQeJIYH B YCTa , Kor a cI03epeH npHHHMaJI BaCCaJIhHYIO
KJIHTBY. 3THM nOQeJIyeM 06MeHHBaJIHCh nepBhIe xpHcTHaHe.
Y PYCCKHX, KaK H Y 60JIhllIHHCTBa JIIO eH BocToKa, OH B xO Y
H nOHbIHe.
B COOTBeTCTBHH C TeKCTOM onpoca TaMnJIHepOB B 3JIh-
He (PYCHJIbOH), H3yqeHHoM MHIlIJIe, Bee TaMnJIHephI YTBep-
)I{ aJIH, {{TO OHH 06MeHHBaJIHCh TOJIhKO nOQeJIYHMH in ore
85
MAPCEJIb JI05E. TPAfE/l,I1Jl OP/l,EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
(B YCTa). B 3TOM CXO HTCH Bee CBH eTeJIhCTBa, Tor a KaK B
TeKCTe onpoca, KOTOPOMY nO BeprJIHCh 140 TaMnJIHepOB H3
op eHa XpaMa B TIapH)I{e, qaCTO <PHrypHPyeT TpoHHoe 060-
3HaqeHHe in ore, in umbilico et in fine spinae dorsi (B YCTa,
B nynoK H HH3 cnHHHoro xpe6Ta). HeKoTophIe TaMnJIHephI
rOBopHT 0 nOQeJIYHx B nJIeqo H B rpY h. Bee 3TO BnOJIHe
npHeMJIeMO H THnHqHO JIH HeKoTophIX BOCTOqHhIX Tpa H-
QHH. OCTaeTcH 06'bHCHHTh, KaK TaMnJIHephI cYMeJIH C eJIaTh
H3 3Toro pHTyaJIa nOBO JIH HenpHcToHHocTeH, TaK qTO
a)l{e cpe HeBeKoBaH Hapo HaH noroBopKa rJIaCHJIa: «EeperH-
TeCh nOQeJIyeB TaMnJIHepOB . ECJIH MhI MhICJIeHHO nepeHeceM-
CH B TOT rpy6hIH H )I{eCTOKHH XII B., Kor a pa3Bpa eHHOCTh
npOHHKaJIa a)l{e B MOHaCThIpH, HHKTO He CTaHeT OTpHQaTh
TOT <paKT, qTO' cpe H TaMnJIHepOB QapHJIH CKBepHOCJIOBHe H
pa3BpaT.
TIoBepHTh B TO, qTO B HeKOTophIX pa3Bpa eHHhIX OMax
op eHa XpaMa npH npHHHTHH HOBWX TaMnJIHepOB HHor a
HMeJIH MeCTO KaKHe-TO 6eCqeCTHhIe H CTpaHHhIe QepeMOHHH,
Hac 3aCTaBJIHeT TOT <paKT, qTO B 6JIH3KOM HM op eHe rocnH-
TaJIhepOB B no 06HhIX 06CTOHTeJIhCTBaX MO)l{HO 6hIJIO Ha6JIIO-
,n;aTh 3a6aBHhIe pa3BJIeqeHHH. ,lJ:eJIaBHJIh JIe Py OTMeqaJI, qTO y
rOCnHTaJIhepOB nepexo nOCJIYlliHHKa B qHH 6paTa op eHa
conpOBO aJICH «6YPHhIMH H HPOHHqHhIMH npOHBJIeHHHMH
pa,n;OCTH. Cy ecTBOBaJI 06hIqaH HapH)I{aTh HOBoro qJIeHa op-
,n;eHa B lliYTOBCKHe O e)l{ hI H 3aCTaBJIHTh ero npOHTHCh no
ropo,n;y no 3BYKH Tpy6 H 6apa6aHOB». TIoTpe60BaJIOCh H3 a-
HHe CTporHX paCnOpH)I{eHHH, qT06hI npeCeqh 3TH npaBOHa-
pYIIIeHHH.
ECJIH TaK 06CTOHJIH ,n;eJIa coram populo» (8 npucymcm8uu
llapoaa) , qTO )I{e ,n;OJI)I{HO 6hIJIO npOHCXO HTh BHYTPH op eH-
CKHX pe3H,n;eHQHH, r e He HY)l(HO 6hIJIO 3a60THThCH 0 «coxpa-
HeHHH JIHQa»? MaCKapa Mor nepepaCTH B ,n;ypHOM <l>apc: OT
6YPJIeCKa He,n;aJIeKO o nOlliJIOCTH H nOXa6II(HHhI. BnpoqeM,
CBHTOM IIpeCTOJI 6hIJI BhIHY)I( eH ynpeKHYTh rOCnHTaJIhepOB B
HX cTaBllieH 06II(eH3BeCTHOH 6e3HpaBCTBeHHOCTH.
86
MAPCEJIb JI05E. TPAfE/l,I1JI OP/l,EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
ECJIH HapYllIeHHH HMeJIH MeCTO BO BpeMH npHHHTHH B Op-
eH rOCnHTaJIhepOB, _TO )l(e CaMOe npOHCXO HJIO, CaMO C060H
pa3YMeeTCH, npH npHHHTHH B Op eH TaMnJIHepOB. TIepexo OT
6ypJIeCKa K HenpHCTOHHOCTH MO)l{eT 06'bHCHHTb 3TH oscula
inhonesta (nocmbliJHble notfeJlYu), KOTophIe MhI 60JIhllIe 06cY)I{-
aTh He 6y eM.
qTO )I{e O 06BHHeHHH B CO OMHH, onHTh-TaKH HeB03MO)l{-
HO onYCTHTh, qTO K 3TOMY nopOKY CO cnOKOHHOH H3Bpa eH-
HOCThlO CKJIOHHJIH Bcex HOBhIX qJIeHOB op eHa. COBeT npH6er-
HYTh K npOTHBoeCTeCTBeHHhIM>.) eHCTBHHM Mor 6hITh aH
HeKHM pa3BpaTHhIM JIHQOM, npHHHMalO HM B op eH, a 06BH-
HeHHe c eJIaJIO 3TY 0llIH6KY 06 eH. «H3-3a oiJHozo Z080pJlm
060 8cex»: TaKaH <popMYJIa qaCTO npHMeHHeTCH He 06po)l{eJIa-
TeJIHMH, Kor a peqh H eT 0 npOCTYnKax, COBepllIeHHhIX YXOB-
HhIMH JIHQaMH. B aHHOM CJIyqae no 06HhIH llIar 6hIJIO c e-
JIaTh TeM JIerqe, qTO OH OCHOBhIBaJICH Ha BHelliHe CTpOHHOH
JIOrHKe. B TeqeHHe BceH HCTOpHH nOCJIe OBaTeJIHM TaHHhIX
KYJIhTOB H npHBep)l{eHQaM OKKYJIhTHhIX MHcTepHH Bcer):{a npH-
nHChIBaJIH pacnYTHhIH 06pa3 )I{H3HH. TIpH3HaHHH, KacalO He-
CH CO OMHH, QapHII(eH cpe H TaMnJIHepOB, 6hIJIH BhIpBaHhI no
nhITKaMH, a6hI C6JIH3HTh HX op eH C epeTHqeCKHMH ceKTaMH,
KOTOphIM BMeHHJICH B BHHY TaKOH )I{e pa3BpaT. (B CO OMHH
06BHHHJIHCh rHOCTHqeCKHe ceKThI, MaHHxeH, KaTaphI, aJIh6H-
rOHQhI H 60rOMHJIhI.)
qTeHHe npH3HaHHH, c06paHHhIx B xo e pa3JIHqHhIX o-
npOCOB, KOTophIe npOBO HJIHCh BO BpeMH cy e6Horo npo-
Qecca, HenpeMeHHO OJI)I{HO npOH3BeCTH BneqaTJIeHHe Ha
nOpH OqHOrO qeJIOBeKa>.), nOCKOJIhKY B HHX npHCYTCTByeT
cnOKOHHaH YBepeHHOCTh, OqeBH HaH JIOrHKa H 06MaHqHBaH
npaB ono 06HoCTh 06'bHCHeHHH, KOTophIe 6hIJIH npe OCTaB-
JIeHhI )I{epTBaMH aHHoro nopOKa. Pa3pellIeHHe rOMoceK-
cyaJIH3Ma npe CTaBJIeHO KaK YCTynKa CJIMIliKOM CHJIhHhIM
nJIOTCKHM )I{eJIaHHHM. TaK)I{e 06aBJIHeTCH, qTO TaMnJIHepbI
OJI)KHbI 6bIJIH H36eraTh )I{eH HH, He CTOJIbKO H3-3a onaCHO-
CTM, KOTOpOH OHM MOrJIH nO BeprHYTh 06po,n;eTeJIhHOCTh
87
MAPCEJIb JI05E. TPATE/l,HJI OP/l,EHA TAMIIJIHEPOB
6paTheB, CKOJIhKO H3-3a TOrO, qTO OHH MOrJIH paCKphITh CeK-
peThI Op,n;eHa...
HaKoHeQ, YTBep aeTCH, qTO Ha BOCTOKe 3TOMY npOTHBO-
eCTeCTBeHHOMY nOpOKY npe,n;aBaJIHCh. KpeCTOHOCQhI, npHeXaB-
IIIHe H3 3ana,n;HOH EBpOnhI, onaCal;UIIHeCH 3apa3HThCH npOKa-
30H. 3TH HpaBhI paCnpOCTpaHHJIHCh Ha 3ana,n;e C TaKOH CKOpO-
CThlO BCJIe,n;CTBHe KpeCTOBhIX nOxO,n;OB, qTO HK06hI JIIO,n;OBHKY
CBHTOMY npHIlIJIOCh 60pOThCH C 3THMH 6eCqHHCTBaMH.
IIo,n;,n;ep)l{HBaH rHnOTe3Y 0 Bce06 eH BHHOBHOCTH TaM-
IIJIHepOB, MQ)KHO 6hIJIO 6hI, CJIe,n;YH npOCTOH qeJIOBeqeCKOH
JIOrHKe, npH3HaTh Bee 3TH CJIyqaH, KOTOphIM HeT HHKaKoro
OIIpaB,n;aHHH, a)Ke C TOqKH 3p HHH npHpo,n;HOH MOpaJIH. MO)l{-
HO BCIIQMHHTh :0 n .HxqaHaJIH3e, qTo6hJ nepeqHCJIHTh Bee ceK-
cyaJIhHhIe H3Bpa eHHH, K KOTOphIM npHBo,n;HT no,n;aBJIeHHe
)I{eJIaHHH MY)KqHHaMH, JIHllIeHHbIMH )I{eH HH H )I{HBY HMH
B rpynne. TaK)I{e MO)l{HO ,n;06aBMTh, qTO 3TH COJI,n;aThI, CKa-
)I{eM ,n;a)l{e, 3TH COJI,n;a<poHhI, He BeJIH, KaK HCTHHHhIe MOHaXH,
aCKeTHqeCKHH 06pa3 )I{H3HH, KOTOphIH cnoc06cTByeT coxpa-
HeHHIO QeJIOMy,n;pHH, nOCKOJIhKY 11M npHxo,n;HJIOCh XOpOIliO
nHTaThCH, ,n;a6hI no,n;,n;ep)l{HBaTh <POPMY ,n;JIH yqaCTHH B cpa)l{e-
HHH. Ho MhI 3a6hIBaeM, qTO OHH 6hIJIH 06H3aHhI qaCTO no-
CTHThCH.
OCTaBHM 3TH paCCY)l{,n;eHHH, KOTophIe He MOryT Hac nOJIHO-
CThlO y6e,n;HTh. O,n;HaKO CJIe,n;yeT BhIcTynHTh npOTHB HenpaBO-
MepHhIX TOJIKOBaHHH, CBOHM nOHBJIeHHeM 06H3aHHhIX TeM, KTO
HBHO CTpeMHJICH OqepHHTh op,n;eH XpaMa. I1MeHHo TaK CTHXY,
BOCIIeBalO eMY MOHaCThIpCKoe 6paTCTBO, npH,n;aJIH nOpOqHhIH
CMhICJI CO,n;OMHH: «llOX8aJlbHO U paiJocmHo, 'lmo 6pamb.R JlCu8ym
BMecme». qTO KacaeTCH HpaBCTBeHHOCTH, aK H3BeCTHO, Bce-
r,l{a JIerKO HaH'rH HrpHBYIO ,n;BYCMhICJIeHHO(Th B caMhIX 6e3-
06H,l{HhIX CJIOBaX; TaKHM 06pa30M, OCTphIH, 6hICTphIH H XHT-
phIH YM 3aCTaBJIHeT JIIO,n;eH C caMhIMH JIyqIIIHMH HaMepeHHHMH
rOBopHTh qy,n;OBH HhIe BernH. 11 yqeHhIH He npeMHHeT nyc-
THTbCH B 06'bHCHeHHH, eCJIH OHH nOKa3hIBalOT ero 3py,n;HQHIO B
BhIrO,l{HOM CBeTe.
88
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,HJl OP/l,EHA TAMIInHEPOB
3TH 06'bHCHeHHH HHOr a BHeillHe BblrnH HT OqeHb npaB O-
nO 06HO. K TOMY )I{e qaIne Bcero npH3HaHHH TaK nOBKO H3JIO-
)I{eHbI, qTO npaKTHqeCKH y6e)l(.nalOT Hac B CBoeH npaBOTe.
O HaKO He cne yeT nOMaBaTbCH nO)l(HOMY BneqaTneHHIO, KO-
Topoe C03 aeTCH npH qTeHHH aHHbIX npH3HaHHH. Henb3H
3a6bIBaTb, qTO TaKHe ynopH OqeHHbIe, TaKHe cnOKOHHbIe OT-
BeTbI 60JIbllIHHCTBa TaMnnHepOB - 3TO Bcero nHillb 3anHCb
KpHKOB 60nH H BbIpBaHHoro npOTHB BonH cornaCHH. llepe-
nHCQHKH H ceKpeTapH cy a On)l(HbI 6bInH 06JIa.naTb 60nbllIOH
JIOBKOCTbIO, 'IT06bl «CBepCTaTb Bee 6eCCBH3HbIe peqH, 60p-
MOTaHHe H CTOHbI )l(epTB.
. MHOf,lta, npaB a, MbI CTanKHBaeMCH C KOHKpeTHbIM no,n-
TBep)l(.neHHeM CO OMHH, HO 60nbllIHHCTBO 06BHHHeMbIX YT-
Bep)l(,l(alOT ,l{a)l(e no nhITKOH, qTO HHKor a He Bocnonb30Ba-
JIHCb TeM oc06bIM pa3peWHHeM, KOTOpoe KaK 6Y TO 6bIno HM
aHO B MOMeHT npHHHTHH B op eH. BOT qTO He06bIKHOBeHHO
y6e HTeJIbHO oKa3bIBaeT HeBHHOBHOCTb op eHa, no KpaHHeH
Mepe, B TOM, qTO KacaeTCH CO OMHH.
BnpOqeM, ycraB op eHa xpaMOBHHKOB, KaK H op eHa roc-
nHTaJIbepOB, He TonbKO npe nonaran caMoe cypOBoe HaKa3a-
HHe 3a npOTHBoeCTeCTBeHHbIH nopOK, HO H npe nHCbIBaJI OCO-
6hIe MephI, C nOMO hlO KOTOpbIX MO)l{HO 6bIJIO H36e)l{aTb
HapYllIeHHH YCTaBa; HanpHMep, B nOMe eHHHX, r e HOqeBaJIH
6paThH, Bcer a OJI)I{eH 6hIJI ropeTh CBeTHJIhHHK.
* * *
O,l{HO H3 caMhIX a6CYP,l{HhIX 06BHHeHHH, BbI,l{BHHYThIX npo-
THB TaMnJIHepOB, KaCaJIOCb npeCJIOBYToro nOKJIOHeHHH H,l{OJIY,
Ha3hIBaeMOMY 6acJ>oMem».
IIo nOBO,l{Y npOHCXO)l{,l{eHHH 3Toro CJIOBa e,l{HHOrO MHeHHH
He cy ecTByeT. KTO-TO BH,l{HT B HeM HCKa)l{eHHOe HMH Maro-
MeTa. ,lJ:PyrHe OTHOCHT npOHCXO)l{,l{eHHe 3Toro CJIOBa K apa6-
CKOMY bahoumed», 0603HaqalO eMY TeJIeHKa. TaKHM o6pa-
30M, H,l{OJI TaMnJIHepOB HK06hI BOCXO,l{HT K CBH eHHOMY 6hIKY
89
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfEJ{IDI OPJ{EHA TAMIUlHEPOB
erHnTHH AnHCY, K HH,n;HHCKOH KOpOBe, K aCCHpHHCKOMY 6hIKY,
K 30JIOTOMY TeJIhQY eBpeeB H K CBjlI eHHOMY KaMHIO B <pOpMe
TeJIeHKa, KOTOpbIH PY3hl HOCHJIH Ha rpy,n;H B KaqeCTBe aMYJIe-
Ta. nepBo6hITHble Hapo,n;hI Bcer,na nOqHTaJIH poraThIH CKOT,
CqHTaH ero OCHOBHhIM KOpMHJIhQeM qeJIOBeKa.
TIpHBep)l(eHQhI nepBoro TOJIKOBaHHH onHpalOTCH Ha CBH3H,
KOTopble, BHe BCHKoro COMHeHHH, cyIQeCTBOBaJIH Me>K.nY TaM-
nJIHepaMH H MYCYJIhMaHaMH. npO.nOJI)I(aTeJIh IHJIhOMa THP-
CKoro C006InaeT, qTO TaMnJIHephl nOKJIOHHJIHCh MarOMeTY.
MbI Y)I(e BH.QeJIH, qTO B CBHTOH 3eMJIe npH pa3HhIX 06CTOH-
TeJIhCTBaX TaMnJIHephI npOHBJIHJIH no OTHomeHHIO K Mycynb-
MaHaM pacnOJIO)l(eHHe HeCKOJIbKO no,n;03pHTeJIhHOe, 80 BnOJI-
He. 06'hHCHHMOe C TOqKH 3peHHH HnJIOMaTHH. OT 3Toro ,n;aJIe-
KO O BepOOTcrynHHqeCTBa, HO TOJIhKO He ,lVIH Bpa>K.Qe6HhIX H
pe3KO HacrpoeHHhIX npOTHB HHX YMOB.
no nOBO Y npOHCXO)l(,n;eHHH CJIOBa «6a<pOMeT npHBe,n;eM
3aMeqaHHe eIne O Horo yqeHoro - MIOHTepa: no ero y6e>K.ne-
HHIO, BOJIme6HhIe <pHrypKH HJIH rOJIOBhI, KOTOphIMH nOJIh30-
BaJIHCh KOJI,n;YHhI ,n;JIJI 3aHHTHH CBOHM peMeCJIOM H KOTophle,
KaK CqHTaJIOCh, 6hIJIH O)l(HBJIeHhI ,n;hHBOJIOM, Ha3hIBaJIHCh «ZO-
1l08a.MU MazoMema» H npOHCXO HJIH qaCTblO C BOCTOKa, qa-
CThlO H3 I1cnaHHH. B JII060M CJIyqae OHH He MOrJIH npHHa,n;JIe-
)KaTh MYCYJIhMaHaM, H60, KaK H3BecTHo, nOCJIe,n;HHe nHTaJIH
OTBpaI.QeHHe K KYJIhTY H306pa)KeHHH. I1MeHHo n03ToMY HeJIe-
no nOJIaraTh, qTO TaMnJIHephI npoH3HOCHJIH HMH AJIJIaxa, CO-
OTBeTCTBeHHO C apa6CKoH <POPMYJIHpOBKOH, Kor,n;a HM nOKa-
3bIBaJIH npeCJIOBYToro H,n;OJIa.
Kor,n;a rOBopHT 0 6a<l>oMeTe, peqh He 06H3aTeJIhHO H,n;eT 0
rrpOCTOH rOJIOBe, B qeM npH3HaBaJIHCh HeKOTophIe TaMnJIHephI;
HHor,n;a ynoMHHaeTCH qenOBeqeCKaH <pHrypKa, 06'be,n;HHHIOI.QaH
npH3HaKH 060HX nOJIOB, KOTOpylO HeKoTophIe nYTaJIH C MaH,L{-
paropoH. (113BecTHo, qTO B Cpe,L{HHe BeKa Bee CTpeMHJIHCb HaH-
TH KopeHb MaH,n;parophI, nOCKOJIhKY 3TOMY paCTeHHIO npHnH-
ChIBaJIHCb TO 6JIarOnpHHTHbIe, TO nary6HhIe CBOHCTBa. CqHTa-
JIOCb, qTO MaH,n;paropa BhIpaCTaeT Y no,n;HO)KHH BHCeJIHQ H3
90
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,I1.H OP/l,EHA TAMlIJII1EPOB
ceMeHH nOBellIeHHhIX. TaK KaK KOpeHh B OCHOBHhIX qepTaX
HanOMHHaJI qeJIOBeqeCKYIO <pHrypy, ero He OCMeJIHBaJIHCh BhI-
phIBaTh, nOCKOJIhKY, KaK rOBOpHJIOCh, OH KpHqaJI OT 60JIH H
HaBJIeKaJI cMepTh Ha Toro, KTO 3TO eJIaJI. II03TOMY JIH H3BJIe-
qeHHH H3 3eMJIH 3TH X paC'f)'II(HX <peTHllIeH HCnOJIh30BaJIH cne-
QHaJIhHO BhI peCCHpOBaHHhIX c06aK.)
HeKoTophIe rOBOpHJIH 0 rOJIOBe CBHHhH. ,lJ:pyrHe paccKa-
3hIBaJIH 0 IlIJIeMe, HanOMHHaBllIeM TaMnJIHepaM, qTO OHH
6hIJIH COJI aTaMH. TpeThH 06'hHCHHJIH, qTO H OJI 6bIJI He-
60JIhllIHM erHneTCKHM C<pHHKCOM, CHMBOJIOM MarHqeCKOrO
MOJIqaHHH, 0 KOTOpOM MhI rOBOpHJIH BhIllIe; nOMeII(eHHhIH
Ha CTOJIe KanHTYJIa, OH OJI)I{eH 6hIJI HanOMHHaTh TaMnJIHepaM
o He06xo HMOCTH xpaHHTh B TaHHe Bee npOHCXO HII(ee B
op eHe.
Pa3HHQa BO B3rJIH aX H TOJIKOBaHHHX npOHCTeKaeT, KaK MhI
CKOpO onpe eJIHM, H3 nOJIYThMhI, KOTopaH OKYThIBaJIa Bcex
Tex, KTO npHCYTCTBOBaJI Ha KanHTYJIe. HanpHMep, )l(aK e
AHH3H 3aHBJIHeT, qTO OH He Mor pa3rJIH eTh H OJIa: TOT Haxo-
HJICH qepecqyp aJIeKO, a KOMHaTa OCBeII(aJIaCh JIHllIh CJIa6hIM
nJIaMeHeM O HOH He60JIhllIOH CBeqH.
113-3a 6a<pOMeTa 6hIJIO nOTpaqeHO HeMaJIO 1}epHHJI. ,lJ:eHcT-
BHTeJIhHO, OH HBJIHeTCH npeBOCXO HOH TeMOH JIH JII06HTeJIeH
CTpallIHJIOK H TeaTpa y)l{aCOB.
qaII(e Bcero B onHChIBaeMhIX cQeHax npHCYTCTByeT orpOM-
Hoe KOJIHqeCTBO )I{YTKHX eTaJIeH. BcnOMHHalOTCH ceaHChI cnH-
pHTH3Ma H qepHhIe MeCChI.
B TeMHOH KOMHaTe, OCBeII(eHHOH JIHllIh pO)l{aII(HM nJIaMe-
HeM CBeqH, TaHHO C06paJIHCh TaMnJIHephI. 113 TaHHCTBeHHoro
CYH YKa OCTaeTCH qeJIOBeqeCKaH rOJIOBa. 113 qero OHa c eJIa-
Ha: H3 epeBa, KOCTH, 30JIOTa, cepe6pa HJIH 30JIOqeHOrO epe-
Ba? HHKTO He 3HaeT. IIOHCTHHe MO)l{HO CKa3aTh: «tot capita, tot
sensus» (CKOllbKO ZOIl08, cmOllbKO U MHeHUU). MHorHe YTBep-
)I{ aIOT, qTO rOJIOBa 6hIJIa nOKphITa qeJIOBeqeCKOH KO)l{eH.
Y Hee qepHhIe KypqaBhIe BOJIOChI. Y Hee eCTh 60po a: qepHaH,
KaK rOBopHT O HH, ce aH, KaK YTBep)l{ aIOT pyrHe. Y Hee Be
91
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,I1.H OP/l,EHA TAMnJII1EPOB
HJIH qeThIpe HOrH H Ba JIHQa, KaK Y pHMCKOrO .HHyca. fJIa3a ee
He06hIqaHHO HpKO 6JIeCTHT, CJIOBHO Kap6YHKYJIhI. IIpH BH e ee
TaMnJIHepOB OXBaThIBaeT CTpaX, H. OHH npeB03HOCHT ee, KaK
60ra nJIO OpO HH, npOH3HpCH apa6cKHe CJIOBa. 3TO H eCTh
6a<poMeT.
TaKOB pOMaHTHqeCKHH 06pa3, TaK HpaBHII(HHCH 6eCqHC-
JIeHHOMY MHO)l{eCTBY nHCaTeJIeH H aJI(e yqeHhIX. OHH BH HT B
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nJIHephI B CHpHH H3yqHJIH HepOrJIH<phI H npHBe3JIH 3TH 3Ha-
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O<p HTOB .
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(CHMBOJIH3HpYIOII(ero nJIO Opo He) C <paJIJIHqeCKHM KYJIhTOM
peBHHx Hapo oB HJIH rHOCTHQH3MOM. fHOCTHqeCKHe ceKThI
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TBOpHIOII(HM nOBeJIHTeJIH MaTepHH HJIH 60ra BO)l{ eJIeHHH. IIo-
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CBHTOM fpaaJIe - 3TO CHMBOJIHqeCKaH HCTOpHH, o HoBpeMeH-
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HHH TaMnJIHepoB. MhI MOrJIH 6hI nepeqHCJIHTh 3 eCh QeJIhIH
pH rHnOTe3, KaCalOIQHXCH BOCTOqHOrO npOHCXO)l{ eHHH Toro,
qTO HeBepHo 6hIJIO Ha3BaHO epechlO TaMnJIHepoB.
* * *
,[(0 qero )I{e MO)l{eT OBeCTH CTpeMJIeHHe npHnHcaTh op eHY
XpaMa Bee HHTeJIJIeKTyaJIhHbIe H nJIOTCKHe H3BpaIQeHHH, KO-
TophIe qeJIOBeqeCKaH nOpOqHOCTh nOpO HJIa 3a MHorHe BeKa!
92
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,I1Jl OP/l,EHA TAMnJII1EPOB
KaK TOJIhKO peJIHrH03HOe HJIH CBeTCKOe 06II(eCTBO CTaHOBH-
JIOCh nO 03pHTeJIhHhIM, eMY Cpa3Y HaqHHaJIH npHnHChIBaTh
BCeB03MO)l{HhIe Mep30CTH. ,lJ:eJIO TaMnJIHepOB - 3TO npeKpaC-
HhIH nOBO JIH 6e3YMHhIX KOMMeHTapHeB: BCHKHe COJIOMOHhI
PaHHaXH aJIH ce6e B 3TOM nOJIHYIO BOJIIO. OHH npOHBHJIH
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e YKQHH H HH YKQHH, paQHOHaJIHCTHqeCKaH IIlKOJIa npHJIO-
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TaMnJIHepOB nOHBHJICH pH HOBhIX cpaKTOB H BHeIIlHe y6e H-
Te:1IhHhIX 06'hHCHeHHH. HCTOpHH OKKYJIhTH3Ma H 3pOTH3Ma a-
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060CHOBaHHhIe <paHTa3HH, KOTophIe C03 a1OT ypHYIO aypy BO-
Kpyr HCTOpHH TaMnJIHepOB.
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C 3TOH HK06hI MarHqeCKOH rOJIOBoH. BOT qTO paCCKa3hIBaeT
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nOKa OHa 6hIJIa )I{HBa. OH n03HaJI ee JIHIIlh B MOrHJIe, B HOqh
nOCJIe ee norpe6eHHH. Tor a eMY 6hIJI rOJIOC, KOTOphIH CKa3aJI:
ThI BepHeIIlhCH KO BpeMeHH pO OB H HaH eIIlh rOJIOBY, KOTO-
PYIO 3a qaJI» .
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JIa 6acpOMeTOM.
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3TOH JIereH hI.
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6HJI HeKor a O HY eByrnKY. IIoKa OHa 6hIJIa )I{HBa, OH He Mor
elO 06JIa aTh, HO rrOCJIe ee CMepTH OH npHKa3aJI BhIKonaTh ee
TeJIO H OTpe3aTh Y Hero rOJIOBY. Tor a eMY 6hIJI rOJIOC, KOTO-
93
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,HJI OP/l,EHA TAMIIJIHEPOB
phIH npHKa3aJI TII(aTeJIhHO XpaHHTh 3ry rOJIOBY, nOTOMY qTO
TOT, KTO ee YBH HT, norH6HeT. OH nOMeCTHJI ee B JIapeQ. Bo
BpeMH nyreIIIecTBHH OT KHnpa O KOHCTaHTHHOnOJIH, KOTOpOe
COBepIIIaJI 3TOT BOpHHHH, KaKaH -TO )I{eHII(HHa, 3aBJIa eB KJIIO-
qOM OT JIapQa, 3aXOTeJIa H3 JII060nhITCTBa nOCMOTpeTh, qTO B
HeM HaXO HJIOCh. aHa OTKphIJIa ero, H TOTqaC )I{e Ha Kopa6JIh,
r e HaXO HJICH 06JIa aTeJIh JIapQa, 06pYIIIHJIaCh 6YPH, H nOTO-
nHJIa ero. IIpH Kopa6JIeKPYIIIeHHH CMOrJIH cnaCTHCh JIHilih He-
CKOJIhKO MaTpOCOB.
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TH MOpH, norH6JIH...
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nOHBJIHJIaCh B 3aJIHBe MaJIoM A3HH, HaBJIeKaH rH6eJIh Ha Bee
cy a, XO HBiliHe B Te KpaH.
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KOM qaCOBHe. OH BXO HT B Hee Me JIeHHbIM rnarOM H H3 aeT
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XpaM? KTO OCB060 HT rp06 XpHCTa?» IIpH 3TOM B03rJIaCe
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HHMaIOTCH, qT06hI TpH)I{ hI OTBeTHTh: «HHKTO! HHKTO! XpaM
pa3PYIIIeH! »
* * *
HCTOpHH, paCCKa3aHHhIe 0 6a<pOMeTe, aBaJIH B03MO)l{-
HOCTb caMhIM HaHBHhIM JIIO HM npOBeCTH nyralOII(YIO CBH3h
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94
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JIHKBHeH.
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op eHa, HX 6hI HailiJIH BO BpeMH 06hICKOB, npOBe eHHhIX B
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Ha KHnpe, - rOBopHT JIaBoKa, - He 6hIJIO HaH eHO HHKaKHX
CJIe OB H OJIOB; 6hIJIH HaH eHhI eHhrH, QeHHOCTH H apXHBhI».
B 60JIhiliOH qaCOBHe XpaMa B IIapH)I{e 6hIJI 06HapY)l(eH
peJIHKBapHH B <l>opMe rOJIOBhI. 11 MaH 1311 r. IHJIhoM IIH ya,
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BYIO rOJIOBY H3 n030JIOQeHHOrO cepe6pa; OHa npe CTaBJIHJIa
C060H H306pa)l{eHHe )l(eH HHhI, a BHyrpH Hee HaXO HJIHCh
KOCTH Qepena, 3aBepHyrhle B 6eJIoe BbIllIHToe nOJIOTHO; cBepxy
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HJIH CHpHHCKOro ra3a) KpaCHOBaToro QBeTa. Ha BhIIIIHTOH
Ha nHCH MO)l{HO 6hIJIO npOqHTaTh CJIOBO H QH<l>PY: Capud
LVIII. TIoxo)l{e 6hIJIO, qTO 3TO KOCTH qepena He60JIhiliOH
)I{eHCKOH rOJIOBKH, H noroBapHBaJIH, qTO 3TO 6hIJIa rOJIOBa
O HOH H3 oauHHaa amu mblCJlZ ae8cm8eHHu (?). IHJIhoM IIH-
ya nO TBep HJI, qTO 60JIhilie HHqerO He HaIIIeJI B OMe Xpa-
Ma» (JIa80Ka).
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BhIBaJIH HeqTO noxo)l{ee Ha 60po y. DJIarO apH parOQeHHhIM
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qaTJIeHHe, qTO Ha HHX 6pocalOT npOH3HTeJIhHhIH B3rJIH CBep-
KalOII(He rJIa3a. PeJIHKBapHH CTOHJI Ha CKaMeHKe C qeTbIphMH
HO)l{KaMH. TaKOB 6hIJI MarHqeCKHH H OJI 0 qeTbIpex Horax.
A rroKphIBaJIO B nOJIYThMe H3 aJIeKa HanOMHHaJIO cTapylO qe-
JIOBeqecKYIO KO)l{Y.
9S
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,I1Jl OP/l,EHA TAMnJII1EPOB
HeKOTophIX 6paTheB npHrJIaIIIaJIH nozmumb CBJlm , blH10 a
OHH nO YMaJIH, qTO nOKJlOHJlmbCJl UiJOllY. 3TH npOCThIe JIIO H
He nOHHMaJIH pa3JIHqHH Me)l{ Y KYJIbTOM e HHoro 60ra H KYJIh-
TOM CBHThIX, Me)l{ Y nOKJIOHeHHeM H nOqHTaHHeM. O HaKO,
3aMeTHM, Y HBHTeJIhHO TO, qTO TaKOH BhICOKHH caHOBHHK, KaK
OCMOTpII(HK <1>paHQHH fyro e IIeHpo, B CBOHX nOKa3aHHHX
He .c eJIaJI pa3JIHqHH Me)l{ Y CBHThIHeM H H OJIOM. HaM HeH3-
BecTHo, B KaKoM Mepe nhITKa MOrJIa npHrynHTh cnoc06HOCTH
caMhIX YMHhIX TaMnJIHepOB K KpHTHqeCKOMY OCMhICJIeHHIO.
Ho, eCJIH 06BHHHeMbIe CMOrJIH OTpH aTh HeKOTophIe 4>aKThI,
npH3HaBaH npH 3TOM 060CHOBaHHOCTh PyrHx ynpeKoB, noqe-
MY fyro e IIeMpo He BhIcrynHJI npOTHB 06BHHeHHH B H OJIO-
nOKJIOHHHqeCTBe, KaK Pyr.He OTBepraJIH 06BHHeHHe B TOM,
qTO 3aHHMaJIHCh CO OMHeM? ECJIH npOCThIe 6paTbH MOrJIH
OIIIH6aThCH B TOM, qTO KacaeTCH CBHThIHH, TO BhICIIIee YXOB-
Hoe RHQO, KaKHM 6hIJI OCMOTpII(HK <1>paHQHH, Mor 6hI npOCTO
YTOqHHTh 4>aKThI. Ha 3TO CJIe yeT B03pa3HTh, qTO BepXOBHhIM
CaHOBHHK He 06H3aTeJIhHO 6hIJI 60JIee YMHhIM HJIH 60JIee JIOB-
KHM IOpHCTOM, qeM npocToM 6paT. MhI YBH HM, qTO caM BeJIH-
KHM MarHCTp OKa)l{eTCH He B CHJIaX 3aII(HTHThCH. PhIQapH-
TaMnJIHephI 6hIJIH HerpaMOTHhIMH, KaK 60JIhIIIHHCTBO ceHhO-
pOB Toro BpeMeHH. KaK )I{e Tor a 3TH MaJlOCBeiJy14ue 1110iJU
OJI)I{HhI 6hIJIH HeJIOBKO BhIrJIH eTh nep JIHQOM IOpHCTOB H
3HaTOKOB KaHOHHqeCKOrO npaBa! B KOHeqHOM HTore, a)l{e
eCJIH 06BHHHeMhIM cYMeJI y aqHO 3aII(HTHThCH, MhI 3Toro HH-
Kor a He Y3HaeM, nOCKOJIhKY ceKpeTapH cy a, TaK )I{e KaK H
naJIaqH, 3aCTaBHJIH HX CKa3aTh Bee, qTO )I{eJIaJI YCJIhIIIIaTh
HHKBH3HTOp, H 3TO nO KpenJIHJIOCh nO qHCTKaMH B TeKCTe H
06aBJIeHHHMH.
HlOaHChI H pa3JIHqHH, KOTophIe MO)l{HO BhIHBHTh B nOKa-
3aHHHX, 6hIJIH BCTaBJIeHhI B TeKCT nepenHCqHKaMH TOJIhKO
JIH Toro, qT06hI npH aTh BhIpBaHHhIM nOKa3aHHHM HeKYIO
rrpaB ono 06HOCTh. IIpH3HaHHH, nOJIHOCThlO COBna alOII(He
no BceM nYHKTaM, MOrJIH 6hI BhI3BaTh He OBepHe Tex, KTO
OJI)I{eH 6hIJI BhIHeCTH OKOHqaTeJIhHhIM npHrOBOp. QT06hI
96
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,I15I OP/l,EHA TAMIInI1EPOB
onpaB aTh eHCTBHH KOpOJIH, CJIe OBaJIO COCTaBHTh 6YMa-
rH, KOTOphIe OCTaBJIHJIH 6hI BneqaTJIeHHe nO JIHHHOCTH, He-
npe B3HTOCTH H npaB HBOCTH. Ho 3TO OTHIO h He 06JIerqaeT
pa60T)' Tex, KTO XOqeT BHeCTH KaKYIO-TO HCHOCTh B 3TO 3any-
TaHHoe eJIo.
* * *
JIereH a 0 6a<l>oMeTe 3aKpenHJIaCh HaCTOJIhKO npOqHO,
qTO 3TO eJlo MHO)l{eCTBO pa3 B0306HOBJIHJIOCh B TeqeHHe
nOCJIe YIOII(Hx BeKOB. B 1789 r. B 3cceHya, qTO B HeCKOJIh-
KHX KHRoMeTpax OT 6hIBlIIero KOMaH opcTBa BYJIeH, 6bIJI
HaH eH B 3eMne JIapeQ H3 pe3Horo KaMHH C BwrpaBHpo-
BaHHhIMH Ha HeM apa6CKHMH nHChMeHaMH. ApXeOJIOrH
nOCqHTaJIH, qTO 3TO 6hIJI JIapeQ, r e XpaHHJICH 6a<pOMeT TaM-
nJIHepOB, HJIH rHOCTHqeCKHH napeQ. IIaJIeOrpa<phI C 60JIh-
lIIHM TpY OM cyMeJIH paClIIH<ppOBaTh Ha nHCh Ha 3TOM npe-
CJIOBYTOM 06'beKTe, TaK Ha3hIBaeMOM JIapQe repQora e
EJIaKa .
IIepeBo He onpaB hIBaeT HHqhHX Ha e)l{ , KpOMe Tex,
qTO nHTalOT nlO6HTeJIH Bcero TaHHCTBeHHoro: «IIYCTh BOCCJIa-
BHTCH MeTe (pa3YM), qTO 3aCTaBJIHeT paCTH H paCQBeTaTh,
Halli npapO HTeJIh, 3TO H C ceMephIMH, OTpHQalOII(HH H BOC-
CTalOII(HH npOTHB npaBOBepHOCTH, Bce Y OBOJIhCTBHH OKPY-
)I{alOT Te6H .
HeKOTophIe npe nOJIO)l{HJIH, qTO 3TOT JIapeQ 6hIJI Bcero
JIHlIIh capKo<parOM erHneTCKOH MYMHH. OCTaeTCH 06'bHCHHTh,
KaK OH OKa3aJICH 3aKonaHHhIM B nOJIe B HeCKOJIhKHX KHJIO-
MeTpax OT KOMaH opCTBa TaMnJIHepOB. CJIe yeT JIH YMaTh,
qTO nOCJIe HHe XOTeJIH CKphITh HeKoe BeII(eCTBeHHoe OKa-
3aTeJIhCTBO, KaKoe-TO KOMnpOMeTHpYIOII(ee CBH eTeJIhCTBO?
IIpe OCTaBHM yqeHhIM B03MO)l{HOCTh cnopHTh O nOTepH hI-
xaHHH 0 rHOCTHqeCKHX TaHHax H MaHHxeHCKHX CHMBOJIaX,
H306pa)l{eHHhIX Ha JIapQe. B XO CHOBa H eT qepHaH MarHH H
pHTyaJIhI, CBH3aHHhIe C nOpOqHOH ceKcyaJIhHOCThlO. HeKoe
97
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,I15I OP/l,EHA TAMnJII1EPOB
BYIIOJIOe CYLQeCTBO, H306pa:>KeHHOe Ha O HOH H3 CTOpOH
JIapQa, HK06hI npe CTaBJIHJIO C060H 6a<pOMeT, IIpHHHMalOLQHH
nOqeCTH IIOCBHLQeHHhIX. qHcTaH rHIIOTe3a KaKOrO-TO 3PY H-
Ta, YMeJIO HrpalOLQerO B 3aXBaThIBalOLQYIO Hrpy, KOTOpaH CO-
CTOHT B TOM, qT06hI CpaBHHBaTh Me)l{ Y C060H peJIHrHH HJIH
epeCH, a6hI CBH3aTh HX Me)l{ Y C060H TaHHCTB HHhIMH H 3a-
IIYTaHHhIMH CBH3HMH 330TepHqeCKHX .nOKTPHH, MarHH HJIH
3pOTH3Ma.
B JIYBpe HaXO HTCH MHO)l{eCTBO 6pOH30BhIX CTaTY3TOK,
Ha3hIBaeMhIX 6a<pOMeTaMH. 3TO nO eJIKH: H OJIa, KOTOpOrO
MO)l{HO 6hIJIO 6hI nOCQHTaTh 6a<pOMeTOM TaMIIJIHepOB, He cy-
II(eCTByeT.
