CPEflH3EMH0E MOPE
H CPE/J,H3EMHOMOPCKHH MHP
B anoxy OHJiHnnA ii

Fernand Braudel
de l'Academie frangaise

LA MEDITERRANfiE
et le monde mediterraneen
a l'epoque de Philippe II
Neuvieme edition

ARMAND

COLIN

(PepHdH Epodejib

CPEAH3EMH0E MOPE
H CpeflH3eMHOMOpCKHH MHp

B snoxy OnjiHnna II
Hacmb 3

COEblTHfl. nOJIHTHKA. JIIOflH

Ilepeeod c 0paHi^y3CKO2O M. A.

A3bIKH

IOCUMO.

CJIABflHCKOtf
KYJlbTYPbl
MOCKBA 2 0 0 4

Muaime BbinymeHO npn nonaep/KKe
HHCTMTyTa «OrKpbrroe o6mecrBO» (OOHJ Copoca)
B paMKax Meranpoeiaa «riyiiJKHHCKafl 6ii6-inoreKa»
This edition is published with the support of the Open Society Institute within the framework
of «Pushkin Library» megaproject
PeaaKiwoHHbiii COBCT cepHH «yHHBepcHTercicasi 6H6jiHOTeica»:
H. C. ABTOHOMOBa, T. A. AieKceeBa, M. Jl. AHjpeeB, B. M. BaxMHH, M. A. BcaeminHHa, E. K). TeHHeBa,
K). A. KHMejieB, A. 9L. JlHBepraHT, B. Y. KanycTMH, <I>. IlMHTep, A. B. rio;ieTaeB, H. M. CaBcibeBa,
Jl. n. PennHa, A. M. PyrKeBHH, A. O. <X>H,iHnnoB
«University Library» Editorial Council:
Natalia Avtonomova, Tatiana Alekseeva, Mikhail Andreev, Vyacheslav Bakhmin,
Maria Vedeniapina, Ekaterina Genieva, Yuri Kimelev, Alexander Livergant, Boris
Kapustin, Frances Pinter, Andrei Poletayev, Irina Savelieva, Lorina Repina, Alexei
Rutkevich, Alexander Filippov

B p o ^ e j i b OepHaH
Cpe^H3eMHoe Mope H cpe/uoeMHOMopcKHH MHp B a n o x y OHJiHnna II:
B 3 H. H. 3: CoGbrrmi. IlojiHTHKa. JIKDAH. / I l e p . c obp. M . A . KDcHMa; FlocjieCJIOBHH A. 9i. TypeBHHa H M . A. K)cHMa. - M.: ^ 3 W K H cjiaBAHCKOH KyjibTypw,
2004. - 6 4 0 c , HJI. - (Studia historica).
ISSN 1727-9968
ISBN 5-9551-0046-6
nocjieflHHH TOM TpHJiorHH O. Epoaejifl, nocBflmeHHofi CpeziH3eMHOMy MOpio, paccKa3biBaeT o COGWTHHX Tpa/umHOHHOH B noHHMaHHH aBTopa, npeHMymecTBeHHO nojiHTHHecKOH HCTOPHH BTopofi nojiOBHHbi XVI Bena.
HecMOTpH Ha HcnioGoBb obpaHuy3CKoro HCTopHKa K noBecTBOBaTejibHOH
obopMe, DTOT pa3AeJi ero Tpyaa HHTaeTCH c yBJieneHHeM H 6yneT HHTepeceH He
To^bKO jxnn yneHbix, HO H ixnsi uiHpoKoro Kpyra JHOGHTCJICH HCTOPHH.
BBK 63.3(40pa)5
Ha nepememe: JJyKa Kap.ieeapuc
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Outside Russia, apart from the Publishing House itse If (fax: 095 246-20-20 c/o M153, E-mail:
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KyjibTypbi» HMeeT TonbKO aaTCKaa KHHroTOproBaa (JwpMa G-E-C GAD.

ISBN 5 - 9 5 5 1 - 0 0 4 6 - 6

I I I III II llll IIII III
llll
llll
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I III II llll I I I I III
I III II llll I I I I III
II III II llll I I I I III

® Arman Colin Editeur, 1990
® M ' A ' K) CMM - nepeBOA Ha pyc. H3., 2004
© M ' A - ^ C H M - riocnec^OBHe, 2004
© A- -A- TypeBHH. riocnecJiOBHe, 2004

CO^EPaCAHHE

HACTb TPETbfl
COBblTHH. nOJIHTHKA. JIIO^H
I.

1550-1559: B030EHOBJIEHHE H OKOHHAHHE
MHPOBOH BOHHbl
1. y HCTOKOB BOHHBI

1545—1550: Mnp B CpeAH3eMHOMopbe
Bopb6a 3a nopT AcjjpHKa
Ha /jpyroH ^eHb nocne Miojib6epra

21
21

21
24
28

2. BoiiHa B CpeAH3eMHOMopBe H 3a ero npe^ejiaMH
FlaAeHMe TpHnojiH 14 aBiycTa 1551 ro,z;a
IloHcap 1552 rofla
KopcuKa AOCTaeTCH (J)paHuy3aM, a Ann/iMa — HcnamjaM
OrpeHeHHH Kapjia V: 1554—1556

37
37
43
47
51

3. Bo3o6HOBJieHHe BOHHBI. PemaionjHe CO6BITHA CHoea
npoHexoAHT Ha Ceeepe
Pa3pbm BocejuibCKoro nepeMHpnfl
CeH-KaHTeH
Mnp B KaTo-KaM6pe3M
Bo3BpameHHe OHjiHnna II B HcnaHHio

57
57
60
64
69

4. HcnaHHH B cepeAime XVI CTOJICTHH
OnacHOCTb npoTecTaHTH3Ma
IlojiHTHHecKoe He6jiarono;iyHHe
OnHaHcoBbie npo6jieMbi

73
73
76
78

8

II.

CoAepacaHne

nOCJIE^HEE niECTHJIETHE TYPEIJKOrO
nPEBOCXO^CTBA: 1559-1565
1. EbiJia JIH BoiiHa c TypicaMH 6e3paccyzjCTBOM co CTopoHbi
HcnaHi^eB?
CpbiB HcnaHO-TypeqKHX neperoBopoB
llpeBocxoACTBO TypoK Ha Mope
SKcneAHijHfl Ha,H>Kep6y
2. HcnaHCKHii peBaHin
llepHOA c 1561 no 1564 TOA
B 6opb6e c KopcapaMH H 3HMHCH HenoroAon: 1561—1564
BoccraHHe Ha Kopcnice
3aTHiiibe B EBpone
HeKOTopbie noKa3aTejiH B03po>KAeHHfl
HCnaHCKOH BOeHHOH MOmH

99
100
103
106
119
119
123
131
135
137

JXou TapcHH Ae TojieAO

III.

99

142

3. IIpo6acHJiHaMajii>Te(18MaH —8 ceHTH6pn 1564 ro^a)
Ebiji JIH ciopnpH3?
ConpoTHBJieHHe pbiqapen
lloMomb MajibTe
Pojib HcnaHHH H Onjinnna II

144
144
146
147
150

y HCTOKOB CBilTOH JIHrH: 1566-1570 rO#M

171

1. HH/jepjiaHAbi HJIH Cpe,zjH3eMHoe Mope?

171

H36paHHe FIHH V

171

TypKH B BeHrpHH H Ha A^pnaTHKe

174

B0306H0BJieHHe BOeHHblX ACHCTBHH

B

BeHrpHH

HH/jepjiaHAbi B 1566 roAy
1567—1568 roAbi: noA 3HaKOM HnAepjiaHAOB
2. BoiiHa B TpaHa^e — noBopoTHbifi nyHKT
Pa3ropaiomHecfl BOHHbi
Hanajio IpaHaACKOH BOHHW
OAHO H3 nocjieACTBHH TpaHaACKOH BOHHM:
B3HTne TyHHca BOHCKaMH YjibA^c-ajiH
IpaHaAa H RnnpcKan BOHHa
Hanajio KnnpcKOH BOHHW
lloMomb Knnpy

179

182
188
196
196
200
205
207
213
221

CoflepacaHHe

IV.

9

JIEIIAHTO

249

1. Cpa^ceHHe 7 O K T H 6 P H 1571 r o # a
3ano3Aajioe conrameHHe

250
250

^HnjIOMaTMHeCKHH (JDaKTOp OpaHIJHH

256

YcneeT JIH BOBpeMH AOH XyaH co CBoen acKaApon?
TypKH HaKaHyHe JlenaHTO
Cpa^ceHMe 7 OKTflGpa
EIo6eAa, He HMeBinan noc/ieACTBHH?

259
261
263
265

2. /5paMaTHHecKHe

CO6I>ITHH

1572 r o ^ a

268

KpH3HC BO OpaHUMH RO Bap^O^OMeeBCKOH HOHH

24 aBiycTa 1572 ro^a

268

ripOTHBOpeHHBbie HHCTpyKUHH J\RSl £OHa X y a H a ABCTpHHCKOrO

B HioHe-Hiajie 1572 ro^a
3Kcne/umHH B Mopeio
3. «H3MeHa» BeHeijHH H #Ba B3HTHH Tymica, 1573—1574 ro^Bi
^OBOAbi B 3amHTy BeHeqHH

275
280
286
287

B3HTHC TyHHCa AOHOM XyaHOM ABCTpHHCKHM,

e q e o^Ha no6e/ja 6e3 nocjie/jCTBHH
rioTepn TyHHca: 13 ceHTfl6pn 1574 ro^a

V.

289
294

HCIIAHO-TyPEUiKHE nEPEMHPHJI: 1577-1584

309

1.

310

MapjibHHH, 1578—1581
Bo3BpaiucHHc Ha3a#: nepBbie MHpHbie HHHijHaTHBbi
OHJiHnnall
lleperoBopbi npH /joHe XyaHe
Heo6biHHbiH TpHyM^aTop: MapTHH AnyHba
/t>KOBaHHH MapjIbflHH
CorjiaiueHHe 1581 ro/ja
MHCCH*

2. BoHHayxoAHTH3i^eHTpaCpeAH3eMHOMopi>H
IlpOTHBOCTOflHHe IlepCHH
BoHHa c riepcHen
TypKH Ha HHAHHCKOM OKeaHe
IloBopoTHbiH MOMCHT: BOHHa c nopTyrajiHeii
AjibKacap-KeGnp
IlepeBopoT 1580 roaa
HcnaHHH OTBopaMHBaeTCH OT CpeAH3eMHoro Mopa

310
313
316
318
327
331
332
334
340
341
344
349
351

10

VI.

CoAepacaHHe

CPE/JH3EMHOE MOPE HA OEOHHHE EOJIBIHOH
HCTOPHH
1. TypeincHe npo6;ieMBi H 3a6oTBi
BoccTaHHH B CeBepHOH Acf>pHKe M HCJiaMCKHx CTpaHax
nocjie 1589 ro^a
<I>HHaHCOBbIH KpH3HC B TypiJHH
1593—1606 roAbi: B03o6HOBJieHHe KpynHbix BoeHHbix ACMCTBHH
Ha BeHrepcKOM ^poHTe
2.

361
363
364
370
371

O T rpa^KAaHCKHX BOHH BO <X>paHUHH flO OTKpBITOH BOHHbl C

HcnaHHeii: 1589-1598 ro^Bi

379

P e J I H r H 0 3 H b I C BOHHbl B CpeAH3CMHOMOpCKOH O p a H U H H

379

HcnaHo-cj)paHijy3CKaji BOHHa 1595—1598 TOAOB
BepBCHCKHH MMp

391
394

3. 3aBepuieHHe BOHHBI Ha Mope
JlcoKHaa TpeBora 1591 ro^a
ABrycT-ccHTflGpb 1596 roAa: /I,>KOBaH AHApea /Jopna He CTaHeT
TpaTHTb CHJIW Ha pa3rpoM TypeijKOH apMaAbi
1597-1600 roAbi
1601 TOA: Jio>KHaH TpeBora HJIH ynymeHHan B03Mo>KHOCTb?
CiviepTb OHjinnna II 13 ceHTfl6pn 1598 roAa

SAKJIIOHEHHE

397
397
404
405
406
408

423
nPHJIOaKEHHJI

I.

HCTOHHHKH

431

1. PyKonncHbie H C T O H H H K H

431

HCHAHCKHE APXHBbI

433

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

II.

DiaBHbin apxMB B CHMaHKace
433
HaijHOHajibHbiH HCTopunecKHH apxMB B MaApnAe
434
Hau,HOHajibHafl 6n6jiHOTeKa B MaApnAe (PyKonHCHbiH orj\eji) .. 434
HcropHHecKaa anaAeMHH (OTACJI pyKonHcew)
435
/Jpyrne Hcnojib30BaHHbie H npocMOTpeHHbie
4)OHAbi B HcnaHHH
436

APXHBBI OPAHU.HH

436

IlapiDK
HaqHOHajibHbie apxHBbi

436

CoflepacaHHe

11

HaijHOHajibHaH 6H6jiMOTCKa

437

MuHHCTepCTBO HHOCTpaHHblX J\ejl

438

MapcejiB

ApxHBbi ToproBOH najiaTbi
KoMMyHajibHbie apxHBbi
,Z],enapTaMeHTCKHC apxHBbi Byui-flio-PoH
Ajiaoip
/^pyrnc Hcno^b30BaHHbie apxHBbi

438
439
439
439
440

III. HTAJIBJIHCKHE APXHBBI

440

Tenysi
rocyAapcTBCHHbiH apxHB
Fopo/jCKOH apxHB

440
441

BeHei^HH

441

OjiopemjHfl
TocyAapcTBeHUbiH apxim
HaijHOHajibHafl GuGjinoTCKa
JlaypcHiuiaHa
CeMeHHbic apxHBbi FBHHHapAHHH-KopcH-CajibBHaTH

442
442
443
443

PHM

IbcyAapcTBCHHbiii apxHB

444

Heanojib
IbcyAapcTBCHHbiH apxHB
MyHHUHnajibHbiH apxHB

444
444

IlajiepMO
JXpyruc nocemaBiiiHecH H Hcnojib30BaBiiiHec5i apxHBOxpaHHJinma 445

IV.

BATHKAHCKHE APXHBBI

445

V.

APXHBBI PATY3BI

445

VI.

EBPOnEHCKHE APXHBBI 3A nPE^EJIAMH
OPAHIJHH H CPE£H3EMHOMOPBJI

447

2. KapTorpa4>HnecKHe HCTOHHHKH
A. CoBpeMeHHbie H C T O H H H K H

448
448

B. CTapHHHbie HCTOHHHKH

449

12
3.

Co4ep>KaHHe
OnyGAHKOBaHHbie HCTOMHHKH

453

A. KpynHbie 40Ky\ieHxaAbHbie ny6AHKaijHH
B. OcHOBHbie o6mne paGoxbi
B. A/\cj)aBHXHbiH nepeneHb HcnoAb30BaHHOH AHxepaxypw

453
461
463

A. H. rypeeuH. $>epHaH Bpo/jeAb, neseii Cpe<aH3eMHOMopbfl
H «BpeMeHH 60ABIIIOH <0AHTeABHOCTH»

508

M.

536

IOCUM.

OepHaH Ep<vieAi>: nyxi* K «Cpe(AH3eMHOMopbio»

YKa3axeAb nxien H reorpa(|)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

551

ripe^MexHbiH yna3axeAb

632

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HaCTB TpeTBH

COBblTHH. nOJIHTHKA. JUORII

fp

IlpetfCAe qeM npHCTynHTb K ny6jiHKaijHH TpeTbeii nacTH KHHra, B KOTOPOH
H#eT penb o COGMTHHX paccMaTpHBaeMoro HaMH nepHOAa, H AOJiro KOJie6ajicn,
Be/jb 3TO npe^MeT oTKpoBeHHO Tpa^HijHOHajiHCTCKOH HCTopHH*. B 3TOM pa3Ae;ie Haniero Tpy^a Jierno MCOKHO ycMOTpeTb peKOMeHaairHH, MaHepy micbMa H
o6pa3 MbicjiH JleonojibAa (J)OH PaHKe. KaK 6bi TO HH 6buio, Becb KOMiuieicc HCTOpwH HeB03MO^CHO CBecTM TOJibKO K H3y^eHHio HeH3MeHHbix CTpyKTyp H Me,zyieH* BapnaHT BBeAeHHH KTpeTbeH qacra H3 nepBoro H3AaHHH.
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nojiyBeKa, K 3TOH TpaAHnnoHHOH H 6eccnopHo ApaMaraqecKOH HCTOPHH, qbH AeKOpainiH H
TeaTpajibHbie 3<J)(J)eKTbi, BnpoqeM, HecKo;ibKO ycrapejin H o6BennajiH? Tjxe HaM B35m> CTOJIMCO
ycepAHH, CTOJibKo TepneHHH H Ao6poHcejiaTe;ibHOCTH, qro6bi c 3aMHparoieM cepAija oieAHTb
3a pa3BHTHeM e e CKOKeTOB, HX 3aBH3KOH H pa3BH3KOH?
Co6bITHfl OAHO 3 a AP>THM OCBemaiOT HCTOpHK), KaK MOJIHHH. E^Ba 6jieCHyB, OHH TOHyT B

KpoMeuiHOH TbMe. B XVI BeKe, Kor^a TOJibKO noHBHJiHCb ra3eTbi, HO yace cymecTBosajiH
^cypHajiHCTbi, Ha3biBaBiiiHecH Toiyja fogliottanti, HJIH xpoHHKepaMH, CO6WTHH — e q e RO HX
ocMbic^eHHH — HBJiaioTCfl xne6oM HacymHbiM pjisi HcypHanHCTOB, KOTopwe perHCTpnpyiOT
HX AeHb 3a AHeM. B MHoroqncjieHHbix rpaHHx 3TOH qepe^bi AHefi Maciirra6Hbie CO6WTHH KaK
6w APO6HTCH; HTo6bi OTpa3HTb HX, Tpe6yK)TCH 3epKajia Apyroro pa3Mepa. H oAHaKO HCTOpHH npeACTaer nepeA HaMH He TOJibKO B BHAe A^iHHHbix nojiorax CKJIOHOB Bcenorjiomaiomero BpeMeHH, no KOTopbiM cnycKaiOTCfl B BeqHOCTb CTOJICTHH H sepeHHijbi JHOACH; KOJUICKTHBHbie o6pa30BaHHH, AOJiro cioiaAbiBaioiuHeoi H TaKace AOJiro pacnaAaiomHecn. HcropHH —
3TO TaiOKe nbuib ACHHHH, OTAejibHbix HCH3HCH, neperuieTeHHbix Apyr c ApyroM, HO HHorAa
Ha MrHOBeHHe ocBo6o^AaiomHXCH, KaK 3BeHbH A^IHHHOH uenn npH ee o6pwBe. HcropHfl —
OTo6paaceHHe XCH3HH BO Bcex ee (J>opMax. Y Hee HeT Bbi6opa.
llo3TOMy Haui TpyA He 6bui 6bi nojmbiM, ec/iH 6bi MM ocraBHJiH 3TOT co6biTHHHMH imaH
3a rpaHbio paccMOTpeHHH. Ho MOHCHO JIH npoHBjiHTb K HeMy paBHOAyuiHe npH HCCJieAOBaHHH CpeAH3eMHOrO MOpfl? IOBOpH O nOJIHTHqeCKOH HCTOpHH, Mbl H e H a M e p e H b l OCTaHaBJIH-

BaTbCH Ha HCTOPHH Bcex CTpaH, KOTopwe HMeiOT BWXOA K Mopio, HO co6HpaeMca paccMOTpeTb HX CBH3b H B3aHMOAeHCTBHe, H6O H B nojiHTHqecKOM acneKTe CpeAH3eMHoe Mope —
3TO nepeKpecTOK, c KOToporo co6biTHH nopOH BHA^TCH B AOCTaToqHO HOBOM CBeTe, oco6eHHblM 0 6 p a 3 0 M OpKeCTpOBaHHbie BCJIHKHM MOpeM 6bL7IbIX B p e M e H . HMeHHO 3Ty OpKeCTpOBKy

MW H nbiTajiHCbycjibiniaTb.

16

BcTyruieHwe

HO npoTeKaiODXHx npoijeccoB. Bee 3TH 3acrbiBiiiHe KapTHHbi M&JionoABH>KHbix
o6mecTB, CKOBaHHbix HenpeoAOJiHMbiMH 6apbepaMH XO3HHCTB, BeKOBbix UHBH^H3auHH; Bee 3TH A03BOJieHHbie npneMbi norpyxceHHH B iviy6HHbi ncropHH npeACTaB^HioT HaM, Ha MOM B3iyiHA, caMoe cymecTBeHHoe B npoinjiOM qejiOBenecTBa,
no KpaHHeii Mepe TO, HTO ceroAHH, B 1966 ro/jy, Mbi CHHTaeM cymecrBCHHbiM. H o
cymecTBeHHoe — STO eme He Bee.
K TOMy >Ke, Ham cnoco6 BocnpoH3BeAeHHH npouuioro pa3oqapoBaji 6bi coB p e M e H H H K O B . CBHAeTCTIH H y q a C T H H K H COGblTHH X V I B e K a , n p O H C X O A H B I U H X B

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npe>KAe Bcero, npn TaKOM noHHMaHHH HCTopHH BHHMaHHe 6yAeT o6pameHO
TOJibKO Ha «B2i^cHeHiiiHe» co6biTH5i, onopHbie TOHKH HCTopHMecKoro npoiiecca,
BO BCHKOM c/iynae, npeACTaBJUHomneca HaM TaKOBbiMH. H x BaacHocrb, pa3yMeeTCH, MO)KHO ocnapHBaTb. Ba>KHbi Te CO6WTHH, KOTopbie noMoraiOT o6-bHCHeHHK), MHoro3HaHHTe^bHbie A^TajiH no T3Hy, HO OHH rpo35iT CJIHUIKOM nacTO yBOA H T b HaC B CTOpOHy, 3 a C T a B ^ H H 3 a 6 b I B a T b O HHX CaMHX. Ba>KHbI TaKtfCC T e C o 6 b I THH, K O T O p b i e BJieKyT 3 a C 0 6 0 H C e p b e 3 H b i e nOCJICACTBHH, H M e i O T OTrOJIOCKH,

Bbi3biBaiOT pe30HaHC, KaK roBapHBaji AHpn nnpeHH. B 3TOM CMbicjie, no cnoBaM
HeMeiiKoro HCTopHKa1, naAeHHe KoHcraHTHHonojui B 1453 roAy He^b3H CHHTaTb
co6biTHeM, a BejiHKaa no6eAa xpncrnaH n p n JlenaHTO (1571) ocrajiacb 6e3 no-

BoyruieHHe

17

cjieflCTBHH, MTO TaK 3a6aBji5uio BojibTepa. HMCKDT BaacHOCTb Tannce Te co6biTHH,
KOTopwe BbirjiHAHT TaKOBbiMH B nna3ax coBpeMeHHHKOB H cjiyacaT /yifl HHX BexaMH, py6e^caMH cymecTBeHHbix nepeMeH, Aa>Ke ecjiH noAJiHHHoe 3HaneHHe 3THX
npoHCiuecTBHH npeyBejiHqeHO. CTOHKH 3peHHH (J)paHi;y30B, Bap(J)OJiOMeeBCKaii
HOHb (24 aBiycTa 1572 roAa) 6buia nepejiOMHbiM MOMCHTOM HX HCTOPHH, H BnocjieACTBHH MHuuie HacTaHBaji Ha 3TOM CO BCCM nbuioM. H a caMOM /jejie nepeJIOM, ecjiH OH BOo6me 6WJI, npoH30ineji HecKOJibKO Jier cnycTH, OKOJIO 1575, a
BepHee 1580 ro^a. HaKOHeu,, Ba^cHbiMH cjieAyeT CHHTaTb Te co6biTHH, KOTopbie
HMeiOT npeqeAeHTbi H npoAOJDKeHHe, KOTopwe BKJiiOMeHbi B H3BecTHbiH pnj\.
Ho TaKan «nocjieAOBaTejibHaji» HCTopnn TaK>Ke HBJIHCTCH njioAOM Bbi6opa, CAeJiaHHOrO HCTOpHKOM HJIH H a B f l 3 a H H O r O CMy e r O OCHOBHblMH HCTOHHHKaMH.
B o 6 l U [ e M , n e p e A H a i U H M B 3 0 p O M OTKpblBaiOTCfl A B a C T p O H H b l X p ^ A a C o 6 b I T H H ,

OAHH H3 KOTopbix BOcnpoH3BeAeH 6;iaroAapH ycHjiHHM HayKH 3a nocjieAHHe ABaAijaTb-TpHAuaTb jieT — 3TO (J>aKTbi 3KOHOMHKH H CKJiaAbmaiomHecH H3 HHX nepnoAbl K p a T K O C p O H H O H KOH-blOHKTypbl, — B T O p O H A^BHO H XOpOlIIO H3BCCTCH, 3 T O
n O J I H T H H e C K H e C o 6 b I T H f l B CaMOM UIHpOKOM CMblCJie, B O H H b l , A H n J I O M a T H H e C K H e

aKTbi, pemeHHH CHJibHbix MHpa cero H BHyTpeHHHe Heyp^AHiibi. CoBpeMeHHHKH
o6pamaiOT BHHMaHHe npeacAe Bcero HMCHHO Ha TaKHe (J>aKTbi, B TO BpeMH KaK
co6biTHH nepBoro pnAa ocTaioTcn A^IH HHX MeHee 3aMeTHbiMH. B H3o6n;iyiomeM
xpoHHKepaMH XVI BeKe, KorAa Ha cijeHy BbixoA^T «>KypHajiHCTbi» (K HHM MOXCHO
npHHHCJiHTb fogliottanti*, peAaKTopoB BbixoAfliiJHx B PHMC H BeHeijHH awisi**),
nepBeHCTBO npHHaAJie>KHT no;iHTHKe, no KpaHHen Mepe B r;ia3ax Ha6;noAaTejien, KOTopwe >KaAHO c;ieAflT 3a ee noBopoTaMH.
Mbi He MoaceM cBecTH 3TH ABa p^Aa co6biTHH BoeAHHO. CeroAHH Aa^ce B ccj>epe
TpaAHUHOHHOH HCTopHH OHeHb TpyAHO B TOMHOCTH c;ieAOBaTb 3aBeTaM JleonojibAa CJ)OH PaHKe. OnacHocTb, TeM He MeHee, 3aKJiioqaeTCH B TOM, HTO Mbi pncKyeM
noAAaTbCH HCKymeHHK) H HanBHO o6-bHCH5iTb co6biTHH H3 OAHoro p^Aa co6biTHHMH Apyroro, B TO BpeMH KaK cymecTByeT MHO>KCCTBO Apyrnx nocJieAOBaTe;ibHOCTen: coijHajibHbie, KyjibTypHbie H Aa^ce CBH3aHHbie c KOJUICKTHBHOH ncHxojiornen peajiHH.
OAHaKO, nocKOJibKy 3KOHOMHnecKHe H nojiHTHHecKHe (J>aKTbi jierne ymiaAbiBaiOTCfl B K O p O T K H e H O H e H b KOpOTKHC n p O M O K y T K H B p e M C H H , HCM A p y ™ C n p O "

HBjieHHH o6mecTBeHHOH >KH3HH, OHH no3Bo;i5noT HaMdHTb oqepTaHHH 6o;iee
yHHBepcajibHbix cxeM, BbixoA^mnx 3ay3Kne paMKH 3THX c(J)ep, nepenTH K ncc/ieAOBaHHio CTpyKTyp H KaTeropHH, KOTopbie HaMHoro iiinpe BK/nonaeMbix HMH
co6biTHH... noc;ie BbixoAa B CBCT nepBoro H3AaHHH STOH KHHTO A H A P 3 nnraHb-

o^b nncaji MHe, HTO H Mor 6bi H3MeHHTb nop^AOK H3Jio>KeHHH H nocraBHTb Ha
* «ra3eTHHKOB».
** JleTyHHX JIMCTKOB.

18

BcTyruieHHe

nepBoe MecTO co6biTHHHyio HCTopHio, a 3aTeM yace, oT^aB /jaHb e e 6jiecTflmeMy,
HO Macro o6MaHqHBOMy onapoBaHHio, npucrynHTb K onncaHHio crpymyp H Henpe;io)KHbix AaHHOCTeH. KOHCHHO, 3TOT o6pa3 necoqHbix qacoB, KOTopbie MO>KHO nepeBepHyTb, H36aBJiHeT Hac OT HCO6XOAHMOCTH AajibHeftiuHx pas'bHCHeHHH.

IIPHMEHAHH>I
1

R. Busch-Zantner, Agrarverfassung, Gesellschaft u n d Siedlung in Sudosteuropa. Unter
besonderen Berucksichfiyungder Turkenreit, Leipzig, 1938, p. 22.

BcTynjieHHC

1. Bap6apocca. IIopTpeT H3 KHHTH Capriolo, Ritratti di cento capitani illustri, Roma,
1596, f° 113 v°

19

20

BcTyruieHHe

<WS3

PL
..-V

r
*

w

••
2. Kapji V. H3 AppaccKoro co6paHH5i. <J>OTorpac|)HH)KHpoAOH, riapn>K

I
1550-1559: B030BHOBJIEHHE H OKOHHAHHE
MHPOBOH BOHHbl
ToAbi c 1550 no 1559 6buin MpaHHbiM BpeMeHeM. FIpepBaHHaH Ha miTb HJIH
iuecTb JieT BOHHa B03o6HOBHjiacb c HOBOH CHJIOH. XOTH OHa 3aTpoHyjia CpeAH3eMHOMopbe TOJibKo KocBeHHo, 6ypHbie co6biTHH Heo/jHOKpaTHo pa3BopaHHBajiHCb H Ha ero npocTpaHCTBe. H o 3TH BoeHHbie ACHCTBHA 6buiH HcmiiOHeHHeM,
njioxo BnHCbmaiomHMCH B o6myio KapTHHy BOHHM. B EBpone ee OCHOBHBIM TeaTpoM crajiH IepMaHHfl, HTajiHH H HHAepjiaHAbi; BHHMaHwe TypuHH 6buio npHKOBaHO K IlepcHH. TaKHM o6pa30M, HCTOPHH BHyTpeHHero Mopn B 3TOT nepnoA
HMejia no^HMHeHHoe 3HaneHHe, 6yAyHH CBH3aHHOH c cyzu>6aMH COCCAHHX H 6Ojiee yAajieHHbix OT Hero perHOHOB. 3 T H M H CBH3HMH, Ha Ham B3I7IHA, onpeAejia;iocb niaBHoe. Kor^a Ha nepejiOMe 3TOH anoxH, B 1558—1559 ro/jax Ha3BaHHbie
CBH3H o6opBajiHCb, CpeAH3eMHoe Mope Hanajio nopoacAaTb co6cTBeHHbie BOHHW, npeAaBaflCb 3TOMy 3aHHTHio c 6ojibiiiHM pBeHHeM.

1. y HCTOKOB BOHHbl
1545—1550: M n p B Cpe,zjH3eMHOMOpi>e
K 1550 ro,zjy BOT yace HecKOJibKO JieT Ha Mope uapmi noKOH. Bee BOHHM OAHa
3a ApyroH CTHXJiM. 18 ceHTH6pH 1544 1 roAa Kapji V H OpaHUHCK I no/uiHcajiH
AoroBop B KpecnH-aH-JIaHHya — corjiaiueHHe CKopocnejioe H HencKpeHHee, 3ajioaceHHbie B HeM AHHacraHecKHe KOM6HHauHH AOJiHCHbi 6buiH 6wcTpo pyxHyTb;
TeM He MeHee ero noAnHcaHHe noBjieioio 3a CO6OH AJiHTejibHbiH MHp. IOAOM no3ace, 10 HOH6pH 1545 ro#a, noc/ie OTHOCHTejibHO 6jiaronpHHTHbix neperoBopoB,
OepAHHaHA 3aKJiK>HHJi nepeMHpHe c TypeuKHM cyjiTaHOM2. nocjie^Hero Bnojme
ycTpaHBajio STO yHH3HTejibHoe jym HMnepaTopa corjiaiueHHe: OHO noApa3yMeBajio yruiaTy AaHH IlopTe. H o 6ojiee, HeM jno6an Apyraa Mepa, OHO cyMejio H36a-

22

1550—1559: Bo3o6noB^ciiHe M oKOHMaiiHe MiipoBOH BOHHLI

BHTb CpcAH3eMHOMopbe OT BOHH KaK Ha BOCTOKC, Tan H Ha 3anaAC. B 1545 roAy
OpaHUjwn CMorjia BepHyTb OTTy^a ABaAUaTb n nTb rajiep, KOTopbie noA KOMaHAoBaHHeM riojieHa j\e Jia IapAa nepernibuiH TnGpajiTapcKHH npo;iHB, HTo6bi Ha ccBepe npeAnpHHHTb nonbiTKy BbicaAKM Ha ocTpoBe YaHT3. 3 T H BOHHCTBeHHbie
HaMepeHH^i HH K HeMy He npHBCTin: B HIOHC 1546 roAa OpaHijHH H AHFJIHA noAnucajiH corjiaiiieHHe B ApApe 4 .
3 T O T HOBOpOT K MHpy 6bIJI npOAHKTOBaH (})HHaHCOBOH Heo6xOAHMOCTbK). A

TaioKC MorymccTBCHHbiM cjiyqaeM: BCAb BejiHKHe B03MyTHTejiH CHOKOHCTBHH ncpBoii nojiOBHHbi CTOJICTHH HCHC3JIH O^HH 3a ApyrHM. JIiOTep yMep 18 (J>eBpajifl
1546; B Hiojie Toro >KC roAa o6opBajiacb poMaHTHHCCKa^ >KH3Hb Bap6apoccbi, B
npouiJioM «Kopo;iH» AjDKHpa, 6biBiuero c 1533 roAa H J\O CMepTH KanyAaH-naIIIOH CyjiTaHa, KOMaHAyiomHM BCCMH cro (JUIOTHJIHHMH 5 . B HOHB C 27 Ha 28 (J>CBpajiH 1547 roAa() Hacraji nepeA IcHpnxa VIII AHniHHCKoro, a 31 MapTa — OpaHqncKa I 7 . IIoHBjieHHc HOBbix JHOACH o3Hanajio Bbipa6oTKy HOBOM HOJIHTHKH H
HOBWX HAefi; OTcioAa HeH36e>KHaH nepeAbiiiiKa, KOTopaa, 6e3 COMHCHHJI, 6jiaronpH5iTCTBOBajia MHpy.
B CpcAH3CMHOMopbe ycnoKOCHHe Gbuio TeM 6ojiee omyrHMbiM, HTO OHO CJICAOBajio 3a nepeAOH BOHH H nyAOBHinHbix KaTacrpocJ), noAo6Hbix KOTopbiM pernOH He 3Haji noTOM BCKaMH. B caMOM ACJie, B OTcyrcTBHe o6biHHbix KopcapcKHx
pa36oeB H KOHTHHeHTajibHbix BOHH Ha HCM ycraHOBHjiCH nopflAOK, XOTH 6bi HeKOTopbiH. Flo KpaiiHeH Mepe c XII BCKa OHO 6buio BHyTpeHHHM BOAOCMOM xpncTHaHCTBa. Hcnojib3y5i JXJIH paciiiwpeHHH ToproBbix nyTeft H pacnpocrpaHeHHH
CBoen qHBHJiH3auHH KyniioB H cojiAaT B CeBepHOH AcJ>pHKe, ocTpoBHbie onopHbie nyHKTbi B JleBaHTe, a TaK>Ke, riOBceMecTHO — CHJibHbiH H MorymecTBeHHbiH
(J)JIOT, xpncTHaHCKHH MHp cyMCJi yTBepAHTb CBOH 3aKOH B npoTHBo6opcTBe c
HCJiaMOM, OT6pOIHCHHbIM K CBOHM KOHTHHCHTaJIbHblM BJiaACHHHM. H o K CCpeAH-

HC XVI BeKa no^o>KeHHe KopeHHbiM o6pa30M H3MeHH;iocb. Tlocjie coKpyiueHHfl
nperpaA (B JleBaHTe — naAeHHe PoAOca B 1522 roAy, B CeBepHOH A(J>pHKe — OKOHMaTejibHan yTpaTa A/i^cHpa B 1529 roAy) MopcKHe BpaTa OKa3ajiHCb mnpoKO pacnaxHyTbiMH nepeA TypeixKHM (J>JIOTOM. / J O 3Toro MOMeHTa OH HC OTBa>KHBajiCH
3axoAHTb cioAa, CCJIH He CMHTaTb oTAejibHbix aBaHTiop, TaKHx, KaK pa3rpa6;ieHue OTpaHTO B 1480 roAy. H o ApaMaTHMCCKaa 6opb6a c 1534 roAa no 1540 TOA H
B 1545 roAy B KopHe H3MeHHJia nojionceHHe: TypKH B coio3e c acj)pHKaHCKHMH
KopcapaMH noA KOMaHAOBaHHCM HanGo^ee 3HaMeHHToro H3 HHX, Bap6apoccbi,
CMoniH ycTaHOBHTb rocnoACTBO noMTH Ha BceM CpeAH3eMHOM Mope.
3 T O 6bi;io BaH<HeHuiee co6biTHe. B ncropHH Kapjia V ero 3aniyiiiaeT iuyM
HMnepcKHx 6HTB npoTHB OpaHiiHH HJIH npoTHB TepMaHHH. Pi coBepmeHHO HecnpaBeAJiHBO, nocKOJibKy Hanajio 3Toro BejiHKoro HaracKa Ha Mope, HapnAy co
c6;iH>KeHHeM OpaHUHCKa I c CyjieiiMaHOM (1535), a 3aTeM Bbmy>KAeHHbiH COK)3
BeHeuiHH H Kap;ia V B roAbi nepBOH JlnrH (1538—1540) nocTaBHjiH Ha KapTy

y HCTOKOB BOMHbl

23

cy^b6y Bcero CpeAH3eMHOMopb5i. H xpncTnaHCKHH MHp noHTH nponrpaji
napTHio. IlpeHCAe Bcero H3-3a CBOHX pa3HorjiacHH; no BHHe ero CBCTJIOCTH ROpHH, Bpara pecny6jiHKH C B . Mapica, BnponeM, Bnojme CIIOCO6HOH Ha Bee Te KO3HH, KOTopbie eft npHnHCbmajiH; no BHHe caMoro Kapjia V, KOTopbiH He Mor H He
xoTeji Ao6pocoBecTHo co6jnoAaTbycjiOBH5i coio3a c BeHeqweH. ^nmioMaTHfl Ta6c6yproB, noBepHBiuaii eme pa3 B 3(J)(|)eKTHBHOCTb Majibix cpe^CTB, nonbiTajiacb
noAKynHTb KanyAaH-nauiy Eap6apoccy; nocjieAHHH, BnpoqeM, 3aTeaji HecKOHnaeMbiH Topr. CorjiaceH JIH OH H3MeHHTb 3a npHCTOHHoe B03HarpaacAeHHe? A ecjiH
corjiaceH, KaKOBO 6yzjeT 3TO B03Harpa>KAeHHe? Bee a^pnicaHCKoe no6epe>Kbe,
Ha KOTopoe OH npeTeHflyeT, HJIH TOJibKO BeA>*caH5i, Tpnnojin H BoHa, KOTopbie
eMy npe/yiaraiOT8? B KOHue KOHLJOB, 3Ta 3aKyjiHCHan Hrpa HHnero He npeAOTBpaTHJia: 27 ceH-mGpa 1538 r. 9 (JXTIOT/],opHH ycTynHJi rajiepaM H cf>ycTaM Eap6apoccbi no^e GwTBbi n p n llpeBe3e.
riopa^ceHHe xpncrnaH B 1538 roAy 6bijio HecpaBHHMO c pa3rpoMOM TypoK B
1571 roAy — TaK roBopHT: 3TO 6bijia npocTasi ycTynna, noTepji npecTH>Ka. lloCMOTPHM. IlocjieACTBHH 3TOH ycTynKH A^BajiH o ce6e 3HaTb Ha npoT5i>KeHHH 6oJiee neM TpeTH Beica. B 1540 ro/jy BeHeijHH noKHHyjia JInry H corjiacHJiacb Ha
Aoporyio rniaTy 3a cenapaTHbin Mnp, KOTopbiH npe/yiarajia en (J)paHny3CKaji j\vinjiOMaTHfl. H o 3ana#HOH KoajiHijHH 6buio HCBO3MO>KHO 6e3 BeHeijHaHCKoro tyjioTa BCTpeTHTbc^i c TypeijKOH apMa^OH, BCKope ycHjieHHOH (j)paHuy3CKHMH rajiepaMH, pbicKaBiiiHMH BAOJib 6eperoB KaTajiOHHH HJIH y BajieapcKHx OCTPOBOB.
3 T O 03Haqajio, HTO KOJUieKTHBHan 6e3onacHOCTb xpHCTHaHCKoro CpeAH3eMHoMopbH 6buia cepbe3HO noAopBaHa, HTO HaTHCKTypoK coicpyiiiHji nperpa^bi H HTO
OHH co6npaiOTC5i He npocTO cpa^KaTbCH, HO H pacnaxHyTb BopoTa, oxpaHneMbie
MajibTon H CHLuuiHeH. XpHCTHaHCKHM Mnp 6biji BbmyacAeH nepeiiTH Ha Mope K
o6opoHe, Majio3(J)(J)eKTHBHOH, HOTeM He MeHee BecbMaAoporocronmeH. OTHMHe OH Mor ce6e no3BOJiHTb jiniiib KopcapcKHe peH^bi HJIH, B npeAABepHH njioxoro BpeMeHH roAa, MOJiHneHOCHbie Ha6ern Ha TbiJibi Bpa^cecKoro cj)jiOTa. riocjieAHee 6ojibiuoe ycHJine B STOM CMbicjie, 3KcneAHU,HH Kapjia V npoTHB A/DKHpa,
npoBajiHjiocb B 1541 roAy, Ha rjia3ax Bcero ropo^a H ero «CBHTbix» noicpoBHTejien. riojio^ceHHe o6pHCOBajiocb B HCTHHHOM CBeTe, KOiyja TypeinaiH (})JIOT nocjie B3HTHH HHinjbi npoBeji B TyjioHe 3HMy c 1543 no 1544 roA lrt. BOT cjiyqan BO3HeroAOBaTb npoTHB XpHCTHaHHeniiiero Kopojin. H OTqanTbcn.
BeAb MycyjibMaHaM CHOBa, cnycTH HecKOJibKO CTOJICTHH, AOCTajiHCb Bee panCKne yrojiKH Mopa. J\o IepKyjiecoBbix CTOJinoB H J\?OKC AaJibme, AO noACTynoB K
CeBHjibe H K KapaBaHHbiM nyTHM H3 6oraTOH AMepnKH no CpeAH3eMHOMy Mopio
Tenepb MO>KHO njiaBaTb, TOJibKO ocreperajicb HX HJIH npno6peTH HX pacnojio^ceHHe, KaK nocTynajiH Mapcejibijbi — COK)3HHKH MycyjibMaH, HCHTCJIH Pary3bi — HX
noAAaHHbie, BeHeijHaHijbi — AejiOBbie JIK>AH, H36paBiiiHe Bbmy^KAeHHbiH HeHTpajiHTeT. H HMeHHO K MycyjibMaHaM CTenaiOTCH OTHWHC aBaHTiopncTbi Bcex Mac-

24

1550—1559: Bo3o6noBJieHHe w oKOHnaHHe MnpoBOH BOHHLI

Ten, TOJinbi peHeraTOB, roTOBbie crpKHTb caMbiM CHjibHbiM KanHTaHaM. HMCHHO HM npHHa,zuie>KaT caMbie Gbicrpbie Kopa6;iH, caMbie MHoroHHCJieHHbie H onbiTHbie KOMaH^bi rpe6qoB, HaKOHeu, caMbift MorymecTBeHHbiH H3 HOBbix ropoAOB
CpeAH3eMHOMopbH — Aji>KHp, crojiHixa nnpaTCKHX Ha6eroB.
MO)KHO JIH CKa3aTb, HTO /yin KoHCTaHTHHonoji^ 3Ta no6eAa 6buia >Ke;iaHHOH,
HTO ee 3HaneHHe cpa3y 6buio oueHeHO B no;moH Mepe?11 TypenjcaH nojiHTHKa
1545 ro^a CKopee 3acTaBjiaeT npeAno;io>KHTb o6paTHoe. FlepeMHpHe c HMnepaTopoM npome Bcero oGiaHCHHTb MHpoM B KpecnH: 6e3 COACHCTBHH OpaHijHH
HeB03MO>KHO cnpaBHTbCH c cnjiaMH HMnepaTopa. I l p n 3TOM npHXOAHJiocb XOTH
6bi BpeMeHHO OTKa3aTbCH OT BeHrpHH, no KpaHHeft Mepe, OTTOH nojiocKH BeHrpHH, KOTopyio CyjiewMaH eme He 3aBoeBaji. H o , HTO 6ojiee yzniBHTejibHO, H Ha
Mope TypuHH, no Been BHAHMOCTH, 0TKa3braaeTca Hcnojib30BaTb CBoe npeHMyu^ecTBo. l l o KpaiiHeH Mepe BnjiOTb j\o 1560 ro^a TaM He npoH30H#eT HH OAHOH
BCTpenn 6ojibiuHx (J)JIOTHJIHH. Mo>KeT 6biTb noTOMy, HTO Bap6apocca y>Ke comeji co cqeHbi? HJIH noTOMy, MTO TypeiiKHe CHJIW e q e pa3 Bbmy>KAeHbi o6paTHTbCH Ha BOCTOK H BecTH TaM TpyAHyio 6opb6y npoTHB nepcoB, B Tbicanax MHjib
OT KoHcraHTHHonojiH, B ropHOM Kpaio, ycTpainaiome nycTbiHHOM, r^e BOHHa
npepbiBaeTCH KancAOH 3HMOH, Ky^a Hy^KHO 6ecnpecTaHHO CHapa>KaTb orpoMHbie
KapaBaHbi jyin cHaGaceHHH apMHH? BoftHa c nepcHeft B 1545 roAy, oc;io>KHHBiiiaHCH K TOMy ace AHHacTHMecKOH 6opb6oH CyjieHMaHa npoTHB ero cbma MycTa(J)bi12, noflHHBmero MATOK, BAo6aBOK HacToamafl BOHHa Ha KpacHOM Mope H
B HHAHHCKOM OKeaHe npoTHB nopTyrajibqeB (BTopan oca#a J\uy 6buia B
1546 roAy n) — Bee 3TO Bbmy>KAaeT orpoMHyio H HenoBopoTJiHByio TypeiiKyio MaxHHy HanpaBHTb CBOH ycHjiHH B Apyryio CTopoHy H OTBepHyTbca OT CpeAH3eMHOMOpbH.

