Автор: Агамиров Н.И. Антипенков А.А. Гольдин Г.Г.
Теги: семейное право наследственное право государство и право юридические науки право
ISBN: 978-5-238-01889-8
Год: 2010
Текст
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Te.l1H, KOTopblfi 336b1J1n06aBHTb B n. 2 CT. 33 CeMei1HOro KOlleKca CJlOBO
«TIOJ1)"1eHHble» nOCJie CJlOBa ..JJ.OXQlI.bl1o, nocKOiIbKY ll3.I1ee B 3TOn )l(e Cl"a-
'The. HO B OTHOWeHlt1t neHCIt" 33 lIb )')Ke IWOpIff 'JeTKO - K
u6weMY ItM}'lJ.1CC1UY cynpyroB OTHOCHTCH «nOJ1}"1eHHble ItMIt neHCI1I1.
noco6im. a TaK)!(e (..HbIe neHe)l(Hble BblnJI3Tbl, He ItMelOWHe CneUHaJlb-
HOro ue.l1eBoro H33H3<reHIUI». Bpaa nit J3KOHOllaTeJ1b XOTeJI npe1IYC OT-
peTb TeM caMblM paJHble MOMeHTbl BOJHItKHOlJeHItH o6wero COIJMeCTHO-
ro ItM}'lllfC"lBa cynpyroB Ha neHC111t It Ha nOX011b1, IIL"UJU\IY. BepoHTHee
BC ro. It,,! npoCTO 6bLna nonyweH3 TeXHIt'JeCK3H OWlt6Ka. KOJopylO CJle-
lIYeT YCTpaHI.JTb It ClleJJaTb pI'.Il3KUItlO n. 2 CT. 33 CJleJ1yJOwei1: «K 1tM)'-
WeCTB)'. HroKIffO'It}' cynpyraMIt BO BpeMII 6paxa (o6WeMY HMyweCTBY
cynpyroB). OTHOC.llTCJI lIOXOllbl, DOJIy'IelDlbie K3)l(!JblM 113 CynpyrOB OT
"JPynoooM lle.IITeJ1bHOCTH. npcJlnpHHItMaTeJ1bCKOH neJlTeJlbHOCTI1 It pe-
Jy.lbTIlTOBItHTeJUleKryaJIbHQlille5lTeJlbHOCTH..».
DellYeT COm3CltTbCJI C E.A lle<1JpaHoBOH B TOM. 'JTO KPHTepltiJ DJlH
orneceHI1H .I1mblX BIt1IOB 1l0XO..aa (6Yllb TO :mpa6oTHaS1 l1J1an, aBTOp-
CKI1i1 roHopap WIlt neHCI1J1) K 06weMY ItMYlliecrny cynpyroB no. )KeH
6blTb ellHHblM npalJOBOe pel)'nl1pOI:l3H11C CXOllHblX OTHOWeHl1ii nOJ1)1(IiO
6blTb eJ1I1Hoo6pa3HbIM, OCo6eHHO eCJIIt TaKHe OTHOWeHItJl I1MelOT Mac-
COBblii XapaKTep. KOiIb CKOpO 3aKOH OTHOCI1T K o6weMY ItMYlUecrny
cynpyroB nOJ1}"1eHHble I1MIt neHCltlt It noc06I1 , TO 310 )'KaJaHl1e CJleJ1Y-
eT pacfIJJOClJX:UillT It Ha llO'«JllbJ OT "JPYllOBOH. npennplIHI1MdJeJ]bCKOM.
] B_A_ C e;;Hoe npaoo. M. 1971 C 96
1 'fate 1#'1 M J:. Ct)1eiiHblli KQlI.eKC POCCItJlCKOJ! cJJe.aCpailHIl C KpaTKltM KOMMeHTa-
plleM. M. 1996 C.98
] 'Iu/JpaIIooa £.A I1MYllItCTBeHHble UrHOUleHHR cynpvroEI: Hay<JHO-I1paK"m'lecKoe
I1oc06Hc.M..1008 C.75-17.
25
ItHTeJJJleKJyaJIbHOW neHT J1bHOCTH. npeDJIaraeMblW KPJITeplti1 He TOJIbKO
YH}1BepcaneH, HO It yno6eH B npaKTH'1eCKOM npl1MeHeHItIt I .
K 06wew COIJlllecTIJoi1 C06CTBeHHOCTM cynP}TOB UJ1-JOCffit: OO,"-1IID
Ka)l<Jloro It3 HItX OT npennpl1HItMaTeJ1bCKOW neHl-e.%HOCTI1
B nyHKTe I CT. 2 fp:LKllaHCKOro KoneKca (>(b naeTCH nOHHTlte npell-
npI1HItMaTeJ1bCM)ii lleHTeJ1bHOCTH: ::no caMOCTO TeJ1bHa . ocYlUeCTBJ1He-
Ma5I H8 CBOH pHCK neHTeJ1hHOCTb, HBnpaBJ1eHHIDI Ha CItCTeMBTl1l1ecKoe
nC\li)"JeHl1e nPl-l6b1J1lt OT nOJlb30BaHitH ItMVl.l1OC1UOM. nJXWUKI1 TOBapOB,
BblnC\liHeHItH pa60T WIlt OK1l3aHItSi YCJ1yr .fIltuaMIt. 3apenICTpltpOBaHHh!-
MM B 3TOM Ka'leCTBe B YCTIlHOBJ1eHHOM JaKOHOM nopJl.llKe. COOTBeTCT-
BeHHO n, F!el1eHI1 npennplU-JltM8TeJIbCKoii neSlTe.J1bHOCTM cynpyl)'
Hy;KHO JaperltC1p1lpOlJilI'lal B Ka'leCTBe I1Hll1tBHDY.1.f1bHOro npelInpl1HIt-
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npyroB JaHltMaCTCH nOll06Hoff neH J1hHOCTblO, TO rrropoMY cynpyry
cne.uyeT 3HaTb, liTO B CII)/'Jat' H3J1It'1ItSi npI13HaKOB, npenycMOTpeHHhlX B
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11 BIIHIOTCH lJ:O'(OlI:lMI1 OT npennpI1HltMaTeJ1bCKOH. HO HeJBKOHHOH neH-
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] 'Iet/JpaH()tIO EA. YK33.CO'I C. 74-75.
26
napcTIJa»l. MbJ He C'II1TaeM B03MO)l(HblM comaCMTbCH c naHHblM aBTO-
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lOT MCI<JJIO'IeHim 1[3 06wet1 CO co6cTBeHHOCTH He3aKOHHblX
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TOJIbKO nOCT}'IDIT B 05wee COIJMeCTIJOe pacnopfl)l(l:Hlle cynpyroB, HO M
}')Ke 6Yll)'T narpa'leHbI B HHTepeCax ceMbH HJlH B JIM'IHbIX HHTepeCax
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no o6sBareribCTBaM 01lHoro MJ cynpyrOB BJblCKaHMe MO)l(eT 6bITb
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cynpyroB 6b1JJO HCnOJIbJOB.1HO HB Hy.:Kllbl ceMbH. Ho BeJlb C}'I1pYf. Ja-
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pacnopIDKeHHe.M.l006.C.l0
27
TeM CaMb!M onpoocpraeT n03HWUO QO. }((YP<UlJlelJOii:. Bellb npeCTynHble
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06weM Q"lB'\IeCTIJOM BJJ:.UIeHlDl, nOJlbJOBaHlDt I.J pacrlOIJSJ)I(eH1.J1.J cynpyroB.
B CeMeMHOM npaoc eCTb DpyroM mnepeCHblM npaBOBOM 1J0npoc.
6yneT 111.J ClIl.JTIlTbCH COBMeClliO H.:VKI£I1>IIII I.JM)'1J.1eCTBOIII nox01l OT npell-
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BMeClliblM I1M)'WeCTBOM CynpyrOB. O6ocHOBaHl.Je: B COCIJ1Je1C1lJItIt CO
CT. 34 CeMeMHoro KOlleKca K ItMYll.IfC1BY. HIDKKfOMy cynpyraMIt BO Bpe-
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MY Cle1l)'eT TOJiKOBaTb paCWl1pl1TenbHO 11 Clll1TaTb, 'ITO mOOOM noxOD OT
npe.llnpHHI1MBTeJlbCKOM neHTeJlbHOCTH (KaKOBa 6b! HI1 6bUla ee npl1p()1!a)
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TOro, Ha ItMH KOro 113 eynpyroB OHO np&t06pereHo mIDO Ha ItMH KOro
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28
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29
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C.101-102
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MaTeJ1bCKOW lleHTeJ1bHOCTM B Ka'JeCTBe nepBOHa'I<L1bHbIX npaB (Hanplt-
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nplt pa3IleJIe I1MyureCTBa I1MyweCTlleHHble np<um BXQIUlT B ero COCT'dB 11
CQ'lpaJ-rnIOTCSI 3<1 (1X npalloo6JIa.nareJleM. a npyroMy cynpyry npM'JI.JTaer-
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DaTeJlheTBa nplt pacCMOTpeHI1I1.ne.n 0 pacTOp!KeHI1It 6paKa».