* * *
C 6a<pOMeTOM CBH3aHhI TOJIKOBaHHH, KaCalOLQHeCH IIOHCKa,
KOTOphIH TaMnJIHephI HOCHJIH no O e)l{ OH, Ha py6aIIIKe. Ho-
IIIeHHe 3Toro nOHca IIpe IIHChIBaJIOCh YCTaBOM. Ero OJDKHhI
6hIJIH o eBaTh Ha HOQh nOBepx py6aIIIKH QT06hI He KaCaJIHCh
CB060 HO CBoeH IIJIOTH». OH HBJIHeTCH CHMBOJIOM QeJIOMY -
pHH, a XYJIHTeJIH TaMIIJIHepOB C eJIaJIH H3 Hero MarHQeCKHH
06'heKT. ITo HX CJIOBaM, npe)l{ e QeM Ha eTh ero Ha 6paTheB,
3THM IIOHCOM IIpOBO HJIH IIO H OJIY. B03MO)l{HO, QTO B CO-
OTBeTCTBHH C 06hIQaeM Cpe HeBeKOBhH, TaMIIJIHephI npHKaca-
JIHCh K TOMY caMOMY peJIHKBapHIO KaKHM-TO IIpe MeTOM, KO-
TOphIH Bcer a ep)l{aJIH npH ce6e, HaIIpHMep, IIOHCOM, HO 3TOT
)I{eCT rOBOpHJI JIHIIIh 0 Ha60)l{HOCTH, ero MO)l{HO Ha6JIIO aTh BO
Bcex MeCTax IIaJIOMHHQeCTBa.
K TOMY )I{e MO)l{HO IIpHBeCTH CBH eTeJIhCTBO TaMnJIHepa
rH ,lJ:o<p eHa , KOTOphIH 06'hHCHHJI: .H IIOJIh30BaJICH 3THMH IIOHC-
KaMH, KOTophIe npHKaCaJIHCh K 6eJIOMY KaMHIO, QTO MO)l{HO
BH eTh B Ha3apeTe B TOM caMOM MeCTe, r e aHreJI IIpHHec
6JIarylO BeCTh IIpeIIo 06HOH MapHH; OHH TaK)I{e IIpHKJIa hIBa-
JIHCh K MOLQaM, IIpHHa JIe)l{aBIIIHM op eHY 3a MopeM, MOII(aM
CB. ITOJIHKapIIa H CB. 3Y<PHMHH».
4. 3-992
98
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,I15I OP/l,EHA TAMnJII1EPOB
I1MeHHo OH H aeT pa:QHOHaJIHCTaM npeKpaCHhIH nOBO
JIH paccY)I{ eHHH 06 aMYJIeTax. Be h TaK JIerKO npHnHcaTh
qepHOH MarHH TO, qTO OTHOCHTCH K MarHH 6eJIOH.
* * *
EOJIhlliHHCTBO 06BHHeHHH, BhI BHHYThIX npOTHB TaMnJIHe-
pOB, npHCYII(e H BCeM cy e6HhIM eJIaM Cpe HeBeKOBhH, Ka-
CalOII(HMCH KOJI OBCTBa.
TaMnJIHepaM BMeHHJIHCh B BHHY ThICHqH )I{eCTOKHX H Ca H-
CTCKHX nocrynKOB: rOBOpHJIH, qTO OHH C)I{HraJIH CBOHX YMep-
lliHX, qT06hI 3aCTaBHTh HOBhIX npHBep)l{eH:QeB npOrJIOTHTh
3TOT neneJI, nO MelliHBaH ero B e y H HanHTKH. TaK)I{e 06aB-
JIHJIOCh, qTO OHH npHrJIalliaJIH )I{eHII(HH Ha nHphI, KOTophIe,
Kor a raCHJIH Bee orHH, 3aKaHqHBaJIHCh Bce06II(HMH oprHHMH.
IIpH pO)l{ eHHH eTeH, 3aqaThIX BO BpeMH 3THX BaKXaHaJIHH,
yCTpaHBaJICH HOBhI" nHp, no XO Y KOToporo HOBOpO)l{ eHHhIX
nepe6paChIBaJIH, CJIOBHO MHqH, H3 O HHX PYK B PyrHe, nOKa
OHH He YMHpaJIH. Tor a MaJIeHhKHe TeJIh:Qa 3a)l{apHBaJIH, a HX
)I{HpOM CMa3hIBaJIH 6a<poMeT.
IIo 06HhIM 06BHHeHHHM, KaK H3BeCTHO, nO BepraJIHCh H
nepBhIe xpHcTHaHe.
TaK)I{e KaneJIJIaHOB op eHa XpaMa ynpeKaJIH B TOM, qTO,
CJIY)I{a Meccy, OHH onYCKaJIH CJIOBa OCBHII(eHHH rOCTHH. Me)l{ Y
TeM TaMnJIHephI nHTaJIH TaKoe YBa)l{eHHe K TaHHCTBY CBHTO-
ro npHqaCTHH, qTO HX KaneJIJIaHhI Bcer a HOCHJIH nepqaTKH,
qT06hI no B03MO)l{HOCTH H36e)l{aTh OCKBepHHIOII(ero npHKOC-
HOBeHHH K CBOHM PYKaM, KOTophIe OJI)I{HhI 6hIJIH KacaThCH
CBHThIX apOB.
TOqHO TaK )I{e HeB03MO)l{HO BMeHHTh HM B BHHY TOT <paKT,
qTO B MOMeHT B03HOllieHHH apOB OHH onycKaJIH rOJIOBhI BMe-
CTO Toro, qT06hI CMOTpeTh npHMO Ha HHX. IIpoHBJIeHHe 6JIa-
rorOBeHHH npH BH e CBHThIX apoB 6hIJIO OqeHh pacnpocTpa-
HeHO B TO BpeMH, HO, KaK H MHO)l{eCTBO KaTOJIHKOB B HalliH
HH, TaMnJIHephI MOrJIH nOCqHTaTh, qTO B 3TOT MOMeHT HM
99
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,I1Jl OP/l,EHA TAMllJII1EPOB
CJIe OBaJIO rraCTb HHQ. B 3TOM TPY HO YBH eTb 3HaK rrpeHe6-
pe)KeHHH.
ECJIH 6bl HaM Ha o 6blJIO paCCMOTpeTb Bce TaK Ha3blBae-
Mble rrperpeIIIeHHH op eHa XpaMa, Mbl 6bl He CMOrJIH OCTaHO-
BHTbCH. HarrpHMep, OHH He MOrJIH HH KpeCTHTb eTeH, HH BXO-
HTb B OM, r e HaXO HJIaCb pO)KeHHQa. ECJIH rro OIIIH6Ke OHH
Bce )I{e BXO HJIH Ty a, TO BbIXO HTb HM CJIe OBaJIO, rrHTHCb
3a OM Harrepe , «0 qeM OTBpaTHTeJIbHO paCCKa3bIBaTb», - ro-
BOpHT 06BHHHTeJIbHOe 3aKJIlOqeHHe.
HerrOHHTHO, qTO 3 eCb 3aCJIY)KHBaeT rropHQaHHH: 06BHHH-
TeJIHM rrpHIIIJIOCb HeMaJIO rrOTpY HTbCH, qT06bl pa3 YTb H3 MY-
XH CJIOHa, qT06bI rrpH aTb 6e306H Hb1M eHCTBHHM BH HMOCTb
rrpocTyrrKOB. IIO-BH HMOMY, HX Bo06pa)KeHHe paCnaJIHJIOCb,
KaK B CJIyqae KOJIJIeKTHBHOH raJIJIIOQHHaQHH. 06 3TOM MO)KHO
CY HTb no XaH)I{eCKOMY TOHY, KOTOpblM HarrHcaHO 06BHHH-
TeJIbHOe 3aKJIlOqeHHe, OTMeqalOII(ee, qTO rrpHHHTHe B op eH
HOBblX 6paTbeB rrpOHCXO HJI TaHHo, a 3TO HBJIHeTCH «60JIb-
IIIHM n030pOM JIH QepKBH H OqeBH HOH orraCHOCTblO JIH crra-
ceHHH YIII».
fope TeM, Ha Koro 6blJIH HaQeJIeHbI 3TH HccTyrrJIeHHble pe-
qH, 3Ta rocy apcTBeHHaH rrporraraH a, H C KeM TOTaJIHTapHblH
pe)KHM CTpeMHTCH 3aTeHTb «CCOpbl rro rrYCTHKaM», a6bl H36a-
BHTbCH OT Heyro Hblx!
He 6y eM OCTaHaBJIHBaTbCH Ha yrrpeKax, KacalOII(HXCH HC-
rrOBe H. YTBep)K aJIOCb, qTO BeJIHKHH MarHcTp, HecMoTpH Ha
TO qTO 6blJI MHpHHHHOM, KaK 6Y TO BblCJIYIIIHBaJI TaHHY Hcrro-
Be H: OH a)Ke OTnYCKaJI rpeXH, KOTopble He 6blJIH HcnOBe a-
HbI. Mbl Y)Ke rOBOpHJIH, qTO caMble npOCTO YIIIHble rrYTaJIH
HcrrOBe b C MOHaIIIeCKHM rrOKaHHHeM. MHorHe 6paTbH rrOJIa-
raJIH, qTO OTrrYII(eHHe rpeXOB, aHHoe KarreJIJIaHOM B KOHQe
KarrHryJIa, CHHMaJIO C HHX BHHY 3a rrpocTyrroK, B KOTOpOM OHH
He rrpH3HaJIHCb.
100
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,I15I OP/l,EHA TAMllJII1EPOB
* * *
MHorHe aBTOpbI 3HaqHTeJIhHO pOMaHTH3HpOBaJIH BCTynJIe-
HHe H npeCJIOBYTOe npHHHTHe HOBhIX phIu;apeH B Op eH Xpa-
Ma. B JII060nhITHOM Tpy e «BellUKUe TaMn.JlUepbl» ,lJ:)I{OH llIap-
neHThe npOHBJIHeT He IO)I{HHHhIH TaJIaHT pe)l{HCCepa, onHChI-
BaH u;epeMOHHIO npHHHTHH B Op eH. BeJIHKHH MarHCTp rHJIhOM
llIapTpCKHH JIHqHO BhICJIYIlIHBaeT KJIHTBY KaH H aTa, HeKoero
raHCa H3 I1HreJIhxeHMa.
TIepBaH BhI YMaHHaH eTaJIh: BeJIHKHH MarHCTp rOBOpHT
BCTynalOII(eMY, qTO Op eH HMeeT npaBO paCnOpH)I{aThCH )I{H3-
HhlO H CMepThlO phIu;apeH. Ho a HM CJIOBO aBTOpy:
- MOll JlCU3Hb npUHaOlleJICUm BaM, - omBemUll faHC.
- IIpeKpacHo! - 0006pUll fUllbOM lllapmpcKuu. - IIOKJlJl-
HumeCb 3mUMU OpZaHaMU, Komopble cBuoemellbcmBYlOm 0 Ba-
Uleu npUHaOlleJICHOCmU K MYJlCCKOMY nOllY!
- JI KJlJlHYCb! - mOpJICeCmBeHHo npOB032JlaCUll pbl apb, npu-
KOCHYBUlUCb lleBou PYKOU K naxy U BblmJlHYB npaBYIO nepeo
c06011.
MhI He HalliJIH HHqerO, qTO 6hI HanOMHHaJIO 3TY cBoe06-
pa3HYIO KJIHTBY B oKYMeHTax, KaCalOII(HXCH op eHa XpaMa.
3aTeM CJIe yeT HaCTOHII(aH <paHTacMaropHH, B KOTOpOH yqa-
CTBYIOT CBHToe PacnHTHe H AHTHXpHCT. HaKoHeu; raHca BBO-
HT B TaHHYIO KOMHaTY, r e HaXO HTCH oKYTaHHaH nOKphIBa-
JIOM cTaTYH. C 6a<pOMeTa (H60 peqh H eT HMeHHO 0 HeM)
CHHMalOT nOKpOB. TIocBHII(aeMhIH B TaHHY», TO eCTh HOBhIH
phIu;aph OJI)I{eH BhI6paTh O HH H3 BYX COCY OB (KaHTapOB
Eaxyca), B O HOM H3 KOTOphIX 3aKJIIOqaJIOCh BHHO HCTHHhI, B
PyroM - BHHO 3a6JIY)I{ eHHH.
HaKoHeu; nOCBHII(aeMhIH OJI)I{eH nOu;eJIOBaTh cTaTYIO B
ceMh MeeT, COOTBeTCTBYIOII(HX pa3JIHQHhIM HepBHhIM cnJIe-
TeHHHM, B TOM QHCJIe H B nOHCHHQHOe H B KpeCTU;OBoe cnJIe-
TeHHe...
I 101
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,I15I OP/l,EHA TAMllJII1EPOB
3TO BeChMa 3JIeraHTHhIH cnoc06 O HOBpeMeHHO BCnOMHHTh
H 6a<}>OMeT, H Bee «oscula inhonesta.» (nocmbzoHbze no eJlYu).
Ho HeT JIH B 3TOH MHJIOH <}>aHTa3HH OJIH HCTHHhI? He 6hIJIH
JIH nOXOTJIHBhIe pa3BJIeqeHHH, 0 KOTOphIX MhI rOBOpHJIH, CBH-
3aHhI C HeKoeH TYMaHHoH KocMoroHHeH, C 06paII(eHHeM K
peBHHM TaHHaM? YTBep)l{ aH no 06Hoe, MhI aeM qepecqyp
60JIhllIOe npeHMYII(eCTBO OKKYJIhTHcTaM.
* * *
A BOT, c06CTBeHHO rOBopH, H caTaHH3M.
TIo CJIOBaM 06BHHHTeJIeH op eHa, TaMnJIHephI HK06hI CO-
XpaHHJIH eMOHHqeCKHe Tpa HU;HH, BOCXO HII(He K repOHqe-
CKOMY nepHO Y B HCTOpHH op eHa, K BpeMeHaM, Kor a Ha BYX
6paTheB Y HHX 6hIJIa JIHllIh O Ha JIOllIa h. O Ha)l{ hI exaBIlIHM
BepXOM BYM TaMnJIHepaM BHe3anHO CTaJIa yrpO)l{aTh 60JIh-
llIaH onaCHOCTh. O HH H3 CH HII(HX B ce JIe phIu;apeH npeno-
PyqHJI CBOIO )I{H3Hh hHBOJIY, Tor a KaK PyroH npH3hIBaJI
I1Hcyca XpHCTa. TIepBhIH BhIllIeJI HeBpe HMhIM H3 onaCHoro
npHKJIlOqeHHH H nOCOBeTOBaJI pyrOMY, 6hITh MO)l{eT, MeHee
y aqJIHBOMY, Bcer a nopyqaTh CBOIO )I{H3Hh hHBOJIY.
COBeTY CTaJIH CJIe OBaTh: 3THM MO)l{HO 6hIJIO 6hI O HOBpe-
MeHHO 06'bHCHHTh H He06hIKHOBeHHoe 60raTCTBO op eHa, H
ero pacnYII(eHHOCTh.
JII06HTeJIH COBna eHHH COOTHOCHT 3TY hHBOJIhCKYIO JIe-
reH Y 0 BYX phIu;apHX C BYJIHKOCThlO 60po aToro 6a<}>OMeTa.
Ey eT YTBep)l{ aThCH, qTO TaMnJIHephI Ha KanHryJIaX no-
KJIOHHJIHCh eMOHY B 06JIHqhe KOTa. TIpe nOJIaraJIOCh, qTO
3TqT KOT BcrynaJI B 6ece y C nOMOII(HHKaMH, H TaKHM 06pa30M
OHH BhI3hIBaJIH nOHBJIeHHe PyrHx eMOHHqeCKHX <pHryp, no-
CJIe HHe HBJIHJIHCh B BH e CJIa OCTpaCTHbIX )I{eHII(HH, C KOTO-
pbIMH Ka)l{ hIH nocTynaJI no CBoeMY YCMOTpeHHIO», KaK BO
Bcex CJIyqaHX C CYKKy6aMH.
3TH pOCCKa3HH n03BOJIHIOT KOHCTaTHpOBaTh TOT <}>aKT, qTO
06BI1HeHHH, 06paII(eHHhIe K TaMnJIHepaM, HanOMHHalOT ynpe-
102
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,I1Jl OP/l,EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
KH, BhI BHHYThIe npOTHB pa3JIHqHhIX CeKT, KOTOphIe nO 03pe-
BaJIHCh B CHOIIleHHHX C eMOHOM, HanpHMep, npOTHB MaHH-
xeeB. IIpoHBJIeHHe MaHHXeHCTBa YCMaTpHBaJIOCh B TOM, qTO
npH B03HHKHOBeHHH Op eHa Ba phIQapH e3 HJIH Ha O HOH
JIOIIla H, HJIH )I{e B TOM, qTO TaMnJIHepaM 6hIJIO npe nHCaHO
eCTh B BOeM H3 O HOH MHCKH. )KIOJIh JIya3eJIep CqHTaeT TaMn-
JIHepOB npOCThIMH nOCJIe OBaTeJIHMH KaTapOB H, CJIe OBaTeJIh-
HO, nOKJIOHHIOII(HMHCH 3JIOMY HaqaJIY. B CBH3H C HHMH BCnO-
MHHaJIHCh 3JIeBCHHCKHe MHCTepHH 1 .
C PyroH CTOpOHhI, B OTpeqeHHH OT Eora 06BHHHJIHCh
aJIh6HrOHQhI H BaJIh eHChI, paBHO KaK H KOJI YHhI, KOTOphIM
TaK)I{e npHnHChIBaJIHCh y6HHcTBa eTeH, pO)l{ eHHhIX OT KpO-
BOCMeCHTeJIhHhIX CBH3eH. qTO KaCaeTCH HenpHCTOHHhIX nOQe-
JIyeB, OTMeTHM, qTO B npoQeccax, CBH3aHHhIX C KOJI OBCTBOM,
Be hMhI 06BHHHJIHCh B nOKJIOHeHHH K03JIY, «oscuiantes ilium in
anD SUO» (nOl{ellYJlX e20 6 3aiJ).
ECJIH OQeHHBaTh Bee TO, B qeM ynpeKaJIH TaMnJIHepOB,
Ka)l{eTCH, qTO Bpa)l{ e6HO HaCTpoeHHhIM xYJIHTeJIHM op eHa
HY)f(HO 6hIJIO JIHIIlh nOnOJIHHTh CBOH 06BHHeHHH H3 3anaca
Tex y)l{aCOB, qTO npHnHChIBaJIHCh B TeqeHHe BeKOB epeTHKaM,
KOJI YHaM, MaraM H BceM TeM, KTO, KaK npe nOJIaraJIOCh,
qTO-TO 3aMhIIIlJUIJI npOTHB BJIaCTeH H pa3pYIIlaJI MHpOBOH
nopH OK.
BnpOqeM, B cpe HHe BeKa epeTHK CqHTaJICH CBoero po a
aHapxHCTOM, TOqHO TaK )I{e KaK B 3noxy PeHeccaHca npOTec-
TaHTa B nOJIHTHKe npHHHMaJIH, rJIaBHhIM 06pa30M, 3a peBOJIIO-
QHOHepa.
ECJIH Me)f( y TaMnJIHepaMH H aJIh6HrOHQaMH H CYII(eCTBO-
BaJIH CBH3H, TO HX H3yqeHHe He BXO HT B HaIIlH nJIaHhI. E HH-
CTBeHHoe, qTO YCTaHOBJIeHO HaBepHHKa, - 3TO TO, qTO aJIh6H-
rOHCKaH epeCb npaKTHqeCKH nOJIHOCThlO HCqe3JIa B HaqaJIe
XIV B.
1 3JIeBCI1HCKI1e MI1CTepl111 - B aHTl1'-1HOH fpeUl111 e)l{erO HbIe npa3 -
HeCTBa B qeCTb 60rl1Hb eMeTpbI 11 TIepcecpOHbI. (IIpUMez. pea.)
103
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,H5I OP/l,EHA TAMJIJIHEPOB
Bo BpeMH cy e6Horo npoQecca npOTHB TaMnJIHepOB npH
3 paBOM pa3MhIllIJIeHHH HeB03MO)l{HO 6hIJIO npe CTaBHTh ce6e
YXOBHYIO CBH3h Me)l{ Y phIQapHMH-TaMnJIHepaMH H epeTH-
KaMH C IOra <l>paHQHH, KaKHMH 6hI HH 6hIJIH CpaBHeHHH, npH-
BO HMhIe TeMH, KTO HX HCKaJI. Bcer a JIerKO CBH3aTh OKTpH-
HY, KOTOpylO XOTHT OCY HTh, C KaKOH-HH6Y h HCqe3HYBllIeH
epeChlO. I1MeHHo 3TO H C eJIaJIH C TaMnJIHepaMH, 06BHHHB HX
B aJIh6HrOHCTBe.
B03MO)l{HO, B Op eH XpaMa npOHHKJIH KaKHe-TO H eH e-
HHH KaTapOB, OTTOrO qTO KaTapaM, KOTOphIX npHHY HJIH K
paCKaHHHIO, HHOr a npHXO HJIOCh BcrynaTh B Op eH TaMnJIHe-
pOB, qT06hI HCKynHTh CBOIO BHHY. B qHCJIe 3THX H eH MhI
OTMeTHJIH CTpaX aJIh6HrOHQeB nepe 6epeMeHHOH )I{eHII(HHOH,
3anpeT BXO HTh B OM, r e HaXO HTCH )I{eHII(HHa, MyqHMaH
pO aMH. Ho 6hIJIH eII(e H PyrHe, H OTpeqeHHe OT XpHCTa
HBJIHJIOCh BCerO JIHllIh JIOrHqeCKHM CJIe CTBHeM BepOHCnO-
Be aHHH, He npH3HaBaBllIero 60)l{eCTBeHHoro BOnJIOII(eHHH.
CJIe OBaJIO 6hI OTHeCTH 3TH peJIHrH03HhIe 3a6JIY)I{ eHHH K
TeM, qTO HcnOBe OBaJIHCh 60rOMHJIaMH, caTaHHCTaMH H HoaH-
HHTaMH.
B CBH3H C 3THMH epeCHMH OCTaTOqHO BcnOMHHTh, qTO B
HaqaJIe XIII B. TaMnJIHephI yqaCTBOBaJIH B KpecToBoM noxo e
npoTHB aJIh6HroHQeB. TaKHM 06pa30M, OHH, no CJIOBaM KJIe-
BeTHHKoB, HK06hI CHOBa 3aKJIIOqHJIH C eJIKY C BparoM...
HeH3BecTHo, npHHeCJIO JIH BMellIaTeJIhCTBO TaMnJIHepOB
CBOH nJIO hI BO BpeMH 3Toro noxo a B 3ana HoH EBpone. OHH
6hIJIH 06H3aHhI HeCTH BoeHHYIO CJIY)I{6y KOpOJIIO TOJIhKO BO
BpeMH KpecToBoro noxo a, HO HX nOMOII(h He OrpaHHqHJIaCb
TOJIhKO JIHllIh BoeHHhIMH eHCTBHHMH. B 1212 r. TaMnJIHephI
BOlliJIH B KOMHCCHIO, c03 aHHYIO CHMOHOM e MOH<pOpOM1
1 CI1MOH e MOH<pOP (OK. 1160-1218) - Mel1KI1H <Pp aH UY3CKI1H
ceHbOp, B03rl1aBI111 KpeCTOBbIH noxo npOTI1B epeTI1KOB-al1b6l1rOHueB
IO)f(HOH <I>paHUI1I1; 3aXBaTHl1 repuorCTBO Hap60HHCKoe 11 rpa<pCTBO
TYl1Y3CKoe. ([[pUMez. pea.)
104
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,I1JI OP/l,EHA TAMllJII1EPOB
C IJ;eJIhlO HanHCaTh YCTaB, H3BeCTHhIH no Ha3BaHHeM «Cma-
mymoBIIaMbe» H npe Ha3HaqeHHhIH JIH HaJIa)l{HBaHHH )I{H3-
HH B CTpaHe, OTBOeBaHHOH Y epeTHKOB.
ECJIH 6hI TaMnJIHephI nO 03peBaJIHCh B nO ep)l{Ke aJIh6H-
rOHCKOH BephI, TIana I1HHoKeHTHH III, CTOJIh JIOBKO H306JIH-
qaBllIHH epeCh, He npeMHHYJI 6hI 3TO 3aMeTHTh.
LfACTb TPETb51
fJlaBa ,I
APECTbl t 3 OKTJl6PJI t 307 f.
TaKHM 06pa30M, KOpOJIh <PHJIHnn KpacHBhIH 6JIarOCKJIOH-
HO OTHeCCH K HarOBopaM rOpO)l{aHHHa Ee3he 3CKhe e <PJIya-
paHa. A 3JIhle reHHH H3 ero OKpY)I{eHHH, TaKHe KaK neqaJIhHO
H3BeCTHhIH Horape, CnellIHJIH nO TOJIKHYTh MOHapxa K KOH-
KpeTHhIM eHCTBHHM.
KOpOJIh BeChMa 6hIJI CKJIOHeH npHCJIYIlIHBaThCH K CJIOBaM
Tex, KTO COBeTOBaJI eMY npHMeHHTh CHJIY, HO OH 3HaJI, qTO eMY
He06xo HMO 3apyqHThCH nO ep)l{KOH IIanhI. Op eH XpaMa
nO qHHHJICH Henocpe CTBeHHO nOHTH<pHKY. II03TOMY Ba)l{HO
6bIJIO npOHBHTh OCTOpO)l{HOCTh H OCMOTpHTeJIhHOCTh.
<PHJIHnn KpaCHBhIH npHKa3aJI Horape HaqaTh paCCJIe OBa-
HHe, npe JIO)l{HB H3BeCTHTh 06 3TOM IIany. PaCCJIe OBaHHe 6y-
,n;eT OJIrHM: OHO 6y eT BeCTHCh Ba ro a. 3TO YKa3hIBaeT Ha
TO, qTO ,n;eJIO npO BHraJIOCh Ha OII(ynh, qTO aBaJIO opory
HHTpHraM H MaXHHaIJ;HHM.
OCHOBHhIMH HH<popMaTopaMH KOpOJIH CTaJIH 6bIBllIHe TaM-
nJIHephI, H3rHaHHbIe H3 op eHa 3a He OCTOHHoe nOBe,n;eHHe.
TaK)I{e ynoMHHalOTCH ,n;BeHa IJ;aTh 6paTbeB, KOTophIe, BbIH,n;H
H3 op,n;eHa, BHOBb B03BpaTHJIHCh Ty a, H306pa3HB paCKaHHHe,
qT06bI IlInHOHHTh 3a ,n;eJIaMH H nocTynKaMH TaMnJIHepOB. 3TH
MaCTepa Ha Bee PYKH, He HMelOI.QHe HH CTbI,n;a HH COBeCTH, KaK
Ka)KeTCH, caMH CneIJ;HaJIhHO COBepllIHJIH HeKOTophIe npecTyn-
JIeHHH, B KOTOpbIX 06BHHHJIH TaMnJIHepOB, qT06hI C03 aTb Ha-
npH)KeHHYIO 06CTaHOBKY H CnpOBOIJ;HpOBaTb BhIHBJIeHHe HO-
BbIX <paKTOB nperperneHHH op eHa.
108 I
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,I15I OP/l,EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
HaKoHeQ 6hIBIIlHe TaMnJIHephI 6hIJIH 3a ep)l{aHhI, H HX 3a-
KJIlOqeHHe B TeqeHHe OJIrOrO BpeMeHH ep)l{aJIOCh B CeKpeTe.
B KOHQe KOHQOB, Horape npH nO ep)l{Ke BeJIHKOrO HHKBH3H-
TOpa <l>paHQHH lliJIhOMa 3M6epa, nOJIyqHJI OT 3THX nJIeHHHKOB
06eII(aHHH OKa3aTh, qTO B Op eHe TaMnJIHepOB COBepIIlaJIHCh
npecTynJIeHHH.
KOpOJIh OCHOBhIBaJI CBOH 06BHHeHHH HMeHHO Ha 3THX no-
03pHTeJIhHhIX CBH eTeJIhCTBaX.
O)l{H aH, KOr a ero TaMHoe paCCJIe OBaHHe aCT nepBhIe
pe3YJIhTaThI, KOpOJIh B nHChMe H3BeCTHJI 06 3TOM TIany.
TIOMHMO 3Toro Bonpoc 0 TaMnJIHepaX MHoro pa3 6y eT
3aTparHBaThCH B 6ece ax, KOTophIe <l>HJIHnn KpacHBhIM H
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15 HOH6pH 1305 r.
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I 109
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1 Cpe H MHO)l{eCTBa 111O eH, npHexaBIlIHX K KOpOl1lO B IIyaTbe,
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110
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HHT, a nOTOM OTBeprHYT EOHI1<paQl1eM VIII.
HaKoHeQ ,D;106ya, «JIerI1CT 113 KYTaHca» 11 COBeTHHK KOpO-
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I 111
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* * *
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qTO 11 6y eT C eJIaHO. TaK)I{e B TIyaTbe nO HI1MaJICH Bonpoc
o B0306HOBJIeHI1H npoQecca Ha EOHI1<paQHeM VIII. B CBH-
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npl1BJIeKJIO BHI1MaHI1H TIanbI B TIyaTbe. Pa3rOBOp Me)l{ y HHM
1 Histoire litteraire de la France, T. XXVI. (IIpUMez. a8m.)
2 I1MeeTcH B BH Y nOJIHTHKa EOHH<}>a[(HH VIII, Bpa)l{ e6HaH <l>H-
JIHnny IV KpacHBoMY. (IIpUMez. ped.)
112
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qTO BeJIHKHH MarHCTp caM npOCHJI CBHTOH IIpeCTOJI co CBoeH
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* * *
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I 113
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npH6eraTb K nbITKaM, «eCJIH 6y eT B TOM HY)l{ a . IIocJIe
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6bIJIO no rOTOBJIeHO, CTaBKH 6bIJIH C eJIaHhI e e a)l{e paHb-
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26 ceHTH6pH IIana nOnpOCHJI KOpOJIH npe ocTaBHTb eMY
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He CTaJI CHHMaTb 06BHHeHHH, BbI BHHYTbIe llanoH EeHe HK-
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B AHaHhH.
114
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I 115
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,I1Jl OP/l,EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
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JIHCb TaMnJIl1epbI.
,lI;JIH KOpOJIH 6aIIIHH TaMnJIH HBJIHJIaCb CI1MBOJIOM HeHaBI1-
CTHOH BJIaCTH, KOTOpOH 06JIa,n;aJII1 ero Bparl1: KOpOJIb HeHaBI1-
,n;eJI 3T)' 6aIIIHIO C MaJIbqHIIIeCKI1M nbIJIOM. IIepeceJIHHCb B HO-
BYIO pe311,n;eHQI1IO, OH npl1Ka3aJI BbIKonaTb OCTaHKH CTpOI1TeJIH
6aIIIHI1 11 pa3BeHTb HX no BeTpy, KaK 6y,n;TO peqb IIIJIa 0 epeTI1-
Ke. 3TOT nocTynoK CBI1 eTeJIbCTByeT 0 3JI06HOH MeJIOqHOCTI1
KOpOJIH, KOToporo ero anOJIOreTbI Onl1CbIBalOT KaK qeJIOBeKa
ypaBHoBeIIIeHHoro, B YMqI1BOrO 11 Bcer,n;a BJIa,n;elO ero C060H.
rl1JIbOM ,n;e Horape nOCneIIII1JI onpaB aTb B rJIa3aX Hapo a
HeO)l{I1 aHHbIe MepbI, npl1HHTbIe <1>I1JIHnnOM KpaCI1BbIM. OH
06paTI1JICH K KJIl1pl1KaM 11 Hapo y C B033BaHHeM, a6bI no -
qepKHYTb TOT <paKT, qTO KOpOJIb Bcero JII1IIIb nO qI1HI1JICH BOJIe
rl1JIbOMa 3M6epa, rJIaBHOrO I1HKBI1311TOpa <1>paHQI1I1. Horape
He I1CnOJIHHJI MHeHI1H IIanbI, HO aeT nOHHTb, qTO nOHTH<pI1K
COrJIaCeH C KOpOJIeM. TaKI1M 06pa30M, OH JIraJI, qT06bI YTI1XO-
Ml1pl1Tb nepBbIe BCnJIeCKI1 BOJIHeHI1H, BbI3BaHHoro nocTynKoM,
npe CTaBJIHBIIII1MCH 6e33aKOHHbIM B rJIa3aX 3THX npOCTbIX
JIIO eH, KOTopbIe, HeCMOTpH Ha CBoe npe y6e)l{ eHHe npOTI1B
op eHa XpaMa, 06JIa aJII1 qYBCTBOM cnpaBe JII1BOCTH. rocy-
,n;apCTBeHHbIe HHTepeCbI», 3HaqeHI1e KOTOpbIX B 3TO BpeMH
nOHI1MaJIOCb e e CMYTHO, He MOrJII1 B0306JIa aTb Ha npHBI1-
JIerHHMI1, KOTOpbIMI1 nOJIb30BaJII1Cb JIIO 11 QepKBH.
Ero nOCJIaHl1e OTJIl1qaJIOCb OC060H HanbI eHHOCTblO. OHO
HaQI1HaJIOCb CO cJIe YIO l1x CJIOB: IIpHCKop6Hoe eJIO, rope-
CTHoe eJIO, 3JIO eHHl1e, 0 KOTOpOM y)l{acHo nO YMaTb, H
cTpalliHo YCJIbIlliaTb, OTBpaTI1TeJIbHOe, rHycHoe, OMep311TeJIb-
Hoe 11 HeQeJIOBeQeCKOe OCTl1rJIO HaIIII1X Ylliefl, 3aCTaBHB Hac
co porHYTbCH OT Y)I{aca».
11 Horape C OQeBI1 HbIM Y OBOJIbCTBl1eM OllHCbIBaeT Bee TO,
B QeM ynpeKaJII1 TaMnJIl1epOB, HaQI1HaH C OTpeQeHHH OT Xp"-
CTa, O ony eHHH CJIOB B xo e QepeMOHl111 OCBH eHI1H rOCTI1H,
He 3a6bIBaH 0 npOTI1BOeCTeCTBeHHbIX npeCT)'nJIeHI1HX.
116 I
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,I1.H OP/l,EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
Ha CJIe YIOII(HH eHb 14 OKTH6pH Horape npH3bIBaJI B 3aJI
KanHTYJIa c060pa IIapH)I{CKOH EoroMaTepH MarHcTpoB <l>a-
KYJIbTeTa TeOJIOrHH, KaHOHHKOB, npeBo IIapH)I{a H PyrHx
KOpOJIeBCKHX qHHOBHHKOB. IIepe JIHQOM 3Toro c06paHHH
«npOKJIHTaH YllIa» - <l>HJIHnn KpacHBbIH H3JIO)l{HJI HCTOpHIO
eJIa H nepeCMOTpeJI pa3JIHqHWe 06BHHeHHH npoTHB TaM-
nJIHepoB.
15 OKTH6pH Horape 06paTHJICH K TOJIne. OH BOCnOJIb30-
BaJICH BocKpecHbIM HeM, qT06bI c06paTb KaK MO)l{HO 60JIb-
IIIee KOJIHqeCTBO JIIO eH B ca y KOpOJIeBCKOro BoPQa. Ha
3TOM «MHTHHre» OMHHHKaHCKHe MOHaXH H KOpOJIeBCKHe qH-
HOBHHKH O HH 3a PyrHMH 6paJIH CJIOBO, qT06bI nonbITaTbCH
onpaB aTb nocT)'nKH, BCKOJIbIxHYBIIIHe 06II(eCTBeHHoe MHe-
HHe. IIYCTb TaMnJIHepbI H He BbI3bIBaJIH K ce6e YBa)l{eHHH,
O HaKO Bcex B03My aJIO TO, qTO C HHMH 06pa aJIHCb KaK C
npecTynHHKaMH.
* * *
Bo BceM KOpOJIeBCTBe KOpOJIeBCKHe qHHOBHHKH onpaIIIH-
BaJIH nJIeHHHKOB H onHCbIBaJIH HMYII(eCTBO op eHa TaMnJIHe-
pOB, qT06bI ynpaBJIHTb HM OT HMeHH KOpOJIH.
Bo BpeMH onpOCOB npHMeHHJIHCb nbITKH, H 3TO HMeJIO
caMoe 60JIbIIIOe 3HaqeHHe B CBeTe Toro, qTO 3a HHMH nOCJIe o-
BaJIO. ,lI;eHcTBHTeJIbHO, 06BHHHeMbIe, npH3HaBIIIHCb B qeM- JIH-
60 no nbITKaMH, He CMeJIH OTKa3aTbCH OT CKa3aHHoro, H60 B
C03HaHHH JIIO eH cpe HeBeKOBhH TOT <l>aKT, qTO KTO-TO BHOBb
OTpHQaJI npOCT)'nOK, B KOTOpOM Y)I{e npH3HaJICH, 6bIJI qpe3BbI-
qaHHO Ba)l{eH. 3TO 03HaqaJIO YUOpCTBOBaTb B CBoeM 3a6JIY)I{-
eHHH, a «perseverare diabolicum» (ynopcm808amb 8 iJbJl80Jlb-
CKOM 3a6JlYJICiJeHuu) BocnpHHHMaJIOCb B 6YKBaJIbHOM CMbICJIe
CJIOBa. 3anHpalOII(HHCH CqHTaJICH HepaCKaHBIIIHMCH epeTHKoM,
Hero Ka3HHJIH 6e3 aJIhHeHIIIHX cy e6HbIX pa36HpaTeJIhCTB.
TaKHM 06pa30M, nepBOHaqaJIhHOe npH3HaHHe, C eJIaHHOe no
nhITKOH, B aJIbHeHIIIeM nOCTOHHHO BJIHHJIO Ha nocTynKH
117
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,I15I OP/l,EHA TAMnJII1EPOB
06BHHHeMhIX, KaKHMH 6hI HH 6hIJIH BnOCJIe CTBHH CY hH H
CY hI, nepe KOTOphIMH CHOBa npe CTaBaJIH 06BHHHeMhIe.
,l];oKa3aHO, qTO eHCTBHH qHHOBHHKOB KOpOJIH OTJIHqaJIHCh
)l(eCTOKOCThlO. 3TO 6hIJIO HaqaJIOM rocy apcTBeHHOH HHKBH-
3HQI1H.
Kor a KOpOJIh HCnpOCHJI COBeTa Y TeOJIOrOB H3 qHCJIa CBO-
I1X npH6JIH)I{eHHhIX, eMY OTBeTHJIH, qTO CBeTCKHH CY hH He
OCTaTOqHO KOMneTeHTeH, qT06hI pa306paThCH B 3TOM eJIe,
rrOCKOJIhKY peqb H eT 0 epeCH. KOpOJIh MO)l{eT BMelliaThCH,
TOJIhKO eCJIH 06 3TOM nonpOCHT QepKOBh. BCJIe CTBHe 3Toro
KOpOJIh He Mor oT06paTh HX HMy ecTBO. B aHHOM CJIyqae
peqh H eT 0 JIHQax YXOBHoro 3BaHHH, «He nO qHHHIO HXCH
CY he-MHpHHHHY». <l>HJIHnn KpaCHBhIH COrJIaCHJICH C MHeHH-
eM CBOHX TeOJIOrOB H pellIHJI npe aTh TaMnJIHepOB cy y Qep-
KOBHOMY. OTMeTHM, qTO BeJIHKHH HHKBH3HTOp 6hIJI HcnOBe -
HHKOM KOpOJIH. MO)l{HO ora aThCH, qTO fHJIhOMY e IIapH
6hIJIO HeTpY HO y6e HTh CBoero nO OneqHOro. IIaYTHHa 3aro-
Bopa nJIeJIaCh C TOqHOCThlO, KOTOpylO BnOJIHe MO)l{HO Ha3BaTh
bHBOJIhCKOH, nOCKOJIhKY KOpOJIh HBHhIM 06pa30M nO qHHHJI-
CH... eMOHY aJIqHOCTH.
II03TOMY HMeHHO HHKBH3HQHH 6y eT BeCTI1 npoQecc npo-
THB op eHa. A Horape npH eTcH HMeTh eJIO C opraHH3aQHeH,
K KOTOpOH OH, OJI)I{HO 6hITh, nHTaJI oc06yIO HeHaBHCTh: eH-
CTBHTeJIhHO, KaK HaM co06 aeT )1(. fHPOl, «OH npHHa JIe)l{aJI K
ceMhe KaTapOB H3 OKpeCTHOCTeH KapKaCCOHa; ero e 6hIJI
CO)l{)I{eH KaK epeTHK, H, eCJIH 6hI C06JIIO aJIOCh QepKOBHoe H
rpa)l{ aHCKOe 3aKOHO aTeJIhCTBO, OrpaHHqHBalO ee eTeH H
BHYKOB epeTHKOB B npaBax, OH He Mor 6hI HCnOJIHHTh Te Ba)l{-
HhIe 06H3aHHOCTH, KOTophIe Y Hero 6hIJIH, a TaK)I{e Te, KOTO-
pbIe KOpOJIh, OKa3hIBaH OBepHe, BCKope Ha Hero B03JIO)l{HT».
3TOT BHYK epeTHKa He HMeJI HH MaJIeHIlIHX HaBhIKOB,
tIT06hI pa306paThCH B eJIe, KaCalOII(eMCH BephI H HpaBCT-
BeHHOCTH.
1 Guiraud J. L'inquisition medievale. Paris, 1928. (IIpUMez. aBm.)
118 I
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,I15I OP/l,EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
* * *
C 19 OKTH6pH no 24 HOH6pH B HH)I{HeM 3aJIe napH)I{CKOrO
TaMnJIH CTO TpH QaTb BoceMb TaMnJIHepOB npe CTaJIH nepe
BeJIHKHM HHKBH3HTOpOM fHJIbOMOM 3M6epoM, KOTOpbIH eH-
CTBOBaJI 6e3 3aKOHHoro Ha TO OCHOBaHHH.