HecnacTbe j\j\n OAHHX — cnacTbe RJIH. ApyrHx: cpeAH3eMHOMopcKHe ropoAa
B3AOXHy^H CBO6OAHO. ECJIH OHH npeAycMOTpHTejibHbi, KaK, HanpHMep Ha CHIIHJIWU H , TO Hcno^b3yiOT nepe/n>iiiiKy, HTo6bi nocTpoHTb yKpenjieHHH. Hx Kopa6;iH
6opo3AHT Mope. H Aa^Ke, HTO 6buio npHMeTOH HOBWX BpeMeH, omiTb nycKaeTCfl
B nyTb Koe-KTO H3 ceBep^H, cyAa KOTopwx noqTH Hcqe3JiH co CpeAH3eMHoro Mopa
15
OKOJIO 1535 roAa . O H H npHMbiKaK)T K (j)JiopeHTHHCKHM HJIH BeHeqwaHCKHM
KapaBaHaM, B03BpamaiomHMC5i H3 AHIVIHH, a Te npH cjiynae He KOJie6;i5icb AOXOA*IT AO nopTOB MapoKKaHCKoro 6epera. 3 T O JIH He MHp — BoccTaHOBjieHHe TbiCHH noAo6Hbix CBH3eH, npoTHHyTbix c OAHoro 6epera Mopn AO Apyroro, OT OAHOro KOH(J)eccHOHajibHoro MHpa K ApyroMy?
B o p b 6 a 3a n o p T A<|>pHKa
/],a, HO MHp B CpeAH3eMHOMopbe — 3TO HeH36excHoe B03o6HOBjieHHe nHpaTCTBa. H TaKOH 4>aKT To^<e HaxoAHT noATBepncAeHHe. KOHCHHO, peqb He HACT 06

y HCTOKOB BOMHbl

25

oqeHKe ero MacuiTa6oB c UH(J)paMH B pyKax. H o conocraBjieHne flaHHbix, co6paHHMX B KapTOTeKy, HCHO noKa3biBaeT, c KaKOH CHJIOH H 6e3HaKa3aHHOCTbio jioKajibHbie KOHCJDJIHKTW Moiyr TO H ACTIO pa3ropaTbCH B caMOM ueHTpe CpeAH3eMHOMOpbH. B KHHre OAHoro H3 coBpeMeHHHKOB, Ylejxpo j\e Cajiacapa 1() , noflBHBuieHCfl B
1552 roAy, onHcaHa JIGTHHH oAnccen HeKOTopbix H3 3THX MopcKHx pa36oHHHKOB: AByx TypeijKHX (J>ycT H o/nioro 6pHra H3 (Jx/ioTa, rpynnnpyiomerocn BOKpyr
^ p a r y r a H 6a3Hpyiomerocfl, cjieAOBaTejibHO, B TyHnccKOM Caxe^e H Ha lore JX>Kep6bi. B HiOHe 1550 ro^a — HioHb OTJIHHHOC BpeMH AJIH nyreinecTBHH KopcapoB —
3TH TpH KOpa6^H npHMaJIHJ[H 6JIH3 HCKbH, y BXOfla B HeanOJIHTaHCKHH 3aJIHB,

Ha6;noAafl 3a apbeprap/jOM ncnaHCKoro (J)^OTa AOHa TapcHH #e Tojieflo,

KOTO-

pblH TOJIbKO HTO ABHHyJICH B HanpaBJieHHH C H I J H J I H H . H 3^eCb HX JEerKOH A06bl-

qen CTaHOBHTCH KopaGjib c npoBHaHTOM (3a rajiepaMH Bceivja cjie/jOBajin HHTCHAaHTCKHe cjiy>K6bi Ha Kpyrjibix cyzjax, 3amnmaTb KOTopbie 6buio HenpocTo). 3aTeM HacTaji qepe^ xpHCTHaHCKoro (J)peraTa. HOTOM, CHOBa y 6eperoB Heanojia,
HO Ha 3TOT pa3 Me>KAy ocTpoBaMH BeHTOTeHe H n o H u a — qepeA 6apKH, Be3ymen
najiOMHHKOB B PHM. Bpnr, oTAe;iHBiiiHCb OT CBOHX nonyrqHKOB, B03BpamaeTCH
OTTyAa Ha /J^cepGy. /],Be (J)ycTbi, npoAOJDKaa nyrb Ha ceBep, qyrb no3^ce o6-bHBHjiHCb B ycTbe Tn6pa, 3aTeM HanpaBHJiMCb Ha ocTpoB 3;ib6y. H o o/ma H3 HHX C
noBpe}KAeHHHMH AOJi^cHa 6buia BepHyrbcn B BoHy, a OTTyzja — B An>KHp, r#e npo/jajia CBOK) Ao6biqy. /Jpyran B OAHHOHCCTBC npo/jojiHCHJia nyrb. Bo3Jie HBOMGHHO
OHa KaKoe-TO BpeMH conpoBOHc^aeT neTbipe j\pymx rajiHOTa /tparyra, HO BCKOpe Te oiruibiBaioT B HcnaHHio, a OHa AOcraraeT 6eperoB KopcHKH, r/je #OBOJibCTByeTCH, BnponeM, BecbMa CKyzjHOH flo6bineH. Tor#a nnpaTbi pemaioT noBepHyrb Ha3a/j, npo/jBHraflCb BflOJib 6eperoB CapAHHHH,flo6HpaiOTC5i^o BH3epTbi,
a 3aTeM RO BOHM. O H H npH6biBaiOT B AJI>KHP B aBrycre... npeACTaBHM ce6e #eCHTKH OTqeTOB o no;jo6Hbix nyremecTBHHx, BcnoMHHM o xpHCTHaHCKHx Kopcapax, KOTopbie TpyAHTCH co CBoen CTopoHbi17, H HaM CTaHeT noHHTHO, KaKyio
onacHOCTb npeACTaBjuuio nnpaTCTBO B >KH3HH Mopn 50-x TOAOB XVI Beica.
Pa3yMeeTCH, OHa HeconocTaBHMa c yrpo30H, HCXOAHBUICH OT BCTIHKHX apMa/j.
B CpaBHeHHH C HHMH, KOpcapbl 3TOrO BpeMeHH e m e AOBOJIbCTByiOTCfl CKpOMHbl-

MH cpeACTBaMH, Aep^Kacb Ha noHTHTe^bHOM paccTOHHHH OT ropoAOB, nyuieK,
yKpen^eHHH H BoeHHbix (JXJIOTOB. O H H HHKorfla He oTBaxcHBaiOTCH nocarHyrb Ha
HeKOTopwe 6epera. H o HHbie MecTa, HanpHMep no6epe>Kbfl CHU,HJIHH H Heanoj\5iy — HX H3;no6jieHHbie ijejin; TaM H/jeT HacTonman oxoTa Ha JHOACH. OAHOBpeMeHHO H^eT He MeHee a3apTHa# noroHH a^pHKaHCKHX KopcapoB 3a 3epHOM, 3a
Kopa6^HMH y caricatori* K»KHoro 6epera CHUHJIHH, ecjiH He 3a caMHMH caricatori.
H3 3THX KopcapoB — notfCHpaTejieft CHUH^HHCKOH nineHHUbi Han6o;iee onaceH ^paryr. n o npoHCxoflc/jeHHio OH rpeK, eMy OKOJIO mrrH/jeoiTH ^eT, 3a cnH* rpy30Bbix npwHajiOB.

26

1550—1559: B0306n0B^eHHeH0K0HHaHHeMHp0B0HB0HHLI

HOH AOJiraa >KH3Hb, no;mafl npHKjnoHeHHH. HeTbipe roAa pa6cTBa Ha reHy33CKHX rajiepax, rj\e OH 6bui rpe6uoM AO Hanajia 1544 ro/ja, noKa caM Bap6apocca
18
,tJ
HC AoroBopujicfl o cro BbiKyne . B 1550 roAy OH nocejiHJicn B /],>Kep6e . HMCHHO Tyzja OH B03BpamaeTCH B nepepbmax Me>KAy CBOHMH nyTemecTBHAMH, TaM OH
3HMyeT, OKpy>KeHHbIH CBOHMH pCHCaMH, TaM Ha6HpaCT KOMaH^bl. C TpyAOM y>KH-

Baiicb c A>Kep6nHi;aMH, OH Hcno;ib3yeT HX BHyTpeHHHe ccopw, HTOGW 3aBJia/jeTb
B HyHCHblH MOMeHT B 1550 TOfly MaJICHbKHM TOpOAKOM A(J)pHKOH B TyHHCCKOM
Caxe;ie. Pacno;io>KeHHa5i Hay3KOM TOJIOM Mbice, JIHUICHHOM pacTHTCJibHOcra, K
ccBepy OT Ccf)aKca, npHMepHO Ha ypoBHe KafipyaHa, A(J>pHKa HeKor^a, npH OaTHMH^ax, 3HaBajia jiyniiiHC BpeMeHa. YIpuj\n K XVI Beicy B yna^OK, CKopee AepeBHfl, HeM ropOA, 3amHIHCHHa5I TOJIbKO MOpeM H njIOXHMH CTCHaMH, OHa H TaKOH

Morjia nocjiy^KHTb j\j\n ^ p a i y r a cryneHbKOH Ha n y r a K CHUHJIHH. H AOMOM, 3a
HeHMCHHeM jiynmero.
3Ta CMeHa BjiaAejibija cpa3y BCTpeBO>KHjia BJiacTH npeAepacamne no Ty CTOpoHy CHrjHjiHHCKoro KopnAopa. BHije-Kopojib Heanojia, H3BeiijeHHbiH HaponHWM H3 TeHyn, HeMCA^iCHHO OTnpaBHji yBeAOMjieHHC o B3HTHH MajieHbKoro nopTa, «luogo forse di maggior importanzia che Algieri* 20 , KaK 6buio CKa3aHO. H e
6yACM noi<a roBopHTb o npeyBejiHHeHHH. FIpoABH^KeHHe /tpaiyra CTaBHJio noA
Bonpoc He TOJibKo 6e3onacHocTb 6eperoB CHLJHJIHH, Heo6xoAHMyio jxjin CHa6>KeHHH Bcero 3anaAHoro CpeAH3eMHOMopb5i. BbiJia eme «TyHHCHH» — 3TO Kopo;ieBCTBO Xa^cHAOB, nepoKHBaiomee yna^OK noA maTKOH BJiacTbio npaBHTejiefr ropo^a TyHHca, KOTopwx HcnaHHH Tepncna, nocKOJibicy HMe^a B03MO>KHOCTb (6;iaroAapn HajiHHHio rapHH30Ha B JIa Ty^eTTe) OKa3braaTb HM noKpoBHTejibCTBO,
HaA3HpaTb 3a HHMH H, B cjiynae HCO6XOAHMOCTH, npH3bmaTb K nop^AKy. H o 3Ta
eme ijBeTymafl TyHHCHH, 3Ta «H(})pHKHfl», npeAMeT nocTOHHHoro BO>KAe;ieHHfl
CHUHJIHHUCB, Morjia Tcnepb co6paTbca c CHjiaMH H cocTaBHTb KOHKypeHiiHio TypKaM. CaM Kapji V B 1535 roAy crpoHyjicfl c MecTa, MTo6bi BbipBaTb TyHHC y Bap6apoccbi, pacnojio^KHBiuerocH TaM TOAOM paHee 21 . GzieAOBajio ;IH no3BOJiHTb,ZJpaiyry, KOTopoMy TypijHH B OAHH npenpacHbiH j\euu Morjia OKa3aTb npaMyio noAAep>KKy, 3aB^aAeTb COCCAHCH TeppHTopHett? BbicTpaji 3KcnaHCHH An>KHpa eme
HanoMHHajia o ce6e. A(f>pHKa Morjia 6biTi> jiHiiib HanajiOM.
Kap;i V 12 anpejiH (cjieAOBaTC/ibHO, cro HCMCAJICHHO nocraBHjiH B H3BecTHOCTI>) HcajiOBajiCH cyjiTaHy B nncbMe H3 Bpioccejin Ha ACHCTBHH ^ p a r y r a . Pa3Be
penc He HapyiuHji nepeMHpHH? noco;i MajibBeuiin, KOTopbift TorAa OTnpaBjifljiCH B KoHCTaHTHHonojib no nopyneHHK) OepAHHaHAa, TaioKe no;iyHH;i yKa3aHHH
HMnepaTopa22.
TCM BpeMeHCM ^ p a i y r c anpe^H TOTOBHJICH K OTKpbiTHio ce30Ha. OcraBHB B
AcJ>pHKe rapHH30H H3 nflTHCOT TypoK, 20-ro OH 6WJI B nopTO-OapHHa. O npn* «KoTopbiM, Mo>KeT6biTb, Ba>Knee A/i>KHpa» (umcui.).

y HCTOKOB BOHHbl

27

cyTCTBHH TpHAuaTH n a r a ero cyAOB TOTnac ace COO6IIJ;HJIH H3 CHIJHJIHH, npH6aBHB, HTO OH HaqHeT oxoTy, Koiyja npoKOHonaTHT Kopa6jiH H Kor^a ycTaHOBHTca
6jiaronpHHTHan noroAa 23 . 3 T O H3BecTHe Bbi3Bajio 6ojibiuoe 6ecnoKOHCTBO B Heano;ie, r^e o>KHAajiH npnGbrraa rajiep KHa3a JXopuw. O H H noaBHjiHCb c 6ojibIIIHM ono3AaHHeM 7 Man24. /JHCH 3a AecaTb AO Toro, 29 anpejia, npniiuio coo6meHHe, MTO JXparyr HeAajieKO OT MeccHHbi noACTeperaeT cyzja c 3epHOM25. Ilocjie
qero ero Kopa6jiH, BMecTe H no OTAejibHOcra (3a nyTeniecTBHeM Tpex H3 HHX MM
n p O C J i e ^ H J I H B b l U i e ) , npOAOJI>KaJIH Kpy>KHTb B O T K p b l T O M M O p e y X p H C T H a H C K H X

6eperoB. H A03opHbie y>Ke He ycneBajiH npeAynpeacAaTb o HHX BOBpeMa. B Heanojie 7 Maa26 o Kopcape 6o;ibiiie He 6buio HHqero H3BCCTHO. ToBopHjiH TOJibKO,
HTO OH ABHHy^ca Ha 3anaA, 6biTb MoaceT, Aaace B HcnaHHio.
OTBeTHbiH mar HcnaHijeB 6bui, cjieAOBaTejibHO, npeACKa3yeM. «KanyAaHnauia» Kapjia V, crapbiH KHa3b /Jopna, npH6biji B Heanojib 7 Maa c HeAoyKOMnjieKTOBaHHbiMH rajiepaMH (HM HeAOCTaBajio no MeHbiueft Mepe TbicanH rpe6n,OB),
Bee xce BnojiHe cnoco6HbiMH ycneuiHO npoBecTH nojiHijeHCKyio oneparjHio. Ha
6opTy HaxoAHjiocb ABe TbicanH cojiAaT27. KorAa /IppHa noKHHyji Heanojib, 11 HHCjia 28 , OH HaMepeBajica 3aBjiaAeTb AcJDpHKofi, no;ib3yacb oTcyTCTBHeM /tpaiyra.
OAHaKO cnepBa OH aTaKOBaji MajieHbKHH nopT MoHacrap K ceBepy OT Ac|)pHKH.
TaM aAMHpaji crojiKHyjica c HeoatHAaHHbiMH TpyAHocraMH, — ecjiH 6bi o6opoHa
6buia 6o;iee yMejiotf, norH6jia 6bi Bca HcnaHCKaa nexoTa 29 — H 6bui Bbmy>KAeH
CMHTaTbca c nojiyqeHHbiM ypoKOM. nepeA TeM KaK ABHHyTbca Ha Acj^pnKy, rAe,
OH 3Haji, ero >KAyT nyiiiKH H apKe6y3bi, OH OTnpaBHJi ABaAuaTb qeTbipe rajiepw B
Heano^b c nopyqeHneM norpy3HTb Ha HHX Tbicaqy HcnaHCKHx cojiAaT noAKpenjieHna H 6ojibiune opyAHa, Heo6xoAMMbie jijin ocaAbi. KpoMe Toro, aAMHpaji noTpe6oBaji Ha3HaneHHa rjiaBHOKOMaHAyiomero 3KcneAHU,HOHHbiM KopnycoM H AOGnjica CBoero: onbiTHbiH cojiAaT XyaH Ae Jia Bera, BHije-Kopojib CHIJHJIHH, 6bui
Ha3HaqeH 3 HKuia30.
3THX Mep 6buio AOCTaTOHHO, HTo6bi B TeneHHe Bcero HiOHa Heanojib HCHJI B
jiHxopaAKe npHroTOBJieHHH H 3K3ajibTan.HH. OAHa xapaicrepHaa A^Tajib: (J>paHHHCKaHCKHe MOHaxH npwcoeAHHHJiHCb K BoeHHbiM «con grandi crucifissi e con
grande animo di far paura a quei cani» *. H Ka>KABiH OTnpaBjiajica «c TBepAWM
pemeHHeM cpaacaTbca HJinyMepeTb»31. Kopoqe, napnji BbicoKHH MopajibHbiH Ayx,
KaK CKa3ajiH 6bi Mbi ceroAHa.
28 HiOHa Hanajiacb ocaAa32. OHa npoAOJiacajiacb noHTH TpH Mecaua. TojibKo
10 ceHTa6pa Ha rjia3ax JXopuu H MopaKOB, ocTaBaBinnxca npocTbiMH 3pHTejiaMH, HcnaHijbi, HTajibaHqbi H MajibTHHCKHe pbiuapn 3axBaTHJiH A(J)pHKy*\ 3aAaqa 6bma He H3 npocTbix: qepe3 HeKOTopoe BpeMa npniiuiocb npocHTb HOBoe noA* «C orpoMHbiMH pacnnTHHMM H c TBepAbiM HaMepeiiHeM iiarnaTb crpaxy 11a STHX CO6aK».

28

1550—1559: Bo3o6HOBJieHHe H oKOHHaHHe MwpoBOM BOHHH

KpenjieHne H3 500 pbiixapeft, a cneT, KOTopbin «proveedor»* (J)^opeHTHHCKoro
repqora nocjiaji B IlH3y, noKa3bmaeT, HTO 3KcneAHijHOHHbiH Kopnyc He ncajie;i
HH fl#ep, HH nopoxa 3 4 .
/JocTHrHyTbiH pe3y;ibTaT OKa3ajica He3HaHHTe;ibHbiM H /jaace HeraTHBHbiM.
/IparyT 6bui noBepaceH. H o CHUHjiHHijbi jiHiiib Ha HecKOJibKO ;ieT coxpaHHJiH KOHTpOJIb H a A 3THM TH6jIbIM MeCTOM. O H H n O n b l T a J I H C b 3 a B H 3 a T b T a M KOHTaKTbl C

KoqeBHHKaMH, HTO 6bijio HeTpyzjHO, HO B o6meM TO>Ke 6ecnojie3HO 35 .
IxocKOJibKy MajibTHHCKHe pbiqapH He >Ke;iajiH 3a6oTHTbcn 06 oxpaHe ropo/jKa,
OH 6bui pa3pymeH, a KpenocTHbie CTeHbi, nocjie BecbMa CTpaHHoro MHTe>Ka B
rapHH30He3(\ B3opBaHbi. 4 HIOHH 1554 rofla 37 BOHCKa, KOTopbie 3aHHMajiH A(J)pHKy, 6bijiH BHOBb OTBe^eHbi Ha CHUHJIHIO, a OTTyzja, nocKOJibKy Bee ocTaBajiocb
cnoKOHHo, OTnpaBHJiHCb Ha CHeHCKyio BOHHy**38.
TaKHM o6pa30M, HMnepaTop, y KOToporo B 1550 roay B AyrcGypre xBaTajio
Apyrnx 3a6oT, CBH3aHHbix c ero ceMbefi, a TaKHce c nojiHTHnecKHM H pe;iHrH03HWM nojio>KeHHeM B TepMaHHH, npH^aBaji 3TOMy Reny Majio 3HaqeHHH. EyzjyqH
ocBeAOM^eHHbiM 06 ac})pHKaHCKHx co6biTHHx, OH Bee >fce Hanncaji 31 OKT5i6pfl
A^iHHHoe nncbMO cyjrraHy39, r/je BHOBb acajioBajioi Ha ACHCTBHH ^ p a i y r a , HaxoAHDiHecH B (J)opMajibHOM npoTHBopeMHH c ycjiOBHHMH nepeMnpna; B HeM OH
oG^HCHnji, noneMy H KaKHM o6pa30M eMy npHiimocb BMeuiaTbCfl. 3 T O 6buio noMTH nHCbMO c H3BHHeHHHMH. H 6 0 B 1550 ro/jy HMnepaTop KaK HHKOiyja 6biJi npHBep^KeH K no;iHTHKe Mnpa c TypnaMH ;IIO6OH IJCHOH, Heo6xoAHMoro JUIH Toro,
qro6w /jHKTOBaTb CBOIO BOJIIO EBpone H TepMaHHw. IlocTaBHTb Ha MecTO Kopcapa, MopcKoro pa36oHHHKa, no TorAauiHHM npaBHjiaM BOBce He 03Haqajio 3aAeTb
caMoro cyjrraHa. A HMeTb j\ejio c HHMH npnxoAHJiocb OKCAHCBHO, H BCHKHH AeHb
yqacTHHKH nepeMHpHH 6bmajiH Bbmy>KAeHbi c 3THM CHHTaTbcn. Ilo3TOMy Kapji V
He npn^aBaji oco6oro 3HaqeHHH co6biTHHM BOKpyr A(f>pHKH. 3 T O 6bm, 6e3 coMHeHHH, HeBepHbiH pacneT, TaK KaK BOHHa rpo3Hjia pa3pacTHCb H Ha cjieAyioUIHH TOATypKH npHroTOBHJiH CHJibHbiH oTBeTHbiH XOA... H o Be/jb Ha caMOM /jejie
TyT AeHCTBOBajiH Apyrne npHHHHbi, 6ojiee cepbe3Hbie, qeM anH30A c AcJjpwKOH.
O H 6bm TOJibKO npe,zyioroM H HHHCM HHbiM.
IO^CHWMH

H a apyroii ACHB nocjie Miojn>6epra
MTo6bi pa3o6paTbCH B STOM, cjieAyeT BepHyTbca Ha3aA, K BHeume 6;iaronojiyqHbiM co6biTHHM 1544, 1545, 1546 TO/JOB H, HaKOHeu,, K 3HaMeHHTOMy cpa>Ke-

* «HHTeHAaHT» (ucn.).
** BoHHa, KOTopyio BCTI c (J)paHi^y3aMH BCTCHKHH repijor TocKaHCKHH B coic>3e c HMnepaTopoM 3a noKopeHHe BOCCTaBiuero TOCKaHCKoro ropoAa CweHbi. CM. TaioKe CTp. 44,53.

y HCTOKOB BOHHbl

29

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HMnepaxopa 3xo 6bm MOMCHX xpHyM(J>a, 6o;iee n o j m o r o , neM no6eAa npH 11aBHH. TepMaHHH OKa3ajiacb y e r o HOI\ B XO BpeMH KaK AO axoro Kapjiy V nonxH
BcerAa HeAOCxaBajio HSIAOKHOH HeMeijKOH noAAepxcKH. TpHyM(J) rpaHHHHji c nyAOM: nepeA HMnepaxopoM paccxynnjiHCb Bee nperpaAbi, KaK 6bi oxKpbman Aopory j\nn BbinojmeHHH ASBHO BbmaiiiHBaeMoro njiaHa. 18 ceHxn6pn 1544 roAa noA
BOMHOH c OpamjneH 6biJia noABeAeHa nepxa. B A^Ka6pe 1545 roAa 40 Co6op* CHOBa
OXKpbUICH B TpeHXO, H LJepKOBb He o 6 o i I D i a BHHMaHHeM nOBOpOXHblH MOMeHT.

B Hon6pe 6buio 3aKjnoneHO nepeMHpne c cyjixaHOM. B HiOHe 1545 roAa 41 nana
3aKJiiOHH^ COK33 c HMnepaxopoM, o(J>HUHajibHO ocJ)opMHB Ha Rene cymecxBOBaBUIHH MHorHe roAbi ajibHHc, HanpaBjieHHbiH npoxHB HeMeijKHx npoxecxaHxoB.
BnponeM, 3xox ajibHHC He Meiuaji PHMy npoxHBHXbcn nojiHXHKe CAep^KHBaHHH,
npoBOAHMOH KapjiOM lliixbiM n o OXHOIIICHHIO K MorymecxBeHHOH IllMajibKajibAeHCKOH ;iHre**, a HMnepaxopy — npoHBjinxb oexopoxcHoexb nepeA JIHUOM pacnojiaraiomero Hpe3BbinaHHOH Bjiacxbio nancxBa, x o BpaacAe6Horo eMy, x o 3aHrpbiBaiomero c HHM. H a ceft pa3 Bee pa3T>HCHH^ocb Ha n e p e r o B o p a x c KapAHHa^OM OapHe3e B xoAe BopMCCKoro pefixcxara*** B Mapxe 1545 roAa 42 . Ilo/mepxcKa
PHMa 03Hanajia BOHCKO H ACHbrn — 6ojiee x p e x c o x TWCHM AyKaxoB — He c^Hxaa
no^OBHHbi uepKOBHbix AOXOAOB B HcnaHHH, mezzi frutti****, KaK Ha3biBajiH HX B
P H M C OHHaHCOBblfi XpHyM(J)... 43
OAHaKO HMnepaxop c 3ano3AaHHeM npHHHMaex peuieHHe HaHecxH nepBbie
yAapw, c 3ano3AaHHeM, HCCOMHCHHO, B CHJiy neperpyxceHHOCXH 6yMaraMH e r o
KamxejinpiiH, BCJieACXBHe o6biHHbix 3aAepnceK B noAroxoBKe BOHCKa. B ceHxn6p e 1545 roAa 44 , BHAH, HXO 6jiaronpHaxHoe BpeMH 6JIH3HXCH K 3aBepmeHHio, n p o HBjinex HexepneHHe XyaH Ae ;ia Bera, B xy n o p y HMnepcKHH noco;i B P H M C GTIHUIKOM yAo6HOH npeACxaBjifljiacb B03Mo>KHOcxb BbicxymieHHfl, y^HXbiBaH Heftxpajmxex, ecjiH He nacxHHHyio noAAepxocy, OpaHiiHH H 6e3AeHcxBHe Bpa^KAe6HOH
TypuHH. XyaH j\e Jia Bera nopynHji CBoeMy ceKpexapio, IleApo AC MapKHHa, oxnpaB^eHHOMy HM B ceHxn6pe K HMnepaxopy, 3anHxaxb nepeA HHM AJiHHHyio penb.
CKOJibKO yxonnnecKHX MenxaHHH B Heft yMecxunocb! B cjiynae no6eAbi Kapjiy
llnxoMy c^eAOBajio 6 w CAe;iaxb HMnepaxopcKHH xHxyji Hac/ieAcxBeHHbiM, «y
quittar aquella cirimonia d e election d e manera q u e viniesse hereditario el imperio
* TpHAeHTCKHH co6op — ijeHTpajibHoe co6biTHe KaTOJiHnecKOH pec|)opMaijnn.
** COK)3 npoTecTaHTCKHx KHH3eH M ropoAOB TepMaHHH, KOTopwH BCTI c HMnepaTopoM
BOHHy.
*** CoGpaHHe npeACTaBHTejien repMaHCKHx COCJIOBHH.
**** «rio^OBHHaAoxoAOB» (umcui.).

30

1550—1559: Bo3o6HOB;ieHHe H OKOHHaHHe MnpoBOH BOHHW

como los otros estados»*. KpoMe Toro, nana, HMnepaTop H (J>paHijy3CKHH Kopojib
Moiyr o6-beAHHHTbC5i pa^n 3aBoeBaHHH AHRJIHH H OTBoeBaHHH BeHrpHH y TypoK.
OpaHqH5i B nopn^Ke KOMneHcaqwH 3a MmiaH Monia 6bi nojiyqHTb ByjioHb. K repupry OpjieaHCKOMy, B npn/jaHoe 3a OAHOH M3 Aoqepen Oep/umaHfla oTOiujia 6bi
BHOBb o6peTeHHan BeHrpHH. IlpoHceKTbi, MCHTM, B03AyuiHbie 3aMKH — 6e3 coMHeHHH, HO BblCTaBJIHIOmHe B Heo6bIHHOM CBCTe HaCTpoeHHfl TOITjaillHHX HMne-

paTopcKoro H pHMCKoro ABopoB. Tpy^HO noBepHTb, AO KaKOH creneHH yMbi,
npHHaAJieHcamne K 3TOMy pa3AejiHBiueMycH BHyTpn ce6n MHpy XVI BeKa, 6buiH
o6ypeBaeMbi H^een B03BpaTa K CAHHCHHIO H CTapHHHbiMH xHMepaMH KpecToBWX noxoAOB. CaMoro Kapjia V HCBO3MO>KHO npeAcraBHTb ce6e BHe 3Toro TeneHHH.
H o B HaillH HaMepeHHH He BXOAHT, o6paTHBIIIHCb K H3yMeHHK) CpeAH3eMHO-

MopcKoro MHpa, yrjiy6jiHTbC5i B j\e6pu Apyroro, repMaHCKoro, n p n Bceft ero Ba^cHOCTH fljin noHHMaHHH 3TOH snoxn. B Haiuy 3aAany BXOAHT noKa3aTb, KaK 3aAOJiro
Ao Haqajia BcnbixHyBiiien B TepMaHHH BOHHM OHa noAroTaBjiHBajiacb co6biTHHMH, npoHCxoAHBuiHMH B CTpaHe H 3a ee npeAejiaMH, B nepByK) oqepeAi> MHpHbiM
yperyjinpoBaHHeM B CpeAH3eMHOMopbe. BoHHa npHHecjia HMnepaTopy Tpnyivi^),
HO OAHOBpeMeHHO c HHM H 6jiaroAapn eMy cnjioqeHHe ero npoTHBHHKOB; BCJICACTBHe HX COeAHHeHHblX yCHJIHH COOTHOlIieHHe CHJI B E B p o n e CHOBa CJIO^CHTCH He

B nojib3y HMnepaTopa. Hac 3aHHMaeT TOT (J)aKT, HTO BOHHa, cnepBa orpaHHneHHan npeAe^aMH IepMaHHH, nocreneHHO 3axBaTbmaeT 6;iH3Jie>KamHe CTpaHbi H
CpeAH3eMHOMopbe. CBH3b Me>KAy OTAajieHHbiMH nocjieACTBHHMH 6HTBbi n p n
Miojib6epre B anpene 1547 roAa H B03o6HOB^eHHeM BoeHHbix ACHCTBHH B cpeAH3eMHOMopcKOM peraoHe HBCTBeHHO npoc;ie>KHBaeTC5i, XOTH HHKorAa qeTKO
He OTMeqanacb.
HTO ace Aajia HMnepaTopy 3Ta no6eAa, OAep^caHHan 24 anpejin 1547 roAa B
AbiMKe, CTC/nomeHCfl no 6eperaM 3jib6bi? npeacAe Bcero HeocnopHMbiH B3JieT
npecTHxea, 3acraBiiiHH Bpacnjiox caMoro TpHyM(J)aTopa, HacTOJibKO CKopoTenHMM H HeoHCHAaHHbiM 6biji 3TOT BbiHrpbiui. Hejib3H cKa3aTb, HTO BeAeHHe 6oeBbix ACHCTBHH 6biJio o6pa3U,OBbiM: ceKpeTHocTb He co6jnoAajiacb, MeA-JieHHoe
cocpeAOToqeHne BOHCK H nepeABH^ceHne TH^KCJIOH apTHjuiepHH, HHHCM He npnKpbiToe, ACJiajiH apMHio jierKO yn3BHMOH47. H o nepeccopHBinnecfl MeacAy CO6OH
npoTecTaHTbi, B nocjieAHHH MOMCHT omejiOMjieHHbie BecTbio o npeAaTejibCTBe
Mopnija CaKCOHCKoro, 6pocn;iH Ha MHJiocTb npoTHBHHKa CBOHX npeABOAHTejien H TbicflHH cojiAaT. Hx OTCTynjieHne npeBpaTHJiocb B 6ecnopnAOMHoe 6erCTBQ4() g OAHH MHr Kapji n^TbiH H36aBHjiCH OT MyHHBiuero ero «nflTHaAU.aTHjieTHero KoiiiMapa», LLlMajibKajibAeHCKoro coio3a, oG^eAHHABiiiero npoTecTaHT* «Ynpa3AHMTb uepeMOHMK) n36paHHH M CAejiaTb MMnepaTopcKyK) BJiacTb nacjieACTBeiiHOH, KaKH Apyrne BjiaAenHH» (ucn.).

y HCTOKOB BOHHbl

31

rocyzjapeH IepMaHHH, BOCCTaBuiwx npoTHB PHMa H Bp2^Kj\e6ubix HaMepeHHAM HMnepaTopa 47 .
rioAHHHHB TepMaHHio, Kapji IlHTbiH o6paTHjicH K ee nojiHTHnecKOMy H pejiHrH03HOMy npco6pa30BaHHio, OAHHM H3 rjiaBHbix nyHKTOB KOToporo 6MJIO BpeMeHHoe corjiameHHe, HHTepHM, B Ayrc6ypre (1548), a ApyrHM, He MeHee B?OKHWM, Bonpoc o npecTOJiOHac^eAHH HMnepHH. IlocjieAHHH npe^MeT o6pamaeT
Ha ce6n Hauie BHHMaHHe 6o;iee, qeM nepBbin. ^eHCTBHTejibHO, HMnepaTop nonbiTajiCH o6ecneHHTb CBoeMy cbmy, OnjiHnny HcnaHCKOMy, npaBO Ha ynpaBjieHHe TepMaHHeH, TO ecTb npHCoeAHHHTb HeMeijKoe HacneACTBO K 6ypryHACKOMy
H HcnaHCKOMy. 3 T O HBHO npoTHBopeMHjio o6mecTBeHHOMy MHCHHKD HeMijeB. Y>Ke
B 1546 ro/jy npoTecTaHTCKne nponaraHAHCTbi roBopnjiH: «Kein Walsch soil uns
regicren, dazu auch kein Spaniol*» 48 . ripoHHC HeMijbi, HC npoTecraHTbi, npnAepatHBajiHCb Toro ace MHCHHH. B ceHTH6pe 1550 ro^a TpHpcKHH Kyp(f>iopcT OTKpbiTO 32uiBjmji «che non vuol que Spagnuoli c o m m a n d i n o alia Germania**»49. B
Hon6pe Toro >Ke ro/ja KapAHHaji Ayrc6yprcKHH Bbipaacaji HeAOBOJibCTBo BMCOKOMepHeM HcnaHqeB H yTBepacAaji, HTO IepMaHHH He noTepnHT HHKaKoro rocyAa-

CKHX

p H , K p O M e H e M q a 5 0 . « H e M a J I O K H H 3 e H T B e p A H T O TOM, q T O H e M CMHpHTbCfl C H 3 -

6paHHeM OH^Hnna, Jiynnie yyK AoroBopHTbca c TypicaMH», OTMenajiH BeHeijHaHqbi B 4>eBpajie 1551 roAa51.
HacTaHBaTb Ha CBoeM 6buio 6bi 6e3paccyAHO. H o pa3Be no6eAHTejiio He Bee
no3Bo;ieHO B noBep>KeHHOH H jxayne noKopHOH IepMaHHH Ha3aBTpa noc/ie Miojib6epra? JlHiiib HecKOJibKo BOJibHbix ropoAOB He npeicpamaioT conpoTHBjieHHH,
HO CKOJibKO OHH npoAepacaTca? IloMomH H3BHe Hc^aTb Henero: cyjrraH no co6CTBeHHon HHHunaTHBe BO3O6HOBH;I Ha nHTb JICT nepeMHpHe c HMnepuaMH
(19 HIOHH 1547 roAa 52 ). HeKOTopwe nonoji3HOBeHHH K BMemaTejibCTBy npoHBHjia. 6buio OpaHqHH B noc/ie/urne Mecaijbi npaBjieHHH OpaHijHCKa I, HO OpaHijHCK I
CKOHnajiCH HanaHyHe Miojib6epra, a HOBMH Kopojib CBH3aji ce6fl, HJIH no MeHbIIICH Mepe npoHBHJi o3a6oqeHHOCTb no noBOAy pn/ja HHI^HACHTOB Ha ceBepe: B
caMOM ACJie, c 1548 roAa B03o6HOBHJiacb (f>paHKO-aHr;iHHCKa5i BOHHa H3-3a EyjioH H 5 1 FIpaBAa B PHMe HMnepaTop CTOJiKHyjicn c Heo>KHAaHHbiMH TpyAHOCTHMH,
OTKpoBeHHo xapaKTepH30BaBiiiHMH no3Hi^Hio nanbi. H o 3TH TpyAHocTH He 6buiH
HenpeoAOJiHMbiMH, TeM 6o;iee HTO naBeji III yMep 10 AeKa6pa 1549 roAa54. TaKHM o6pa30M, B IepMaHHH y Ia6c6yproB 6buiH pa3BH3aHbi pyKH. Ho, cKopee Bcero, 3TO A^Bajio JiHiiib noBOA /Via pacnpen...
CeMenHan KoajinijHfl Ia6c6yproB 6buia BcerAa CBH3aHa c HMnepaTopoM COBOKynHOCTbio o6n3aTe^bCTB, BHe KOTopoft cymecTBOBaHHe HMnepHH Kapjia n^TOro 6buio 6bi noHTH HeMbic;iHMO. H o BCT3JI Bonpoc o HacjieACTBe, H KaK B caMon
* «HaMH He AOJDKCH npaBHTb HH HTajibHHeu, HH ncnaHeu» ( MM.) .
«HTO OH He xoneT, MTOGLI HcnaHi;bi pacnopn>KajiHCb B IepMaHHH» (umcui.).

32

1550—1559: Bo3o6noBJienHe H oKOHnaHHe MHpoBoft BOHHLI

o6biKHOBeHHOH ceMbe, ycTaHOBHBiuHecH OTHOiueHHH noKOJie6ajiHCb. Ilpo6jieMa HMnepcKoro npecTOJioHacjie/jHH o6cy>KAa;iacb e m e AO Miojib6epra, B
1546 ro^y, Aa H paHbiue, BHe BCflKoro COMHCHHH. B 1547 roAy o Heft 3aroBopHjiH
CHOBa, Kor^a B Ayrc6ypre, Ha yjiHrxax KOToporo e q e TOJinHJiacb cojiAarafl, co6pajiCH peftxcrar. CaM HMnepaTop BcenacHO HanoMHHaji o Heft B CHjiy CBoeft noTpe6HOCTH pa3MbiiujiHTb o cMepTH, npeAaBaTbcn TeM 3a6oT;iHBbiM meditatio
mortis*, KOTopbiMH npoHHKHyTbi e r o MHoroHHc/ieHHbie 3aBemaHHa.
He 6biJi JIH, BnponeM, 3TOT copoKaceMHJieTHHft MyncHHHa ynce crapHKOM? B
XVI Bene BCHKHH coji/jaT, xjie6HyBiiiHft cnojma jiarepHoft >KH3HH, K iLHTHflecHTH
TOAaM HyBCTBOBaJI C e 6 f l C O B e p i l i e H H O H 3 H O U i e H H b I M . /I,0;irO>KHTe.7IbCTBO K O H H e T a 6 j I H M o H M O p a H C H H3yM^HJIO e r O C O B p e M e H H H K O B . T e H p H X V I I I H O p a H I T H C K I ,

poBecHHKH Kap;ia IlHToro, paccrajincb c >KH3Hbio B roA cpaaceHHH npH Miojib6epre; nepBbift B 56, a BTopoft B 53 roAa. K TOMy ace HMnepaTop 6o;ieH, ero >KecTOKO MyHHT noAarpa, OH yMHpaeT, KaK coo6maiOT BpeMH OT BpeMeHH noc/ibi. Bo
OpaHijHH BCHKHft TOTOB nocTaBHTb Ha CKopyio CMepTb CTapHKa, «BcerAa MpanHoro, c napajiH30BaHHoft pyKoft H noAorHyToft noA ce6n Horoft, HHKoro He >Kejiaiomero npHHHMaTb H Bee cBoe BpeMfl nocB^maioiiiero c6opKe H pa36opKe BceB03MO>KHbIX HaCOBblX M e x a H H 3 M O B »

55

.