34
CeMe Hbl KO.neKC noo6llle HItKaK He onpenellSJeT cnnyc ItCKJIlO'IIt-
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Hallo npH3HBTb, 'JTO B 3TOM BOnpoce B ceMeHHOM 3aKOHO.naTeJIb-
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BaTh BHMOrlttO rpXK!lBHCKOro 3BKOHO.n;rreJIbCTBa K ceMeWHb!M OTHO-
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35
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36
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2004.C.109-1I4.
38
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)"JaCTKH. 3a HC'KJlIOLJeIiItCM CJly'JaeB. Koma B COOTBeTCTBlt1t C wcnepWlb-
HblM 3aKOHOM TaKl1e 3eMeJlhHhle y>I'lClKH He MOryr npenOCTIlBIHITbCH B
'laCTHYIO C06CTBeHliOCTb
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HblX }"l3CTKOB B Co6cTBeHHOCTb IJXUK,IillH He TjJe6yeTcsJ. TaKMM o6pa-
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roB AD IIC'JyIlJICHIUI B 6paK, 3 T3JOKe I1M)'1.UOC1lJO. nOJ])"leHH0e OllHI1M 113
cynpyroB BO BpeM 6paKa B .naP. B nopMKt HOCJJeJlOB3H(iSi (inJ.l no
39
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cynpyrar.m BO B)JeMH 6paKa. HMj.JeTCH I1X COBMeCTHOH COOcTBeHHOCTblO.
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3eMeJlbHOM KQ!IeKce. HI1 B 3aKOHe 0 BBelleHl111 ero B lleitCTBUe He yno-
MI1HaeTCH). OxapaKTepH30BaTb TaKOM 3eMeJ1bHbIM }"lal."TOK KaK Ha>KI1TbIii
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UI1IO n onpelle.'IeHl1e BepxoBHoro Cyna P<I> OT 12 4JeSPWIH
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naHHoe MHeHl1e auropol! OCHOrnlHO Ha I1X HeDHI1MaTeJIbHOM npO'lTeHI1I1
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CTHO HruKl1TOrO I1M}'lLleC11'13 npecHeHCKl1ii cy.n r MOCKBbl npl13HaJl
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6ecI1!TaTHo BbllleJIeH B llepeBHe n03JItmKOBO MOlKaiicKoro paitoHa Mo-
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npH 3TOM CYll 1C'rolU1J1 113 TOm, '1TO JeMeJlbHblii }"IdCTOK 6bm BbllleJIeH
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llWlbHeiiweM 6bm npJ.lBaTI1311pOBaH Ha ee 11W1 1 . O.aHaKo Ha caMOM lleJie
B TeKCTe onpeHeJIeHIrn BepwBHOro CYlla OT 12 I}>eBPaJISi 2002 r.
I E/JuMosA<P.HeKoTopble BOnpocbl paCCMOTpeHliR CYil3MH cnopoB 0 npaBe Ha]e-
MenbHblii)"J3CTOK,B03HHKaJOUlllxII3ceMeiiHo-npaBOBblxuflloUleHHM KOMMenrapIIl1
cYile5HoAnpaKTHKII.BbllJ IO.M.:JOpItJl.JlHT.1004.CIIJ-114.
40
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IIbUIt'JIeH )I,y1/.YeBOH 3.3. peUJeHHeM CmuNHHCKOro CeJlbCOBeTa ur 14 HIOIUI
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3eMeJlbHbll1 )"JaCTOK He JlBJ]j.JeTCH 061llVlM ItMVl.l1f:C1OOM CTOpOH }] He
nOJIlleJKIfTpa:lIleJIY. 21 OKTIl6p}!1992 r. BbmaHO
o npaoe coficToeHHOCTH Ha .JeM.J\lO, It OHa j.JBJ]}!eTCH Co6cTBeHHHKO ! )"m-
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H}]1t He rOooplITCJI 0 TOM. <ero JeMeJlbHbli1 )"JaCTOK 6b1J1 npeLlOCTaBJIeH
JJ.ynyeROj;! Ha npaBe nOCTOIIHHOro 6ecepolJHOro nOJlb30BaHHfI, a nOTOM
OHa nepeo4lOPMltJla ero. TaM [()IJ()pII'J'aI 0 TOM. 'lTO perneHlteM opraHa
MecTHOro ca lOynpaBJIeHI1H illIHHblti JeMe.rJbHblti Y'JdCTOK cpIJ) 6bLII
npelIOCTaBlleH B co6cTBeHHOCTb JJ.ylIyeooM, 11 eM 6bLIIO BblllaHO CBHJle-
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J],yn,yeBoti. He TOJIbKO He ynoMltHalOTC1I B illIHHOM cYlIe6HOM peweHltlt.
HO It npoTitBOpe'laT eM)'. nOCKO::JbK)' B HeM HanI1CaHO. liTO J],ynyeOOM 21
OKTH6pJI 1991 r. Bbl.!lilHO CBl11ltTeJlbCfBO 0 npaae Co6cTBeHHOCTIt Ha
JeMJIIO. OLlHal<O B 1992 r. ewe He 6b]}] npltHSIT llei1CTBYlOlUI1ti ]eMeJlb-
Hbln KOlll'KC. It ItHCTlt1)TIl nepeo4>oPMJIeHlliI npaBa nOCToHHHoro 6ec-
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CTaBlleHHoro rpa>K1laHI1HY Ha npaBe nOCTOIIHHOro 6eccpolJHOrO nOJlb30-
BaHItSi ItJIIt nJX1Be nO>KI1JHeHHO HaCIJe1l}"eMOro BJIW1eHItSi 11 nepeo4lOPM-
JleHHOro nOCJle BCl)'ll.rlem61 B 6paK B C06CTlreHHOCTb.
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BI1J10 nOJItUl11O c}n3. 0 TOM, liTO Jf$leJlbHblti )"JaCTOK, npeliOCTaMeHHblt1
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co6CTBeHHOCTI1 CyrrpyrOB. B naHHblX lleJIax neHclml"rel1bHO I1MeeT MeCTO
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weHHO npaBltJlbHO ycTaHOBItJI, liTO C()()11Je'fC"fItl1 CO CT. 34 CK Pltl 06-
WI1M I1MYWecmoM cynpyroB SlBJlSlIOTCSI npl106peTeHHbie Ja ClJeT o61lll1x
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mIlt. BK.fIaJlbI. 110J11t B Kamrrane. BHeceHHble B K(X'DJtl1'Ible )"lpe)l(JleHI1J1
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41
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cynpyraMH B nepHO.lI 6paKa HM)'WecT1IO, HC33BHCHMO OT TOro, Ha 11M.!!
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aJlbHb!X >KllJIblX nOMOB (yrB. nOCTdHOBJIeHI1CM COBCTa M HI1CTPOB
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RBJleHI1J1 0 npeLlOCTIlBJICH 11 JeMeJlbHoro )":IaCTKa )'Ka3bIOOTb COCTIIII ce-
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IDIJI YJlY'1WeH .II )!(111I WHbIX YCJIOBI1W He TOJlbKO JaC:TpOiiWJ1K3, liO
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npolJepK. A neHcrnoBalllill:lw B TO IlpeM.II 3eMeJlbHblW KoneKC PODCP He
CTdBI11I npeLlOCTIlBJIeH e 3eMeJlbHblX )'lJ3CTKOB H3 npaBe nOCTO.IIHHoro
6eccpolJHOrO nQllbJOIk1H .II 111111 nOIK113HeHHO H3C1le.D.yeMoro BIIaneHI1.11 II
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42
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OH npennpl1HHMaeT cnenyIOWUW war Ha ooureM co6paHHH aKUllOHepoB
(Y'!acTHI.fIO\iI1 KOropOro 6yllyr OH 11 ero npyr Wll1 polll.'TBeHHI1K) npH-
HHMaeTCsr. peweHlIJe 0 npeo6paJoBaH1111 aJillHOHepHQro OOllleCTBa B He-
KOMMep'1eCKOe naprHepCTBO. B COOTBeTCTBI1I1 C n. 2 CT 104 rpaJKJlaH-
CKom K01ll'KCa pttJ aKUHOHepHoe 06weCTBo BnpaBC npe06pa:mBaTbcsr. B
I TaM)Ke C.12-13.
lTaM)Ke
52
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HblM KOOnepaTI1B, a TalOl<e B HeKOMMep'1ecKYIO OpraHH3aUI1JO. ComacHo
CT. 20 3aKOHa ..06 aKlll10HepHblX 06weCTBO no eJll1HOmaC-
HOMY peweHI1JO ElCex aKUI10HepOB Bnpaee npoo6pa3oaaTbUI B lieKOM-
Mep'lecKoe napTHepCTBO.
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BI1H CO CT. 35 CeMeMHOro KOlleKca npl1 cOBepweHHH OllHI1M 113 cynpy-
roB CllenKI1 no pacnopHJKeHl11O 05WI1M I1MYllleCTBOM cynpyroB npenno-
JlaraeTCH, '/TO OH neiic::m)'e-r c comacJ.IH npyroro cynpyra.