TaM 6bIJIO HeCKOJIbKO MOHaxoB, COBeTHHKOB KOpOJIH, KaK,
HanpHMep, CHMOH e MOHTHHbH, ceKpeTapH cy a, naJIaqH H
npOCTOJIIO HHbI.
XOTH npOTOKOJI 06 3TOM He ynoMHHaeT, eJIO He 06011IJIOCb
6e3 nbITOK; OH HHX YMepJIH Ba QaTb nHTb TaMnJIHepOB. «MbI
CJIbIllIaJIH, - rOBopHT a66aT BepTO, - O HH JIHllIb KPHKH H
CTOHbI Tex, Koro nbITaJIH paCKaJIeHHbIMH KJIeII(aMH, KOMY JIO-
MaJIH H BbIpbIBaJIH qJIeHbI TeJIa npH nbITKe . IJ;eJIbIH MeCHQ
06BHHHeMhIe CH eJIH Ha xJIe6e H Bo e; OHM nOHBJIHJIHCb OCJIa-
6eBIlIHMH, H3MyqeHHbIMH, H3HeMoralO HMH. HeY HBHTeJIbHO,
qTO npH TOM CJIa60M <pH3HqeCKOM COCTOHHHH, B KOTOpOM OHH
HaXO HJIHCb, MHorHe H3 HHX 6bIJIH BbIHY)I{ eHbI npOTHB CBoeH
BOJIH npH3HaTbCH BO BceM, qTO OT HHX Tpe60BaJIH: B OTpeqe-
HHH OT XpHCTa, OCKop6JIeHHH KpeCTa, nO CTpeKaTeJIbCTBe K
CO OMHH, caTaHHHCKHX pHTyaJIaX H np. HeCMOTpH Ha Myqe-
HHH MHorHe 6paTbH OTBepraJIH 06BHHeHHH, a Tpoe OTKa3a-
JIHCb rOBopHTb.
QT06bI H36e)l{aTb nbITOK, 60JIbllIOe qHCJIO TaMnJIHepOB 06-
pOBOJIbHO aJIH nOKa3aHHH.
IIo CJIOBaM MOJIJIa, H3 eTa copOKa 06BHHHeMbIX TOJIhKO
qeTBepO 3aHBHJIH, qTO OHH HeBHHOBHbI. Bee npH3HaJIHCb B
60roxYJIbCTBe. TpH qeTBepTH C03HaJIHCb B TOM, qTO COBepllIa-
JIH HenpHCTOI1HbIe )I{eCTbI npH npHHHTHH B op eH. QeTBepTaH
qaCTb npH3HaJIa nO CTpeKaTeJIbCTBO K MY)l{eJIO)l{cTBY. Bee HpO-
CTHO oTpHQaJIH CBOIO npHqaCTHOCTb K 3TOMY rpexy. MbI OCTa-
HOBHMCH TOJIbKO Ha npH3HaHHHx, BbIpBaHHbIx no nbITKaMH y
BbICIlIHX caHOBHHKOB.
)KaK e MOJIe 3aHBHJI, qTO TOT, KTO npHHHJI ero B op eH B
Eo He, npHKa3aJI eMY OTpe'-IbCH OT XpHCTa H nJIIOHYTb Ha pac-
, 119
MAPCEJIb JIOBE. TPAfE/l,I1Jl OP/l,EHA TAMnJII1EPOB
IlHTHe. .HK06bI MOJIe npOTHB CBOeM BOJIH OTpeKCH, «ore sed non
corde» (ycmaMu, HO He Cepdl{eM) H .nJIIOHYJI He Ha KpeCT, a
pH OM C HHM.
fyro e IIeMpo, rJIaBHbIM OCMOTp HK <1>paHQHH, npH3HaJI-
CH B TOM, qTO OTpeKCH OT XpHCTa, apOBaJI HenpHCTOMHbIe
IlOQeJIYH, nO CTpeKaJI K MY)I{eJIO)l{CTBY H nOKJIOHHJICH H OJIY.
)l(o<p<PPya e llIapHe 3aHBHJI, qTO TOT, KTO npHHHMaJI ero,
CqHTaJI XpHCTa «JI)I{enpOpOKOM , H qTO OH caM TpH)I(JJ;bI OT-
peKCH OT XpHCTa Ha CJIOBaX, HO He B cep Qe. OH CJIbIlIIaJI, KaK
npHOp OBepHH, )l(epape e C03e rOBOpMJI, qTO «nYCTb JIyqlIIe
6paTbH cOBoKynJIHIOTCH Pyr C PyroM, qeM BcrynalOT B nOJIO-
BYIO CBH3b C )I{eH HHaMH .
IIOBTOpHM e e pa3, qTO Bee 3TH npH3HaHHH 6bIJIH BblpBa-
HbI no nhITKOM.
* * *
npe)l{ e qeM npO OJI)I{HTb H3yqeHHe cy e6Horo npoQec-
ca, HaM HY)I{HO H3yqHTb cpe CTBa npHHY)I{ eHHH, KOTOpbIMH
nOJIb30BaJIHCb CY bI HHKBH3HQHH. ,lJ:eJIO TaMnJIHepOB CTaHeT
nOHHTHee, eCJIH BcnOMHHTb 0 )I{eCTOKOCTH nbITOK, npHMeHHe-
MbIX JIH Toro, qT06bI 3aCTaBHTb 06BHHHeMbIX C eJIaTb npH-
3HaHHe.
BcnOMHHM, qTO nOHaqaJIY nbITKa npHMeHHJIaCb HCKJIlOqH-
TeJIbHO CBeTCKHMH cy aMH: oTTy a OHa npHlIIJIa B CY bI Qep-
KOBHbIe.
OCHOBHbIMH npHMeHHeMbIMH MeTo aMH 6bIJIH K03JIbI, bI-
6a, ropH HM <paKeJI HJIH nbIJIalO He yrJIH. Pe)l{e npH6eraJIH K
IlbITKe BO OM HJIH HcnaHCKHM CanO)l{KOM. HaKoHeQ, CJIyqa-
JIOCb, qTO K reHHTaJIHHM OCY)l{ eHHbIX npHBellIHBaJIH rpY3.
K03JIbI npe CTaBJIHJIH C060H TpeyrOJIbHYIO nO CTaBKY, Ha
KOTOpOH HaXO HJICH pacnpOCTepTbIH H npHBH3aHHbIH nbITae-
MbIH qeJIOBeK. ,lJ:oMKpaT n03BOJIHJI OCJIa6JIHTb HJIH HaTHrHBaTb
BepeBKH, y ep)l{HBalO He PYKH H HorH )I{epTBbI, KOTopbIe, B
KOHQe KOHQOB, OTpbIBaJIHCb.
120 I
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPArE/l,I1H OP/l,EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
OqeBH HO, 1JTO IIOCJIe TaKHX Y)I{aCHhIX IIhITOK 06BHHHeMhIe
CTaHOBHJIHCh KaJIeKaMH.
IIpH IIhITKe Ha hI6e 06BHHHeMhIH, PYKH KOTOpOrO 6hIJIH
CBH3aHhI 3a CIIHHOH, IIO HHMaJICH B B03 YX IIPH IIOMOII(H 6JIo-
Ka H JIe6e KH Ha BhICOTY KpOHIlITeHHa C KpeIIJIeHHeM HJIH IIpO-
CTO O IIOTOJIKa KOMHaThI IIhITOK; 3aTeM ero pe3KO OIIYCKaJIH
IIOqTH O IIOJIa. TaKoe IIOBTOpHJIOCh HeO HOKpaTHO. )KecTo-
KHe IIaJIaqH HHor a IIpHBH3hIBaJIH rpY3 K HoraM IIhITaeMoro,
qT06hI YBeJIHqHTh CHJIY IIa eHHH.
BOT paCCKa3 BaKaH apal, B eTaJIHX OIIHChIBalOII(erO IIhITKY
orHeM: «Pa3)1{HraeTCH )I{apKHH oroHh, 3aTeM 3aKOBaHHoro B
QeIIH HJIH KaH aJIhI IIhITaeMoro KJIa YT HaB3HHqh, IIOBepHYB
ero HoraMH K orHIO, Ma)l(YT ero HorH CaJIOM, )I{HpOM HJIH PY-
rHM B03ropaeMhIM H XOpOIliO IIpOIIHThIBalOII(HM BeII(eCTBOM.
TaKHM 06pa30M HX qpe3BhIqaHHO CHJIhHO HarpeBalOT. BpeMH
OT BpeMeHH Me)l{ Y ero HoraMH H IIeqhlO CTaBHTCH 3KpaH, 3TO
MOMeHT IIepe hIIlIKH, alOII(HH B03MO)KHOCTh HHKBH3HTOpy
BepHYThCH K OIIPOCY>.'>.
IIp06JIeMa HHKBH3HTOpCKHX IIhITOK CJIHIlIKOM CJIO)l{Ha, qTO-
6hI MhI IIpO OJI)I{aJIH ee HCCJIe OBaTh Ha CTpaHHQax 3TOH KHH-
rHo HeocIIopHMO TO, qTO IIpHMeHeHHe IIhITOK 6hIJIO pa3pellIe-
HO IIaIIoH, KOTOpbIH 0 06pHJI caM HX IIPHHQHII, OIIpe eJIHB
YCJIOBHH, IIPH KOTOpbIX pa3pellIaJIOCh IIhITaTh 06BHHHeMoro;
BIIpOqeM, 3TH YCJIOBHH aJIeKO He Bcer a C06JIIO aJIHCh. 3 eCh
MO)l{HO COrJIaCHThCH C 3aKJIIOqeHHeM BaKaH apa: «IJ;epKoBh,
3a6hIB CBOIO HCKOHHYIO Tpa HQHIO TepnHMOCTH, II03aHMCTBO-
BaJIa Y pHMCKoro IIpaBa, 6hIBllIero B IIOqeTe Y JIerHCTOB, 3aKO-
HhI H MeTO hI, OT KOTOphIX IIaXHeT BapBapCTBOM peBHHX
BpeMeH. Ho KaK TOJIhKO 3TOT yrOJIOBHhIH Ko eKc 6hIJI IIPHHHT,
OHa IIOIIhITaJIaCh CMHrqHTh ero CypOBOCTh IIpHMeHeHHH Ha
IIpaKTHKe>.'> .
1 Vacandard. L'Inquisision. Paris, 1907. PeKoMeH,nyeTcH ,nJIH npo-
lITeHI1H TeM, KTO XOqeT C03 aTb nOJIHYIO KapTI1HY eHTeJIbHOCTI1 I1H-
KBI13I1QI1I1. (IlpUMez. a6m.)
121
MAPCEllb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,I1H OP/l,EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
qTO KaCaeTCH eJIa TaMIIJIHepOB, MhI 3HaeM, qTO HHKBH3H-
TOphI llIHpOKO IIOJIh30BaJIHCh aHHhI HM pa3pellIeHHeM IIPH-
6eraTh K IIhITKaM.
IIopoH IIhITKH 6Y YT TaK Y)I{aCHhI, qTO OHH IIOBJIeKYT 3a
C060H CMepTh )I{epTB. Mx )I{eCTOKOCTh IIOIIhITaJIHCh OIIpaB aTh,
COCJIaBllIHCh Ha YIIOPCTBO TaMnJIHepOB, He )I{eJIalOII(HX pac-
KphIBaTh TaHHhI, KOTophIe OHH IIOKJIHJIHCh HHKor a He pa3rJIa-
llIaTh. QT06hI 3aCTaBHTh 3arOBopHTh 3THX OHeMeBllIHX IIO
IIpHKa3Y», CJIe OBaJIO, KaK rOBOpHJIH, Y BOHTh 03Y. Ho 3TO He
OIIpaB hIBaeT qpe3MepHOH CypOBOCTH, KOTOpylO IIaIIa He IIpe-
MHHYJI OCY HTh.
fOHHTeJIH op eHa OH YT O Toro, qTO 6Y YT BhIKaIIhIBaTh
IIorpe6eHHhIX TaMIIJIHepOB, qT06hI C)I{eqh HX OCTaHKH, KaK qac-
TO nOCTYIIaJIH C epeTHKaMH.
fJlaBa II
KJlHMEHT V H Cl»HnHnn KPACHBbli
IIepBhIe llIarH rrpOTHB Op eHa XpaMa 6hIJIH C eJIaHhI 6e3
Be OMa IIarrhI PHMCKOrO. KrrHMeHT V Y3HaJI 0 MaCCOBOM 3aKJIIO-
qeHHH TaMrrJIHepOB rro crpa)l{Y TOJIhKO rrpH apecre OCMOTpII(H-
Ka <1>paHQHH fyro e IIeHpo, KOTOphIH HaXO HJICH rrpH rrarrCKOM
BOpe H 6hIJI YBe3eH B JIOllI. IIarra 6hIJI B 0T'be3 e, OH CrrellIHO
BepHYJICH B CBOIO pe3H eHQHIO B IIyaThe, CHJIhHO 3a eThIH eH-
CTBHHMH KOpOJIH. OH OCY HJI rpy60e 06paII(eHHe, KOTOPOMY
rrO BeprJIHCh JIIO H :QepKBH: KOpOJIh <l>aKTHqeCKH rrpeHe6per
TeM, qTO TaMrrJIHephI rrO qHHHJIHCh HerrOCpe CTBeHHO :QepKBH.
17 OKTH6pH 6hIJIa c06paHa KOHCHCTOpHH. IIoCKOJIhKY O HH
H3 Kap HHaJIOB 6hIJI 60JIeH, IIarra HaCTOHJI, qT06hI ero rrpHHec-
JIH B rrOCTeJIH, qTO CBH eTeJIhCTByeT 0 TOM, KaKoe 3HaqeHHe
IIarra PHMCKHH rrpH aBaJI 3TOMY c06paHHIO. Ha CJIe YIOII(HH
eHh HMeHT rrpHHHJI rrpOKypOPOB H Ka3HaqeeB op eHa Xpa-
Ma, HaXO HBllIHXCH rrpH ero Bope. OH 06eII(aJI HM HaHTH pe-
llIeHHe, qT06hI crraCTH op eH H rrOrrpOCHJI HX He crracaThCH
6erCTBOM. IIpOKYPOPhI OTBeTHJIH, qTO 3a BecTH JIeT TaMrrJIHe-
phI HHKor a He 60HJIHCh CMepTH.
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124
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I 125
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* * *
BepHeMCH K IIHCbMY IIaIIbI. He 3aII(HII(aH TaMIIJIHepOB, OH B
IIHCbMe HaIIOMHHaJI, qTO 3TH JIIO H H QepKOBHoe HMYII(eCTBO
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HHH 60JIbllIe CKop6H, qeM CypOBOCTH.
BMeCTO OTBeTa <PHJIHIIII IV KpacHBbIH IIepe aJI IIaIIe IIpO-
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IIOBceMeCTHO IIpe BocxHTHB eHcTBHH HHKBH3HQHH H HCIIOJIb-
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IIpOTHBJIeHHe. Y IIJIeHHHKOB He OCTaBaJIOCb HHoro BbI60pa,
KaK IIpH3HaTbCH BO Bcex IIpecryIIJIeHHHX, B KOTOpbIX HX 06BH-
HHJIH, JIH60 IIPHHHTb BepHYIO CMepTb»l.
1 MoUat. Templiers/ /Dictionnaire apologetique de la foi catholique.
Paris, 1922. T. IV.
126 r
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22 HOH6pH KJIHMeHT V H3 aJI 6YJIJIY «Pastoralis praeemi-
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* * *
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t 127
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128 r
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3TH CJIOBa: "Beati qui faciunt juducium et justitiam in omni
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I 129
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y6HHCTBe. B IIaM<pJIeTe aBTOp HaIIOMHHaJI 0 IIpHKa3e MOHceH
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Mez. pea.)
5. 3-992
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I 131
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132 I
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t 133
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135
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136 I
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I 137
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TOMKOB KpeCTOHOCQeB, )l{HBIlIHX B xpHCTHaHCKHX rocy apcTBax CBfl-
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168 t
MAPCEJIb JIOEE. TPAfE/l,I1JI OP/l,EHA TAMIIJII1EPOB
BceM H3BeCTHO, q'f0 3ana HaH MOpaJIb OqeHb 6bICTpO HCqe3aeT
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6H6nHOfPACI»HJI
qTO KaCaeTCH, B qaCTHOCTH, KpeCTOBbIX nOXO OB, MbI OTCbI-
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fVI <1>0
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178
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I 181
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I 183
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184
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185
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qT06hI B TeqeHHe ceMH JIeT BhICllIHe BJIaCTH QepKBH 3aHHMa-
JIHCh cpaJIhcHcpHKaQHeH TaKoro pa3Maxa, BH)I{HMhIe TOJIhKO
)I{a OH Ha)l{HBhI.
Te )I{e Ha6JIIO eHHH MO)l{HO C eJIaTh H 0 nOJIHTHqeCKHX ac-
neKTax 3Toro eJIa. <PHJIHnn KpacHBhIH, nO ep)l{HBaeMhIH
CBOHMH JIerHCTaMH, HBJIHeTCH C03 aTeJIeM a6COJIIOTHOH MO-
HapxHH H, 6e3YCJIOBHO, eMY 6hIJIO TH)I{eJIO MHpHThCH B CBoeM
KOpOJIeBCTBe C npHcYTcTBHeM H BJIHHHHeM MoryII(ecTBeHHoro
op eHa, nO qHHHIOII(erOCH O HOMY TOJIhKO lIane, - TO eCTh
QY)I{e3eMHOH CHJIe. fHJIhOM Horape, qhe BJIHHHHe npOCMaTpH-
BaeTCH B n03HQHH KOpOJIH, qaCTO HCnOJIh30BaJI 3TOT apryMeHT
H n06Y)I{ aJI <PHJIHnna BOCnOJIh30BaThCH 06CTOHTeJIhCTBaMH,
QT06hI ynpa3 HHTh op eH XpaMa, qheMY PYKOBO CTBY npH-
llIJIa Hey aqHaH H eH 060CHOBaThCH BO <PpaHQHH nOCJIe OTCry-
nJIeHHH C BOCTOKa. Ho eCTh 60JIhllIaH pa3HHQa Me)l{ Y nonhIT-
KOH BOCnOJIh30BaThCH XOpOllIHM nOBO OM H HCKYCCTBeHHhIM
C03 aHHeM TaKoro nOBo a. HHqTO He MO)l{eT 3aCTaBHTh npH-
nHcaTh xpHCTHaHCKOMY rocy aplO TaKOH MaKHaBeJIJIH3M; H,
oc06eHHO, HHqTO He n03BOJIHeT onYCTHTh, qTO IIana H BhIC-
llIee YXOBeHCTBO nO aJIHCh 6hI 3TOMY.
TaMnJIHephI 6hIJIH 06BHHeHhI KaK epeTHKH. OCHOBOH 3Toro
npoQecca HBJIHeTCH 06BHHeHHe B epeCH H rJIaBHOH 3a aqeH
aHHOH KHHrH HBJIHeTCH He06xo HMOCTh Y3HaTh, 6hIJIa JIH OHa
OKa3aHa. Bce OCTaJIhHOe, nycTh 3TO H HeMaJIOBa)l{HO, OCTaeT-
CH BTOPHQHhIM. O HaKo Y HBHTeJIhHO, QTO HCTOpHKH QaCTO
186
fl1 cpa. /l,EJIO TAMIInI1EPOB
a priori CqHTaJIH TaMnJIHepOB HeBHHOBHhIMH, B 06JIaCTH BephI.
C HarneM TOqKH 3peHHH, TaKoe npecTynJIeHHe» He MO)l{eT
onpaB aTh Ka3HH. Ho 3TO paCCY)l{ eHHe JIIO eM XX B., npo-
nHTaHHoe TepnHMOCThlO, KOTopaH 6hIJIa COBeprneHHO qY)l{ a
JIIO HM TOM 3nOXH. QT06hI Bocc03 aTh npoQecc TaMnJIHepOB,
He06xo HMO nepeHeCTH ce6H B 06CTaHOBKY Cpe HHX BeKoB,
norpY3HThCH B MeHTaJIhHOCTh 3noxH, Kor a OCKop6JIeHHe pac-
nHTHH HJIH npOCBHphI CqHTaJIOCh 60JIee cTparnHhIM npecT)'n-
JIeHHeM, qeM y6HMCTBO qeJIOBeKa.
II
OP.o.EH XPAMA .0.0 HAIIMA npOll.ECCA
QT06hI COCTaBHTh HCHOe npe CTaBJIeHHe 0 TOM, qeM HBJIHJI
CH Op eH XpaMa, npOTHB KOTOpOrO B Pyr 6hIJIH BhI BHHYThI
CaMhIe TH)I{eJIhIe 06BHHeHHH H COCTaBHTh 0 HeM MHeHHe, He06-
XO HMO HanOMHHTh, npe)l{ e qeM OTKphITh MaTepHaJIhI eJIa,
npH KaKHX 06CTOHTeJIhCTBaX pa3pa3HJICH CKaH aJI.
nepeMeHbI
B HaqaJIe XIV B. XpaM 60JIhllIe He HBJIHJICH TeM H eaJIhHhIM
MHCTHqeCKHM phIQapCKHM op eHOM, KOTOphIH npOCJIaBJIHJI
CB. EepHap KJIepBOCKHH Ba BeKa TOMY Ha3a . He06xo HMo
KOHCTaTHpOBaTh, qTO OH Y HBHTeJIhHO H3MeHHJICH. fJIaBHYIO
npHqHHY 3Toro CJIe yeT HCKaTh B ero 60raTCTBe: HMeHHO eHh-
rH nopTHT caMhIe 6JIarOpO HhIe HaMepeHHH.
60raTCTBO
Op eH XpaMa CTaJI rJIaBHOH <pHHaHCOBOH opraHH3aQHeH
Toro BpeMeHH.
Ee3YCJIOBHO, npaBHJIO YCTaHOBJIeHHOe CB. EepHapOM coxpa-
HHJIOCh: HH O HH xpaMOBHHK He Mor 06JIa,n;aTh JIHqHhIM HMYIQe-
CTBOM. BeJIHKHH MarHCTp ApHO ,n;e JIa Typ pY)l{ rop,n;o OTBeTHJI
MYCYJIhMaHaM, KOTophIe Tpe60BaJIH C Hero BbIKyn: «TaMnJIHep
MO)l{eT OT,n;aTb B CqeT BhIKyna TOJIbKO CBOH nOHC H CBOH KHH)I{aJI».
3TO OCTaBaJIOCh npaB,n;OH: HO eCJIH OT,n;eJIhHhIe qJIeHhI XpaHHJIH
06eT 6e,n;HOCTH, TO caM op,n;eH CTaJI qpe3MepHO 60raThIM.
188
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIIJII1EPOB
EMY npHnHChIBalOT eCHTh ThICHq 3aMKOB, ero BH)I{HMOe
HMYIQeCTBO 6hIJIO OQeHeHO B 112 MHJIJIHap OB <ppaHKoB. ,[(0-
nycTHM 3TO HeKoTopoe npeYBeJIHqeHHe, H Bce-TaKH B 3noxy
6e HocTH op eH HaKOnHJI orpoMHoe 60raTcTBo, HO HCnOJIh30-
BaTh ero 6hIJIO He Ha qTO.
CYIQeCTBOBaJIO qeThIpe OCHOBHhIX HCTOqHHKa 3Toro 60-
raTCTBa:
a) aphI, c06paHHhIe B TeqeHHe BYX BeKOB: op eH )I{HJI 3a
CqeT CBOHX cpe CTB H TpaTHJI MaJIO, HO aphI nOJIyqaJI B
60JIhllIOM KOJIHqeCTBe;
6) BoeHHhIe Tpo<peH: TaK KaK MOHaXH - BOHHhI op eHa, KaK H
Bee HX COBpeMeHHHKH, npHHHMaJIH yqaCTHe B rpa6e)l{ax: K
TOMY )I{e nanCKaH 6YJIJIa 1139 r. He BycMhICJIeHHO HX pa3-
pellIHJIa;
B) aphI naJIOMHHKOB: BO Bee BpeMeHa naJIOMHHqeCTBO 6hIJIO
npH6hIJIhHhIM eJIOM;
r) H, HaKOHeQ, 6aHKOBCKHe onepaQHH: nOJIb3YHCh cBoei1 He3a-
BHCHMOCThlO, npeCTH)I{eM H TeM, qTO JIH Hero He CYIQeCT-
BOBaJIO rpaHHQ, op eH C03 aJI QeJIYIO <pHHaHCOBYIO opra-
HH3aQHIO, KOTopaH BhI3hIBaeT BOCXHIQeHHe COBpeMeHHhIX
3KOHOMHCTOB. I1MeHHo TaMnJIHephI npH YMaJIH BeKCeJIh Ha
npe 'bHBHTeJIH, qeK H Bee BH hI Kpe HTa. EMY OBepHJIH
orpOMHhIe BKJIa hI, qepe3 ero nOCpe HHqeCTBO OnJIaqHBa-
JIH npH06peTeHHH 3a rpaHHQei1. 3Ta 6aHKOBCKaH opraHH-
3aQHH OJI)I{Ha 6hIJIa 6hITh onpaB aHa KaKoi1- JIH60 QeJIhlO,
eCJIH Y)I{ OHa TaK npeycneJIa. Ee3YCJIOBHO, op eH HMeJI C
Ka)l{ oi1 onepaQHH nOCpe HHqeCKHH npOQeHT HJIH B3HOC.
MO)l{HO npH 3TOM 3a aThCH BonpOCOM, B 3TOM JIH COCTOHT
pOJIh peJIHrH03Horo op eHa, OCHOBaHHoro JIH 3aIQHThI na-
JIOMHHKOB B IIaJIecTHHe.
OpAeH nepeCT3JI ObITb HeooxOAHMbIM
o KaKoi1 nOJIh3e op eHa, He HrpaBllIero 60JIhllIe HHKaKoi1
pOJIH, MO)l{HO rOBopHTh.
I 189
[11 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIInI1EPOB
C TeX nop KaK Ca.n HH CHOBa 3aXBaTHJI l1epycaJIHM B 1187 r.,
xpHcTHaHcKoe KOpOJIeBCTBO B TIaJIeCTHHe cOKpaTHJIOCh o
MaJIeHhKOH nOJIOCKH 3eMJIH BOKpyr' ropo a AKphI. 3TOT no-
CJIe HHH 6acTHoH naJI B 1291 r.: O HaKO, TaMnJIHephI TaM cpa-
)I{aJIHCh repOHqeCKH H MHorHe norH6JIH. Ho 60JIhllIe HeT KOpO-
JIeBCTBa B TIaJIeCTHHe, HeT naJIOMHHKOB, KOTOphIX Ha o 6hIJIO
3aII(HII(aTh: op eH 60JIhllIe He CJIY)I{HT HHqeMY.
TI pH 3TOM OH npO OJI)I{aeT CYII(eCTBOBaTh: 6hIJIa nepeBe e-
Ha BO <1>paHQHIO llITa6-KBapTHpa» H coxpaHeHhI ceMh 3ana -
HhIX npOBHHQHH (<1>paHQHH, AHrJIHH, TIyary, AparOH, TIop-
TyraJIHH, BeHrpHH, AnYJIHH). XpaMOBHHKH eII(e 60JIee no-
rpY3HJIHCh B CBOH <pHHaHCOBhIe onepaQHH, nOCKOJIhKY HM
60JIhllIe HeqeM 6hIJIO 3aHHMaThCH. OHH COXpaHHJIH CBOH npH-
BHJIerHH, apOBaHHhIe nanaMH, He nO BepraHCh 60JIhllIe HH-
KaKOMY PHCKY.
TIpH 3TOM npHBHJIerHH op eHa 6hIJIH 3HaqHTeJIhHhI: HBJIH-
HCh He3aBHCHMhIM OT KaKOH- JIH60 3eMHoH BJIaCTH, OH OTqH-
ThIBaJICH TOJIhKO nepe TIanoH (KOTOphIH HaXO HJICH aJIeKO).
EYJIJIa Omne datum optimum» nanhI I1HHoKeHTHH II 1139 r.
oCB060 HJIa op eH OT QepKOBHoH eCHTHHhI H a)l{e n03BOJIHJIa
c06HpaTh ee B CBOIO nOJIh3Y. 3TH npHBHJIerHH, onpaB aHHhIe
B HaqaJIe YCJIyraMH, KOTOphIX )I{ aJIH OT TaMnJIHepOB, npO OJI-
)I{HJIH CYII(eCTBOBaTh 6e3 KaKOH- JIH60 OT aqH. CTOHT JIH Y HB-
JIHThCH, qTO HM 3aBH OBaJIH.
nnoxaB penyTa HB
.HBJIHeTCH OCTOBepHhIM <paKTOM, qTO op eH TaMnJIHepOB
liMeJI nJIOxylO penYTaQHIO.
Hapo CTaBHJI eMY B ynpeK He TOJIhKO ero 60raTCTBO, HO Ii
>KH3Hh, He OCTOHHYIO MOHaXOB. BhIpa)l{eHHe nliTh KaK TaM-
nJIHep» BOllIJIO B norOBopKY. Ee3YCJIOBHO, 3TO npHBhIqHhIH
cpe HeBeKOBhIH ClO)I{eT - nO llIyqHBaTh Ha qpeBoyro HeM H
nhHHCTBOM MOHaXOB; HO, TaK KaK TaMnJIHephI 6hIJIH 60JIhllIe
COJI aTaMH, qeM MOHaxaMH, H KaK COJI aThI OCB060)l{ eHhI OT
190
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIIJII1EPOB
HeKOTophIX 06eTOB, OHH nOJIh30BaJIHCh 6e3 OrpaHHtIeHHH npe-
HMYII(eCTBaMH MaTepHaJIhHOrO CYII(eCTBOBaHHH. llIenTaJIHCh
TaK)I{e, tITO HX HpaBhI COBceM He Bcer a COOTBeTCTBOBaJIH 06e-
ry a6COJIIOTHOrO 6e36patIHH, KOTOphIH CHMBOJIH3HpOBaJIH HX
«6eJIhIe nJIaII(H , a MaJIeHhKHM MaJIht.JHKaM COBeTOBaJIH OCTe-
peraThCH nOQeJIyeB TaMnJIHepOB (TaK KaK eClIH YCTaB 3anpe-
II(aeT HM QeJIOBaTh )I{eHII(HHY, 6Y h TO c06CTBeHHaH MaTh HJIH
ceCTpa, OH He 3anpeII(aeT QeJIOBaTh eTeH).
B03MO)l{HO, Bee 3TO TOJIhKO HarpOMO)l{ eHHe CnJIeTeH. Ho,
npaB HBaH HJIM JI)I{HBaH, 3Ta ypHaH penYTaQHH ChIrpaeT CBOIO
pOJIh B xo e npoQecca, KOTOphIH CHJIhHO BCTpeBO)l{HT 06II(eCT-
BeHHoe MHeHHe.
JII060nhITHO OTMeTHTh K TOMY )I{e, tITO nHCaTeJIH Toro Bpe-
MeHH He JII06HJIH op eH xpaMOBHHKOB. COBpeMeHHhIe HCTO-
pHKH CTapalOTCH ero pea6MJIHTHpOBaTh, HO 3HalOT JIH OHH
60JIhIIIe tIeM BHJIhreJIhM THpCKHH HJIH )l(yaHBHJIh, KOTophIe
ero OTKpOBeHHO He JII06HJIH?
KOHc)JlHKTbI
XOpOIIIO H3BeCTHO, tITO TaMnJIHephI, Be H B IIaJIeCTHHe Hr-
PY COOTBeTCTBYIOII(YIO HX HHTepecaM, tIaCTO 6hIJIH BhIHY)I{ eHhI
orOBapHBaThCH C MYCYJIhMaHaMH. ECJIH OHH He Cpa)l{aJIHCh
Pyr C PyroM, TO 06MeHHBaJIHCh JII06e3HOCTHMH H B3aHMHhI-
MH YCJIyraMH. MHorHe nOCtIHTaJIM, tITO 3TO 6hIJIO BO Bpe eJIY
xpHCTHaHCTBa. IIpHBO HT CJIOBa rpacpa Aprya: «ECJIH 6hI TaM-
nJIHephI XOTeJIH 3Toro, CBHTaH 3eMJIH aBHO 6hIJIa 6hI 3aBoe-
BaHa . 06 3TOM MO)l{HO nocnopHTh: qT06hI y ep)l{aThCH co
CTOJIh CJIa6hIMH CHJIaMH BO Bpa)l{ e6HOH CTpaHe TaMnJIHephI
OJI)I{HhI 6hIJIH BCTynaTh B neperOBophI, H OHH 6hIJIH B nOJIO-
:>KeHHH, n03BOJIHIOII(eM JIYtIIIIe CY HTh 0 onYCTHMhIX cpe CT-
Bax, tIeM KpeCTOHOCQhI, npHe3)1{aBIIIHe B IIaJIeCTHHY co CBOH-
MH HJIJII03HHMH H He3HaHHeM cHTyaQHH. Ho, Be H CBOIO Hrpy,
op eH TaMnJIHepOB BCTynHJI B KOHcpJIHKT co BceMH npe CTa-
BHTeJIHMM BJIaCTH: C KOpOJIHMH HepycaJIHMa, YXOBeHCTBOM,
I 191
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIIJII1EPOB
KpeCTOHOCQaMH. B 1198 r. OH HatIaJI OTKPhITYIO BOMHY 3a cpeo-
aJIhHhIe BJla eHHH C KOHKypHPYIOII(HM op eHoM rOCnHTaJIhe-
pOB, H IIana 6hIJI BhIHY)I{ eH HanOMHHTh 060HM op eHaM 0
xpHcTHaHcKHx tIYBcTBax.
Op eH XpaMa OTKa)l{eT B nOMOII(H HMnepaTopy <l>pH pH-
xY II, KOTOphIM XOTH H 6hIJI OTJIyqeH OT QepKBH, HO Bee )I{e
06HJICH Toro, Ha tITO 60JIhllIe HHKTO He Ha eHJICH: B03BpaII(e-
HHH HepycaJIHMa. TaMnJIHephI OTBepralOT 3TOT no apOK, TaK
KaK HX pe3H eHQHH He BOIlIJIa B B03BpaII(eHHYIO TeppHTopHIO.
Ho, npe)l{ e Bcero, TaM.nJIHephI BcrynHJIH B KOHcpJIHKT C
KOpOJIeM JIIO OBHKOM IX. OHH OTKa3aJIHCh BHeCTH BKJIa B
BhIKyn 3a Hero, Kor a CBHTOM KOpOJIh 6hIJI B nJIeHY H )l(yaH-
BHJIh paCCKa3hIBaeT, KaK npHIlIJIOCh HX npHHY)I{ aTh. II03)1{e,
CBHTOM JIIO OBHK YHH3HT BeJIHKOrO MarHCTpa PeHO e BHllIhe,
3aCTaBHB ero BCTaTb nepe C060M Ha KOJIeHH H npOCHTh npo-
II(eHHH. B03MO)l{HO, 0 )I{eCTOKHX Hana Kax <l>pH pHxa II Ha
op eH XpaMa 3a6hIJIH, TaK KaK HMnepaTop, B KOHQe KOHQOB,
CTaJI BparoM QepKBH; HO He 3a6Y YT YHH)I{eHHe, KOTopoe CBH-
TOM KOpOJIh, tIeM npeCTH)I{ OCTaeTCH 3HatIHTeJIhHhIM, HaHec He-
HaBHCTHoMY op eHY.
OCHOBHbIe ynpeKH
Ho eCTh H 60JIee cephe3HhIe cpaKThI, op eH 06BHHHIOT H B
PyrHx 3JIO eHHHHX.
1) IIpe)l{ e Bcero, BcnOMHHaIOT, tITO npH B3HTHH Hepy-
CaJIHMa B 1187 r., CaJIa HH cOXpaHHJI )I{H3Hh HaCeJIeHHIO ropo-
a, n03BOJIHB a)l{e BhIKynHTh cB060 y rpa)l{ aHaMH no QeHe
10 30JIOThIX MOHeT 3a MY)I{tIHHY, 5 3a )I{eHII(HHY H 2 3a pe6eH-
Ka. TOJIhKO 60raThIe CMOrJIH BhIKynHThcH, HO, B CBH3H C He-
xBaTKoM cpHHaHcoBhIX cpe cTB, 60JIhllIaH tIaCTh JIIO,n;eM nOIlIJIa
B pa6cTBo: TaMnJIHephI OTKa3aJIHCh nJIaTHTh 3a HHX BhIKyn,
XOTH H CMOrJIH cnaCTH CBOH 60raTcTBa. TaKHM 06pa30M, op-
eH, KOTOphIM 6hIJI C03 aH JIH 3aII(HThI xpHcTHaH Ha CBHTOM
3eMJIe, n03BOJIHJI YBecTH B pa6cTBo 16 000 BepYIOII(HX, B TOM
192 I
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMnJII1EPOB
qHCJIe )I{eHII(HH H eTeM, He aB HH MOHeThI 3a HX OCB060:>K e-
HHe! KOHeqHO, BeJIHKHM MarHCTp )l(Hpap e PH <pOp caM 6hIJI
B nJIeHY, H, TeOpeTHqeCKH, 6paThH He MOrJIH paCnOpH:>KaThCH
Ka3HOM 6e3 ero COrJIaCHH: HO eCTh 06CTOHTeJIhCTBa, B KOTOphIX
He06xo HMO YMeTh nocTynaTh HanepeKOp npaBHJIaM.
2) TaMnJIHepaM CTaBHT B ynpeK YTpary xpHcTHaHcKoro KO-
pOJIeBCTBa B IIaJIeCTHHe. Ee3YCJIOBHO, OHH He O HH HeCYT OT-
BeTCTBeHHOCTh 3a pacnpH, KOTophIe npHBeJIH K ero na eHHIO;
HO 3a aqeM op eHa 6hIJIa 3aII(HTa KOpOJIeBCTBa, H nOCJIe ero
rH6eJIH, TOJIhKO 3TOT <paKT H OCTaJICH 3HaqHMhIM JIH 06II(eCT-
BeHHoro MHeHHH.
3) B 1199 r. pa3pa3HJICH CKaH aJI: enHCKon THBepHa hI
OCTaBHJI Ha xpaHeHMe op eHY TaMnJIHepOB, KaK 3TO qaCTO
npaKTHKOBaJIOCh Tor a, 1300 6e3aHToB 30JIOTa. IIo HeH3BeCT-
HOM npHqHHe op eH OTKa3hIBaJICH BepHYTh 3TOT BKJIa H enH-
CKon CH OHa a:>Ke npe aJI aHa<peMe Bcex TaMnJIHepOB. TeM
caMhIM OH npeBhICHJI CBOH npaBa, TaK KaK op eH XpaMa no -
qHHHJICH TOJIhKO IIane. HHHoKeHTHM III CHHJI OTJIyqeHHe OT
QepKBH H a:>Ke oTCTpaHHJI enHCKona CH oHa 3a «rJIynocTh
(HCTOpHH MOJIqHT, 3aCTaBHJI JIH OH npH 3TOM xpaMoBHHKOB
BepHYTh 30JIOTO). Ho MO:>KHO npe cTaBHTh, KaKoe BneqaTJIe-
HHe npOH3BeJI 3TOT KOH<pJIHKT.
IIana HHHoKeHTHM III, BepoHTHo, 6hIJI He TaK npOCTO Y-
meH, KaK 3TO MO:>KeT nOKa3aThCH. B03MO:>KHO, OH H Ha3hIBaJI
TaMnJIHepOB CBOHMH H36paHHhIMH ChIHaMH (dilecti filii) H no -
TBep HJI HX npHBHJIerHH. Ho OH :>Ke nHCaJI: «IIpecrynJIeHHH
TBOHX 6paTheB Hac qpe3BhIqaMHO orOpqalOT H3-3a CKaH aJIa,
KOTOphIM OHH nOpO HJIH B QepKBH. PhIQapH XpaMa HcnoBe y-
lOT hHBOJIhCKHe OKTpHHhI, HX O e)l{)J;hI qHCTOe JIHQeMepMe .
4) B 1263 r., no OBOJIhHO TaHHcTBeHHoM npHqHHe, IIana
Yp6aH IV OTJIyqHJI OT QepKBH MapmaJIa op eHa XpaMa 3TheHa
e CHcceH, npOTe:>Ke BeJIHKOrO MarHcTpa TOMa Eepapa. IIo
cBH eTeJIhCTBY XpoHHcTa )l(epapa e MOHpeaJIH peqh, Ha 3TOT
pa3, mJIa 0 :>KeHII(HHe. CJIe YIOII(HM llana, KnHMeHT IV, CHHJI
OTJIyqeHHe, CqHTaH OCTaTOqHhIM, qTO MapIIIaJI 6hIJI JIHilieH
I 193
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIInI1EPOB
CBoero 3BaHMH. Ho, eJIaH 3TO, OH nJIOXO OT3hIBaJICH 060 BceM
op eHe, CY H no TOMY, tITO OH nMCaJI: «IIYCTh TaMnJIMephI no-
oCTeperyTcH HcnhIThIBaTh Moe TepneHMe, tIT06hI :QepKBM He
npMmJIOCh npMCTaJIhHO 3aHHThCH HeKOTophIMM BeII(aMM, K KO-
TOphIM, O cerO HHmHero HH, OTHOCMJIMCh CJIMmKOM CHMCXO-
HTeJIhHO, nOCKOJIhKY npOII(eHMH 60JIhme He 6y eT . ,lJ:eHcT-
BMTeJIhHO :>KaJIh, tITO MhI He CJIMIIIKOM OCBe OMJIeHhI 06 3TOM
eJIe, Ha KOTopoe KnMMeHT IV COrJIaCMJICH 3aKphITh rJIa3a.