3TOT CMepTejibHo ycrajibift nejiOBeK ynopcTByeT, OAHaKO, B CBOCM coKpoBeHHOM Hce^aHHH nepeAaTb B pyKH cbiHa OHjiHnna Bee Hac/ieACTBO B coBOKynHOCTH.
3 T O ero nojiHTHHecKan H e r o 3aBeTHan MenTa, noTOMy HTO OH HcnbiTbiBaeT JIIO6oBb K 3TOMy ypaBHOBeiueHHOMy, paccyAHTe^bHOMy, nocjiyuiHOMy MOJiOAOMy nejiOBeKy, CBoeMy BocnHTaHHHKy, KOToporo OH HacTaBjinji H3AajieKa H B6JIH3H. HaBeAH nopHAOK B IepMaHHH H B EBpone, OH TOT^ac >Ke npH3bmaeT e r o K ce6e.
OHjinnn, ynpaBjiflBiunft c 1542 roAa McnaHHeft, Bbie3HcaeT H3 BajibflAOJiHAa 2 OKTH6pn 1548 roAa, ocTaBHB B3aMeH ce6n ABOiopoAHoro 6paTa MaKCHMHjiwaHa,
cbma OepAHHaHAa. 3 T O e r o nepBoe nyTeiuecTBHe no EBpone, coBepuieHHoe B
B03pacTe ABaAUaTH OAHoro roAa; OHO AOIUJIO AO Hac BO BceM CBOCM Be;iHKo;ienHH 6;iaroAapfl onHcaHHio, cocTaBjieHHOMy npnjieacHbiM H BejiepeHHBbiM CBHAeTejieM56. BMecTe c OHJinnnoM nyTemecTByeT LJBCT ncnaHCKoro ABopaHCTBa, c r a p
H MJiaA57. J\jin HX AOCTaBKH H3 MajieHbKoro KaTajioHCKoro nopTa Po3ac B IeHyio
Hcno;ib3yeTCH Becb CJDJIOT CTaporo /JopHH; Ha rajiepax, yKpaiueHHbix no3o;iOToft,
c pa3HOiiBeTHbiMH Bec/iaMH, wrpaeT My3biKa. Ha cyuie HX noAHCHAaiOTTpHyM(J)ajibHbie apKH, npa3AHecTBa, npwBeTCTBeHHbie peHH, nHpbi n o BceMy nyTH AO Bpiocce;m, rAe Hac^eAHHK Bjiacre;iHHa MHpa BcrpeqaeTca co CBOHM OTIJOM. 1 anpejin
1549 roAa Kap;i npoB03niaiiiaeT ero 3Aecb HacjieAHbiM npwHueM HHAepjiaHAOB.
3 T O Heo6biHHO, nocKO^bKy crpaHa (j)opMajibHO euie noAHHHeHa CB^uieHHoft
HMnepHH. TeM He MeHee, MOJiOAoro npnHixa HaAejiaiOT no^HOMOMHHMH, npncBa* «Pa3MbiumeHHHMOCMepTH» (jiam.).

y HCTOKOB BOHHbl

33

UB3M eMy THTy^bi r p a ^ a OjiaHApcKoro H r e p q o r a Bpa6aHTCKoro. B 3TOM KaqeCTBe OH nocemaeT ropoAa CeBepHbix H lOacHbix npoBHHijHft, KOTopbie craHOBHTCH OAHH 3a^pyrHM, c BecHbi /jo oceHH 1549 ro^a, apeHoft oc})HiiHajibHbix TopHcecTB. 3aTeM npnxoAHT qepeA TepMaHHH, npe6biBaHMe B KOTopoft no^HHMaeT
HOByio Bojmy pa3AopoB H3-3a Hacjie^CTBa, KaK HMKor^a oncecToqeHHbix.
^encTBHTe^bHO, B Ayrc6ypre, r^e 6bui co3BaH peftxcTar, c aBrycra 1550 roAa
Ia6c6ypra Aep>KajiH HacTOflmuft ceMeftHbift COBCT, Ha KOTopoM, noA npHKpbiTHeM ocJ)HU,H03Hbixyjibi6oK H pacuiapKHBaHHH, c caMoro Hanajia pa3ropejiHCb >KapKHe cnopbi, npoAO^HcaBuiHecH noMTH HenpecraHHO. Ha npoT^^ceHHH 6ojiee nojiyro#a Kapji riflTbift npoTHBOcroaji npHTH3aHHHM CBoero 6paTa, a BepHee, npHTH3aHHHM ceMbH CBoero 6paTa, «napTHH OepAHHaH#a», caMbiM HacroftHHBbiM
npeACTaBHTC^eM KOTopoft 6bui ero crapiiiHft cbm MaKCHMHJiHaH, B TO BpeMH
Kopojib BoreMHH, njieMHHHHK H 3HTb HMnepaTopa. l l o npaBAe roBopa, Kapji
co6cTBeHHbiMH pyKaMH 3a;io>KHji ocHOBaHHe MorymecTBa 3TOH napTHH. B
1516 roAy, npH ero BcrynjieHHH Ha ncnaHCKHft npecroji, OepAHHaHA CKJIOHHJICA
nepeA CTapuiHM 6paTOM, HeB3Hpaa Ha B03MO>KHbie HapeKaHHH. Harpa^a He 3aMeAJinjia BocnocjieAOBaTb, H no AoroBopy 1522 roAa eMy Aocrajicfl qejiHKOM aBCTPHHCKHH Erbland \ /I,eB5iTbio roAaMH no3>Ke, B HHBape 1531 roAa, OH nojiyqnji
THTyji pHMCKoro Kopojifl** H B 3TOM 3BaHHH npaBHJi repMaHHeft BO BpeMH nacTbix H A-flHTejibHbix OTjiyneK 6paTa. Co3AaHHoe TaKHM o6pa30M «yAejibHoe KHH>KecTBO» npoHBHjio HaioioHHOCTb K pacmnpeHHio, npHcoeAHHHB B 1526 roAy
BoreMHio, 6biBiuyio onjiOTOM cpeAHeft EBponbi, H BeHrpnio, HJIH no MeHbiiieft
Mepe TO, HTO HCJiaM ocTaBHJi OT Hee xpHCTHaHaM. B TepMaHHH 1550 roAa RJW
aBCTpHHqeB Tan>Ke cjio>KHjiHCb 6jiaronpH5iTHbie o6cTOHTejibCTBa. HacKOJibKO
CTpaHa npoTHBHJiacb Haca>KAeHHio HcnaHCKHx nopHAKOB, ocHOBbiBaBiuHxcn Ha
noBHHOBeHHH HMnepaTopy H KaTOJinnecKoft Bepe, HacTOJibKO >Ke OHa CKJIOHHjiacb Ha CTopoHy BCHCKHX rocyAapeft. HeMiibi BAOXHOBJIAJIH HX H no6y>KAajiH K
conpoTHBjieHHio: OHH xoTejiH, HTo6bi HacjieAHHKOM OepAHHaHAa B TepMaHHH
6bui MaKCHMHJiHaH, a He Onjinnn.
Coio3HHueH Kapjia riflToro 6bijia ero cecTpa, Mapna BeHrepcKan, npaBHBiiia* B HuAepjiaHAax c 1531 roAa H rjiy6oKO npeAaHHan CBoeft poAHe. BO3MO>K58
HO, aBTopcTBO npoeKTa o npecTOJiOHacjieAHH npHHaAJie>Kajio eft . Bo BCHKOM
cjiyqae, MMCHHO OHa B35iJiacb y6eAHTb B ero pa3yMHocTH OepAHHaHAa. Pa3Be OH
He 6WJI o6H3aH eft JIHHHO, KaK H Kapjiy? B 1526 roAy, nocjie 6HTBbi npH Moxane,
B KOTopoft norn6 ee My>K, JIIOAOBHK BeHrepcKHft, OHa noMorjia OepAHHaHAy CTaTb
ero npeeMHHKOM. B ceHTa6pe Mapnn OTnpaBHjiacb B Ayrc6ypr, HTOSW HacTa* «HacneACTBeHHbiftyAe;i»

(nm.).

TiiTy^pHMCKoroKopojinHOCHJIHrepMaHCKHeKopojin, HacjieAHHKH HJIH npereHAeiiTbi
na HMnepaTopcKHH npecroji.
2. 3aKH3 N? 2220.

34

1550—1559: Bo3o6noBJieiiHe H oKOHHanne MHPOBOM BOHHLI

BHTb Ha nyTb HCTHHHbin KOJie6jiK3iuHxcH, HeycTaHHO yroBapHBaTb H y6e>KAaTb.
K CC B03BpamCHHK) B HllAepjiaHAbl B TepMaHHH BOqapHJIHCb THllIHHa H CnOKOH-

CTBHC Ho no npaB/je roBopa, STO 6buio 3aTHiiibe B o)KHAaHHH MaKCHMHJiHaHa.
KaK TOJibKO OH npHCXajI, CllOpbl B0306HOBHJIHCb H pe3KO OHCeCTOHHJIHCb. CTpaH-

Hyio KapTHHy npeACTaBjinjiH CO6OH 3TH MOHapuiHe c6opHiija, Ha KOTopwx 3Byqajia 4>paHijy3CKafl pcnb B naMHTb o 6ypryH/jCKHx npe^Kax, noKOflmnxcn B KapTy3HaHCKOM MOHacTbipe B ,3,H)KOHC*. npepeKancb, KaK paAOBbie nojiynaTejin HacjieACTBa y HOTapnyca, TOJibKO Ha nyTb 6ojiee BMCOKHX TOHax, Ta6c6yprH peuiajiH
cyAb6bi OAHOBpeMCHHO TepMaHHH H EBponw.
y q a c r a e MaKCHMHJiHaHa npHAajio Ae6aTaM Apyroft xapaicrep, 6jiaroAapn ero
HcyMcpeHHbiM anneTHTaM TmaTejibHO CKpbmaeMbie AO Toro pa3HorjiacHfl crajin
AOCTOHHHeM MOJIBbl. ,3,HeBHHKH nOCJIOB, nOJiyHHBUIHX B03MO>KHOCTb CJieAHTb 3a

XOAOM AHCKyccHH, necrpjiT ceHcaiiHOHHbiMH noApo6HOCTHMH. Kapji V HeroAyeT
H OAHOBpeMeHHO npHxoAHT B OTqaaHbe: «yBepHio Bac, HTO eme HeMHoro H H
jionHy OT 3JIOCTH», — nHiueT OH 5 9 cecrpe B Aena6pe 1550 roAa. HHKorAa B >KH3HH
OH He HcnbiTbiBaji TaKnx oropneHHH, KaK H3-3a noBeAeHHH CBoero 6paTa, KopoJIH, Aa>Ke OT nocTynKOB «noKOHHoro Kopojin OpamiHH» HJIH OT «Aep30CTeH» Hbme
3ApaBCTByiomero KOHHCTa6jiH MoHMopaHCH. K cnacrbio, B HHBape B03BpamaeTCH Mapna. H o Bee nonbiTKH npHMwpeHHH HanpacHbi; B KOHije KOHLJOB Kapji
n^TbiH pemaeT HaBH3aTb CBOIO BOJIIO JXUKT?LTOM OT 9 MapTa 1551 roAa 60 , TCKCT
KOToporo 6biji HanncaH B o6craHOBKe crpo^KaniueH TaHHbi B noKonx HMnepaTOpa enncKonoM AppaccKHM. THTyji HMnepaTopa 6biJi o6ecneneH Onjinnny no
MCHbuicii Mepe B GyAymeM, TaK KaK CHanajia 30JiOTyio KopoHy HacjieAOBaji ero
AHAfl, a OHjiunn TOJibKO TpoH pHMCKoro KopojiH. H o no CMepTH OepAHHaHAa OH
CTaHeT HMnepaTopoM, a MaKCHMHjiHaH — PHMCKHM KopojieM. KpoMe Toro, HeMHorHM cnycTH Onjinnn nojiynnji o6emaHne, HTO 3a HHM 6yAyT 3aKpenjieHbi
«4)eoAajibHbie» npaBa HMnepaTopa B HTajinn, BMecTe c THTyjioM HMnepcKoro
BHKapHH B HTaJIbflHCKHX 3CMJIflX(il.
Ho AoroBopy cy>KAeHo 6I>IJIO ocTaTbcn MepTBOH 6yKBofi62. napTHfl OepAHHaHAa, ycTynaa yrpo3aM H yBcmaHHHM, Morjia paccHHTbmaTb Ha TO, HTO HacTynHT jiyniuHC BpeMeHa. MaKCHMHjiHaH yMeji noAAep>KHBaTb Apy>KecKHe OTHomeHH5i c jnoTepaHaMH, c MopHqeM CaKCOHCKHM — B TO BpeMH, KorAa He 3aHrpbiBaji
c c})paHuy3CKHM KopojieM. 3 T O H 6biJio, no yTBep>KAeHHK) JIiOABHra H(f>aHAJifl<):\
BnpoMeM, He COBCCM y6eAHTejibHOMy, npnHHHOH ynopcTBa Kapjia V: OH He xoTeji
nepeAaBaTb BJiacTb HaA HMnepnen TaKOH HeHaAOKHOH JIHHHOCTH, HanojiOBHHy
epeTHKy. TCM He MCHee ACHO, MTO pemeHne, npnHAToe HMnepaTopoM, 6buio Majio
npuroAHO. nocjie OKOHHaHHH neperoBopoB B Ayrc6ypre HMnepaTopa npeAyn* B MonacTbipe op/ieiia Kapry3HaHueB, HJIH KapTe3HaimeB, LLIaMMOjib (LUaiiMOJib), ocHOBamiOM B 1385 roAyKaKycbinajibHHi;arepuoroB6ypryHACKHX.

y HCTOKOB BOHHbl

pe>KAajiH 06

3TOM

nacKBHJiH

H

naMcJDjieTbi. B Hey/jane qacro

35
O6BHHHIOT MOJIOAO-

TO n p H H U a , H ACHCTBHTeJIbHO, 3 T O T n p H J I O K H b l H K)HOIIia, H e 3 H a K O M b I H C H 3 b l -

KOM H HpaBaMH A^JieKOH CTpaHbi, no cjiOBaM coBpeMeHHHKa 6o;iee npeAaHHOH
nbHHCTBy, neM yqeHHio JIiOTepa 64 , He cyMeji BbiHrpaTb npeAJioaceHHoii eMy
napTHH. Ho 6biJio JIH 3TO BO3MO>KHO? Pa3Be Ayrc6yprcKoe yperyjiHpoBaHne He
6bijio o6peqeHO c caMoro Haqajia Ha Heycnex, KaK B TepMaHHH, Tan H B EBpone?
H npe>KAe Bcero B IepMaHHH. MOHCHO JIH 6biJio y^ep>KaTb ee c noMoujbio qy>KC3eMHbIX nOJIKOB, H C n a H C K H X H HTaJIbHHCKHX, p e K p y T H p O B a H H b l X H 3 BCnblJIb-

qHBbix K»KaH, cpa3y B036yAHBiiiHx B Hapo^e HeHaBHCTb, KOTopan pocjia c K?UKAbiM AHeM? TeM 6ojiee, HTO 3TH nojiKH Hejib3H 6biJio ocraBHTb 3j\ecb HacoBceM,
apMHH CTOHT Aoporo. Hx BbiBOA H3 TepMaHHH B aBrycTe 1551 roaa 6 5 y^ce cnjibHO
o6ecn,eHHji njioAbi noGe^bi npH Miojib6epre! COK>3HHKOB 3Aecb y HMnepaTopa
6bijio HeMHoro. JXayae KaTOJinqecKne ropo^a IOra He npHHHMajiH 6e3oroBopoqHO erO CTOpOHy. OHH CJIHUIKOM AOpO>KHJIH CBOHMH BOJIbHOCTflMH H OCOGeHHO
noKoeM. B OTHOUICHHH ace KHH3CH He oieAOBajio o6ojibmaTbc$i. K TOMy >Ke, 3anyTaHHbiH H pa3o6meHHbiH repMaHCKHH MHp, KOTopbiM 6biJio Tpy^HO ynpaB^HTb H
eme TpyAHee pacnopaacaTbCfl, Bcer^a Mor npe^ocTaBHTb eBponencKHM coce^HM
noBOA AAfl BMemaTe^bCTBa. Ha 3TOT pa3 H EBpona He ncejiana HMnepaTopy no6eAbi.
TaKHM o6pa30M, B IepMaHHH H BOKpyr Hee nocTeneHHO HaKajinjiacb npeABOeHHan o6cTaHOBKa. JXJIR CKjiaAbmaHHH KoajinriHH, Ha6opa BOHCK, HaKanjiHBaHHH
npoBnaHTa Tpe6oBajiocb BpeMH, no3TOMy AnnjiOMaTbi 6bijiH B COCTOHHHH 3aAOJiro AO Haqajia 3a6nTb TpeBory, Ha6jnoAa5i 3a MeAJieHHbiM pa3BepTbraaHHeM STHX
npnroTOB^eHHH.
CaMbie AOCTOBepHbie H noApo6Hbie CBeAeHHa cooGmaeT Tenepb CHMOH PeHap, HMnepcKHH nocoji n p n ABope XpHcraaHHeHiiiero rocyAapn, H6O OpaHijHH
nrpaeT rjiaBHyio pojib B pa3BH3bmaHHH KOH(|)jiHKTa. nocjie 3aBepineHHH BOHHM
c AHrjinen AoroBopoM OT 24 MapTa 1550 roAa(k> y Hee pa3BH3aHbi pyKH, H C 3Toro
MOMeHTa CHMOH PeHap cnpaBeAJiHBO onacaeTOi ee AHnjiOMaTHqecKHX KO3HCH.
He nbiTajiCH JIH cj)paHiry3CKHH Kopojib yroBopHTb cyjrraHa pa3opBaTb nepeMHpne AO HCTeqeHHH cpona? (IlHCbMo OT 17 HHBapn 1550 roAa 67 .) OAHOBpeMeHHO
OH AencTByeT B BpeMeHe, npnHHMaeT y ce6n ncnaHCKHx 3MHrpaHTOB H, KaK roBopHT, R20KC coGnpaeTOi HanacTb co CTopoHbi Oy3HTepa66nn (nncbMO Onjinnna PeHapy OT 27 HHBap5i<i8). Macas de Franceses *, KaK nniueT OHJiHnn('<J. OAHaKO
H3yqeHne cj)paHn,y3CKOH AHnjiOMaTHqecKOH nepenncKH noATBep>KAaeT nepeqncjieHHbie cjiyxn. B ijeHTpe BHHMaHM 3Toro o6MeHa HOBOCTHMH HaxoA^TCH noCTynKH H jiHMHOCTb ^cejiMHoro KOHHeTa6^H MoHMopaHCH, ero HeocnopHMan
ocTopo^CHocTb, KOHTpacTHpyioman c rpy6ocTbio ero BbixoAOK H Bbipa^KeHHH.
KoHenHO, 3TO He «coTpyAHHqecTBO» 1540 roAa 70 .
*«Opaiiuy3CKHe n p o n c K H »

2*

(ucn.).

86

1550—1559: Bo3o6noBJieHHe n oKOHnaHne MHPOBOH BOHIILI
H36aBHBllIHCb OT 6peMCHH aHRJIHHCKOH BOHHbl, OpaHIJHH pC3KO yCHJIHBaeT

CBoe npoTHBOAeftcTBHe, KOTopoe CTaHOBHTCfl 6o;iee omyTHMbiM. CHMOH PeHap
perHCTpnpyeT ero BcnjiecKH H OTrojiocKH. IlocbuiKy c|)paHiry3CKHX areHTOB B
TypiiHio H AJDKHP 2 anpejin, nepe6pocKy B llbeMOHT OCBO6OAHBIHHXCH OT ocaAbi
ByjiOHH BOHCK 71 . 25-ro 72 HenpnKpbiTyio pa^ocTb BeHeiinaHqeB n p n H3BCCTHH 06
aHrjio-cJ)paHuy3CKOM Mnpe: no HX MHCHHK), OH rapaHTHpyeT, MTO OpaHijHH He
OTAacT llbeMOHT H npoAOJi>KHT 6opb6y c ncnaHCKHM rocnoACTBOM Ha CeBepe,
Aa H BO Bceft HTajiHH. B TOT nee AeHb, 25 anpejin, 4)paHijy3CKHH areHT oTnpaBjiaeTCH K MapoKKaHCKOMy uiepH(J)y; HcnaHHio 6ecnoKOHT Ha6erH nocjieAHero Ha
OpaH H npHnncbiBaeMbie eMy njiaHbi BTop>KeHHH Ha nojiyocTpoB 73 . AreHT OpaHIIHH, cyAH no cjiyxaM, AOJDKCH npeA-JioatHTb eMy noMoqb cf>paHuy3CKoro 4>jiOTa,
ocraBiuerocfl HC y AeJi nocjie npHMHpeHHH c AHrjinen. ATana 6yAeT npeAnpnHHTa npoTHB KopojieBCTBa TpaHaAa.
KoHenHO, no noBOAy OpaHiinn HHKorAa He;ib3H 6biTb yBepeHHbiM. «Bame
BejiHHecTBO, — nnuieT CHMOH PeHap B TOM ace nocjiaHHH OT 25 anpcjin, — Ae;ia H
pemeHHH 3Aecb HacTOJibKO noABep>KeHbi noBopoTaM H H3MeHeHHHM, HTO oneHb
TpyAHO npocjieAHTb H o6Hapy>KHTb HX noA-flHHHbie HaMepeHHH». K TOMy >Ke, He
HBJIHeTCH JIH Hpe3MepHaH CJIOBOOXOTJIHBOCTb, 3TOT HeAOCTaTOK ^ p a H U y 3 0 B , KaK

Tu^aTejibHO co6jnoAaeMoe ncnaHijaMH MOJinaHne, cnoco6oM cKpbiTb CBOH UCJIH?
OAHaKo HecKOJibKO MecHueB cnycTH PeHap 3aionoHaeT: «<t>paHU,y3CKHH Kopojib
He AOBepneT HMnepaTopy H, HTo6bi pa3pyuiHTb ero 3aMbic;ibi, BCTynaeT B CHOmeHHfl c HeMuaMH, uiBenijapuaMH, MaBpaMH, HeBepHbiMH»74, aTaioKe, Ao6aBji5ieTOH 1 ceHTfl6pa, c H3raaHHHKaMH H3 HeanojiH, los foraxidos*, c repqoroM A'Ajib6pe, c mepH([)OM MapoKKo75. 6 AeKa6pa CHOBa BCTaeT Bonpoc o OysHTepa66HH,
KyAa Kopo;ib OpaHqHH co6npaeTCH noexaTb, « H 6 O Oy3HTepa66HH — KJIIOH K H C naHHH»7(). BeHen,HaHiibi TOJibKO H MenTaioT, HTOGW pa3pa3Hjiacb (})paHKO-HcnaHCKan BOHHa H noxoHce, HTO OpaHijHH y>Ke npnHHjia co CBoen CTopoHbi TaKoe peuieHHC «HTO HX noACTerHBaeT, 3TO HHTpnrn H neperoBopbi, KOTopbie OHH BCAyT B
TepMaHHn». r i p n nepBOM BbicTpejie OHa BoccTaHeT. H e 3acBHAeTejibCTBOBaji JIH
3TO Mopnu, CaKCOHCKHH Ha penxcTare? KpoMe Toro, cyjiTaH noo6emaji BbiCTynHTb «c orpoMHbiMH nojiMnmaMH, HTo6bi BbiTecHHTb Baiue Be^HMecTBO H3 Bep6epnH, CHUHJIHH H Heanojin, a 3aTeM nepeAaTb OTHHTOC (J)paHi;y3aM». 0 6 STHX
njiaHax PeHap npoBeAaji H3 pa3Hbix HCTOHHHKOB H nojiyHHJi noATBep>KAeHHe OT
HeKoero /JeMeTHKO, rpeKa, cJiy>KHBiiiero nepeBOA^HKOM (apa6cKoro H HaBepHHKa TypeqKoro H3I>IKOB) H aoiBiuero B IiapH)Ke. EIOCOJI «Kopoji5i» Aji>Knpa K KopoJIIO OpaHUHH HKo6bi npnGbiji K HeMy B TOT >Ke AeHb, KorAa IeHpnx II BT>exaji B
Buya. O H 6bi;i npnHHT KopojieM H KOHHeTa6jieM. Penb nuia «o no6eAe, oAep>KaHHOH B. B. B 3TOM roAy B A<|>pHKe». ConiacHO nocjieAHHM coo6meHHAM, cy;rraH
H

* «BbixoAuaMH» (ucn.).

Bofiiia B CpeAH3eMHOMopbe w 3a cro npe/icjiaMH

37

HapyuiHT nepcMnpHC no/j TeM npe/yioroM, HTO CTponTCJibCTBO yKpenjieHHH B
BeHrpHH npoTHBopenHT HMeiomnMCH coiyiameHHHM.
Ha cjie/ryioiUHH roj\ B AOHeceHH^x CnMOHa PeHapa 77 CTOJib >KC noApoGHO H
MOHOTOHHO ncpeHHCJIHIOTCH H e MCHCC TpeBO>KHbie HOBOCTH OTHOCHTeJIbHO O y -

3HTepa66HH, HCMCIIKHX ropoAOB, HTajiHH, EepGepHu, Ky/ja no cjiOBaM HeKoero
MajibTHHCKoro pbinapn OTnpaBJijnoTCfl rpeGHbie H napycHbic cy/ja H3 Mapcejifl.
3aTeM npeA3HaMCHOBaHH5i MHo>KaTC5i: 3TO B03BpameHHc ^>paHny3CKoro noc/ia B
KoHCTaHTHHonojib 12 anpcjiH, KOTopoe npeflBeinaeT BCJIHKHC coGbiTHH. 3 T O
noc3AKa MoHjnoKa B HTajiHio 27 Man H 40 rajicp, ocHamaeMbix KopojieM B MapCCJIC BoiiHa BcnbixHBaeT H3-3a FlapMbi, r^c nana IOJIHH III HaHOCHT yAap poAy
OapHC3c: 3a HHMH CTOHT (}}paHu;y3CKHH Kopojib, a 3a nanon — HMnepubi. O H H
e q e HC CTOJiKHyjiHCb Hanp^Myio, HO 3Ta BOHHa — nepBbin npn3HaK KOHcf>JiHKTa,
CJiyX O KOTOpOM UIHpHTCfl nOBCIOAy H KOTOpblM, HaKOHCII, CTaHOBHTCH HBHblMI
15 HIOJIH B AyrcGypre y3HaiOT, HTO TypeiiKHH CJ)JIOT noflBHJica B OTKpbiTOM Mope y
GeperoB Heanojifl 7S .

2. BOHHA B CPE^H3EMHOMOPbE H 3A ErO riPE/JEJIAMH
B caMOM A^Jie, nepBbitt yzjap HaHecjiH TypKH. MOITIH JIH OHH AonycTHTb, HTOGbi xpncTnaHe npoqHO 3aKpenHjiHCb Ha Geperax AcJ)pnKH, Ha OTpe3Ke Me>KAy
TpHnojiH, npHHa,/vie^<amHM MajibTHHCKHM pbiqap^M 79 , H ropoAKaMH Acf)pHKOH
H JIa TyjieTTon? 3 T O T oGopoHHTejibHbiH py6e>K MO>KCT OTpe3aTb HJIH no MeHbuien Mepe CHjibHO 3aTpyAHHTb MycyjibMaHaM nyTb Ha 3anaA- O^HOMy /JparyTy HC
ycTOiiTb npoTHB (Jx/iOTa AH/jpea /JopHH. O H e^aa ycKOJib3Hyji OT Hero B anpejie
1551 roAa Ha ,H>Kep6e GjiaroAapn OTqa^HHOMy MaHCBpy, npopbm KaHaji nepe3
80
OTMCJIH Ha lore ocrpoBa . /tparyTy rpo3HT H3rHaHne c GeperoB AcjjpHKH. B TO
>Ke BpeMH MaJIbTHHCKHC p b l l j a p H MeHTaiOT paCnpOCTHTbCH CO CBOHM CKaJIHCTbIM

H Gecn^oAHbiM ocTpoBOM n c y/joGcTBOM oGocHOBaTbCM B Ac})pHKe H TpnnojiH.
XBaTHT JIH y HHX BpeMeHH, HToGbi B03BecTH y caMbix BopoT BepGepHH HOByio
KpenocTb, CTOJib >Ke HenpncrynHyio, KaK POAOC 8 1 ?
IlaAeHHe TpmiojiH 14 aBrycTa 1551 r o ^ a
CoGbiTHH MeyKjiy TCM pa3BopaHHBajiHCb crojib MC/X/ICHHO, HTO Typiai MOITIH
no3BOJiHTb ceGe pocKouib no;;roTOBHTb pa3pbiB B nojiHOM COOTBCTCTBHH C AHIIJIOMaTHHCCKHMH IipaBHJiaMH. H M I i e p a T O p , BOIipCKM MHpHbIM AOFOBOpCHHOCTHM,

yKpenjiHCT BeHrepcKyio rpaHHixy. O H HTO-TO 3aMbiinjifleT B TpaHCHjibBaHHHs-\ O H
Hanaji Ha/tpaiyra, coio3HHKa cyjiTaHa. B cJ^eBpajie 1551 roAaTypenKiiii 3Miiccap,
HeKHH pary3aHeii, npnGbui K HMiiepaTopy B AyrcGypr no cyme H3 KoHCTamTiHo-

38

1550—1559: Bo3o6noBJieHHC H oKOHnaiiHe MnpoBOH BOHHLI

nojiH. Yioji yrpo30H BOHHW Kapji AOJi>KeH pa3o6paxb yKpenjieHHH B 3CHOKC* H
BepHyxb(|)opnocxBA(jDpHKC83. JIio6onbixHaflAexajib, CnHaH-nauia, noflBHBiuHHcn co CBOHM C}).7IOXOM HanpoxHB MeccHHCKoro Ma^Ka, y 4>occa-AH-CaH-/I(>KOBaH-

HH, CHOBa xpc6yex B nncbMC K BHue-Kopojiio BcpHyxb A(J)pHKyst. Pa3yMeexca, B
3XOM 6buio oxna3aHo. H o BCC c 6ecnoKOHCXBOM 3aAaBajincb BonpocoM, MXO 6yAex ACJiaxb cyjixaHCKHPi (j)jiox. 06pyuiHxc5i JIH OH Ha Majibxy, A^pnKy, TpnnojiH?
ripocjie/jycx JIH Ha 3anaA, qxo6bi npncoeAHHHXbCfl K (j)paHixy3CKHM rajicpaM? H
KaK nocxynax c})paHU,y3bi, BOX HXO BOJiHOBajio Kapjia V B Ayrc6ypre 85 .
18 Hioji*rS(> xypeqKHH CJDJIOX, noAOHAH K MajibXHHCKOH raBaHH, npoH3BCJi HeKoe nofloGne axaKH H noribixajicn cAejiaxb BbicaAKy, 3axeM oxnpaBHjicn K ocxpoBy
Ibnno** H nojjBepr cro 6ecnoma/iHOMy pa3rpa6jieHHio, npnneM xypKH 3axBaxH87
JIH 5 HJIH 6 xbic^q njieHHbix . 30 HIOJIH OH nojjHHJi napyca H oxnjibiji B cxopoHy
Acapnia!. B nepBbix qncjiax aBrycxa Ha Majibxe, KaK H B TpnnojiH, BCC eme BepnJIH, HXO 3xo 6buia HHCxan ACMOHCxpauHH. Kor/ia cj)paHixy3CKHH nocoji B Typn,HH
/{'ApaMOH 1 aBrycxa npnGbui B Heanojib no nyxn B KoHCxaHXHHonojib, npomeji
c/iyx, MTO OH pa3bicKHBaex xypcuKyio apivia^y, nxo6bi conpoBOAHXb ee Ha 3anaA,
rj\c OHa AOJi^Ha 6biJia nepe3HMOBaxb. H o 3KcneAHn,HOHHbin Kopnyc BCKopc Haqaji Bbica^Ky B 3yape 3anaAHee H B TaA>Kype BoexoHHee Tpnnojin.
Hcnamjbi, 3aBoeBaBiiiHc Tpnnojin B 1510 roAy, B 1530 ycxynnjin ero MajibXHHCKHM pbiuap^M. Mecxo 6bijio He oco6eHHo npHBjieKaxejibHbiM: MajieHbKHH
xy3eMHbiH ropoAOK, HacejieHHbiH o6cjiy>KHBaiomHMH op^eH apa6aMH, 6biJi OKpy>KCH njioxoft cxeHOH, yKpenjiCHHOH 6aiuHHMH, HO cocxoflinen B OCHOBHOM H3
3eMJiHHoro Bajia. HanpoxHB nopxa BWCHJICH KpenocxHOH 3aMOK B cxapHHHOM
CXHJIC, c qexbipbM5i yrjioBbiMH 6auiHHMH H qacxHHHO KaMeHHbiMH, HO Maine 3eMJI5IHWMH cxeHaMH. HaKOHcnu Aocxyn B nopx (rjiy6oKHH H npocxopHbin nopx, B
raBaHb Koxoporo MorjiH 3axoAHXb HaBbi BOAOH3MemeHHeM 1 200 cajibM) oxpaHHJI CBOHMH nyniKaMH MajibiH 3aMOK, nocxpoeHHbiH Ha Bbicxyne cyuin, npoxaHyBincMCH B cxopoHy 3aKpbmaiomHx nopx c 3ana/xa ocxpoBOB, castillegio, BopA>K3jib-MaHApiiK, KaK Ha3bmajiH ero apa6bi. 3 x o 6biJio nocpeACXBCHHoe yKpenjieHiie, ycoBepiiicHCXBOBaxb Koxopoe noMeiiiajiH o6cxo$ixejibcxBa, CB5i3aHHbie c XCM,
MXO B 3XOM KpaK) nCCKOB HC 6bIJIO HH KaMHH, HH A ^ p e B a , a XaK>Ke, KaK TOBOpHJIH,

CKynocxb BejiHKoro \iarncxpa, XyaHa /1,'OjibMeAeca. IapHraoH noA KOMaHAOBaHHCM cj)pa Tacnapa j\c BajiJibe, Mapmajia H3 OBepHH, Ha noBepi<y oKa3aBincroc5i
BccbMa cjia6biM BOCHaqajibHHKOM, COCXOHJI H3 xpnAUaxn pbinapen H 630 iuioxo
noAroxoiuieHHbix Kajia6pHHCKHx H CHIIHJIHHCKHX HaeMHHKOB, Ha6paHHbix B nocJieAHHH MOMCHX88.
* Cciib.

** rayACiu, p^AOM c MajibTofi.

BoHna B CpeAH3eMHOMopbe H 3a ero npejxejidMii

39

TaKHM o6pa30M, oca#a TpnnojiH npouma 6c3 HeoHCH/jaHHOCTen, XOTH y TypoK ocTaBajiocb Majio BpeMCHH AO Haqajia 3HMbi. Hana/jaiomHc Bbica/nuiHCb H
3anac^HCb BceM Heo6xo/uiMbiM 6e3 noMex, npopbuiH no/urrynaiomHe TpaHinen
H ycTaHOBHjiH TpH 6aTapeH H3 ABeHaAUaTH opyAHH J\JIH o6cTpejia KpenocTH; oca>KACHHbie cojiAaTbi B36yHTOBajiHCb H npHHy/jHjiH CBOHX KOMaHAHpoB K KamiTyjiHIJHH. FleperoBopbi HC 3aH5uiH MHoro BpeMCHH. TypKH noTpe6oBajin nepe/jaTb
HM B HCJIOCTH ropoACKHe yKpeiuiCHHfl. B3aMCH, 6;iaroAapfl nocpeAHHMecTBy
(|)paHijy3CKoro nocjia, npHCoeAHHHBmerocn K TypeiiKOH ocKa/jpe, pbiqap^M 6buia
o6emaHa 6e3onacHOCTb H CBo6o/;a. Ha 6opTy nocojibCKHX rajiep OHH 6bijiH j\ocTaBjieHbi 6e3 6o;ibmoH noivinbi Ha MajibTy, B TO BpeMH KaK coji/jaTbi ocTajiHCb B
pynax noGe/jHTCJieH B OTMecTKy 3a Henoc/iyiiiaHHe8<J...
TaK no KpaHHcn Mepc paccKa3bmaeT BO3HO, MajibTHHCKHH «6yp>Kya», KOTOpbin, HHMTO>Ke cyMHfliuecfl, nepeAaeT CBeAeHHH CBOHX HCTOHHHKOB: MaTepnajibi
cyAe6Horo npoqecca, cocTOflBiuerocn BnocjieACTBHH Ha MajibTe npoTHB OTBCTCTBeHHblX JIHLL Il0X0>KC Ha TO, HTO BCK) BHHy CBaJIHJIH Ha nJieHHblX COJI^aT, KO-

Topwe He Mor^H BbiCKa3aTbca B CBOIO nojib3y. TeM HC MeHee 3TO ACTIO Bbi3Bajio B
CBoe BpeMH HeMajio KPHBOTOJIKOB. ECJIH ocraBHTb B CTopoHe no3opHyio pojib,
npnnHCbiBacMyio nocjiy ,3,'ApaMOHy, 6biJi JIU H3MCHHHKOM (j)paHuy3CKHH pbiixapb
Iacnap j\e Bajuibe, KaK nojiaraeT HCTopHK CajioMOHe MapHHO? HJIH OTBCTCTBCHHOCTb 3a KaTacTpo(J)y cjie/jyeT B03Jio>KHTb Ha caMoro BejiHKoro Maracrpa, HCnaHqa/t'OjibMeAeca, KOTopbiH npoflBHji no MeHbiuen Mepe He/jajibHOBHAHocTb?
Bee 3TO Majio cymecTBeHHO. DiaBHoe, BMCCTC c Tpnnojin TypKH nojiyqujin
B03MO>KHOCTb 3aiHHTbI B e p 6 e p H H H CBH3H C e e BHyTpeHHHMH T e p p H T O p H f l M H .

By^yqH Tpa/nmHOHHbiM cf>opnocTOM ac^pHKaHCKoro KOHTHHeHTa, ropo/i, CMor
Tenepb B03poAHTb 6buiyio cjiaBy. Kor^a ero 3axBaTH;iH xpncTHaHe, noTOK caxapCKOH ToproBjin OTKJIOHH^CH B CTopoHy Ta/pKypbi, HaxoAHmencH HeAajieKO OT
TpnnojiH H noAHHHjHomcHCfl rpy6oMy MopaT-are, KOTopbift nocjie no6eAw
1551 ro/ja OKa3ajiCH BO rjiaBe TpHnojiHTaHCKoro namajibiKa. Tenepb 3OJIOTOH neCOK H pa6bl BHOBb yCTpeMHJIHCb B «H3o6HJIbHbIH 30JIOTOM» TOpOATypeiiKHH pen/* CTaji cnrHajiOM jym o6meii BOHHH, noAroTaBjniBaBiueHCfl B
EBpone. OpaHqy3CKne npoBOKaijHH ynacTHjiHCb, B TO BpeMH KaK HMnepijbi, B
KanecTBe npeAynpeflHTejibHon Mepw, 3axBaTHjin B aBrycTe (J)paHuy3CKHe Kopa6JIH B IlH/jepjiaHAax90. llocjiaHHHK, noABepraiHHCH Hana/n<aM co CTopoHbi IcHpnxa II H KOHHeTa6;ifl, BO BceycjibiuiaHHe 3aflBji5ui, HTO BOHHa BOT-BOT pa3pa3HTCHIJ1. B IacKOHH Ha6npaiOT BOHCKa92; 30 000 cojmaT H 7 000 jiomaACH repnora
Tn3a noKH^aiOT rpaHHijbi Bappya H BypryH^HH. npaB/ja, OHH He cpa3y nona^yT B
HTajinio, r^e (J)paHuy3CKHe A^Jia O6CTOHT He 6jiecTHme B IlapMe H MnpaH^ojie,
3aMenaeT PeHap 93 . Ho MapcejibCKHe rajiepbi KaK 6y/vro 6bi nojiyMHjin npHKa3 npncoeAHHHTbCH KTypeiiKOH acKa^pe 94 .