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wm,j HMYllleCTRQM cynpyrOR, MO)KeT 5bITb npH3HBHa C)fLOM HenefiCTBH-
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ero T'j)e50BaHI1IO 11 TOJ1bKO B CJ1}"1a.11X. eCJ1H nOKaJaHO. 'JTO npyraH CTO-
poHa B c.ueJlKe 3HW1a I1JII1 3aBellOMO llOfDI(H:j 6blJ1a 3HaTb 0 HeCOmaCl111
llpyroro cynpyra Ha COBepWeHHe llaHHofi ClleJiKH.
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xo:rnWCTBeHHbIM 06J.UeCTDQM K 06weMY I1Mywecmy CynpyroB.
C MOMeHTa perl1crpaUl1l1 llaHHOro HeKOMMep'1ecKoro naprHepcrBa
npyroi1 cynpyr $tKm<Il'CKII TePfleT npaBa Ha llOJIlO B Kanl11ar1e. Benb 6
COOTBeTCTBI1I1 CO CT 34 CeMeHHoro KO.1leKca K I1MYlll.ecTBY. Ha;.f\l1TOM)'
cynpyr.IMI1 60 6peM.\! 6paKa (o6weM)' IIM)'IJ.1OC1BY CynpyroB). OTHOC.\!TCH
n.oXO.ilbl K!UKlloro 11 cynpyroB OT TPYlloooi1.neHTeJibHOCTI1. npe.unpI1HI1Ma-
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yrpaTOfi TPynocrlOC06HOCTI1 BCJ1ellCTBl1e yae'lbJI 111160 I1HOro IlOEIpe>Kll!'-
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>Ke nplto6pe'reHHble ]a C'leT 06wHX llOXQlIOB cynpyroo llBH)I(MMbie 11 He-
llB!1)KI1Mble eeWI1. ueHHble 6)'MaIlI, nal1. BKJJ:l!IbI. nOOM B Kanl1TIUle. BHe-
ceHHble B KPelllTll-Ible }"1pe)l(1}eHI1H I1JII1 B I1Hbie KOMMep'leCKl1e OpraHI1-
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HeJaBI1CI1MO or TOro, Ha 11M.\! KOro 113 cynpyroB OHO nplKJ6pe1eHO 111160
Ha J.IM>I Koro 11J1J.1 KeM 113 cynpyi"OB BHeceHbI neHe)KHble CpellCTBa.
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weMY J.lMywecTBy cynpyrOB KaKHe-JlI160 npaBa. CBHJaHHble C llJ1eHCTIIOM
IJ HeKOMMep'leCKltX OpraHI1JaUI1.11X, B TOM "lJ.lCJIe B HeKOMMep'leCKOM
n_.
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CTBa 11 OCTaBJIHeT npyroro cynpyra HI1 C "leM.
53
nOCJ1e TOro, KaK opraHbl 3AfC perl1CTpl1pylOT pa31!01l11 3aKaH'II1Ba-
eTCfI paJ.1leJ1 m.tyWeCTB3, cynpyr-aKllHOHep BMeCTe co Cool1M naprHepoM
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HI13allH.IIX* HeKoMMep<teCKOe napTIJepcTBO BnpaBe npe06pa B
$JH1l I1JII1 aBTOHoMHYIO tteMJNMep'lecKYIO OpraHI1Jalll11O, H TalOKe B
X03f1HCTBeHHoe 06wecmo B CJly<JlliIX 11 B nop.ll.llKe, KOTopble YCTIlHOBlle-
Hbl 3aKOHOM. npaBlla, EeCh MOryr BOJHI1KHyrh HeKoTophle CJI())I(}{OCTlI.
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11 nOp.ll.llOK TaKOfO npeo6p:.nOBaHI1.11. no CI1X nop He npl1HflT.
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CKOro napTHepcTBa 11 nOJl¥'II1Tb '1<1CTb ero H tylll.CC1'ffiI I1JII1 crOI1MOCTb
310ro I1M)1lLlttTBa B npelleJ1aX CTOI1MOCTH I1MywecTBa, nepe.n..aHHoro
'lJIeHaMI1 HeKOMMep'lecKoro naPTHepcTlk1 B ero co6cmeHHOCTb. 3a I1C-
KJlIO'IeHl1eM 'VIet{CKI1X B3HOCOB. B nopHllKe. np HHOM Y'!penl1-
reJlbHblMI1 llOKYMeHTIlMI1 HeKOMMep'leCKOro napTHepcTB<I, a 3aTeM
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erne HeKOM\tePlIecKafi opraHI13aUHSI, Y"pe>KneHHlliI rpIDK.[l.aH8MI1 11 (11JI11)
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DeflTeJ1bHOCTI1, Hanpal\J1eHHoti Ha DOI.."'TIVKeHl1e ue"etl, npeD.}CMorpeH-
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HaMl1, JlI\J1J1eTCJI co6crBeHHOCTbJO napmepcTlk1. llrIeHbI HeKOMMep'le-
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napTHepcTBOM npuOOpereH crmyc caMoperyJUIp}e\IL"lii OpraHI13<1UI1I1
....JleHbI HeKOM"Jep'leCKOrO napmepcTIJ.a BnpaBe:
I) }"IaCTBOB.1Th B }'IlJJBRIICHIIH neJIaMH HeKON\feP'le..."'KOro napTIlepcrna;
2) nOlly'iaTb I1H4>opMaUHIO 0 ne.llTeJ1bHOCTH HeKOMMepLJeCKoro napr-
HepcrB3 B YCTIlHOl\J1eHHOM y<!pelllf)'eJlbHblMI1 J1()I{)'\If:H13M1I nopHllKe;
3) no CBOeMY YCMOT]JeHI1IO IJbIXQIUnb 113 HeKOMMep'leCKoro napr-
HepcrB3;
4) eCJII1 I1Hoe He YCTIlHOBIICHO c1JellepaJIbHblM 3aKOHOM I1JII1 Y'lpenl1-
re.nbHbl"iI1DOKYMeHTaMI1 HeKOMMep'leCKoro napTHepCTFIa, nOJl}"laTb npH
BhlXOlle 113 HeKOMJ<tep<teCKOrU naPTHepcTBa '1:JCTb ero I1M}'WeC11Ja HJJI.I
CTOHMOCTb 3Toro MM}'ll1OCTfJ<1 B npeLleJ1ax crOI1MOCTH I1M)'weCTBa, nepe-
54
JIaHHOfO 'IJleHaMI.f HeKOMMep'leCKoro naprnepcTl>a II ero CO&rneHHOCTb,
33 HCKJU04eHI1eM 'IJleHCKI1X B3HOCOII, II nopH1IKe, npe.u}CMO'rpeHHOM
Y'!pellI.fTeJlbHbIMl1llQt..-yMeHTaMI1 HeKOMMep'!eCKoro napl"HepCTBa;
5) IlO./iy'i<ffb II CJI ae JlI.fKBrwaUl111 HeKOMMep4eCKoro naprHepCTBa
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JlI160 CTOI.fMO';-b :noro I1MyrneCTBa B npen.eQ<1X CTOI.fMOCTJ.I I1MYllleCTBa,
nepeJIaHHoro <vTeHaMI1 HeKOM"iep4ecKOro napl"HepcTBa B ero co6cTBeH-
HOCTb, eCJII.f I1HOI: He npellYCMorpeHO q,ellepW1bHbIM 3aKOHOM W111 }"I-
pell1.fTenbHblM111lOK)'MeHTIlMI.f HeKOMMep'leCKoro napl"Hepcrna.
'inCH HeKOMMep4eCKoro naprHepcrna MO)l(eT 6bITb I1CKJU04eH 113
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Ba, npenycMOrpeHl1ble ero Y'lpeJllITenbHblMI1110J<yMeHTIlMI1 11 He npoTl1-
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J.aUJ.lSlX» npl.f JlI1KBltIIBLlIIl1 HeKOMMep4ecKOro naprHepcTBa OCTaBWeeC.II
nocne YllOIIJICTIIOpeHI1.II 1pe60rnlHI.fW I<peDJrropoB I1MyweClOO IlO.llI1CJKJIT
pacnpenelJCHl110 MeJlUlY <vTeHaMI1 HeKOMMep'leCKorO napl"HepcTBa B co-
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HeKOMMep4eCKoro naprnepCTI;Id.
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npyroro cynpyra llapl1aHT Cynpyr-aKUHOHep nOCJle 33BepWeHI1.11 ptl3BOlla
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CO CT'dpblM HaJ.lMeHOBaHHelll). a HI:KOMMep4ecKoe naprHepcllJO npocro
napl1T :nOM)' BKUl10HepHOMY o6IJleCTBY Bee CBQe HMvweCTBO. Ben:b :no
UfBe'laer 6.muufllOpHfeJlbHblM UeJ1.11M. lUI.II KO'IO(JbIX CO".l!I.aIO"IOI HeKOM-
Mep'1eCKwe opraHluaUl111 B coameTCTBItI1 CO CT. 2 3aKOHa «0 HeKOM-
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55
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56
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nyreM JaKJJIO'leHI1IJ 6pa'IHOfo llOIUB0p3. KpoMe TOro, KaK paJ"bHCHItJI
I 01/Hf1>. 6P3'iHbI KOHlJ'3KT D.oroElOpttoe peT)'Jll1poBaHI1 ItMYlIIeCT-
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weCTBa CynpyroB neMCTByeT. eCJ111 6rm'JHbIM norooopoM He YCTHHOMeHO
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] Mm.cu.r.roeuvJL6.6pa4HblA.noroBOp(I<OIfTJ"»-"T). M..1005 C.34-35.