5) B 3aKJIlOtIeHMe, Ha o CKa3aTh, tITO no KOHeu; tITO-TO He
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pa306JIaqeHHH <I> JIyapaKa 6bIJIH nO TBep)l{ eHhI, TaK KaK C
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I 205
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I 207
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opJeH 6blJlU 3anJlmHaHbl 3mUMU U MHOZUMU JpyzUMU npecmyn-
JleHUJl.MU; U3HaZaJlbHble npeJnOJlOJICeHUJl 6blJlU noJmBepJICJeHbl
pa3JlUZHblMU npU3HaHUJl.MU U nOKa3aHUJl.MU, cJeJlaHHblMU nepeJ
224 ,
fH cpa. /l,EJIO TAMIInHEPOB
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3anucaHHble, zm06bl co0614umb HaM, KaKOBble nOKa3aJlUCb HaM
HaCmOJlbKO y6eaUmeJlbHblMU zmo, omHblHe, cmaJlO HeB03MOJIC-
HblM omBepzamb UX 6e3 CKaHaaJla U onaCHocmu.
Bom nozeMY Mbl peUlUJlU npucmynumb K paCCJleaOBaHU1O, U
Mbl YJICe aonpocUJlu 72 cBJl14eHHuKa, pbll{apJl U apyzux 6pambeB
U3BecmHOZO OpaeHa; OHU aaJlU HaM 1UlJlmBY paCCKa3amb HaM
npaBiJy; U3 3mux aonpOCOB, Ha KomopblX npucymcmBOBQJlU MHozue
U3 HaUlUX 6pambeB, B HaUle.M npucymcmBUU 6bUl COCmaBJleH noa-
JlUHHblii a01C)'MeHm, Komopblii Mbl 3aZUmaJlU Ha ny6JlUZHOM 3ace-
aaHUU l{epKOBHOZO c060pa U KaJICaOMY npucymcmBY1014eMY Ha
ezo Jl3blKe; OHU 3aRBUJlU, zmo HacmaUBa10m Ha CBOUX nOKa3aHUJlX.
IIoCJle zezo, JlCeJlaR CaMOMY aonpocumb Mazucmpa U BblCUlUX
caHOBHUKOB OpaeHa, Mbl nonpOCUJlU npeacmamb nepea HaMU B
IIyambe CaMOZO Mazucmpa, npuopOB C/JpaHl{UU, 3aMOpCKUX 3e-
MeJlb, HopMaHaUU, AKBumaHUU U IIyamy. Ho MHozue U3 HUX
6bUlU CJlUUlKOM 60JlbHbl, zmo6bl C06epUlumb nymeUlecmBue Bep-
XOM c 3moii l{eJlb1O. TaK KaK Mbl mBepao CmpeMUJlUCb Y3Hamb om
HUX BC10 npaBiJy U nOHJlmb, 6bUlU JlU UX npU3HaHUJl U nOKa3aHUJl,
CaeJlallHble nepea UHKBu3umopoM C/JpaHl{UU, B npucymcmBuu HO-
mapueB U cyaeii, mOZHblMU, Mbl aOBepUJlU aonpocumb Mazucmpa
U ezo npuopoB HaUlUM aOpOZUM CblHOBbJlM KapaUHaJlaM BepeHza-
PU10 C/JpeaOJl1O, 3mbeHY ae C1OU3U, JIaHaOJlbcjJy BpaHKazzu, ZbJl
Myapocmb U BepHocmb Ka3aJlaCb HaM 6e3YCJlOBHoii.
3mu KapaUHaJlbl JlUZHO U3JlOJICUJlU Mazucmpy U BblCUlUM ca-
HOBHUKaM npuzuHY UX npue3aa OHU noo14PJlJlU ux aaBamb
nOKa3aHUJl 6e3 cmpaxa, B nOJlHoii cB060ae. Mazucmp U npuopbl,
nepea mpe.MJl KapaUHaJlaMU, zemblpbMJl zocyaapcmBeHHblMU HO-
mapUJlMu U 60JlbUlUM ZUCJlOM ZlleHOB KOMUCCUU npOU3HeCJlU
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OaUH 3a apyzUM npU3HaJlU, cpeau Bcezo npozezo, ompezeHue om
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Uloe ZUCJlO 6pambeB. HeKomopble, HaKOHel{, CaeJlaJlU apyzue npu-
3HaHUJl CmOJlb YJICacalO14ue U Henoa06a1014ue, zmo Mbl npeano-
225
fH 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIInHEPOB
zumaeM He ynoMuHamb UX, CmapaRCb He YBeJlUZUBamb UX no-
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KU (manibus complosis) , B CJle3ax, nonpocUllu co cMupeHueM U
pBeHueM CHJlmUR C HUX Om.JlyzeHUJl om IJ,epKBu.
IJ,epKoBb HUKozoa He cmpeMUmCJl 3aKpblmb CBoe JlOHO nepeo
meMU, Kmo 803Bpal/{aemCR B Hee; maKUM 06pa30.u, KapOUHaJlbl,
BJlaCmblO HaM oaHHOU, OaJlU UM KaHOHuzeCKoe omnYl/{eHue zpe-
XOB. 3ameM OHU BepHYJlUCb, zm06bl npeocmaBumb HaM nOOJlUH-
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113 Hezo Mbl Y3HaJlU, zmo Mazucmp U 6pambJl COBepUlUllU cepbe3-
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He MO:JICeM JlUZHO npOBecmu paCCJleOOBaHue, Mbl npocUM Bac oaH-
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U npOBUHl{UIO CaHca, npU3Bamb K ce6e HaUlUM 3ouKmoM Bcex
mex, Kmo OOJl:JICeH U xozem 6blmb Bbl3BaH U oonpocumb ux no
BonpOCHUK)', BlUllOzeHHOMY B HaUlY 6yJl.JlY, KomopylO Mbl BaM
nepeCbUlaeM U m. a.»
MaJIOBepOHTHO, qTO TaKOH OKYMeHT He CMor y6e HTh qH-
Ta TeJIH.
nOCJle CTBHJI
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rHMH. ,lJ:eHcTBHTeJIhHO, B TeqeHHe ro a 60JIhllIe HHqerO He npo-
HCXO HJIO. KOMHCCHH, C03 aHHaH B aBrycTe 1308 r., HaqHeT
pa60TaTh TOJIhKO B HOH6pe 1309 r. Ee MeCTOHaXO)l{ eHHe 6hI-
JIO onpe eJIeHO B CaHce, CTOJIHQe enapxHH, KOTOpOH Tor a
nO qHHHJICH IIapH)I{; HO apxHenHcKon CaHca (TO eCTh H IIapH-
)I{a) He BXO HJI B KOMHCCHIO. IIoJIyqaJIoch, qTO KOMHCCHH He
3aBHCeJIa OT Hero, TaK )I{e KaK OH He 3aBHCeJI OT Hee, qTO MhI H
YBH HM B aJIhHeHllIeM.
Bee 3TO BpeMH TaMnJIHephI HaXO HJIHCh B TlOphMe. OHH
OJI)I{HhI 6hIJIH, no JIOrHKe, npe cTaTh nepe CY OM HH HBH-
g. 3-992
226
TI1 cpa. /l,EJIO TAMIIJII1EPOB
yaJIbHO B CBOHX enapXHHX. Ho 60JIbllIHHCTBO enHCKonOB
OCTOpO)l{HO pellIHJIH nO O)l{ aTb pe3YJIbTaTOB paCCJIe OBaHHH.
K TOMY )I{e, TaK KaK KOMHCCHH )I{eJIaJIa BbICJIYllIaTb Bcex Tex,
KTO 06 3TOM npOCHJI, 6bIJIO He06xo HMO nepeBe3TH B CaHC co
Bcex yrOJIKOB <l>paHQHH 60JIbllIYlO qaCTb 3aKJIIOQeHHbIX.
E HHCTBeHHbIH npeJIaT He CTaJI )I{ aTb 3aBepllIeHHH pa60TbI
KOMHCCHH H npHcrynHJI K cy y Ha JIIO bMH O cy a Ha op e-
HOM: caM apXHenHCKon CaHca. Ho He 6y eM 3a6eraTb Bnepe .
VII
PACCJlEAOBAHHE KOMHCCHH
PaCCJIe OBaHHe KOMHCCHH, 3aCe aBllIeH B CaHCe, npO JIHT-
CH Ba ro a, BKJIlOqaH nepepbIBbI B pa60Te H npOu;e ypHbIe
npOHCllIeCTBHH. HaqaB pa60T)' 8 aBrycTa 1309 r., npaKTHqeCKH
OHa HaqHeT eHCTBOBaTb TOJIbKO B HOH6pe, a 3aBepllIHT CBOIO
pa60T)' 5 HIOHH 1311 r. II03TOMY npH eTcH OTJIO)l{HTb 3ace a-
HHe u;epKoBHoro c060pa, KOTOpbIH oTKpoeTcH B BbeHHe TOJIb-
KO 16 OKTH6pH 1311 r.
06 He BOeqaTJleHHJI
qTeHHe npOTOKOJIOB paCCJIe OBaHHH KOMHCCHH OBOJIbHO
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IOTCH cKyqHbIe nOBTOpbI. KpoMe Toro, He HCKa)l{aH MbICJIb CBH-
eTeJIeH, ceKpeTapH cy a pe31OMHpOBaJIH HJIH HCnpaBHJIH no
<popMe nOKa3aHHH TaKHM 06pa30M, qTO BMeCTO OII(YII(eHHH
OTpa)l{eHHH )I{HBOrO CJIOBa, MhI HMeeM TOJIbKO nOBTopeHHe O -
HHX H Tex )I{e <POPMYJI.
O HaKO Bee cKpynYJIe3HO 6bIJIO 3anHcaHO, BKJIlOqaH KOJIe-
6aHHH, HCnpaBJIeHHH H B03pa)l{eHHH 06BHHHeMbIX.
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pacnOJIaraJIH CBH eTeJIH (TaK KaK 3 eCb OHH 6bIJIH Bcero JIHllIb
228
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIIJII1EPOB
CBH eTeJIHMH, nOTOMY qTO paCCJIe OBaHHe KaCaJIOCh TOJIhKO
Op eHa).
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pHTh CBH eTeJIH, rapaHTHpOBaTh, qTO eMY He npHqHHHT HHKa-
Koro 3JIa. IIOTpHceHHhIe paCCKa3aMH 0 nhITKax CJIe OBaTeJIH
CTapaJIHCh nO qepKHYTh, qTO OHH He c06HpalOTCH BHOBh npH-
6erHYTh K TaKHM )I{e MeTo aM. 11, a)l{e 60JIhllIe, OHH qaCTO
npe JIaraJIH CBH eTeJIHM coxpaHHTh B TaHHe HX nOKa3aHHH O
QepKOBHoro c060pa.
MHorHe BeII(H Ka)l{YTCH HM HeBepOHTHhIMH, He06'bHCHH-
MhIMH: OHH HaCTaHBaIOT, npOCHT YTOqHHTh. OHH alOT BpeMH
Ha pa3 YMhe, KOTopoe npOCHT CBH eTeJIH.
Kopoqe, eCJIH KaKoe-HH6Y h CJIe CTBHe H 6hIJIO Henpe -
B3HThIM, TO HMeHHO paCCJIe OBaHHe KOMHCCHH B CaHce. BOT
eII(e nOqeMY, B OTJIHqHe OT npH3HaHHH, nOJIyqeHHhIx no nhIT-
KOH, nOKa3aHHH, nOJIyqeHHhIe B CaHce, oc06eHHO o 10 MaH
1310 r. (n03)1{e MhI YBH HM 3HaqeHHe 3TOH aThI), 3aCJIY)I{HBa-
lOT 60JIhllIerO BHHMaHHH.
nepBbIH Aonpoc BeJlHKOrO MarHCTpa
C caMoro HaqaJIa, 26 HOH6pH 1309 r. CJIYllIalOT )l(aKa e
MOJIe. HOBoe pa30qapOBaHHe.
OH BhIpa)l{aeT qHCTO CHMBOJIHqeCKHH npoTecT: Op eH 6hIJI
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ro npeCTOJIa. MeHH CHJIhHO Y HBHJIO 6hI, eCJIH 6hI pHMcKaH
IJ;epKoBh B Pyr pellIHJIa 6hI ero YHHqTO)l{HTh». Ho Kor a ero
cnpallIHBalOT, XOqeT JIH OH 3aII(HII(aTh op eH (H KOMY 3THM
3aHHMaThCH, KaK He eMY, npe)l{ e Bcero?), ero OTBeT OqeHh
HeBpa3YMHTeJIeH: «51 He HaCTOJIhKO yqeH, KaK CJIe OBaJIO 6hI...
51 rOTOB 3aII(HII(aTh ero B CHJIY MOHX cnoc06HOCTeH, HO 3Ta
3a aqa Ka)l{eTCH MHe OCTaTOqHO CJIO)l{HOH: KaK 3aII(HTHTh ero
,n;OCTOHHhIM 06pa30M? 51 Y3HHK IIanhI H KOpOJIH <1>paHQHH H
HMelO TOJIhKO qeThIpe eHhe, KOTophIe Mory nOTpaTHTh Ha 3ry
3aII(HTY» .
229
fl1 cpa. /l,EJIO TAMIInI1EPOB
CJIOBHO peqb H eT 0 eHbrax! EMY qHTalOT npH3HaHHH,
C eJIaHHbIe paHee B npHCYTCTBHH Tp,ex Kap HHaJIOB, H npOCHT
06'bHCHHTbCH no 3TOMY nOBO Y. OH npOCHT Ba HH Ha pa3 YMbH:
«BbI nonyqHTe HX. H a)l{e 60JIbllIe, eCJIH XOTHTe .
3HaqHT MOJIe He OTKa3bIBaeTCH OT CBOHX npH3HaHHH H He
BbIKa3bIBaeT HHKaKoro B03MYII(eHHH. KaK 06bIqHO OH Ka)l{eTCH
BHJIbIM H pa30qapOBaHHbIM.
PbJlHbIH 3a HTHHK
Ha CJIe YIOII(HH eHb 6paT IIoHcap e )l(H3H 6y eT BbIrJIH-
eTb ropa3 0 60JIee 6JIarOpO HO. XOTeJIOCb 6bI HaHTH PyrHe
TaKHe npHMepbI, HO 3TO e HHCTBeHHoe HCKJIlOqeHHe:
«Bee 06BHHeHHH npoTHB op eHa, B qaCTHOCTH, qTO MbI OT-
peKaJIHCb OT HHcyca XpHcTa, nJIeBaJIH Ha KpecT, aBaJIH pa3-
pellIeHHe 6paTbHM cOBoKynJIHTbCH Me)l{ y C060H nJIOTCKH H
pyrHe 6e306pa3HH, Bee 3TO HBJIHeTCH JIO)l{blO. Bee, B qeM npH-
3HaJIHCb MOH c06paTbH H H caM, - 3TO JIO)l{b! MbI rOBOpHJIH
no B03 eHcTBHeM )I{eCTOKOCTH, onaCHOCTH, KOTopaH HaM yr-
po)l{aJIa, H CTpaxa, TaK KaK Hac nbITaJIH... (3a 3mUM CJleJyem
paCCKa3 0 nblmKax, KomopblU Mbl YJICe ynoMUHaJlU). ECJIH MeHH
CHOBa nO BeprHYT nbITKaM, H OTKa)l{YCb OT Bcero, qTO rOBOplO
3 eCb, H CKa)l{y Bee, qTO 3aXOTHT .
OqeHb Ba)l{HOe 3aHBJIeHHe, XOTH 6bI nOTOMY, qTO OHO nOKa-
3bIBaeT TY cB060 y, KOTOPYIO KOMHCCHH aBaJIa cBH eTeJIHM.
EpaT IIoHcap e )l(H3H He nOCTpa aJI 3a CBOH MY)l{eCTBeHHbIH
OTBeT.
BTOpOH H TpeTHH onpoc BeJlHKOrO MarHcTpa
28 HOH6pH COCTOHJICH BTOpOH onpoc MOJIe, y KOToporo
6bIJIO BpeMH nO,l\YMaTb. IIocTynHT JIH OH TaK)Ke KaK 6paT, KO-
Toporo BbICJ1YIlIHBaJIH HaKaHYHe? HeT, OH OTKa3bIBaeTCH 3a-
II(HII(aTb op eH: «51 Bcero JIHllIb HerpaMoTHbIH H 6e,l\HbIH PbI-
Qapb». TaK KaK KJIHMeHT OCTaBHJI 3a C060H npaBo pellIaTb ero
230 t
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMllJII1EPOB
cY h6y, OH )I( eT nOKa npe CTaHeT nepe caMHM I1anOH. Ho He
XOqeT JIH OH 3a HTHTh op eH? HeT, TaK KaK OH TaKOH )l(e
CMepTHhIH, KaK H Bce JIIO H, H YMaeT TOJIhKO 0 cerO HHllIHeM
He». MO)l(eT 6hITh OH XOqeT C eJIaTh KaKoe-HH6Y h 3aHBJIe-
HHe? OH 3aHBJIHeT, qTO HH O HH op eH He c06paJI CTOJIhKO
cpe CTB JIH QepKBH H He OT aJI CTOJIhKO )l(H3HeH B 3aII(HTY
xpHCTHaHCKOH BephI, KaK op eH XpaMa. KOHeqHO, rOBopHT
eMY, HO Bcero 3Toro He OCTaTOqHO JIH cnaceHHH YllIH, eCJIH
HeT HaCTOHII(eH BephI. Tor a OH 3aBepHeT Bcex B cBoeH XPH-
CTHaHCKOH Bepe, OKa3hIBaeT, qTO BepHT B rocno a H TpOHQY
(6y eT 3anHcaHO, qTO OH YMOJIqaJI 06 I1Hcyce). Kor a YllIa
OT eJIHTCH OT TeJIa, BH HO 6y eT, KTO 6hIJI nJIOX, a KTO XOpOlli
H MhI Y3HaeM npaB Y 0 TOM, qTO CeHqaC 06cY)I( aeM».
CJIe OBaTeJIH 6hIJIH nOpa)l(eHhI. HH CJIOBa 0 CTpa aHHHX
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3HaHHHX. OH nonpOCHT npHCYTCTBOBaTh Ha Meece, qTO eMY
OXOTHO pa3pellIaT, H He CKa)l(eT 60JIhllIe HHqero.
CnYCTH nHTh MeCHQeB, 2 MapTa 1310 r., OH 6y eT eII(e 60JIee
JIaKOHHqeH: nOCKOJIhKY ero eJIO OJI)I(eH paccMaTpHBaTh caM
I1ana - nYCTh ero OTBe YT K IIane. KOMHCCHH 06'bHCHHeT eMY,
qTO He ynOJIHOMOqeHa ero CY HTh, HO «Be eT paCCJIe OBaHHe
npOTHB op eHa, KaK TaKOBoro», H, qTO OHa OJI)I(Ha BhInOJI-
HHTh CBOIO 3a aqy. MOJIe eJIaeT BH , qTO He nOHHMaeT: op eH
He HHTepecyeT BeJIHKOrO MarHCTpa H TOJIhKO JIHqHOe pellIeHHe
I1anhI nepCOHaJIhHO 0 HeM 3aHHMaeT ero MhICJIH. MOJIe OTChI-
JIaIOT, He 06HBllIHCh 60JIhllIe HH CJIOBa.
,nonpoc ApyrHx BbIcmHX PYKOBOAHTeJle:ii
TaK)I(e nJIaqeBHO H nOBe eHHe PyrHx caHoBHHKOB, KOTO-
phIe, Ka)l(eTCH, He 3HalOT 0 QeJIH, npeCJIe yeMoH KOMHCCHeH.
)Ko<p<PPya e rOHHeBHJIh OTKa3bIBaeTCH 3aII(HII(aTh op eH,
Kor a eMY 3TO npe JIaraIOT: OH He cnoc06eH 3aII(HII(aTh ero,
HaXO HCb B 3aTOqeHHH H 6y yqH 6e3rpaMoTHhIM (OH TO)l(e!).
I 231
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIInI1EPOB
Ero nhITalOTCH ycnoKOHTh: «BhI MO)l{eTe 3 eCh rOBOpHTh 6e3
CTpaxa: He 60HTeCb HH rpy60CTH, HH OCKop6JIeHHH, HH nhITOK,
MhI He C eJIaeM 3Toro C BaMH H He n03BOJIHM C eJIaTh; Hanpo-
THB, MhI nOMemaJIH 6hI 3TOMY, eCJIH KTO-TO nOnhITaJICH 6hI
npHMeHHTh HX K BaM». HanpaCHhIH TPy , fOHHeBHJIh xpaHHT
MOJIqaHHe. 11 TO)l{e npOCHT npenpOBO HTh ero K lIane, KOTO-
phIH OJI)I{eH pemHTh ero cY h6y. Op eH ero ;He HHTepecyeT.
BOT Bee, qTO CMOryT H3 Hero BhITHHYTh.
Ha o npH3HaTh, qTO Ta 6e33acreHqHBOCTh, C KOTOpOH py-
KOBO HTeJIH 6pOCHJIH CBOHX 6paTheB, B03MYTHTeJIhHa, HO KaK
ee 06'bHCHHTh? OC03HaBaJIH JIH OHH CBOH rpeXH O TaKOH CTe-
neHH, qTO caMH Tpe60BaJIH HaKa3aHHe 3a HHX? Ha eHJIHCh JIH
OHH, Ha060pOT, Ha KaKYIO-TO nOMO h, KaKoe-TO BHemHee BMe-
maTeJIhCTBO? HenOHHTHO, qTO H YMaTh.
.npyrHe CBHAeTeJlH
TaK KaK BhIcmHe PYKOBO HTeJIH YKJIOHHJIHCh, TaKHM 06pa-
30M, He06xo HMO 6hIJIO 06paTHThCH K npOCThIM 6paThHM, qTO-
6hI OHH BhIcrynHJIH B 3aII(HTY op eHa. ,lJ:JIH 3Toro HX Ha o
6hIJIO npHBe3TH B CaHC, BOT nOqeMY KOMHCCHH npO OJI)I{aJIa
3ace aTh O cpeBpaJIH. MHorHe Y HBJIHIOTCH Me JIHTeJIhHOCTH,
C KOTOpOH HX C06HpaJIH, H nOJIaralOT, qTO CBeTCKHe BJIaCTH
BCHqeCKH MemaJIH 3THM nYTemeCTBHHM. B03MO)l{HO 3TO TaK,
HO Ha o nOMHHTh 0 Me JIHTeJIhHOCTH C006II(eHHH, B oc06eH-
HOCTH B pa3rap 3HMhI.
B cpeBpaJIe 1310 r. B CaHce HaKOHeQ C06paJIH OKOJIO
550 TaMnJIHepOB, OKOJIO 100 qeJIOBeK H3 HHX 06'bHBJIHIOT,
qTO rOTOBhI 3aII(HII(aTh op eH. PaCCJIe OBaHHe MO)l{HO npo-
OJI)I{aTh.
BonpOCHHK
,lJ:onpochI BeJIHCh no cTaH apTHoMY BonpocHHKY, COCTaB-
JIeHHoMY KOpOJIeBCKOH KaHQeJIHpHeH, BKJIlOqalOII(eMY 127 BO-
232
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npOCOB H 0 06peHHOMY TIanOH. TaKHM 06pa30M, Ka)l{ hIH CBH-
eTeJIh OJI)I{eH 6hIJI OTBeTHTh Bee Ha Te )I{e 127 BonpocoB.
TaKaH npoQe ypa 6y eT OqeHh OJIrOH H qpe3BhIqaHHO CKyq-
HOH JIH qHTaTeJIH, HO, no KpaHHeH Mepe, MO)l{HO 6hITh YBe-
peHHhIM, qTO HHqerO He 6hIJIO 3a6hITO.
CHaqaJIa 3aII(HTHHKaM op eHa qHTalOT QeJIHKOM BeCh BO-
npOCHHK no JIaThIHH. I1x cnpallIHBalOT, XOTHT JIH OHH YCJIhI-
llIaTh cppaHQY3CKHH nepeBO . JII060nhITHO 3aMeTHTh, qTO Bee
3TH HerpaMOTHhIe 3aHBJIHIOT, qTO HM OCTaTOqHO BhICJIYllIaTh
Bonpoc no JIaThIHH:
He XBaTaJIO eII(e, qT06hI Hac 3aCTaBHJIH BhICJIYllIHBaTh Ta-
KHe HH30CTH no-cppaHQY3cKH. Bee 3 eCh JI)I{HBO H Mep3KO!»
BOT, HaKOHeQ, Bee XOpOllIO! OTHhIHe, Ha onpocax Ka)l{ hIH
Bonpoc 6y eT nepeBO HThCH Ha cppaHQY3CKHH H3hIK; HeKOTO-
phIe a)l{e 6Y YT OTBeqaTh Ha npOBaHCaJIhCKOM.
Ho TaK KaK HeB03MO)l{HO BhICJIYllIaTh QeJIHKOM CTO a BOKa-
TOB, 3aII(HTHHKaM op eHa npe JIO)l{aT BhI6paTh cpe H ce6H
llIeCTh HJIH eCHTh npOKypOPOB», KOTophIe 6Y YT rOBopHTh
OT HMeHH Bcex, CB060 HO COBeTYHCh Me)l{ Y C060H H BceMH
OCTaJIhHhIMH 3aKJIlOqeHHhIMH. OHH KOJIe6JIIOTCH, TaK KaK ro-
BOpHT, qTO HM HY)I{HO 6hIJIO 6hI nOJIyqHTh pa3pellIeHHe HJIH
COrJIaCHe MarHCTpa.
YBhI! HM CKa)l{YT, qTO MarHCTp H BhICllIHe PYKOBO HTeJIH
OTKa3aJIHCh 3aII(HII(aTh op eH. TIOHHTHO, qTO 3TO HeMHoro
CMYII(aeT 6paTheB. ApXHenHCKon Hap60HHhI cOBeryeT HM no-
ToponHThCH, TaK KaK eHh, Ha KOTophrH Ha3HaqeHO OTKphITHe
QepKOBHoro c060pa, npH6JIH)I{aeTCH. B KOHQe KOHQOB, OHH
BhI6epYT qeThIpex npe CTaBHTeJIeH, cpe H KOTOphIX caMhIM
3aMeqaTeJIhHhIM 6y eT IIhep e EOJIOHhH.
PaCCJle,nOBaHHe ,no 10 MaJi
HeCMOTpH Ha 3TO HanOMHHaHHe, HHqTO He npOHCXO HT o
1 anpeJIH. TaK KaK TaMnJIHephI )I{aJIOBaJIHCh Ha YCJIOBHH HX
cO ep)l{aHHH, KOMHCCHH noceTHT TlOpbMhI.
I 233
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMllJII1EPOB
H, HaKOHeQ, 1 anpeJIH IIhep e EOJIOHhH OT HMeHH 3aKJIIO-
qeHHhIX 6paTheB TaMnJIHepOB, eJIaeT 3aHBJIeHHe:
«APTHKYJIhI, nOCJIaHHhIe B 6YJIJIe MOHceHhepoM IIanoH,
3TOT 6eCqeCTHhIH, HH3KHH, 6eCCMhICJIeHHhIH H Y)I{aCHhIH BO-
npocHHK, HBJIHeTCH JIO)l{hlO, rpaH H03HOH JIO)l{hlO, JIO)l{hlO He-
cnpaBe JIHBoH. Ccpa6pHKoBaHHoH H3 pa3HhIx oKYMeHToB Bpa-
raMH op eHa. Bepa op eHa XpaMa qHCTa H He 3anHTHaHa H
Bcer a TaKOH 6hIJIa. Bee 6paThH op eHa, KOTophIe npH3HaJIH
no 06HYIO JIO)l{h, QeJIHKOM HJIH qaCTHqHO, COJIraJIH. KTO, o -
HaKO, OCY HT HX? OHH rOBOpHJIH no cTpaxoM cMepTH».
KaK XOTeJIOCh, qT06hI H PyrHe, a oc06eHHo MOJIe rOBopH-
JIH TaK)I{e! K HeCqaCThlO, nOKa peqh H eT 06 06II(HX nOJIO)l{e-
HHHX: Bee 6y eT 06CTOHTh ropa3 0 xY)I{e, Kor a nepeH YT K
OT eJIhHhIM nYHKTaM.
A nOKa H YT cnophI no npoQe ypHhIM BonpocaM. 7 anpeJIH
IIhep e EOJIOHhH qHTaeT Pyroe aHaJIOrHqHOe 3aHBJIeHHe. qe-
ThIpeM npoKypopaM pa3perneHo noceTHTh B TlOphMe PyrHx
6paTheB.
HaKoHeQ, 11 anpeJIH HaqHYTcH HH HBH yaJIhHhIe onpochI,
KOTophIe BCKope npHBe YT K KaTacTpocpe. XOTH Ka3aJIOCh, qTO
Bce CKJIa hIBaeTCH 6JIarOnpHHTHhIM 06pa30M, 60JIhrne He 6hI-
no HH yrp03, HH CTpaXOB, 3aII(HTHHKH orOBOpHJIHCh Me)l{ Y
C060H... H TeM He MeHee, O HH 3a PyrHM, Bee CBH eTeJIH,
BhICJIyrnaHHhIe C 11 anpeJIH no 10 MaH, nOBTopHT npe)l{HHe
npH3HaHHH H npH3HalOT OCHOBHhIe cpaKThI!
3TH onpOChI, C 11 anpeJIH no 10 MaH, HBJIHIOTCH cB060 -
HhIMH, a C}Ie OBaTeJIhHO, caMhIMH Ba)l{HhIMH. OHH IlIHpOKO
nO TBep HJIH cpaKTbI, YCTaHOBJIeHHhIe paHee paCCJIe OBaHHeM
IIanhI H Kap HHaJIOB: HO 06 3TOM 06hIqHO HCfOpHKH He rOBopHT!
COBeT B napH)I(e
10 MaH IIhep e EOJIOHhH npocHT C eJIaTh CpOqHOe 3aHBJIe-
HHe H c006II(aeT KOMHCCHH, qTO MHorHX TaMnJIHepOB 6y eT
CY)];HTh B IIapH)I{e Co BeT npOBHHQHH no npe Ce aTeJIhCTBOM
234 I
fl1 O. /l,EJIO TAMIIJII1EPOB
apXHenHCKona CaHCa. OH npoTecryeT H npOCHT 3apaHee OTO-
3BaTh 3TO perneHHe.
ApXHenHCKon Hap60HHhI cnpaBe JIHBO OTBeqaeT eMY, qTO
3TO He BXO HT B KOMneTeHQHIO KOMHCCHH: «3TO Hac He Kaca-
eTCH, MhI He MO)l{eM B 3TO BMernHBaThCH nOTOMY, qTO BhI OJI)I{-
HhI 06paII(aThCH He K HaM». Bee )I{e qeThIpe npoKypopa no alOT
aneJIJIHQHIO. KOMHCCHH paccMaTpHBaeT ee H, B KOHQe KOHQOB,
pernaeT, qTO He HMeeT nOJIHOMOqHH BMernHBaThCH.
,D:onpochI B0306HOBJIHIOTCH 11 MaH, HO 12-e 3ace aHHe
HeO)l{H aHHO npephIBaeTcH: B xo e 3ace aHHH CTaHOBHTCH
H3BeCTHhIM, qTO 54 TaMnJIHepa, KOTOphIX CY HJIH B TIapH-
)I{e, TOJIhKO qTO npHroBopeHhI K CO)l{)I{eHHIO. Bce06II(ee CMH-
TeHHe. Tor a KOMHCCHH pernaeT 06paTHThcH K apxHenHcKo-
ny CaHca, qT06hI nonpocHTh ero OTCPOqHTh Ka3Hh. MOTHB:
npHrOBopeHHhIe OJI)I{HhI 6hITh BhICJIyrnaHhI KOMHCCHeH. Ho
apXHenHCKon CaHca OTKa)l{eTCH H 54 npHroBopeHHhIx 6Y YT
Ka3HeHhI.
EpaT 3HMepH e BHJIhe- JIe- ,D:IOK nOTpHCalOII(e paCCKa)l{eT
06 3TOM KOMHCCHH: «Bqepa H BH eJI, KaK B nOB03Kax Be3JIH
54 HarnHX 6paTa, qT06hI C)I{eqh HX )I{HBheM. 51 CJIhIrnaJI, qTO HX
CO)l{rJIH. O! 51, eCJIH 6hI H OJI)I{eH 6hIJI 6hITh CO)l{)I{eH, H He
BhIHec 6hI 3Toro, H60 H CJIHrnKOM 60lOCh cMepUi, H YCTynHJI
6hI... H npH3HaJICH 6hI, qTO y6HJI rocno a Harnero! »
3TH BOHHhI, B03MO)l{HO, He 6JIeII(YT MY)l{eCTBOM, HO 3aTO
3TOT npHMep BhIXO HT 3a paMKH BonpOCHHKa H nepe aeT aT-
Moc<l>epy npOHCXO HII(ero.
Kpax
C 3Toro MOMeHTa HaqaJIOCh KpyrneHHe op eHa. CBH eTeJIH
60JIhrne HHqeMY He BepHT. TIhep e EOJIOHhH 6e)l{HT H3 TlOph-
MhI H HHKor a He 6y eT HaH eH. OCTaJIhHhIe OTKa)l{YTCH 3aII(H-
II(aTh op eH. Pa60Ta KOMHCCHH 3aTHHeTCH O HOH6pH.
,lJ:onpochI B0306HOBHTCH C HHBapH no MaH, HO He a YT
HHqerO HOBoro.
I 235
fl1 cpa. /l,EJIO TAMllJII1EPOB
O HaKO, Ha o ynoMHHYTh CTpaHHoe nOBe eHHe 6paTa )Ka-
Ha e IIoJIeHKypa. ,lJ:onpomeHHhIH 8 HHBapH 1311 r., CHaqaJIa
OH 3aHBHT: «.51 HaCTaHBalO Ha npH3HaHHHx, KOTophIe Y:>Ke c e-
JIaJI. .51 npH3HaJICH, qTO oTpeKcH OT rocno a BO BpeMH Moero
BCTynJIeHHH B op eH». qJIeHhI KOMHCCHH npe JIaralOT eMY xo-
pomeHhKo nO YMaTh: «CKa:>KHTe Bce-TaKH npaB y, BO HMH cna-
ceHHH BameH ymH. BhI HHqeM He pHcKyeTe, eCJIH CKa:>KeTe
HaM npaB y». Tor a )KaH e IIoJIeHKYP OTnHpaeTCH OT CBOHX
CJIOB: «Hy, Tor a HeT, 51 He OTpeKaJICH HH OT rocno a, HH OT
HHcyca XpHCTa, H npH3HaJICH no CTpaXOM CMepTH . H eMY
n03BOJIHIOT YHTH. Ho 12-ro OH npOCHT BhICJIymaTh ero CHOBa H
nOBTopHeT CBOH nepBhIe npH3HaHHH. qJIeHhI KOMHCCHH 60JIh-
me HHqerO He nOHHMaIOT, npOCHT npHHeCTH KJIHTBy Ha EBaH-
reJIHe, cnpamHBalOT, He 3aCTaBHJI JIH ero KTO-TO CHOBa H3Me-
HHTh CBoe pemeHHe. HeT: «.51 nO YMaJI, qTO 51 COBepmalO 3JIO,
COBepmaH KJIHTBOnpecTynJIeHHe, H nOnpOCHJI CBOHX CTpa:>KHH-
KOB CHOBa OTBeCTH MeHH K BaM... H KJIHHYCh, qTO BO BpeMH
BCTynJIeHHH B op eH, H OTpeKCH OT rocno a H nJIIOHYJI Ha
cepe6pHHhIH KpeCT».
3TH HeCqaCTHhIe COBepmeHHO 06e3YMeJIH OT CTpaxa.
3aBepmeHHe pa60Tbi
5 HIOHH 1311 r. KOMHCCHH npeKpaII(aeT CBOIO pa60TY. OHa
BhICJIymaJIa, B OCHOBHOM o 10 MaH 1310 r., 131 CBH eTeJIH,
aBaBmHX cB060 HhIe nOKa3aHHH.
,lJ:oche 6hIJIO nepe aHo IIane, KOTOphIH npe cTaBHT ero Qep-
KOBHOMY c060py B oKTH6pe. ,lJ:oKYMeHT OCTaTOqHO noyqH-
TeJIhHhIH: OH CO ep:>KHT OqeHh MHOrOqHCJIeHHhIe npH3HaHHH.
Teneph OCTaeTCH TOJIhKO eTaJIhHO H3yqHTh cO ep:>KaHHe 3THX
nOKa3aHHH.
VIII
KJlIO'IEBbIE 06BHHEHHJI
113 127 nYHKToB BonpocHHKa H paccMoTplO TOJIhKO OCHOB-
HhIe 06BHHeHHH. MHOrOqHCJIeHHhIe BonpochI KacalOTCH YTOq-
HeHHH no eTaJIHM. ,lJ:PyrMe OTHOCHTCH K <l>aKTaM YCTaHOBJIeH-
HhIM, HO He OCTaTOqHO y6e HTeJIhHhIM: HanpHMep He BhI3hI-
BaeT HHKaKHX COMHeHHH, qTO TaMnJIHephI 6paJIH Ha ce6H
06H3aTeJIhCTBa HcnOBe OBaThCH TOJIhKO KaneJIJIaHaM op eHa,
JII060H BHeIIIHHH YXOBHMK 6hIJI HCKJIlOqeH. PhIQapH aBaJIH
KJIHTBY C06JIIO aTh TaHHY B Bonpocax, HHTepeCYIOII(HX op eH,
H He nOKH aTh ero. Bee 3TO, eCTeCTBeHHO, 06'bHCHHeTcH He3a-
BHCHMOCThlO H caMoH npHpo oH op eHa.
,lJ:PyrHe npeTeH3HH HBJIHIOTCH Ha YMaHHhIMH: TaKHe 06BH-
HeHHH KaK no 03peHHe B nOKJIOHeHHH KOIIIKe, OTnaJIH cpa3Y.
C PyroH CTOpOHhI, Ha o paccMoTpeTh nHTh OCHOBHhIX 06-
BHHeHHH. 51 HaqHY C HaMMeHee CTpalliHoro.
1. DpHHYAHTeJlbHaJI COAOMHJI
BonpochI C 40 no 45: «BHOBh npHHHMaeMhIM 6paThHM ro-
BOpHJIH, qTO OHH MOryr cOBoKynJIHThCH nJIOTCKM pyr C pyroM,
(41) qTO HM 3TO 03BOJIeHO, (42) qTO OHH OJI)I{HhI ce6e no-
3BOJIHTh 3TO H B3aHMHO TepneTh, (43) qTO cOBepIIIeHHe 3Toro,
BOBce He HBJIHeTCH JIH HHX rpeXOM, (44) qTO OHM caMH COBep-
IIIaJIH 3TO, HJIH MHorHe H3 HHX (45) HJIH HeKoTophIe H3 HHX».
JII060nhITHo, qTO HMeHHO npoTHB 3Toro 06BHHeHHH, MeHee
C'rpaIIIHoro, qeM pyrHe, TaMnJIHephI 3aII(HII(aJIHCh JIyqIIIe Bcero.
I 237
fl1 cpa. /l,EJIO TAMIIJII1EPOB
Bee oTpHQaJIH, qTO CO OMHH HOCHJIa 06H3aTeJIhHhIH xapaK-
Tep. EOJIhIIlHHCTBO npH3HaBaJIOch. B cJIe YIOII(eM: BO BpeMH
npHeMa B op eH HM 3anpeII(aJIH HMeTh CHOIIleHHH C )I{eHII(HHa-
MH; H HM peKoMeH OBaJIH, qTO B cJIyqae eCJIH 06eT 6e36paqHH
CTaHOBHTCH CJIHIIlKOM TH)I{eK JIH HHX, TO JIyqIIle BCTynHTh B
CBH3h C 6paTOM, qeM C )I{eHII(HHOH, a6hI H36e)l{aTh CKaH aJIa.
BhICJIYIIlaeM CHaqaJIa BhICIIlHX PYKOBO HTeJIeH.
fyro e IIeHpo: «51 rOBOpHJI HM, qTO eCJIH OHH HcnhIThIBa-
JIH HeKOTopoe eCTeCTBeHHoe ceKcyaJIhHOe B036Y)l{ eHHe, KO-
Topoe TOJIKaJIO HX Ha HeB03 ep)l{aHHOCTh, HM 6hIJIO 03BOJIe-
HO OXJIa HTh nhIJI C pyrHMH 6paThHMH. Bee 3TO H rOBOpHJI He
cep QeM, a TOJIhKO YCTaMH: TaKYIO npaKTHKY n03BOJIHJI HaIIl
YCTaB... 51 YMalO, qTO Bcex npHHHMaJIH B op eH TaKHM )I{e
06pa30M» .
)l(o<p<ppya e llIapHe: «51 CJIhIIIlaJI KaK 6paT )l(epap e Co-
3e, KOMaH Op OBepHH, rOBOpHJI 6paThHM O Horo H3 KanHTY-
JIOB, qTO JIyqIIle nJIOTCKH cOBoKynJIHThCH C 6paThHMH op eHa,
qeM BCTynaTh B CBH3h C )I{eHII(HHaMH. O HaKO, H HHKor a 3TO-
ro He eJIaJI H HHKor a He 6hIJI K 3TOMY npHHY)l{ eH».
3aTeM PYKOBO HTeJIH paHrOM nOHH)I{e.
MaThe IO Eya-O eMa, npHOp KJIHIIlH: OH CKa3aJI MHe,
QTO eCJIH )I{eJIaHHe n06Y)l{ aeT MeHH y OBJIeTBOpHTh MOH MY)l{-
CKHe HHCTHHKThI, H OJI)I{eH YJIO)l{HTh cnaTh C C060H O Horo H3
6paTheB H BCTynHTh C HHM B nJIOTCKYIO CBH3h. TaKHM )I{e 06pa-
30M H OJI)I{eH 6hIJI n03BOJIHTh B3aHMHO BcrynHTh B CBH3h CO
MHOH MOHM 6paThHM. O HaKO HHKor a H 3Toro He eJIaJI».
IIbep e EOJIOHhH: «OH CKa3aJI MHe, qTO eCJIH MeHH Tep3a-
lOT C06JIa3HhI nJIOTH, H BOJIeH cOBoKynJIHThCH C 6paThHMH Ha-
IIlero op eHa, H B 3TOM HeT rpexa. O HaKO Bcer a YMaJI, H
YMalO nO-npe)l{HeMY, qTO 3TO HBJIHeTCH OTBpaTHTeJIhHhIM rpe-
XOM, H HHKor a H 3Toro He COBepIIlaJI».