40

1550—1559: BO3O6IIOB;ICHIIC H oKOHnaHwe MHpoBOH BOMIILI
HMiicpaTopy npuxoAHTcn CHHTaTbCH B CBoen no^HTHKe co BceMH 3THMH onac-

HOCTflMH, KaK H C (J)HHaHCOBbIMH TpyAHOCTHMH, OCo6eHHO yCMJIHBllIHMHCH B 3TO

BpeMH, Kor^a npoTHBHHKH o6cTyiiHjiM cro co Bcex CTopoH. Onacaacb 3a cyAb6y
CHIIHJIHH, OH OTAacT B aBrycTe npHKa3 nepeBecTH Ty#a ncnaHCKHe H HTajibflHCKHC BOHCKa H3 BiopTCM6epra... 3Ta npocraji aKiinn HMeeT He6bmajio cepbe3HOC 3HaMCHHC lloKHHyB IcpMaHHio, Kapji V ocraBJineT Ha ycMOTpeHne 6paTa
TeppHTopnH, OTKyzja 6biJin BbmeAeHbi BOHCKa, — B TOM CJiynae, ecjin nocjicAHHH
nO>KCJiaCT 3aHMTb HX 3 a CBOH CMCT. H o H O e p A H H a H A B 3TOT MOMCHT 0 3 a 6 o H C H

nojio^ccHneM ACJI Ha BCHrcpcKOH rpaHHLje, r^e TaK>KC pa3ropaeTOi BOHHa H r^e
eMy c Tpy^oM y^acTC5i npoTHBOCTOHTb Ha6eraM Ha BHyTpeHHHe 3CMJIH 6eHJiep6CH PyMcviHH MexMCTa COKOJIH 9 5 , HecMOTpn Ha noAAep>KKy TpaHCHjibBaHHH, BpeMCHHO npHCOCAHHHBiiiCHC5i K ra6c6ypraM.
3THM BbiBO^OM OKKynaqnoHHbix BOHCK Kapji V HenocpeACTBeHHO noAroTOBHJI rcpMaHCKHH B3pbm 1552 roAa. llepeoiieHHJi JIH OH TypeiiKyio onacHocTb? B
TaKOM c/iynae 3a6jiy>KAeHHe pa3AejiflJiH c HHM MHorne ApyrHe. 15 aBrycTa BHiieKopojib BajiCHCHH ToMac AC BnjiMiHyaBa npeAynpoKAaji OHJiHnna o BO3MO>KHOH
BbicaAKC iypoK(,(). 24 aBrycTa HaxoAHBiiiHHCH Ha MajibTe BHHraHbOH yMOJiHJi KOHHCTa6;i5i MoHMopaHcn: «ecjni Kopojiio H BaM He yroAHO 6yAeT 3acrynHTbCH 3a
Hac ncpeA cyjiTaHOM, HTo6bi OH ocraBHJi Hac B noKoe, HaM rpo3HT pa3rpoM...» y7 .
CnacaTb MajibTy? y (J)paHuy3CKoro Kopojia xBaTajio ApyrHx 3a6oT. Bpa>KAe6Hbic CTbniKH, KOTopbiM HerjiacHo 6bijio nojio>KeHO Hanajio B oKpecTHOcrax riapMbi, iiocTeneHHO nojiyHHjm npoAOJi^KCHHe BO Bcefi EBpone. OcraBajiocb jiHiiib
BblCTyilHTb C O^HIlHaJIbHblM oG'MIBJICHHCM BOHHbl, HHHIJHaTHBy K O T O p o r O KO"

pojib OpaHLHin B35iji Ha cc6*i. JXJISI Hanajia OH pa3opBaji OTHOIIICHHH C nanoH 1 CCHT*i6p5i, B ACHb BO3O6HOBJICHHH pa6oTbi TpHAeHTCKoro co6opa. 12 Huc/ia OH npHKa3aji yAajiHTbcsi HMiicpcKOMy nocjiy CuMOHy PeHapy 98 H 0T03Baji co6cTBeHHbix
IIOCJIOB<)<). y>Kc Hanajincb npjiMbie BoeHHbie ACHCTBHA, B XOAC KOTopwx BpHceaK
6c3 rpyAa oBjiaACJi ropoAKaMH KbepH H CaH-^aMHaHO 10°. Eme AO 3Toro, B aBiycTC, FIojieH AC Jin lapA, KOMaHAyiomHH c})paHuy3CKHMH rajiepaMH, 3axBaTHJi y 6epcroB HTajinn naTHaAixaTb ncnaHCKHx cyAOB1()1 H CHOBa Hanaji B TOM >Ke Mecflue
Ha 6apCCJIOHCKHH IIOpT, OTK)Aa (J)paHUy3CKHe MOpflKH yBCJIH H C T b i p e 6ojIbIUHX

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AajibHefniicM MIICJIO Bpa>KAe6Hbix maroB SecnpepbiBHO MHO>KHTCH: BOHCKa nepe6pacbiBaiOTC5i B HTajiHio, B BpeTaHH CHapfl>KaiOTCfl Kopa6;iH lo: \ BO OpaHUHH 3axBaTbmaioTCJi cyAa iioA/;aHHbix HMncpaTopa 104 . HaKOHeq, B oKT^Gpe 6bum HaMeMeHbi OCHOBW oKOHMare^bHoro cor^auicHHH (|)paHqy3CKoro MOHapxa c npoTecTaHTCKHMH KHM3WIMM TcpMaHHH 105.
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41

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42

1550—1559: Bo3o6noiuicHiie n oKonnaHiie MHppBOH BOHHLI

4. 3JIB TpeKo. O i u m n n II. llorpeociiiie rpacjxi Opraca. Opar\ieirr «Diopii5i».
To;ieAO, 1586 r.

BoHHa B CpeAH3eMHOMopbe w 3a ero npeAe;iaMn

43

HHAepjiaHAOB, H KaK Bcer^a, npeAJiaraiomeH peuiHTejibHbie cpeACTBa: ripeo/jo
jieTb BpancAe6HOCTb AHITIHH H o63aBecTHCb TaM Heo6xoAHMbiM j\jin HMnepcKHx
cy/jOB nopTOM. «roBopHT A^OKC, — nHiueT oHa 107 , — HTO 3TO KopojieBCTBO HeTpyAHO 3aBOCBaTi>, TeM 6ojiee cen^ac, Kor^a OHO pa3AejieHo H HaxoAHTcn B KpaHHen
6eAHocTH». Bo BCHKOM cjiynae, cjieAOBajio BbiKa3aTb nojiHoe AOBepne H npHBfl3aHHOCTb n o OTHOUICHHK) K CblHOBbHM O c p A H H a H ^ a H Ha BpeMfl OTJIO>KHTb BCfl-

KHe pa3roBopbi o npecTOJie HMnepHH. 3 T O Mor^o 6bi HecKOJibKO ycnoKOHTb HeMueB H no6yAHTb HX K noMomn Ero B. ECJIH BOHHa 6y^eT BbinrpaHa, He cocTaBHT
Tpyzja 3aKpenHTb HMnepcKyio KopoHy 3a KeM yroAHO. H o uyyKuo OAepncaTb no6ej\y. Iloxo>Ke, HTO MapHH BeHrepcKaji npeAycMOTpejia Bee, 3anrpbiBaHHH cj}paHHy30B c npoTecTaHTCKOH AHrjiHcn, HX HaMepeHHe «noceflTb pa3Aop» B IepMaHHH, a TaioKe HX croBop c rcpqoroM «MopncoM» CaKCOHCKHM. MTO KacaeTca
iioc/ieAHero, roBopnT OHa, Hejib3H JIH 3aHHTb ero Ha TypeiiKOM (})poHTe108, noCKOJibKy B BeHrpHH CHOBa OTKpbi^CH TypeqKHH (JDpoHT? 3 T O no3BOJiHjio 6bi yAa;iHTb ero, a CCJIH OH OTKaaceTCfl, 3acTaBHjio 6bi ero OTKpbiTb KapTbi.
Kapji V ynopHo HC >KejiaeT 3aMenaTb STOH nrpbi, HO STO ero CAHHCTBCHHan
TaKTHHecKan ouiH6Ka. H T O KacaeTca Bcero ocTajibHoro, y Hero HeT HJIJHO3HH, H
HecMOTpn Ha Tep3aioinyio HMnepaTopa noAarpy, OH ocTaHaBjiHBacTCfl B HHc6pyKe, MT06bI B6JIH3H CJICAHTb 3a XOAOM CoGblTHH B HTaJIHH. TaK OH TOTOBHTCH B

OMepeAHOH pa3 K BOHHC npoTHB Ero XpHCTHaHHeHinero BejiHHecTBa10y.
I l o ^ c a p 1552 r o ^ a
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MecTax OT CeBepa AO IOra, XOTH He cpa3y 6buio noHHTHo, HTO 3TO C^HHWH npoijecc. IloBciOAy, HJIH IIOHTH noBciOAy B EBponc B 1552 roAy HanajiHCb BOMHW.
llpe>KAe Bcero, 3TO 6buia BHyTpeHHAH BOHHa B FepMaHHH, KOTopyio HaijHOHajibHbie HCTOPHKH OKpecTHJiH Fiirstenrevolution, XOTH 3TO 6bijia He TOJibKO
«KH5i>KecKa5i peBo^K)iiHH», HO TaK>Ke H pe;iHrH03Hafl ,10, H Aa>Ke coijHajibHafl BOHHa. Rjin Kapjia V OHa 3aKOHHHJiacb KaTacTpo^on. BbiTecHCHHbin H3 HHcSpyKa,
OH 6biji Bbmy>KAeH 6e>KaTb noA HaracKOM BOHCK Mopnija CaKCOHCKoro H yTpaTHJI BCC 3eMjiH B FepMaHHH TaK >Ke CTpeMHTejibHo, KaK H 3aBoeBaji HX B 1547 roAy
Ero «THpaHHH», ecjiH Bocno^b30BaTbCH Bbipa>KeHHeM Byiiepa, pyxHyjia 3a HeCKOjibKO MecHqeB, B npoMe>KyTKe Me>KAy HaqajiOM (JDeBpajia H 1 aBrycTa 1552 roAa,
KorAa FlaccaycKHH TpaKTaT BoccTaHOBHJi repMaHCKHe BOJibHOCTH H Ha BpeMH
npHMHpn^ HMnepaTopa c HeMijaMH.
Ha 3anaAe TepMaHHH Bejia BHeumioio BOHHy, npoTeKaBmyio B A»a 3Tana. Ha
nepBOM 3Tane (f>paHi;y3CKHH Kopojib, B COOTBCTCTBHH C corjiauieHHeM, 3aKJiioHeHHblM HM C HeMCIJKHMH IipOTeCTaHTaMH H nOATBep>KAeHHbIM HIaM6opCKHM

44

1550—1559: Bo3o6noiuicnne

M OKoiinaHHe MHpoBOH BOHIILI

AoroBopoM 15 MHBapn 1552 ro/ja, coBcpuiHJi «nyTcmecTBHe Ha PCHH»: 10 anpe3aH5m Tyjib H Men; l n , B Mae Bbiuieji K PeHHy, a Kor/ja ero HeMeiiKHe COK>3HHKH BT5myjiHCb B neperoBopbi c HMnepaTopoM, 6;iaropa3yMHO OTCTynmi Ha 3ana;;. I l p n STOM Ha o6paTHOM nyTH B HIOHC OH 3axBaTHJi Bep/jeH 112 . Ha BTopoM
3Tanc HMnepaTop, AoroBopHBuinncfl c HeMuaMH, nepcceK CTpaHy c lora Ha ceBcp H co6paji CBOH cnjibi B KyjiaK, MTO6W BepHyTb Men,, HO ero oca^a, HanaBiuafloi 19 OKTJiGpji, 1 HHBapn 1553 ro^a 3aBepiiiHjiacb pa3rpoMOM H oTCTynjicHHCM
MMiiepucB1I:\ TpcTbM rcpMaHCKa^i BOHHa, iipoTHB TypoK, pa3BopaMHBajiacb Ha
BOCTOKC, Ha BeHrepcKOH rpaHHue. /JJIH OcpAHHaH^a ACJia 3ACCb o6epHy;iHCb imoxo, nocKo;ibKy HCMCIIKHC KH5i3bH, B nepByio onepcAb Mopnu, CaKCOHCKHH, cMorjiu npHHTH K HCMy Ha noMOiub TOJibKO B KOHIIC roAa. 30 HIOJIJI 1552 roAa TypKH
3aH5i;m TeMeiiiBap111.
Enjc OAHH pnj\ KOHCJDJIHKTOB, ropa3AO MCHCC cymecTBCHHbix no MacuiTa6y,
3aTpoHyji rpaHHqbi JIiOKceM6ypra H HnAepjiaHAOB.
B HTajiHH BOHHa Bejiacb cnopaAHHecKH: CTbiHKH, oca^bi, BoeHHbic ACHCTBHA
B ropax llbCMOHTa; BpcMH OT BpcMCHH nepeAbiiiiKH. ^ o r o B o p OT 29 anpejui no115
JIO>KHJI KOHen BOHHC (J)paHity3CKoro KopojiH H nanbi IOJIHH III
, HO cpa3y BCJICA
3a 3THM, KaK 6bi B OTMecTKy, 26 HIOJIH B36yHTOBajiHCb cneHiibi, c KpHKaMH «OpaHUHH, OpaHUH5i!» nporHaBiiiHe HMnepueB H npoB03rjiacHBUiHe He3aBHCHMOCTb.
3 T O 6BIJI T5i>Ke;n>iH y^ap j\jin ncnaHUCB, ocHOBHbie KOMMyHHKaijHH KOTopbix oKa3cUincb ncpepc3aHHbiMH H GbijiH BoccTaHOBjieHbi TOJibKo nocjie naAeHHH CneHI>I, saxBaneHHofi BOHCKaMH HMnepaTopa H K O 3 H M O M C A H H H B a n p c j i e
1555 roAa11(i.
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JIH OH

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3 p C H H H , OHH flBJIJIJIHCb. B 1 5 5 2 TO A y BOCHHblC ACHCTBHH CBCJIHCb K BblABH^KCHHK)

TypcuKOH 3CKaApi>i no npHBbiMHOMy MapuipyTy B CTopoHy MeccHHbi H /xa-nee, r^e
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IlojieHa AC Jin IapAa, nojiyMHBiiiHx npnKa3 npHCoeAHHHTbcn K Typeu,KOH apMaAC.
OAHaKO nocjicAHHH, HecMOTpa HayroBopbi (J)paHqy30B, He nouuia Rzuihuie Ha
3anaA. Bniie-Kopojib BajieHCHH Mor c o6jierneHHeM coo6mHTb <I>HjiHnny HcnaHCKOMy, HTOjieBaHTHHCKHH(f)jiOT 13aBrycra 1552roAanpH6jiH3HJiCHKMajibopKe,
HO, KaK H B npOIUJIOM TOAy, ACJIO O r p a H H H H J I O C b A e M O H C T p a U P i e H 1 1 8 . B 0 3 M O > K H O ,
C n H a H - n a i l i a T O p o n H J I C f l B e p H y T b C H H a BOCTOK, ABH>KHMbIH JIHHHblMH M O T H B a M H

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cTaji AO>KHAaTbCH (J)paHuy3CKHX rajiep, KOTopbie, B OTJIHHHC OT O6CTOHTCJibCTB 1543 roAa, KorAa OHM ocTaBajiHCb B TyjiOHe, GWJIH Bbmy^CACHbi nepe3HH HCO6XOAHMOCTI>K)
OH HC

45

BowHa B CpeAH3eMHOMopbe H 3a ero npeAejiaMH

MOBaTb Ha BocroKe, Ha ocTpoBe XHOC l l y . B OAHOM AOKyMeHTe ynoMHHaeTca 06

HX BH3HTC Ha 6epera Heanojia, 6JIH3 PeA>KO, r^e OHH CACJiajin BbicaAKy H, He
yTpy^KAan ce6n JIHUIHHMH pacxoAaMH, 3anacjincb BceM Heo6xoAHMbiM, 3a6HBa*i
KopoB H cBHHen H Bbipy6a*i (J)pyKTOBbie AepeBbH Ha ApoBa. ^Ba AC3epTHpoBaBIHHX c rajiep K)HrH, OAHH HTajibHHeij, Apyron H3 Hnijijbi, paccKa3ajin, HTO OHH
co6HpajiHCb AorHaTb TypeijKHH (})JIOT, HTo6bi noBepHyTb ero npoTHB Heanojia H
CajiepHo... G/ieAyeT JIH cBH3biBaTb 3TOT 3nH30A c 3aroBopoM KHH3H CajiepHCKoro,
AOHa OeppaHTe CaHceBepHHo, KOTopbin HaxoAHJica Ha 6opTy OAHoro H3 4>paHUy3CKHX cyAOB; 3aroBopoM, He noAAep^caHHbiM BeHeqneH H npoBajiHBiiiHMCfl H33a ono3AaHHH cf>jiOTa120? Mbi JIHUIHHH pa3 y6e>KAaeMCH, CKOJib ynopHO (J>paHi;y3CKHe nojiHTHKH npoAOJiacaiOT rpe3HTb o Heanojie. BbiTb MO>KCT, ecjiH 6bi TypeqKHC rajiepbi He TaK cneuiHjin AOMOH, >KejiaHHbiH pe3yjibTaT 6biJi 6bi AOCTHFHVT?
H H TeHyn, HH Heanojib 6bijiH 6bi He B COCTOHHHH conpoTHBJiHTbCfl coeAHHeHHbiM ycHjiHHM AByx COK)3HHKOB, H y AHApea JXopuu He xBaTHjio 6bi BpeivieHH,
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H o TypKH He 3axoAHjiH TaK AajieKO B CBOHX HaMepeHHJix. LJejibio noxoAa HX
(J)jiOTa 6bui o6biKHOBeHHbiH rpa6e>K. HanojiHHB CBOH cyHAyKH, OHH noBepHyjiH
Ha3aA. KypcnpoBajiH Aaace ynopHbie, XOTH H He noAAaiomnecfl npoBepne cjiyxn,
HTO 3TOMy cnoco6cTBOBajiH meApbie noAapKH co CTopoHbi HcnaHijeB HJIH reHy33qeB.

TaKHM o6pa30M, ocHOBHbie nojiHTHHecKHe co6biTHH H3o6HJiyiomero ApaMaTHHecKHMH noBopoTaMH 1552 roAa pa3opaHHBajincb 3a npeAejiaMH CpeAH3eMHOMopbH. Ha HHX He MOIVIH noB^HHTb HH /tpaiyr, HH CnHaH-nauia, HH CHJibHO
nocTapeBiiiHH AHApea ^ o p n a . B KanecrBe mnoqeBbix (JDHiyp oieAOBajio 6bi pacCMaTpHBaTb HMnepaTopa, IeHpnxa II HJIH 3araAOHHoro Mopnija CaKCOHcnoro.
HeMHoro MO)KHO oTbicnaTb cTOJib nee npoTHBopenHBbix jiHHHOcreH, KaK 3TOT
nocjieAHHH, peajiHCT, paBHOAyuiHbin K BonpocaM pejinran, H KaK CHHTaiOT HCKOTopbie, nyyKjxhm Mopajin. HMCHHO OH B03rjiaBHJi napTHK) npoTHB Kapjia V H 3aCTaBHJi ero 3an;iaTHTb 3a Miojib6epr, BbmyAHB 6e>KaTb nepe3 Ajibnbi H BpeHHep
AO Onjuiaxa. 3aTeM, Ha caMOM rpe6He CBoero ycnexa OH ocTaHOBHjica, HMefl Ha
pyKax, KaK TorAa roBopnjiH, BeKcejin, KOTopwe MOHCHO 6buio 6bi npeA^flBHTb B
HTajiHH. noqeiviy? noTOMy JIH, HTO cojiAaTbi He xoTejin AaJibiue cjieAOBaTb 3a
HHM? HJIH nOTOMy, HTO OH H e XOTeJI T a i U H T b C H B o 6 o 3 e y ( J D p a H U y 3 0 B ? B b i T b MO-

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co CTopoHHHKaMH OepAHHaHAa B pa3rap 3Toro 6oraToro nepeMeHaMH roAa H
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46

1550—1559: Bo3o6HOBjieHHe w OKOHnaHHe MMpoBOM BOHHM

HOBeHHbiH nepcoHa>K BCKope npocTHJicn c 3THM MHpoM121, yHecn B MorHJiy caMyio Jiyqmyio pa3ra/iKy, KOTopoH Morjia CTaTb ero co6cTBeHHaii >KH3Hb.
HTO AO npecTapejioro HMnepaTopa, CTaji JIH OH Ha caMOM Aejie, KaK roBopnT
3/xyap/j; OiOTep, >KepTBOH OIIIH6OK cBoen /xHnjioMaTHHecKOH cjiy>K6bi HJIH, KaK
AyMaeM MM, CBoero ynopcTBa? BO3MO>KHO, OH paccnnTbiBaji o6oHTHCb 6e3 BOHHW, nocKOJibKy Ha npoTH>KeHHH BOCbMH jieT eMy y/jaBajiocb H36eraTb npHMbix
CTOJIKHOBeHHH C O p a H I I H C H . H e T B O e H H b l X ACHCTBHH, 3 H a H H T , H e T H p a C X O / l O B .

Bejjb (J)HHaHCOBbie Tpy/iHOCTH 6buiH orpoMHbiMH; TOJibKO nocjie 6ercTBa B HHC6pyK ra6c6yprcKan HMnepnji peuinjiacb coBepuiHTb rHraHTCKoe ycHJine. BbiTb
MOHceT, KaK pHCKyeT npe/inojio>KHTb PnxapA 3peH6epr, B HIOHC 1552 ro/ja Kapji V
cyMeji cnacTHCb jiHiub c noMombio Tex 400 000 AyKaTOB, KOTopbie OAOJI>KHJI eMy
AHTOH Oyrrep 122. 3 T O T Kpe/jHT no3BOJiHji eMy BCCTH neperoBopbi B riaccay co
Been TBepAOCTbio. /JeiicTBeHHafl noMomb, no/iocneBiiiafl H3 OjiopeHijHH (B BH/ie
3aHMa Ha 200 000 /xyKaTOB), Heanojisi (800 000 /xyKaTOB) H, OCO6CHHO, H3 HcnaHHH, npn/xajia HOBbie CHJIM orpoMHOH MaxHHe HMnepHH 12 \ KaK pa3 HaHHHan c
1552 ro/;a ncnaHCKHH 3KcnopT cepe6pa Ha AneHHHHCKHH nojiyocrpoB, B IeHyio,
H maBHbiM o6pa30M, B AHTBepneH, CTaji BnepBbie npHo6peTaTb cepbe3Hbie pa3Mepw 124. Kapjia V ynpeKaiOT B HeocMOTpHTejibHOCTH. Ho Mor JIH OH H JJOJI^KCH
JIH 6biji npe/iBHAeTb nojiynpe/4aTejibCTBO co CTopoHbi napTHH Oep/iHHaH/xa, KOTopoe npHMHHHjio eMy CTOJibKO Bpe^a? DiaBHOH ero OUIH6KOH 6bijio 3aTHHyBiueecH npe6bmaHHe B Ayrc6ypre, B TO BpeMH KaK eMy c/ie/iOBajio (HTO OH H nonbiTajiCH CAejiaTb, HO CJIHIUKOM no3/jHo) OTnpaBjiHTbcn B HH/jepjiaHAbi, onjiOT ero
MorymecTBa, ero iuiaix^apM H HCTOMHHK ero AeHe>KHbix cpe/jCTB125. OTCioAa u
TOJibKO O T C K W , KaK OH AOJi>KeH 6biJi 6bi noMHHTb nocjie 1544 ro/xa, MO)KHO 6WJIO
HaHecTH yzjap OpaHijHH.
llojiHTHKa TcHpuxa II TaK>Ke Bbi3bmajia MHoro cnopoB. Bbiji JIH ero noxo/j B
TepMaHHio noBopoTOM B nojiHTHKe Bajiya, 3ajxaeTcn BonpocoM AHpH 0 3 e H /jaeT
Ha Hero OTpnixaTejibHbiH OTBCT 12(\ IeHpnx II noHTH cpa3y BepHyjicn K CBOHM HTajibHHCKHM 3a6oTaM H MnpaacaM. B Hanajie 1553 ro/xa uyuixuPi CaHTa Kpone nHcaji: «Ero XpHCTHaHHeniuee BejinnecrBO nojiHOCTbio norpy>KeHO B HTajibHHCKHe
Aejia» 127. Cjie/ioBaTejibHO, repMaHCKaa 3KcneAHinxH 6buia JiHiub cjiyqanHbiM anH30AOM. /I,eHCTBHTejibHO, y KopojiH He Gbijio Bbi6opa. FIpo6jieMa /XJIH Hero 3aKJiioqajiacb B TOM, HToSbi npoTHBOcroflTb orpoMHOH MaxHHe Ia6c6yproB H HaHecTH
KaK MOHCHO 6ojiee qyBCTBHTejibHbiH y#ap OAHOBpeMeHHO c npoHHMH HX BparaMH
B CaMOM yH3BHMOM M e C T C C o 6 b I T H H 3aCTaBJI5HOT e r O M e T a T b C H H 3 C T O p O H b l B

CTopoHy. B 1552 roAy

OHH

HaixejinjiH ero Ha BOCTOK, a BMecTe c

CK)Aa B H H M a H H e H C T O p H K O B C p e A H 3 e M H O M O p b f l ,

HHM

npHBjieKJiH

nOCKOJIbKy H C n a H C K a H MOIIJb

cocpeAOTOMHJiacb B IepMaHHH H Hn/jepjiaH/xax, rj\e OHa nepnajia CBOH pecypcbi
H rjie Haxo^HJia no/inac BaacHeHiuyio CTpaTernnecKyio onopy.

BoftHa B Cpe/jH3eMHOMopbe H 3a ero npeAcnaMH

47

KopcHKa AOCTaeTCH 4>paHijy3aM, a AHIVIHH — HcnaHiiaM
B cjie/jyioineM, 1553 roAy, CpeAH3eMHoe Mope H npnjieraiomHe K HeMy TeppnTopnn no-npe>KHCMy ocraBajiHCb Ha nepnc^epHH Me>KAyHapoAHOH HOJIHTHKH.
KaKHe co6biTH5i 3/jecb npoHcxoAHjiH? Bbijia3Ka aji>KHpcKHx KopcapoB, AoiueAUIHX AO TH6pajiTapa; noxoA TypeiiKoro c£>jiOTa, HanaTbiH c 3ano3AaHHeM H 3aBepIUHBLUHHCH Ha KopcHKe coBMecrHO c cJDpaHuy3CKHMH rajiepaMH; HaKOHeq, IIOA
3aHaBec cc30Ha, 3axBaT KopcHKH cj)paHiiy3CKHMH BOHCKaMH H euxodyoMU c OCTpoBa128. Bee 3TH onepaiiHH BbirjiHA^T BHyuiHTejibHO, HO HX 3HaqeHHe HeBejiHKO.
Cajiax-penc 129 , «MaBp» poAOM H3 AjieKcaHApHH EraneTCKOH, npoiueAiuHH
BbiyqKy y Bap6apoccbi, B 1552 TOAOM CT&TI ceAfcMbiM «KopojieM AjDKHpa». ripH6biB B ropoA B anpe;ie, OH npe>KAe Bcero HaBeji nopnAOK B ropo^ax TyrrypT H
Yaprcia, npaBHTejiH KOTopbix OTKa3biBajiHCb njiaTHTb AaHb; pe3yjibTaTOM 3THX
3KcneAHi;HH CTajiH rpy3bi 30JiOTa H o6emaHHe e>KeroAHOH «AaHH» B BHAC HecKOJibKHX ACCHTKOB HerpHTHHOK, AOCTaBJIfleMblX H3 IViy6HH A(J)pHKH. 3HMa 1 5 5 2 —

1553 TOAOB 6buia noTpaneHa Ha TmaTejibHyio noAroTOBKy (J)jiOTa B A/DKHpe, H B
Haqajie HIOHH Cajiax-penc BbiCTynHJi B njiaBaHHe c 40 cyAaMH, rajiepaMH, rajiHOTaMH H 6pnraMH — BCC OHH 6buiH npenpacHO Boopy>KeHbi. TeM He MeHee nepBan
B CC30HC Bbma3Ka, Ha MajibopKy, 3aKOHHHJiacb AocaAHbiM npoBajiOM; uporyjiKa
BAO^b 6eperoB HcnaHHH TaioKe He npHHec/ia KopcapaM >KejiaHHOH Ao6biHH, TaK
KaK 6eperoBaji CTpa^Ka 6bma 3apaHee npeAynpe^cACHa 06 HX noHBJieHHH. TojibKO
B TuGpajiTape y HHX noHBHjiacb B03MO>KHOCTb 3aB./iaAeTb n^Tbio nopTyrajibCKHMH
KapaBe;uiaMH, KOTopbie, KaK OKa3ajiocb, Be3JiH ry6epHaTopa Bejieca, npeTCHAOBaBiuero Ha THTyji mepH(J)a u B03BpamaBmerocfl c nojiyocrpoBa, rj\e OH nbrrajicfl
c noMoujbio CBOHX CTOPOHHHKOB nojiyHHTb noAAep>KKy. 3axBaqeHHbie KapaBejijibi, nopTyrajibUbi H MapoKKaHiibi 6buiH AOcraBjieHbi B Bejiec, rAe Cajiax-peHC,
no cjioBaM A3AO, noAapK/i CBOH Tpoc})eH uiepHc^y, B 3HaK Apy>K6bi H Ao6pococeACTBa, a TaK>Ke paAH npeAOTBpameHHH ero HOBWX HanaAeHHH Ha COCCAHHH OpaH.
OAHaKO qepe3 TpH Mecflija HanajiHCb HOBbie norpaHHMHbie HHUHACHTW 6JIH3
TjieMceHa H c/ieAyiomyio 3H\iy iipaBHTejib Ajimipa 6bm BbiHy^KAeH npoBecTH,
TOTOBH HOByio 3KcneAHiiHio, Ha ceft pa3 npoTHB MapoKKO... FIpaBAa, OH npeAycMOTpHTe;ibHo upuBCJi c CO6OH B AJDKHP npeTeHAeHTa Ba-XaccyHa.
Cajiax-penc, BepoflTHO, y>Ke BepHyjica Ha 6a3y, KorAa TypeiiKHH (J)JIOT noA KOMaHAOBaHHeM /{paryTa (COBMCCTHO C FIojieH j\e Jin TapAOM H (J)paHqy3CKHMH rajiepaMn) noHBHjicH y HTajibHHCKHX 6eperoB. Ornjibrrae apMaAbi 3aAep>Kajiocb
H3-3a HHTpHr H, BO3MO>KHO, 3Jioro yMbicjia PycTeM-nauiH, noAKynjieHHoro HMnepnaMH130; (JD^OT BbiCTyriHji B 6ojiee cjia6oM cocTaBe H BO rjiaBe ero CHHaH-nauiy
CMCHHJI /],paryT. KpoMe Toro, BMecTO Toro, HTo6bi TOTnac >Ke OTnpaBHTbcn Ha
no6epe>Kbe TocKaHCKon MapeMMbi, TypeqKHe Kopa6^H pacrpaTHjiH AparoueHHoe BpeMH Ha rpa6e>KH: B aBrycTe OHH onycTOuiHJin ocTpoB IlaHTejiJiepHio, 3a-

48

1550—1559: Bo3o6noBJieHne H OKOHnaHHe MHpoBOM BOHHLI

TeM 3epHOBOH npHMaji B JlHKaTe, Ha CHIIHJIHHCKOM 6epery. IleperoBopbi /IparyTa c TyHHCi;aMH (nopojib TyHHca TOJibKO MTO noccopHjica c HcnaHijaMH Ha JIa
IyjieTTe) TaioKe 3aAep>i<ajin CJXJIOT Ha nyTH Me>KAy CHI^HJIHCH H Ac^pHKOH. BjiaroAap*i 3TOMy 3ano3AaHHio AHApea /Hopwa pacnojiaraji BpeMeHeM, HTo6bi, cocpeAOTOMHB ocHOBHbie CHJIW CBoero (J)jiOTa B TeHye, CHa6AHTb onopHbie nyHKTbi BCCM
Heo6xoAHMbiM H paccTaBHTb BAOJib HTajibHHCKHX 6eperoB 6biCTpoxoAHbie cyAa
AJifl CKoporo onoBemeHHH o MaHeBpax npoTHBHHKa.
riocjieAHHH noHBHJicfl B THppeHCKOM Mope TOJibKO 3 aBiycTa131. Hepe3 HCCKOJibKO AHen ero Kopa6jiH aTaKOBajin ocTpoB 3jib6y, pa3rpa6HB KanojiHBepH,
Pno-MapHHy, MapnaHy n FIopTO-JIoHroHe. H o rjiaBHbiH ropoA, KocMonojiH,
Ha3biBaeMbipi TaK>Ke nopTo-Oeppafto, cyMeji ycTOHTb noA HX HaracKOM. TojibKO
noc/ie 3Toro, nonbiTaBiiiHCb CHanajia HanacTb Ha ribOM6HHO, TypcuKHH CJDJIOT
3aHHJiCH AocraBKOH cf)paHuy3CKMx BOHCK H3 CHCHCKOH MapeMMbi Ha KopcHKy.
IlepeA 3THM, npaBAa, COCTOHJICH BoeHHbin COBCT (J>paHuy3CKHx BoeHaqajibHHKOB B KacTHJibOHe-AejiJia-llecKapa132, Ha KOTopoM B03o6jiaAajio MHCHHC Map-

majia Ae TepMa, KOMaHAyiomero (f>paHn,y3CKHMH BOHCKaMH B llapMC. H e HMCH
onpcAejieHHbix yKa3aHHH Kopojui Ha STOT cneT, OH peuiHJi HanaTb BbicaAKy Ha
ocTpoB n p n noAAep>KKe nojieHa j\e JIH IapAa H KopcHKaHCKHX H3rHaHHHKOB
(npe^KAe Bcero CaMnbepo Kopco). npeAnpHHTHe OKa3ajiocb Ha yAHBjieHHe
jierKHM. 24 aBrycra 6bijia 3aHHTa BacTHH, a 26 6apoH j\e JIH IapA npH6biji B CeHOjiopaH. 3aTeM Hacraji nepeA KopTe B rjiy6HHe ocrpoBa, iyje yKpbijiHCb reHy33CKHe KOMHecapw BacTHH. HaKOHeq, B Hanajie ceHTH6pn, nocjie nonbiTKH conpoTHBJieHHH, KanHTyjiHpoBaji BoHHcjDaHO133, KaK H3BecTHO, rjiaBHbiH ropoA reHy33iieB Ha ocTpoBe, HapnAy c KajibBH. C 6oraTOH Ao6bmeH H oGemaHHeM AeHer,
KOTopoe BbmyAHji A^Tb nojieHa j\e JIH TapAa caM Ttpaiyr, TypKH noBepHyjiH Ha3aA, OTKa3aBuiHCb npoAOJi>KaTb ocaAy KajibBH, nocjieAHero HacejieHHoro nyHKTa
Ha ocTpoBe, ocTaBaBiuerocH B pyKax y reHy33U,eB. 1 OKTH6pn1M TypeijKHH (JXJIOT
npouieji nepe3 MCCCHHCKHH npojiHB. B ACKa6pe OH npH6biji B KoHCTaHTHHonojib.
MO)KHO JIH yTBep>KAaTb, MTO B 1553 roAy 6buia ynymeHa peAKOCTHan BO3MO>KHOCTb HaHecTH CMepTejibHbiH yAap ABcrpHHCKOMy AOMy? BeccnopHO, MTO TypKH
HCnOJIb30BajIH B 3TOT MOMCHT H e BCe CBOH CHJIbI 1 3 5 . K T O - T O CKa^KeT, MTO n p H H H -

HOH 6biji noAKyn. H o ecTb H Apyrne o6-bHCHeHHH 3Toro o6peneHHoro Ha CKyAHbie
pe3yjibTaTbi noxoAa, o6peneHHoro H3HanajibHO, noTOMy MTO H3 KoHcraHTHHOnojiH BbiuiJiH B STOM roAy TOJibKO iiiecrbAecHT rajiep. Ha BOCTOKC npoAOJi>Kajiacb
BOHHa c n e p c n e H . B TOM >Ke 1553 roAy 1% TKUByuxuPi B A/ienno JIOHAOHCKHH
Kynen, 3 H T O H H / J ^ C H K H H C O H npHcyTCTBOBaji n p n Bi>e3Ae B ropoA CyjieHMaHa
BejiHKOJienHoro c nbiuiHbiM KopTe^ceM no Aopore B nepcHio: cyjiTaHa conpoBO^KAajiH 6 000 JierKHx KOHHHKOB, 16 000 HHbinap H 1 000 noneTHbix na>KeH,
«pa30AeTbix B 30JIOTO»; caM OH exaji Ha 6ejioM KOHe B pacuiHTOM 30JIOTOM HapnAe H orpoMHOM Tiop6aHe H3 mejiKOBbix H jibHHHbix jieHT. B ero apMHH HacHHTbi-

BoiiHa B CpeAH3eMHOMopbe H 3a ero npeAejiaMH

49

Bajiocb 300 000 nejiOBeK, a B o6o3e CJICAOM 3a Hen UIJIM 200 000 Bep6jnoAOB... H e
npaB^a JIH, 3Ta KapTHHa npoH3BOAHT Kyzja 6ojiee CHJibHoe BnenaTjieHne, neM BOCHHbie AeHCTBHH H a CpeAH3eMHOM Mope, H o6-bHCHHeT HX orpaHHMeHHbiw pasMax?
TeM He MCHee, c noMombio TypoK (})paHny3bi BHeApnjincb Ha KopcHKy. K KOHuy ce30Ha ocTpoB HaxoAHjica y HHX B pynax. HoBocrb 06 HX BbicaAKe omejiOMHjia reHya3CKoe npaBHTejibCTBO, npHBejia B 6emeHCTBO KO3HMO MCAHHH H HMnepueB H Bbi3Bajia nopnqaHHe nanbi. 3aBoeBaHHe 6biJio CTpeMHTejibHbiM. CaMnbepo Kopco H Apyrne 6erjieu,bi n p n noAAep>KKe OCTPOBHTHH npoAejiajin IIOHTH
BCIO nepHOByio pa6oTy. HpaBHTca HaM 3TO HJIH HCT, C ocHOBaHweM HJIH 6e3 OCHOB a H H H , HO K O p C H K a H U b l HCHaBHAeJIH T e H y 3 3 I i e B , p a C C M a T p H B a ^ HX KaK X 0 3 5 i e B ,
K y n H O B - p O C T O B m H K O B B T O p O A a X , HHIIJHX n p H I I i e J I b l j e B , K O T O p b i e HCKaJIH H a OCT-

poBe cnacTbH, CHHTan ero CBoen KOJIOHHCH. CnpaBeAJinBo JIH 3TO no OTHOIIICHHIO
KO Been KopcHKe? Bo BCHKOM cjiyqae, 3TO OTHOCHTCH K 3HaTHbiM ceMencrBaM,
KOTopbie 6bijiH Bbmy>KAeHbi CHHTaTbcn c reHy33CKHMH nopHAKaMH, a Taioice K
H H 3 a M , A O B e A C H H b l M J\0 K p a H H O C T H H e y p O > K a H M H H 3 K O H O M H q e C K H M K p H 3 H C O M ,
B b l 6 H T b I M H 3 n p H B b l H H O H KOJieH CeJIbCKOX035IHCTBeHHbIMH H O B U i e C T B a M H KOJIO-

HH3aTopoB. J\j\n Bcex 3THX jnoAen reHy33CKoe rocnoACTBO 03Haqajio «assassinio
perpetuo*» 137 .
Flpn BceM TOM BOHHa TOJibKO o6ocTp5ijia 6CACTBHH nepeHacejieHHoro ocrpoBa. OpaHqy3bi, reHy33iibi, TypKH, aji>KHpn,bi, rpy6bie HeMeuKne BOHKH, ncnaHCKHe H HTajibHHCKHe HaeMHHKH BjiaAbiMHUbi TeHyn, a c HHMH H CTOPOHHHKH CaMnbepo, Bee 3TH TOJinbi COJIA^T Hy>KAajiHCb B nponHTaHHH. O H H npoMbiimiflioT
rpa6e>KOM, pa3op*noT 3anacbi 3epHa, noA>KHraiOT AepeBHH. BeAa KopcHKH 3aKJiioqajiacb B TOM, HTO ee BHeumee 3HaneHHe KaK BaacHenmero y3Jia coo6meHHH
B 6opb6e Bajiya H Ta6c6yproB HaMHoro npeBbimajio ee co6cTBeHHyio iieHy. llepeXOA KopcHKH noA BJiacTb (J>paHuy30B HMCJI ropa3AO 6ojibiuee OTpnixaTejibHoe
3HaqeHHe J\JIX BHyTpeHHHx KOMMyiiHKaijHH HMnepHH H ee COK)3HHKOB, MCM noTepn IlapMbi HJIH Aa>Ke CneHbi. «BCHKHH Kopa6jib, njibiBymnn H3 KapTaxeHbi,
BajieHCHH, BapcejiOHbi (npn6aBHM ciOAa Majiary H AjiHKaHTe) B TeHyio, JlnBopHO HJIH Heanojib, o6*i3aTejibHo OKa3bmaeTCH B npeA^Jiax AOcaraeMocTH KopcuKaHCKHx 6epcroB; TeM 6ojiee B XVI BeKe, KorAa 6ep6epcKHe nnpaTbi nocTOHHHO
Aep>KajiH B CTpaxe Ty qacTb CpeAH3eMHoro Mopa, KOTopan pacnojio>KeHa MOKA)'
CapAHHHen H acJ)pHKaHCKHM no6epe>KbeM, H oGbiHHbin MopcKOH MapmpyT orn6aji Mbic Kopco HJIH npeAnojiaraji 3axoA B npojiHB EoHH(f>aqo. K TOMy >Ke, MajibiH TOHHaac cyAOB He no3BOJiHJi HM B 3Ty snoxy nepeceKaTb Mope 6e3 ocTaHOBOK, H n 0 3 T O M y K O p a 6 j I H H 3 H c n a H H H H H T a J I H H 6bIJIH BbIHy>KAeHbI 3 a X O A M T b B

KopcHKaHCKHe nopTbi» 138. CoBpeMeHHHKH, KTO c paAOCTbio, a KTO H c TpeBoroH,
* «HenpepbiBHoe H36neHne».