94
ruITH JleT C MOMeHTII J3KJUO'leHml 6pa'IHoro 1l()(UB()JJa. 110000e 'lero 110-
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06.1!JaTb cyrrpyry B Te'leHl1e 5 JleT C MOMeHfa JaKJUO'leHWSI 6paKa ponHTb
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] Mm.cu.r.roeuvJL6.6pa'JHblAt:OHTpaKT. M..1005 C.45.
95
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eM H B03HI1KHOBeHI1e I1J1I1 npeKpaweHl1e npaB 11 06 aHHocreIi no
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peTb 8 6rm'JHOM noroBope CneUl1aJ1bHble YCJI08HSI, 8 COQTIIeTCTBI1I1 C
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B C{)()'fIJe'I'CTII1I1 CO CT. 89 CeMeHHoro KOlleKca cynpyrH 06H3aHbl
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96
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cynpyr MO;« apryMeHTHpoBaTb 3Ty BbIIUJa1Y TeM, 'ITO xO'JeT c.neJIarb
>KeHe n01lapDK DJ1H TpaT B CBaJIe6HOM nyreweCTBI1H). nOTOM. KorID no-
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MCK 0 nplt3H3HHI1 HeneiicTBI1Te1lbHbiM n01l0;«eHI1W 6pa'JHoro llorOBopa
o pa31leJlbHOii co6cTBeHHOCTH Ha KBapTHpy KaK CTIlBHlllI1X ero B K(JaHHe
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BblllJlaTl1JJ eMY neHe>KlJ1.'IO KOMI1eHCaUHlO, paBHYlO CTOHMOCTI1 KBapmpbl
M B I1CKe OTKa3blRalOT nOl-ISITHO, '1TO KBapTl1pa, H3npH}'iep. B MOCKJIe
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roBop I1MeHHO C TaKOit oueHKoii KlJapmpbl. n03TOMY CJlenyeT peKo-
99
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6paK 6eJ 3aKJIIO'IeHI151 6pa'JHOro .oorOBOpa norarneHl1e Kpe.IlIITa 6YneT
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114
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nOMOWI1 1993 r. I.J 2002 r., llOroBopbl 0 npaBOBoH nOMOWI1 C A3ep5aH-
.lDKfIHOM (1992), AJI6aHI.JeH (1995), BbeTHaMOM (1998), rpY3l1eH (1995).
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cpelll1 npyrl1x Hapo.a.OIJ POCCMM. WI1pOKa 3TIl HopMa npaBa 6bL1la pac-
npocTJJaHeH3 yeBpeeB.
TaK, y;Ke Mal1CeeB JaKo.H (KHl1ra EbITI1 , XXIII, 20) npennl1CbIIk1eT
3aKilJO'leHl1e TaKHX no.roBopoB npH CBHlleR'.llJl.\... naJ.IlHee no.n06Hble
nolO8Opbl y eBpeeB nOJl)l(}{bl 6bL1lH CQaepWaTbCH nl1CbMeHHo.. OHH no.-
JI)"IRfU:I HaJBaHMe «Kery6a» (nMcbMo.) Mol1CeeBO paBBI1HCKOe npaBO
npH3HaeT cOlJepWeHMe 6pa'lHblX noroBopolJ HeOOWlIHMblM yCJIolJHeM
3aKJ1IO'IeHl1J1 6p3Ka. Conep>KaHHe eBpeikKoro 6pa"lHOro noroBOp3 co-
CTOm B TOM. "ITO M}')K a6H3blBaeR"SI np(.l I1'IHO l<OpMHTb l1 COllep>l(dTb
.>KeHY, coo6paJHa CFl()eM)' COCTOHHHIO HaJH8"18eT ef1 6p.1,!HbIf1 llap 3a
noTepIO .neBCTBeHHOCTH B 2()() 3 (lIpeBHHH eBpef1cKlliI MOHeTa). M}')K
npHHHMaeT Ha ce6H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 06eperaTb l1 co.'qJaHJITb npl1llaHoe
.>KeHbI. 31"0. nOJ]o.)I(eHl1e JlBJl eTCH C}1l1eC1lJeHHo.H 'JaCTblO norooopa.
06ecnC'leHl1e npH1J.aHo.rO nOmKHo. COCTOHTb l1J BCero nBillIWMo.ro l1 He-
lI.BI-lAGlMOro HM)'llIecma M)')Ka. KOTapbli1 aH HM B KoeM cnyorne He Mo..>KeT
YMeHbWIHb nepen COBepweHHeM 6paKa.
KpoMe ::IToro 06H3aTe.'JbHOro 6pa"lHoro norQBOpa B p3BBHHCKOM ce-
Mej:jHo.M np3Be ycraHOBJleH ewe .npOlt3BOlJbHbJi1» «({JIM «nonOJlHMTeJlb-
HbIH). HMeJOWH JHa"leHHe MeHOBOit KJlH npl1llaHooOeCne'lHTeJlbHOit
Janl1CH. 3TOT BI1ll 6pa"lHoro.noroBOfYl ynorpe6JJJI. CH oObl"lHQ B 6QraTblX
cBpei1CKJ.:IX CeMhlJX, B I<OIOpbIX npl1J1aHoe. npl1HOCMMoe A<eHOH My;Ky.
COCTaBJlJlJJO JHa"IMTeJlbHYIO CYMMY.
POCCMHCKae JaKaHOJ:JaTelJbCTBO Bcerna npI1JHilBaJ]O CMJlY TaKJ.:IX no-
roBopolJ. H OHM 3anHCbIBaJlHCb IJ MeTpI1'{(:CKHX KHHrax B OC060H rpa4K:.
I MeueplI.11 PyccKOerp.Dl:.1l.3l-JCnpaBO,M. 1917.C.366.
175
no [JEI(!IO.U-ICKOMY KoneKCY UapcTlJa nOJlbCKOrO nOrOOOpb!. YCTa-
H8BJ1HBaJOWHe HMywecfBeHHbte OTHOWeHH.II cynpyroB, 3aKJIJO'1aJ1HCb
TOJ1bKO npH IIC1)IflneHHH II 6paK H no llCmoM 8KTa. COBepllleHHoro Y
HOHIPHYC8. HeCOBCpWeHHOJIeTHHe. HMeJO!W1e npallo IIC1)InHTb II 6P8K,
TdJOKe MomH 3aK.flIO'1aTb 6p<NHb!e norOOOpbl. liO npH 06HJrrreJlbHOM
npH(:yrcrmlH rex JlHU, 'lbe comacJ.!e Ha 6paK 6billO Heo6xolMMO. Epa'l-
Hble norOllopbl He MomH H3MeHHTbCSI nOCIle 3aKJIIO'1eHHSI 6paKa no Tpe-
6oBaHMIO OllHOH rulH 06eMX CTOpOH. Bee 6pS'IHble noroBopbl IIHOCI1JlHCb
II HnOTe'1Hble KHHfJ.! (CT. 2rJl, 208. 211, 225. 229). B TOproOOM KoneKce
3<1KOl-JQ[]JIelJ.bHO onpenelIJUlMCb npamurn H nopSlllOK om8weHHH 6pa'l-
HOro DOrocopa. n}'fulH'1HOe OmaweHHe 6pa'lHoro norooopa 6bUIO 06H-
38TeJ1bHbIM, eCIIM ODHH H3 cyJ1p}TOII npHHaIlIie)KM K TOproBOMY 3Ba-
H(oIlO 3m DeJla.rtOCb C UeJibJO Coxp.ureH(oIH HtrrepeCOO 1<pe1ll1TOPOB, 1JC1y-
naJOIlUfX II Toprosble CDeJlKH C ODHMM H3 cynpyroll (CT 67.68)
rpa)!(MIHCKHH Ko.neKC LlapCTIJa nOJlbCKoro BO MHOroM C06naaan C
4JpaHI..Iy.JCKHM Code CIViL
ComacHo (])HH..1S1HllCKO'\I)' Y.'JO;KeHHIO. M)0K'1HHS HJlM )KeHWHHa.
1IC1y[1'lJ01Jl1.1l' II 6paK, MOrnH 3<1K.f1JO'IMTb 6pa'lHblH norooop 06 HMyweCT-
lie, .K01OpbIM KaAUlhIi1 MJ HHX 6YlleT nOJlbJOBaTbCSI no 6pa'lHOMY npallY.