HaKoHeQ, O HH H3 HH3IIlHX qHHOB 6paT fHJIhOM e llIaJIY-
JIa-PeH, npHQeTHHK: 3aTeM OHH 3aCTaBHJIH MeHH aTb 06eT
6e36paqHH B OTHOIIleHHH )I{eHII(HH, npH6aBHB, qTO eCJIH HeKHH
npHpO HhIH )Kap 6y eT 06)1{HraTh MeHH, H Mory OXJIa HTh CBOH
238
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIIJII1EPOB
rrhIJI C O HHM H3 6paTheB Op eHa, HO H KJIHHYCh, qTO HHKOr a
3Toro He eJIaJI».
Bo BceM 3TOM rrpHCYTCTByeT JIHIIlh 06II(aH <}>OPMYJIHpOBKa,
3a KOTOpOH He CJIe OBaJIO eHCTBHH, H rrpOCTO B03HHKaeT
HCKYIIleHHe rrOBepHTh B HeKHM rpy6hIM p03hIrphIIIl, IIlYTKY
ypHoro BKyca, KOTophIe qaCTO MO)l{HO BCTpeTHTh B Ka3apMe.
TaK KaK 6paT )Kepo e Koc BcrrOMHHaeT, O HaKO, qTO BO
BpeMeHa MarHCTpa TOMa Eepapa Tpoe 6paTheB, COBepIIlHBIIlHX
rro 06HhIM rpex, 6hIJIH rrOCa)l{eHhI B TIOPhMY. To eCTh MY)I{e-
JIO)l{CTBO, Bce-TaKH, B op eHe 6hIJIO HaKa3yeMo.
To, qTO HH HBH yaJIhHhIe CJIyqaH CO OMCKoro rpexa HMe-
JIH MeCTO, BpH JIH MO)l{HO 6hIJIO 6hI ocrrapHBaTh. Y HBHTeJIh-
HO, eCJIH 6hI 6hIJIO HHaqe B MY)l{CKOM KOJIJIeKTHBe. HaH60JIee
TOqHhIM rrpHMepoM, 6e3YCJIOBHO, HBJIHeTCH cJIe YIOII(aH HCTO-
pHH, rrepecKa3aHHaH 6paToM fHIIlapoM e MapcHMHKOM, KOTO-
paH rrOCJIY)I{HJIa e HHCTBeHHhIM OCHOBaHHeM BceMY 3TOMY Ba)l{-
HeMIIleMY 06BHHeHHIO:
«MeccHp fyro e MapIIlaH H3 JIHOHCKOM errapxHH, KOTO-
phIH HBJIHJICH MHe po cTBeHHHKoM, rro MoeMY xo aTaHcTBY
6hIJI rrpHHHT B XpaM B TYJIY3e... EpaThH rrpHBeJIH ero B MOIO
CrraJIhHIO; OHH 3arrepJIH Beph H3HYTPH KaK MO)l{HO Ha e)l{-
Hee... OHH 3arrepJIHCh C fyro TaK Ha OJIrO, qTO BceM TeM, KTO
)I{ aJI CHapY)l{H, CTaJIO rrpOTHBHO. 3aTeM OHH OTKphIJIH Beph B
CrraJIhHIO H rrpHBeJIH fyro KO MHe... OH 6hIJI COBepIIleHHO 6JIe -
HhIM, rrOTpHceHHhIM H rrO aBJIeHHhIM... Ha CJIe YIOII(HM eHh
fyro rrpHBeJIH B MOM OM B TYJIY3e. 51 rrOrrhITaJICH paccrrpocHTh
ero C rJIa3Y Ha rJIa3. OH MHe OTBeTHJI: «HHKor a 60JIhIIle H He
cMory HH pa OBaThCH, HH )I{HTh B MHpe C caMHM C060M». B
aJIhHeHIIleM, MHoro pa3 H crrpaIIlHBaJI ero 0 rrpHqHHe cMHTe-
HHH, HHKor a OH He 3aXOTeJI MHe B 3TOM rrpH3HaThCH».
CBH eTeJIh 06aBJIHeT, qTO fyro e MapIIlaH o KOHQa CBO-
HX HeM HaXO HJICH B OTqaHHHH H3-3a 3Toro H 3aKa3aJI ce6e
rreqaTh C Ha rrHChlO IIeqaTh rrorH6IIlero fyro».
O HaKo, H3 Bcex BhICJIYIIlaHHhIx TaMrrJIHepOB, TOJIhKO Boe
npH3HaJIHCh B TOM, qTO COBepIIlaJIH 3TOT rpex: fHJIhOM e
239
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIInI1EPOB
BapHa)l{ H PaYJIh e TaBepHe, KOTOphIe aBaJIH 3TOMY CJIe ylO-
II(ee 06'hHCHeHHe: «C 3THM npHXO H!lOCh MHpHThCH H3-3a )I{ap-
Koro 3aMOpCKOrO KJIHMaTa». To eCTh peqh aJIeKO He H eT 0
Bceo6II(eH H 06H3aTeJIhHOH CO OMHH.
2. HenpHcToHHbIe no eJIYH
30-H Bonpoc: Bo BpeMH BcrynJIeHHH B op eH 6paThH...
QeJIOBaJIH Pyr pyra B ry6hI, B nyn HJIH B rOJIhIH )I{HBOT, a
TaK)I{e B aHYc HJIH KOnqHK».
3 ech Ha o pa3JIHqaTh pa3JIHqHhIe BH hI pHryaJIOB.
1. llpOCTOH MHpHhIH HJIH 6paTcKHH nOQeJIYH, KOTOphIH no
BOCTOqHOH Tpa HQHH cOBepmaJICH B ry6hI: 3TO qHCTO CHM-
BOJIHqeCKHH )I{eCT.
2. Ee3YCJIOBHO, TaKHM )I{e CHMBOJIHqeCKHM 6hIJI nOQeJIYH B
rpY h HJIH B cep Qe (qepe3 TKaHh).
3. EOJIee BycMhICJIeHHhIM HBJIHJICH nOQeJIYH B nJIeqo, KaK
npaBHJIO, 06Ha)l{eHHoe: B nJIeqo, B 06Ha)l{eHH}'IO nJIOTh»,
rOBopHT )l(ocpCPPya e TaTaH; «B 06Ha)l{eHHYIO nJIOTh, B
nJIeqo C3a H», YTOqHHeT )l(aK e Tpya.
4. Ho MHorHe CBH eTeJIH npH3HalOTcH B 60JIee cTpaHHoM PH-
TyaJIe: Tpa HQHH nOQeJIyeB B KOnqHK HJIH a)l{e B aHYc (HO
qepe3 TKaHh).
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nocrynaJIH C HHMH.
fyro e lleHpo: 51 OTBO HJI HX B CTOPOHY H 3aCTaBJIHJI HX
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3BOHOqHHKa, 3aTeM B nynoK H, HaKOHeQ, B ry6hI».
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o pyroH QepeMOHHH: «EpaT )l(aH 3aTeM nOQeJIOBaJI MeHH
240 ,
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KOTOphIM BCTynaJI O HOBpeMeHHO CO MHOM, a B aJIhHeMllIeM, H
MHorHX pyrHX>.>.
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THTeJIhHhIM, CKOJIh H HenOHHTHhIM, HO HHKTO He npH aBaJI eMY
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CKOM CTHJIe. TaK HHKOJIH e AMheH, paccKa3hIBaeT: «EpaT
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BHJIOM, qTO Heo<pHT QeJIOBaJI npHHHMaBllIero ero B aHYC, eCJIH
He Ha060pOT. BOT nOqeMY, - rOBopHT OH, - npHeM npOBO-
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51 npeKpaII(Y 3TO MOHOTOHHoe QHTHpOBaHHe. <DaKT 60JIee
qeM YCTaHOBJIeH, HO B qeM ero CMhICJI? HHqTO He n03BOJIHeT
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C JIIO hMH BoeHHhIMH H nepeM eM K eJIaM 60JIee cephe3HhIM.
3. nponycK CJIOB B MOJIHTBe
Bonpoc 20: «CBHII(eHHHKH op eHa onycKaJIH B KaHOHax
MeCChI CJIOBa MOJIHTBhI».
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n03BOJIHJI YCTaHoBHTh CBH3h Me)l{ y epechlO TaMnJIHepOB H
I 241
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIIJII1EPOB
KaTapCKOH epeChlO. HeKOTOphIe HCTOpHKH, He KOJIe6JIHCh,
YCTaHaBJIHBalOT 3TY CBH3h H YTBep aIOT, qTO op eH 6hIJI
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Hpa: ,l];oKa3aTeJIhCTBa MaHHxeHCTBa B op eHe TaMrrJIHepoB»
(1833 r.), 0 KOTOpOM BHOBh BCnOMHHJIa Pe)l{HH IIepHY.
1. .HBJIHeTCH JIH <paKT YCTaHOBJIeHHhIM?
EOJIhllIHHCTBO cBH eTeJIeH, KOTophIe eJIaJIH npH3HaHHH
no OCTaJIhHhIM nYHKTaM, 3aHBJIHJIH, qTO HHqerO He 3HalOT
06 3TOM: C HX TOqKH 3peHHfI CBHII(eHHHK HOpMaJIhHO qHTaJI
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MH, HX CBH eTeJIhCTBa He rOBopHT HH 0 qeM, KpOMe HX HeBe-
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meum>.> - CHe eCTh TeJIO Moe»). Ho 06a YTBep)l{ aJIH, qTO
HHKor a 3Toro He eJIaJIH.
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MO)l{a, KOTOphIH nOJIyqHJI aHaJIOrHqHOe YKa3aHHe OT npHopa
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3TO HeJIh3H CqHTaTh 06II(HM rrpaBHJIOM.
2. Ho, eCJIH onycTHTh, qTO TaKaH npaKTHKa cYII(eCTBOBaJIa,
qeMY OHa CJIY:>KHJIa, eCJIH HHKTO ee He c06JIIO aJI H He npOBe-
pHJI, BhInOJIHHeTCH JIH OHa? Bce-TaKH npH3HaHHH rOBopHT 0
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242
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B TaKOM CJIyqae MO)l{HO OnYCTHTh HeKoe npOHHKHOBeHHe
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Tep, HO HH B KoeM CJIyqae He HBJIHBllIeMCH 06II(eM epeTHqeCKOM
npaKTHKOM.
4. HAonoDoKHoHCTBO
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pHT}'aJIY H OJIOnOKnOHCTBa, a HMeHHO rOJIOBaM, O HH H3 KO-
TOphIX HMeJIH TPH JIHQa, pyrHe - O HO, HeKoTophIe - qeJIO-
BeqeCKHM qepen .
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HenpaBHJIhHO H3JIO)l{eHhI IIane. IIoCMoTpHM, qTO a.nH onpochI.
A. IIpe)l{ e Bcero MHorHe CBH eTeJIH rOBopHT 0 rOJIOBe,
KOTOpOM OHH nOKJIOHHJIHCh 60JIhllIe HJIH MeHhllIe BO BpeMH
HeKoTophIX QepeMoHHM.
ryro e IIeMpo: 3Ta 6hIJIa qeJIOBeqeCKaH rOJIOBa, H BH eJI
ee, ep)l{aJI B pYKax H TpOraJI B MOHneJIhe, BO BpeMH KanHT}'JIa,
H H nOKJIOHHJICH eM TaK)I{e, KaK H Bee pyrHe npHCYTCTBYIOII(He
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BpeMH KanHTYJIOB, B qaCTHOCTH B IIapH)I{e, BO BTOpHHK nOCJIe
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nOKJIOHHIOTCH, QeJIYIOT ee H Ha3hIBalOT CBOHM CnaCHTeJIeM .
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He eJIaJIH 3TO HCKpeHHe. 51 YMalO, qTO OHa epeBHHHaH, no-
cepe6peHHaH H n030JIOqeHHaH CHapY)I{H... MHe Ka)l{eTCH, qTO
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rOJIOBY C JIHQOM H JIHHHOM 60pO OM .
I 243
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIIJII1EPOB
EapTOJIOMeO EOllIhe: «3TO nOXO HJIO Ha rOJIOBY TaMnJIHe-
pa B llIanKe C JIHHHOti 6eJIoti 60po oti».
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aIOT. Ho PyrHe paCCKa3hIBaJIH, qTO BH eJIH rOJIOBY C BYMH
JIHQaMH. 11 fyro e IIetipo, KOTOphIti OJI)I{HO 6hITh HpOHH3H-
pOBaJI HJIH CTapaJICH ycyry6HTh 01lIH6KY, e HHCTBeHHhIti CKa-
)I{eT, qTO «3Ta rOJIOBa HMeJIa qeThIpe HOrH, Be Cnepe H H Be
C3a H» .
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nYCTHB, qTO CYII(eCTBOBaJIO HeCKOJIhKO pa3JIHqHhIX rOJIOB.
OCTaHOBHMCH cetiqaC Ha 06'hHCHeHHH.
B. 3aMeTHM, O HaKO, qTO He Bee CBH eTeJIH BH eJIH rOJIOBY,
H HeKOTophIe YTBep)l{ aIOT, qTO peqh H eT 0 6eCCMhICJIeHHoti
CKa3Ke. HanpOTHB, Te, KTO BH eJI rOJIOBY, OqeHh ee Hcnyra-
JIHCh (!).
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JIOBa, H BH eJI ee Ha ceMH KanHTYJIaX, KOTophIe npOBO HJIH
6paT fyro e IIetipo H pyrHe... Kor a ee BhIHOCHJIH, Bee na a-
JIH HHQ Ha 3eMJIIO, CHHMaJIH KanlOllIOHhI H nOKJIOHHJIHCh eti...
JIHQO ee y)l{aCHO, MHe Ka)l{eTCH, qTO 3TO 6hIJIO JIHQO eMOHa.
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113 Bcero 3Toro CJIe yeT, qTO OJIH npaB hI B 3TOM 6hIJIa, HO
CBH eTeJIH a6COJIIOTHO He nOHHJIH, qTO 3TO 6hIJIO. ,n;OCMOTp-
II(HK fyro e IIetipo, B03MO)KHO 6hIJI e HHCTBeHHbIM, KTO Mor
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244
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paCCKa3hIBalOT 06 3TOH cTpaHHoH QepeMOHHH. MhI IIpHBO HM
OIIHcaHHe fyro e EIOHa, KOTOphIH, Ka)l{eTCH, COBepllIeHHO B
3 paBOM paccY Ke:
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3aTeM BepeBOqKOH OH IIepeBH3aJI ee, 3aTeM IIepe aJI MHe Bepe-
BOqKY, IIOCOBeTOBaB HOCHTh ee IIO IIOHCOM>'>.
3Ta BepeBOqKa OCTaTOqHO H3BeCTHa, 3TO 6hIJI CHMBOJI Qe-
JIOMY PHH. ECJIH rOJIOBa MOrJIa CJIY)I{HTh JIH 6JIarOCJIOBeHHH
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KOHeqHO, HO xpHcTHaHcKoro xapaKTepa. K TOMY )I{e CBH eTeJIH
rOBopHT, qTO op eH 06JIa aJI peJIHKBHHMH, B qaCTHOCTH CB.
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BaHHaH 3THMH pa3HOpeqHBhIMH CBH eTeJIhCTBaMH, 3aIIpOCHJIa
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qeHHhIX IIpe MeToB epeBHHHaH HJIH MeTaJIJIHqeCKaH rOJIOBa.
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KH HYMepOBaTh MOII(H, TPY HO IIpe IIOJIO)l{HTh, qeM PyrHM
MOrJIa 6hITh 3Ta Kop06Ka C KOCTHMH.
I 245
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIIJIHEPOB
CBH eTeJIH He npH3HaJIH B )I{eHCKOH rOJIOBe Ty 60po aTyIO
rOJIOBY, HO MO)l{HO npe nOJIO)l{HTh, QTO peqh H eT 06 aHaJIO-
rHqHOM npe MeTe.
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phI nOKJIOHHJIHCh H OJIY no HMeHH EacpOMeT. Pa3JIHqHhIe aB-
TOphI cnopHT 0 CMhICJIe 3Toro HMeHH. Ho HMH EacpOMeTa
BCTpeqaeTCH pe KO H TOJIhKO B MaTepHaJIaX onpOCOB. II03TO-
MY B03HHKaeT Bonpoc, He B03HHKJIO JIH OHO, npOCTO-Hanpo-
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qTO npOCTOpeqHhIH H3hIK IIpoBaHca JIerKO H3MeHHeT HMeHa
c06CTBeHHhIe, He 3HaJIH, qTO Ha npOBaHCaJIhCKOM H3hIKe Ea-
cpOMeT 03HaqaJI MarOMeT>'>. EacpOMeTHqeCKOe H306pa)l{eHHe
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THTeJIhHOH HCTOpHH, nepeCKa3aHHOH cBH,neTeJIeM AHTOHHO H
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CTHHe? 3TO OllIeJIOMJIHIOII(aH HCTOpHH, OCHOBaHHaH Ha npo-
CThIX CJIyxax H He nO TBep)K eHHaH Henocpe CTBeHHhIMH CBH-
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246
fH 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIIJIHEPOB
«B CH OHe H CJIbIllIaJI, qTO O HH npaBHTeJIb 3Toro ropo a,
nOJII0611JI 6JIarOpO HYIO aMY H3 ApMeHHH, HO HHKOr a 3a
BCIO CBOIO )KH3Hb He n03HaJI ee nJIOTCKH; Kor a OHa YMepJIa, OH
npHllIeJI n03HaTb ee TaMHO B ee MOrHJIY B HOqb cpa3Y nOCJIe
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llIeJI B CKJIen H HallIeJI qeJIOBeqeCKYIO rOJIOBY Me)l{ Y Hor aMbI.
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B TaKOM cJIyqae, ryro e IIeMpo, KOTOpbIM HaBepHHKa 3HaJI
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He KOJIe6JIHCh, BOpOBaJIH HX!
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BbIBaTbCH Ha nOKJIOHeHHH H OJIaM.
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TH K rJIaBHOMY 06BHHeHHIO, KOTopoe, B KOHeqHOM HTore, H
COCTaBJIHeT BeCb npoQecc.
IX
OJPE'IEHHE OJ XPHCJA
TpHHa QaTh nepBhIX BOnpOCOB, 3a aHHhIX KOMHCCHeH, Ka-
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06BHHeHHe 6hIJIO CBe eHO K CJIe YIOII(eMY: BO BpeMH npHeMa B
op eH HeocpHT OJI)I(eH 6hIJI OTpeqhCH OT I1Hcyca XpHCTa H
nJIIOHYTh Ha KpeCT.
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a) IIpH3HaHHH )KaKa e MOJIe H PYKOBO HTeJIeH op eHa Ha
nepBOM onpoce nepe YHHBepCHTeTOM H HHKBH3HTOpOM B
IIapH)I(e;
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Tpex Kap HHaJIOB, nOCJIaHHhIX IIanoH;
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BCTpeqH C 72 TaMnJIHepaMH;
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11 anpeJIH no 10 MaH 1310 r., KOTophIe H CeHqaC H XOqy
npOaHaJIH3HpoBaTh.
248 r
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HHT COpOK JIeT TOMY Ha3a B JIa POIlIeJIH 6paToM II. e JIe)l{h-
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HY)I{HO OTpeqhCH OT rocno a Halliero. 51 Teneph He nOMHIO,
Ha3hIBaJI JIH OH ero I1HcycOM, XpHCTOM HJIH pacnHThIM, OH
CKa3aJI MHe, qTO 3TO Bee e HHO. 51 OTpeKCH YCTaMH, HO He
cep QeM >.> .
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peJIH: «B eHh Moero BCTynJIeHHH H oTpeKcH OT XpHcTa, TOJIh-
KO O HH pa3 no npHKa3Y KaneJIJIaHa, KOTOphIH MeHH npHHH-
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HJIH nJIIOHYTh Ha KpeCT; H nJIIOHYJI TOJIhKO O HH pa3 H MHMO>'>
(OTMeTHM, qTO 3 eCh HMeHHO CBHII(eHHHK aeT npHKa3 06 OT-
peqeHHH).
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HHT B op eH B JIa POIlIeJIH B CeHTOH)I{e 6paToM IIhepoM e
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JIH. IIo ero npHKa3Y H TpH)I{ hI OTpeKCH OT I1Hcyca, YCTaMH, HO
He cep QeM, H nJIIOHYJI Ha KpeCT>'>.
ryro e ElOp H3 enapXHH JIaHrp, BhICJIYIIIaHHhIH 24 anpeJIH:
«EpaT npHHec MHe KpecT H BeJIeJI nJIIOHYTh Ha Hero H TonTaTh
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Ha o, qro 3TO npaBHJIO op eHa XpaMa: H eCJIH H He nO qH-
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I 249
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peH. TpH)I{AhI H oTpeKcH OT Hero, npOH3HOCH: H OTpeKalOCh OT
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nJIIOHYTh Ha Hero; H nJIIOHYJI pHAOM, OTKa3hIBaHCh nJIIOHYTh Ha
Hero... OH CKa3aJI MHe, qTO TaKOBO npaBHJIO, OH 06'bHCHHJI 6hI
MHe ero, HO COBepllIeHHO HHqerO He AOJI)I{eH MHe 06'bHCHHTh».
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coceAHlO1O KOMHary, rAe, npH 3aKphIThIX ABepHx, BeJIeJI MHe
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250 I
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3aJIa Ha 3aCOB H OCTaJIH KpecT, JIHHOH B nOJITOpa JIOKTH.
Ha KpeCTe He 6hIJIO HHKaKoro H306pa)l{eHHH pacnHThH. OHH
CKa3aJIH HaM, YKa3hIBaH Ha KpeCT: "OTpeKHTeCh OT rocno a!"
MhI, nOTpHceHHhIe H HcnyraHHhIe, KOHeqHO, OTKa3aJIHCh. "TaK
Ha o, - CKa3aJIH OHH, - OCTaBaH H3 HO)l{eH CBOH MeqH".
Tor a, OT cTpaxa, MhI, 6e30PY)l{HhIe, OTpeKJIHCh OT rocno a.
51 eJIaJI 3TO YCTaMH, HO He cep QeM; Boe PyrHx, H Y-
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3Toro, npH YCJIOBHH, qTO MhI npOMOJIqHM H He BhI a HM HX .
O HaKO HHor a HeocpHT 6hIJI H36aBJIeH OT OTpeqeHHH, JIH-
60 nOTOMY, qTO ero HH 0 qeM He npOCHJIH, JIH60 nOTOMY,
qTO He HaCTaHBaJIH. TaK, HanpHMep, AJIh6ep e PIOMepKYP,
npHHHThIH B op eH B B03pacTe 67 JIeT, OTKa3aJICH: TaK
KaK BhI cTaphI, MhI H36aBHM Bac OT 3Toro, KaK H OT Bcero
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6hIJIH npHHY)I{ eHhI K HeMY HJIH npHHy aJIH K HeMY BHOBh
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3a rpaHHQeH.
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nJIlOlOT B CTOPOHY.
I 251
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nJIaII(.
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CTaBJIeH Ha KpecTe.
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3bIBaeT, '-ITO Te KTO ero npHHI1MaJI, CKa3aJII1: 3aMOJIql1, MbI
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OTpe'-leHl1e 6wJIO I1CKpeHHI1M. HecMoTpH Ha e I1Ho06pa3l1e
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252
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O HaKO 3TO qHCTO <pOpMaJIhHOe OTpeqeHHe HaBH3hIBalOT
rpy60M CHJIOM: 06Ha)l{aH MeqH, yrpO)l{alOT 6pOCHTh B 3aCTeH-
KH, npHrOBOpHTh K CMepTH.
TOJIhKO HHOr a, HeO<pHTa OCB060)l{ aIOT OT qaCTH pHryaJIa,
a TOqHee OT nJIeBaHHH, eCJIH OH 06eII(aeT HHqerO He rOBopHTh.
OTpeqeHHe - 3TO pHTyaJI, npHCYII(HM QepeMOHHH npHHH-
THH B op eH. OH a)l{e He BJIeqeT 3a C060M HHKaKoro npO OJI-
)I{eHHH: 0 HeM a)l{e 60JIhllIe He rOBopHT. TaMnJIHep He nOJIyqa-
eT HHKaKOU HHHQHaQHH, ero He 3aCTaBJIHIOT npHHHTh KaKYIO
JIH60 OKTPHHY, OT Hero 60JIhllIe He Tpe6YlOT KaKHX-JIH60 H3-
BpaII(eHHhIX pHTyaJIOB.
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CMYII(aJIO HX, OHH He pellIaJIHCh rOBopHTh 06 3TOM a)l{e Me:>K-
y C060M. M Bce-TaKH, O Ha)l{ hI, 6paT EOCKO e Ma310aJIhe H3
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«EpaT IIhep OTBeTHJI MHe, qTO He Ha o 6hITh CJIHllIKOM JI1060-
nhITHhIM, HHaqe H HaBJIeKY Ha ce6H rHeB 6paTheB H PYKOBO H-
TeJIeM op eHa. OTnpaBJIHMCH Y)I{HHaTh, CKa3aJI OH MHe. Peqh
H eT 0 npopoKe, Te6e 3TO CJIHllIKOM OJIro 06'bHCHHTh .
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CMhICJI H pacnpOCTpaHeHHOCTh pHT}'aJIa
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lOT, qTO He 3HaJIH 3HaqeHHH pHTyaJIa, KOTOphIU BhInOJIHHJIH H
K KOTOPOMY HX npHHY:>K aJIH.
a) IIpe e Bcero Ha o OT6poCHTh Te 06'bHCHeHHH, KOTophIe
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nO YMaTh 0 CXO CTBe C TpOMHhIM OTpeqeHHeM CB. IIeTpa,
HO CTOJIh npOCToe 06'bHCHeHHe HenpeMeHHO 6hI aJIH Heo-
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aHHoro BYMH TaMnJIHepaMH HH:>KHHX qHHOB: OHH rOBO-
I 253
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMnJII1EPOB
pHJIH, qTO 3TO 6hIJIO HCnhITaHHe, KOTOpOe HY:>KHO npOHTH
Ha TOT CJIyqai1:, eCJIH MhI nOna eM, B nJIeH H HeBepHhIe 3a-
CTaBHT HaC OTpeqhCH OT focno a. B 3TOM CJIyqae BpH JIH
OTKa3aJIHCh 6hI aTh no 06Hoe 06'bHCHeHHe, KOTopoe no -
TBep HJIO 6hI nOJIe3HOCTh HcnhITaHHH. M 03HaqaeT JIH 3TOT
pHryaJI, qTO B no 06HhIX 06CTOHTeJIhCTBaX TaMnJIHep OJI-
:>KeH 6hIJI OTpeqhCH OT focno a, QT06hI cnaCTH CBOIO :>KH3Hh?
Ha060poT, MhI 3HaeM, QTO MHorHe, yro HB B nJIeH K capa-
QHHaM, npe nOqJIH CMepTh.
B) )l(ocpcpPya e fOHHeBHJIh, Ha nepBOM :>Ke ero onpoce, no-
nhITaJICH aTh HCTOpHqeCKOe 06'bHCHeHHe 3TOMY pHryaJIY.
EpaT P06ep e TOpTeBHJIh, npHHHMaH ero B op eH, 3aCTa-
BHJI OTpeqhCH H 06'bHCHHJI eMY: «3TOT 06hIqaH HallIero
op eHa 6hIJI BBe eH no 06ery, aHHOMY nJIOXHM MarHCT-
pOM op eHa, KOTOphIH 6hIJI nJIeHHHKOM CYJITaHa H nOJIyqHJI
cB060 y, nOKJIHBllIHCh, qTO 06H:>KeT K HeMY HallIHX 6paTh-
eB . 3TO 3aCTaBJIHeT BcnOMHHTh 0 MarHcTpe )l(Hpape e
PH cpope, KOTOphIH, nonaB B nJIeH K MycYJIhMaHaM, 6hIJI
oCB060:>K eH Ha yCJIOBHHX, OCTaBllIHXCH 3ara OQHhIMH: ero
a:>Ke nO 03peBaJIH B npe aTeJIhCTBe.
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Hoe 06eII(aHHe, BhIpBaHHoe, K TOMY :>Ke, CHJIOH H aHHoe
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XO HMOCTH, llana, 06H3aTeJIhHO, oCB060 HJI 6hI OT TaKOH
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MaJIH B 3HaqeHHH CHMBOJIa, BhICllIHe PYKOBO HTeJIH He
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JIH nJIa , MHe npHHeCJIH KpeCT C H306pa:>KeHHeM MHcyca
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254
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BO H npOTHBOpeqHJIO Bepe KaTOJIHqeCKOH , HeJIh3H 06'bHC-
HHTh HCHee.
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rOBopHTh ce6H no 3TOMY e,l(HHCTBeHHOMY <PaKTY. HHKTO H3
HHX, ,l(a)l{e MOJIe, He nhITaJIHCh 06'bHCHHTh 3TOT pHTyaJI.
TaKHM 06pa30M, OHH npH3HaJIH ero aHTHxpHCTHaHCKHH xa-
paKTep.
PHTyan H HcnOBeAh
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,l(aThCH B 3TOM rpexe, H Bee 3aHBJIHIOT, qTO 3TOT rpex 6hIJI HM
OTnYII(eH, npH HaJIO)l{eHHH CHMBOJIHqeCKOH enHTHMhH.
TaK, HanpHMep, )l(aHY ,l(e JI'OMOHY, Cep)l{aH'ry napH)I{CKOH
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nJIIOHYJI pH,l(OM C KpeCTOM: «KpeTHH, H Teneph HCnOBe,l(aHCH!
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6hIJIH BCTpeBO)l{eHhI TaKHMH OTKpOBeHHHMH. Ho He CTOHT 3a-
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Mor HcnOBe OBaThCH TOJIhKO CBHII(eHHHKY Op,l(eHa H ,l(aBaJI B
3TOM KJIHTBY. TaKHM 06pa30M, 3TO BCer,l(a 6hIJI CBH eHHHK
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npH3HaHHH: OH OTnpaBHJICH HCnOBe,l(aThCH K 6paTY IIhepy MH-
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KaK KOMHccaphI Y,l(HBHJIHCh, qTO OH BhI6paJI HMeHHO Toro, KTO
TOJIhKO qTO 3aCTaBHJI ero COBeprnHTh rpex, B HCnOBe,l(HHKH, OH
nOHCHHJI: «MHe CKa3aJIH, qTO 6e3 pa3perneHHH MOHX HaqaJIh-
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6paTheB Op,l(eHa .
255
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIIJII1EPOB
OTKy a Mor B03HHKHYTh 3TOT 3anpeT HCnOBe,l(oBaThcH BHe
Op eHa, eCJIH He JIH Toro, qT06hI H36e)KaTh OrJIaCKH BHe 6paT-
CTBa B03MYTHTeJIhHhIX <paKTOB, 0 KOT9PhIX CBHII(eHHHKH op,l(e-
Ha 6hIJIH, HanpOTHB, oCBe OMJIeHhI?
BOT nOKa3aHHH IIhepa e MO H 0 JIerKOCTH H nOqTH aBTO-
MaTHqeCKOM xapaKTepe oTnYII(eHHH rpexoB. TaK KaK OH OTKa-
3hIBaJICH oTpeKaThCH OT XpHCTa, npHop CKa3aJI eMY, qTO 3TO
npaBHJIO op eHa H 06aBHJI: «,lJ:aBaH )Ke, He COMHeBaHCH, Ka-
neJIJIaH MO)KeT OTnYCTHTh Te6e 3TOT rpex .
TaKHM 06pa30M, OTpeqeHHe OT XpHCTa COnpOBO)K aJIOCh
napO HeH Ha TaHHCTBO enHTHMhH!
X
CTPAHHAJI EPECb
He 6hIJIO HHKaKHX cOMHeHHH, qTO OTpeqeHHe OT XpHCTa H
nJIeBaHHe Ha pacnHTHe OJI)I{HhI 6hIJIH 03HaqaTh nOHBJIeHHe
rJIy60KHx OTKJIOHeHHH B op eHe, TaHHoe npHHHTHe BephI HJIH
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Ee3YCJIOBHO, TaKoe YTBep)l{ eHHe Ka)l{eTCH qpe3MepHhIM, H
HCTOpHKH OTKa3aJIHCh npHHHTh ero: «OHO BXO HT B <popMaJIh-
Hoe npOTHBOpeqHe C YXOM H 3a aqaMH op eHa XpaMa, ero
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OKa3aTh, qTO peqh llIJIa JIHIIIh 0 IIIYTKe Ha HOB06paHQaMH,
npH3BaHHOH B H3BpaII(eHHOH <popMe YKa3aTh HeO HTY Ha ero
06eT nO qHHHThCH, HanOMHHB eMY 0 TpOHHOM OTpeqeHHH CB.
IIeTpa. K CO)l{aJIeHHIO, caMH TaMnJIHephI HHKor a HHqerO no-
06Horo He rOBOpHJIH, XOTH peqh IIIJIa 0 cnaceHHH HX )I{H3HeH;
PYKOBO HTeJIH HHKor a He aBanH no 06Horo 06nHcHeHHH,
XOTH peqh IIIJIa 0 cnaceHHH Op,l(eHa H )I{H3HH HX 6paTheB.
MhI BH eJIH, qTO B 1307 r. IIana eII(e He 6hIJI y6e)l{ eH B
BHHOBHOCTH TaMnJIHepOB. B OKTH6pe OH npHKa3aJI Kap HHa-
JIaM onpOCHTh PYKOBO HTeJIeH op eHa B UUHHOHe: MOJIe H
ero 3aMeCTHTeJIH JIerKO MOrJIH 6hI 06nHCHHTh, qTO OCKop6JIe-
HHe pacnHTHH BOBce He 6hIJIO aHTHxpHCTHaHCKHM eHCTBHeM,
HO HBJIHJIOCh HanOMHHaHHeM 06 OTpeqeHHH CB. IIeTpa. IIana
1 Bordonove G. Les templiers. Paris, 1963. (IIpUMez. a8m.)
I 257
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMfIJII1EPOB
Mor 6hI npH3HaTh 3ry QepeMOHHIO YPHhIM 06hIqaeM, H, B03-
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conpOTHBJIeHHe. ECJIH KJIHMeHT V H 6hIJI y6e)l{ eH B peaJIhHOM
H rJIy60KoM BHHOBHOCTH op eHa, TO HMeHHO Ha OCHOBaHHH
npH3HaHHM, C eJIaHHhIX B llIHHOHe. I1TaK, qTO rOBopHT MOJIe
Kap HHaJIaM, npHIIIe IIIHM onpOCHTh ero? XHTpOCTh Bpara
po a qeJIOBeqeCKOrO npHBeJIa TaMnJIHepOB K CJIenOMY na e-
HHIO», B TeqeHHe OJIroro BpeMeHH Te, Koro npHHHMaJIH B
op eH, OTpeKaJIHCh OT XpHCTa PHCKYH CBoeM YIIIOM . I1TaK,
3TO OqeBH HOe npH3HaHHe B epeCH HJIH B crOBope C hHBOJIOM,
a BOBce He B npOCTOM BYCMhICJIeHHOM )I{eCTe.
llana JIHqHO BhICJIYIIIaeT 72 TaMnJIHepa H nOJIyqHT aHaJIO-
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OTpeqeHHH B xpHCTHaHCKOM CMhICJIe.
9. 3-992
258
f11 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIIJII1EPOB
I1TaK, epeCh OqeBH,[(Ho YCTaHOBJIeHa.
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TO rJIaBHOM, qTO MOrJIO 6hI HaM nOMOqh nOHHTh ee.
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npoQecca HHKor,[(a He OC03HaBaJIH TH)I{eCTh 3THX cpaKTOB: OHH
npe,[(CTaBJIHIOT pHTyaJI KaK ,[(peBHHM 06hIqaM, CMhICJI KOTOpO-
ro, Bpo,[(e 6hI, nOTepHH H KOTOPOMY HHKTO He npH,[(aBaJI 3Haqe-
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KaK HX npe,[(CTaBJIHIOT, He MOrJIH COMHeBaThCH B OTBpaTHTeJIh-
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npOCThIe 6paThH nyraJIHCh OTpeqeHHH, KaK 60JIee 06pa30BaH-
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noC'rynoK? 11 nOqeMY HHKor,[(a He ynpa3,[(HHJIH 3TOT CBHTOTaT-
CTBeHHhIM pHTyaJI? Bo BpeMH ,[(onpocoB BhICllIHe PYKoBo,[(HTe-
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nOTOMY, qTO npaB,[(a He MOrJIa 6hITh paCKphITa.
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6hIJIa? BCTpeqaJIHCh )I{e npHrOBopeHHhIe HHKBH3HQHeM, npH-
3HaBaBllIHe, qTO 3aKJIIOqHJIH ,[(orOBOp C ,[(hHBOJIOM! qTO Kaca-
I 259
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIIJII1EPOB
eTCH TaMnJIHepoB, Ka)l{eTCH, qTO OHH 6hIJIH npOCTO 3anyraHhI H
CTapaJIHCh TOJIhKO cnaCTH CBOIO III KYPY. Ho JIH BepYIOII(ero
3TO He rJIaBHoe: pa3Be HX BOBce He 3a60THJIO cnaceHHe YIIIH,
B KaKOM 6hI <popMe OHH ce6e ero He npe CTaBJIHJIH? Ha 3TO
pa3JIHqHe B nOBe eHHH MhI eII(e pa3 06paTHM BHHMaHHe, KO-
r,n;a nonhITaeMCH conOCTaBHTh HX TaMHYIO OKTPHHY C OKTpH-
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TaK)I{e 06pOBOJIhHO H MY)I{eCTBeHHO npHHHMaBIIIHe CMepTh,
KaK H MyqeHHKH nepBhIX BeKOB xpHCTHaHCTBa; Y TaMnJIHepOB
MhI He HaH eM HH O Horo nO JIHHHOrO MyqeHHKa, H HMelO B
BH Y YMepIIIero 3a ny6JIHqHO npH3HaHHYIO Bepy B KaqeCTBe
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peKJIOCh YCTaMH, HO He cep QeM H peqh He 0 HHX. Ho PYKOBO-
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260 r
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phI BhIKOBaJIH CBOIO epeCh, qTO OHH JIHIIIh BOCrrpHHHJIH OK-
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rrpHBH3aTh K H3BeCTHhIM ceKTaM HJIH OKTpHHaM. I1x epeCh
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QaHHeM XpHCTa.
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3TOMY rrpaBHJIY, KaK 6Y TO 6hI OHO caMO rro ce6e HBJIHJIOCh
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i 261
f11 cpa. /l,EJIO TAMIIJI11EPOB
HH6Y h 0 IIpeCTYIIJIeHHH, IIpH3HaHHH B KOTOpOM OHH BhICJIY-
IllHBaJIH IIOCJIe Ka)l{ OrO BCTYIIJIeHHH B op eH H, 6e3yeJIOBHO,
6hIJIH rOTOBhI K TOMY, qTO CJIhIIllaJIH:
ITpOQeCC Ha TaMIIJIHepaMH, 3TO IIpOQecc HHKBH3HQHH
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c'iaBHTh, qTO 06HapY)I{HB CTOJlh rpaH H03HYIO epeCh HHKTO H3
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IIeHh yrp03hI JlH KaTOJIHqeCKOH BephI? 3TO MO)l{HO 6hIJIO 6hI
06'bHCHHTh, eCJIH 6hI IIpJ13HaHHH COOTBeTCTBOBaJIH XOpOIllO H3-
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3aMKHYJIHCh B CypOBOM MOJIqaHHH.
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ora aThCH, CMMpHBIIIHCh C He OCTaTOqHOCThlO paCCJIe OBa-
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f 263
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I 269
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I 271
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272 I
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIIJII1EPOB
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273
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I 275
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BO)f(e, KOTOphIH YMep npH oca,7J;e AKphI, He OCTaBHB KaKHX
JIH60 HHCTPYKIJ;HH. TaKHM 06pa30M, pecpopMa pHryaJIa npHe-
Ma B Op,7J;eH C npHHY)I{,7J;eHHeM nJIeBaHHH Ha KpeCT He Mor JIa
6hITh TBopeHHeM TaHHoro MarHCTpa, He06xo,7J;HMO 6hIJIO nOJIY-
qHTh nO,7J;,7J;ep)l{KY COBeTa, qT06hI H3MeHHTh npaBHJIa. CMor JIH
POHCeJIeH nepey6e,7J;HTh Bcex PYKOBO,7J;HTeJIeH?
11, HaKOHeIJ;, H3BeCTHO, qTO ,7J;pyrHe 6paThH npHnHChIBaJIH
BBe,7J;eHHe H3BpaII(eHHOrO pHryaJIa «nJIOXOMY MarHCTpy» TOMa
Bepapy: OH YMep B 1272 r. 3a ,7J;eBHTh JIeT ,7J;0 npHeMa POHCeJIe-
Ha. Bee 3TO He CJIHIlIKOM XOpOIliO corJIacyeTCH.
O,7J;HaKO, CYII(eCTBOBaHHe TaHHoro YCTaBa BnOJIHe BepOHT-
HO: 0 HeM rOBopHT MHorHe CBH,7J;eTeJIH H, OqeBH,7J;HO, HMeHHO
ero MOJIe CTapaJICH YHHqTO)l{HTh nepe,7J; apeCTOM. qTO KacaeTCH
CO,7J;ep)l{aHHH ceKpeTHhIX YCTaBOB, MhI MO)l{eM CTpOHTh TOJIhKO
rHnOTe3hI: MOJIe H BhICIlIHe PYKOBO,7J;HTeJIH, KOTophIe HX 3Ha-
JIH, HHQerO He paCCKa3aJIH no 3TOMY nOBO,7J;Y.
fOpa3,7J;0 MeHhllIe H BeplO B CYII(eCTBOBaHHe napaJIJIeJIhHOH
HepapXHH. HHr,7J;e HeT CBH,7J;eTeJIhCTB, qTO CYII(eCTBOBaJIO ,7J;Ba
nOCJIe,7J;OBaTeJIhHhIX npHeMa B Op,7J;eH, BTOpOH H3 KOTOphIX 6hIJI
TaHHhIM H npe,7J;Ha3HaqeHHhIM ,7J;JIH H36paHHhIX, KaK paCCKa3hI-
BalOT 06 3TOM 6paThH H3 AHrJIHH. B TaKOM CJIyqae, 3aqeM BBO-
,7J;HJIH CTOJIh onaCHhIH H 6eCnOJIe3HhIH 06PH,7J; B 06hIKHoBeHHYlO
282
fn 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIInnEPOB
QepeMOHHIO npHeMa B Op eH, npe Ha3HaqeHHYIO JIH BCeX?