50

1550—1559: Bo3o6noB;ienHe H oKOHHanue MHpoBOH BOHHLI

cpa3y >Ke OUCHMJIH 3HaneHHe npHo6pexeHHH (J>paHqy3aMH 3XHX «6pa3AOB HxaJIHH», KaK Ha3bmaji ocxpoB CaMnbepo Kopco 139 .
OxBexHbie Mepbi HMncpneB HC 3acxaBHJiH ce6a >KAaxb. Kor^a HeHacxHbiH ce30H npcpBaji JICXHCC coxpyAHHHecxBO (J)paHny30B H xypoK H BOCCxaHOBHJi npe>KHee COOXHOUICHHC CHJI MOK/jy 3anaAHbiMH acKa^paMH, KapxHHa nojiHOcxbio H3MeHH;iacb, nocKo^bKy i eHy33Hbi H xocKaHiibi AeficxBOBajiH B6JIH3M OX CBOHX 6a3,
B XO BpeM5I KaK (j)paHHy3CKHC raJICpbl B03BpaXHJIHCb B MapCCJIb 1 4 0 H OCXpOB,

np^Myio yrpo3y J\JIX Koxoporo npeACxaBjiflji reHy33CKHM rapHH30H, 3aceBiiiHH B
KajibBH, 3aiuH^ajiH xojibKo noBCxaHUbi H 5 000 BexcpaHOB. FIpaBAa, IcHpnx II
KaK 6yzjxo 6bi Bcxynmi B Hon6pe qepe3 nocpe^HMKOB B neperoBopbi c TeHyeH141.
O/jHaKo noc^eAHHH, no HacxoHHHio r e p n o r a OjiopeHijHH, y>Ke o6paxH^acb K
HMncpaxopy 142 , Bbi/jejiHJia 800 000 AyKaxoB Ha BOCHHWC pacxoAbi H Ha6pajia
15 000 coji^ax. OxnpaB^eHHbiH /Jopna 3KcneAHiiHOHHbiH Kopnyc 9 HHCJia noKHHyji ropoA, HeHaAOJiro 3aAep>Kajicn Ha reHy33CKOH PnBbepe H 15 npH6bui Ha Mbic
Kopco. 16 qHCJia OH Borneo B 6yxxy CeH-<I>;iopaH, a 17 (})eBpajifl HacxynHBiuero
ro^a rapHH30H ropo^a KannxyjinpoBaji 14 \ Hanajiacb 3axn>KHaa BOHHa.
HxaK, 1553 roA conpoBo>KAajicfl 6ypHbiMH co6bixHHMH Ha CpeAH3eMHOM Mope.
TCM HC MeHcc, conocxaBHMbi JIU OHH C uiHpoKOMacmxa6HOH 6opb6oH, pa3BepHVBIIICHC5I Ha ccBcpc, B EBpone? OAHHM H3 ApaMaxHHecKHx ee 3nH30AOB cxaji
KOH(j)JIHKX H3-3a IipeCXOJIOHaCJICAHfl B A H I T I H H . 3 HKX7IH 1 5 5 3 rOAa 1 4 4 CKOHHaJICH

3jiyapj\ VI; ocfonnHajibHan npoxecxaHxcKaa A H ^ H H , coio3HHna (f>paHijy30B H
He^pyr Ia6c6yproB, yiujia B He6bixHe BMecxe c HHM, B XO BpeMH KaK B HnAepjiaHAax B03AaBajin 6jiaroAapeHHe Bory 3a xo, MXO 3XOX MHp noKHHyji MopHU, CaKCOHCKHH (OH yMCp 11 HlOJIfl) H Ha XpOH B30UL7ia MapHH TlO/^Op 145 . r i p a B / j a , 3XO

coSbixHe, cjiyMHBiueec^i B He6jiaronojiyHHOH cxpaHe, Bbi3Bajio HOBbie xpyAHOCXH
H xoxnac >KC nocxaBHJio CXOJII> >Ke Henpocxon Bonpoc o 6paKe KopojieBbi. Floc/ie
MHO>KecxBa nepunexHH H oxcxaBKH, nojiyneHHOH B nooieAHHH MOMCHT c/ierKa
ncpe3pejibiM coHCKaxejieM, AOHOM JlyHiiieM llopxyrajibCKHM, A^A^H MapHH 146 ,
iipeAnoMxcHHe 6I>UIO ox^aHo MOJio/jOMy npHHijy OHJiHnny. 3xox ycnex, «BCxpe147
MCHHWH c BejiHKOH peBHOcxbio» , 6bui ACTIOM pyK HMnepaxopa, rpaHBe;uibi H
nocjia CuMOHa PeHapa, KOxopoMy npHHa,zvie>KHx 6eccnopHoe aBxopcxBO A^HHOro ineACBpaAHnjiOMaxuH. 12 HIOJIH 6biji noAUHcaH 6paHHbiH AoroBop; Mepe3ABa
J\HH OH 6WJI o6HapoAOBaH Ha xcppHxopHH KopojieBCXBa148.
B xox MOMCHX, KorAa HMnepHH Ta6c6yproB coAporajiacb ox coKpyuiHxejibHbix
yAapoB, cyAb6a iiOAapHJia en 3xox He>KAaHHbiH ycnex. OxKa3aBiuncb ox onopbi
Ha pa3Ae;iHBiiiyiocH TepiviaHHio, Koxopaa 6buia xenepb KaK 6bi HaMepeHHo npeAocxaBjieHa CBOHM pacnpHM, HMnepaxop o6paxmicn xenepb H3 HHAepjiaHAOB K
AHrjiHH. O H CKOHneHxpnpoBaji CBOH CHJibi y CeBepHoro Mopa, sxoro CpeAH3eMHoro Mop5i Ha CeBepe, Koxopoe nonxn nojiHOCxbio OKa3ajiocb B ero BJiacxH, KaK
n ocHOBHbie nyxH, BeAymne CIOA^ H3 AxjiaHXHKH. Kapji npeBpaxHji HHAep^aHAw

BoHHa B CpeAH3eMHOMopbe u 3a ero npeAcnaMH

51

B HecoKpyuiHMyio KpenocTb 149 . IlepeA XpncTHaHHeniuHM KopojieM, TaKHM 06pa30M, BbipHCOBbmajiHCb AOBO^bHO MpanHbie nepcneKTHBbi 3HMbi 1553—1554 roAOB. Bbiji JIH OH, KaK HaAe^jiCH BeHeiinaHCKHH nocoji, B COCTOHHHH noMemaTb
HcnaHCKOMy npHHny BCTynHTb BO Bjia^eHHe CBOHM HOBWM KopojieBCTBOM (TaKOH cjiyqan npeAcraBHjicfl BntfrsHOHy, HO TOT ynycTHJi ero 150 ) H HTO 6bi STO eMy
AaJIO? B T e p M a H H H C 0 6 b I T H e 6bIJIO B O C n p H H H T O C TaKHM >Ke >KHBbIM H H T e p e C O M .

«HeMein<He KHH3bH, — nHiueT BeHeijHaHCKHH nocoji npH Kapjie V 30 AeKa6p*i
1553 ro/ja 151 , — o6ecnoKoeHbi TCM, HTO ncnaHCKHH rocy^apb, npHABHHyBiuncb K
TepMaHHH Gjiaro/japn npno6peTeHHio AHFJIHH, MO>KCT nonbiTaTbcn c ee noMOU\hK> H n O J I b 3 y f l C b B H y T p H r e p M a H C K H M H p a 3 A O p a M H CHJIOH Opy^KHH A o 6 H T b C 5 I

"cnocnemecTBOBaHHH" HMnepHH, KOTopbiM paHee nbrrajicfl 3ajiyHHTbcn nyTeM
neperoBopoB».
AHIVIHHCKHH 6panHbiH COH33, eii^e He 6yAynn 3aKjnoqeHHbiM, npno6peji 6ojibUIOH Bee B AwnjioMaTHHecKOM MHpe152. EAHHCTBeHHbiM yTemeHneM j\jin BparoB
HMnepaTopa 6bijio TO, HTO CBa/4b6a e q e He cocTOHJiacb, HTO AHITIHIO coTpncajin
CMyTbi H HTO (f>paHiry3CKHe npn3biBbi K ropo^caHaM JloHAOHa Morjin eme ycyry6nTb CHTyaiiHio15\ B (J)eBpajie 1554 ro/xa BO3HHKJIH Aa>Ke miaHbi nepeBe3TH KOpojieBy B HaAOKHoe MecTO, B Kajie *151. HTaK, Kapji V 3apyHHJiCH He CTOJibKO noAAep>KKOH AHrjiHH, CKOJibKO 6jiarocKjioHHOCTbio KopojieBbi, npaBa KOTopon Ha
BjiacTb ocnapHBajincb, KOTopaa He pacnojiarajia HaAexcHbiMH cpeACTBaMH H Aa>Ke
noMombio HcnaHueB, AOCTyny KOHX B AHITIHIO MOITIH noMemaTb cj}paHiiy3biIr>5;
HaKOHeu, KopojieBbi, eme 6ojibiue Hy>KAaiomeHca B A^Hbrax, neM caM HMnepaTOp HJIH ero CblH.
OrpeHeHHH Kapjia V: 1554—1556
HexBaTKa AeHer CHJibHO OTpa3Hjiacb Ha 3TOM 3Tane BOHHH. OTHOIUCHHH HMnepaTopa c ceMbflMH OyrrepoB, IIIeTijeB H Apyrnx 3anMOAaBiieB H3 Ayrc6ypra,
AHTBepneHa H TeHyn HenpepbiBHO o6ocTpHJiHCblf)(\ HTO KacaeTca (J>paHuy3CKOro KopojiH, TO OH pacnojiaraeT B03MO)KHOCTbio AeJiaTb 3aHMbi Ha JIHOHCKOH 6npace: 1553 6bm TOAOM «grand party». H o 3aHHTbie cpeACTBa HCO6XOAMMO OTAaBaTb, a Rj\n 3Toro Tpe6yeTca co6npaTb eme 6ojibine HajioroB. FIo3TOMy B cTpaHe
HapacTaeT He6biBajioe HeAOBOJibCTBO, KopHH KOToporo yxoA^T AajieKo B npoiiijioe.

y^ce B 1547 roAy157 KOHHeTa6jno npnuijiocb noAaBjiaTb KpecTbaHCKne BbicTynjieHHH B THCHH, Bbi3BaHHbie yBejinneHHeM npaMbix HajioroB, TajibH. B anpejie 1552 roAa158 B HcnaHHio nocTynnjin H3BCCTHH, HTO, XOTA BO OpamjHH AocTaTOHHO 3epHa H xjie6a, TaM 3peeT BejiHKoe B03MyiijeHHe npoTHB Hajiora, OT KOTO* FIopT Kajie naxoAHjiCH B pyKax aHiviHHaH.

52

1550—1559: Bo3o6HOB;ienHe w oKOHnaHHe MnpoBOM BOHHLI

poro He H36aBjieHbi Ha MOHacxbipw, HH 6ojibHHiibi CeHx-AHxyaH HJIH CeH-JIa3ap.
Bo3o6HOBHnma5iCH B XOM ace 1552 roAy BOHHa noBJiemia 3a CO6OH pa3opeHHe
HH31UHX COCJIOBHH, KynijoB H KpecxbHH, Koxopbie cxpaAajiH ox no6opoB ABop^HcxBa. «Pa3Bc JHO6OH /jBopflHHH, _ roBopHxcH B XOM >Ke coo6meHHH, — He 3axBaxbmaex BciOAy TO, B neM OH Hy>K#aexcfl? 3 X H JIK>J\H noAo6Hbi AHKHM MaBpaM, HC
HMeiouuiM npeABOAHxejiCH». FIpaBAa, axo CBCACHHH HcnaHCKoro HexoHHHKa,
Koxopbie MO>KHO nocxaBHXb IIOA coMHCHHe, HO BO cf>paHijy3CKOM ^oKyMeHxe,
aApecoBaHHOM B anpejie 1554 ro^a B TocKaHy159, xaiOKe roBopnxcfl 06 H3MO)KACHHblX JIK3/UIX, O njIOXOM COCTOMHHH a p M H H , O HCB03MOHCHOCXH H a H H X b U I B e H -

ixapijeB H3-3a oxcyxcxBHH ACHer y Kopojia, 06 onepeAHOM yBCJiHMCHHH HajioroB,
o nepeiuiaBKe cJDaMHJibHoro cepe6pa, o npoAaace o6*i3axejibcxB 3Haxn, o no6opax c AyxoBHbix JIHI;... BnponeM, BO BCCX xpHCXHaHCKHX cxpaHax, BO OpaHijHH,
HcnaHHH, HxajiHH H IepMaHHH omymaexcn OAHHaKOBaa ycxajiocxb ox BOHHM; B
aBrycxe 3XHM BOcnojib30Bajica nana, qxo6bi BbicxynHXb c npH3biBOM K MHpy1<)0.
TypeijKafl HMncpnfl, yBH3ma5i B KOHCJXTIHKXC C riepcHeH, HaxoAHxca HC B jiyqIIICM no;io>KeHHH. B 1555 roAy noc/iy Ero XpncxHaHHeHuiero BejiHqecxBa KoAHHHKy noxpe6oBajiocb oxnpaBHXbCfl B apMHio, AeftcxByiomyK) npoxHB uiaxa,
qxoGbi npocHXb caMoro cyjixaHa Aaxb npHKa3 06 oxnpaBKe (jxnoxa161.
CjiCAOBaxc^bHO, He CKa3bmajiacb nu 3anacxyio npocxaii HexBaxKa (J)HHaHCOBblX CpeACXB X a M , rj\C HCXOpHKH BHAHX H H X p H r H H p a C H e X ? H a npOXJDKCHHH 3 X H X

AByx Jiex, 1554 H 1555, 6oeBbie ACHCXBHH npoxeicajiH BRJIO noBCiOAy* 3TO 6buia
no3HiiHOHHafl BOHHa B HHAcpjiaHAax H Ha py6e>Kax HbCMOHxa, rj\c BpnccaK 162 B
HIOHC 1555 roAa BHC3anHO 3aBjiaACJi Kpenocxbio Ka3ajie; MC^KHC onepaiiHH Ha
CpCAH3CMHOM MOpC, B KOXOpOM XypCIIKHH CJDJIOTJIHIUb 3aCBHAeXCJIbCXBOBaJI CBOC
npHcyxcxBne: B 1554 roAy, KorAa MM KOMaHAOBaji /],paryx, OH CTIHUIKOM 3aAep>KajiCH B /fypanuo, no KpanHeft Mepc, xaKOBO 6I>IJIO MHeHHe (J)paHU,y30B, Koxopbie xeM BpcMeHCM nonbixajiHCb COBMCCXHO c aji^cnpcKHMH rajiHOxaMH CAejiaxb
Bbuia3Ky Ha KopcwKe H B TocKaHCKOH MapeMMe163. 3 X H ACHCXBHH He Bbi3BajiH
HHKaKOH OXBCXHOH peaKiiHH, XCM 6ojiee HXO HeKOxopoe MMC/IO HcnaHCKHx rajiep 6bi;io oxnpaBjieHO Ha AxjiaHXHKy, MXO6M conpoBO>KAaxb Onjinnna B AHrJIHIO. H o npHno3AHHBiUHHCH /tparyx xojibKO npoAe(J)HJiHpoBaji MHMO 6eperoB
Heano;iH H nonxn xoxnac ace ABHHyjica o6paxHO Ha BOCXOK. OpaHiry3CKHe areHxbi noAHHJiH KpHK 06 H3MeHe1(i4 H nonbixajiHCb B AaJibHenuieM oxcxpaHHXb /Iparyxa ox KOMaHAOBaHHH (J)JIOXOM. Boo6uje-xo HCX HHqero HeB03MO>KHoro B XOM,
HXO OH nojiyquji ox HMnepqeB B3HXKy. H o Ha 6yAymnH roA,3,paryx Bbicxynaex Ha
Bxopbix pojiflx, HaxoA^icb B noAHHHeHHH y HOBoro KanyAaH-nauiH, nnajiH-nauiH,
Mo^OAoro H HeonbixHoro BoeHanajibHHKa. H, HecMOxpn Ha xpe6oBaHHe (J>paHuy3CKoro KopojiH Becxn «cypoByio H peuiHxejibHyio» 165 BOHHy, xypeiiKHH ^ o x
orpaHHMHJiCH naccwBHbiM npncyxcxBHCM n p n ocaAe KajibBH, 3a6jiaroBpeMeHHO
CHa6>KCHHoro BCCM Heo6xoAMMbiM reHy33uaMH, xaK HXO (f>paHiry3bi noxepnejiH

BoHiia B CpeAH3eMnoMopbe M 3a ero ripeAC/iaMH

53

3Aecb Hey^aqy. C TaKHM >KC 6c3pa3JiHHHeM TypKH CTajiH CBUjxeTejiHMu npeAnpHHMTOM (J)paHqy3aMH B aBrycTC noribiTKH HanacTb Ha EacTHio, KOTopaa c n p o u u i o r o ro/ja o n a T b n e p e i m i a B pyKH npoTHBHHKa. HaKOHeq, npou3Bej\n
HecKOJibKO
HcyAaqHbix Ha6eroB Ha 6 c p e r a TocKaHbi, O H H pa3BepHy;iHCb B o6paTHyio CTopoHy, ccbuiaacb Ha HeAOCTaTOK npoBHaHTa m H njioxyio noroAy. H e cnpaBeA-^HBO
;IH 6yACT npeAno^o>KHTb, HTO TypeijKaa acnaApa, KaK H B npouuiOM roAy, pyKOBOACTBOBaJiaCb HHCTpyKHHeH COXpaHHTb OCTOpO>KHOCTb?
FlaCCHBHOCTb BeJIHKHX A^P>KaB II03BOJIHJia MaJIbIM ACHCTBOBaTb 6oJICe 3(j3CJ)eKT H B H O , qcM o6biqHO. Mbi y>Ke BHACJIH, CKOJib 3HeprHMHO reHy33iibi BCJIH CBOIO

BOHHy Ha KopcHKe; B 1554—1555 roAax OHH OHHCTHJIH OT c})paHny30B 6ojibmyio
qacTb ocTpoBa 1 ( ) 7 . YCHJIHH K O 3 H M O M C A H H H yBeHqajiHCb He MeHbuiHM y c n e x o M :

HCB3Hpafl Ha c;ia6yio noAAep>KKy Ha Mope c o CTopoHbi reHy33ixa A H A p e a / J o p n n ,
npoflBHBiiiero CTOHKOC 6jiaropa3yMHe H B T O >KC BpeMH He >Ka>KAaBiiiero c n o c o 6 CTBOBaTb TOCKaHCKOH 3KcnaHCHH, 2 1 anpejifl 1555 roAa K O 3 H M O 3acTaBHJi KannTy^HpoBaTb (J>paHny30B B C n e H e , a q e p e 3 HecKOJibKO MecaijeB B03BpaTHJi c e 6 e
Op6eTejuio B MapeMMe. EAHHCTBCHHbiM onjiOTOM npoTHBHHKa ocTaBajiacb «Pecny6jiHKa» MoHTajibMHHO B AneHHHHCKHX r o p a x , TAC yKpbuincb cneHCKHe n a T p n OTW H HecKOJibKO cj)paHny30B 1(>s . H o B KOHiie 1555 roAa K O 3 H M O Hanaji Ha Hee,
HanaB c qncTKH Bajib-AH-KbHHbi w\
Aji>KHpcKoe rocyAapcTBO, B CBOIO o n c p e A b , 3acjiy>KHJio 3a 3 T H ABa roAa Gojiee
noApo6HoroynoMHHaHHH, MCM BecbTypeiiKHH (J)JIOT. B 1554 roAy 17() Cajiax-peHC,
AOCTaBHB CBOK) apMHio n o MopK) j\o «HOBoro» n o p T a MejiHjibH, a 3aTeM n o cyme
AO Ta3bi H O e c a , KyAa OH BCTyriHJi no6eAHTejieM, coBepuiHJi Ha peAKOCTb CTpeMHTe^bHbiH peHA npoTHB MapoKKO. MapoKKaHCKan KOHHHu;a He Monia npoTHBOCTOHTb TypeqKHM apKe6y3a\i. H o no6eAOHOCHbin Ha6er ocrajicfl 6 e 3 nocjieACTBHH, TaK KaK TpHyM(J>aTopaM n p H i u j i o c b BepHyTbCH BOCBOHCH Ha jiouiaA^x H

Myjiax MapoKKaHueB, c GoraTOH AoSbiqefi H KpynHbiMH cyMMaMH 3o;ioTa, BbinjiaqeHHbiMH HM B 3HaK 6;iaroAapHOCTH BHOBb Ha3HaqeHHbiM uiepH(J)OM. 3 T O 6bui
npaBHTejib, noca>KeHHbiH H M H B O e c e (BMepauiHHH p a 6 , 3axBaqeHHbiH B n p o IIXJIOM roAy B njieH Ba-XaccyH), KOTopoMy BCKope cy>KAeHO 6buio nacTb O T pyK
npe^cHero mepHCJDa, BepHyBiueroca B r o p o A nocjie yxoAa ajDKHpiieB. B e e , HTO
ocTajiocb y HHX B pe3yjibTaTe 3 T o r o noxoAa, 3 T O He6ojibmoH CKajmcTbiH ocTpoBOK neHbOH-Ae-Bejiec, o KOTopoM Mbi e m e 6yAeM r o B o p n T b 1 7 1 .
B cjieAyiomeM, 1555 roAy, ajincHpiibi o6paTHjiHCb npoTHB EeAacaHH Ha 3anaAe, ToqHee r o B o p a , npoTHB HcnaHCKoro rapHH30Ha B BeA>KaHe, nocKOJibKy p e q b
u m a He o npe>KHeM Ty3eMHOM r o p o A e , a o BbixoAflmeH 3a e r o npeAejibi HeSojibUIOH yKpenjieHHon 30He B cJ)opMe Tpeyro;ibHHKa, B Ka>KAOM H3 yrjiOB KOToporo
HaxoAH^CH (J)opT; HMnepcKHH 3aMOK, qeTbipexyrojibHa^i n o c r p o H K a , aHajiornqHa^ ncpBOHaqajibHOH KpenocTH B JIa TyjicTTe, H 6ojibinoH H MajibiH 3a\iKH Ha
Mope, CTapHHHbie MaBpnTaHCKne coopy>KeHH5i, noBepHyTbie B CTopoHy 6epera 1 7 L \

54

1550—1559: Bo3o6noBJienne w oKonnaHHe MHpoBOH BOHIILI

B H y T p n 3THX 6aCTHOHOB HaXOAHJIHCb COTH5I JHOACM H HeCKOJIbKO ACCHTKOB JIO-

maACH. Hx nponHTanHc 3aBHcejio KaK OT Bbuia30K caMoro rapHH30Ha, TaK H OT
noHB^eHH5i cy/jOB c npoBHaHTOM. KaK pa3 B xoAe TaKOM Bbijia3KH B noHCKax (f>ypa>Ka n o r n 6 B 3aca#e cTapbiH ry6epHaTop KpenocTH JlyMC FlepajibTa, ocTaBHB17
IIIHH 3aMeiuaTb CC6JI cbma AJIOHCO \ B HIOHC 1555 roAa Cajiax-peHC c HCCKOJibKHMH TbicHMaMH cojiAaT, B TOM MHCJIC cxcopeteros *-pcHeraTaMH noKHHyji AJDKHP,
O T n p a B H B npOAOBO^bCTBHe H apTHJIJiepHK) n o MOpK) C He6oJIbUIHM (J)JIOTOM,

H3 AByx rajiep, 6apKH H cJ>paHuy3CKOH «caeTTbi», peKBH3wpoBaHHOH B Aji>Knpe — HC 6or BecTb MTO, HO j\ejio B TOM, HTO KopcapcKHe Kopa6jni
OTnjibuin, MTO6I>I npncoeAHHHTbCH K CJDJIOTHJIHH JIcoHe CrpoLniH. TeM He MCHee
3THX cpe^CTB 6buio AocraTOHHo: cf)opT He Mor conpoTHBJiHTbCH npoTHB nyineK,

COCTOABIIIHM

H e r O 3aiHHTHHKH yKpblJIHCb B COCe^HeM T O p O ^ e , o 6 o p O H 5 I T b KOTOpblH 6bIJIO

npaKTHMecKH HCBO3MO>KHO. BcKopc AJIOHCO Ae FlepajibTa KannTyjinpoBaji, B 06MeH Ha o6emaHHe Hana/jaBiunx coxpaHHTb >KH3Hb eMy H copoKa ero TOBapHiijaM
no ero Bbi6opy u OTnpaBHTb ero B HcnaHHio Ha (J>paHny3CKOH caeTTe. B HcnaHHM 3TH Co6bITH5I nOJiyHHJIH OrpOMHblH p C 3 0 H a H C

174

. B BaJieHCMH, KaTaJlOHHH

H KaCTHJIHH IIOIIIJIII TOJIKH O nO^rOTOBKC OTBCTHOH 3KCnCAHUHH, H BO TJiaBC 3TO-

ro ABH>KeHHH BCTaji apxnenncKon TOJICACKHH CHJIHCCO 175. 3aTCM pa3roBopbi noyTHXjin, KaK GbisacT, no 3aMenaHHio JlyHca Ka6pepbi, B Tex cjiyqanx, Kor^a J\JIH
BoccTaHOB^eHHM nonpaHHon necTH H penyTaqHM Tpe6yiOTCH HCMajibie ACHOKHbie cpeACTBa. 3KcneAHi;HH 6buia OTjio>KeHa noA TeM npeA-JioroM, HTO HMnepaTop HaxoAHJic^i 3a npe/jejiaMH KopojieBCTBa; OAHaKO Ha BOJIHC HeroAOBaHHfl BO3BpaTHBiiiHHCH Ha poAHHy AJIOHCO J\C FlepajibTa 6WJI apecTOBaH, OT/jaH noA cyA H
4 Man 1556 ro/ja o6e3rjiaBjieH B Bajib5iAOJiHAe17(). BbiJi JIH OH HacTOJibKO BHHOBeH? FIpH HanaACHiiii Ha BeA>Kanio OH CBoeBpeMeHHO o6paTHjicH 3a noMoiijbio B
HcnaHHio, OTKy^a cooTBeTCTByiommi npiiKa3 Hecneumo OTnpaBHJicn K repnory
Ajib6e, Toiy;a BHije-Kopojiio I Ieanojin. KorAa npeAynpe>KAeHHbiH repnoroM KHH3I>
JXopua B MapTe 1556 ro/ja coSpaji B Heanojie CBOH rajiepbi, roTOBbie noAHHTb
napyca, npnnuio H3BecTne o CAane...177
B TO BpeMH KaK Majibie rocyAapcTBa yjia^KHBajiH CBOH napTHKyjinpHbie Aejia,
BejiHKne Aep>KaBbi upeAaBajincb nrpaM Ha AumiOMaTHHecKOM nojie. CMepTb nanbi
178
IOJIHH III, HacrynHBiiiaH 22 MapTa 1555 roAa , jiHiiiHJia Kapjia V Ha^OKHOH onopbi. OpaHuy3CKiiii Kopojib BepHyji ce6e Bee yTpaneHHoe, KorAa nocjie npoAJiHBuierocH Bcero HecKOJibKO HCAejib upaBjieHHH Mapijejuia II 17y 23 Man 1555 roAa1H0,
B TOT caMbin ACHb, KorAa B Mapme OTKpbijiHCb (|>paHKO-HMnepcKHe neperoBopbi
o MHpe LS1, 6biji H36paH IlaBeji IV. FIoHaMajiy HHHTO He CBHAeTejibCTBOBajio o Tex
pe3KO Bpa>KAe6Hbix qyBCTBax, KOTopbie HOBbiH nana nHTaji K HMnepaTopy, HO
OHH y>Ke npcACTaBjifljni yrpo3y MHpy, nepcneKTHBa KOToporo 3a6pe3>KHJia Ha
* CTpejiKaMH.

BoHHa B CpeflH3eMHOMopbe H 3a ero iipe/jejiaMH

55

CeBepc. /],eHCTBHTe^bHO, ccKpeTHbiH TpaKTaT (o KOTopoM, TeM He MeHee, CTajio
H3BCCTHO B BeHeiiHH H Bpiocce;ie), AaTHpoBaHHbifi 13 OKT5i6pfl 1555 ro/ja, o6ecneMHBaji (J)paHny3aM c})opMajibHbiH coio3 c nanoH, n p n yc/ioBHH, MTO HaAe>KAbi
Ha MHp Hcnap^TCH1S2.
Bo BHyTpcHHCH IIOJIHTHKC MivinepHH HaMeTHJiHCb He MeHee Ba^KHbie nepeMeHbi. OnjiHiin GecnpenHTCTBeHHO Ao6pajiC5i j\o AHIVIHH B 1554 ro/jy ls: \ H 3TO CO6biTHe OKa3ajiocb B qeHTpe ToiyjaiiiHeH AHnjioMaTHHecKOH nepeiiHCKH. Ilojno6Hjia JIH ero KopojieBa? EyzjyT JIU y HHX ACTH? (B 1555 rojxy nojiarajiH, HTO HCT).
OAHOBpeMCHHO CTajio H3BCCTHO, HTO Kapji V co6HpaeTC*i ycTyriHTb cBoeiviy cbmy,
Kopo;no AHTJIHH, Kopo^eBCTBa Heanojifl H C H I ; H ; I H H H repiiorcTBO MHJiaHCKOC 184 . U,ejibio 3Toro nocTynKa 6bijio, 6e3 COMHCHHH, noAHjrrb aBTopHTeT MO;ioAoro cynpyra, noAo6HbiM >Ke o6pa30M AeiiCTBOBaji Oep/niHaHA, B 1551 rojxy
Ha3HaHHBiiiHH cBoero cbma MaKCHMHJiHaHa KopojieM HexnH: 3TO 6bm Bonpoc
npoTOKOjia H npecTHtfca. TeM He MeHee 3TOT aKT — KaK Mbi MO>KCM y6eAHTbC5i c
noMombio 3aBemaHHH, cocraBjieHHoro KapjioM V B TOM >Ke 1554 ro/jy, — 3aKJiioqaji y>Ke B ce6e noTCHijHajibHoe OTpemeHHe OT HMnepaTopcKoro 3BaHHH. BepH e e J\2QKC TOBOpHTb O HeCKOJIbKHX aKTaX OTpeMCHHH, nOTOMy HTO o 6 b I H H O BCnO-

MHHaK)T TOJibKO o ApaMaTHqecKOH cu,eHe OTpeqeHHH OT BJiacTH B HH/jepjiaHAax
25 0KT5i6pH 1555 roAa B TeHTe, Kor^a Kapji co c;ie3aMH Ha rjia3ax BnepBbie o6-bnBHJI nepe/j IeHepajibHbiMH LllTaTaMH o CBoeM HaMepeHHH CKpbiTbcn OT MHpa185.
H o B 3TOT MOMeHT OH y>Ke OTKa3ajiCH OT CHUHJIHH, HeanojiH w MHjiaHa; B HHBape 1556 ro/ja, Haxo/jflCb 3a npeAejiaMH crpaHbi, 6e3 jiHiimero uiyMa OH oTpeKcn
OT ncnaHCKoro npecro;ia l l % . Jlniiib B 1558 ro/;y, He3a/;o.7iro j\o CBoeft cMepra, OH
CHJUI c ce6fl 30^0TyK) HMnepaTopcKyio KopoHy H OTpeKCfl B noc/ieAHHH pa3, npoMeAJiHB TaK AOJiro no HacTOHHHio caMoro OepAHHaH/ja187, o6ecnoKoeHHoro coMHHTCJIbHblM HCXOAOM HMnepCKHX B b l G o p O B , 3. MO>KeT 6 b I T b , H O H J I H n n a , KOTOp b l H OlljymaJI HCoGxOAHMOCTb nOKpOBHTCJIbCTBa HMnepCKOH KOpOHbl B HTaJIHH

H Hn^epjiaHAax.
B b l T b MOHCCT, HC CTOHT BH/jeTb n p H H H H y 3THX aKTOB OTpCMCHHA, BCJieA 3 a
MHHbC H TailiapOM, TOJIbKO B KOHCJDJIHKTe JIHMHblX, BHyTpeHHHX HHTCpCCOB. Hy>KHO HMeTb B BH^y aTMOccj^epy BOHHbi 1554—1556 ID/JOB. BeposiTHO, Kapji V xoTCJI, HTo6bi ero cbiHy yzjajiocb H36e>KaTb npo6;ieM, CBH3aHHbix c npecTOJiOHacjieAHCM B o6cTaHOBKe HeonpcAejieHHocTH, KOTopaa Monia HacT)TniTb iiocjie ero
CMepTH. ECJIH OH H OTKa3bmaeTCH OT caMoro 3aBCTHoro CBoero npoeKTa H BpyqaeT CTOpOHHHKaM O e p A H H a H A a KOpMHJIO TepMaHHH, TO JIHUIb nOTOMy, MTO B 1 5 5 2 —

1558 ro/;ax OH yoeAHJioi B HCBO3MO>KHOCTH npaBHTb eio. HMiiepaTop caM nepeAaji OepAHHaHAy 6pa3Abi npaBJicHHH, BO3JIO>KHB Ha Hero B 1555 ro^y 3a6oTy H
OTBeTCTBeHHocTb 3a AyrcGyprcKHH MHp, KOTopbiH HBHO o6ecneqHji FepMaHHH
CnOKOHCTBHe BO BTOpOH nO^OBHHC CTOJieTHH, HO KOTOpblH K a p ^ y 6bIJI BOBCe H e

no Ayme. BnpoqeM, 6ajiaHC

CHJI MO>KHO

6biJio BOCCTaHOBHTb c noMombio AHr-

56

1550—1559: Bo3o6HOB;ienHe H oKOHnaHHe MHPOBOH BOHIILI

AOCTaBiueHCH OH^nnny B noAapoK Ha CBaAb6y H cnoco6HOH 3aMeHHTb crojib
HeHaAOKHyio IepMaHHio. OTKa3 OT Hee — BO3MOHCHO, CAHHCTBCHHWH cnoco6
noKOHMHTb c BOHHOH ii KOJioccajibHbiMH pacxoAaMH Ha Hee.
KaK 6bi TO HH Gbuio, jvm cpeAH3CMHOMopcKoro Mupa OTAejieHHe repMaHCKOH
MaxiiHbi OT HMiiepHH <I>HjiHnna IIMCJIO BaacHbie noc/ieACTBHfl. FIocjieAHee 3BeHO
pacnajiocb B HIOJIC 1558 roAa, Koiyja Onjinnn II noTpe6oBaji J\JIH CC6H iiMnepCKHH BHKapHaTB HTajiHH, o6emaHHbiH CMy corjiaiueHHeM 1551 roAa188. Ero nocoji
npn OepAHHaH^e nojiyqiui OT nocjieAHero 22 HIOJIH 1558 ro/;a TaKOH 3aMenaTejibHbiH OTBCT: «...paccMOTpeB Bam 3anpoc KO MHC... CO CTopoHbi CnHTejibHoro
Kopojin HcnaHHH ii AHITIHH, Haiucro Apa^Kaiiiiiero H B03Jiio6jieHHoro njieMflH-

JIHII,

H H K a , OTHOCHTeJIbHO H a 3 H a H e H H H e r O H M n e p C K H M HaMCCTHHKOM B M T a J I H H . . , B b l

cooGmiiTb Ero BbicoqecTBy OT Haiuero HMCHH, HTO Mbi IIOMHHM O AaHeMy o6emaHHH H HaMepeBaeMCH ero CAep>KaTb». O^HaKO ACJIO 3TO TOHKOC
«...Ero BbicoqecTBy cjie/jyeT npiinoMHHTb, MTO Kor^a MOK^y MOHM rocnoAHHOM
HMnepaTopoM, MHOH H /rpyrHMH jiHijaMH, H3BecTHbiMH Ero BbiconecrBy, 3auie;i
pa3roBop o TOM, MTo6bi Ha3HaqiiTb ero BMCCTC c MOHM CWHOM, KopojieM MaKCiiMHjiHaHOM, Koa^TbiOTopoM HMnepnii, TO Mbi O6T>HCHH.7IH HM TC HeyAo6cTBa, nepeMeHbi 11 BOjmeHiifl, KOTopbie MoryT BOcnocneAOBaTb B HMnepHw; H HTO STOT
nyTb 6biji 6bi HCBepHbiM. l l p n BceM TOM, H3 yBa>KeHHH K HMnepaTopy H pa^H
iicnojiHeHiin ero BOJIH Mbi 6buiH Bbmy>KAeHbi nocTynHTb TaK, KaK 6buio CAejiaHo;
H BCKope nocjie Toro BbiACHHjiocb, MTO npoTHB >KejiaHHH n OKa3ajioi npopoKOM,

MO>KCTC
HOM

n O T O M y MTO, 0 3 H a K O M H B I I I H C b C H a i l l H M H n j i a H a M H , r e p i I O r M o p H I T H KHH3bfl B3H;iHCb 3 a o p y > K H e . . . » 1 8 9

llo3TOMy, CToiiT Jin Tenepb noABepraTbca TaKOMy >KC pHCKy H AaBaTb noBOA,
110 cjiyqaio nepeAaqn BiiKapnaTa, K HOBUM O6BHHCHHHM B aApcc Ia6c6yproB, MTO
OHH XOTHT CACJiaTb BJiacTb B HMnepHH HacjieACTBeHHOH? BcTynaTb B 6opb6y c
OCHOBHblMH H C M d ^ K H M H CHJiaMH 6 b U I O 6 b l HCyMCCTHO, « y H H T b I B a f l OAOJieBaiOIUHC

Hac 3a6oTbi II HyacAbi, Ero BbicoqecTBO co CTopoHbi OpamiHH H TypoK, MCHH CO
CTOpOHbl T y p O K H B C H r e p C K H X MHTOKHHKOB, H e TOBOpH y>KC O p C J I H r H 0 3 H b I X p a 3 -

Horjiacn5ix H npoMHx Hcnpii5iTHOCT5ix, KOHX y Hac B H36biTKe», He roBopn o Tex
noMexax, KOTopbix cjieAyeT o>KHAaTi> OT nanbi, Bpa>KAe6Horo ABcrpHHCKOMy AOMy.
«Ko BceMy 3TOMy, — npoAo;i>KaeT OepAHHaHA, — npH6aBji5ieTC5i eme OAHO HeyAoGcTBo: j\jin HcnojmeHHfl CBOCH AOJI>KHOCTH Ero BbicoqecTBO 6yACT Bbmy>KAeHO IIOCTO5IHHO HaxoAHTbCH B HTajnni; BCAb HMCHHO 3TO noApa3yMeBajiocb ycjioBHeM Haiuero o6emaHH5i, II coBepmeHHO OMCBHAHO, MTO B Hanin HaMepeHHH HMKorAa He BXOAHJIO, HTo6bi ee MOHCHO 6bmo HcnojiHHTb BO OjiaHApHH, A H ^ H H
HJIH H d i a H H H . . . » C o K p a T H M H3JIO>KeHHe 3 T O r O n O C J i a H H H , B KOTOpOM <J>HJIHnn,

6e3 coMHeHHH, ycMOTpe^ ropa3AO MeHbiue HpoHHH, qeM Mbi, H nepeiiAeM K e r o
3aKJHOHHTC^bHOH MaCTH! « B 3 T H X yCJIOBHHX Mbi o 6 c i I j a e M , HTO O T H b I H e B J I K ) 6 o H

MOMeHT, KorAa Ero BbicoqecTBO no>Ke;iaeT OTnpaBHTbca B HTajinio, Mbi Bbim-

Bo3o6noB^eiiHe BOHHLI. Peiuaiomne CO6LITHH cuoBa npoHCxo/jHT Ha CeBepe

57

^eM eMy cooxBexcxByiomHM o6pa30M cocxaBjieHHbie rpaMOXbi...». 3 x o o6euxaHHe xaK H ocxajiocb Ha 6yMare: BCKope H3 Bcex 3BaHHH OHJiHnna II coxpaHHJica
JIHUIb XHXyjI KOpOJIfl HcnaHHH.
BO3MO^KHO, HMeHHO c})aKx ero oxKa3a ox IepMaHHH, HeH36e>KHoro nocjie nepBbix aKxoB oxpeqcHHH HMiiepaxopa, 6o;iee qeM Bee ocxajibHoe cnoco6cxBOBaji
ycxaHOBjieHHK) Mupa B EBpone. Haqaxbie B Mapme ncperoBopbi, Koxopbie, BOnpcKH 6bixyiomcMy MHCHHIO, HHKor/ja He iipepbiBajnicb 190 , 3aBepuiHjmcb nepcMHpucM B Bocejuie, 3aKJiioqeHHbiM 5 HIOHA 1556 ro/xaH)1 6jiaro/xapfl BMemaxejibcxBy aHr^HHCKOH KopojieBbi, H KaK o6biqHO B Hanajie ce30Ha.
KoHeMHO, axo nepcMHpHe HC peiuajio npo6jieM, OHO jiumh noAXBep/jHjio cymecxByiomnn cmamyc KGO. H O npeKpameHwe Bpa>K,zje6Hbix /jencxBHH no3BOjimio
H36aBHXbCH ox orpoMHbix xpax, K neMy cxpeMHJiHCb BCC: «B 3XOM ro/xy HH y Koro
Hex ACHer», — nucaji Oep/uiHaH/i, B CBOIO OHepe/n> paccMHXbiBaBiuHH 3aKJiK)HHXb
qepe3 nocpeAHHqecxBO c})paHU,y30B nepeMnpHe c xypKaMHly2, B XO BpeMH KaK
Kapji V HaAejmcfl, 6jiaroAapa BOuapHBiueMycn cnoKOHcxBHio, yAajiHXbcn ly3 B
HcnaHHKD H noKHHyxb, HaKOHeu, CBex H BJiacxb, ocxaBHB 3a CBoew CIIHHOH B H H AepjiaH^ax <J>HjiHnna. n p H SXOM >KH3Hb HMnepiiH npoAOJi>Kajiacb 6bi HenoxpeBO>KeHHOH, BpiOCCe^b COXpaHHJI 6bl CBOIO pOJIb nOJIHXHMCCKOH H BOCHHOM CXO"

jiHUbi, a AHXBepneH — (JDHHaHCOBoro neHxpa. 3aMeqaxejibHbie npoeKXbi: HaxoA^cb B Epioccejie, B caMOM Aejie, MOJKHO 6buio BJia^exb H npaBMXb EBponon. H o
6bma JIH Ha 3xo corjiacHa caMa EBpona?

3 . B030EHOBJIEHHE BOHHbl.
PEIHAIOmHE COEblTHil CHOBA nPOHCXOAJIT HA CEBEPE
Pa3pBiB BocejuiBCKoro n e p e M H p u n
Tpy^Ho noHHTb, noneMy MHp, 3aKJnoqeHHbiH B Bocejuie*, 6biji HapymeH. YMHxbman HCxomeHHe CHJI npoxHBHHKOB, OH Mor 6bi ycxpaHBaxb Ha npox*i>KeHHM
KaKoro-xo BpcMeHH H xex, H /jpyrax: 4>paHU,HH coxpaHHJia CBOH npHo6pexeHH5i,
B ncpByio oqcpe^b CaBonio H nbeMOHx; Ia6c6yprH no-npe>KHeMy BbicxynajiH B
pojin BJiacxejiHHOB MHpa. B HX pyKax ocxaBajincb CHIJHJIHH, Heanojib, CHeHa,
nb^qeHua, MHjiaH, flpyrHMH cjiOBaMH, Becb AHCHHHHCKHH nojiyocxpoB. Be/jb
nbeMOHx B XVI BeKC emc He BXO/JHJI B cocxaB HxajiHH? K xoMy >KC, /UIH nancxBa
npeAOcxaBjiJuicn BejiHKOJienHbiH cjiyqafi npmio>KHXbycHjiHfl, qxo6bi iiepeMHpHe
ncpcpocjio BO Bceo6mHii MHp. TaKOBa 6buia xpajjHijHOHHaji pojib nanbi HM , H n a -

* LJucTepunaiicKoe a66aTCTBo K»KHee r. KaiviGpe, vj\c 5 cJ)CBpajin 1552 roAa 6LUIO 3aKJiionepcMiipHe Meac/iy HcnaiiMeH w Opaiiuncii na 7JICT.