Llo 06pmID lIeH'laHH.II OHM 06S13aHbl 6wIH COCTalll1Tb 6pa'lHb1M DOrooop
II nplK-YT<-TIJIIH ClJltD.eTeJlei1 ClJmUeHHOCJIYJIIIlTelJ.b, COBepwalOllU1i1 06-
PSIll lIeH'IaHMSI. CIJHLlereJ1bl"TB01IaJI Ha 310M JIOK}'MeHTe, 'ITO OH COCTaB-
1IeH DO 6paKOC0'1e1"aHI-IS1. Llorollop npeLl'bllIlJ1S1J1CSI II p.:rrrnyXKI1i! cy.n
TOro )Ke ropOlla H.IIM II ropOllCKOH CYll 3Toro )l(e )-e.ma, fLle npol1C'(QlJJlnO
orJl8weHMe 6pa'lHoro D.oroBOpa. 3aKOHOLlaTeJlb onpeneJlflJl CpoKM orJl8-
WeHH.II 6pa'JHoro norooopa (He nO:l!1Hee 2 MeCHuell nOCJle 1leH'IaHH.II).
6JX"D-IbIH D.OroBOp IIHOCHJ1CH II Cnemla.flbHblH npoIOKOJI cyna C 011HO-
llpeMeHHblMH onHCbJO H oueHKoH (oIMyweCTBa. COCTaI!JIRBllJero npenMeT
6pa'lHoro noroBopa.
Ce\IeIlliOe npaBO Cmroa COBeTCKHX COItHItJ1 w:T1I'JeCKID[ pecny6.rUlK.
nOCJ1e OKTSl6pbCK0i1 peBOJIIOUHH 1917 r. fibill(ol npoaeneHbl B8)1(HeHW(oIe
pe4>oPMbi ceMetiHoro 38KOHOllaTe.flbCTBa.
18 lleKa6pSl 1917 r. HJllaH neKpeT ,,0 rpTIKll8HCKOM opaKe, O.neTSlX (01
o llBeJleH(oI(oI KH(oIr 8KTOB COCTOSlHHH<>. CamacHO 3TOMY neKpe1Y, e1lHHCT-
BeHliOH 6paKa 1LIIH BCCX J]>fuKillIH POCCHH HCJaBHCHMO OT Be-
poHcnOBeilllHH.II CT8.fIO 38K.f1JO'IeHHC rpIDK1laHCKOro 6paKa.
19 DeKa6pH 1917 r. 6b1f1 npHHSlT neKpeT ,,0 pocTOp>KeH(oI(oI 6paKa».
Ha OCHOB8HH(oI 31Oro neKPeTa 6pmr0pa:m0n.Hb!e neJ1a 6b1f1H nepe.naHbl II
BelleHHe MeC1HbIX cynoB.
22 OKTSl6p>l 1918 r. npHHSlT nepBbli1 omeIlbHbli1 K01lH4JHUHpOBaH-
HblM ceMeHHO-Il)J3OOBOJi aKT - KQJJ.eKC JaKOHOB 06 8KT8X J]>fuKillIHCKO-
176
ro COCTOf!HlliI, 0 6pa'IHOM. CeMe HOM M OneK)'HCKOM npaBe I Heo6'ID-
nMMOCTb npMHHTIffi OTneJlbHoro KOneKCa 6bUIa o6YCJIoBJIeHa JlMKBI11UI-
WleM J}JIDIUlaHCKOro 3aKOHOllaTeJlbCTBa II nepHOn BOeHHOro KOMMYHI13-
!via C npHXOllOM K BllaCTI1 60J1bWellMKOB npaKTI1'leCKH fief! Co6cTBeH-
HOCTb 6b1JIa HaUMOHMM3MpoBaHa. 1..jaCTHblX rpaJKnaHCIrnX OTHoweHMM
n01.JTI1 He 6blJlO, no oOpa3HOMy 3aMe1.JaHMIO A.f. foHXtTIpra, OHM CBe-
lIl1Cb K Hai1M)' rutCl)'WKa II nepeBHe. B Ko.aeKce I1MnepaTI1I1HO HCJp\fOlt
(CT. 105) 6blll 3aKpellJleH C)'llIeCTBOBallllll1 paHee pe)!(I1M p3311e. bHOCTl1
cynp)')KeCKOro I1MymeCTBa.
KoneKc co.nep)KaJl CneUH<L bHYIO HopMY 0 TOM. <fro CynpyrM MOryr
BC1)'naTb MeJKD.Y co6oJ:i. 110 lice DOJllQ.IleHHble 3i1KOHOM noroBopbl. OllHa-
KO II COOIreIC1lJHI1 CO CT. 106 "COI"JJaweHI1H cynpyrOB, HanpaBJIeHHble
Ha Y IMeHHe MM}'I.J.JOC1lJeHHblX np3B .lKeHbl Kim M}')Ka. HendkrBMTeJlbHbl
11 Heo6f13aTeJlbHb! KaK l1I1H l])eTI>m. JlI1U, TaK M l1I1H CYfIPYfOB, KOropb!M
npe.ocx.T3BIIeHO npaoo B II1060H MOMeHT OT HX I1CfiOJlHeHI1f1 .
MMeHHO c ::ororo noooxeHM.!I KoneKca 6epeT Ha"UUlO TeHlleHllMH.
KOIOpa.!I CTIlHeT on)Je1leJl lIoweti II poCCl1tiCKOM ceMe HOM npaBe COBeT-
CKoro nepllQ!J;j: npenOCTaBIIHH llOCTaT01.JHO npall B c4>epe JlM"IHblX OT-
HOllJeHMt1 c}'npYJUB. 3aKOHO.DaTeJlb CTIlBI1lI B>KeC'I1rne paMKM I1X I1MYllie-
CTBeHHble OTHOWeHl1R HMIlepaTHBHoe peryJlMpoBaHMe I1CKJlJO'IaJlO
B03MO)KHOCTb 113MelieHI1R J.aKOHHoro pe)Kl1Ma cynpy)!(eCKoro MM}'lUeCTBa
COrnallleHl1eM cropaH. )((eHWHHa He Moma C nOMOWblO llorOBOp3 33.-
Kpenl1Tb 3a co6oiI np3BO Ha "IaCTb I1MyweCTBa CeMbl1 11 II CJ1y'me paJBO-
llaHenOJly<laJIaHH"Iero.
T eM He MeHee, B IOpItllI'NeCKOH ]lI1Tep3"T)'pe BeJlI1Cb llHCK)'CCI1I1 0
lie06xOllI1MOCTM peryJll1pOBaHlliI I1MywecTBeHHblX OTHOWeHl1it C)TIJlYTOB
norolJopoM. eM. Paelll1'l nI1CM: ")!(e.rJaTeJlbHO npl1 BCTyIlJIeHMM II 6paK
npt:llOCTIlBHTh B03\JO)1{}jOClb 3aKJIJ01.JeHl1f1 llorOBOpa. I\UlU(JUH YCTIlHaB-
Jll1rnL'J 6bl npaBO .lKeHbl Ha "IaCTb l1M)'weCTBa Mjl)Ka, .wrn 'lero CT. 105
Kol)C HaI10 I1JMeHI1Tb II TOM CMblc.. e, "ITO Henei1cTIII1TeJ1bHbllll1Wb CO-
maWeHl.ffi, HanpaBileHHb!e K )'MMeHI1IO 11 I}'U,\eCI1!I':HHbIX npaB >KeHbI fa
He .lKeHbI 11 MVJKa, KaK II HaCTQ5Iwee llpeM5I),,1.
B 1926 r 6b[J] npHHflT KoneKc 3aKOHOB 0 6paKe, CeMbe, oneKe}.
HOBwecTBOM 6b[J]a JaMeHa pe)KI1Ma pa311eJlbHOCTl1 cynp)')KeCKoro I1M)'-
weCTBa pe)KJ1MOM oOwHOCTM He06xOlll1MOCTb 3TOH Mepbl 06oCHOBbIBa-
JlaCb -reM, 1.JTO npMHUHn pa3lle.rJbHOCTM He naBail .lKeHWHliilM, He I1MeB-
WHM CaMOCTOmeJIbHOrO MCT01.JHI1Ka noxona 11 3i1HHTbIX lIelleHl1eM no-
] CY PCIlJeP 1918 N176 CT. 8UL
2 Pal'8u C 11 EJ"I'llIoe, ceM iiHoe H aJe>..)HcKoe npaBo D )iCJIOBHnX H3na /I BnacTb
CoBeTOB.1923.NeJ.C.45
J CY PCIlJeP. 1926 N182 CT. 612.
177
MaUJHero X03HfiCTBa. npaBa Ha HJ\tywecmo CeMbH. nOCKOJIbK)' Bee 3TO
l.fM)'lllecmo npllo6peTa.rJocb Ha nOXOllbl r-I)')Ka, OHO C'JI.fTaJlOCb ero Pa3-
neJIbHOH co6cmeHHOCTblO. A 6oJJbllJI.fHCTBO )l{eHllJHH B :ITO BpeW! He
pa60Td.flO.