IIo CJIOBaM Tex )I{e CBH eTeJIeH 06hIqHhIH npHeM npOXO HJI
«6e3 KaKOH-JIH60 npe OCY HTeJIhHOH QepeMOHHH . Bo <l>paH-
QHH 6hIJIO HHaqe, eCJIH 6hI Bee 06CTOHJIO KaK B AHrJIHH, B03-
MO)l{HO, He 6hIJIO 6hI npoQecca HJIH, no KpaHHeH Mepe, npHro-
Bopa. BepCHH Tpex aHrJIHHCKHX CBH eTeJIeH Ka)l{eTCH HaM ro-
pa3 0 60JIee JIOrHqHOH, HO HMeHHO OHa eJIaeT eII(e 60JIee
HenOHHTHhIM BBe eHHe npe OCY HTeJIhHOrO pHTyaJIa B 06II(HH
06pH npHeMa. B03MO)l{HO, pa3JIHqHhIe <l>OpMhI BCTpeqaJIHCh H
B AHrJIHH.
51 CHJIhHO COMHeBaIOCh, qTO POHCeJIeH Mor 6hITh TaHHhIM
MarHCTpOM: KaK )I{e fOHHeBHJIh TaK JIerKO BhI aJI TaKOH ceKpeT,
a nOTOM 3aMOJIqaJI Ha ceMh JIeT? 51 OXOTHee nOBepHJI 6hI B TO,
qTO OH CTapaJICH HanpaBHTh CJIe OBaTeJIeH Ha JIO)l{HhIH nYTh.
11, HaKOHeQ, eCJIH CYII(eCTBOBaJIa napaJIJIeJIhHaH HepapXHH,
HaCTOHII(aH, qeM OHa 3aHHMaJIaCh BO BpeMH Bcero npOQecca?
HHr e He BH HO, qT06hI TaHHhIe PYKOBO HTeJIH CTpeMHJIHCh
OKa3aTh XOTh MaJIeHllIYIO nOMOII(h Y3HHKaM, H TeM 60JIee 3a-
II(HTHTh op eH OT onaCHOCTH. He MOrJIH JIH OHH, B HY)I{HhIH
MOMeHT, 06paTHThcH K KnHMeHry V? Hac XOTeJIH 6hI 3aCTa-
BHTh nOBepHTh, qTO HX e HHCTBeHHoH 3a60ToH 6hIJIa 3BaKya-
QHH apxHBoB H 60raTCTB, nOCJIe qero OHH HCqe3JIH, He OCTaBHB
CJIe OB. HeT, eHCTBHTeJIhHO, H He CMor 6hI npHHHTh CTOJIh
JIerKOBeCHhIe 06'hHCHeHHH.
YCKOJlh331OID;aJ1 np3BA3
I1TaK, MhI OJI)I{HhI npH3HaTh, qTO MhI He cnoc06HhI Y3HaTh
npaB Y, KOTopaH YCKOJIh3aeT OT Hac. Bee 06'hHCHeHHH Ka)KYTcH
Ha YMaHHhIMH H CJIyqaHHhIMH. OCTaeTcH rOJIhIH <l>aKT OTpeqe-
HHH OT XpHcTa H nJIeBaHHH Ha KpecT. CJIe OBaTeJIH, B OCHOB-
HOM, CTpeMHJIHCh K YCTaHOBJIeHHIO 3Toro <l>aKTa, KOTOphIH HM
Ka3aJICH OCTaTOqHO y6e HTeJIhHhIM caM no ce6e, H OHH MaJIO
6eCnOKOHJIHCh 0 ero 06'hHCHeHHH. BhICllIHe PYKOBO HTeJIH
op eHa OTKa3aJII1Ch OTBeqaTh KOMHCCHH H YMepJIH, YHeCH CBOIO
I 283
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIIJII1EPOB
TaHHY B MOrHJIY. ECJIH CJIyqaHHO He 06HapY)I{aTCH apXHBhI xpa-
Ma (eCJIH OHH He 6hIJIH YHHqTO)l{eHhI), BrrOJIHe B03MO)l{HO, qTO
MhI HHKOr,7J;a He Y3HaeM HCTHHHOH rrO,7J;OrrJIeKH ,7J;eJIa.
Ho O,7J;HH cpaKT OCTaeTCH HerrpeJIO)l{HhIM, BHe BCHKHX CO-
MHeHHH - 3TO cpaKT HaJIHqHH epeCH, KaKOH 6hI OHa He 6hIJIa.
OCHOBHhIe, rJIaBHhIe 06BHHeHHH HBJIHIOTCH BTOPHqHhIMH HJIH
He CYII(eCTBeHHhIMH, H TOJIhKO OTpeqeHHe OT XpHCTa o6pa3yeT
6a3Y rrpou;ecca. Ho 3TOT cpaKT OKa3aJICH, caM rro ce6e, ,7J;OCTa-
TOqHO cephe3HhIM qTo6hI 06ocHoBaTh YHHqTO)l{eHHe Op,7J;eHa H
Ka3Hh JIIO,7J;eH: a pa3Be MOrJIO 6hITh HHaqe? TIOHHTHO, qTO <l>H-
JIHrrrr KpacHBhIH 6hIJI rroTpHceH rrO,7J;06HhIMH rrpH3HaHHHMH,
qTO IIarra, rrOCJIe ,7J;OJIrHX KOJIe6aHHH, pellIHJICH pacrrycTHTh rro-
rpH3llIHH B rpexax Op,7J;eH. O,7J;HH HCTOpHK, O,7J;HaKO, qpe3BhI-
qaHHO cHMrraTH3HPYIOII(HH TaMrrJIHepaM, c,7J;eJIaJI cJIe,7J;YIOII(ee
3aKJIlOqeHHe:
«Y)I{ CJIHllIKOM MHOrOqHCJIeHHhIMH, CJIHllIKOM COrJIaCOBaH-
HhIMH rro CYTH, CJIHllIKOM TOqHhIMH H ,7J;eTaJIhHhIMH BocrrOMH-
HaHHHMH Ka)l{YTCH 3TH rrpH3HaHHH rrpH qTeHHH, HeJIh3H He
rrOBepHTh, qTO 06BHHeHHe, BhI,7J;BHHYToe rrpOTHB TaMrrJIHepOB
He HMelOT KaKOH JIH60 OCHOBhI: 06BHHHTeJIH C03HaTeJIhHO Ha-
HeCJIH Y,7J;ap... Tor,7J;a HY)I{HO ,7J;OrrycTHTh, qTO YH3BHMOCTh op,7J;e-
Ha B 3TOM 6hIJIa peaJIhHoH... HHTpHrylOII(aH TaHHa OCTaBaJIaCh,
H, B KOHeqHOM HTore, HMeHHO H3-3a Hee Op,7J;eH H 6hIJI oCY)I{-
eH» (PaiiMoH YpCeJlb: «TaMn.JlUepbz»).
K TaKoMY )I{e, OqeHh 6JIH3KOMY, MHeHHIO rrpHXO,7J;HT repu;or
,7J;e ReBH-MHprrya: «IIocJIe Toro KaK MhI rrhITaJIHCh rrpOJIHTh
KaK MO)KHO 60JIhllIe CBeTa Ha pa3Hoo6pa3HhIe H rrpoTHBOpeqH-
BhIe acneKThI 3Toro TeMHoro eJIa, pellIeHHe, rrpHHHToe KnH-
MeHTOM V, Ka)l{eTCH HaM pa3YMHhIM H MY,7J;PhIM» (<< YHUJlCeHUe 8
AHaHbu», 1969, c. 289).
XI
KOHEU. AEJIA
06'heMHOe OChe KOMHCCHH, KOTOpOe H TOJIhKO qTO KOPOT-
KO H3JIO)l{HJI, C ero np06eJIaMH H nOBTopaMH, 6hIJIO nepe aHO
lIane, KOTOphIH OJI)I{eH 6hIJI c06paTh no 3TOMY nOBO Y [(ep-
KOBHhIH c060p. OTJIO)l{eHHhIH H3-3a 3aTHHYBllIerOCH paCCJIe o-
BaHHH, 3TOT [(epKOBHhIH c060p OTKphIJICH 13 OKTH6pH 1311 r.
B BheHHe, B HMnepcKoM ropo e, npHHa JIe)l{aII(eM HMnepaTo-
PY fepMaHHH, Hq pacnOJIO)l{eHHOM He aJIeKO OT <l>paH[(HH H
6JIH3KO K ABHHhOHY.
epKOBBhIii Co6op
DhIJIO He CJIHllIKOM Y.2l06HO c06paTh B CTOJIh MaJIeHhKOM
ropo e TaKoe BHYllIHTeJIhHOe c06paHHe, H CJIO)l{HO npe cTa-
BHTh TO KOJIHqeCTBO Hapo a, KOTopoe CKOnHJIOCh B 3TOM Ma-
JIeHhKOM, npOBHH[(HaJIhHOM nOCeJIeHHH, CTaBllIeM Ha ceMh Me-
CH[(eB CTOJIH[(eH xpHCTHaHCKoro MHpa.
IIpe)l{ e Bcero, 3TO 6hIJI IIana CO CBoeH CBHTOH H 6JIH3KH-
MH, nepCOHaJI nanCKOH KYPHH (OT OKTOpOB KaHOHHqeCKOrO
npaBa O npOCThIX nHC[(OB), xpaHHTeJIH Ka3HhI (He06xo HMOH
JIH OnJIaThI paCXO OB) H MaJIeHhKaH nanCKaH apMHH. 3aTeM,
KOHeqHO, Kap HHaJIhI C HX nhIllIHhIM cOnpOBO)l{ eHHeM. He
Bee npHrJIallIeHHhIe npeJIaThI npH6hIJIH, H IIana 6hIJI 3THM
pa3rHeBaH. Ho, Bce-TaKH, npH6hIJIO 114 [(epKOBHhIX Hepap-
XOB, cpe H KOTOphIX 6hIJIH naTpHapxH AHTHOXHH H AKBHJIeH,
HTaJIhHH[(hI, HCnaH[(hI, aparOH[(hI, HeCKOJIhKO aHrJIHqaH H rep-
I 285
fn 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIInnEPOB
MaHIJ;eB H OKOJIO nHTH eCHTH cppaHIJ;Y30B, KOHeqHO, Bee co
CBoeH CBHTOH. IIpHexaJIH H a66aThI; MOHaXH, qhe qHCJIO HaM
He H3BeCTHO, HO 6hIJIO, B03MO)l{Hd, OCTaTOqHO 60JIhIIIHM. Co
CTOpOHhI CBeTCKHX BJIaCTeH 60JIhllIHHCTBO rocy apeH YKnOHH-
JIHCh, KaK, HanpHMep, KOpOJIh AparOHCKHH, HJIH HM nOMellIa-
JIH, KaK, HanpHMep, KOpOJIIO AHrJIHH; HO Bee OTnpaBHJIH CBOHX
nOCJIOB, COnpOBO)l{ aeMhIX pOCKOIlIHhIM 3KCKOpTOM. 11, HaKO-
HeIJ;, 1500 BOHHOB, JIH no ep)l{aHHH nopH Ka, H TOJIna Be-
PYIOII(HX, naJIOMHHKOB, TOprOBIJ;eB, pOCTOBII(HKOB H MeHHJI, a
B03MO)l{HO H npocTHTYTOK, npHBJIeqeHHhIx' TaKHM nOTOKOM
MY)I{qHH 6e3 )I{eHII(HH. B Y3KHX YJIOqKaX MaJIeHhKOro ropo,na
paCnOJIO)l{HJIaCh HaCTOHII(aH .HpMapKa!
Bonpoc 0 TaMnJIHepaX 6hIJI He e HHCTBeHHhIM B nOBeCTKe
HH, 06cY)I{ aJIOCh MHoro PyrHx np06JIeM.. Cephe3Ho 06cY)l{-
aJIH a)l{e npoeKT KpecToBoro noxo.na, HO 6e3 oc060ro 3Hry-
3Ha3Ma. O HaKo C caMoro HaqaJIa CTaJIO HCHO, qTO eJIO 06
op eHe XpaMa Ba)l{Hee Bcex pyrHX np06JIeM. TIoCJIe IJ;epeMO-
HHH OTKphITHH H Be)l{JIHBbIX npHBeTcTBMH KJIHMeHT V, KaK
H3BeCTHO, nepeCKa3aJI BeCh npOIJ;ecc . 3aTeM, eJIO 6hIJIO
BHOBh OTnpaBJIeHO Ha H3yqeHHe B KOMHCCHIO H B TeqeHHe
HeCKOJIhKHX MeCHIJ;eB, Ka3aJIOCh, HHqerO He npOHCXO H]lOt qTO
He 3aMe JIHJIO HacKyqHTh TOJIne. KOMHCCHH pa60TaJIH 6e3
np06JIeCKa H Bee )I{ aJIH npH6hITHH KOpOJIH <l>paHIJ;HH, B OT-
CYTCTBHH KOToporo, Ka)KeTCH He MOrJIH HaqaTh ny6JIHq Oe
06CY)I{ eHHe.
B KOMHCCHH BCKope B03HHKna cepbe3HaH np06JIeMa: Ha o
JIH OCHOBhIBaTh pellIeHHe TOJIhKO JIHllIh Ha oKYMeHTax, nepe-
aHHhIx KOMHccHeH H3 CaHca, HJIH Ha o 'CHOBa HaqHHaTh 06-
CY)I{ eHHe H eII(e pa3 npOBO HTh CJIe CTBHe no eJIY? ,lJ:JIH MHO-
rHX 3Ta nOTepH BpeMeHH H eHer Ka3aJIHCh 6eCnOJIe3HhIMH,
HO, B Pyr, B oKTH6pe npOH3011IJIO HeO)l{H aHHOe C06hITHe: CHa-
qaJIa ceMh phIIJ;apeH XpaMa, a 3aT.eM eII(e Boe PyrHx, )I{eJIaH
3aII(HTHTh op eH, npe CTaJIH nepe KOMHCCHeH H nOnpOCHJIH,
qT06hI HX BhICJIYllIaJIH. 3TOT npHe3 , a eII(e 60JIhllIe BhIMhICJIhI,
KOTophIe OH nOpO HJI B TOJIne, )I{a)l{ YII(eH B HaKaJIHBllIeHCH
286 I
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIIJII1EPOB
06CTaHOBKe HOBhIX CBe eHHH, Ha eJIaJI MHOrO llIYMa. YTBep-
)I{,7J;aJIH, qTO B OKpeCTHOCTHX rOpO,7J;a c06paJIaCh apMHH B ,7J;Be
ThICHqH phIQapeH XpaMa, rOTOBaH H,7J;TH Ha llIrypM! Ee3YCJIOBHO,
3TO 6hIJIa HenpaB,7J;a, HO CBOerO pO,7J;a 6e3YMHe HaqaJIO OBJIa,7J;e-
BaTh YMaMH, pa30rpeThIMH cyeToH CTOJIhKHX JIIO,7J;eii, KOTophIe
6ecnpeCTaHHO 06II(aJIHCb Me)l{,7J;Y C060H H pacnpOCTpaHHJIH ca-
MbIe He060CHOBaHHhIe CJIYXH. QT06bI H36e)l{aTh 6eCnOpH,7J;KOB,
KJIHMeHT V npHKa3aJI apeCTOBaTh ,7J;eBHTh npH6bIBllIHX TaM-
nJIHepOB. 3TO CTaBHT eMY B ynpeK, He nOHHMaH, qTO 3TO 6hIJIO
e,7J;HHCTBeHHhIM Cpe,7J;CTBOM 06eCneqHTh HX 6e30naCHOCTh. Be,7J;b
TOJIna 6hIJIa OqeHh Bpa)l{,7J;e6Ha K TaMnJIHepaM, H Ka)l{,7J;hIH qe-
JIOBeK 3HaJI 06 Y)I{aCHhIX npecTynJIeHHHX Op,7J;eHa.
A 3aTeM CHOBa HHqerO He npOHCXO,7J;HJIO H BpeMH THHYJIOCh
B 06CTaHOBKe npa3,7J;HHKOB H QepeMOHHH, npHe3,7J;OB H OT'he3-
,7J;OB H3BeCTHhIX nepCOHa)l{eH: TaK KaK MHorHe 113 HHX, ,7J;a)l{e
npeJIaThI, YCTaB OT 6e3,7J;eHTeJIhHOrO O)l{H,7J;aHHH, npe,7J;nOqHTaJIH
BepHYThCH ,7J;OMOH, KY,7J;a 3BaJIH HX ,7J;PyrHe 3a60ThI. HaKoHeQ, B
MapTe npH6hIJI KOpOJIh <l>paHQHH B conpOBO)l(,lJ;eHHH CBoero
,7J;BOpa H npHHQeB 11, 6e3YCJIOBHO, C He60JIhllIHM BoopY)l{eHHhIM
BOHCKOM. B03MO)l{HO JIH, 6Y,7J;eT, HaKOHeQ, HaqaTh npoQecc npo-
THB TaMnJIHepOB?
PocnYCK
Y KJIHMeHTa V 6hIJIO BpeMH xopOllIeHhKO Bee 06,7J;YMaTh.
HHQH,7J;eHT C ,7J;eBHThlO TaMnJIHepaMH, YBepTKH KOMHCCHH BhI-
3hIBaJIH onaceHHH, qTO QepKOBHhIH c060p He pellIHTCH Ha BO-
306HOBJIeHHe CJIe,7J;CTBHH. K TOMY )I{e, OH 3HaJI, qTO 06BHHeHHH
060CHOBaHhI H, qTO ny6JIHqHOe 06CY)I(,lJ;eHHe npHqHHHT QepKBH
CYII(eCTBeHHhIH Bpe,7J;. TIOMHMO orpOMHhIX paCXO,7J;OB, KOTophIe
Ha,7J;O 6hIJIO npe,7J;BH,7J;eTh, pa3Be He CTOHJIO onacaThCH BOJIHeHHH
B MaJIeHhKOM, nepeHaCeJIeHHOM ropO,7J;e, r,7J;e HHQH,7J;eHThI Y)I{e
npOHCXO,7J;HJIH Bee qaII(e? TaKHM 06pa30M, OH CTpeMHJICH H36e-
)I{aTh ny6JIHqHOrO CKaH,7J;aJIa. 22 MapTa TIana C03hIBaeT KOHCH-
CTOpHIO, KOTopaH ero nO,7J;,7J;ep)l{HBaeT, H pelliaeT pa3pellIHTb
287
fn 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIInnEPOB
Bonpoc CaM, CBOeM BJIaCTblO, He ,7J;O)l{H,7J;aHCb MHeHHH QepKOB-
Horo c060pa.
B 3TOM BCer,7J;a CTpeMHTCH YBH,7J;eTb ,7J;OKa3aTeJIbCTBO He,7J;06-
pbIX HaMepeHHM TIanbI. HHqero 3Toro HeT: yqHTbIBaH ,7J;OCbe,
OH YBepeH, qTO npH3HaHHH, nOJIyqeHHbIe B CaHce 6Y,7J;YT no-
BTopeHbI B BbeHHe, HO QeHOM KaKOM rrOTepH BpeMeHH H KaKO-
ro CKaH,7J;aJIa? C060p ,7J;JIHTCH y)l{e rrOqTH rneCTb MeCHQeB, OH
CTOHJI ,7J;OBOJIbHO ,7J;oporo H MHorHe )I{eJIalOT, qT06bI Bee rrOCKO-
pee 3aKOHqHJIOCb. TIana 60JIeH H cnernHT 3aKOHqHTb C 3THM
H3HypHTeJIbHbIM ,7J;eJIOM, H3 KOToporo HHqerO xopornero ,7J;JIH
QepKBH BbIMTH He MO)l{eT. TIpHHHMaH caMOCTOHTeJIbHOe perne-
HHe, OH nOJIaraeT, - H B03MO)l{HO pa3YMHO - H36e)l{aTb XY,7J;-
rnero. HHaqe rOBopH, CJIe,7J;YH CBoeM npHBbIqHOM MeTO,7J;HKe, OH
nbITaeTCH OrpaHHqHTb CKaH,7J;aJI, KOToporo y)l{e He CMor H36e-
)I{aTb H KOTOpbIM, C ero TOqKH 3peHHH, CJIHrnKOM 3aTHHYJICH H
BbI3BaJI CJIHrnKOM MHoro cyeTbI. C IOpH,7J;HqeCKOM TOqKH 3pe-
HHH, perneHHe 3aKOHHO, TaK KaK op eH XpaMa nO,7J;qHHHeTCH
TOJIbKO TIane. KOHeqHO, JIyqrne 6bIJIO Bo06II(e He C03bIBaTb
3TOT c060p! H KTO 3HaeT, qTO MO)l{eT H3 3Toro nOJIyqHTbCH?
B03MO)l{HO, KOCTpbI npHMO B ropo,7J;e! Ho 3TO BOBce He TO, qero
)I{eJIaeT KJIHMeHT V.
TaKHM 06pa30M, npH B0306HOBJIeHHH pa60TbI, npHoCTa-
HOBJIeHHOM Ha naCXaJIbHbIe npa3,7J;HHKH, Ha nJIeHapHOM 3ace-
,7J;aHHH B nOHe,7J;eJIbHHK 5 anpeJIH 1312 r., TIana 3aqHTbIBaeT
6YJIJIY Vox clamantis», KOTopaH nOJIO)l{HJIa KOHeQ cYII(eCTBo-
BaHHIO op,7J;eHa XpaMa. O,7J;HaKO 3TO HH ,7J;JIH Koro He 6bIJIO
ClOpnpH30M, TaK KaK B TeqeHHe HeCKOJIbKHX ,7J;HeM BeCb ropo,7J;
y)l{e B Kypce, ceKpeT KOHCHCTOpHH XpaHHJIH nJIOxo. HHKaKoro
B03MYII(eHHH He nOCJIe,7J;OBaJIO, a BOBce Ha060pOT: Ha 3TOT MO-
MeHT Bee nO,7J;,7J;ep)l{HBaJIH perneHHe H CqHTaJIH, qTO IIana no-
crynHJI YMeJIo. TOJIbKO enHCKon BaJIeHCHH, COqYBcTBoBaBrnHM
06BHHHeMbIM, 3aHBHJI, qTO CO)l{aJIeeT, H60 TaKoe perneHHe CMe-
rnHBaeT BHHOBHbIX H HeBHHHbIX, HO COrJIaCHJICH, qTO perneHHe
cnpaBe,7J;JIHBO, TaK KaK Op,7J;eH cozpeUlUR pacny eHHocmblO».
3TO caMoe MaJIOe, qTO MO)l{HO 6bIJIO CKa3aTb.
288
fn 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIInnEPOB
Ka)l{eTCH, B TO BpeMH HHKTO He pellIHJICH Ha Hrpy CJIOB,
KOTOpylO npH YMaIOT 6Y YII(l1e HCTOpI1KI1, nepe eJIaB VOX
clamantis» B vox Clementis».
EII(e pa3 HHTepeCHO nOKa3aTh, KaK IIana 06'hHCHHeT CBoe
pellIeHHe:
«yzumblBaJl n.JlOXYIO penymalfulO maMn.JlUepOB, noiJ03peHUR U
06BUHeHU.R, npeiJMemoM Komopozo OHU .RBJlJllOmC.R;
npUHUMaJl BO BHUMaHue, KaK U KaKUM 3azaiJozHblM 06pa30M,
npUHUMaJlU B 3mom opiJeH, iJypHoe U Henpu.n.UZHoe xpucmuaHUHY
nOBeiJeHue MHOZUX ezo VleHOB;
npUHUMaJi BO BHUMaHue Kll.RmBY, mpe6yeMY1O om KaJICiJozo U3
HUX, Huzezo He zOBopumb 06 3mOM BcmYn.JleHUU U HUKoziJa He
BblxoiJumb U3 opiJeHa;
npUHUMaJi BO BHUMaHue onacHocmb, Komopou noiJBepzalOm-
C.R Bepa U iJyUlU, a maKJlCe YJICacHble npecmYn.JleHUR ozeHb 6011b-
UlOZO ZUClla VleHOB opiJeHa.
Mbl ynpa3iJ1lJleM, He 6e3 zopezu U llUZHOU 6011U BblUleHa-
3BaHHblu opiJeH maMn.JlUepOB U OmMeH.JleM ezo ycmaB».
DhIJIO 6hI HanpacHo rOBopHTh, qTO 6YJIJIa He HBJIHeTCH
npHrOBopOM, qTO op eH 6hIJI pacnYII(eH, HO He 6hIJI OCY)I{ eH:
onaCHOCTh, KOTOpOH nO BepralOTCH Bepa H YllIl1», He npH-
JIHqHOe xpHCTHaHHHY» nOBe eHHe, YTBep)l{ eHHe 06 Y)I{ac-
HhIX npecrynJIeHHHX», 3TO HMeHHO H eCTh TepMHHhI 06BHHe-
HHH. Ho pellIeHHe, npe)l{ e Bcero, HBJIHeTCH pellIeHHeM IJ;ep-
KOBHoro PYKOBO HTeJIH, 06ecnoKoeHHoro onaCHOH cHryaIJ;HeH,
H qheH HaHnepBeHllIeH 3a60ToH HBJIHeTCH )I{eJIaHHe nOJIO)l{HTh
BceMY 3TOMY KOHeIJ;. KpoMe Toro, Kor a peqh llIJIa 0 cY h6e
op eHa, caMhIM TH)I{eJIhIM pellIeHHeM MOrJIO 6hITh TOJIhKO pe-
llIeHHe 0 pocnycKe.
2 MaH PyraH 6YJIJIa 6y eT nOCBHII(eHa nepe aqe HMYII(e-
CTBa op eHa op eHY rOCnHTaJIhepoB. ECJIH KOpOJIh <l>paHIJ;HH
eHCTBHTeJIhHO paCCqHThIBaJI Ha HaCJIe CTBO, OH rpy60 01lIH6-
CH; HO TPY HO nOBepHTb B TO, qTO ero IOpHCThI paCCMaTpHBa-
JIH B03MO)l{HOCTh nOJIyqeHHH CBeTCKOH BJIaCThlO IJ;epKOBHoro
I 289
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIIJII1EPOB
HMYII(eCTBa. HM TOJIhKO OCTaHeTCH CrrOpHTh H3-3a MeJIOqeH C
rOCrrHTaJIhepaMH, qT06hI OT aTh KaK MO)l{HO MeHhIIIe HMYII(e-
CTBa, Ha KOTOpOe 6hIJI HaJIO)l{eH 3arrpeT, pa3 YBaH paCXO hI 3a
yrrpaBJIeHHe HM.
CyAh6a JlIOAeii
O HaKO eII(e He Bee 6hIJIO 3aKOHqeHO: H eCJIH cY h6a op e-
Ha 6hIJIa pellieHa, OCTaBaJIOCh OCY HTh JIIO eH. 3THM H 3aH-
MYTCH, HO, Y)I{e He HMeH B03MO)l{HOCTH rrOCTaBHTh rro COMHe-
HHe KOJIJIeKTHBHYIO BHHOBHOCTh. O HaKO Bee BhICKa3hIBalOTCH
B rrOJIh3Y npOII(eHHH H phIQapH rrOJIyqalOT He60JIhllIHe HaKa3a-
HHH, KaK MaKCHMYM BpeMeHHoe 3aKJIlOqeHHe.
Ho ryT, B Pyr, BcrrOMHHaIOT, qTO narra OCTaBHJI 3a C060H
pellIeHHe cY h6hI qeThIpex BhICllIHX PYKoBo HTeJIeH. He HMeH
B03MO)l{HOCTH, H3-3a COCTOHHHH CBoero 3 OpOBhH 3aHHThCH
3THM, OH Ha3HaqaeT rro 3TOMY cJIyqalO HOBYIO crreQHaJIhHYIO
KOMHCCHIO rro rrpe Ce aTeJIhCTBOM Kap HHaJIa Anh6aHo.
HMeHHo 3Ta KOMHCCHH, Herrocpe cTBeHHo C03 aHHaH TIa-
rroH, MHoro BpeMeHH cnycTH rrOCJIe 3aKphITHH C060pa, 6y eT
CY HTh B TIapH)I{e 22 eKa6pH 1313 r., MOJIe H TpOHX caHOB-
HHKOB, 06BHHeHHhIx BMeCTe C HHM.
,lJ:eJIo 3aKphITo, op eH pacrrYII(eH: KaK rroBe YT ce6H qeTBe-
po 06BHHHeMhIx? H qTO )I{e, OHH eII(e pa3 rrpH3Ha1OTcH, KaK H
Bcer a. OHH rroBTopHIOT CBOH npe hI YII(He rrpH3HaHHH, B qa-
CTHOCTH 06 OTpeqeHHH OT XpHcTa H nJIeBaHHH Ha KpeCT. TIpo-
Qecc o 18 MapTa: Y HHX eCTh BpeMH BhICKa3aThCH. HaKoHeQ,
18 MapTa 1314 ro a, )l(aK e MOJIe - BeJIHKHH MarHcTp
op eHa, )l(ocpcpPya e llIapHe - KOMaH op HopMaH HH, fyro
e TIeHpo - BTOpOH qeJIOBeK B op eHe H OCMOTpII(HK <I>paH-
QHH, )l(ocpcpPya e fOHHeBHJIb - KOMaH op AKBHTaHHH H
TIyary, rrpHroBapHBalOTcH K rrO)l{I13HeHHoMY 3aTOqeHHIO. Qep-
KOBh He XOqeT CMepTH rpellIHHKOB, H ,7J;BOe rrOCJIe,7J;HHX 3aKOH-
qaT CBOIO )I{H3Hh B TlOphMe.
10. 3-992
290 I
f11 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIInI1EPOB
nOCJleAHHH, KpOBaBblH aKT
Kor a Ka:>KeTCH, qTO Bee Y:>Ke 3aKOHqHJIOCh, pa3hIrphIBaeT-
CH <pHHaJIhHhIH aKT paMhI: MOJIe H llIapHe HeO)l{H aHHO
OTKa3hIBalOTCH OT CBOHX nOKa3aHHH, 3aHBJIHH, qTO Bee 06BH-
HeHHH, BhI BHHYThIe npOTHB op eHa, 6hIJIH JI)I{HBhIMH, qTO
YCTaB XpaMa 6hIJI cnpaBe JIHBhIM H KaTOJIHqeCKHM H qTO Bee
npe hI YII(He HX npH3HaHHH 6hIJIH HenpaB OH.
KaK 06'bHCHHTh TaKYIO nepeMeHY, H OTqerO CTOJIh 3an03 a-
JIYIO? CTaHOBHCh BepooTcTynHHKaMH, Boe npHrOBopeHHhIX
3HaJIH, qTO 6Y YT Ka3HeHhI: 3TO 6hIJIO aBTOMaTHqeCKOe HaKa-
3aHHe, He OCTaBJIHIOII(ee BhI60pa. DHH 3TO 3HaJIH H MOJIe 3aH-
BHJI, qTO rOTOB nOHTH Ha Ka3Hh.
3TO nOBe eHHe B KOHQe npoH3Bo HT CHJIhHOe BneqaT-
JIeHHe Ha HCTOpHKOB, HO bHO HHqerO He 06'bHCHHeT H He
MO:>KeT nepeqepKHYTh Bcero CO ep:>KaHHH OChe. ,lJ:0 3Toro MO-
MeHTa, H a:>Ke nepe KOMHCCHeH, KOTopaH BhICJIYIIIaeT HX
OTpeqeHHe, nOBe eHHe e MOJIe H e llIapHe 6y eT OCTaTOq-
HO :>KaJIKHM. ECJIH 6hI OHH C caMoro HaqaJIa 3aHHJIH TY n03H-
QHIO, KOTOpylO BhI6paJIH CJIHIIIKOM n03 HO, HX 3aHBJIeHHe HMe-
JIO 6hI ropa3 0 60JIhIIIe Beca; HO, nOHBHBIIIHCh nOCJIe CTOJIh-
KHX npH3HaHHH, OHO BOBce nOTepHJIO B03MO)l{HOCTh y6e HTh
Koro- JIH60.
CJIO:>KHO OTKa3aThCH OT MhICJIH, qTO O caMoro KOHQa MOJIe
Ha eHJICH Ha CqaCTJIHBYIO pa3BH3KY, MHJIOCTh KOpOJIH H I1anhI.
If, TOJIhKO Kor a OH nOHHMaeT, qTO 6e3Ha e)l{HO npHroBopeH
3aKOHqHTh CBOIO :>KH3Hh B TlOpbMe, OH B nOCJIe HeM nophIBe
npe nOqHTaeT KpacHBo YHTH: TeaTpaJIhHhIH :>KeCT, OqeHh 3pe-
JIHII(HhIH, HO He OCTaTOqHhIH ,It.1IH Toro, qT06bI nepeqepKHYTh
ceMh JIeT CJIa60CTH.
HeB03Mo:>KHO pa3peIIIHTh 3TY HJIeMMY: JIH60 MOJIe H3
TpYCOCTH JIraJI B TeqeHHe ceMH JIeT, n03BOJIHB npHroBopHTh
CBOHX 6paTheB H no ep:>KaB 06BHHeHHe npoTHB HHX CBOHMH
co6cTBeHHhIMH npH3HaHHHMH H npHBeJI K nOpa:>KeHHIO op eH,
KOTOphIM PYKOBO HJI, - HJIH B TeqeHHe ceMH JIeT OH rOBOpHJI
I 291
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIIJII1EPOB
npaB Y, HO He CMor BhIHeCTH nepcneKTHBhI OKOHqaTeJIhHOrO
3aTOqeHHH H, BBH Y CBoero B03paCTa, npe noqeJI 06JIeCTh
CJIaBHOrO KOHQa. Ha CJIe YIOII(HH eHh, no npHKa3Y KOpOJIH,
Boe BepooTcTynHHKoB 6hIJIH CO)l{)I{eHhI Ha 6epery CeHhI JIH-
QOM K c060PY IIapH)I{CKOH BorOMaTepH. MOJIe npHnHChIBalOT
MHoro nOCJIe HHX CJIOB, HO e HHCTBeHHOH <ppa30H, KOTopaH
Ka)l{eTCH nO JIHHHOH HBJIHeTCH: «HalliH TeJIa npHHa JIe)l(aT
KOpOJIIO <1>paHQHH, HO YIIIH npHHa JIe)l(aT Bory». 11 eII(e O Ha
BYCMhICJIeHHaH <ppa3a! ,lJ:0 caMoro KOHQa 3TOT hHBOJIhCKHH
qeJIOBeK OCTaHeTCH 3ara KOH.
nOCJleAHHe aKTepbI
qTO CTaHeT C pyrHMH? MHorHe BepHYTCH B MOHaCThIpH,
HeKOTophIe BepHYTCH K CBeTCKOH )I{H3HH. TOJIhKO B IIopry-
raJIHH op eH BhI)I{HBeT, H3MeHHB Ha3BaHHe H, KOHeqHO )I{e,
YCTaB. IIOBCIO Y eJIO 3aKpOlOT H 60JIhIIIe HHKTO 0 HeM He
6y eT rOBopHTh. BhIJIO 6hI a6COJIIOTHO HanpaCHO HCKaTh no-
CJIe OBaTeJIeH TaMnJIHepOB: XpaM OCTaBHJI npHMep, HO He
OCTaBHJI HaCJIe HHKOB», OqeHh cnpaBe JIHBO 3aMeTHJI AJIh6ep
OJIHBhe.
IIana H KOpOJIh He Ha OJIrO nepe)l{HJIH Tex, Koro CqHTalOT
HX )I{epTBaMH. Be3YCJIOBHO, HeKOTophIe YCMOTpeJIH B 3TOM He-
6eCHoe HaKa3aHHe, HO H Y OBJIeTBOpIOCh 60JIee pa3YMHhIM
06'bHCHeHHeM.
KJIHMeHT V 6hIJI aBHO 60JIeH H, HaCKOJIhKO MhI MO)l{eM 06
3TOM CY HTh, OH 6hIJI nOpa)l{eH paKOM )l(eJIY Ka. QT06hI 06JIer-
qHTh ero CTpa aHHH, rOBopHT, ero 3aCTaBJIHJIH rJIOTaTh TOJIqe-
HhIe H3YMPY hI: JIeKapCTBO oporoe, HO BepOHTHO He3<P<I>eK-
THBHoe. I1MeHHo OT 3TOH 60JIe3HH HJIH OT 3Toro JIeKapCTBa
nepBhIH llana, qeH npeCTOJI HaXO HJICH B ABHHhOHe; YMep B
POKMope (rap ) 20 anpeJIH 1314 r., Bcero MeCHQ cnycTH nOCJIe
Ka3HH e MOJIe.
<1>HJIHnn KpacHBhIH qYBcTBOBaJI ce6H XOpOllIO, eMY 6hIJIO
Bcero JIHllIh 46 JIeT H, Ka3aJIOCh, qTO ero )I{ YT OJIrHe rO hI
292
[11 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIIJII1EPOB
QapCTBOBaHHH. Ho BO BpeMH OXOThI Ha Hero HanaJI Ka6aH H
paHHJI. 113-3a nJIOXoro JIeqeHHH OH YMep 29 HOH6pH 1314 ro-
a. ,lJ:aHTe rOBopHT, qTO OH YMep OT y apa CBHHOH KO)l(H (di
colpo di cotenna). He6ecHoe npaBocY He eHCTBHTeJIhHO BhI-
6paJIo cTpaHHhIx HCnOJIHHTeJIeH!
3aKJlIO-teHHe
IIocJIe CTOJIh OJIrOrO H TII(aTeJIhHOrO H3yqeHHH MO:>KHO JIH
CqHTaTh, qTO OCTalOTCH COMHeHHH no nOBO y BHHOBHOCTH
TaMnJIHepOB? IIo-MoeMY, KaKHM 6hI He 6hIJIO 3HaqeHHe pHrya-
JIa nJIeBaHHH, OH Mor 6bITh TOJIhKO «HexpucmuaHCKUM» , KaK
CKa3aJI IIana. KOHeqHO, cerO HH 3a 3TO 6hI He CO:>KrJIH: Qep-
KOBh BhIHY:>K eHa 6bIJIa OTKa3aThCH OTnpaBJIHTh Ha KOCTep
Tex, KTO YMaeT He TaK KaK OHa, H MhI pacCY:>K aeM BMeCTe C
MOHTeHeM: «)I(apHTh qeJIOBeKa :>KHBhIM, 3HaqHT CJIHlliKOM O-
poro QeHHTh CBoe MHeHHe». Ho, HH <l>HJIHnn KpacHBhIH, HH
a:>Ke KnHMeHT V He MOrJIH 6hITh CB060 HhI OT MeHTaJIhHOCTH
CBoero BpeMeHH, a TaMnJIHephI onYCTHJIH npecTynJIeHHe, KO-
Topoe CqHTaJIOCh Tor a caMhIM CTpalliHhIM. EII(e B XVIII B.
llieBaJIhe e JIa Eap 6y eT CO:>K:>KeH 3a ropa3 0 MeHhlliee npe-
cTynJIeHHe: BOJIhTep 6y eT 3TH.M B03MYII(eH, HO He MOrJIO
CYII(eCTBOBaTh BOJIhTepa B XIV B. B ry 3noxy 06II(eCTBeHHoe
MHeHHe 0 06pHJIO npHroBop H CTaBHJIO IIane B ynpeK TOJIhKO
ero Me JIHTeJIhHOCTh H CJIa60CTh.
BCJIe 3a enHCKonOM BaJIeHCHH, HaM XOTeJIOCh 6hI C eJIaTh
pa3JIHqHe, KOToporo CY hH He YCTaHOBHJIH B OCTaTOqHOH
Mepe, Me:>K y TeMH, KTO C03HaTeJIhHO BhInOJIHHJI caM aHTHxpH-
CTHaHCKHH pHTyaJI H 3aCTaBJIHlI pyrHx, H TeMH 6e HhIMH,
HenOCBHII(eHHhIMH 6paThHMH, KOTophIe nO qHHHJIHCh yrpo-
3aM, He nOHHMaH H He HMeH ypHhIX HaMepeHHH. CKOJIhKO
TaKHX HeCqaCTHhIX 3anJIaTHJIO CBoet! )I{H3HhlO 3a :>KeCT, KOTO-
phIH He nOlliaTHYJI HX Bepy? TpY HO CKa3aTh: 54 phIQapH 6hIJIO
294
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIIJII1EPOB
CO)l{)I{eHO B IIapH)I{e 13 MaH 1310 r.; OCTaJIhHhIe YMepJIH B
TlOphMe. K CqaCThlO, rrO aBJIHIO ee 60JIhIIIHHCTBO O)l{H aJIa
MeHee )I{eCTOKaH yqaCTh, H OHH 6hIJIH oCB060)l{ eHhI rrOCJIe
HcrrhITaHHH, BOH H B op eH rOCrrHTaJIhepoB.
C BepxoBHhIMH PYKOBO HTeJIHMH Bee 6hIJIO HHaqe. CBOHMH
rrpH3HaHHHMH H a)l{e CBOHM MOJIqaHHeM 3TH JIIO H rrpH3HaJIH
Ba)l{HOCTh )I{eCTa, TaHHhIH CMhICJI KOToporo OHH 3HaJIH; OHH
rrpe nOqJIH YHeCTH 3TY TaHHY B MOrHJIY, He paCKphIB ee. MOJIe
H IIIapHe C03HaTeJIhHO BhI6paJIH CMepTh. 3TO 6hIJIO HX rrpaBO,
HO OCTaeTCH CO)l{aJIeTh, qTO 3TO rrpOH30IIIJIO rrOCJIe CTOJIhKHX
YJIOBOK, KOTophIe C03 a1OT BrreqaTJleHHe TPYCOCTH, rrOCJIe Toro,
KaK OHH Ha ceMh JIeT rrOKHHYJIH, cMy aJIH CBOHX 6paTheB H
cnoc06CTBOBaJIH HX rrpHrOBOpy.