HCIIO

58

1550—1559: Bo3o6Hoimeiine H oKOHnaHne MHpoBOH BOHHLI

BCTI IV MyBCTBOBaji CBOHM AOJiroM n o MCHbinen Mepe npoACMOHcrpHpoBaTb CBOIO
TOTOBHOCTb 6 b I T b MIipOTBOpijeM: OH 0(})HIIHajIbHO Bbipa3HJI CBOK) p a ^ O C T b 1 9 5 , Ha-

npaBHJi jxejienuivm K AoroBapuBaioupiMCM CTopoHaM H Aa>Ke npnnHCbiBaji c c 6 c
3acjiyry 3aKjnoHeHHH nepcMnpHH B p a 3 r o B o p e c BeHdiHaHCKHM IIOCJIOM HaBaA>KepO 19(i, XOTfl HHKTO HC CTpOHJI Ha 3TOT CHCT HMK)3HH, H MCHblUC BCCX BCHCLJHaHLJbl.
/JeHCTBHTCJibHO, H3BCCTHC o n e p c M n p n n npo3Bynajio B P H M C KaK yAap r p o -

Ma ly7 . ToT^ac >KC pa3Hecjiacb BCCTB, MTO OHO 6bijio 3aKJnOHCHO npoTHB BOJIH n a n b i ,
BonpeKH c r o ycujiHHM 1 , s . B o BCAKOM cjiynac HapymcHHC MHpHbix corjiaiiiCHHH —
Ha e r o COBCCTH. T O T c})aKT, MTO OAHH HCJIOBCK cyMCJi TaK c K o p o cHOBa pa3>KCMb

e^Ba yTHxmyio BOHHy, 3acTaBJineT CHOBa 3aAyMaTbca HaA pojibio JIHHHOCTH B 3anyTaHHOii Hrpc HCTopHH. B 3TOM oneHb crapoM nejiOBCKe (OH poAHjicfl B 1477 roAy,
H KorAa B3omeji HaTpoH CBflToro I l e T p a , CMy y>Ke HcnojiHHJiocb 7 9 JICT), TeM HC
MeHeC nOJIHOM pBCHHfl H >KH3HCHHbIX CHJI, H p e 3 B b I H a H H O 6jiarOHCCTHBOM (OH

6bui ocHOBaTe^eM opACHaTeaTHHUCB), U,epKOBb o 6 p e j i a HenpeKJiOHHoro 3amnTHHKa, n p n KOTopoM BO3O6HOBHJIC5I e e KOHCJXJIHKT C KapjiOM V, n p e p B a H H b i n B

1549 roAy, c o CMcpTbio IlaBjia III; BeHHbiH KOHCJ>JIHKT MOKAy P H M O M H U,e3apeM*,
BHHOBHHKOM n o r p o M a 1527 roAa, AOBCAUIHM AO no6eAbi npoTecraHTOB B IepMaHHH H upHHHBiiiHM MHp B A y r c 6 y p r e .
3ACCb KpocTCH OAHa H3 upHMHH aHTHnaTHH IlaBJia IV K Kapjiy V, aHranaTHH
n a n b i , KOTopyio HC cjiCAyeT HeAOoqcHHBaTb. H o 6bijia H Apyran npnMHHa, 3aKJIIOMaBIIiaflCfl B HCanOJIHTaHCKOM npOHCXOHCAeHHH 3TOrO TJiaBbl (j)paHKO(})HJIb-

CKoro KJiaHa Kapa^x})a, KOTopo\iy Kapji 6biJi HeHaBHCTeH KaK XO3HHH Hcanojifl
H Bpar e r o poAHii, 3JionaMHTHOH H acaAHOH. JXOCT2LTO*IHO c r a p b i n , HTo6bi n o MHHTb BpeMCHa HTajibHHCKOH CBo6oAbi, n a n a HCHaBHAHT B JiHue HMnepaTopa KO
BccMy npoMCMy qy>KC3CMna, 3axBaTMHKa, npeACTaBHTCJifl ncnaHLjeB, « 3 T H X c p c THKOB, cxH3MaTHKOB, npoKJiHTbix B o r o M , eBpeiiCKoe H MaBpHTaHCKoe ceMfl,
MHpOBbIC OT6pOCbI»

1)<J

. O TOM, MTO l i a n a 6bIJI HpC3BbIHaHHO npHB5I3aH K HACC

HTaJIbHHCKOH BOJIbHOCTH, CBHACTCJIbCTByiOT e r O CJIOBa, a A p e C O B a H H b i e BCHeHH-

aHCKOMy nocjiy nocjie npoBajia IIOJIHTHKM B c p x o B H o r o rioHTH(J)HKa: «Bbi o n e H b
no^cajieeTC, A o p o n i c r o c n o A a BeHcniiaHijbi, BMecTe c o BCCMH TCMH, KTO He 3axoTeji Bocnojib30BaTbCfl cjiynacM H H36aBHTbCH O T S T O H nyMbi... OpaHiry3bi H HCnaHUbi — STO BapBapbi, KOTopbiM Jiynuic ocTaBaTbcn y CC6H AOMa»200.
TaKHM o6pa30M, IlaBeji IV pyKOBOACTBOBajicn nopbmaMH CBOcro yMa H CBOCH
AyniH. ByAynn nponoBCAHHKOM H 6orocjiOBOM, O H npHHaAJie>Kaji CKopec MHpy
HACH H r p e 3 , MCM OKpy>KaiomeH c r o pcajibHOCTH. « 3 T O MCJIOBCK, KOTopbiH B H AHT rocyAapcTBCHHbie ACJia TOJibKO B HCJIOM, KaK CJDHJIOCOCJ)», — 3aMCMacT Ma-

pHHHK201.
*T. c. HMnepaTopoM.

Bo3o6HOB;ieHHe BOHHLI. PemaiomHe CO6LITHH CHOBa nponcxoAHT Ha CeBepe

59

OnHpancb Ha 3TH cro nepTbi, Mbi MOKCM o6T>HCHHTb nojiHTHKy BepxoBHoro
lloHTH(j)HKa H ero B3pbiBHoe noBeAeHHe B 1556—1557 ro/jax. B nacTHocTH, noTOMy, MTO nana ACHCTBOBaji He OAHH; OH npnAep>KHBajiC5i necKOjihKux noJiHTvwecKHX KypCOB, H He MO>KeT HeCTH OTBCTCTBCHHOCTb 3 a BCe H3 HHX. PflAOM C HHM

HaxoAHjiHCb ero POACTBCHHHKH H COBCTHHKH, B TOM HHCJie CTOJib HeHaAOKHaa
jiHHHocTb, Kan KapAHHaji Kapjio Kapac|)c})a, TaHHCTBeHHbiH nepcoHa^c, He MeHee 3MOiiHOHajibHbiH, neM nana, HO jiHiiieHHbiH ero BbiAaiomHxca KanecTB. >KaAHbin, HeHacbiTHbiH, rHeB^HBbiH, HC HcejiaiomHH HH c KeM CHHTaTbCH, He oco6eHHO meneTiuibHbiH: OH BCTynaji B neperoBopbi KaK c HMnepijaMH, TaK H C (J)paHiry3aMH, H 6bIJI TOTOB 3aHTH AaJieKO.

llpH6biB K (J)paHij;y3CKOMy ABopy B HIOHC 1556 roAa B KanecTBe jieraTa a latere *,
OH B03BpaTHJICH OTTyAa C 4>OpMaJlbHbIMH 0 6 e m a H H H M H J 0 2 BMeiliaTCJIbCTBa «MHp-

HO HacTpoeHHoro» MoHMopaHcn; Aaace KojiHHbH 6biJi BT5myT B ero miaHbi 2()\
IIpoiiiJio HecKOJibKO Mec^ueB, H B xoAe neperoBopoB, COCTOHBIUHXCH Me>KAy nanoH H repiioroM Ajib6oH B OKT5i6pe-H05i6pe M npHBeAuiHx K copoKaAHeBHOMy
nepeMHpHio OT 18 HOfl6pn204, KapAHHaji Kapa(J)(J)a BcrynHji B npflMoft KOHTaKT c
repuoroM Ajib6oH, npnGbiBiuHM B OCTHIO. Pe3yjibTaT 6bui AOBOJibHO Heo>KHAaHHWM: npeACTaBHTCJiH ceMbH Kapacjx^a noTpe6oBajiH OT HcnamieB ycrynwTb HM
ropoAa, eme npHHaA^ie>KaBiiiHe (J)paHuy3aM B TocnaHe, IIJIIOC CHeHy. B 6yMarax
/],>KOBaHHH ^ejuia Ka3a HaxoAHTca jno6onbiTHoe Discorso al Card. Caraffa per
impetrare dalla M. d e i r i m p e r a t o r e lo stato e dominio di Siena**205, a B HcnaHCKHX apxHBax 3aiiHCKa OT 22 HHBapa 1557 roAa, yTOMHHiomaii las condiciones con
que S. M. tendra por bien de dar al conde de Montorio — 3TO 6I>IJI 6paT KapAHHajia — el Estado de Sena para la efectuacion del accordio que se trata con S. S. *" -0,i
H 3TO TOT caMbiH KapacJxJDa, KOTopbiH BeAeT B BCHCHHH neperoBopbi c CnHbopHen o 6opb6e npoTHB Ta6c6yproB u o pa3ACJie HX HTajibHHCKHx BjiaAeHHH. BeHeirHaHirbi OTKa3ajiHCb, He no>KejiaB, KaK OHH roBopmiH, ocraTbCfl Ha 6o6ax...
YTBep>KAaiOT, HTO 3TOT HCJIOBeK OTHIOA^ H e 6bIJI nOA^IHHHblM Bbipa3HTeJieM
IIOJIHTHKH H yMOHaCTpoeHHH l l a B J i a IV; HO C 3THM MHeHHeM TpyAHO COniaCHTbCfl.
B HeM HCJIb3H COMHeBaTbCil, 3TO B TOM, HTO OHeHb CKOpO FlaBC/I I V npOflBHJI

HeABycMbicjieHHbie npH3HaKH CBoero OTpHijaTeJibHoro OTHOIUCHHH K Ia6c6ypraM207. YTBep>KAaiOT Aaace, HTO OH coGnpajicH co3BaTb co6op, HTo6bi jiHiiiHTb
HMnepaTopa ero 3BaHHH. He MeHee cepbe3Hyio npo6jiCMy RJIH Ta6c6yproB cocTaBJIHJIO noBeAeHHe (J)paHuy3CKoro Kopojin: ecjiH OH coxpaHHT HenTpajiHTeT, nany
* CncuHanbiioro nariCKoro nocjiaHHiiKa (nam.).
** Paccy>KACHHe, npcAcraBjieHnoe KapA- Kapacj)cJDe, oTiiocHTCJibiio ncTpe6oBannH y Ero
HMiicpaTopcKoro B. rocyAapcTBa u 3GMJIU CHeHbi.
*** YCJIOBHH, npn KOTopbix E. B. noHTeT3a6jiaro nepeAaTb rpac})y MoiiTopno... rocyAapCTBOCneny BO Hcno;iiieHnecorjiameHHM, 3aKJiioHeHHoroc E. C. (ucn.)

60

1550—1559: Bo3o6noB;ieHHe M oKOHHanne MHPOBOH BOMHM

MO)KHO 6yACT npucTpyHHTb; B npoTHBHOM cjiynae BO3O6HOBHTC5I BOHHa, Aa^KC
CCJIH E r O XpHCTHaHHeHIUeC BCJIHMCCTBO HC HaMCpCHO BblXOAHTb 3 a paMKH «CKpbI-

T O H » , KaK Macro roBopHjiH B XVII Bene, BOHHbi. B niojie BceM 6biJio y>KC HCHO,
HTO MHpHbIC IiepCTOBOpbl MOKAy PyCM IOMeCOM H KOHHCTa6jICM 3aiIIJIH B TynHK;

nocjieAHHH 6biji HCAOBOJICH XOAOM o6cy>KAeHH5i ynacTH njieHHbix \\ B03pocuiHM
pa3McpoM BbiKyna, KOTopbifi Tpc6oBajiH 3a e r o cbiHa. B Bpiocccjie H H y Koro HC
ocTaBajiocb HJUIIO3HH: «/],JIH p a 3 p b m a GyzjeT AOCTaTOHHO M TCHM n p c A J i o r a , OHM

>KAyT, HTO6I>I r c p i j o r Ajib6a neM-HH6yAb 3aAe;i nany» 2 0 8 .
IIoBTopHM: yAHBHTCJibHo, HTO nojiHTHKa Kapa(})(J)bi TaK 6biCTpo npHBCJia K
CTOJIB cymccTBCHHbiM pc3yjibTaTaM. H o (J>paHuy3bi MOITIH o n a c a T b c n T o r o , HTO
CCJIH O H H HC npHMyT CTopoHy PuMa, HX npoTHBHHK nojiyHHT npeHMymecTBO.
O H H nonbrrajiHCb jiaimpoBaTb, noAAep>KHBaTb nany, He Hapyniaa nepeMHpHH.
H a caMOM ACJie, SCJKJDCKTHBHOCTB n a n c K o r o BMeuiaTejibCTBa MO>KHO oS'bHCHHTb
KaK p a 3 e r o CTpeMHTejibHocTbio. OrpacTH e m e He y r a x j i n ; (J)paHuy3bi HC 3a6buiH
o H e a n o j i e H MnjiaHe, a HMnepaTop, KOTopbifi, Ka3ajiocb, y>Ke ocraBHJi MupcKne
noMbimjieHHH, 6bui pa3rHCBaH Ha naBJia IV. EMy 3aHHTbiBaiOT AeneuiH, B HIOHC
OH p e m a C T OTJIO>KHTb CBOK) nOC3AKy B H c i i a H H K ) H, HeCOMHeHHO, nOA ACHCTBH-

eM HaxjibmyBiiiHx BocnoMHHaHHH o CBoen crapHHHOH 6 o p b 6 e c P H M O M BCJIHT
r e p u o r y AjibGe n a p u p o B a T b roTOBHinHecn yAapbi c o CTopoHbi B e p x o B H o r o FIOHTH([)HKa. B c c 3 T O BonpcKH MHeHHK) O H j i n n n a , ace/iaBiuero H36e>KaTb p a 3 p b m a
JII060H UeHOH. HaMCTHBUIHHCH K O H ^ H K T 6bDI KOH^JIHKTOM 3MOIIHH,

pa3>KHra~

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MH p a c n p f l M H , KOTOpbie, OAHaKO, 6bIJIH IIOAOrpeTbl HOBblMH

o6HAaMH.

CeH-KaHTeH
TCM HC MCHCC CTieAyCT OTMCTHTb, MTO B O n p e K H BCflKOH OHCBHAHOH
BOHHa, pOAHBIIiaHCH B HTaJIHH H n p e A n p H H H T a H

H3"3a HTaJIbHHCKHX

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BJiaAeHHH,

HC nojiyHHjia pacnpocrpaHCHHH Ha n o j i y o c r p o B e H Ha COCCAHHX C HHM TeppHTOpHHX, TO CCTb B CpCAH3CMHOMOpbC. Bo3MO>KHO, ACTIO 3aKJIIOHaJIOCb B OTCyTCTBHH
6 o ^ b i i i o r o TypenKoro (JDJioTa, BCAB OpaHinifl 6buia He B COCTOHHHH npeAnpHHHTb
CKOjibKO-Hn6yAb 3HaHHTe;ibHbix ACHCTBHH Ha K))KHOM Mope 6 e 3 CBoero M o r y n e r o
coK)3HHKa. H o HajiHqo 6bijio TOJII>KO HecKOJibKo TypeqKHx r a / i e p , oca^KAaBiiiHX B
1556 roAy Ha npoTa>KeHHH HCKOToporo BpeMeHH O p a H B KOMnaHHH KopcapoB H
TaccaHa Kopco 2 ( , ( ) . B pcmaioiUHH TOA B O H H W , 1557, TypKH HC ycTponjiH A^>KC TaKOH MCJIKOH AHKCpCHH.
B ACKa6pc 1556 roAa O p a H c y a j\c TM3 n c p c c e K Ajibiibi c MHOFOHHCJICHHOH
apMHcfi: 12 0 0 0 IICXOTHHIJCB, 4 0 0 T>I>KCJII>IX H 8 0 0 jierKHx KaBajiepucroB 2 1 0 . X o AHJIH cjiyxn, MTO y H e r o 6 b u i o e m c 6ojibiuc CHJI 2 1 1 . H a HTO AOJi>KHbi Gbuin 6I>ITB
HanpaBJicHbi ACHCTBHH S T O H apMHH M HTajiMmijeB, Ha6paHHbix 2 1 2 CAHHCTBCHHBIM

Bo3o6noB;ieHne BOHHU. Pemaiomne CO6LITMH CHOBa npoHCxcwrr Ha CeBcpc

61

COK)3HHKOM (J>paHiry30B no Ty CTopoHy rop, reprjoroM OeppapcKHM, Ha3HaneHHblM HiaBHOKOMaH/jyiOmHM — BnpOMCM CJ)OpMaJIbHO, nOTOMy HTO Ha ACJIC OH nOA"

HHHHJicfl CBoeMy 3HTK), OpaHcya j\e TH3y? Pa3yMHbiM pemeHHeM 6biJio 6bi, BepoHTHO, HanacTb Ha TeppHTopHio MnjiaHa. H o caMOJiio6HBbiH OpaHcya j\e TH3,
MenTaioinHH o 3axBaTax H THTyjiax, 6biTb MO>KCT, J\JIH ce6a o HeanojiHTaHCKOH
KopoHe, He Mor ocraBaTbcn rjiyxHM K npH3bmaM IlaBJia IV, KOTopbiH TOJibKO MTO
pa3opBaji floroBop o nepeMnpHH, noAnncaHHbin c HcnaHuaMH B Hon6pe H npo/yieHHbift B AeKa6pe 1556 ro^a, H Tenepb He cKynnjicn Ha o6emaHHfl. 12 AHBapa
CHMOH PeHap coo6maeT, HTO nana peiuHji 6pocnTb Bee CBoe «nancTBO» H AOXOAbi li,epKBH Ha npoAo;i>KeHHe BOHHbi213. B ero njiaHbi BXOAHJI B03BpaT c{)paHiry3aM BojiOHbH H riepyA^KH, OTKyzja MO>KHO 6buio 6e3 Tpy^a npnHHHHTb BpeA reprjory OjiopeHirnn. JlerKo npeAcraBHTb ce6e, HTO OpaHcya Ae TH3 Aouieji co CBOen apMHeft j\o PHMa. H o 3/jecb OH HCTpaTHji rjejibiH Mecflii Ha HHTpnrn H BToprca
B 3eMjiH HeanojiHTaHCKoro KopojieBCTBa TOJibKO 5 anpejifl, He Ao6HBiiiHCb oco6oro ycnexa. B Mae eMy npHinjiocb nepeHTH K o6opoHe, a B aBrycre OH nojiyqHji
npHKa3 BepHyTbc^ BO OpaHirnio.
OcTaBiuHCb B OAHHonecTBe, nana 6bm Bbmy>KAeH noHTH Ha neperoBopbi, Ha
3TOT pa3 c AOjirocpoHHOH nepcneKTHBOH. YCJIOBHH MHpa, o6cTaBjieHHoro repqoroM Ajib6on oneHb CKPOMHO, 6buiH o6HapoAOBaHbi 14 ceHT5i6pfl214. 3Ta HOBOCTb 6biJia 03HaMeH0BaHa nbiuiHbiMH npa3AHecTBaMH, H3 KOTopbix Mbi ynoMHHeM TO^bKO Top>KCCTBa B najiepMO, B ceHTfl6pe, Kor^a «si fecero li luminarii per
la pace fatta fra la Santita del Papa Paolo quarto con la Maesta del Re Filippo
Secondo, nostro Re» [«6buia MJijHOMHHaiuui no cnyqaio MHpa, 3aK;noqeHHoro
MOK^y Ero CBflTenuiecTBOM n a n o n naBjiOM IV H Ero BejinnecTBOM KopojicM
0HjiHnnoM II, HaiiiHM KopojieM»]215; H npoiieccHio c HTCHHCM «Te Deum» H KOJIOKOJIbHblM 3BOHOM 18 HOfl6pfl B BaJIbHAOJIHAe216.
H3JiHuiHe noAHepKHBaTb Ba>KHOCTb 3Toro cor^ameHHH MOKAy nanon H ncnaHnaMn: OH xapaKTepH30Baji noBopoTHbin MOMCHT B HCTopnn 3anaAHoro MHpa,
roTOBHOCTb PnMa noAHHH5iTbC5i ra6c6ypraM, HJIH, ec/in yroAno, 3aKjnoiieHHe
coi03a Me>KAy PHMOM H HcnamieH, noTOMy MTO n p n naBjie IV 3Ta roTOBHOCTb
6buia BecbMa yc/iOBHon: AocraTOHHo BcnoMHHTb o Tex Tpy/THOCTHX, c KOTopbiMH
CTo;iKHy;icfl B 1558 roAy HOBOH36paHHbin HMnepaTop n p n yTBep>KAeHHH B CBOeM 3BaHHH. 3 T O T COKD3 C06jIK)AaJICH J\0 1 5 8 0 — 1 5 9 0 TOAOB, H HMeHHO TaKOe COTpyAHHHeCTBO CBeTCKOH H AyXOBHOH BJiaCTH CJiy>KHJIO O n o p O H KaTOJIHIUI3Ma H

U,epKBH217 H o6ecneHH^o no6eAy KoHTppecJDopManHH.
OpaHcya AC TH3, y>Ke B03BpaTHBiiiHHCfl B npeAejibi MnjiaHCKoro repnorcTBa 218 ,
y3HaB o KaTacTpo(f>e noA CeH-KaHTCHOM (10 aBrycra 1557 roAa), 6biji Bbmy>KAeH
nepeHTH qepe3 Ajibnbi. KaK H3BCCTHO, KOJIHHI>H npoHHK TyAa Ha BTopoft Aem>
noc^e Toro, KaK ropoA 6bi;i oKpy>KCH ncnaHqaMH. ApMHH, KOTopyio KOHHeTa6jn>
npHBeji j\Jin CHHTHH ocaAbi, 6bijia 3acTnrHyTa Bpacnjiox H 10 aBrycTa paccejiHa

62

1550—1559: Bo3o6HOBJienHe n oKOHHanne MHpoBOH BOHIILI

OCHOBHblMH CHJiaMH I i p O T H B H H K a B/JOJIb n o T e M e H H K ) C O M M b l . P a 3 r p O M C O n p O -

BO>KAajicH H36HCHHCM H 3axBaTOM MHoacecTBa njieHHbix, B TOM HHCJie caMoro
KOHHCTaGjiH. HaxoAHBuiHHCH B Tbijiy CBOHX BOHCK <E>HJiHnn OKenacHO nojiynaji
no6cAHbie AOHeceHHfl. «B o/jHHHaAijaTb BeMepa, — nnuieT OH OTiiy, — npH6bui
BeCTOBOH C IlOJIfl 6 o f l , COoGllTHBllIHH O p a 3 r p O M e I i p O T H B H H K a H O m i e H e H H H KOH-

HeTa6jin; Mepe3 Mac Apyrotf Kypbep no/vrBepAHji H3BCCTHC O noGe^e, HO He o 3axBaTe KOMaHAyiomero... H npH6bui cio/ja (B BopeByap) yTpoM, MTo6bi 3aBTpa 6biTb
Ha MecTe. POACTBCHHHK Moero Ky3CHa (3MMaHyHjia <>HjiH6cpTa) yTBep>KAaeT, MTO
OH BHACTI KOHHeTa6jiH H njieHHbix, cnHcoK KOTopbix 6yzjeT npeACTaB^eH B. BBy.»-1J
Eiocjie B3HTHH CeH-KaHTeHa H pa3opy>KCHHH (J)paHuy3CKoro Kopojin ;no6bie
njiaHbi HcnaHqeB B ero BJiaAeHH^x CTaHOBHJiHCb ocymecrBHMbiMH. «IlpH O/JHOM
ycjiOBHH, — oTMenaeT OHJIHHII II, — MTO Ha HHX xBaTHT AeHer», si n o falta el
dinero 220 . KjnoMCBoe CJIOBO npo3Byqajio. B caMOM Aejie, Ka3Ha 6buia B miaMeBHOM COCTOHHHH. YKa30M OT 1 HHBapfl 1557 ro;ja 6bm AaH XOA 6aHKpoTCTBy HCnaHCKoro rocy/japcTBa. KpynHbie npoeKTbi ocTaBa/iHCb He/jocTynHbiMH; MO>KHO
6biJio pa3Be MTO BonpeKH BceM upaBHjiaM nocTaBHTb Ha KapTy Bee H ABHHyTbca
Ha IlapH>K, KaK npe/yiaraji HMMaHyHJi OHJiH6epT, H KaK AOji>KeH 6bm >KejiaTb
nocjic no^yneHHH BejiHKoro H3BCCTH5I Kapji V B CBOCM Ao6poBOJibHOM H3rHaHHH. HeM 6bi 3TO KOHHHJiocb, HCH3BecTHo. Bo BCHKOM c/iyMae, HMnepiibi yTpaTHj \ \ \ upenMymecTBa CBOCH no6eAbi, Tepnfl BpeMH n p n oca^e MCJIKHX MecreneK A M ,
Jle-KaTJie, CeH-KaHTeH H HyanoH (CeH-KaHTeH nocne pa3rpoMa BcnoMoraTejibHOH apMHH npo,noji>Kaji oGopoHHTbcn).
OpaHii,y3CKHH Kopo;ib nojiyMHJi ncpeAbiiiiKy, MTo6bi npHHHTb KOHTpMepbi,
C O O p a T b JHOflCH, AO>KAaTbCH B 0 3 B p a m C H H H T H 3 a . H KaK HH C T p a H H O , H a (J>HHaH-

coBbix pbiHKax OH nojib30BajiCH GojibuiHM Kpe^HTOM, MCM e r o no6eAOHOCHbiH
conepHHK. B pa3rap 3HMbi, 31 ACKa6p*i, TH3 aTaKOBaji Kajie H 6 HHBapn 3aHHJi
ero. AHiviHMaHe jiHiiiHjiHCb CBoero crapHHHoro njiaLmapMa OT H36biTKa yBepeHHOCTH, H 6 b I T b MO)KCT, H3"3a T O r O , MTO HC n p H H H J I H C B O e B p e M C H H O H IIOMOIIJH OT

HcnaHncB. Bo BCAKOM cjiyMae, paBHOBecHe 6bi;io BOCCTaHOBjieHO. IlpaB^a,
13 HIOJIH 1558 ro/ja Mapuiaji ;;e TepM noTepneji nopa^KCHHe npH FpaBJiHHe, ycyry6;i5iBiiieec5i BMcmaTCJibCTBOM aHrjiHHCKoro c})JioTa; HO r e p q o r IY13221 B niOHe
B3H7I TuoHBHjib H, co3/;aB TCM caMbiM yrpo3y j\j\5i Meixa, CHOBa cnac noJioaceHne.
B TOM >KC 1558 ro/jy no HacTOflHHio (})paHu,y30B Ha CpeAH3eMHoe Mope npH6bui 6o;ibinoH H cH^bHbin CJMOT c BocTOKa222. B nepBbix MHC^ax HIOHH OH IIO223
HBH^CH y HeaiiojiHTaHCKHx 6cperoB; 7 MHCJia ero BWJX£J\\\ B CKBHjmaMc , He6o;ib224
IIIOM nopTy B KajiaGpnn; 13 OH HaxoAH^cn «in le bocche di Napoli *» H npoAOJi>KrdJl CBOC C T p e M H T C ^ b H O C I i p O A B H ^ K C H H C 2 2 5 , O T K a 3 b I B a i I C b OT 0 6 b I M H b I X OCTaHO-

* y BxoAa B HeancxTib.

Bo3o6noBjieHHe BOHHW. P e m a i o m n e COGLITHH CHOBa nponcxoAflT n a C e B c p e

63

5. 3aHMCTBOBaHHA Kapjia V H 4>HJiHnna I I Ha AHTBepneHCKOH 6Hpxce,

1515-1556 rr.
Flo KHwre: Fernand Braudel, «Les e m p r u n t s d e C h a r l e s Q u i n t s u r la place d'Anvers» in:
Charles Q u i n t et son t e m p s (C. N . R. S.), 1959.
Tpn BHAa BeKcejien: ropoAy AnTBepneny; 6np>KeBbiM ToproBijaM (KpaTicocpoHHbie 3aHMCTBOBaiiH5i), KpynHbiM 3anMOAaBnaM (6ecnpouenTHbie KpeAHTbi). IlpoueHTbi noKa3aiibi n a
HHHcueM r p a ^ u K e : B KOHCHHOM cnexe CTajin npeo6;iaAaTb KpaTKOcponnbie 3aMMCTBOBaHiiH.
Ko;ie6aiiHH cyMMbi 3Toro orpoMHoro AOAra onpeAeJiflioTca npeBpaTHocTAMH BOHHLI. 0 6 ; i a CTH, o6o3naHenHbie cepbiM UBCTOM, cooTBexcTByioT nepnoA^M BOHHLI. Ka)KALiH H3 HHX CBH3an c pe3KHM pocTOM 3aAOJi>KeiniocTH. 3aMeTHbi ABa noc^eAOBaTe^bHbix a r a n a BOHHLI C
HeMeuKHMH npoTecTanTaMH. Flo AorapncjjMHHecKOH iiiKajie 3aKJHOHHTe;iLHLiH n p n p o c T B
500 000 AHBpoB CBOAHT cyMMy npiiMepno K 5 MHJuiHonaM: naHHHaeTCfl npaBJieHHe O n j i n n n a II.
JXJIH 3aBepmenHH 3TOH KapTinibi c/ieAOBa/io 6bi HMCTL TaKHe >Ke Aainibie n o Me/niHe-AeJibKaMno.
BOK. CoppeHTo M Maccy TypKH 3acTajiH Bpacnviox, TaK KaK MX >KHTCJIH, npeAynpe>KAeHHbie HapoHHbiM, HC noBepHjiH B TO, HTO onacHOCTb ripM/jeT TaK cKopo.
26 HIOHH TypeijKafl 3CKa#pa, npoAOJi>Kafl onycTomaTb Bee HTO MO>KHO, CTOJUia
HanpoTHB o. ripoHH/ibi, OTKy^a OTnjibuia Ha 3anaa 226 . H e 3acTaB B IeHy33CKOM
3ajiHBe obpaHijy3CKHx rajiep, OHa OTnpaBHJiacb K BajieapcKHM ocTpoBaM, rj\c
riHajiH-nama 3aB;ia;;eji ropoAKOM CbiOAaflejioH Ha MeHopKe 227 , Bbi3BaB naHHKy B

64

1550—1559: Bo3o6HOBJieHne H oKOHnaHne MHpoBOM BOHHLI

BajieHCMH, r ^ e onacajiHCb BoccraHHfl MopncKOB 228 . B S T O BpeMfl c|)paHuy3bi n o Tpe6oBaJIH,

MTo6bI OH B03BpaTHJICH K Ty^OHy M HHLHie, HO OKa3aBIIIHCb TaM,

FlHajiH-naiiia HC craji npeAnpHHHMaTb KaKHX 6bi T O H H 6buio ACHCTBHH npoTHB
BaCTHH. ErO nOBCAeHHC o6-bHCHHJIOCb HeCKOJIbKHMH npHMHHaMHI H3BeCTHeM O

cpa^<CHHH npH TpaBJiHHe, 3m\j\eMuePi, KOCHBUICH uinypMM H BMHyacAaBiueH BecTH rajiepw Ha 6yKcnpe, a rjiaBHoe, HTO He Bbi3bmaeT COMHCHHH, noAKynoM c o
CTopoHbi reHy33ueB, x o p o u i o 3anjiaTHBiiiHX rinajiH.
O H nycTHJicn B o6paTHbiH nyTb, conpoBO>KAaeMMH Ha noHTHTejibHOM p a c CTO5IHHH rajiepaMH ncnaHCKOH c^y>K6bi H HecMOTpn HaTincTHbie npoTccTbi cj)paHuy30B. 3 T O T peHA, KOTopbiH A o p o r o o6ome;icfl xpHCTHaHaM, He HMCJI cymecTBeHHOrO BJIHflHHH Ha XOA BOHHbl.
HTaK, nocKOJibKy c n o p c P H M O M 6 M J I yjia^KCH B ceHTfl6pe 1 5 5 7 roAa, BOIOIO-

m n e CTopoHbi MOITIH BepHyTbCH K n e p e r o B o p a M o MHpe. B uejiOM, noBTopajiacb
CHTyanHH 1 5 5 7 roAa, n p H AByx HCKJHOMCHHHX: 2 1 ceHTfl6pfl 1 5 5 8 roAa B MOHacTbipe CaH IOcTe CKOHHajicn Kapji V, noneMy npHcyTCTBHe OnjiHiina II B H C naHHH CTa^o c m e 6 o ; i e e HCOTJIO>KHMM, HCM npe>KAe ( M M K 3TOMy BepHeMcn); a
17 HOflGpn229 yMepjia H MapHH TioAop, H c e e CMepTbio p a c n a j i c a onacHMH RJIH.
OpaHiiHH COK)3 AHHJIHH H HcnaHCKon H M n e p H H . B A H I T I H H BCTZLJI B o n p o c o n p e -

cTOjioHacjieAMH c o BceMH e r o 3aTpyAHeHHHMH H HOABOAHMMH KaMHHMH. B e e BHHMaHHe flunjioMaTOB B oqepeAHOH p a 3 6buio npHKOBaHO K CO6MTHHM Ha C e B e p e .
M n p B KaTO-KaM6pe3H
A H H I U H C K H H B o n p o c cbirpaji, BO3MO>KHO, Ky^a 6 o j i e e Ba^KHyio p o ; i b , HCM O 6 M H -

HO nojiaraioT n c r o p u K H , B n e p c r o B o p a x , 3aKOHHHBUJHxcH KaTO-KaM6pe3HHCKHM
MnpoM 2—3 aiipcjifl 1559 roAa.
H e nO/yie>KHT COMHeHHK), HTO K MHpy npOTHBHHKOB nOATOJIKHy^O
HUC HX (J)HHaHCOB. K TOMy >KC OHH y6e#HJIHCb, HTO HC MOiyT A06HTbCfl

HCTOlUepCIlieHHH

c noMOiubio opy>KHH. H T O Kacaercfl c})paHi;y30B, T O Rjin HHX oneHb cymecTBeHHblM 6bIJIO IIOJIO>KeHHC BHyTpH CTpaHbl. ECJIH npHHHTb 3 a MHCTyiO MOHCTy BeCTH,

ncpeceKaioiuHe rpaHHiibi KopoJicBCTBa, T O TpyAHO 6y^eT OTMCKaTb CTpaHy, KOTopan 6bijia 6 M B TaKOH >KC CTcncHH npcncnojiHCHa HCAOBOjibCTBa, MbH 3HaTb
6bijia 6 M cTojib >KC 6 C A H O H 11 >KajiKOH, a HapoA 6ojibiue CTOHaji, MCM BO O p a H H H H . ECJIH TaKafl KapTHHa CJIHIIIKOM M p a i m a , 3 T O He 3HaMHT, MTO OHa HC npaB/jHBa. Bc5i CTpaHa 6buia TaioKe oxBaqeHa npoTCCTaHTCKHM 6po>KeHneM, n o OTHOmeHHio K KOTopoMy npaBHTCJibCTBO IeHpHxa II HaMcpeBaJiocb npcAnpHHHTb caMMC CypOBMC MCpbl! H3 AByX AOrOBapHBaiOmHXCfl

CTOpOH 60JICC

KaTOJIHKOM 6bIJI, 6 e C C n o p H O , (J>paHU,y3CKHH KOpOJIb, HCnOJIHCHHMH

peBHOCTHMM
pClIIHMOCTH

noKOHMHTb c e p e c b i o . H o A-flfl 3 T o r o O H Hy>KAajiCH B MHpe. HaKOHeii, cjieAyeT
noMHHTb H o Bpa^KAe loiaHOB, TaK ycHJiHBiueHCH n p n HcycTOHMHBOM npaB^eHHH

Bo3o6HOB.neHne BOHHW. Peiuaiomne co6biTHH CHOBa nponcxoAflT Ha CeBepe

65

TeHpHxa II, o no;iHTHHecKHx Apfl3rax ceMen TH30B H MoHMopaHCH, KOTopbiM
BCKope cy>KAeHO 6buio npHBecTH K pe;iHrH03HbiM BOHHaM, qacTO npeAcraBJiHBIIIHM CO6OH npocTyio 6opb6y 3a Bjiacrb. B BeHeijHaHCKOH KoppecnoHAeHiiHH
noAnepKHBajiocb, «HTO B MHpHoe BpeMH KOHHeTa6;ib HBJIHCTCH nepBbiM JIHIJOM
BO OpaHiiHH, a B BoeHHoe — OH Bcero jiHiiib mieHHHK, jiHiueHHbiH 6buioro BCJIHHHH»230, MTO BnO^He OHeBHAHO.
Bee 3TH (J)aKTbi H coo6panceHHH npHBOAHJiHCb B crapHHHOH pa6oTe Ajibtyouca AC PIO6JUI231, KaK H B 6jiecrflmHx Tpyzjax JIiocbeHa PoMbe232. Ho OHH Moiyr
yTOMHHTbCH. OpaHUy3CKHe HCTOpHKH, KaK H HCKOTOpbie COBpeMCHHHKH (fl HMdO

B BHAy npe^CAe Bcero TBopua <|)paHuy3CKoro nbeMOHTa EpHccaKa233), paccMaTpHBajiH KaTO-KaM6pe3HHCKHH MHp KaK KaTacTpoc|)y. CnpaBeA^HBO 6yAeT, HaBepHoe, BbiCKa3aTb H HeKOTopbie AOBOAW B ero 3amHTy. DiaBHbie npeHMymecTBa,
KOTopbie OpaHUHH nojiyqajia no AoroBopy, 3aioiioqajiHCb B AByx 6paKax: HMMaHynjia <I>HjiH6epTa c MaprapHTOH Bajiya H O ^ H n n a II c EjiH3aBeTOH OpaHuy3CKOH, B Ty nopy eme MajieHbKOH ACBOMKOH, KOTopaa AOJi^cHa 6bma CTaTb B HcnaHHH «KopojieBOH MHpa». CeroAHH MW CKJiOHHbi K HeAOOijeHKe 3THX npeHMymecTB.
Ho HBJISICTCH Henpe^oncHbiM (J>aKTOM, HTO B XVI BeKe BCflKaa nojiHTHKa 6bi;ia B
nepByio onepeAb ceMewHOM HOJIHTHKOH; 6paKaM npHAaBajiacb orpoMHaa BaacHOCTb, OHH CJiyttCHJIH nOBOAOM fljin CJIOXCHblX paCHCTOB, 6eCMHCJieHHbIX yjIOBOK,

HaAexcA H CKpbiTbix noABOxoB. HcnaHCKHH 6paK 6bui 6jiecTHmeH yAaqeft (|)paHuy30B TOJibKo noTOMy, HTO OH ACJiaji HeB03MOHCHOH Apyryio CBaAb6y. Corjiacne Ha
3aMyacecTBO c OHJinnnoM II 3aBHce;io TOJibKo OT EjiH3aBeTbi*: TaKoe npeAJioaceHHe, npHTOM caMoe HCKpeHHee, KaKoe MoaceT 6biTb, 6buio en CACJiaHO B OKTH6pe 1558 roAa, HO E;iH3aBeTa OTKJioHHjia ero 234 . OpaHuy3CKHH 6paK, noMHMO npnMMX BbiroA, KOTopbie OH cyjiHji, c/iyacHJi rapaHTHen npoTHB HOBoro o6-beAHHeHHH ocTpoBa c HcnaHCKofi HMnepHeH.
B naccHB crceAOBajio 3anHcaTb coiviacHe OpaHiiHH noKHHyTb HTajiHio H
BepHyTb CaBOHio H nbeMOHT, 3TH yace cjiHBinHecn C KopojieBCTBOM H jierKo noAAaiomnecH accHMHJiauHH 3CMJIH; npH STOM co3AaBajiacb nperpaAa A^I* JIIO6OH
B03MOHCHOCTH npOHHKHOBCHHH OpaHIIHH Ha nOJiyOCTpOBJ HaKOHeU,, OCTaBJIHH,

HecMOTpn Ha (})opMajibHbie o6emaHHH, KopcHKy, OpaHijHfl jiHinajiacb B£OKHOH
CTpaTerHnecKOH no3HU,HH Ha CpeAH3eMHOM Mope. OAHaKO OpaHUHH oTKa3ajiacb
TOJibKo OT qacTH TeppHTopHH KopcHKH, KOTopaa B IJCJIOM eft He npHHaAJiencaJia. CornacHO MHpHOMy AoroBopy B nbeMOHTe 3a Hen coxpaHHJiHCb nnTb KpenoCTen, B TOM HHCJie TypHH. 3 T O no3BOJiHJio oGecnenHTb 6e3onacHOCTb Ha 6JIHHcanuiee Gyzjymee. npaBAa, 2 Hoa6pfl 1562 roAa235 H 3TH KpenocTH 6bijiH B03BpameHbi. TeM He MeHee H noc/ie STOH AaTbi y (f>paHuy30B ocTaBajicn onopHbift nyHKT
no Ty CTopoHy AJIMI. MOXCHO noHHTb AOcaAy repqora HeBepcKoro236 B ceHTn6pe
* AHHIHHCKOH — aBTOp He CMHTaeT H)OKHbIM yTOHHHTb.
3.3a K a3^9 2220.