CYllJeCTBeHHblM HellOCTaTKOM HOBOro KOlleKca no-npeJKHeMY 6bLflO
TO, liTO I.fM)'llJeCTBeHHble OTHOllJeHI.fH cynp>TOB pel)'lIl.fpoBaJlHCb HMne-
panlBHblMI.f HopMmm, I.fCKJlI04alOilll1MH OOJ\!O}l{HOC'Ib H3MeHeHI.f5I pe-
)l{I1Ma l.fM)lIIt'C'IB:i. C nOMOlllb1O 6pa<lHOro norOBOpa.
B 1968 r. BnepBble 6bLfl npl.fHHT Ko.neKc 0 6paKe H CeMbe PCOCP
l1"iYW,eCTBeHHble OTHOllJeHHH cynpyroB no-npe.:KHeM)' pel)'lIHpOBaJll.fCb
I.fMnepaTHBHblMI.f HOpMaM}], Jal<penJIHBW}]MI.f pelKl1M 06wefi COBMeCT-
HOH co6CTBeHHOCTI1 CynpyroB 3aKJIIO'IeH}]t 6p3'iHOro norooopa. Ha-
npaWleHHoro H8 }]3MeHeH}]e :SiTOro pe)KI.fMa, He DO£JyC:N1IIOCb. flJ060i1
noroIJop nOll06Horo pOlla C'llffaJ]C Hlf'iJOJKHblM KaK He COOJ1JeTCJByIO-
Illl1fi m.mep3TI1BHbIM 1])e60BaHIUIM JaKOHd.
B 1990 r. 6bLfl SHeceH pHIl cyureCTBeHHblX 1.f3MeHeHl.Ji.i B DCHOBbl
3<1KOHOJ]JleJlbCTBa 0 6paKe I.f cer-noe l . I)bLfla. B , npellYCMOl'pe-
Ha BOJJ\IIhttHOCTh I.fCKJlIO'leHI.fH }]3 COCTaaa 06wero l.fM)'llleCTBa C}TIJ>YI"OB
l.fM)'lllecma, H'CKIITOm 11M}] nacne I]JaKllNeCKOIU npeK(JaweHI.fH 6pa'l-
HblX OTHOWeHl.ffi.
Kaplll1HaJ'IbHble l1JMeHeHl1H B 3KOHOMl1'lOCKoii I.f COLll1aJ1bHON )l{HJ-
Hl1 Hawefi CrpaHbl norpe60BaJlI1 HJMeHeHl1H psm.a I.fHrnl1)'1Ofl ceMefiHO-
ro JaKOHOJIaTeJlbCTFIa. C nOMOWbIO IIHeCeH(.1J] OTlle.,'1bHbIX IB\II'HeHHi'I B
Kol)C 1969 r Hel103MO)l(HO 6bLflO npOI.f.mecm HeOOxOilllMoe pe<tJOPMI.f-
poBaHl.fe.
B CBH3H C :ITHM B 1994 r. focynapcmeHl-IDi1 DYMoii P<]:I 6bLfla C03-
naHa pa6O<IaH rpynna no I1OJ1IUIOIIKe HOBoro CeMefiHoro Ko.neKca. KO-
TOpblfi 6bLfl npHHSIT 8 neKa6pH 1995 r.
3.2. 3aKOHO,AaTeJlbCTBO 0 6pa....HOM ,QorOBope
B HeKOTOpbIX 3apy6e)l(HbiX CTpaHax
Iforompwe 06U01e IIOJIOJKeHHII 6pa<moro :JaKOHQilltTt'JlbCTIla H 6pa'IHo-
ro llOroBOpa. Perylll.fpoaaHI-Ie HMyweCIDeHHblX OTHOllJeHI.fi1 cynpyroB
n)'TeM 6pallHOro .QoroBOpa HaUJ.,'10 cooe 5IPKoe npoHBJleHl1e II p33J1I.f1UJbIX
npa60RblX CI.fCTeMaX. MHome CTpaHbI npH3HalOT TaKoN npaBOBoit I1H-
cnrryr. KaK 6pallHbli1 noroBop. XOHI eD.HHOro MHeHI1S1 0 Ilp3BOMepHO-
CTH ero cywecTBOlk1HIrn He cYWeCTRYeT 2 .
] BBCCCCP 1990 N!23 CT 422
1 hKJe.IW/K.ll.O'I pKlOJ)IW,II'IeCI(xOTHOIUeHHii.IIOOH"KalOlllitX H3ceMeiiHoroco!O-
3a.G16., 1884.C. 110.
178
B HOCTmUuee BpeMH 3aKOl-JOlla"rellbCTBO npaKTI1<reCKI1 BCeX CTpaH
EBponbl. ClllA. AocTpa.rUU1 no npaOOBOM npl1pQ1le pacCMmJ'HBaeT 6paK
KaK pa3HOBHllHOCTb rpIDKlIaHCKo-npaOOBOM ClIeJlKl1. KaK noroBop. Ha-
paBHe c npyrHMM noroaopu"m 6paK. 'lTo6bl nOJX>iK!l,mb IOpI1.lll1'leCKHe
noc.rreLICI1JIUI. nOJUKeH OTBe'laTb onpeneJleHHb!M YCJ10BI1HM, KOTOpbJe
JJJlIOTCH Ha ."fiJe)JHarIbHble YCJ10BlHI BCT)'TVIeHMH B 6p'lKoo M HB
Tpe60BBHI1H. npell"b5lBIIHeMble K 4JoPMe 6paKa, TIlK H33blBaeMb!e "YCJ10-
BH 4xJpMbI»I.
B 4x:!PM)'Jll.JpoBKdX «YCJ10BI1H BCl)'TlJIeHMH B 6p.:n<. 11 "YCJ10BHfr 4JoP-
Mb!» 6paKa B 3aKOHo.mrrellbCTBaX CTJJ<1H 31.naJ1HOH EBponbl, CWA, AB-
CTpaJIl1M eCTb cyweCTB01Hble OTn(1'GJH Ho 06WHMI1 DJI 6pa'lHOrO 3a-
KOHOnaTeJlbCTBa BIIHIOTCH CJlenylOWHe MOMeHTb!"
I) I1MYlUeCTBeHHble OTHOWeHI1J.I MeJKllY cynpyraMl1 BbUleJ] JOTCH I.JJ
enl1HOrO KOMllJIeKCa OTHoweHMfr. CO:m<\BaeMbIX 6paKOM;
2) 3aKOHOlUITeJlbCTBO neTaJ\bHO peryllMpyeT MM}'IUOCT'BeHHble OT-
HOllJeHMH CynpyroB;
3) npaBOBble HOPMbl. peryllllp}'lOll!He (1"'}'ll{eC1IJeHHble OTHOllJeHMH
cynpyroB, BXOllSlT B IpIDK.!WHCKoe 3aKOl-1()J];lrellbCTBO;
4) HUPHJIY C lIerarIbHblM peJirnMOM cynpy;KeCKoro I1M)'lllecTBa, YC-
TIlHOBJIeHHblM B COO'IIieICTIi}'YJllle'll 3aKOHe. cynpyraM npellOCTUBII eTCH
OOJMO)l(HOCTb yperym-IpOIJaTb I1M}'1UOC11JeHHble OTHOllJeHI1H no ceoe,,1)'
YCMoJpeHmo c nOMOlllblO 3aKnIO'JeHMJI 6pa'JHoro noroBOpd.
MHOro o6I.J.1I1x 'IePT B 3aKOHQDaJeJ]bl"1Kl'lt: 3dp)6e}!JJbIX CJpaH I1Me-
eTCH M B OTHOWeHI1M 6pa'iHOro norOF!Op3. MO)l(HO CKaJaTb, 'ITO B 06-
weM perylll1pOBaHl1e I1HCTI11)1Ta 6pa'iHOro .nOroBOpa OCYwecTBJlHeTCH
Q!II1HUKOBO. 3a I.JCKJIIO'leHl1eM 061.eMU npaBOBoro peryJll1poBaHMH. B
KIIUCCJ1<IeCKOM nOHI1MaHM(1 llpaBOBOro I1HCTI1TYfa 6pUOIHOfO norooopa
He npl13HalOTCH 061.eKTaMI1 6pa'lHoro .IIO[OB()(D 1I11'l1-1ble OTHoweHlliI.
6pa'IHbJM JlOrOBOp npl1JBaH perylll.JpoBaTb I1II1ylUeCTBeHHble OTHOllJeH(1H
cynpyrOB.