Ho 3Ta )I{epTBa MO)l{eT HMeTh Ba 3HaqeHHH: JIH60 OHH
caMH ce6H CqHTaJIH CJIHllIKOM BHHOBHhIMH, qT06hI Bee CKa-
3aTh, JIH60 OHH nO)l{epTBOBaJIH C060H pa H H eaJIa, KOTO-
phIH CqHTaJIH 60JIee BhICOKHM, qeM H eaJI QepKBH. MhI XOTe-
JIH 6hI HMeTh B03MO)l{HOCTh BhI6paTh 3TY BTOpylO rHrrOTe3Y.
Ho KaKHM 6hIJI 3TOT H eaJI, H KOMY OH 6hIJI rrepe aH? ryro
e IIeHpo B CBoeM 3aTOqeHHH, B03MO)l{HO, 6hIJI ero rrOCJIe -
HHM xpaHHTeJIeM. HHqTO He 6hIJIO crraceHO. Tor a 3aqeM 3Ta
)I{epTBa?
3ara Ka XpaMa He paCKphITa. BMeCTO Toro, qT06hI CMH-
pHThCH C 3THM He3HaHHeM, MHorHe XOTHT, QT06hI B Tpare HH
HerrpeMeHHO 6hIJIH rrpe aTeJIH. 51 YMalO, QTO IIarra H KOpOJIh
HCKpeHHe Y)I{aCHYJIHCh TOMY, qTO Y3HaJIH H CqHTaJIH, qTO crra-
calOT QepKOBh OT BeJIHKOH orraCHOCTH. Ho, 6y yqH 3aJIO)l{HH-
KaMH CBOHX pOJIeH, OHH rrpeYBeJIHQHJIH 3TY orraCHOCTh. Epech
orraCHa, TOJIhKO eCJIH OHa OCHOBhIBaeTCH Ha OKTpHHe, a MHe
TPY HO rrpe CTaBHTh phIQapeH xpaMa B pOJIH MaHH, JIIOTepa, a
e e MeHhIIIe ,lJ:)I{Op aHO EPYHO HJIH MapKca. 11, eCJIH O Ha)l{-
hI KaKHe-HH6Y h OTKphITHH rr03BOJIHT HaM 06peCTH apXHBhI
XpaMa, H 601OCh, qTO HCTOpHKH, rrOJIyqHB ceKpeT, KOTOphIH
TaK 3aHHTpHrOBaJI MX, BhIHY)I{ eHhI 6Y YT CKa3aTh C oca OH:
H qTO, 3TO Bee?
295
fl1 4>0. /1,EJIO TAMll.nI1EPOB
O:>KH aH 3TOrO, MhI nO-npe:>KHeMY MO:>KeM MeqTaTh, Bo06-
pa:>KaTh, HanpHMep, qTO TaMnJIHephI OTpeKaJIHCh B JIHQe HHCY-
ca OT CHMBOJIa HeBe:>KeCTBa. Ho TOr a nOqeMY OHH He CKa3aJIH
06 3TOM HJIH He n03a60THJIHCh 0 TOM, qT06hI nepe aTh 3TO
nOCJIaHHe? 51 B 3TO a6COJIIOTHO He BeplO: pa3Be He OHH )I{e
paBHO YIIIHO n03BOJIHJIH YHHqTO)l{HTh KaTap?
51 YMalO, pa3YMHee HaM OCTaThCH Ha TOM rpYCTHOM YTBep-
:>K eHHH, qTO OHH caMH, JIOrHqHO H HeH36e:>KHO, 6hIJIH nepeMO-
JIOThI a CKOH MaIIIHHOH, KOTOpOH Bcer a HBJIHeTCH orMa, no-
pO:>K alOII(aH HeTepnHMOCTh H npeCJIe OBaHHH.
n PHn O>KEH HJI
llpUJlOJICeHUe 1
COHCOK BeJIHKHX MarHcTpoB 0pAeHa XpaMa
1. fyzo ae lleiieH, OCHOBaTeJIh op eHa, 0 KOTOpOM H3BeCTHO
HeMHoro (1119-1136 rr.).
2. llbep ae KpaoH, HJIi1 P06ep EyprYH cKHH (1136-1149 rr.),
KOTOphIH rrOJIyqHJI 6YJIJIY Omne datum», <PHKCHPYIOII(YIO
rrpHBHJIerHH op eHa.
3. 3Bpap ae Eap (1149-1151 rr.), KOTOphIH crrac JIIO oBHKa
VII B KpecToBoM rroxo e. YrneJI H3 op eHa, qT06hI CTaTh
QHcTepQHaHQeM.
4. EepHap ae TpeMeJle, rrorH6 rrpH oca e ACKaJIOHa.
5. AHape ae MOH6ap - pO CTBeHHHK CB. EepHapa. OH TaK)I(e
rrOKHHYJI op eH, qT06hI rrocTyrrHTh B KJIepBo.
6. EepmpaH ae EJlaHljJop, T)'JIY3eQ (1156-1169 rr.).
7. CPUJlunn ae MUJlbU, ceHhop Ha6JIyca (1169-1171 rr.). EII(e
O HH MarHcTp, KOTOphIH BhIrneJI H3 op eHa.
8. OaOH, UJlU 3a ae CeHm-AM.aH (1171-1180 rr.). 3aXBaqeH B
rrJIeH CaJIa HHOM B03JIe 6po a HaKoBa H Ka3HeH.
9. ApHO ae Jla Typ PyJIC, HJIH Toppo)l( (1180-1184 rr.), Hcrra-
HeQ, YMeprnHH B BepoHe BO BpeMH rrYTernecTBHH.
10. )J(upap ae pualjJop (1184-1189 rr.), <l>JIaMaH eQ, 3aXBa-
qeHHhIH CaJIa HHOM H oCB060)l( eHHhIH Ha rro 03pHTeJIh-
t 297
fl1 4>0. jJ,EJIO TAMIIJII1EPOB
HhIX YCJIOBHHX, BHOBh 3aXBaqeH rro AKpOH H Ka3HeH KaK
KJIHTBOrrpecTyrrHHK.
11. Po6ep ae Ca6lle (1191-1193 rr.), CTaBJIeHHHK PHqap a
JIhBHHoe Cep Qe, H36paHHhIH rrOCJIe 18 MeCHQeB BaKaHT-
HOCTH rrOCTa BeJIHKOrO MarHcTpa.
12. )J(UJlb6ep 3paJlb (1192-1201 rr.).
13. (/)UJlunn ae lllleccbe (1201-1209 rr.).
14. fUJlbOM ae lllapmp (1209-1217 rr.), YMep OT qYMhI B ,lJ:aMh-
eTTe.
15. llepe ae MOHmezayao (1217-1232 rr.), HcrraHeQ. KOH<}>-
JIHKTOBaJI C HMrrepaTopoM <l>pH pHxOM II.
16. ApMaH ae llepuzop (1232-1244 rr.), y6HT MOHrOJIaMH.
17. fUJlbOM ae COHHaK (1245-1250 rr.), y6HT B 6HTBe rrpH
MaHcype.
18. PeHO ae BUUlbe (1250-1256 rr.), YHH)I{eH JIIO OBHKOM CBH-
ThIM.
19. TOMa Bepap (1256-1272 rr.), rrp03BaHHhIH ypHhIM MarH-
CTpOM.
20. fUJlbOM ae BO:JICe (1273-1291 rr.), rrorH6 B AKpe.
21. Tu60 fOaeH (1291-1295 rr.), rrepeBeJI rJIaBHYIO pe3H eH-
QHIO op eHa B IIapH)I{.
22. )J(aK ae MOlle (1295-1314 rr.).
llpUJlO:JICeHUe 2
BOJIbHbIe KaMeH HKH H TaMDJIHepbI
HCTOpHqeCKH, eCJIH He CqHTaTh JIereH , KOTophIe OKpY)l{a-
lOT BH)I{eHHe BOJIhHhIX KaMeHII(HKOB, OHO 6hIJIO OCHOBaHO B
AHrJIHH B eHh CB. HoaHHa 1717 r. B 1723 r. rracTop .l()I{eHMC
AH epcoH aJI eMY «KOHCTHTYQHIO , B KOTOpOH 6hIJIM c06pa-
HhI (HJIH rrpH YMaHhI) paccKa3hI H JIereH hI, KaCalOII(HeCH ero
rrpOHCXO)l{ eHHH. IIo HeKOTophIM H3 HHX, Eor Mor 6hI CqH-
298 I
fl1 4>0. /1,EJIO TAMIIJII1EPOB
TaThCH nepBhIM MaCOHOM, nOTOMY qTO OH C03 aJI CBeT. IIo
PyrHM, A aM MOr CqHTaThCH nepBhIM MaCOHOM, nOJIyqHBlliHM
3HaHHH OT Eora no pHTyaJIY Ha BOCTOKe paH. Ho, eCJIH 6hITh
TOqHee, aHHhIH HHCTHryT BOCXO HT K XUpaMY H3 THpa, apXH-
TeKTOpy, KOTOphIH nOCTpOHJI xpaM B l1epycaJIHMe JIH QapH
COJIOMOHa: BOT nOqeMY 60JIhlliHHCTBO CHMBOJIOB OTHOCHTCH K
xpaMY H K apxHTeKType. 3aTeM, OBOJIhHO TYMaHHO, nhITalOT-
CH qepe3 pHMCKHX KOJIJIer nJIOTHHKOB nOKa3aTh CBH3h C co06-
II(eCTBaMH CTpOHTeJIeH cpe HeBeKOBhH. 3 eCh He MeCTO rOBO-
pHTh 0 qHCTO CHMBOJIHqeCKOM xapaKTepe TaKOH CBH3H. 3aMe-
THM, qTO HHr e peqh He lliJIa 0 TaMnJIHepax.
<l>paHQY3CKHe <ppaHKMaCOHhI npOHCXO HT He OT aHrJIHH-
CKOH, a OT lliOTJIaH CKOH Tpa HQHH. He3aBHCHMO OT TaHHhIX
06II(eCTB, KOTophIe B XVII B. pa60TaJIH BO HMH pecTaBpaQHH
HHaCTHH CTlOapToB, nepBaH JIO)l{a 6hIJIa OCHOBaHa B IIapH)I{e
B 1726 r. no naTpOHa)l{eM CB. TOMaca KeHTep6epHHcKoro:
HMeHHO H3 Hee, nOCJIe MHOrOqHCJIeHHhIX nOTpHceHHH H nepe-
eJIOB, npOH30lliJIa JIO)l{a BeJIHKOrO BocToKa. HHKor a H 3 eCh
He 6hIJIO HHKaKoro ynoMHHaHHH 0 TaMnJIHepax.
Ho B 1756 r. 6apoH XaHT C03 aeT rpynny paCKOJIhHHKOB
B lliOTJIaH CKOH Tpa HQHH, C03 aB «HcnpaBJIeHHhIH HJIH
«OpTo OKCaJIhHhIH I>HryaJI. ,lJ:BH)I{eHHe npH)I{HBeTCH B OCHOB-
HOM B fepMaHHH, r e OHO 6y eT HMeTh qeCTh HMeTh B CBOHX
pH ax TaKHX JIIO eH KaK feTe, JIeccHHr H MOQapT. I1MeHHo
6apOHY XaHry, nepBOMY, npH eT H eH YCTaHOBHTh CBH3h Me)l{-
y TaMnJIHepaMH H MaCOHCTBOM.
QT06hI nO TBep HTh CBOIO TeopHIO, OH paCCKa3hIBaJI, qTO
nocne pocnycKa op eHa XpaMa, MarHCTp npOBHHQHH OBepHh,
IIhep 'OMOH, CMor C6e)l{aTh C BYMH npHopaMH H nHThlO PhI-
QapHMH, nepeo eThIMH KaMeHII(HKaMH. OHH, HK06hI, HalliJIH
y6e)l{HII(e B 1lI0TJIaH HH, r e C BeJIHKHM KOMaH opOM XaMn-
TOHKypOM H MHorHMH MeCTHhIMH 6paThHMH OHH C03 aJIH HO-
BhIH TaHHhIH op eH, BeJIHKHM MarHCTpOM KOToporo 6hIJI BhI6-
paH OMOH. HH TeHH OKa3aTeJIhCTB, eCTeCTBeHHO, B no ep)l{-
KY no 06HhIX YTBep)l{ eHHH.
I 299
fl1 cpa. JI,EJIO TAMIIJII1EPOB
MHe Ka)l{eTCH, qTO JIereH a MO)l{eT He npHHHMaThCH Bceph-
e3 no BYM npHqHHaM. lIpe)l{ e Bcero, H3-3a aThI OCHOBaHHH
3Toro ceKpeTHoro op eHa: HIOHh 1312 r. Ee3YCJIOBHO, op eH
TOJIhKO qTO pacnycTHJI llana, HO TaK KaK )l(aK e MOJIe 6hIJI
eII(e )I{HB, 6hIJIO cOBepIIIeHHo HeB03MO)l{HO H36paTh ero npe-
eMHHKa. O HaKO, Ka)l{eTCH, XaHT nOJIaraJI, qTO MOJIe Y)I{e YMep,
KaK 6Y TO 6hI OH 6hIJI CO)l{)I{eH B BheHHe! B PyroM MeCTe HaM
paCCKa3hIBaIOT, qTO 6erJIeQhI, nepeo eBIIIHeCH KaMeHII(HKaMH,
HMeHHO no 3TOH npHqHHe, BhIpa60TaJIH pHTyaJI «MaCOHCTBa»,
Ha3BaBIIIHCh «cB060 HhIMH H npHHHBIIIHMH MaCOHaMH , no-
TOMY, qTO OHH BhI6paJIH cB060 y H npHHHJIH HOBhIH YCTaB. Ho
MhI 3HaeM, qTO CHMBOJIHKa xpaMa H CTpOHTeJIeH HMelOT Pyroe
npOHCXO)l{ eHHe. aHa 6hIJIa npMHHTa B 1717 r. no cOBepIIIeHHo
PyrHM npHqHHaM. HTaK, Ka)l{eTCH, XaHT nhITaJICH HCnOJIh30-
BaTh TaMnJIHepOB TOJIhKO JIH Toro, qT06hI onpaB aTh CBoe
paCKOJIhHHqeCTBO.
Ha o JIH 06aBJIHTh, qTO He CYII(eCTByeT CJIe OB HH 3Toro
TaHHoro op eHa, HH TaHHhIX 6paTCTB, KOTophIe 6hIJIH 6hI CBH-
3aHhI co CTpOHTeJIHMH C060pOB? Ho, TaK KaK 3TH Be BepCHH
npOHCXO)l{ eHHH HeCOBMeCTHMhI, OHH OCTalOTCH HeMHoro pa3-
MhIThIMH, H )l(aKa e MOJIe npO OJI)I{aIOT nOqHTaTh B JIO)l{ax,
KaK MyqeHH a cB060 HOH MhICJIH, )I{epTBY HeTepnHMocTH,
npe IIIecTBeHHHKa OKTpHHhI HCTHHHoro 6paTcTBa. 3TO HHKO-
MY He MO)l{eT nOBpe HTh, HO HCTOpHqeCKH HHqTO He n03BOJIH-
eT Y OCTaHBaTh TaKHMH nOqeCTHMH nOCJIe HerO BeJIHKOrO Ma-
rHCTpa XpaMa, KOTOphIH 6hIJI 6hI CHJIhHO Y HBJIeH TeM H eHM,
KOTophIe eMY npHnHChIBaIOT, eCJIH Bo06II(e OH 6hIJI cnoc06eH B
HHX qTO-HH6Y h nOHHTh.
MO)l{HO Bcer a CKa3aTh, qTO OCHOBaTeJIh op eHa XpaMa
ryro e lIeHeH He CJIyqaHHO 060CHOBaJICH C pa3peIIIeHHH KO-
pOJIH EO Y3Ha II Ha TOM MeCTe, r e HaXO HJICH xpaM COJIOMO-
Ha, H YCMaTpHBaTh B 3TOM HeKoe OKKYJIhTHOe BJIHHHHe. 3TO
3HaqHJIO 6hI npHnHChIBaTh BeJIHKOe npe BH eHHe 3TOMY IIeH-
eHY 0 6Y YII(eH pOJIH CKpOMHoro op eHa (B HaqaJIe TaMnJIHe-
pOB 6hIJIO Bcero eBHTh), KOTOphIH OH C03 aBaJI JIH 3aII(HThI
300
f11 4>0. ,lJ.EJIO TAMIIn11EPOB
naJIOMHHKOB H KOTOpMA pa3pOCCH TOJIhKO 6JIarO apH no -
ep)KKe CB. BepHapa. Y HCTOKOB B03HHKHOBeHHH Op eHa HH
qTO He npe BeII(aJIO ero na eHHH.
MaCOHCKHA xpaM - 3TO xpaM COJIOMOHa, a He op eHa,
qhe Ha3BaHHe npOHCXO HT OT 3Toro xpaMa.
IIpUJloJICeHue 3
COKpOBH 3 T3MnJlHepOB
K peJIHrH03HoA H 4>HJIOC04>CKOA 3ara Ke XpaMa, JIH JIIO-
6HTeJIeA TaAH, npH6aBJIHeTCH eII(e H TaAHa COKpOBHII(. ,lJ:0 CHX
nop cYII(eCTBYIOT Te, KTO C nOMOII(hlO JI03hI, OKKYJIhTHhIX npHe-
MOB, cnMpHTH3Ma HJIH npOCTO C nOMOII(hlO e YKQHH nhITalOT-
CH HaATH Ka3HY TaMnJIHepOB. 51 He XOTeJI 6hI pa3pyrnaTh HX
HJIJII03HH, HO HaATH 3HaMeHHThIe COKpOBHII(a BeChMa np06JIe-
MaTHqHO.
BepoHTHo, COKpOBHII(a XpaMa Bee )Ke CYII(eCTBYIOT, K TOMY
)Ke 3TO CJIOBO MO)KeT no pa3YMeBaTh KaK apXHBhI, TaK H KOJI-
JIeKQHIO QeHHhIX npe MeTOB HJIH CYH YKH, 3anOJIHeHHhIe 30-
JIOTOM. YqHThIBaH 60raTCTBO op eHa H, a)Ke npHHHMaH BO
BHHMaHHe, npHBhIqHhIe B 3TOA 06JIaCTH npeYBeJIMqeHHH, HMY-
II(eCTBO, 3aXBaqeHHOe <l>HJIHnnOM KpaCHBhIM, He MO)KeT npe -
CTaBJIHTh c060A Bee 3anaChI XpaMa: 06pylO HX qaCTh, 6e3YC-
JIOBHO, CnaCJIH OT KOH4>HcKaQHH.
51 Y)Ke rOBOpHJI, qTO eCJIH TaMnJIHephI H He nOHHJIH B HY)K-
HhIA MOMeHT cephe3HOCTh yrp03hI, HaBMcrneA Ha HHMH, OHH,
Bce-TaKH, MOrJIH 6hITh npoHH4>opMHpoBaHhI 06 onaCHOCTH.
PerneHHe 06 apeCTe 6hIJIO npHHHTO Ha KOpOJIeBCKOM COBeTe
14 ceHTH6pH 1307 r., a BhInOJIHeHO JIHrnh 13 OKTH6pH: B 3TOT
npOMe)KYToK BpeMeHH HeH36e)KHO OJI)KHa 6hIJIa 6hITh YTeqKa
HH4>opMaQHH. MhI 3HaeM, qTO )l(aK e MOJIe npHKa3aJI YHHq-
TO)l{HTh 3K3eMnJIHphI YCTaBa, TO eCTh OH npe qYBCTBOBaJI y ap
CO CTOpOHhI KOpOJIH H 6hIJIO 6hI CTpaHHO, eCJIH 6hI OH He npM-
Ka3aJI CKphITh XOTH 6hI caMhIe QeHHhIe npe MeThI.
--, 301
f11 4>0. ,lJ.EJIO TAMIIJI11EPOB
o COCTaBe CKphITOrO HMYII(eCTBa MO)l{HO TOJIhKO CTpOHTh
rHnOTe3hI. II pe)l{ e BCerO, Ha O BCnOMHHTh, qTO 60JIhllIaH
qaCTh HMYII(eCTBa, XpaHHBllIerOCH B Op eHe, eMY He npHHa -
JIe)l{aJIa, HO 6hIJIa nepe aHa eMY Ha xpaHeHHe, - TaK)I{e KaK
CYMMhI Ha CqeTaX KJIHeHTOB H CO ep)l{aHHe ceH4>oB He npH-
Ha JIe)l{HT cerO HH 6aHKHpaM. HaM MaJIO qTO H3BeCTHO 0
npoQe ypax B03BpaTa, KOTophIe HaqaJIHCh, HO MO)l{HO nOJIa-
raTh, qTO BKJIa hI 6hIJIH B03BpaII(eHhI. OCTaTOK c06CTBeHHoro
HMYII(eCTBa op eHa COCTOHJI H3 apOB, Tpo4>eeB H npOQeHTOB
npH6hIJIH, BJIO)l{eHHhIX B 30JIOTO HJIH QeHHhIe npe MeThI: Bee
3TO OJI)I{HO 6hIJIO npe CTaBJIHTh 60JIhllIOH 3anac. KOHeqHO,
30JIOTO 6hIJIO pe KOCThlO B Cpe HHe BeKa, HO ero 6hIJIO ropa3-
O 60JIhllIe Ha BOCTOKe, a 60JIhllIaH qaCTh HMYII(eCTBa XpaMa
HaBepHHKa 6hIJIa B03BpaII(eHa Ha PO HHY H3 IIaJIeCTHHhI, TaK
KaK Ha BHralOII(YIOCH onaCHOCTh npe BH eJIH 3apaHee: 6HTBa
no CTeHaMH AKphI HH B qeM He nOXO HJIa Ha B3HTHe KOH-
CTaHTHHOnOJIH.
qacTh 3THX COKpOBHII( OCTaJIaCh Ha KHnpe, r e OHa OJIroe
BpeMH CJIY)I{HJIa 3aII(HTe OCTpOBa. qTO KacaeTCH QeHHOCTeH,
npHBe3eHHhIX B EBpony, MhI He 3HaeM, 6hIJIH JIH OHH CKOHQeH-
TpHpOBaHhI B IIapH)I{e HJIH Bo06II(e BO <l>paHQHH, HJIH pa3 e-
JIeHhI Me)l{ Y npoBHHQHHMH H yqpe)l{ eHHHMH op eHa. TaKHM
06pa30M, MOrJIO cYII(eCTBOBaTh HeCKOJIhKO XpaHHJIHII(.
Be3YCJIOBHO, napH)I{CKaH Ka3Ha 6hIJIa caMoH Ba)l{HOH, TaK
KaK HMeHHO B 3TOM ropo e HaXO HJIaCh llITa6-KBapTHpa ,
no PYKOBO CTBOM fyro e IIeHpo, OCMOTpII(MKa <l>paHQHH.
ECJIH onycTHTh, qTO OHa 6hIJIa 3BaKYHpOBaHa, Ky a MOrJIH ee
HanpaBHTh? JIorHqHO, qTO eCJIH onaCHOCTh KphIJIaCh BO <l>paH-
QHH, TO B coce HIOIO CTpaHY, H, B03MO)l{HO, HMeHHO B AHrJIHIO,
KOTopaH 6hIJIa caMOH 6JIH3KOH H caMOH Ha e)l{HOH CTpaHOH.
y op eHa 6hIJIH CBOH Kopa6JIH, H COKpOBHII(a MOrJIH OTnpa-
BHThCH BHH3 no TeqeHHIO CeHhI, H, B TaKOM CJIyqae, eCTeCT-
BeHHhIM HanpaBJIeHHeM MOrJIa 6hITh TOJIbKO AHrJIHH. 3TO pac-
CY)I{ eHHe, MHe Ka)l{eTCH, OJI)I{HO 3aCTaBHTh nopa3MhICJIHTh
Tex, KTO HII(eT rJIaBHYIO Ka3HY BO <l>paHQHH.
302
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIInI1EPOB
IIo MHeHHIO )l(epapa e Ce al 3TY rHnOTe3Y MO)l{eT no -
TBep HTh 3aHBJIeHHe TaMnJIHepa H3 HeMypa, HeKoero )l(aHa e
llIaJIOHa, KOTOpOe <PHrypHpOBaJIO (HJIH BpO e 6hI <PHrYPHPO-
BaJIO) B apXHBaX BaTHKaHa 2 . 3TOT 6paT BH eJI Ha 3aKaTe COJIHQa
HaKaHYHe apeCTa, KaK H3 XpaMa B IIapH)I{e BhIeXaJIH TPH TeJIe-
rH C COJIOMOH, no KOTOpOH 6hIJIH CnpHTaHhI CYH YKH. CBH e-
TeJIh 06aBJIHeT (HO oTKy a OH Mor 3TO 3HaTh?), qTO 3TH CYH-
AYKH co ep)l{aJIH COKpOBHII(a lYro e IIeHpo, KOTophIe OJI)I{-
HhI 6hIJIH 6hITh OTnpaBJIeHhI 3a rpaHHQY Ha Kopa6JIHX op eHa.
113 3Toro 3aHBJIeHHH, Bpo e 6hI, OJI)I{HO CJIe OBaTh, eCJIH
eMY MO)l{HO BepHTh, qTO He Bee COKpOBHII(a 6hIJIH 3BaKYHpo-
BaHhI cpa3Y. 3TH TPH nOB03KH, 6e3YCJIOBHO, npe CTaBJIHJIH
nOCJIe HIOIO noe3 KY, H Ka)l{ hIH xpaHHTeJIh OJI)I{eH 6hIJI 3Ba-
KYHpOBaTh qaCTh, OBepeHHYIO eMY. ,lJ:PyrHe qaCTH 06II(eH Ka3-
HhI, TaKHM 06pa30M, MOrJIH 6hIJIH 6hITh cnpHTaHhI BO <l>paH-
QHH, nOCJIaHhI B I1cnaHHIO HJIH B IIpoBaHc, a TO H nepenpaB-
JIeHhI Ha KHnp. I1TaK, eII(e eCTh Ha e)l{ a Y Tex, KTO YMaeT,
qTO COKpOBHII(a 6hIJIH cnpHTaHhI B )l(HBope 3 , B Ap)l{HHH Ha
POHe4, B BaJIhKp03e B Bape 5 , B I1H pe-H-JIyape H T. .
IIapH)I{CKaH Ka3Ha, HanpOTHB, B03MO)l{HO, nonana B AHrJIHIO.
qTO C HeH CTaJIO? B 3TOH CTpaHe TaMnJIHepOB He npeCJIe OBaJIH,
H Y HHX 6hIJIO OCTaTOqHO BpeMeHH, qT06hI CB060 HO H KaK
MO)l{HO JIyqrne pacnopH HThCH eH B CBOHX HHTepecax. O HaKO
MeHH Y HBJIHeT, qTO B AHrJIHH HCKaTeJIeH COKpOBHII( MeHhrne.
Ee3YCJIOBHO, MO)l{HO Bo06pa3HTh - pa3Be 3TO He 60JIee
C06JIa3HHTeJIhHo? - qTO Kopa6JIH He CMOrJIH nOKHHYTh <l>paH-
QHIO H3-3a norO hI HJIH nOTOMY, qTO n06epe)l{he 6hIJIO no
1 Ge rard de Se de: Les Templiers sont parmi nous», Paris, 1963.
(IlpUMez. a8m.)
2 )l(epap e Ce aeT HX HCxo HhIe aHHhIe H a)l{e npHBo HT
<l>oTopenpo YKQHIO, Te eCTh 3TO He flBl1fleTCfl rocy apcTBeHHhIM ceK-
peToM. (IlpUMez. a8m.)
3 Gerard de Sede. Ope cit. (IlpUMez. a8m.)
4 Robert Charroux. Tresors du monde. Paris, 1962. (IlpUMez. a8m.)
5 Robert Charroux. Ope cit. (IlpuMez. aBm.)
I 303
f11 4>0. ,lJ.EJIO TAMIIn11EPOB
Ha6JIIO eHHeM, H qTO HX QeHHhIH rpY3 6hIJI CnpHTaH B CKJIene,
r e H nOKOHTCH O CHX nop. )l(aJIKO., qTO MOpHC JIe6JIaH, KO-
r a nHCaJI IIOJIYIO CTpeJIKY», He 06aBHJI 3T)T HaxO KY K npo-
qHM HaxO KaM ApceHa JIlOneHa.
51 06aBJIIO JIHqHYIO rHnOTe3Y, 0 KOTOpOH, MHe Ka)KeTCH,
HHKTO He YMaJI, nOCKOJIhKY OHa 6hIJIa 6hI CJIHIlIKOM pa30qa-
pOBhIBalOII(eH. ,lJ:onYCTHM, qTO KnHMeHT V nOJIyqHJI HeKYIO
KOH<pH eHQHaJIhHYIO HH<popMaQHIO, n03BOJIHIOII(YIO eMY nOJIY-
qHTh qaCTh 60raTCTB? OH He CTaJI 3THM XBaCTaThCH, XOTH 6hI
JIH Toro, qT06hI CKphITh HX OT aJIqHOCTH KOpOJIH <l>paHQHH.
KJIHMeHT V TO)Ke HY)K aJICH B eHhrax: paCXO hI Ha IJ;epKoBh,
ero ceMhH, ero BpaqH CTOHJIH eMY CJIHIlIKOM oporo, - Y)K He
rOBopH 0 ero JII060BHHQe, npeKpaCHOH BpIOHeceH e, rpa<pHHe
e JIa MapllI, 0 KOTOpOH COBpeMeHHHKH rOBOpHJIH, qTO OHa
CTOHT IJ;epKBH opO)Ke, qeM CBHTaH 3eMJIH.
IIpUJloJICeHue 4
TaMDJlHepbl H xYAO>KeCTBeHHbIH BblMblCeJl
I1CTOpHH TaMnJIHepOB Bcer a 6Y HJIa Bo06pa)KeHHe. HapH-
Y C HCTOpHqeCKHMH HCCJIe OBaHHHMH, cYII(eCTByeT QeJIhIH
nJIaCT JIHTepaTyphI, nOCBHII(eHHOH eJIY XpaMa, KOTopaH OCHO-
BhIBaeTCH 60JIhllIe Ha HCKyccTBe KYJIhTHBHpoBaTh TaHHY, qeM
Ha KpHTHqeCKHX paccY)K eHHHX H aHaJIH3e TeKCTOB.
51 He oCY)K alO xY O)KeCTBeHHhIH BhIMhICeJI npH YCJIOBHH,
eCJIH 3TH npOH3Be eHHH qeCTHO npe CTaBJIHIOTCH TeM, qeM HB-
JIHIOTCH Ha caMOM eJIe, TO eCTh pOMaHaMH.
KOHeqHO, HCTOpHKH TO)Ke MOryr <}>OPMYJIHpOBaTh rHnOTe-
3hI no nOBO Y KaKOH-JIH60 TaHHhI. 11 OHH He JIHIlIHJIH ce6H
3Toro Y OBOJIhCTBHH B HCTOpHH 0 TaMnJIHepax. Ho rHnOTe3hI
HCTopHKa Bcer a OrpaHHqHBalOTCH cO ep)KaHHeM oKYMeHToB
HJIH 06II(HMH 3HaHHHMH, KOTOphIMH MhI 06JIa aeM no Ka)K OH
3noxe. Kor a CBhICOKa CMOTpHT Ha 3TH OrpaHHqeHHH, )I{OHrJIH-
304 I
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIIJII1EPOB
PYIOT XpOHOJIOrHeH HJIH rOBopHT 06 OKKYJIhTH3Me, TO nOJIyqa-
lOT llIaHC HMeTh MaKCHMaJIhHhIH ycnex y MaJIO HHcpOpMHpO-
BaHHOH H )I{a HOH O ceHcaQHH ny6JIHKH. IIpoH3Be eHHe, oc-
HOBaHHoe Ha OMhICJIaX, 60JIee C06JIa3HHTeJIhHO, qeM 06'beK-
THBHoe HCCJIe OBaHHe; BhIMhICeJI n06e)l{ aeT npaB Y. TaK)I{e H,
HecMoTpH Ha TO, qTO cneQHaJIHCThI YKa3hIBaIOT, qTO 3TO 6hIJIO
HeB03MO)l{HO, MHorHe eII(e npe nOqHTalOT BepHTh, qTO qeJIO-
BeK B )I{eJIe3HOH MaCKe 6hIJI 6paTOM 6JIH3HeQOM JIIO oBHKa
XIV, a 3ara Ka JIIO oBHKa XVII 60JIee H3BeCTHa H3 BHKoHTa
e Dpa)l{eJIOHa , qeM no KpOnOTJIHBhIM HCCJIe OBaHHHM M3Tpa
MopHca fapcoHa 1 .
DhIJIO 6hI CJIO)l{HO nepeqHCJIHTh Bee xY O)l{eCTBeHHhle npo-
H3Be eHHH, KOTophle B OXHOBHJIO eJIO TaMnJIHepOB. 51 orpa-
HHqYCh ynoMHHaHHeM Tpex KHHr, nOHBHBllIHXCH He aBHO, KO-
Tophle OCTaTOqHO XOpOllIO H3JIaralOT Bee TO, qTO MO)l{eT 6hITh
npH YMaHO Ha 3TY TeMY, eCJIH He 6paTh Ha ce6H TPy npOqH-
TaTh 6YJIJIhI KJIHMeHTa V H npOTOKOJIhI onpocoB.
Ho eJIo TaMnJIHepOB nOpO HJIO He TOJIhKO pOMaHhI, HO H
O HH H3 caMhIX rpy6hlx p03hlrphIllIeH HCTOpHH B cepe HHe
XIX B. QT06hI pacceHTh Bee HeHCHOCTH, CHaqaJIa H nepeCKa)l{Y
3T)T 3a6aBHYlO HCTOpHIO.
1) IIana HOBOZO XpaMa
KJIHMeHT V ynpa3 HHJI op eH XpaMa H IJ;epKoBh HHKor a
60JIhllIe He B03BpaII(aJIaCh K 3TOMY npHrOBOpy. Ho JII06HTeJIH
TaHH He MOrJIH OCTaHOBHThCH Ha 3TOM H OqeHh qaCTO nhITa-
JIHCh npHnHcaTh TaMnJIHepaM aJIhHeHllIee nO nOJIhHOe cYII(e-
CTBOBaHHe. Cpe H ceKT, KOTophle npeTeH OBaJIH Ha TO, qTO
nOJIyqHJIH OKKYJIhTHOH nepe aqeH ceKpeThI )l(aKa e MOJIe,
caMoH y HBHTeJIhHOH HBJIHeTCH Ta, KOTOpOH y aJIOCh 06HTh-
CH Toro, qTO caM HanoJIeoH BocnpHHHMaJI ee cephe3Ho, y a-
JIOCh npoBecTH H3BeCTHhlX JIIO eH H npO ep)l{aThCH o 1870 r.
1 Le proce s Louis XVII, e d. Amiot-Dumont. Paris, 1955; Maurice
Gar n. Louis XVII ou la fausse e nigme. Paris, 1968.
305
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIInI1EPOB
O HaKO, ee OCHOBaTeJIeM 6bIJI COMHHTeJIbHbIH qeJIOBeK H
ycnex 3TOH MHCTHcpHKaUHH Mor 6bI y HBHTb, e.CJIH 6bI MbI
He 3HaJIH COTHH pyrHx npHMepOB y aqH HeKOTopbIX llIap-
JIaTaHOB. TaK KaK EepHap-PaHMOH <l>a6pe-IIaJIanpa, pO HB-
llIHHCH B Kop e 29 MaH 1773 ro a, B03MO)l{HO 6hIJI Me HKOM;
HO ropa3 0 60JIee JIOBKO OH nOJIb30BaJICH OBepqHBOCTblO
cOBpeMeHHHKoB, qeM npaKTHKOBaJI CBoe MacTepcTBo Tepa-
neBTa.
B 3noxy KOHcYJIaTa OH HBJIHJICH Bcero JIHllIb npe3H eHToM
racTpOHOMHqeCKOrO KpY)l{Ka, Ha3bIBaeMoro KJIy6 cpHJIeH»: BOT
r e 6bIJIa KOJIbI6eJIb HOBoro XpaMa, MO)l{eT 6bITh nOTOMY, qTO
cpopMYJIa nHTb KaK TaMnJIHep» 6bIJIa TaM B qeCTH. Bcer a
CJIyqaeTCH, qTO O Ha)l{ bI, - COBceM KaK B HallIH HH, O HH
nOqTaJIhOH B MOHcpaBe npOB03rJIaCHJI ce6H XpHCTOM H CMor
y6e HTh B 3TOM CBOHX corpa)l{ aH - <l>a6pe- IIaJIanpa B pyr
npOB03rJIaCHJI ce6H npeeMHHKOM )l(aKa e MOJIe H npe06pa-
3HJI «Kny6 cpHJIeH» B ceKry TaMnJIHepOB, qbHM BeJIHKHM MarH-
CTpOM OH, 6e3YCJIOBHO, H CTaJI.
,lJ:JIH Toro, qT06bI nO TBep HTb CBOH npeTeH3HH, OH nOKa-
3bIBaJI COKpOBHII(a», COCTOHII(He H3 llIJIeMa MOJIe H HeCKOJIb-
KHX KOCTeH, HK06hI c06paHHbIX B nenJIe KOCTpa, r e cropeJI
MyqeHHK. TaK KaK 3Toro 6hIJIO He OCTaTOqHO, OH ccpa6pHKO-
BaJI JIH ce6H OKYMeHT, HanHcaHHbIH rOTHqeCKHMH 6YKBaMH,
«JIeBHTHKOH», KOTOphIH nOKa3hIBaJI npeeMCTBeHHOCTh BeJIH-
KHX MarHCTpOB XpaMa... OT I1Hcyca XpHCTa! Ha HeM MO)l{HO
6hIJIO YBH eTb no nHCH TaKHX 3HaMeHHTbIx JIIO eH KaK EaH-
Hp, MOHMopaHCH, KOJIb6ep, MOHTeCKbe ()I{aJIb, qTO He 6bIJIO
no nHCH I1Hcyca XpHCTa). ,lJ:OBOJIhHO y aqHOH YJIOBKOH 6hIJIO
HCnOJIb30BaHHe nO JIHHHOrO cnHCKa BeJIHKHX MarHCTpOB Ma-
COHOB! C MOMeHTa pereHTCTBa O repuora Kocce-EpHccaKa,
1 PereHT o 1723 r., 3aTeM repQor IO M3H (1723-1736), 11YH-
AHpH e Eyp60H-KoH e (1736-1740), 11YH-<I>ep HHaH e Eyp60H-
KOHTH (1741-1776), H, HaKOHeQ, 11 YH 3pKIOJIh THMOJIeOH e Kocce-
EpHccaK, KOTOphIH 6hIJI ry6epHaTopoM IIapH)I{a H KOMaH YIO HM
IlIBeHQapcKoH rBap HeH "PH 111O OBHKe XVI. (IlpUMez. aBm.)
306 I
f11 4>0. ,lJ.EJIO TAMIIn11EPOB
H3BeCTHoro TeM, qTO OH CTaJI npeeMHHKOM JIIO oBHKa XV B
JII060BHOH CBH3H C 3KC-cpaBOpHTKOH IO EappH. K HeCqaCThlO,
EpHCCaK, KOMaH Hp llIBeHQapCKHX rBap eHQeB, 6hIJI y6HT, B
CBOeH TlOphMe, B ceHTH6pe 1792 r. Hero rOJIOBa 6hIJIa 6pOllIe-
Ha K HoraM ero JII060BHHQhI. TaK KaK ero He 6hIJIO TaM, qT06hI
pa306JIaqHTh 3ry JIO)l{h, HaqHHaH C 3TOH aThI, Y Hac HeT HHKa-
KHX cpaKTOB KpOMe CJIOB <l>a6pe- IIaJIanpa. XOTH, HHqerO no-
06Horo HeT B 3aBeII(aHHH EpHccaKa, HanHcaHHOM B TlOphMe,
<l>a6pe- IIaJIanpa YTBep)l{ aJI, qTO repQor nepe aJI BJIaCTh He-
KoeMY Pa HKcy e llIeBHJIOHY, KOTOphIH, B CBOIO Oqepe h, ne-
pe aJI TaHHhIH cpaKeJI <l>a6pe- IIaJIanpa, npe ycMoTpHTeJIhHO
O)l{ aBllIeMycH cMepTH llIeBHJIOHa, qT06hI BOCnOJIh30BaThCH
3THM CBHII(eHHhIM HaCJIe HeM.
HH O HH cephe3HhIH HCTOpHK, KpoMe HeCqaCTHOro a66a-
Ta fperyapa, HHKor a He BepHJI B nO JIHHHOCTh «JIeBHTH-
KOHa . II03)1{e, HeKHH BHKOHT ' AccpeJIh , nopBaB C IIa-
JIanpa, nO TBep HJI, O HaKO, qTO oKYMeHT HBJIHeTCH cpaJIh-
llIHBKOH.
TeM BpeMeHeM, MaXHHaQHH nOJIh30BaJIaCh KOJIOCCaJIhHhIM
ycnexoM H npHHOCHJIa TOMY, KTO ee npH YMaJI, QeJIoe COCTOH-
HHe. BocKpecllIHH B 1804 r. HOBhIH op eH XpaMa 060raTHTcH,
KaK H HaCTOHII(HH, HO cpe,ncTBaMH rOpa3lJ;0 60JIee npocThIMH, B
KOTOphIX He 6hIJIO HHqerO MarHqeCKoro. OH npO aBaJI npo-
CTOcpHJIHM cpaJIhllIHBhIe apHCTOKpaTHqeCKHe THryJIhI, Harpa-
hI, 3HaKH OTJIHqHH, QepeMOHHaJIhHYIO o e)l{ Y H npOqHe 6e3-
eJIYIllKH. Bcer a nOJIe3HO HrpaTh Ha 3aBHCTH: Bee Te, KTO He
Mor nOJIyqHTh OT HanoJIeoHa THryJIhI HOBOH apHCTOKpaTHH,
Ha6poCHJIHCh Ha 6JIarOpOlJ;HhIe 3BaHHH, II(e po pa3 aBaeMhIe
BeJIHKHM MarHCTpOM IIaJIanpa.