66

1550—1559: Bo3o6HOB;ieHne M oKOHHaHHe MnpoBOH BOHHLI

1574 roAa, KorAa OH y3Haji, HTO IeHpHX III, 6yAynH npoe3AOM B TypHHe, noAapHji «TocnoAHHy CaBOHH» ABe KpenocTM, IlHHbepo;ib H CaBHJibflH*, nepeAaHHbie OpamjHH B 1562 ro/jy B B03MemeHHe noHeceHHbix eio y6biTKOB. OTHbiHe B
pacnopaxceHHH IeHpHxa III no Ty CTopoHy r o p 6buiH TOJibKO HenpHroAHbie /yin
o6opoHbi ropo^a H cejia MapKH3aTa Cajiyinjo. «MeHH qpe3BbinaHHO y^pynaeT
3TO, — npH6aiuifleT repijor, — noTOMy MTO a 6oiocb, KaK 6bi Bee He crajiH TOBOpHTb o BameM BejiHnecTBe, HTO e^Ba BCTynHB B CBOH BJiaAeHHH, OHO y>Ke pacTOqaeT HX H TeM caMbiM 3aKpbmaeT RJIH ce6n Ha 6yzjymee nyTb B HTajiHio, BOOHHIO
yBHAeB ee KpacoTbi». HTO RO 6e/n-ioH HTajiHH, «HecqacTHOH cBHAeTejibHHijbi
yTpaTbi nocjieAHHx cpeACTB K cnaceHHio... (TO OHa) MO>KCT c nojmbiM ocHOBaHHeM onjiaKHBaTb CBoe rope, npeABHAH co BpeMeHeM CBOC nojiHoe
nofl^uueuue
HcnaHCKon Aep>KaBe». ECJIH B 1574 roAy, nepe3 naTHaAUaTb ;ieT nocjie no/niHcaHHH MHpa B KaTO-KaM6pe3H, eme MO>KHO 6buio «OTpe3aTb ce6e nyTb B HTajiHio»,
TO no-BHAHMOMy OTKa3 OT Hee B 1559 ro#y 6bui He HacTOJibKO nojiHbiM, KaK CHHTaeTCH.
K co>KajieHHK), penb uuia 06 OTKa3e He OT HTajiHH Boo6me, HO H OT CaBOHH H
IlbeMOHTa, HanO^OBHHy BCTpoeHHblX BO (J)paHUy3CKHH MHp, CBH3aHHbIX CO lIIBeHUapCKHMH KaHTOHaMM, BblXOAHIIJHMH K MOpiO y3KHMH 60HHHILaMH BHJIb(J>paHIIia

a no Ty CTopoHy r o p coe/uiHeHHbiMH c mnpoKOH ceBepoHTajibflHCKOH
paBHHHOH. KoHeMHO, 3TO He 6bijia HeoTbeMjieMaii TeppHTopHH HTajiHH. Oco-

H HHIHIM,

6eHHOCTH 3THX 3CMeJIb, OTJIHHaBlIIHXCH C06CTBeHHbIMH HpaBaMH H o6bIMa5IMH,

OTMeqaji Aa>Ke HTajiMiHeu; EaHAejuio237, KOToporo TpyAHO 3anoA03pHTb B Heo6-beKTHBHOCTH. CyAfl no BceMy, OpaHijHfl IeHpnxa II OTKa3ajiacb OT HHX 6e3
OCO6OH HaAo6HOCTH, enema 3aKjnoHHTb MHp H HBHO yTpaTHB npH 3TOM qyBCTBO
Mepbi, Aa>Ke Bna^aH B HenpocTHTejibHyio >KecTOKOCTb. OHa xjiaAHOKpoBHO ocTaBHjia CHeHi;cB Ha npoH3BOJi KO3HMO MeAnqn, a KopcHKaHijeB — TeHyH. CHCHCKHe euxoduu THJCTHO nbiTajiHCb 30JIOTOM 3an;iaTHTb Onjinnny II 3a CBoe OCBO6o^cAeHne.
O^HaKO B TpaKTaTe 1559 ro^a 6biJi 3ajionceH HCKHH (J)paHi^y3CKHH pacneT. H e
CKpbmajiacb JIH 3a pBeHneM, npoaBJieHHbiM IeHpHxoM II B 6opb6e c epecbio BHyTpn CTpaHbi H 3a ee npe/jejiaMH, onpeAejieHHaa nojiHTHHecKaa JIHHHH B OTHOiueHHH AHITIHH? Ilocjie CMepTH MapHH TiOAop B Hon6pe Ha cueHy BMXOAHT Apyran
MapHH, MapHH OnoapT, BbiAaHHan 24 anpejin 1558 ro^a 2 3 8 3a <|>paHuy3CKoro
AO^nHa H HMeiomafl c AHHacTHqecKOH TOHKH 3peHHH oqeBHAHbie npaBa Ha aHrjiHHCKyio KopoHy, TeM 6ojiee HTO EjiH3aBeTa B 3TO BpeMH HBHO, XOTH H C OCTOpo>KHocTbio, CKJiOHHeTCH K npoTecTaHTH3My. B PnMe 3TO Bbi3bmaeT 03a6oqeHHocTb, a OHjiHnn II, HanpoTHB, CTapaeTCH orpaAHTb MOJioAyio KopojieBy OT BO3MO^CHoro OTjiyneHHH: OHO Morjio 6bi noBecTH K (J)paHny3CKOMy BTop>KeHHio, Be* IlHHepOJIO H CaBH^bHHO.

Bo3o6HOB^eHHe BOHHW. PemaiomHe coGbiran CHOBa npoHCxo/urr Ha CeBepe

67

poHTHOCTb KOToporo HH AJin Koro He 6biJia TaHHOH; o HeM cjiaraioT CTHXM — POHcap B anpejie 1559 ro/ja B CBoen TopncecTBeHHOM o#e B a^pec IeHpnxa II, H HeCKOJibKO paHee, no cjiynaio KOHHHHLI MapHH Tio/jop, /Jio Bejuie, B HCKJIIOHHTCJIbHO OTKpOBeHHOM COHeTe239.
HHHTO TaK He CBH/jeTejibCTByeT o Ba>KHOCTH ceBepHoro H aHrjiHHCKoro BOnpoca, KaK A^iHHHaji 3anHCKa, npeACTaBjieHHa^ B HIOHC 1559 ro/ja 240 OHJinnny II
H 3aTpoHyBinaii ero j\o Tanon CTeneHH, HTO OH OTKa3ajicn OT noe3AKH B HcnaHHK). 3 T O T AOKyMeHT 6e3 noAnHCH, nepecjiaHHbiH OnjiHnnoM II cecTpe XyaHe,
KOTopaji B ero OTcyTCTBwe ynpaBjisuia HcnaHCKHMH KopojieBCTBaMH, 6e3 coMHeHHH 6bui coHHHeH coBeTHHKaMH rocyzjapfl, ^KHBymHMH 3a npe^ejiaMH McnaHHH.
TpHAUaTb TpH ero craTbH £OKa3biBaiOT Heo6xo#HMocTb npe6broaHH5i MOHapxa
BO OjiaHApHH, B iieHTpe ceBepHoro Kpan. OpaHiiy3bi njiaHHpyioT HamecTBHe B
AHTJIUIO. «ECJIH GyAeTyTpaneHa AHrjiHH, TO HeH36e>KHO 6yzjeT yTpaneHa H OjiaH/jpnn, HTO MO)KHO ocnapHBaTb, HO OTpnijaTb Bcepbe3 HeB03MO>KHO. H o noTepa
AHIVIHH B caMoe GjiHacanmee BpeMH CHHTaeTCH no BceM npHMeTaM HeoTBpaTHMOH». 3 T O npHT5i3aHHH (JjpaHirpcKoro Ao4>HHa, cjia6ocTb aHrjiHHCKoro KopojieBCTBa, ero pa3Apo6jieHHOCTb, HH3Kaa o6opoHocnoco6HocTb, noTpe6HOCTb
aHr^HHCKHx KaTOJiHKOB B noicpoBHTejie, AOcnraeMOCTb AHITIHH j\jia cj)paHiry3CKoro (J>jiOTa H B03MO>KHafl onopa Ha IIIoTJiaH/uiio, He roBopa y>Ke o TOM, HTO
nana MOXCCT jiHiiiHTb KopoHbi /jencTByiomyio KopojieBy... IIOHHTHO, HTO Kopojib
He MO>KeT no/mep>KHBaTb B AHITIHH BparoB IJ,epKBH no MopajibHbiM coo6pa^ceHHHM; K TOMy >Ke, B BTOM cjiynae npoTHB Hero 6buio 6bi «6ojibiiiHHCTBO >KHTejieH
ocTpoBa» (3TH cjioBa yKa3biBaK)T Ha TO, HTO B HHAepjiaH^ax HacejieHne AHFJIHH
CHHTajiH B CBoeM 6ojibiiiHHCTBe KaTOJiHMecKHM). H o cjie/ryeT JIH 6e3yqacTHO B3HpaTb Ha TO, KaK (|)paHiry3CKHH Kopojib c ycnexoM /jOBe/jeT ^ 0 KOHixa CBoe rpaHflH03Hoe npeAnpHHTHe? B lopn/tfiHecKOM OTHOIUCHHH OH 6e3ycjiOBHO cTaHeT coxpaH^Tb MHp H AOBepHT 3Ty aKcne/umHio AO(J)HHy, TO ecTb nocTynHT BonpeKH
noAnHcaHHOMy AoroBopy. H o ecjiH Onjinnn II ocraHeTCH B HnAepjiaH/xax, TO B
ero npHcyTCTBHH cf>paHiry3CKHH Kopojib He OTBaa<HTC5i HanacTb.
/^OKyMeHTbi reHiiiTa6a HHKor/xa He cjie/xyeT BocnpnHHMaTb 6yKBajibHo, H Bee
}Ke ecTb AOKa3aTe;ibCTBa, HTO onHcaHHbie njiaHbi He 6buiH mio/jOM BOo6pa>KeHHH. ECJIH Onjinnn II He xoTeji, B03Bpamancb B HcnaHHio, npoe3acaTb no (J)paHuy3CKOH TeppHTopHH, ecjiH OH BCHHecKH H36eraji OKa3biBaeMbix eMy 3HaKOB
BHHMaHHH, TO HMCHHO noTOMy, HTO He >Kejiaji 6biTb BTHHyTbiM BO 4>paHuy3CKyio
aBaHTiopy. Iepuor Azib6a npeACTaBJiaji Onjinnna Ha ijepeMOHHH ero 6paKOConeTaHHH B co6ope napH^ccKon BoroMaTepn. «OpaHiry3bi CTapaiOTca, — nncaji OH
Kopojno iuH(J)poM, — BbiKa3aTb BO Bcex CBOHX pa3roBopax BejiHHaHiuee pacno;io>KeHHe KB. B. ...Bee KopojieBCKHe npH6jiH>KeHHbie He MoiyrCKa3aTbTpex CJIOB,
HTo6bi HC ynoMHHyTb B AByx H3 HHX jno6oBb H 6jiarocKJiOHHocTb, nHTaeMbie Ero
XpHCTHaHHeniuHM BejiHHecTBOM K B. B. H ero roTOBHOCTb OKa3aTb noMomb BO
3*

68

1550—1559: Bo3o6HOB;ieHHe H OKOHHaHne MHPOBOH BOHHM

Bcex BaiiiHx HanHHaHnnx. BbiTb MO>KCT, 3TH cjioBa HCKpeHHH, Kan cjieAyeT no
jiorHKe Bemen. BO3MO>KHO TaiOKe, HTO OHH npe/yiaraioT cBoe ynacrae B npe/jnpHHTHHx B. B. B Ha^eHCAe o6n3aTb ero ynacTBOBaTb B CBOHX 2 4 1 ...» 3 T H noA03peH M BbicKa3bmaiOTC5i B TOT caMbiH MOMCHT, KorAa Ero XpHcraaHHeHiuee BejiHqecTBo jxjin 3aKpenjieHHH TOJibKO HTO 3aioiiOHeHHoro cepAeHHoro coniaiueHHH
npczyiaraeT coTpyAHnnecTBO CBOHX rajiep B 3KcneAnn,HH, KOTopyio, KaK nojiaraJIH no KpaHHen Mepe BO OpaHijHH, OHJinnn II roTOBHJi npoTHB Ajiacnpa. 3 T H
noA03peHHH 6ojiee noApo6HO BbicKa3aHbi B ApyroM nncbMe repijora 2 4 2 , rjxe OH
BbicKa3biBaeT yAHBJieHne, conpaaceHHoe c AOJien HeroAOBaHHH, HTO n p n (f>paHUy3CKOM ABOpe BCHKHH, BKJIIOHafl pflAOBblX KOHIOUIHX, OCBCAOMJieH O CeKpeTHblX

peuieHHHx TocyAapcTBeHHoro CoBeTa H paccKa3biBaeT nepBOMy BcrpenHOMy, HTO
OpaHUHH H HcnaHHH Moiyr BMecTe AHKTOBaTb CBOIO BOJIIO BceMy xpncTHaHCKOMy MHpy H HTO «ec;iH B. B. noMO>KCT Ero XpHCTHaHHeniueMy BejinnecTBy B AHr243
JIHH, TO OHO OKa^ceT eMy COACHCTBHC B noAHHHeHHH HTajiHH» . OAHano, BbicKa3bmaeTCH OH no cymecrBy B HiojibCKOM nncbMe, CKpenjieHHOM CBoen noAnncbio
PyeM ToMecoM, He cjieAyeT nycKaTb (J)paHuy30B B AHIVIHIO. npncoeAHHHTbCH K
HX 3aTee 6bijio 6bi onacHO H pncKOBaHHO, «yHHTbiBaii TO, HTO npoH30iiuio B CBoe
BpeMH B Heano;ie». «HaM KaaceTca yMecTHbiM, HTO6W B. B. HeMeAJieHHO 32LHBHJIO co Been peuiHTe^bHocTbio, Aa^ce ecjin H He co6npaeTCH B AajibHeftiiieM nocrynnTb TaKHM o6pa30M.., HTO Haiu TocnoAHH npHHu, (AOH Kapjioc) npnGyzjeT B
HnAepjiaHAbi, KaKTOJibKO B. B. noKHHeT HX, HTO6W (f>paHiry3bi H aHiyinnaHe 3HaJIH, HTO B. B. He ocTaBHT 3Ty CTpaHy 6e3 npncMOTpa» 244 .
EjiH3aBeTa, B CBOIO onepeAb o6ecnoKoeHHaH (J)paHny3CKHMH npnroTOBJieHHHMH B nopTax HopMaHAHH, npeAnpHHHjia pHA ACHCTBHH B LLIoTjiaHAHH H OpaHIXHH. AM6ya3CKHH 3aroBop 1560 roAa* 6biJi He npocTO coiiHajibHoii H pejinrH03HOH ApaMOH, OH HMeji BHeuiHenojiHTHnecKyio noAon^eKy 245 . IlpaBAa, B 3TO BpeMH OpaHijHH reHpnxa II ycTynnjia MecTO ropa3AO 6o;iee cjia6oMy rocyAapcTBy.
OAHH H3 MOHapxoB, noAnncaBiiiHx KaTO-KaM6pe3HHCKHH AoroBop, CKoponoc246
TH)KHO noKHHyji 3TOT MHp 10 monn 1559 roAa , H ero cMepTb, HpeBaT2LH aHapxneii, OTHjuia y OpaHunn, no MeHbiuen Mepe Ha BpeMH, B03MO>KHOCTb BbiCTynaTb B KanecTBe BCJIHKOH AepacaBbi.
3 T O 6bui HenpeABHAeHHbin yAap. H o ecjin noABecrn HTorn AoroBopa 1559 roAa, TO Hap^Ay c xopouio HSBCCTHMMH ero no^ojKeHHHMH, TaK nacTO npHBOAHMWMH HCTopHKaMH, Hap^Ay c noTepeft HTajiHH H noTepen KopcHKH, cjieAyeT
nocTaBHTb HaAe>KAy Ha o6peTeHHe A H H I H H , B KaKOH-TO MOMCHT cro;ib HecoMHeHHyio, HO 3aTeM OKa3aBiiiyK>cfl npH3paHHon.

* FIonbiTKa ryreHOTOB 3axBaraTb Kopojin OpamjHCica II.

Bo3o6HOB;ieHHe BOHHU. PeuiaiomHe CO6WTHH CHOBa nponcxoAflT Ha CeBepe

69

Bo3Bpam;eHHe <E>HJinnna II B H c n a m n o
Onjinnn II HMKorAa He JUO6UJI CeBepa. HanHHan c 1555 roAa OH Me^Taji ocTaBHTb CBoero OTua BO OjiaH^pwH H BepHyTbcn B HcnaHHio 247 . Mapna BeHrepcKan 248
KHnejia OT HeroAOBaHHa: pa3Be ceBepHbie TyMaHbi npeAHa3HaqeHbi juin crapijeB,
a io>KHoe cojiHqe — J\J\K MOJIOAMX JHOACH? B 1558 roAy miaHbi Onjinnna 6buin
npe)KHHMH, OH co6npajicfl nocaAHTb BMecTO ce6a B HnAepjiaHAax KaK pa3 CBOIO
TeTKy, KOTopaa oceHbio 1556 roAa OTnpaBHJiacb BMecre c HMnepaTopoM B HcnaHHio. H o Mapnfl BeHrepcKan, coiyiacHBiuaflcn B KOHije KOHIJOB Ha TaKyio 3aMeHy249, yMepjia B 1558 roAy. To;ibKO B 1559 roAy, cnycrn neTbipe Mecnqa nocjie
noAnncaHHH MHpa B KaTO-KaM6pe3H H Mec*m nocjie KOHHHHbi Tec™ Onjinnna
TeHpHxa II, HcnaHCKHH Kopojib CMor nycTHTbca B Aopory.
BHorpa(J)bi H HCTOPHKH He npHAaiOT 3TOMy 4>aKTy HHKaKoro 3HaneHH5i250.
npoAOJi>KaTe^b MapnaHbi 251 Aa>Ke He ynoMHHaeT o HeM H 6e3 BCHKHX oG'bHCHeHHH nepeHOCHT AencTBHe CBoero noBecTBOBaHHa H3 HHAepjiaHAOB B HcnaHHio.
H OAHaKO 6jiaroAapn 3TOMy nyTemecTBHio npowcxoAHT OKOHHaTejibHoe BbiqjieHeHHe H3 Hac/ieAHH Kapjia VJIHHHOH HMnepHH Onjinnna II, rocyAapcTBeHHoro
o6pa30BaHHH, KOTOMy cy^KAeHO 6biJio npocymecTBOBaTb AOJirne roAbi. OAHOBpeMeHHO (J)opMHpoBajiC5i HOBbiH eBponeficKHH nopHAOK. B 1558 roAy HOBUH MOHapx 6e3 eAHHoro Bbicrpejia JIHIUHJICH AByx BancHeHuiHx nacreH CBOHX BJiaAeHHH: CMepTb Mapnn TiOAop H OTpeqeHHe OTua OT HMnepcKOH KopoHbi npHBejin
K yTpaTe OnjinnnoM II AHIVIHH H HMnepcKoii BJiacTH. OAHO H3 STHX COGMTHH,
KaK MW yace BHAC/IH, 6biJio B nop^AKe Bemen: npoTHB o6i>eAHHeHHbix ycnjiHH
npoTecTaHTCKOH TepMaHHH, npoTHB OepAHHaHAa H MaKCHMHJinaHa HCBO3MO>KHO 6buio 6opoTbCH. H o Heo^KHAaHHan KOHHHHa MapHH TiOAop B Hon6pe 1558 roAa, noMTH B TOT caMbiH MOMCHT, KorAa IepMaHHfl OKOHnaTe^bHO nepeuuia B CTaH
npoTHBHHKOB Onjinnna II, 3TO cjiynanHoe co6biTne pa3pyuiHJio aHnno-HcnaHCKHH COK)3 H pa3Be5uio MenTy 06 aHr;io-(J)^aMaHACKOM rocyAapcTBe, >KH3HeHHbiM
qeHTpoM KOToporo AOJIHCHO 6MJIO cTaTb CeBepHoe Mope.
T^ocTaTOMHO npeACTaBHTb ce6e OHjinnna II B pojin xo3HHHa repMaHCKoro
MHpa H AHIVIHH, HTo6bi oqeHHTb 3HaneHHe 3THX HeyAan. HMnepaTopcKHH THTyji, Aaace jiHiueHHbiH peajibHoro coAep>KaHHH, noMor 6bi H36eacaTb H3MaTbiBaIOIIJHX cnopoB 3a nepBeHCTBo; OH noBbicnji 6bi aBTopHTeT ncnaHijeB B HTajiHH H
npHAaji BOHHe npoTHB TypoK eAHHbift pHTM Ha paBHHHax BeHrpHH H Ha CpeAH3eMHOM Mope. B TO >Ke BpeMH, n p n noAAepxcKe HJIH HeHTpajiHTeTe AHIVIHH BOHHa B HnAep^aHAax npoxoAHJia 6bi HHaqe, cxBaTKa 3a rocnoACTBo B ATJiaHTHKe,
noA 3HaKOM KOTopoH npouma BTopaa nojiOBHHa BeKa, He npHBejia 6bi K KaTaCTpO(f)e. H o HC7Ib3fl He BHAeTb, HTO 3TH C06bITHfl npe>KAe BCerO 3aCTaBHJIH HM-

nepnio Onjinnna II nepeMecTHTb ijeHTp CBoero BHHMaHHH c ceBepa Ha lor. KaTOKaM6pe3HHCKHH MHp, yKpenHBiunn no3HqHH HcnaHqeB B HTajiHH, cnocoGcTBO-

70

1550—1559: Bo3o6HOBJienne H oKOHnaHne MHpoBOH BOHHU

Baji nepeopHeHxaqHH nojiHXHKH Ero KaxojiHnecKoro BejiHqecxBa Ha eBponenCKHH lOr, BO3MO>KHO, c ymep6oM j\jia npecjieAOBaHHH 6ojiee Ba>KHbix H 6ojiee
MHoroo6emaK)mHx ijejien.
Bo3BpameHHe Onjinnna II B HcnaHHio B aBrycxe-ceHXfl6pe 1559 ro/xa 6biJio
3aBepmaiomHM sxanoM 3XOH SBOJIIOIJHH. OxHbiHe OHJinnn 6yzjex >KHXb Ha nojiyocxpoBe, ocxaBajicb KaK 6bi njieHHHKOM B HcnaHHH. Ee3ycjiOBHO, BonpeKH jiereH/je o ero 3axBopHHHecxBe B ScKopnajie, OH MHoro nyxeiuecxBOBaji252, HO Bceiyja B npe/jejiax H6epHHCKoro nojiyocxpoBa.
B CBoeH AaBHO HanncaHHOH, HO coxpaHHiomen 3HancHHe pa6oxe, IyHOH-JIy6aH253 ynpeKaex Onjinnna II B XOM, HXO OH He nepeHec nocjie 3axBaxa riopxyraJIHH CBOeft CXOJIHIIbl H3 MaApH/Xa B J l H C C a 6 0 H H H e OUeHHJI n o AOCXOHHCXBy 3Ha-

qeHHe AxjiaHXHKH. Ha nepBbin B3rji5i/i Kaacexca, HXO oxx>e3/i H3 Epioccejin BecHOH 1559 ro/ja 6biji UOJ\O6HOPI >Ke OIUH6KOH. OHJinnn II co3HaxejibHO H36paji
MecxoM npe6biBaHHH Ha BceM npoxfl>KeHHH CBoero irapcxBOBaHHH nepH^epHio
EBponbi. Ero nojiHXHKa AOJi>KHa 6bijia cxojiKHyxbcn c He6jiaronpHHXHOH apncj)MexHKOH paccxoHHHH: MO>KHO noKa3axb, qxo oxKy^a 6bi HH HCXOAHJIH HOBOCXH,
H3 MHjiaHa, HeanojiH, BeHeiiHH, He roBopa y>Ke o IepMaHHH, AHHIHH HJIH OpaHUHH, BpioccejiH OHH AocxHrajiH paHbiue, neM MaApHAa. HcnaHHH cxajia cep/jueM AepncaBbi O ^ n n n a II, ee yHHKajibHbiM H MoryqHM ABHraxejieM, nHxaioujHM
c pa3MepeHHOH aHeprnen ee nojiHXHKy >KH3HeHHbiMH HMnyjibcaMH. OxHbiHe KOpojib 6yz;ex BH^exb H oueHHBaxb co6bixHH H3 HcnaHHH; ero nojiHXHKa 6y^ex Bbipa6axbiBaxbCH B HcnaHCKon HpaBCXBeHHOH axMOC(})epe; B ero oKpyaceHHH B0306jia/jaiox ncnaHCKHe HHxepecbi H OCHOBHOM Bee npHo6pexyx B HCM BbixoAUbi H3
HcnaHHH.
J\eJlO

B XOM, HXO B 0 3 B p a m e H H C KOpOJIfl COnpOBO>KAaJIOCb H3MeHeHHHMH B

cocxaBe ero npHABopHbix. Eme co BpeMeH Kapjia V nepeABH)KeHHH HMnepaxopa, HecMoxpn Ha HX cKopoxeHHoexb, cKa3biBajiHCb Ha ero pacnojio>KeHHH H Ba>KHOCXH B ero rjia3ax xoro HJIH HHoro MHHHexpa. B 1546 ro/xy BeHennaHCKHH no254
COJI BepHapAO HaBa/j>Kepo MHMOXOAOM 3aMexHji o neppeHO
: «...c xex n o p ,
KaK HMnepaxop noKHHyji HcnaHHio H npe6bmaex B IepMaHHH HJIH OjiaHApHH,
ero 3HaqeHne 3aMexHO B03pocjio». Ye3>Ka5i H3 HH^epjiaHJiOB, Onjinnn II paccxajicn co CBOHMH coBexHHKaMH H3 OjiaHApnn H OpaHiu-KoHxe: oxcyxcxBHe Henocpe/jcxBeHHbix KOHxaKxoB Hejib3H c6pacbiBaxb co cqexoB, KaK noKa3biBaex
npHMep TpaHBejuibi, cbma xoro >Ke neppeHO. EnHCKon AppaccKHH, npoBOAHBIIIHH CBOK) >KH3Hb B cxpaHCXBOBaHHflx no HMnepHH Kapjia V, ocxajiCH B HnAepjiaH^ax, 3aHHMafl 3aBHAHoe nojio>KeHHe: OH 6WJI AOBepeHHbiM JIHUOM Onjinnna II
npn Maprapnxe napMCKOH. H o 3xox nocx Hejib3H cpaBHHXb c xeM BecoM, KOXOpbin OH HMeji B coBexe HMnepaxopa HJIH OnjiHnna j\o oxx>e3/xa nocjieAHero B
1559 ro/;y. Ha npoxHaceHHH /jBaAUaxn jiex OH ocxaBajica BAajiH ox MOHapxa. Xoponio H3BecxHo, KaKyio pojib cbirpajia 3ano3/xajiafl Bcxpena 3XHX AByx nepcoHa-

Bo3o6noBJieHne BOHHW. PeiuaiomHe co6biTHH CHOBa nponcxcwrr Ha CeBepe

71

>KeH, Kor^a rpaHBejuia B 1579 ro/jy npnexaji B MaApnA255; OHa noBjiemia 3a CO6OH
HOBblH BCILTieCK H M n e p C K O H nOJIHTHKH.

BepHyBiiiMCb B HcnaHHK), OHJIHIHI II Ha AOJirne roA^i 6bui o6peneH o6maTbCH co CBOHMH HcnaHCKHMH coBeTHHKaMH. 3Aecb OH CHHCKaji HeoijeHHMyio nonyjinpHOCTb B CBOHX nojiyocrpoBHbix Kopo^eBCTBax. Ero nocTOHHHoe npHcyTCTBHe — B OTjiHHHe OT 6ecKOHeHHbix OTjiyqeK HMnepaTopa — paccMaTpHBajiocb
HcnaHuaMH KaK 6jiaroAeflHHe H Tporajio HX «AO rjiy6HHbi fl,yuiu»256. «CKOJib HH
BejiHKH H oGniHpHbi BJia/jeHHfl KopojiH, — nncaji B 1595 ro/jy repijor Oepna, — A
HeflyMaio,HTO rAe-HH6yAb OH ixapHT TaK >Ke 6e3pa3Ae;ibHo, KaK B cepAUax ncnaHqeB»257.
Ha caMOM AeJie, 3Ta noe3AKa, cTOJib JXOJITO 3aMbiimi5iBuia5iCH H crojib AOJiro
OTKJi2iAbiBaBiiiaiiC5i, HHKaK He noxo^Ka Ha 6e30TqeTHbin nocTynoK. BKycaM O H jinnna npnAaeTcn CJIHIIIKOM 6ojibiuoe 3HaqeHHe: yTBep>KAaioT, HTO OH ncnbiTbiBaji K HHAepjiaHAaM TaKyio >Ke c;ia6yio npHBH3aHHOCTb, KaK TaMOiimne ero noAAaHHbie K HeMy caMOMy, HTO «ycraB HaxoAHTbca B 3TOH CTpaHe», OH cneinHji noKHHyTb ee, HTo6bi HHKor^a 6o;ibiiie He B03BpamaTbca258. 3 T O MHeHHe qepecqyp
KaTeropHMHO. He Bbi3biBaeT COMHCHHH TOJibKO cneiiiKa. OpaHU,y3CKHH nocoji
Ce6acTbeH Ae ;ib'06ecnHH nncaji cBoeMy Kopojno 259 27 HKXJIH H3 IeHTa: «TpyAHO
noBepHTb, HacKOJibKO 3TOT rocy^apb ToponHTca H cTapaeTca Bee ycKopnTb, HTO6bi noe3AKa He copBajiacb H He BO3HHKJIO KaKHx-jiH6o npenflTCTBHH, Morymnx
ero 3aAep>KaTb». noco;i EjiH3aBeTbi coo6maeT o cjiyxax, pacnpocTpaHsnoiUHXcfl
B HcnaHCKHx Kpyrax, HTO Kopojib 6ojibine He BepHeTca B HnAepjiaHAbi, a MaprapHTa napMCKan roBopHT o «acejiaHHH E. B. noexaTb B HcnaHHio». H o y 3Toro
>Ke^aHHH 6biJiH cepbe3Hbie MOTHBbi. HcnaHCKHe COBCTHHKH Onjinnna B Bpiocce;ie npHBOAHT HX, HaqHHan c 1555 roAa, B cnopax c «6ypryHACKOH napTHen»
IpaHBejuibi, KypTeBH^H, 3rMOHTa H npHHija OpaHCKoro. Y HHX ecTb H jiHHHbie
no6y>KAeHH5i: BepHyTbca AOMOH, B npnBbiqHbiH MHp CBOHX HHTepecoB; 6biTb
MO)KeT, Koe-KTO xoqeT Bocno;ib30BaTbCfl mnpoKOH pacnpoAaacen AOMeHnajibHbix
BJiaAeHHH, pa3BepHyBuiencH y HHX Ha poAHHe. H o KpoMe Toro, OHH AyMaiOT H 06
HcnaHHH.
,ZI,jiHTe^bHoe OTcyTCTBHe MOHapxa noBJieKJio 3a CO6OH pa3JiaA B MexaHH3Me
ynpaBjieHHH. HcnaHCKoe rocyAapcTBO HMCJIO TpH CTOJinijbi H Tpn npaBHTe;ibCTBa: B Bpioccejie, OTKyna Kopojib pyKOBOAHJi BOHHOH H Kyzja cxo/nuiHCb ece Ann^OMaTHqecKHe HHTH; B MOHacTbipe CaH K)cTe, rAe Kapji V oneHb cKopo BTHHyjica, HecMOTpn Ha CBoe nepBOHaqajibHoe peuieHne, B AeJia npaBJieHHa; HaKOHeq,
B BajibHAOJiHAe, rAe npnHijecca XyaHa 3aHHMajiacb OCHOBHBIMH aAMHHHcrpaTHBHWMH BonpocaMH, BbicjiyuiHBaa MHeHHe rocyAapcTBeHHbix COBCTOB. PacnpeAejieHHe o6H3aHHOCTen Me>KAy STHMH TpeMH crojinuaMH 6bijio npH6;iH3HTejibHbiM;
CBH3b, HeB3Hpan Ha MHOHCCCTBO KypbepoB, HecoBepuieHHOH. Peqb 06 3TOM HACT
BO Bcex nncbMax, H OTcyTCTBHe KoopAMHaqHH He ocrajiocb 6e3 noc^eACTBHH.

72

1550—1559: Bo3o6HOBJieHHe M oKOHnaHHe MnpoBow BOHHW

^ejia, paccMOTpeHHbie B BajibHAOJiHAe, AOJiacHbi 6biJiw 6biTb yTBepxcAeHbi MOHapxoM: MOHCHO ce6e npeACTaBHTb, KaKyio HeBepo^THyio 3aAepacKy B peuieHHHx
Bjiemio 3a CO6OM STO ycjiOBHe! HcnaHHH ocrajiacb nonra 6e3 ynpaBjieHHH. CMepTb
Kap;ia V B CaH IOcre B ceHTa6pe 1558 roAa ooioxcHHJia nojionceHMe, nocKOJibKy
npHHijecca XyaHa 6buia HBHO He Ha BbicoTe CTOHBIIIHX nepeA Hett 3aAan.
$H^Hnn II noKHAaji Bpioccejib B o6cTaHOBKe no6eAHOH npHnoAHHTOCTH. BCH
HTajiHfl npHcyTCTBOBajia 3Aecb, Ka^KAWH 3aHCKHBaji nepeA no6eAHTejieM, npeAjiaraa A^Hbrn H xjionona o CBOHX HHTepecax; KO3HMO MCAHHH nbrrajicn 3aKpenHTb 3a CO6OH CneHy, BCTIHKHH Marncrp MajibTbi AO6HB3JICH OTAaqH pacnopn>KeHHH OTHOCHTejibHO aiccneAHijHH npoTHB TpHno;iH, IeHy33CKafl pecny6;iHKa
xoTe;ia y^aAHTb qacTHbie Bonpocbi ynpaBJieHHa OTBoeBaHHofi KopcHKOH, poA
<E>apHe3e — cMecTHTb repuorHHio JIoTapHHrcKyio H o6ecnenHTb MaprapHTe
IlapMCKOH BJiacTb B HHAepjiaHAax... CpeAH qepeAbi npneMOB H cnaBocjiOBHH
OHJiHnn II pa3AaBaji (JxnaMaHACKHM ceHbopaM nocjieAHHe MHJIOCTH H onpeAeJlflJI nO^HOMOHHH HOBOH npaBHTeJIbHHIJbl. 1 1 aBiyCTa OH 6bIJI BO OjIHCCHHreHC

^Be HeAe^H npnumocb HCAaTb nonyTHoro BeTpa, KopoTan BpeMH B noe3AKax c
OAHoro ocTpoBa Ha Apyrofi H B nocemeHHH MecTHbix 3aMKOB. HaKOHeii, 25 MHCjia KopojieBCKHH (jpjiOT noAHHJi napyca.
IloApo6HbiH oTneT o njiaBaHHH2(i0 coAep^KHTCH B «r3,HeBHHKe» }KaHa AC BaHAeHecce H AonojiHneTCH HecKOJibKHMH nncbMaMH K MaprapHTe IlapMCKOH OT
ApAHHre^JiH, HacTaBHHKa lOHoro AneccaHApo OapHe3e261, 3ajio)KHHKa HcnaHCKOH
nojiHTHKH, KOTopbiH c coniacHfl MaTepH AOJi^ceH 6bui BOcnHTbiBaTbCH Ha nojiyocTpoBe H conpoBo^cAaji Kopojin B ero nyTeuiecTBHH. 3aMeTHM MHMOXOAOM, HTO
TpaAHU,^iOHHa5i HCTOPHH — KOTopyio MOHCHO npoqecrby YoTCOHa, IlpecKOTTa HJIH
BpaTJiH — o poMaHTHqecKOH BbicaAKe OHjiHnna II B JIapeAO HBJIHCTCH BbiMbic^OM OT Hanajia AO KOHija. MoHapx BOBce He npunjibiji TyAa B OAHHOHKy, c onacHOCTbK) juin >KH3HH, Ha npocrofi jiOAKe, yTpaTHB B 6e3AOHHbix niy6HHax OKeaHa
BeCb CBOH (f>JIOT — CBOH COKpOBHIIja, TblCHHy npHABOpHblX H3 CBOeH CBHTbl H HX

AparoqeHHbiH 6araac. LLTropM AeficTBHTejibHO H3paAHO noTpenaji Tnacejibie ryKapbi, c^eAOBaBiiiHe 3a KOHBOCM, HO B nHCbMe caMoro OHjiHnna II OT 26 CCHTH6pa 1559 roAa CKa3aHO, MTO Ha noBepicy He Aocrajio TOJibKo OAHoro cyAHa262. HTO
AO KopojiH, TO OH HaxoAHJicfl Ha cyme, H npHTOM yace cyTKH. Becb 3TOT paccica3 —
MHCTaa BbiAyMKa, npHHaAJieacamaa, BO3MOHCHO, IperopHO JleTH, KOTopbin npoCTpaHHo noBecTByeT o KaTacTpocJ)e, «HacroflmeM npeA3HaMeHOBaHHH Bcex 6eA
H HecnacTHH, KOTopwe Bnoc/ieACTBHH cjiyqHJiHCb c Kopo;ieM»26\

HcnaHHH B cepeAHHe XVI

CTOJICTHH

73

4 . HdlAHHH B CEPEAHHE X V I CTOJIETHH
KaKyio cxpaHy yBH^e^ nepeA CO6OH Kopojib? JIBHO acaacAymyio Bcxpenn c HHM.
YTKG A^BHO Bce >Ke;iajiH ero B03BpameHHn: npaBHxejibHHixa H CoBexw, Ha^HHan c 1555 roAa264; KacxHJibCKHe Kopxecw, co6paBinHeca B 1558 roAy265; caM
Kap;i V, CMHxaBuiHH ero Heo6xoAHMbiM, H Bce HHHOBHHKH Ha nonyocxpoBe. riepenHCKa OpaHCHCKO 03opHo 2 6 6 nonxH Ha KaacAoft cxpaHHije coAepaoix HaMeK
Ha B03BpameHHe Kopo;iH, Koxopoe Bce npHBe^ex B nopnAOK, roBopHx OH, ecjiH
HOBOCXH njioxne, — 6jiaroAapn KoxopoMy Bce cxaHex e q e Jiyniiie, yxBep>KAaex
OH, ec;iH HOBOCXH xopouine. KorAa, HaKOHeu,, npnxoAnx BejiHKoe H3BecxHe: «paAocxb H jiHKOBaHHe no noBOAy 3aKjnoneHHH MHpa H rpHAymero npnGbixna B. B.
B KopojieBcxBo cxojib rpaHAH03Hbi, — nninex OH 17 Man 1559 roAa, — HXO xpyAHO
Bbipa3HXb CJIOBaMH!»267.
06cxaHOBKa, Ha caMOM Rene, 6buia xpeBo>KHOH. HcnaHHH He 6biJia HenocpeAcxBeHHO 3axpoHyxa BOHHOH, HO OHa 6e30cxaHOBOHHO nocxaBJiHJia jnoAefi, cyzja
H AeHbrn, MHoro ACHer. 3xo npnBejio K o6mecxBeHHbiM, 3KOHOMHHCCKHM, nojiHxHHecKHM noxpnceHHHM, K xa>Ke;iOMy He/jyry Bcero opraHH3Ma, ycyry6ji5ieMOMy
pe^HrH03HbiM KpH3HCOM, BHyiuaiomHM HBHoe 6ecnoKoncxBO.
OnacHocTb npoTecTaHTH3Ma
2(i8

B 1558 roAy B CeBHjibe, BajibHAOJiHAe H MHornx He6ojibuiHx ropo^ax 6buiH
o6HapynceHbi «npoxecxaHxcKHe» o6uiHHbi; MM Hcnojib3yeM axo noHnxne, XOXA
OHO 3/jecb He coBceM yMecxHo; B KOHije KOHIJOB, HX COHJIH xaKOBbiMH. 3 x o H3Becxne Hacxopo>KHjio Kapjia V, KaK H ero cbma, Hacxo;ibKO, HXO Koe-Kxo Aaace ycMaxpHBaex CBH3b Me>KAy BonaceM 1559 roAa H npnjiHBOM npoxecxaHXH3Ma. Bxopoe ayxoAacJ>e Ha Iljiaca Maftop B BajibHAOJiHAe cocxojuiocb noc/ie BbicaAKH B
JIapeAO269. Me>KAy nepBbiM H BxopbiM co6bixHeM npoiueji Meonj. /JaxcKHH HCXOpnK Epaxjin no cymecxByiomen xpaAHijHH nHiuex, HXO, nojiynHB njioxne HOBOCXH H3 CeBH^bH H BajibHAOJiHAa, Onjinnn II «He Mor AyMaxb HH O HCM ApyroM,
KpoMe B03BpameHHH B HcnaHHio» 27°.
Ha caMOM AC/ie MOHCHO ycoMHHXbca, HXO rpaHAH03Hbin cneKxaioib, ycxpoeHHMH HHKBH3HqneH, BnpaBAy CBHAexejibcxBOBaji o MaccoBOM ABH^KCHHH npoxecxaHXOB, yrpo>KaBiueM pacnpocxpaHeHHeM B HcnaHHH. n p n BHHMaxejibHOM nxeHHH KHHrn Mapcejin BaxanoHa xaKoro omymeHHH H e B03HHKaex. ABXOP xpyAa
«3pa3M H HcnaHHH»271 noKa3aji, HXO xaK Ha3biBaeMbie «npoxecxaHxw» 1558 roAa
6buiH, B OCHOBHOM, npoAOJiacaxejiflMH xoro AyxoBHoro ABH^ceHHH, Koxopoe HMe;io B HcnaHHH rjiy6oKHe KopHH H He 6buio CBH3aHO c jnoxepaHcxBOM. n p n 6JIH)KaHineM paccMoxpeHHH BcnbiuiKH AyxoBHoexn B BajibHAOJiHAe H CeBH;ibe OKa3biBaioxcH OKpaiueHHbiMH no-pa3HOMy, KaK oroHbKH npH ropeHHH nopouiKOBOH

74

1550—1559: Bo3o6HOBJienne H OKOHnaHMe MHpoBOH BOHHLI

civiecH pa3Hbix MeTajuioB, Kyzja Moiyr BxoAHTb H oneHb peAKHe M AparoijeHHbie.
OieHb 3aTpy/u-iHTe;ibHO pa3JiHHHTb, KaKOH HMCHHO BKJiaA B STOT (J)enepBepK
BHecjiH Koneepcu — AyrycTHH KacajibH HJIH KoHCTaHTHHO — onHpaiomneca Ha
eBpeiicKyio MHCTHnecKyio Tpa/jHUHio; KaKyio AOJIIO 3aHHMaeT B HeM TaKOH peAKHH KOMHOHeHT, KaK HJIJIIOMHHH3M, MOHOnOJIbHblH npOAyKT H c n a H H H , B OHM-

iueHHOM BHAC npeACTaBJiHioiUHH CO6OH ee Bejinnaniiiee MHCTHnecKoe AOCTOHHHe; KaKoc MecTO OTBCACHO, HaKOHeii, B 3TOM cnjiaBe, 3pa3MnaHCKHM HACHM
OAyxoTBopeHHOH pejinrHH, o6pameHHOH K BHyTpeHHeMy Mwpy. B 20—30-e roA^i
XVI Bei<a nojiyocTpoB, OTKpbiTbiH B 3TO BpeMH AyxoBHbiM Be^HH^M co Bcero CBeTa, noABeprcH HamecTBHio ujxePi 3pa3Ma, 3aTeM BajibAeca... /],BaAH,aTbio roAaMH
no3AHee 3TH UJXCU e q c 6bijin >KHBbi; OHH noABeprjincb MeTac|)opc})03aM, HO ocTajincby3HaBacMbi; H ecjiH K HHM npnivieiiiajiHCb HeKOTopbie 3JieMCHTbi npoTecTaHTCKOH MblCJIH, B H c n a H H H H e B03HHKJIO npOTCCTaHTCKOrO KyjIbTa, KOTOpblH CTaJI

6bi, KaK BO OpaHUHH, oco6biM BepoHcnoBe/jaHHeM. Epecb, npoTHBocTOHBiuaji
KaTOJIHMCCKOH TpaAHLJHH, OTJIHHaJiaCb CKJIOHHOCTbK) K COXpaHCHHK) HC TOJIbKO