06ilUJM DJlH 3aKOHOJIaTeJlbCTBa 6pa'iHoro noroBopa JlBJlHeTCH. npe)l(-
.ne BCero, MeCTO p3crrOJlO)l(eHI1H HOpM, nOCBHlUeHHbix 6pa'lHOM)' noro-
oopy. npBKTl1'IeCKI1 BO BCex CTpaHax TaKl1e HopMbl p3cnOllO)l(eHbl B
1"p<"UK!k1HCKOM 3aKOHQ1l3TeJlbCTBe. 31"0 CBH3BHO B nepByJO O'Jepe.ub C
nOKTpHHaM(1 -..apy6eJKHblX CTpaH OTHOCMTeJlbHO MeCTa ceMeI1:Horo npaBa
B CMCTeMe HUYK
KaK npam-mo, B 6onbWI1HCTBe CTpUH HeT JaKOHOillUeJlbHOrO orrpe-
neJIeHI1H 6pa<niOro 1IOfOBOpd., ero MO)I(HO Hdfml TOJIbKO B LIOt-apl1H8X
3TI1X rocynapCTB. B AHrnl1M neJIo 06CTOI1T elUe Ilpowe. He cyweCTByeT
I X030600.A.6paK 11 J'U3II01l B CeMeflHOM npaJJe. CPUBHI1Te!1bHo-
npaBOBOA:'II1aJ1I1J. M.. 1988 C.23
179
CneW:laJlbHoro Hop WHOro aKTa I.J illUKe KaKl1x-nl.J60 CneUl1aJ1bHblX
HOPM. nOCIDIllieHHblX 6pa'IHOMY.lI.OIUI!OPY nOll06HWI TeHlleHUI1H He
HBJlHeTCH 'leM-TO He06bl'1HbJM 1111$1 npaBa AHrJlI.JI.J. me maBI:HCTBYIOT
npHHUl.JnbJ «06wero npam!». I.J OCHOBHblM I.JCTO'lHI.JKOM 6pa'lHoro llOfO-
BOpa. KaK I.J Boo6we nlO6oro llPyroro norooopa, JlBJl\IeTCH HeKOlUt4JH-
Ul1poBaHHoe «06wee npaBO».
3aKOHOlIaTeilbCTBa TIlKI1X crpaH. KilK Cll1A, CDpaHUI1H. repM'lHl.J5I.
npelIycMaTpI.J1k11OT OlIHOBpeMeHHoe C)'II.It"CThOBaHl.Je 1IeraJlbHoro pe)l(l1Ma
cynp ecKoro I.JM)'WeCTBa 11 norooopHOIO. Cynpynf MOl}'!" nocpe.n.crnoM
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184
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KOHOB B 06naCTI1 npaBll [I CeMbl1, JlIH[lMmOT oco6oe MeCTO B JlIKOHQillI-
TCnbCTBe paJBlITblX KanI1TaJU1CTI1'1eCKltX C1JXIH. OHI1 HCTa!lbHO perna-
MeHTl1pYIOTCH JlIKOHOM K(lK}')Ke 6bL!10 CKUJ.lIHO. npaDODble HOPMbl. Ha-
npaBJ1eHHble Ha peryn[lpOBaHl1e 6pa'lHbJX OTHOWeHI1M. B crptIIm1( EBpO-
nbl, B AMepl1Ke, ABCT)JaJIl1l1 BXOllHT B rpIDK.illlHCKoe JaKOHOllaTenbCrBO,
SIBIIHHCb ero HeQTbeM!1e"lOii "I"tC1NQ.
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wemmM \JeJKlJY cynpyra\UI nOCRJlweHO 195 CTaTeM TI11)']] KHl1rH T)"JeTb-
eM, 03aTJJaBlleHHOM «0 6pa"lHOM .norOBOpe 11 B3al1MHbiX npaFIaX cynpy-
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JJ,eHO TO,1bKO 85 CTaTeM. (CT. 144-228). I1MyuIf\.."11JeHHble OTHOllleHI1H
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nOpmIKOM. YCTaHOBJJeHHblM HenocpellCTBeHHO 3aKOHOM WU1 6pa<lHblM
KOHlpaKTOM. KaK npaDruJO, OCHODHOH ue!1blO 6pa'lHoro noroBOpa SIB!1H-
eTCSI coxpaHeHI1e JlI )!(eHlliMHoM. DCl)'nalOllleH B 6paK, 11 « ponCTBeH-
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nOXOllaMI1 OT 310ro I1MyweCTBa. Cynpym I1MelOT nQJJHytO COO50llY B
Bblp36(JJlre }'C1IOBIIH COrnmUeHI1H. no JaKOHOlCITenbCTDY yCJJOBI1H 6pa"I-
HOro KOHlpaKTIl He nomKHbl JJI1Wb npOTl1BOpe'1I1Tb ..no6pblM HpaJk1M"
Ho caMO nOH.llTife <il106pbIX HpaBOD" "IeTKO He onpene.neHO. CyHMJ D.OJJ-
>KeH -opyKOBOllCllJOIIJTbCj[ HpaBCTBeHHblM "I}'BCTBOM CnpaBeDJU1BO MbIC-
JJHWI1X JJlO1leH" (Gute Sitten. naparpaq:. 138). 6pa'lHblH KOHJpaKT I1MetT
HeKOTOpbJe orpaH[I'IeHI1H. TaK, CT. 1388 yCTIlHaBJJ[lBBeT, '1TO cynpym He
MOryr Hapywan. HI1 npaB, KOTOpblMI1 OH[I 06.n.w.aIOT B CI1JJY ponl1TtJJb-
CKOH BJ1BCTI1 11 OneKI1, HI1 npas. npI1Han.ne>KaWI1X MY)KY KdK rJJam: ce-
Mbl1 11 ceMefiHOH 06WHOCTI1, HI1 npaJk1 >KeHbl 3aH[lMaThCSl caMOCTOSI-
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6pa"lHblH KOHTP.1KT paccMaT'pI1BaeTCH BO (])P.1Huy3CKOM rp;l)K!liIH-
CKOM KOlleKce KaK HHbIH RKT, rpe6YlOllll1H Hur.lpI1aJIbHOH
4>oPMbi 11 Y'laCTI1SI CDHlleTtJJeM (CT. 1394). npl1 :fTOM caM 4JaKT 3aKJJIO-
"IeH[lSI 6pa<lHOro noroBopa non;n'H 6bITb Jaq:.I1KCl1pONlH B 6pa<lHOM
CBl1lIeTeJlbCTSe 3TO He06xo.D.I1MO 113 cooi5paJKeHI1H oxpaHbl npennpl1-
HI1MaTenbCKHX OTHoweHI1H CoOTHOWeHl11O 6pa"lHOro .norOBOpa Ii I1H-
TepeCOB KOMMep'1ecKmi neHTtJJbHOCTI1 nOCRHweHbl nOCJ1enYlulU!1e "IaCTH
CT. 1394 rpIDKllaHcKoro KoneKca (])paHUI1I1 OHHaKO, 3aIllI1WIDI KO\I-
Mep'1eCKl1e I1HTepeCbl, 3aKOHOllaTenb, H8)I(e B CJ1}"1ae OTC}'TCTBJISI OTMeT-
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raM JlIHBHTh 0 HaJIl1'm[l 6JX1'1HOro noroBopa 11 TeM caMblM I1JMeH[lTb Te
185
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HOrO pe}lG1Ma CVllpy}KCCKOm 11M)'llieCl&! 11 nOll'JI1Hlffb I1X pe}lG1MY, npe-
nycMurpeHHOMY B 6pa'JHOM llOrooopl' HanpoTl.JB, B CJ1}"lae 0fC}7CJ13I1
nOCTaTO'JHbJX illJHHbJX nOJlaraTb 0 HaJJI1'J1.J1.J 6pa'JHOm nOmIJopa, T.e
OJMeTMI HJlI1 3aHBJleHIDI cynpyrrm, Bee I1X OTHOWeHIDJ C lpeTbl1MH JJH-
L(aMH 6ynyr CTpOI.JTbCH Ha OCHOBe 3aKOHHoro pe)l(l1Ma K I1X HM)'liIeCT-
BeHHblM OTHOllleHHHM
601lee TOro, B 'l. 4 CT. 1394 rpIDKllaHcKoro KoneKca ctJpaHUl.JI1 YCTII-
HaBJIHBaeTC.II I1Mnep:rJ1IBHasi HopMa 0 ny6JJW.JHOCTI1 6pa<JHoro noroB0pa,
Koma Q!1I1H 113 cynpyroB BMlerc KOMMepcaHTOM Ha MOMeKr 3aKJJJO<Je-
HI.J.II 6paxa, JJI.J60 DWKe Koma OH CTtlHOBHTCH KOMMepcaHTOM B ID\lIb-
He weM nOMI1MO :nora B illJHHOH HopMe yCTdHaBllI1BaeTCfI caHKllHH 3a
ee HeBblllOJJHeHHe, 'Jero Her HI.J B QIJHOH 1.J3 npyrl1x HOpM, nOCBHweH-
HblX 6pa'JHOMY norOlJOpy. ECJJH 6pa'JHbIH norOBop He 6yller Ony6J1I.JKO-
&lH, TO K cynpyry-KOMMepcaHTy 6ynyr npHMeHeHbl Te Mepbl HaK!13a-
Hl.JfI, KOTOpble npenycMurpeHbJ pernaMeHTIlMI.J, OTHOCHIllI1MI.JCH K TOpro-
80M)' peecrpy. Bee 3T11 rJOIJruKeHl.JfI, HeCOMHeHHO, HanpaBIJeHbl Ha OX-
paHY npellnpl1HI.JMIJTeJlbClGIX OTHOWeHI1H, B 'lacTHOCTI.J, Ha oxpaHY TOp-
mBom o6opOTIl. I-larJI.J.rne I.JH4>opM.1U1111 0 npl.JHarme>KHOCTI] IUlI)'llJXTB3
TOMY HJlI.J HHOMY JJI1ll,Y nOJBOJJ el JaWI1TI1Tb I.JHTepeCbJ TpeTbl1X JJI.JU,
KOTopble Y<JacTBYIOT B CJleJIKe C KeM-JJI.J60 m cynpyroB
ctJP.1HUYJCKoe 3JKot-IOl13TeQbCTlIO .aeTIlJ1bHO p33p'l6aThlBaeT npaBOBble
pe)i(I1Mbl cynPYJKffKOrO HMYlUl'L--ma. TI1T)'JJ V rpIDKIlaHCKoro KOjleITa
nO<JTI1 nOJlHOCTblO nOCIUI1l1eH TOMY, 'lTO cynpyrl1 MOI)'T 1.J3MeHI1Tb II 3a-
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pe'leHb, KOTOpblM npellCTaBIJeH B CT. 1491, Hc<repnbIBaIOilU1fi. OH npe-
nycMaTpl1BaeT, 'ITO cynpyrl1 MOryr noroBO(J 0 TOM, 'JTO:
I) 3TI1 06111HOCTb 6yner BKJlIO'JaTb B CC6H nBrntU1MOCTb I.J nOXOllbl;
2) Ha Het 6ynyr pocllpOC1JJaHHTbCH npaBl.J.fJa, OTHOCflllil'leCH K
ynpaBIJeHl.J1O 3aKOHHOIf 06111HOCTblO;
3) OJlJ.JH 113 cynpyrOB 6YlleT I1MeTb BQ3MO)l(HOCTb 113blMaTb 113 Hee
onpeJleJIeHHbJe BeI.Jll.J B c<JeT I'IIJ3MeIreHI1SJ ymep6a;
4) Q!1J.JH 113 cynpyroB 6yneT I.JMeTb np.1BO Ha nOll)'<JeHHe nOllI.J 06-
wero I.JMYllleCTBa no ero 1J13llC"III.;
5) cynpyraM 6ynyr npHHarme)l(aTb HeptlBHble nonl1;
6) Me)l(U)' cynpyraMI.J YCTIlHaBllI1BaeTCfI Bceo6beMJJIOIillUI 06lUHOCTb
BCero H 'IUecTBa.