CaMoe 3a6aBHoe, qTO, Ka)l{eTCH, caM HanoJIeoH nOBepHJI
B 3TOT MacKapa . 28 MapTa 1808 r., Kor a HOBhIe phIQapH
npOBO HJIH QepeMoHHIO B naMHTh MOJIe, HMnepaTop npe oc-
TaBHJI HM CBOIO rBap HIO. 16 OKTH6pH 1810 r. HX c06paHHe
Y OCTOHJIOCh qeCTH npHcYTcTBHH npHHQa. ApxHKaHQJIepa,
repQora IIapMcKoro, npoII(e rOBopH, JIHqHOrO npHcYTcTBHH
t 307
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIIJII1EPOB
KaM6acepeca. Ha eHJIcH JIH HanoJIe H HaHTH, Ha 3TOM c06pa-
HHH KJIOYHOB, Cephe3HYIO nO ep)l{KY B KOHcpJIHKTe C IIanoH?
TaK)I{e Y HBHTeJIhHhIM Ka)l{eTCH coyqaCTHe B 3TOM HeKOTO-
phIX npeJIaTOB. TaK KaK, Ha O nOJIaraTh, qTO BocnOMHHaHHH 0
TaMnJIHepaX B OXHOBJIHJIH Ha epeCh: IIaJIanpa He Y OBJIeTBO-
pHJICH THT)'JIOM BeJIHKOrO MarHCTpa H, B KOHQe KOHQOB, npo-
B03rJIaCHJI ce6H... IIanoH! Pa3phIBaH C PHMOM, H CTaB npe TeqeH
3KYMeHH3Ma (OH OXOTHO npHHHMaJI B CBOH pH hI aHrJIHKaHQeB
H npOTeCTaHTOB), OH npHCBOHJI ce6e 3BaHHe «CY8epeHHblU nOH-
mufjJuK IJ,epK8u, nampuapx u npR.MOU npeeMHuK Hucyca Xpu-
cma, 'lepe3 opiJeH HoaHHa». He MeHhllIe. PHM XpaHHJI MOJIqa-
HHe, a CBHII(eHHHKH CJIY)I{HJIH Ha Meccax op eHa.
BonpeKH BceM O)l{H aHHHM, HOBhIH XpaM nepe)l{HJI na e-
HHe HMnepHH H npo oJI)I{aJI npoQBeTaTh BO BpeMeHa PecTaB-
paQHH. EII(e B 1833 r. OH opraHH3yeT npa3 HoBaHHe H 60JIh-
llIYIO QepeMoHHIO BO ,lJ:Bope qy ec (Bee 6hIJIO YKa3aHO), Ha
KOTOpOH MOJIHTCH 3a rocy apH H e Ba o eThIe MOHaCThIpCKHe
nOCJIYllIHHQhI c06HpalOT eHhrH. 3TO 6hIJI anocpe03 IIaJIanpa,
Y KOToporo CTaJIH npOHBJIHThCH npH3HaKH nCHXHqeCKOrO pac-
CTpOHCTBa. OH YMep B 1838 r. H 6hIJI 3aMeHeH aHrJIHHCKHM
a MHpaJIOM, a MHpaJIOM CMHTOM, KOTOphIH, He KOJIe6JIHCh,
BOCnOJIh3yeTcH 3aBoeBaHHeM AJI)I{Hpa H OTnpaBHTCH T)' a, qTO-
6hI B0306HOBHTh 60ph6y C «HeBepHhIMH , O HaKO BeChMa 6e3-
ycnellIHYIO.
CMHT OTKa3aJICH OT MaJIO OpTO OKCaJIhHhIX npHTH3aHHH
CBoero npe llIeCTBeHHHKa, HO PHM npO OJI)I{aJI OCTeperaThCH.
Kor a B 1845 r. npHHQ llIHMe HCnpOCHJI y IIanhI fpHro-
pHH XVI OTMeHhI npl1ToBopa KJIHMeHTa V H npH3HaHHH TaM-
IIJIHepOB, CBHTOH OTeQ C IOMOpOM OTBeTHJI, qTO CTaBHT npH
3TOM e HHCTBeHHoe YCJIOBHe: BOCCTaHOBJIeHHe 06eTa nocJIY-
llIaHHH IIane. By yqH XOpOllIO OCBe OMJIeHHhIM, OH 3HaJI, qTO
3TO Tpe60BaHHe 6y eT HenpHeMJIeMhIM ,n;JIH He KaTOJIHqeCKHX
qJIeHOB. IIonhITKa He y aJIaCh, K TOMY )I{e U;epKOBb HMKor a He
BbIKa3hIBaJIa HH MaJIeHllIerO HaMepeHHH nepeCMaTpHBaTh npH-
rOBOp KJIHMeHTa V.
308 r
f11 4>0. ,lJ.EJIO TAMIIn11EPOB
HecMoTpH Ha CBOH ycnexH, Op eH nepe)l{HJI HeCKOJIhKO pac-
KOJIOB: B 1812 r., B03rJIaBJIHeMhIH rpacpoM JIeneJIeThe 'OH3,
3aTeM paCKOJI BHKOHTa 'AccpeJIh a (B eHCTBHTeJIhHOCTH aBaH-
TlOpHcTa no HMeHH JIaTanH), KOTOPOMY npHIlIJIa OqeHh npHHT-
HaH H eH BBeCTH B op eH )I{eHII(HH.
K 1845 r. op eH HaCqHThIBaJI 78 npHopcTe, 154 6aJIhH)I{eH
H 274 KOMaH opcTBa. OH pacnpOCTpaHeH He TOJIhKO BO <l>paH-
QHH, HO H B AHrJIHH, fepMaHHH, llIBeQHH, llIBeHQapHH, I1cna-
HHH, lIopTyraJIHH, I1TaJIHH H fpeQHH. OH nOTepneJI TOJIhKO
O HY Hey aqy Ha faHTH, r e npe3H eHT ,lJ:oMHHHKaHCKOH pec-
ny6JIHKH nOTpe6oBaJI OKa3aTeJIhCTB, npe)l{ e qeM aTh 3a-
HHTh y ce6H 4000 JIHBpOB: TaK KaK OKa3aTeJIhCTBa He 6hIJIH
npe OCTaBJIeHhI, OH BhIrHaJI TaK Ha3hIBaeMhIX TaMnJIHepOB.
HH O HH MOHapx, Ka)l{eTCH, He npe npHHHJI Tex )I{e Mep npe-
OCTOpO)l{HOCTH: B 1844 r. KOpOJIh llIBeQHH, qYTh 6hIJIO He
COrJIaCHJICH 6hITh H36paHHhIM BeJIHKHM MarHCTpOM, HO OH
BOBpeMH YMep H H36e)l{aJI 3Toro n030pa, a ero ChIH OCKap I
OTKJIOHHJI 3TY qeCTh. CTpaHHhIH KOpOJIh feopr IV 6hIJI 60JIee
HaHBeH H npHHHJI 3BaHHe BeJIHKOrO MarHcTpa JIH CBoero
rocy apcTBa.
O HaKo, BCHKaH MHcTHcpHKaQHH HMeeT CBOH npe eJIhI H
op eH 6hICTpO npHllIeJI B yna oK npH HanoJIeoHe III. OH
pa3 eJIHJICH Ha HaQHOHaJIhHhIe 06'be HHeHHH H, 3ara OqHhIM
06pa30M, HCqe3. lIocJIe HeMY BeJIHKoMY MarHcTpy OCTaJIOCh
TOJIhKO nepe aTh COKpOBHII(a B rocy apcTBeHHhIe apXHBhI.
CTOHT JIH YTOqHHTh, qTO TaM HeB03MO)l{HO HaHTH HHKaKHX
nO JIHHHhIX OKYMeHTOB, HHKaKoro 3aBeII(aHHH MOJIe, HHKa-
KHX OCTaHKOB apxHBoB XpaMa?
O HaKo, H eH 6hIJIa OqeHh nJIO OTBOpHOH. MhI YBH HM
nonhITKH ee BocKpellIeHHH B BplOcceJIe B 1932 r., 3aTeM B
I, u
lIapH)I(e B 1945 r. B BH e cppaHQY3cKOH aCCOQHaQHH phIQa-
peH He aBHcHMoro H BOHHcTBYIOII(erO op eHa XpaMa l1epy-
CaJIHMc'Koro , perYJIHpHO ny6JIHKOBaBllIeHcH B )I(ypHaJIh
ocpHche h . Ho He Bee C 3THM 6hIJIH COrJIaCHhI, TaK HanpH-
Mep, B 1963 r. MapKH3 e Bo Ha3hIBaeT ce6H HblHelUHUM,
309
f11 4>0. ,lJ.EJIO TAMIIJI11EPOB
3aKOHHblM U HeOCnOpUMblM CYBepeHHblM BellUKUM MazucmpOM
maMnJlUepOB BO BceM Mupe»l. Ho' OH TO)l{e He 3HaeT, r e
HaXO HTCH apXHBhI XpaMa.
11, HaKOHeQ, 24 HIOHH 1967 r. 6hIJIO C03 aHO eII(e O HO
HOBoe 6paTcTBo TaMnJIHepoB 2 . I1x 6hIJIO Bcero JIHllIh Tpoe, HO
KTO MO)l{eT 6hITh YBepeH, qTO Y HHX He 6y eT nOCJIe OBaTeJIeH?
O HaKO, HHKTO, Ka)l{eTCH, cerO HH He HMeeT HH pa3Maxa,
HH HarJIOCTH <l>a6pe-lIaJIanpa, KOTOPOMY y aJIOCh Ha YTh Ha-
nOJIeOHa, Tpex KOpOJIeH <l>paHQHH, HeCKOJIhKO 3apy6e)l{HhIX
MOHapXOB H MHorHX JIIO eH, npeTeH OBaBllIHX Ha npHHa -
JIe)l{HOCTh K 3JIHTe, npOCTO npo aBaH T HTYJI hI , npM YMaHHhIe
rep6hI H peraJIHH. Ho, HeKHH BpeH-JIIOKa, pa3Be He npo aJI
AKa eMHH HaYK nHChMa KneonaTphI, MapHM Mar aJIMHhI H
BepQMHreTopHr... Ha cTapo-4>paHQY3CKOM H Ha 6YMare C KOpO-.
JIeBCKHMH JIHJIHHMH?3
2) POMaHbl 0 delle maMnJlUepOB
Gerard de Sede. Les Templiers sont parmi nous», ed.
J uillard, 1962.
)J(epap de Cede TaMnJIHephI cpe H Hac». Paris, 1962.
AHHoTaQHH 3TOH KHMrH YTBep)l{ aeT, qTO OHa COe MHHJIa
CTporHH CMhICJI HCTOpHqeCKOrO HCCJIe OBaHHH C HaCTOHII(MM
nOJIHQeHCKHM paCCJIe OBaHHeM». 51 B03 ep)l{YCh OT KOMMeH-
TapHeB no nOBO Y CTporOCTM MCCJIe OBaHMH, HO H 6e3 KOJIe6a-
HMH oTHecy 3T)T KHHry K XOpOllIMM nOJIHQeMCKMM pOMaHaM.
3 eCh eCTh CTapHHHhIl1: 3aMOK C nO 3eMeJIhHMM, CKJIen C cap-
Ko4>araMM, 3HaMeHHToe COKpOBHII(e, HeMHoro aJIXHMMM, He-
MHoro KpMnTorpa4>HM. Bee 3TO YBJIeKaTeJIhHO H, B KOHQe KOH-
QOB, nOqTH CO)l{aJIeellIh, qTO 3TO HenpaB a. K TOMY )I{e, MO)l{HO
CO)l{aJIeTh, qTO aBTop H3JIHllIHe rpellIMT... YTOqHeHMHMH. TaK
1 Le miroir de l'histoire, 1963, p. 401.
2 Levenement, n. de juin 1967, p. 84.
3 Cf. Jacques Franju: Le grand canular), e d. Seghers, 1963.
310 I
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIIJII1EPOB
KaK, B KOHQe KOHQOB, 3TOT nO 3eMHbIH 3aJI 3aMKa )KH30P, qbe
MeCTOHaXO)l{ eHHe H pa3MepbI aHbI C TaKOH TOqHOCTblO, OJI-
)I{eH 6bIJI 6bI 6bITb HaH eH npH pacKonKax. To, 'liTO paCKOnOK
HHKor a He 6bIJIO, 3aCTaBJIfleT qHTaTeJIfl, KOTOpbIH «KJIIOHYJI»,
OCTaTbCfl HeMHoro HeY OBJIeTBOpeHHbIM. 3TO nOqTH KaK JIO-
BYIIIKa EeJIb<}>eropa B MY3ee JIYBpa, OCTaeTCfl CO)l{aJIeTb, 'liTO Ha
MeCTe HHKaKHX ee CJIe OB He HaH eHO.
B 3TOH KHHre HCTOpHK TaK)I{e Y3HaeT MHoro HOBoro, BO 'liTO
OH Bpfl JIH nOBepHT. HanpHMep, MHoro rOBOpHJIH nJIOXoro 0
HenOCTOflHCTBe AJIHeHOphI AKBHTaHCKOH, HO H qaCTO CTapa-
JlHCb ee pea6HJlHTHpOBaTb; HO HHKTO He CMO)l(eT 60JIhIIIe npo-
CTHTb eH TO, qTO OHa BbI aJIa feHpHXY TIJIaHTareHery ceKpeThI
TaMnJIHepOB. 11 3TO Y)I{e B 1152 r., aThI ero BTOpOH )I{eHHTb-
6bI, B TO BpeMfl KaK op eH XpaMa nOJIyqHJI CBOH O<}>HQHaJIh-
HbIH CTaTYC TOJIhKO B 1128 r. H OJI)I(eH 6hIJI 6hITb, Ha TOT
MOMeHT, eII(e COBceM He 60raTbIM, Kor a JIIO OBHK VII He-
OCTOpO)l(HO paCCTaJICfl C )I{eHII(HHOH, CTOJIhKO 3HaBIIIeH! To,
'liTO TIana KaJIHKCT II npHeXaJI BO <l>paHQHIO B 1119 r. TOJIb-
KO JIfl Toro, qTo6bI 3aHflTbCfl TaHHCTBeHHbIM 3aMKOM )l(H30P
(p. 210), HBJIfleTCfl BeCbMa opHrHHaJIbHbIM 06'bflCHeHHeM. MhI-
TO YMaJIH O CHX nop, qTO OH Y)I(e 6bIJI BO <l>paHQHH B
KaqeCTBe enHCKona BaJIaHCa O MOMeHTa ero H36paHHfl, KOTO-
poe npOH30IIIJIO B KnIOHH, r e HaIIIeJI y6e)l(HII(e ero npe IIIe-
CTBeHHHK, H3rHaHHbIH H3 PHMa HMnepaTopOM feHpHXOM V.
CKOJIhKO ceKpeTOB, 0 KOTOpbIX MbI He 3HaJIH, OTKpbIJI HaM
rocnO HH e Ce !
To, 'liTO 3aMOK )l(H30P copHeHTHpOBaH no CTopOHaM CBe-
Ta, B03MO)l{HO, HO, 'liTO Bee B HeM C caMoro HaqaJIa CTPOH-
TeJIbCTBa 6bIJIO 3a YMaHO «B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT COCTOflHHfl He-
6eCHbIX CBeTHJI B aHHOM MeCTe Ha 24 eKa6pfl>') (p. 229),
TaK)I{e KaK B 3aMKe MOHcerlOp, no MHeHHIO PyrHx, Ka)l{eT-
CH HaM MaJIOBepOflTHbIM, HeCMOTpfl Ha rpa<}>HKH. A TO, 'liTO
3Ta 3ara OqHafl apxHTeKTypa, nOCBflII(eHa KYJIbTY 113H bI,
Ka)l{eTCfl elQe 60JIee Y HBHTeJIbHbIM,. HeCMOTpfl Ha KpHnTO-
rpa<pHqecKYIO 3ara KY, 3aCTaBHBIIIYIO nOTepneTb nOpa)l(eHHe
f 311
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIInI1EPOB
llIapJIfl HO be (KOTOpOrO MbI BOBce He O)l{H aJIH BCTpeTHTb B
3TOM eJIe).
51 rOTOB COrJIaCHTbCfl, qTO co6op lIapH)I{cKOH EorOMaTepH
6bIJI coopY)I{eH Ha MeCTe peBHero fl3bIqeCKOrO xpaMa. TaK
6bIJIO co MHorHMH QepKBflMH. Ho TO, qTO 3TO eMOHcTpHpyeT
CBfl3b Me)l{ Y aprOHaBTaMH H napH)I{CKHMH nepeB03qHKaMH,
OtJeHb nJIOXO 06'bflCHfleTCfl JIaTHHCKOH Ha nHCblO... C BYMfl
op<}>orpa<}>HqeCKHMH OIIIH6KaMH (p. 187). 11, HaKOHeQ, eCJIH
eHCTBHTeJIbHO TaMnJIHepbI OTpeKJIHCb OT I1Hcyca XpHcTa BO
HMfl CJlY)I{eHHfl 113H e, HM Ha o nOCTaBHTb 3TO B 3aCJIyry, TaK
KaK fl3bIqeCKHe KYJIbTbI, 3anpeII(eHHbIe B 392 r. HMnepaTopoM
<l>eo ocHeM, MOrJIH 6bITb H3BeCTHbI B Cpe HHe BeKa JIHIIIb
qpe3BbIqaHHO pe KHM 3pY HTaM. A caM aBTop - BepHT JIH B TO,
qTO OH HaM paCCKa3bIBaeT? I1Hor a, qYBCTByeTcfl KaK npOCKaJIb-
3bIBaeT COMHeHHe HJIH HpOHHfl, HanpHMep, no nOBO Y 3Toro
npH3paKa 3ara OqHOH KOpOJIeBbI EJIaHKH (p. 223), OtJeHb xo-
pOIIIO BnHCbIBalOII(HHCfl B JIaTHHcKYIO <}>pa3Y, HCnOJIb30BaHHYIO
H 06'bflCHeHHyIO... ApceHoM JIlOneHoM B «fpa<}>HHe Ka.nHOcrpO .
51 pa3pYIIIY nOCJIe HIOIO HJIJII03HIO: 6e3YCJIOBHO, TaMnJIHe-
pbI HHKor a He «CqHTaJIHCb MaCTepaMH B HCKYCCTBe KpHnTO-
rpa<}>HH» (p. 147). 3Ta HaYKa OCTaBaJIaCb OqeHb npHMHTHBHOH
BnJIOTb o XVI B., Kor a ee nepBbIe MeTO HKH 6bIJIH YCOBep-
IIIeHCTBOBaHbI BeHeQHaHQaMH H MaTeMaTHKaMH feHpHxa IV.
Ho He CJIHIIIKOM Tpe6YHTe OT aBTopa npe OCTaBHTb BaM
OKa3aTeJIhCTBa: OH qepnaJI CBOH aHHbIe B KHHre, KOTOpylO
HeB03MO)l{HO HaHTH B ny6JIHtJHbIX 6H6J1HOTeKax (p. 163), H
OH caM 06aBJIfleT: «KOHeqHO .
Louis Charpentier. «Les myste res templiers», (e d. Robert
Laffont, 1967).
JIyu illepnaHmbe. «TaHHbI TaMnJIHepOB , (H3 . Po6ep JIa<}>-
<}>OH, 1967).
ECJIH BbI JII06HTe TaHHbI, BOT OHH! MHoro pOMaHOB Y)I{e
6bIJIO HanHcaHO 0 ceKpeTax XpaMa, CBfl3aHHbIX CO BceMH BH-
312 ,
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIIJII1EPOB
aMH OKKYJIhTH3Ma. Ho, B 06JIaCTH BbIMbICJIa, rOCnO HH llIep-
naHTbe HaMHOrO Onepe HJI BCeX CBOHX npe IIIeCTBeHHHKOB.
OH, He KOJIe6JIflCb, nepenHCaJI BCIO HCTOpHIO 3ana Horo MHpa
C XVI B., C aTbI C03 aHHfl op eHa CB. EeHe HKTa, KOTOpbIH,
flK06bI, n03BOJIHJI cnaCTH OT «BapBapCTBa 3ara OqHhIe aH-
THqHbIe ceKpeTbI.
CB. EepHap, TaHHbIH HKTaTOp xpHCTHaHCKoro MHpa, ne-
pe aJI 3TH ceKpeTbI TaMnJIHepaM, HO eMY He XBaTaJIO rJIaBHOrO
3JIeMeHTa, CKpH)I{aJIeH 3aKOHOB Qapfl COJIOMOHa.
ECJIH BbI XOTHTe Y3HaTb: KaK CB. EepHap nOCJIaJI pbIQapeH B
lIaJIeCTHHY, qTo6bI HaHTH 3TH CKpH)I{aJIH, 3apbITbIe B PYHHax
xpaMa; KaK CHorCIIIH6aTeJIbHbIe ceKpeTbI, 3anHcaHHbIe Ha 3TH X
CKpH)I{aJIHX, n03BOJIHJIH cnaCTH QHBHJIH3aQHIO; KaK, nOJIyqHB
TO, qero 06HBaJICfl, CB. EepHap YKJIOHHJICfl OT BToporo Kpe-
CTOBoro noxo a, K KOTOPOMY OH, O HaKO, npH3hIBaJI, H KaK
op eH XpaMa nepeCTaJI HHTepeCOBaTbCfl rp06HHQeH XpHCTa;
KaK TaMnJIHepbI OTKpbIJIH AMepHKY 3a OJIrO O KOJIYM6a, H
nO ep)l{HBaJIH OTHOIIIeHHH C HH eHQaMH C JIHHHbIMH YIIIaMH
H npHBe3JIH oTTy a TOHHhI cepe6pa, KOTopoe 6bIJIO HCnOJIb30-
BaHO npH CTpOHTeJIbCTBe C060POB; KaK TaMnJIHepbI H3rOTaB-
JIHBaJIH 30JIOTO, OTKpbIB HCTOqHHK 3HeprHH, 60JIee MOII(HbIH,
qeM eJIeHHe aTOMa, HO 6HOJIOrHQeCKOrO npOHCXO)l{ eHHfl, O
CHX nop He H3BeCTHbIe yqeHbIM XX B.; KaK op eH TaMnJIHepOB
nOqTH YCTaHOBHJI MHpOBoe rocnO CTBO, HO 3JIo6HbIe OMHHH-
KaHQbI, 3aBH Yfl ero MorYII(eCTBY H, HaCJIYIIIaBIIIHCh COBeTOB
PHMa, CYMeJIH y6e HTb <PHJIHnna KpaCHBoro (qbHM YXOBHH-
KOM 6bIJI OMHHHKaHeQ, qTO OqeHh onaCHO) YHHqTO)l{HTb CBO-
HX KOHKypeHToB; H, KaK, Bce-TaKH, op eH BbI)I{HJI (TaK KaK
)l(aHHa 'ApK 6bIJIa TaMnJIHepIIIeH), a XpHCTO<pOp KOJIYM6
Y3HaJI OT nopTyraJIbCKHX TaMnJIHepOB nYTb B AMepHKY; KaK
O HH TaMnJIHep 3apaHee HanHCaJI npe cKa3aHHfl, KOTopbIe no-
TOM 6bIJIH ony6JIHKOBaHbI no HMeHeM HOCTpa aMyca... H
3 ecb fl nacylO. qHTaHTe, Bce-TaKH, KHHry. 3TO 60JIee YBJIeKa-
TeJIbHO, qeM AJIeKCaH p AIOMa H npeBOCXO HT Bee IIInHOHCKHe
pOMaHbI.
I 313
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIO TAMIIJII1EPOB
Ho, BCe-TaKH, HY)I{HO CKa3aTb 0 peJIHrH03HOM npoQecce,
KOTOphIH 3aHHMaeT BeChMa MaJIO MeCTa B 3TOH KHHre. lIo MHe-
HHIO rOCnO HHa llIepnaHThe, TaMnJIHephI, KOHeqHO, OTpeKa-
JIHCh OT I1Hcyca H nJIeBaJIH Ha paCnflTHe; HO TOT OT KOrO OHH
OTpeKaJIHCh, OhIJI I1Hcyc, npHrOBOpeHHhIH lIHJIaTOM, a BOBce
He XpHCTOC. TaK KaK, 3a MHoro BeKOB O nOflBJIeHHfl COBpe-
MeHHoro TOJIKOBaHHfl BH6JIHH, TaMnJIHepbI npOHHKJIH B ceK-
peT EBaHreJIHfl, 6JIarO apfl OKYMeHTaM, HaH eHHhIM BO Bpe-
Mfl HX paCKonOK B xpaMe: MO)l{eT 6hITb OHH 06JIa aJIH He HC-
npaBJIeHHOH KHHrOH l1ocH<}>a <l>JIaBHfl ()I{aJIKO, qTO OHH HaM ee
He nepe aJIH, OHa 6hI HaM OqeHh npHrO HJIaCh). B JII060M
CJIyqae, OHH 3HaJIH, qTO EBaHreJIHfl COe HHHJIH Ba paCCKa3a,
HMeBIlIHX pa3JIHqHOe npOHCXO)l{ eHHe: O HH, KaCalOII(HHCfl
Hy eHcKoro arHTaTopa Bpa)l{ e6HOro pHMJIflHaM, BO)l{ fl BO-
0PY)I{eHHOH 6aH hI (Meq lIeTpa), KOTOphIH, KaK pa3 H 6hIJI
npHrOBopeH H pacnflT lIHJIaTOM, H KOTOphIH He 3aCJIY)I{HBaeT
HHqerO KpOMe nJIeBKOB; PyroH paCCKa3, KaCalOII(HHCfl yqeHHfl
HCTHHHoro XpHCTa, YqHTeJIfl, KOTOphIH, B03MO)l(HO, 6hIJI yqH-
TeJIeM cnpaBe JIHBOCTH ecceeB. TaMnJIHephI 3HaJIH Bee 6JIaro-
apfl nOCBflII(eHHIO, aHHOMY HM CB. BepHapoM, 06JIa aTeJIeM
TaHHhIX 3HaHHH <}>apaoHoB, C03 aTeJIeM rOTHqeCKOrO HCKYCCT-
Ba, VI TaK)I{e 6hIBllIHM epeTHKOM, no MHeHHIO PHMa (!). OHH
3HaJIH, qTO 3eMJIfl KpyrJIafl H H3MepHJIH ee pa3MepbI. ECJIH 6hI
OHH o ep)l(aJIH no6e y, <l>paHQHIO )I( aJI 6hI 30JIOTOH BeK.
Ho l(epKoBh He MOrJIa n03BOJIHTb paeTH CHJIe, yrp0)l{alO-
II(eH ee co6CTBeHHOMY rocnO CTBY H orMaM, a)l(e eCJIH CTOJIh
y)l(aCHbIe ceKpeThI 6hIJIH nepe aHhI Bcero HeCKOJIhKHM nOCBfl-
II(eHHhIM Ha TaHHhIX HOqHhIX QepeMOHHflX. I1TaK, MhI BH HM,
KaK npOTHB XpaMa 06'be HHHJIHCh 3JIo6HhIH lIana KJIHMeHT V,
3JI0l1 KOpOJIh <l>paHQHH H qy OBHII(HbIe OMHHHKaHQhI, TBOp-
QhI HHKBH3HQHH. l(HBHJIH3aQHH TaMnJIHepOB 6hIJIa pa3pYllieHa
H, n03TOMY, EBpona n03HaJIa CHOBa rOJIO , CTOJIeTHlO1O BOHHY,
CTpaIIIHYIO qYMY 1348 r. Ho XpaM He YMep, BhI)I(HBIlIHe xpaHH-
JIH H TaHHO nepe aBaJIH 3HaHHfl. Kor a aHrJIHHCKHe KOpOJIH,
nOTOMKH <l>HJIHnna KpacHBoro, 3aXOTeJIH npaBHTh <l>paHQHeH,
314
fl1 cpa. /l,EJIO TAMIInI1EPOB
OHH B OXHOBHJIH )KaHHY 'ApK H OHa OTKphIJIa BeJIHKHH ceK-
peT KapJIY VII, HMeHHO B llIHHoHe, r e BhICIlIHe PYKOBO H-
TeJIH XpaMa TOMHJIHCh Kor a-TO B 3aTOqeHHH. 3a 3TO, OHa
6hIJIa CO)l{)I{eHa KaK MOJIe. Ho MeCTh XpaMa, oCYII(eCTBJIeHHaH
OKKYJIhTHhIMH cpe cTBaMH, 6JIarO apH cnoco6HoCTH IlIHna 3a-
II(HII(aTh P03Y, OCTaBaJIaCh Bcer a Y)I{aCHoH: HMeHHO, qTo6hI
OTOMCTHTh 3a MOJIe, JIIO OBHK XVII 6hIJI 3aTOqeH B TaMnJIh
(XpaM) H 06e3rJIaBJIeH, H T. .
ECJIH 3TOT pOMaH Bac npHTHrHBaeT, BhI He cocKyqHTeCh. BhI
Y3HaeTe H3 Hero, qTO MOJIe YMep 6e3 cTpa aHHH, TaK KaK BJIa-
eJI ceKpeToM 60H3, KOTophIe C)I{HraJIH ce6H 6e3 60JIH (xoTeJI
6hI H B 3TO nOBepHTh pa H HHX). BhI TaK:>Ke Y3HaeTe B KHHre,
r e HaXO HTCH COKpOBHII(a (onHTh!) H CKpH)I{aJIH COJIOMOHa;
Bee 3TO 3axopOHeHO no O HHM H3 npY OB, KOTOpbIMH HCneII(-
peH JIec Ha BOCTOKe llIaMnaHH.
IIocJIe Bcex 3THX BOJIHYIOII(HX oTKpoBeHHH, pa3Be HMeeT
3HaqeHHe, QTO aBTop HeMHO)l{KO nYTaeT XpOHOJIOrHIO paccJIe-
OBaHHH H npoQecca? O HaKo rocnO HH llIepnaHThe HcnhIThI-
BaeT HeKoTophIe CJIO:>KHOCTH, nhITaHCh 06'bHCHHTh npH3HaHHH,
nOJIyqeHHhIe He no nhITKOH H )I{aJIKOe nOBe eHHe e MOJIe B
TeQeHHe ceMH JIeT. QeHoH TaKHX )I{epTB, CKa)l{eT OH HaM, XpaM
CMor coxpaHHTh CBOH ceKpeThI. Ho nOQeMY Ha o 6hIJIO MOJI-
QaTh 0 CTOJIhKHX, nOJIe3HhIX JIH QeJIOBeqeCTBa BeII(ax? IIoqe-
MY, HanpHMep, Kor a Bee 6hIJIO nOTepHHO, He OTKphITh nYTh B
AMepHKY HJIH npHeMhI, KOTophIe MOrJIH n03BOJIHTh YBeJIHQHTh
YPO:>KaH? Be3YCJIOBHO, nOTOMY, QTO 60JIhllIe He 6bIJIO 6hI TaHH,
a 3HaQHT H KHHr no o6Horo po a.
Robert Ambelain. <<jesus, ou Ie mortel secret des Templiers
(ed. Robert Laffont, 1970).
Po6ep AM6eJleH. I1Hcyc, HJIH CMepTeJIhHhIH ceKpeT TaM-
nJIHepOB (H3 . Po6ep JIa<}><}>oH, 1970).
1 O HaKO OH flBl1fll1Cfl, nYCTh KOCBeHHhIM, nOTOMKOM <1>Hl1Hnna
KpaCHBoro: Bee ynopHo H Ha3hIBal1H ero KaneTOM. (IlpUMe'l. a8m.)
I 315
fl1 4>0. /l,EJIo TAMIIJII1EPoB
M3 BCeX 06'bflCHeHHH TaHHbI XpaMa 3Ta, 6e3YCJIOBHO, ca-
Mafl He6JIarOnpHflTHafl ,L(JIfl HeC'-IaCT,HbIX TaMnJIHepOB, TaK KaK
,L(OnYCKaeT, '-ITO OHH ,L(eHCTBHTeJIbHO OTpeKaJIHCb OT XpHCTa H
C03HaTeJIbHO nJIeBaJIH Ha KpecT.
Bee 3TO nOToMY, '-ITO Ha BocToKe OHH Y3HaJIH «cMepTeJIb-
HbIH ceKpeT», a HMeHHO, '-ITO HCTOpH'-IeCKHH MHCYC He TOT, '-ITO
onHcaH B EBaHreJIHflX, a npOCTO BO)l{,L(b pa360HHHKOB, cnpa-
Be,L(JIHBO npHrOBopeHHbIH IIHJIaTOM C ,L(BYMfl CBOHMH C006II(-
HHKaMH.
M,L(efl 06 MHcyce He HOBa H aBTOp OrpaHH'-IHBaeTCfl BbIIIIH-
BaHHeM no KaHBe, npH,L(YMaHHOH ,lJ:aHH3JIeM Macce. 51 He 6y y
oc060 OCTaHaBJIHBaTbCfl Ha 3TOM acneKTe KHHrH, XOTfl HMeHHO
3TO flBJIfleTCfl B HeM rJIaBHbIM HO 3a ep)l{ycb Ha TOM, '-ITO Kaca-
eTCfl TaMnJIHepOB.
ABTOp He rOBopHT HaM, KaKHM 06pa30M BeJIHKHe MarHCT-
pbI XpaMa OTKphIJIH 3TOT CMepTeJIbHbIH ceKpeT»: npe,L(nOJIO-
)I{HTeJIbHO, Bee OKa3aTeJIbCTBa 3Toro 6bIJIH YHH'-ITO)l{eHbI, a
xpHCTHaHCKHe TeKCTbI nepeJIHQOBaHbI». I1TaK, 60JIbIIIe He CY-
II(eCTByeT OKa3aTeJIbCTB, '-ITO O'-leHb Y,L(06HO n03BOJIfleT Bo06-
pa)l{eHHIO 6J1Y:>K aTb KaK yro Ho. Ho, npH 3TOM YCJIOBHH, HaM
He 06'bflCHflIOT, KaK TaMnJIHepbI MOrJIH nOJIyqHTb 3TO HeBepo-
flTHoe 06'bflCHeHHe JIH'-IHOCTH MHcyca.
IIOJIO)l{HM, OHH HaIIIJIH KaKYIO- JIH60 pYKonHCb Ha 3TY TeMY
(c Tex nop, KOHe'-lHO, He '-I e3HYB IIIYIO ); 06'bflCHHTe Tor a, KaK
OHH nOBepHJIH B TO, '-ITO TaM HanHcaHO? O'-leHb BepOflTHO, qTO
xpHcTHaHe XII HJIH XIII B., OTKpbIB JIfl ce6fl no 06Hoe nOBe-
CTBOBaHHe, oT6poCHJIH 6bI ero C B03MYII(eHHeM H npo,L(OJI)I{aJIH
6bI BepHTb B eBaHreJIbCKHe paCCKa3bI.
Ha o JIH ,L(06aBHTb, '-ITO B npoQecce Ha TaMnJIHepaMH HeT
HH'-IerO, '-ITO co ep)l{aJIo 6bI XOTb HaMeK Ha 3T)' TeMY? ,lJ:a:>Ke
BbICIIIHe PYKoBo HTeJIH Ha3hIBaJIH ce6H 06pbIMH xpHcTHaHa-
MH, npOCHJIH pa3peIIIHTb Y'-IaCTBOBaTh B Meece, BbIKa3bIBaJIH
rJIy60Koe nO'-lHTaHHe ,lJ:eBe MapHH. IIpHnHchIBaTb MY'-IeHHKaM
XpaMa TaKoe OTpe'-leHHe OT HX BepbI, 3TO, Bce-TaKH, 6e30cHo-
BaTeJIbHO OCKop6JIflTb HX naMHTb. He OTBeTHJIH JIH Ha Hero
316 I
fH 4>0. /l,EJIo TAMIInHEPoB
3apaHee Y3HHKH, KOTOphIe B ,lJ:oMMe, B IIepHrope HaqepTaJIH
Ha CTeHaX CBOerO Y3HJIHII(a 3TH noyqHTeJIhHhIe Ha nHCH: no-
BCIO Y KpeCThI H CJIe YIOII(He CJIOBa: «Ecce lignum crucis, credo»
(BOT epeBO KpeCTa, H B 3TO BeplO)?l
He MO)l{eT Boo6pa)l{eHHe 3aMeHHTh BHHMaTeJIhHOrO H3yqe-
HHH oKYMeHToB JIH onHcaHHH HCTOpHH.
1 CpaBHHTe HCCJIe OBaHHfl 3THX rpa<l><I>HTH, C eJIaHHbIe TeHHeJIbe B
)l{ypHaJIe Archeologia), NQ 33 H 38. (IlpUMez. pea.).
o r nAB n E' H Ii E
npe,n;HCJIOBHe K PYCCKOMY H3,naHHIO ...................... 5
MapCeJlb JIooe
TPAfEAIUI OPAEHA TAMnJIHEPOB
BeeiJeHue ............................................. 15
'IacTh nepBaJI
fllQea I. MCTOKH ....................................... 21
fllaea II YCTaB TaMnJIHepOB ............................. 28
fllaea III. TaMnJIHepbI H CBH eHHaH BOMHa ............... 41
fllaea IV. KOHeQ 3noneH KpecToBbIX noxo,n;OB ............. 53
'IacTh BTOp8JI
fllaea I MOHaxH-6aHKHpbI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 59
fllaea II. 06BHHeHHe ................................... 69
fllaea III YnpeKH ....................................... 78
1JacTb TpeThJl
fllaea I ApecTbI 13 OKTH6pH 1307 r. ..................... 107
fllaea II KJIHMeHT V H <I:>HJIHnn KpacHBbIM ............... 122
fllaea III. Typ H IIyaTbe ................................ 130
flla8a IV. 113MeHqHBbIM cy,n;e6HbIH npoQecc ............... 139
318 I
OfJIABJIEHHE
fllaea V. BbeHHCKHM C060p .............................151
fllaea VI Ka3Hb PYKoBo,n;HTeJIeM op,n;eHa ..................158
3aKJlIO'leHUe ............................................ 160
EH6JIHOrpa <pHH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
fu {J)o
AEJIO TAMnJIHEPOB
IIpeiJuclloeue .......................................... 175
I. IIPO EJIEMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
II. OPlJ;EH XPAMA lJ;0 HAqAJIA IIPO[(ECCA ......... 187
IIepeMeHbI. EoraTcTBo. Op,n;eH nepeCTaJI 6bITb He06xo-
,n;HMbIM. IIJIoxaH penYTaQHH. KOH<pJIHKTbI. OCHoBHbIe
ynpeKH. MHeHHe <l>HJIHnna KpacHBoro
III. lJ;EJIO EOHM<I>A[(M5I M IIPO[(ECC TAMIIJIMEPOB 195
BeJIHKOe OTpeqeHHe. EOHH<PaQHM VIII. EeHe,n;HKT XI H
HH)KHp. KJIHMeHT V. lJ;eJIo EOHH<PaQHH
IV. HAqAJIO IIPO[(ECCA TAMIIJIMEPOB .............201
IIpe,n;JIo)KeHHe 06 06'be,n;HHeHHH. )l(aK ,n;e MOJIe. BCTpe-
qa B IIyaTbe. IIpe,n;ocTopO)KHOCTH
V. IIPO [(ECC MHKBM3M[(MM ....................... 206
IIpHKa3bI KOpOJIH. BMeIIIaTeJIbCTBO HHKBH3HTopa. IIep-
BbIe npH3HaHHH. IIbITKH. IIpoTecT IIanbI. IIpH3HaHHH
)l(aKa ,n;e MOJIe. IIpH3HaHHH ,n;pyrHx BbICllIHX caHOBHH-
KOB op,n;eHa. I1Tor. PeaKQHH IIanbI. PaCCJIe,n;oBaHHH 3a
py6e)KOM
VI. PEAK[(M5I IIAIIbI ............................... 216
KOJIe6aHHH. feHepaJIbHbIe llITaTbI. KOHCHCTOpHH. IIan-
CKoe paCCJIe,n;oBaHHe. PeIIIeHHe IIanbI. lJ;onpoc BbICIIIHX
caHOBHHKOB op,n;eHa. EYJIJIa 1308 r. IIocJIe,n;cTBHH
VII. PACCJIElJ;OBAHME KOMMCCMM ................. 227
06 He BneqaTJIeHHH. IIepBbIM ,n;orrpoc BeJIHKOrO MarH-
cTpa. PbHHbIM 3a HTHHK. BTOpOM H TpeTHM ,n;orrpoc Be-
JIHKOrO MarHcTpa. lJ;onpoc ,n;pyrHx BbICIIIHX PYKoBo,n;HTe-
f 319
OfJIABJIEHHE
JIett lJ;pyrHe cBH,n;eTeJIH. BOnpOCHHK. PaCCJIe,n;OBaHHe ,n;o
10 MaH. COBeT B IIapH)Ke. Kpax. 3aBeprneHHe pa60TbI
VIII. KJIlOqEBbIE OEBMHEHM5I ....................... 236
1. IIpHHy,n;HTeJIbHaH CO,n;OMHH. 2. HenpHcToMHbIe nOQe-
JIYH. 3. IIponycK CJIOB B MOJIHTBe. 4. M,n;OJIOnOKJIOHCTBO
IX. OTPEqEHME OT XPMCTA ........................ 247
CBH,n;eTeJIbCTBa. <l>opMa H npHpo,n;a pHryaJIa. CMbICJI H
pacnpocTpaHeHHocTb pHryaJIa. PHryaJI H HcnOBe,n;b
X. CTPAHHA5I EPECb ............................... 256
fepMeTH3M. KaTapbI. MaHHxeMQbI H rHOCTHKH. MCJIaM.
AccaccHHbI-y6HMQbI. lJ;oKTpHHa Bceo6 ero 6paTcTBa.
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