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rnaBa 111 TI1l}'JIa V nOCBHweHa pe)l(llMY pa:u:IelIbHOCTIJ HMYlllecrna.
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186
<erO eCJ1H cynpym OroBOp>rr B CBOeM 6pa'D-IOM noroDOpe. <erO HX I.JM)'-
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6paKa I1J]I.J BO BpeMH 6paKa
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llleHHble 6pa<lHOMY norooopy. He06.'\01UfMO 0T\I!'TIITh, ljTO OH nOCTaTO'l-
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B AHr.n1.J1.J I.J II crpaHax. CJlenYlOwl1x aHIJIl.JtlcKOIi Cl1creMe o6wero
npaBa. npaBQBOe per)lnl1pOBaHHe ceMetlHblx OTHOWeHl.JtI He KOOH$I1UH-
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TOpbltl 3aKpenrI.IUI Ja >KeHlllHHoit co6cTBeHHOCTb, npI.JH11lJIe>KaIUyIO etl
110 MOMeHT3 3aKJIIO'IeHI1H 6paKa. I.J paJpewarI 3<1KJ]JO'IaTb 6paljHbli1 KOH-
1paKT) I.J 1935 r. (3aKOH 0 3<1M)')KHHX >KeHlllHHax 11 npHljl1Hl.JTeJlSlX Bpe-
lIa. ycTIUJ3B11I1BaIOIIDli1 npl1HUHn neecnoc06HOCTI1 >KeHlllHHbl 11 pa3-
lIeJlbHOCTH cyITp}')KeCKOffi HIIf1.'llIeCJ1I,). B JOpHllI1<lecK(ui <'IHrJJl1itcJ::oi1
Jllrreparype HopMbJ 0 6paKt, pa3Bone, HMYlUeCTBeHHblX OTHOlUeHI1HX
cynpyroll, 0 nOJlO)KeHHI1 HeCOBepUJeHHOJIeTHHX nereit OTHOCSIT K rpIDK-
lI8HCKOMY npaBY OcHoBHble JaKOHbl 0 6pa'lHb1X OTHoweHIUlX. 3aKoH 0
6paKe 1949 r., 3aKOH 0 pe$)p\.ie pa3IJOna 1969 r., 3aKOH 0 6paKe
1970 c. 3aKoH 0 cy.aon)X)I1JBO.D.CTBe no ceMeitHblM neJlaM 1978 r B
AHrJJl.Jl1 nOll)'ll11Jl 6011bWoe pacnpocrpaHeHHe I.JHCTHl)'T 1I0Bepll1eIJbHOH
co6cTBeHHOCTH (1pacT). TpaCT JaKJIJO'I<'IeTCSI B TOM. <lTO OllHO lIHUO (no-
sepl1Te11bHbli1 Co6cTBeHHI1K) oCYllleCl1J..'JSleT ynpallJleHHe onpeneJleHHblM
l1M)'ll1eCTBOM, nepenaHHblM eM)' npyrl1M JlHUOM (YlpellKreJJeM nosepH-
TeJIbHOH Co6cTBeHHOCTH) II nOllbJ}' 1peTbHX J1I.JU (6eHe4J11UHaHTOB). npl1
3TOM B03MO)KHO }CT.u-J01JJJeHl1e .D.OI>epIfreI1bHOH Co6cTseHHOCTI1 11 II nOllb-
3Y CdMOfO )"Ip<:IlItTeIJSI. T.e "13HOBIIeHl1e yPaCT3 II CBOI1X I1HTepeca'l(
Clloe06pa3He aHr.nI1t1Cl<Oro «06wero npaBa.. 3lIKJl104aeTl:SI II 1103-
MO)KHOCTI1 npaBQBOro o$opMJ1eHI1H CaMb!X pa3Hoo(jpaJHb1X npaB H
06H3aHHocTeit Cy6"beKTOB npaBa. EOJlee Toro, 6J1aronapH «06weMY
npaBY» npOI1CXOlll1T npellpallleHHe Jll1'lHblX npaB B 06beKT HMywecT-
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187
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6bITb npenMeTOM 6pa'iHoro nor080pa nOToMY. 'ITO OH[I BJ] JOTC.II 0611-
eKTOM JI[I'IHbJX npaB. nOMHMO BblllJeHa3BaHHbiX JlH'IHbIX npa8 8 c4Jepe
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npaBa Ha BCT)'TTJleHHe B 6paK, npaBO Ha OTKa3 OT BCrynJleHHSI B 6paK.
3aK IO'IeHHe TaKI1X nomBOpOB 03Ha'laeT, '1TO rocynapcTBo caHKUHO-
HHpyeT cBoe06pa3Hoe npeBpaweHHe JlIt'IHb!X npaB B 06'beKT HMyrnecT-
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Coelll1HeHHble WTaTb! AMepHKI1 - n01lH3THM'IeCKoe H nOJlHKOH-
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Te1lbHYlO 06IllHOCTb OCHOBHblX npHHUl1noB. Ho B 3THX 3aKOHax eCTb H
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ro npaBa» OcOOH.IIKOM B ::fTOM OTHOllleHHIt CTO.IIT WTIIT flY113HaHa, 3a-
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fp1l)K1laHCKOro KOlleKca, H IOJKHlliI KarrItl)x\pHIt.ll, rllt' 33KOHo.mne1lbCTBO
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nOB no ceMeHHblM nenaM nOCTO.llHHO BCTpe'ffiIOTCSI CCbUlIUJ Ha aHfJlHH-
CKl1e npeueneHTbl. TaK KaK It npH HaJiIt'lHH CTaryca TOro ItJIH HHOro
mrara Bosce He HCKJlIO'iaeTCfI npHMeHeHHe «06wero 1Ipasa» BMeCTt C
TtM B nOCJleAHIte ro.D,bl CTarIa nOJ'iBJIj.JTbCJ'i TeHD.eHUIUI K YHwjlllKauH[I
I)x\PM, peryllHpvIOIllIf\: ceMeHHble OTHOllleHHSI. TaK, B 1970 r. 6bl1l paJ-
pa60TaH npoeKT e1lltHOO6pa3&m 33KOHa 0 6paKe H CeMbe nc:»JruKeH[I.II
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DeHHblM OTHOWeHHSlM c}'llpYfUB. 06wenpHJHaHHOH pemaMeHTIlUHei1
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KOHTPaI<TOB. AHarrH:J npaKTi1KH Mll'pllKaHCKHx CYllOB CBHlleTe1lbl:rnYeT 0
TOM, 'ITO 'IaL"TO 3aKJ1IO'IeHl1e 6pa'iHoro 1l0roBOpa HanpaMeHO He TonbKO
Ha ypel')mHpoBaHHe OTHoweHMi1 Me)!(lly cynpyraMIt no noFJQlly co6cT-
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188
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