Ayxa, HO H LJ,epKBH c ee ynpe>KAeHH5iMH, Kopone roBopa, opTOAOKcajibHOH Bepbi.
Flo KpaHHeft Mepe en 6bijia npncyma HaAOKAa Ha 3TO.
MCM B TaKOM cjiyqae 6bijiH Bbi3BaHbi npec/ieAOBaHHH 1559 roAa, ecjiH B onarax HOBoro pejiHrno3Horo 6po>KeHH5i He nponcxoAHJio Hnnero HJIH noHTH HHMCIO HOBoro? ConiacHO Mapcejno EaTanoHy 272 , HOBH3Ha 3aKJiiOHajiacb B xapaKTepe pcnpeccHw; npoH30iiuio caMoyTBep>KAeHHe KaTOJinnecKOH HCTepnHMOCTH,
roHeHHH cTajni ee caMoqejibio, HaKa3aHHe AOJDKHO 6buio cjiy>KHTb npHMepoM.
ripHineji KOHCH MHpo;iK)6HBOH nojiHTHKe HMnepaTopa, Hanpn>KeHHOH CHTyaijHH
HeonpeAejieHHOCTH c npncymen en HeneTKOCTbio rpaHHU, H HenocjieAOBaTejibHocTbio H03HUHI1. BjiaroAapa HenpemiOHHOCTH npoTecTaHTOB KapTHHa nponcHHJiacb. noc/ie 1555 roAa, ycnexa pecJDopM B IepMaHHH H oTpeqeHHH Kapjia V
CTopoHbi KOHcJ);iHKTa 0Ka3ajiHCb HCTKO o6o3HaneHbi: B HTajiHH, a 3aTeM B HcnaHHH Hanajincb >KCCTOKHC penpeccHH, XOTA OHH 6biJiH He3aBHCHMbi Apyr OT Apyra; HciiaHCKan HHKBH3HIIHH AencrBOBajia caMa no ce6e, H OTHOUICHHH Me>KAy
OHJIHnilOM I I H FlaBJIOM I V 6bIJIH A^JieKO H e Apy^KCCTBeHHblMH, HCCMOTpH Ha

yqacTiie O6OHX B o6meM ABH^KCHHH. llojio>KeHHe 6bicrpo MeHfljiocb. B HcnaHHH,
Ky^a npnexaji Onjinnn II, y>Ke 6ymeBajia KoHTppe^opMaiiHH H CBHpencTBOBajin
TOHCHH5I, H 3TO 6bIJIO 3HaMCHHeM BpeMCHH, a H e ACJIOM pyK OAHOrO HeJIOBeKa,

3TH co6biTH5i pa3BopaHHBajincb BO BceM xpHCTHaHCKOM MHpe, B )KeHeBe H PHMe;
Onjinnii II 6biji BOBjieneH B HHX, HO He ynpaBjiaji HMH. TaKHM o6pa30M, Kopojib
He cjiynafiHO OKa3ajicn 8 OKTflGpa Ha njiaca Manop, noA^epKHBafl CBOHM npncyTCTBHeM Ba^KHOCTb npHMepHoro HaKa3aHHH «jnoTepaH».
He CTaHeM npeyMeHbiiiaTb 6ecnoKOHCTBO, KOTopoe ncnbiTbrnaji Onjinnn II;
HayneHHbiH ropbKHM onbiTOM TepMaHHH H OpaHUHH, B 1558 ro/jy OH Mor CTpaiiiHTboi nero yroAHo. H o B 1559 ro^y, nepeA ero B03BpameHneM, Ka3ajiocb, HTO

HcnaHHH B cepeAHHe XVI

CTOJICTHH

75

onacHOCTb HC TaK BejiHKa, o neM MO)KHO cyAHTb no nepenHCKe <E>Hjinnna II c
npHHqeccoH XyaHon; 3TOT Bonpoc, K KOTopoMy OH B03BpamaeTca peAKO, OTHbiHC ero Majio 3a6oTHT. 26 HIOHH 273 , ynoMHHaa, HTO OH nojiynnji npocTpaHHoe AOHeceHHe o nepBOM ayTOAa(J)e B Mae, Kopojib Bbipa>KaeT HaAe>KAy Ha «H36aBJieHHe
OT CTO^b BejiHKoro 3;ia, KOTopoe 6bi;io noceflHO». Ero TOH cnoKoeH. Tan gran
mal como estava sembrado: HO >KaTBa HC ycnejia co3peTb.
PenpeccHH no;io>KHjiH KOHeii ncnaHCKOH epecn. BO3MO>KHO, HX 3(J)(JDeKTHBH0CTb
(BCAB BO MHornx cjiyHaax Teppop OKa3biBajicn 6ecno;ie3HbiM) 6bma CBH3aHa c TeM,
MTO 3pa3MHaHCTBO HJIH npOTeCTaHTH3M B H c n a H H I O npHUJJIH H3BHe; HX pOCTKH

npH)KHjiHCb, j\2uiii no6ern H njio^bi, HO HacKOJibKO HX xBaTHJio? MTO TaKoe naTbAecHT ;ieT B MaciiiTa6ax HCTOPHH n,HBHJiH3aiiHH? IloHBa 6biJia njioxo noAroTOBjieHOH, pacTeHHe Majio npnroAHO RJISI npHBHBKH. B KOHije KOHIJOB c;ia6bie OTroJIOCKH «npOTCCTaHTH3Ma» OCTaJIHCb B HCnaHCKOM MHCTHUH3Me, B HHAHBHAyaJIb-

MOJiHTBeHHOH npaKTHKe CBHTOH Tepe3bi H CB5iToro XyaHa AC Jia Kpyc.
BnpoHCM, caMO ARH>KeHHe HHKorAa He no;ib30Bajiocb jno6oBbio B HapoAe,
CKopee Hao6opoT. B Mae 1558 roAa apxnenHCKon TojieACKHH 3aMenaeT, HTO npoCTOHapoAbe He 3aTpoHyro epecbio 274 . 3aAep>KaHHbix npnmjiocb Be3TH B BajibflHOH

AO^HA HOHbK) H3 O n a c e H H H , HTO HapOA H nOApOCTKH 3 a 6 p O C a i O T HX KaMHHMH,

HacTo^bKo BejiHKo 6bijio o6iiiecTBeHHoe HeroAOBaHne275. Penb mjia o He6o;ibIIIOH rpynne JIIOACH, O HecKOJibKHX npHHaA-neacauinx K SJIHTC ryMaHHCTax H MHCTHKaX. 3 T o 6 b I J I H 3 H a T H b i e J H O A H , K K O T O p b I M y B e ^ H K O r o H H K B H 3 H T O p a B 1 5 5 8 TO-

Ay, B oiviHHHe OT ero npeAuiecTBeHHHKOB, He 6bmo nomaAbi.
Be3 coMHeHMH, cjieAyeT npHHHC/iHTb K coBepuieHHO Heo6ocHOBaHHbiM cjiyxaM, pacnpocTpaH^eMbiM BeHeijHaHixaMH, H3BecTne, HTO «noA npcA-JioroM Bepbi
6buiH ycTpoeHbi MHTOKH B croBope c Ba^KHbiMH ceHbopaMH»27r\ Bo;iee onpeAejieHHO Bbipa>KaeTC5i B CBOCM nncbMe, HanncaHHOM B MapTe 1559 roAa B BeHeUHH 2 7 7 , enncKon ^aKCKHH, KOTopbin coo6maeT, MTO «HecKOjibKO Anen Ha3aA B
CaH MapKO pa3Hecoi cjiyx, BnooieACTBHH onpeAejieHHO noATBep>KACHHbiH, 6VATO B HcnaHHH neTbipe caMbix 3HaTHbix npnHiia KopojieBCTBa npHHfljin CTopoHy
jiiOTepaHCKOH epecn H BbiKa3ajin TaKoe ynopcTBo B Hen... MTO 3acTaBJi5noT Bcex
CBOHX BaccajiOB npHHHTb HX CTopoHy; H CCJIH Kopojib Onjinnn CBoeBpeMeHHO He
pacnpaBHTCH c HHMH, OH MO>KCT 0Ka3aTbca B MeHbuiHHCTBe». H o BeHerjHfl, KaK
H PHM, 6buia ropoAOM no npenMyuiecTBy ;io>KHbix cjiyxoB, OAHa>KAt»i KapAHHaji
PaM6yne Hanncaji Kapjiy IX, MTO «HOBOCTH, KOTopbie OTCiOAa ( H 3 PnMa) UDIIOT B
BeHeijHio H H3 BeHeqnH ciOAa, no;ib3yiOTC5i B HTajinn TaKHM >KC MajibiM AOBepneM H penyTaqnen, KaK ABopiiOBbie cnjieTHH BO OpaHn,HH». HeT ocHOBaHHH nojiaraTb, MTO ncnaHCKHH «npoTecraHTH3M» HMCTI nojiHTHHecKne nocjieACTBHfl. H o
noAo6Hbie npeAnojio>KeHHH HMCJIH noA CO6OH noHBy, nocKOJibKy Hap^Ay c pejinrno3HbiM 6po>KeHHeM B HcnaHHH cyuiecTBOBajio nojiHTHHecKoe HCAOBOJIBCTBO,
BHyiuaBuiee HeMeHbiuee 6ecnoKoncTBo.

76

1550—1559: Bo3o6HOBjieHHe H oKOHHaHHe MHpoBOH BOHHLI
IIojiHTHHecKoe He6jiaronojiyHHe

06biMHO 06 HcnaHHH n p n OHjiHnne II roBopax KaK o CAHHOH cxpaHe. KoHeHHO, 3a BpeMa ero AOJiroro eAHHOJiHHHoro npaBJieHHa u,eHxpajiH3an,Ha ycnjinjiacb, HO B 1559 ro/jy HapoAHbie BOJibHOCxn eme xojibKO noABeprajincb orpaHHqeHHHM, 3aKOHbi ocxaBajiHCb Hen3MeHHbiMH, a naMaxb o BOCCxaHHax 6buia >KHBa.
KopojieBCKaa Bjiacxb 6buia He6e3rpaHHHHOH M cxajiKHBajiacb c conpoxHBjieHHCM. E H npoxHBOcxoajiH (pyapoc, 6acHOCJiOBHbie 6oraxcxBa AyxoBHbix JIHIJ, He3aBMCHMaa M 3a^cHxoHHaa 3Haxb, HenoBHHOBeHHe MOPMCKOB, HHOivja oxKpbixoe,
npoH3BOJi HMHOBHHKOB. B nepHOA MOK^y 1556 H 1559 ro/jaMH MO>KHO Aance roBopHXb o cepbe3HOM naAeHHH rocynapcxBeHHoro npecxH^ca H O CBoero po^a Kpn3Mce HenoAqHHeHHa.
Penb M^ex He 06 oxKpbixoM 6yHxe, HO O Bojme HeAOBOJibcxBa w HenpHH3HH,
Bbipa3HBiuHxca B MHoroqHCJieHHbix MCJIKHX (J)aKxax, noAoGHbix co6paHHbiM
HcxopHKOM JIbopeHxe 278 H npHo6pexaiomHM Bee xojibKO B conocxaBjieHHH. HanpHMep, Kor^a Kapji V, «yBeHqaHHbiH CCAHHOH, jiaBpaMH H oxaromeHHbifi HeAyraMH», BbicaAHjica B 1556 roAy B JlapeAO, OH 6bui HenpnaxHO nopaaceH xeM, qxo
Ha Bcxpeny cxaporo HMnepaxopa co6pajiocb xojibKO HecKOJibKO ABopaH279. HeMHorHM no3>Ke noe3AKy no nojiyocxpoBy coBepuiajiH cecxpbi Kapjia V, KopojieBbi OpaHUHH H BeHrpHH EjiH3aBexa H MapHa; Ha neperoHe MencAy XapaHAHjiben H BaAaxocoM Koe-Kxo H3 ceHbopoB, Koxopbix nonpocnjin conpoBO^CAaxb MX,
HC oxBexHji Ha npocb6y H Aa^ce nocHHxaji H3;IHIIIHHM npHCJiaxb M3BHHCHH5I 28() .
3a HeKoxopoe BpeMa j\o 3xoro KopojieBbi, >Ke;iaBiiiHe ocxaHOBHXbca B iBaAajiaxape, npocnjiH repupra HHcf>aHxaAO ycxynHXb HM CBOH xopoMbi, xe caMbie, rAe
Bnoc^eACXBHH 6buio oxnpa3AHOBaHO xpexbe 6paKOCoqexaHHe Onjinnna II 281 .
Iepnpr oxKa3aji K BCJIHKOH AOcaAe AByx A^M H HMnepaxopa, Koxopbin, xeM He
MeHee, He 3axoxe;i, qxo 6bi HH roBopnjiH, ccopnxbca c repuoroM, JIHIJOM Ba>KHWM H 0Ka3aBuiHM 3HaHHxejibHbie ycjiyrn. B aHBape 1558 roAa uoppexudop H/iaceHCHH peuiHji BbinojiHHXb HeKOxopbie pacnopa>KeHHa B KyaKoce, ce;ieHHH, pacnojio>KeHHOM no6jiH30cxH ox CaH lOcxe, rAe AencxBOBaji noA^HHaiomHHca HMnepaxopy ajibrBacnji, H Me^CAy HHHOBHHKaMH B03HHKJia ccopa. KoppexHAop B
KOHne KOHUOB apecxoBaji ajibrBacnjia H nocaAHji ero 3a peinexicy282.
FIojib3yacb cjiaGocxbio npaBHxejibcxBa, Hecnoco6HOCXbio npaBOBeAOB H MHHHexpoB, KaacAbiH nbixajica 3apynnxbca KaKOH-Hn6yAb JIHUIHCH npHBHjierneH. B
OKxa6pe 1559 roAa283 Onjinnn II, o3a6oneHHbiH cocxoaHHeM CBOHX (J)HHaHCOB,
cxpeMHxca coKpaxnxb pacxoAW H ycxpaHHXb 3Jioynoxpe6jieHHa. Cxapbifi coBexHHK, ajibKa/ibA BajibaAOJiHACKOH KaHiie;iapHH Auy,eny,uam FlajiOMapec limex eMy
^K)6onbixHoe nncbMO, rAe roBopwx o qpe3MepHbix npHxa3aHHax KpynHbix ceHbopoB Ha cyAe6Hbie npnBHjierHH. O H HanoMHHaex, qxo BO BpeMa nyxeuiecxBHa
Kopo;ia B TepMaHHio B 1548—1550 roAax ceMb HJIH BOceMb wcnaHCKHX rpaHAOB

HcnaHHH B cepeflHHe XVI CTOJICTHH

77

co6pajiHCb B MOHacTbipe CaH lla6^o B BajibHAOJiHAe H noTpe6oBajiH HaAC/iHTb
BCeX TMTyjIOBaHHblX ABOpHH npHBHJierHCH 6bITb CyAHMbIMM TOJIbKO MOHapXOM

TaioKe BbiCKa3ajiH noacejiaHHe, MTOGW inTpac})bi no OTHOCHIUMMCH K
ceHbopMajibHbiM BJia/jeHMflM cyAe6HbiM AejiaM, paccMaTpHBaiomMMcn B KopojieBCKHX TpM6yHajiax, BbinjianHBajiHCb ceHbopaM. 06ocHOBaHMeM BceMy 3TOMy cjiyHCMJI HeKMM 3aKOH rBaAajiaxapbi BpeMeH XyaHa I, KOTopbiM, no cjiOBaM llajiOMapeca, 6bui noAACJiKOH MJIM no KpaHHen Mepe Mor HCTOJiKOBbiBaTbca ABOHKO. B
1556 roAy (xapaKTepHan noApo6Hocrb, noTOMy HTO Kopojib CHOBa oTcyTCTBOBaji, HaxoA^cb c 1554 roAa B AHI-JIMM) cocTOHJiocb HOBoe c6opnme B MOHacTbipe
CaH Ila6^o; 6bijm BbiABHHyTbi TaKMe ace Tpe6oBaHMH, oTBeprHyTbie npnHuecCOM XyaHOH. Tor^a ceHbopbi npn6eniH K o6xoAHOMy MaHeBpy: peAaicropbi aKTOB
npo^a^KM AOMeHMajibHbix 3eMejib, oco6eHHO 1559 roAa, crajiH BKJiioqaTb B HMX
CTaTbM, ymeMjiHiomMe MHTepecbi rocyAapcrBa, ccbuiaacb Ha TOT TKC 3aKOH rBaAajiaxapbi. llepBbiM BKJUOHMJI 3Ty coMHHTejibHyio oroBopKy B TCKCT, nocBnmeHHbiH
npoAaace 3CMJIM B ero nojib3y Kopo;ieBCKHH MMHOBHMK, jiuixemimr XyaH Ae Baprac, HTo6bi coxpaHHTb 3a CO6OM npaBO yrojiOBHoro cyzja Ha npHo6peTeHHbix 3eM;IHX. Ero npMMep Bbi3Baji, pa3yMeeTCJi, Maccy noApaacaHHH. «HeKOTopbie H3
BauiMx c;iyr M Bauinx rocynapcTBeHHbix COBCTHMKOB coBepuiHJiH noAo6Hbie CACJIKH, — npnGaBjiaeT IlajioMapec, — M B. B. cjie/jyeT ocreperaTbca 3Toro». KaK BH-

^HHHO. OHM

AHM, MCKyUieHHIO nOAAaJIMCb M BblCIUHe H H H O B H M K H .

IlocTynKH ceHbopoB M noKynaTejieH jiyzapec de eaccuihoc CBMAeTejibCTByiOT o
caMoycTpaHeHHH rocyAapcTBa, o ero Hy>KAax M c/iaGocrnx, cjiy>KHBiiiHx noompeHneM jinn pacxHTHTejien. HeyAMBHTejibHo, HTO B 3TO caMoe BpeMH o6biHHbie
TpyAHOCTH, c KOTopbiMM crajiKHBaeTcn Kopo;ieBCKaji BjiacTb, npno6peTaiOT HOBbiH pa3Max. TopoAa OTHaiiHHO 3amnmaiOTC5i OT noKyuieHMM Ha MX cyAe6Hbie
nOJIHOMOHHH, IIDIIOT A^nyTaTOB K KOpOJIIO JIHHHO H HaCTO Ao6HBaiOTCfl CBOerO.

HHorAa Aa^Ke AOJi>KHOCTHbie Jinua caMon Konmpamacbon noMoraiOT ceBHJibCKHM
KynuaM OGOMTM npaBHTCJibCTBeHHbie pacnopaaceHHji. BecHOM 1557 roAa npaBHTejibCTBo KOH(f)HCKOBajio cepe6po, KOTopoe HHAHHCKHM (J)JIOT Be3 qacTHbiM
JIHLjaM: «H3 CeMM HJIM BOCbMM MHJUIHOHOB AyKaTOB yAaJIOCb 3aXBaTHTb nflTb MHJIJIHOHOB, HO Kyni^bi ycTpoMjiHCb TaK JIOBKO, MTO

H3 3THX AeHer ocrajiocb He 6o;iee
500 000», — HeroAOBaji Kap;i V284! TojibKo 6jiaroAapa ero cnjibHOMy rHeBy yAa;iocb npHBecTM B AencTBHe cyzjeGHyio MauiHHy A^IH Haica3aHH5i BHHOBHbix. OceHbio
Toro yae roAa285 COHJIM 6o;iee pa3yMHbiM HanpaBHTb HaBcrpeny HHAHHCKOMy
(J)jiOTy 3CKaApy AjibBapo Ae Ea3aHa, KOTopan npnuuia 7 ceHTH6pn B CaH-JIyKap,
3aBJiaAe;ia HajiHHHOCTbio M nepeBe3Jia ee B CaHTaHAep, OTKyAa ACHbrn 6buiH nepenpaBjieHbi B HnAepjiaHAbi. K TaKHM yjiOBicaM 6biJia BbiHyacAeHa npn6eraTb KOpojieBCKan BjiacTb.
Ho B HeKOTopbix cjiynajix OHa BOo6me He OTBaacHBajiacb BMeuiHBaTbCH. HanpHMep, KorAa BHue-Kopo;ib AparoHa, repuor OpaHKaBHjia, npMKa3aji, Bonpe-

78

1550—1559: Bo3o6HOB.7ieHHe w oKOHnaHHe MnpoBOH BOHHW

KM npaBy (fiyapo, 3aKOBaTb B q e n n HeKoero «MaHH(f>ecTaHTa», ero nocTynoK Bbi3Baji 6yHT. KopTecw co6pajiHCb Ao6poBOJibHO, He AO)KHAa5icbyKa3aHHH MOHapxa,
BHue-Kopojib 6bui Bbmy>KAeH yKpbiTbCH B Ajibxacj)epHH, a aparoHCKoe npaBHTejibCTBO, BBe/jeHHoe B Kypc ACJia, JIHIUHJIO ero IIOJIHOMOHHH 286 . AparoHijeB He cjieAOBaJIO pa3Apa>KaTb, OCo6eHHO BO BpeMfl BOHHbl C O p a H U H e H ! HHKBH3HTOpbI

BajieHCHH, KOTopwe 3aHHMajiHCb CBOHM HacymHbiM jxenoM, paccneAOBajiH O6BHHeHHH npoTHB mazapeuoe, TO ecTb MecTHbix MOPHCKOB, TaiOKe nojiyHHJin yKa3aHHe A^HCTBOBaTb 6;iaropa3yMHO. FlncbMO OT 4 HIOHH 1557 roAa287, a/jpecoBaHHoe CoBeTy HHKBH3HU,HH, coAep>KHT TaKHe cnoBa: «Bbi nncajiw HaM... 4 ceHTfl6pn npouijioro roAa... HTO, nocKOJibKy BpeMH cenqac onacHoe, HaM cjieAyeT noKa
npwocTaHOBHTb BeACHHe AeJi TarapeHOB».
IIOHHTHO, HTO, nojiynafl noAo6Hbie coBeTbi, HHHOBHHKH cTaHOBHJiHCb HepeniHTejibHee H GonjiHCb npncrynnTb K ACHCTBHIO, Aaace no np^MOMy npHKa3y CBbime. HHKBH3HTOP ApTeara B nHCbMe OT 28 (J)eBpajiH 1559 roAa288 K BbicmeMy CoBeTy paccKa3biBacT, HTO B BajieHCHio npn6bui ajibrBacHji CBHToro OC})(|)HU,H5I
BapcejiOHbi c Tpe6oBaHneM HcnojmeHHH peiueHHH 3Toro cyAe6Horo opraHa.
«ECJIH 51 H He npnSer K apecTy yKa3aHHbix B opAepe JIHU,, TO TOJibKO BO H36e>KaHHe CKaHAajia H 6ojibiiiHx BOJIHCHHH, KOTopoe Morjiw HaqaTbCfl B ropoAe, yqHTbiBaa oco6eHHOCTH HbiHeiiiHero BpeMeHH H TO, HTO o6BHHneMbie HBJIHIOTCH no
Gojibiuen qacTH BMCIUHMH AOJi>KHocTHbiMH jiHU,aMH Hauiero ropoAa...» yuumueaa oco6ennocmu Huneuinezo epeMeuu... Tn^cejioe BpeMH, BpeMH TpyAHbix HcnbiTaHHH J\Jin MOHapXHH.
<X>HHaHcoBbie npo6jieMbi
PyKH rocyAapn 6biJin CBH3aHbi: Bee ero nocTynKH onpeAejuuiHCb caMOH BaacHOH 3a6oTon, noTpe6oBaBiueH ero B03BpameHHH B HcnaHHio, — HeAOcraTKOM
cpeACTB.
yHaCJieAOBaHHblH KOpOJieM OrpOMHblH naCCHB HMnepCKHX (JDHHaHCOB AOCTHr

TaKHx pa3MepoB, HTO nepBbie >Ke pacxoAbi, CB^3aHHbie c B03o6HOBjieHHeM BpaacAe6Hbix AencTBHM, ncqepnajin ero KpeAHT. 1 HHBapn 1557 roAa o GaHKpoTCTBe
6bijio o6-bflBJieHO oc|)Hi;HajibHo28lJ. H o 6buio JIH 3TO HacTonmee 6aHKpoTCTBO?
FlepBbiH H3 3HaMeHHTbix AeicpeTOB OHJinnna II HMeji ijejibio KOHCOJiHAaqHio
njiaBaiomeH cyMMbi AOJira. KopojieBCKaa Ka3Ha >KH;ia 3a cqeT 3aHMCTBOBaHHH H
aBaHcoB, npeAOCTaBjineMbix KynqaMH, 6e3 noMomn KOTopbix (BBHAy pa36pocaHHOCTH HcnaHCKOH HMnepHH H npe6biBaHHH MOHapxa B HHAepjiaHAax) HeB03MO)KHO 6buio 6bi, npeoAo^eBan npocTpaHCTBO H BpeMH, co6paTb cjieAyiomne eft
AOXOAW. Ka3Ha BbinjiaqnBajia MM BbicoKHe npoqeHTbi H B03Memajia AO^rH B npMapoHHbie AHH. IbcyAapcTBeHHbiH AOJir 6bui 3acj)HKCHpoBaH B necTpoii Macce
qeHHbix 6yMar. YKa3 He aHHyjinpoBaji AOJirH, a npeAycMaTpHBaji HX nepeBOA B

HcnaHHH B cepeflHHe XVI CTCXTICTHH

79

xypoc, BenHyio MJIH no)KH3HeHHyio peHTy, KaK npaBHJio, B pa3Mepe 5 npoiieHTOB
roAOBbix. 1 HHBapn 1557 ro^a CTajio HCXOAHOH ASTOH STHX n;iaTe>KeH.
BaHKHpbi CHanajia npoTecTOBajiw, 3aTeM CMHpnjiHCb, npwqeM Oyrrepbi OKa3ajiM 6o;iee aKTHBHoe conpoTHBJieHHe, neM Apyrae. OHCBHAHO, HTO yKa3 HaHec
KynijaM 6o;ibiiioH ymep6. FIpoijeHT, nojiyqaeMbiH HMH C KpeAHTOB, CHH3HJICH; HX
KanHTajibi 6h\jm 3aMopo>KeHbi. OcraBajiacb B03MO>KHOCTb npoAa^KH 6eccpoHHbix
o6H3aTejibCTB — H >Ke;iaiomHx CACJiaTb 3TO 6bmo HeMajio, — HO 3a Heft nocjieAOBano pe3Koe naAeHwe Kypca c y6biTKOM RJIR npoAaBijOB. TaKHM o6pa30M, Kor/ja
Oyrrepbi CAajincb290, CTOHMOCTb «xypoc» ynajia Ha 40-50 npoueHTOB OT HOMHHajia. 3 T O T npHHyAHTejibHbiH O6MCH KpaTKocpoHHbix o6fl3aTe;ibCTB c BWCOKOH
npoqeHTHOH craBKoft (12 H 13 npoiieHTOB) Ha 6eccpoHHyio peHTy co craBKoft
5 npoiieHTOB Hejib3H paccMaTpHBaTb B KaqecrBe noAJiHHHoro 6aHKpoTCTBa, XOTH
OH noBjieK 3a co6oft orpoMHbie H3Aep>KKH.
YKa3aHHbiH npHeM no3BOJiHJi rocyAapcTByxyAO-6eAHO AOTHHyTbAO KaTO-KaM6pe3HHCKoro MHpa, HO 3aTpyAHeHHft OH He ycrpaHHJi. TeHy33CKHe GaHKHpbi,
KpoMe KOTopbix HHKTO He coiyiauiajicn 6o;ibiue aBaHCHpoBaTb pacxoAM Ero KaTO^HqecKoro BejiHqecTBa, BbiABHrajin Tenepb 6ojiee BbicoKne Tpe6oBaHH5i, qeM
paHbiue. IlpHBeAy B npHMep TOJibKO ABe «napTHH», 3aKJiioqeHHbie B 1558 roAy B
BajibHAO^HAe. B nepBOM cjiyqae reHy33CKHft 6aHKHp HHKKOJIO TpHMajibAH2yl OAajiHCHBaeT KOpOJIK) OAHH MHJUIHOH 30JIOTOMI «Ha3BaHHblft H H K K O J I O TpHMaJIbAH

o6fl3yeTC5i BbinjiaTHTb BO OjiaHApnH 800 000 scKyzjo H3 pacqeTa 72 rpoiueHa 3a
3CKyAo cjieAyioiuHM o6pa30M: 300 000 n p n nepBOM npH6biTHH Kopa6jieft H3 MCnaHHH, 250 000 B KOHije HOfl6pa H ocTaiomHec* 250 000 B KOHije AeKa6pa TeKymero 1558 roAa. Eiue 200 000 scKyAO OH o6fl3yeTcn BbinjiaTHTb B MnjiaHe H3
pacqeTa 11 peajiOB 3a 3CKyAO B Hoa6pe H AeKa6pe TeKymero roAa, no nojiOBHHe
3TOH cyMMbi 3a MecHU». B3a\ieH Kopojib npeAOcraBJiaeT CBOH rapaHTHn: «E. B.
BbinjiaqHBaeT eMy 3TOT MHJUIHOH 3O;IOTOM B HcnaHHH H3 pacqeTa no 400 MapaBeAH 3a 3CKyAO c/ieAyiomHM o6pa30M: 300 000 HenocpeACTBeHHO cepe6poM H3
JIapeAO, 300 000 3O;IOTOM H cepe6poM, KOTopbie npH6yAyT Ha nepBbix Kopa6JIHX H3 Ilepy, a B cjiyqae, ec;iH 3Ta onjiaTa He 6yAeT npoH3BeAeHa B TeqeHHe OKT5i6p5i 3Toro roAa, Ha3BaHHbift TpHMajibAH ocBo6oHCAaeTCH OT o6a3aHHocTH njiaTeaceft B KOHue HOfl6pa H ACKa6pe, KaK BO OjiaHApHH, TaK H B MHJiaHe; B 1559 roAy
eMy 6yAyT BbiAaHbi 300 000 scKyzjo H3 KacTHJibCKoft Ka3Hbi H 6ecnpon,eHTHbie
BeKcejin; a ocraiomHeca 166 666 3CKyAO H3 400 MHJUIHOHOB MapaBeAH B BHAe
peHTHbix o6H3aTejibCTB no cTaBKe 10 npoqeHTOB. 540 000 3CKyAO no npe>KHHM
AOJiraM eMy 6yAyT ynjiaqeHbi cjieAyiomHM o6pa30M: 110 000 B BHAe 10-npoueHTHOH peHTbi, 135 000 B BHAe 12-npoqeHTHon, 170 000 — 14-npoqeHTHon H 25 000
H3 nocTynjieHHH OT pyAHHKOB. llpoiieHTbi no 3TOH cyMMe 6yAyT paccqHTaHbi jxjin
Hero no CTaBKe 14 npoueHTOB AO KOHija 1556 roAa, a Ha 1557 TOA — no CTaBKe

80

1550—1559: Bo3o6HOB;ieHHe H OKOHHaHwe MHPOBOH BOHHW

8 npoijeHTOB. KpoMe Toro, OH nojiynaeT pa3peuieHHe BbiBe3TH H3 HcnaHHH O/XHH
MHJIJIHOH 30JIOTOM».
3 T H qH(J)pbI CBHAeTeJIbCTByiOT 0 6 HCKJIIOHHTeJIbHOH XCeCTKOCTH. IlpHBOAHq H H HX 6e3bIMHHHbIH (J)paHIjy3CKHH KOMMCHTaTOp KOHCTaTHpyeT, HTO «3TOT

reHy33CKHH Kynen,, KaK BW MO>KeTe BH/jeTb, He OAajiHCHBaeT HHKaKHX CO6CTBCHHWX cpe^CTB, H OAHaKO, OKa3biBan Kopojno 4>HJiHnny ycjryry npeAOcraBjieHHeM
eMy AeHer Ha AHTBepneHCKOH H MnjiaHCKoft 6np>Kax Ha Tex ace ycjiOBHnx, Ha
KOTopbix TOT Mor 6bi nojiy^HTb HX H 3/jecb, OH 3apa6aTbiBaeT 50 MapaBe/jn Ha
Kaac/jOM acKyAO, noTOMy HTO eMy njiaTAT 3/jecb 400 BMCCTO 350 H OH nojiynaeT
15 npoqeHTOB, H nonra CTOJibKO >Ke OH 3apa6aTbreaeT BO OjiaH/ipHH, noTOMy
HTO n^aTHT 72 rpomeHa 3a 3CKyno, a cjie/jOBajio 6bi no 78». 3TOT KOMMeHTaTop
3a^aeTCH BonpocoM, noneMy HcnaHCKHH Kopojib no/niHcaji Tanoe corjiameHHe.
ECJIH y Hero B Jlape/jo HMCIOTCH /jeHbrn, noneMy He nepenpaBHTb HenocpeACTBeHHO Hy>KHyio cyMMy? MO>KHO Ha3BaTb TOJibKO /iBe npHHHHbi: pncK MopcKOH nepeBO3KH H CHHtfceHHe npoijeHTOB no BbinjiaTe npeacHHxflOJiroB.Bee (})HHaHCOBbie
y6biTKH OT STHX CACTIOK jio>KaTC5i TH>Ke;ibiM 6peMeHeM Ha Kpe/iHTHyio nojiHTHKy
Onjinnna II.
Grojib nee HeBbiro/jHoe corjiaiiieHHe o 3aHMCTBOBaHHH 600 000 scKyzjo 6bmo
3aiunoHeHO Toiyja ace, B 1558 ro,zjy, c ApyrHM reHy33CKHM KynijOM, KoHCTaHTHHO
/(^KeHTHJie292. Bo3Mem;eHHe npe/xycMaTpHBajiocb B BH,zje 125 000 3CKyzjo, BbirniaHHBaeMbix HenocpeACTBeHHO B CeBHJibe; 3aTeM TaKOH ace cyMMbi, BbinjianHBaeMOH CHOBa B CeBHJibe B Hiojie 1558 ro/;a; HaKOHeq, 350 000 3CKyzjo H3 rocyzjapCTBeHHbix cpe^CTB KacTHJiHH. npn6aBHM HCKJiioqHTejibHbiH o6MeHHbiH Kypc H
KOHCOJiHflauHK) 1 400 000 3CKy/io cTaporo AOJira: TOT ace aHOHHMHbin KOMMeHTaTop MO>KeT 6e3 Tpyzja noKa3aTb, KTO ocTajicn B HaKJia#e.
HeT HH^ero y/iHBHTejibHoro B TOM, HTO B O6OHX npHBe/jeHHbix cjiynaflx BCH
Harpy3Ka (KaK H B jno6onbiTHbix acbeHTOC, 3aKJiiOHeHHbix c OyrrepaMH 1 HHBapn
1557 ro/ja, — HX Konnn coxpaHHjincb B ByMarax OapHe3e B Heanojie 293 ) JIO>KHTCH Ha KacTHJiHio. Bee /joroBopbi 3THX Tnacejibix jieT onjianHBajincb 3a cneT o6binHWX H ^pe3BbiMaHHbix HajioroBbix nocTynjieHHH KacTHJiHH H 3a cneT AparoijeHHHX MeTanjioB, nocTynaiomnx Ha Kopa6jiax HHAHHCKOTO (jxjiOTa. B KOHCHHOM
cneTe OCHOBOH Kpe^HTa Onjinnna II 6bui HcnaHCKHH Kpe/iHT, KOTopoMy 6biJi
HaHeceH orpoMHbin ymep6.
O H noABeprajiCH 6e3HcajiocTHOH 3KcnjiyaTaijHH. Bo BpeMH BOHHH npoTHB
IlaBJia IV npnxoAHJiocb 6yKBajibHO BbiMoraTb /jeHbrn y npejiaTOB, KOTopbie He
xoTejiH c^aBaTbCH 6e3 6oa. 3aTeM, nocKOJibKy Hyaena He CHHTaeTcn c 3aKOHOM,
npnuiJiocb KOH(J)HCKOBbiBaTb no Mepe BO3MO>KHOCTH Te AeHbrH, KOTopbie npn6biBajiH c HH/IHHCKHM (JXJIOTOM. HMCIOTCH B BH/jy cyMMbi, npeAHa3HaneHHbie AJIH
ceBHjibCKHx KynuoB HJIH HaHACHHbie y naccaacnpoB, npn6biBaiomHx H3 HH/JHH.
3TH KOH(|)HCKan,HH, noBTopHBiunecH B 1556,1557 H 1558 ro^y, ocTaBHjin no ce6e

HcnaHHH B cepeflHHe XVI

CTOJICTHH

81

BecbMa nenajibHyio naMHTb. TojibKO B 1559 roAy Onjinnn II peuiHJi B03MemaTb
OTHHTbie KanHTajibi, HO ABe Tpera KOMneHcaijHH cocraBJifljiH xypoc. Pa^ocTb,
KOTopyio 3Ta ca\ia no ce6e HeAOCTaTOHHaji Mepa Bbi3Bajia B KynenecKHx Kpyrax,
roBopHT, HacKOJibKO HexcAaHHOH OHa 6bijia jxjin 6o;ibiiiHHCTBa...294
Ha3aBTpa noc/ie Mnpa B KaTO-KaM6pe3H Onjinnn II, noxo^ce, ncnbiTbiBaji
yrpbi3eHHH COBCCTH no 3TOMy noBOAy: «...Mbi CHHTaeM u,e;iecoo6pa3HbiM, — roBopHT OH, — HHMero He 3a6HpaTb HH y npne3>KaiomHx (Ha Kopa6;iflx H3 H H A H H )
KynuoB, HH y nacTHbix JIHU,, a HanpoTHB, npeAOCTaBHTb HM B03MO>KHOCTb CBO6OAHO no;iyqaTb Bee, HTO nocrynaeT AJIH HHX» 295. 3ano3Aajioe 6jiaropa3yMHe! Kor-

Aa qepe3 AecnTb JICT pa3Heccfl c;iyx, HTO npaBHTejibCTBO coGnpaeTca BepHyTbcn
K CBoeH CTapott npaKTHKe, MHorHe npeAnoqjin ocTaTbcn B AMepHKe BMCCTO Toro,
HTo6bi, BepHyBiiiHCb B HcnaHHio, noABeprHyTbCH pncKy noTepnTb CBOH AeHbrn 2% .
HTO KacaeTCH o6biHHbix HCTOHHHKOB, TO, He CHHTaa KacrnjibCKHx nocTynJICHHH, HX, no-BHAHMOMy, onycTOiuajiH 3apaHee. IIpHxoAH^ocb H3bicKHBaTb HOBbie; OTCiOAa pa3JiHHHbie (})HHaHcoBbie yjiOBKH, nepeqeHb KOTopwx npHBeAeH
297
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Ha MyHHUHnajibHbie AOJDKHOCTH, npoAa>Ka 3eMejib H npaB AOMeHHajibHOH lopncAHKIJHH... 3Ta ToproBJia nocenjia B HcnaHCKHx KopojieBCTBax KyAa 6ojibiue CMyTbi, HCM Bee ocTajibHoe. CyzjH no BceMy, 6o;ibiiie Bcero BbiroAbi OHa npHHecjia
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CTajiH ropoAa, KOTopbiM OHO nacTO peajibHO npnHaAJiexcajio, a Tenepb nepeuiJio
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ocraBajicfl rjiyxHM K npocb6aM noAZjaHHbix. O H OTMeunji y>Ke noHTH COCTOHBIIIHeca CACJIKH H B KOHije KOHIJOB 3anpeTHji npoAaacy MCJIKHX AOJDKHOCTCH. H O H
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Haiuero H3yqeHHH300. B 1559 roAy Ka3Ha HaxoAHJiacb B Heo6biKHOBeHHO njianeBHOM COCTOHHHH. Onjinnn II 3aKJiiOHHji MHp c OpaHUHen, HO AO ero noAnncaHHfl
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OT HX

82

1550—1559: Bo3o6HOBjieHHe H OKOHHaHHe MnpoBOH BOHHLI

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HO

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HcnaHHH B cepeAHHe XVI

CTOJICTHH

83

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OCTpOBaX 3eJiaHAHH, O KOTOpOM Mbl TOBOpHJIH, KOpOJIH OrOpqaiOT He CTOJIbKO

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3Aecb, H TaM»308.
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KaK H 3HaK>, HM HCO6XOAHMO... H o AaK> BaM CJIOBO, HTO 3^ecb H 3acTaji ropa3Ao
xyAuiyio CHTyauHio, KOTopan He AaeT MHe BO3MO>KHOCTH BaM noMOHb H Aa>Ke yAOBJieTBOpHTb CTOJIb npHMHTHBHbie nOTpe6HOCTH, HTO Bbl yAHBHJIHCb 6 b l , eCJIH 6bl

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BCe COKH, H BepOHTHO, B CBOe BpeMfl TaKHM o 6 p a 3 0 M 6bIJIH nOAOpBaHbl OCHOBbI

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MecTOM Haxo>KAeHHH Kopojin 6buia HcnaHHH, XOTH y Hero 6buiH cepbe3Hbie H
HacTOHTe^bHbie npnHHHbi, HTO6W ee noKHHyTb H JIHHHO OTnpaBHTbcn B HCKOTOpwe Apyrne H3 ero npoBHHijHH, KaK 6buio 3anBjieHO nepeA KopojieBCTBOM Ha
npouuibix KopTecax. H o E. B. H3BecTHO, CKOJib HCO6XOAHMO ero npncyTCTBHe B
3TOH CTpaHe... He TOJibKO paAH ee 6;iara H B ee oco6bix HHTepecax, HO H J\J\SI
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84

1550—1559: Bo3o6HOB;ieHHe H oKOHHaHne MHPOBOH BOHHU

pyio OHO K BaM nHTaeT, E. B. noBejiejio, HTo6bi 6biji HaH^eH cnoco6 H36e>KaTb
erO OTCyTCTBHH H n p H 3TOM CnpaBHTbCH CO BCeMH TeKyilJHMH nOTpe6HOCTHMH» 311 .

nepecf)pa3HpoBaTb 3Ty oc})HiTHajibHyio penb, Mbi AOJIHCHM CKa3aTb, HTO
O ^ H n n He Mor noKHHyrb HcnaHHio, cepAUe CBoero rocyAapcrBa H HCTOHHHK
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6bui 3aMeqaTejibHoii nojiHTHnecKOH crojinijeH, HO nojiHTHKa — 3TO eme He Bee.
BajibHAOJiHA 6biji c|)HHaHCOBbiM qeHTpoM HcnaHCKOH HMnepHH; 3Aecb cocraBJiHECJIH

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npMapoK, npoBOAHBiuHxcH 3^ecb >KC lloTpe6oBajiocb ycTaHOBHTb TaKOH nopnAOK, npH KOTopoM rjiaBa HMnepHH, CKOHLjeHTpnpoBaB B CBOHX pyKax Bee ocHOBHbie rocyAapcTBeHHbic pacxoAbi, HaxoAHJica 6bi B CTpaHe, Ky^a npn6biBajio
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B ero nncbMe IpaHBejuie, — HTO ero KoppecnoH^eHTbi qacTO HaxoAHJiH 3TH npnKa3bi npocTO CMexoTBopHbiMH. CBHAeTe;ib — caM 4>HjiHnn II: cocTaBjinn npnMenaHHH K nncbMy npHHiieccbi XyaHbi312, oG^HBHEiueH, HTO nocjie coBemaHHH
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HCToqeHHan CTpaHa AOBejia ce6n AO Tanoro HCcrynjieHHH, HTO He HacTOfljia Ha
npenpameHHH BOHHM B CpeAH3eMHOMopbe, He BocnpenHTCTBOBajia pa3pacTaHHIO KOHCJ)JIHKTa, KOTOpblH MOtfCHO 6bUIO nOraCHTb H KOTOpblH, KaK Mbi yBHAHM,

pa3ropejiCH KyAa CHJibHee. H o BHHOBCH JIH B 3TOM MyApbiH MoHapx?

IIPHMEHAHIM
1

l~Iocjie peHAa HMnepaTopcKHx BOHCK, KOTopbiw AOBCJI HXAO MO, Ernest Lavisse, Hist,
de France, V. 2, p. 116. 18 ceHT5i6pH, Jean Du Mont, Corps universel diplomatique,
Amsterdam, 1726—1731, IV, 2, p. 280—287, a He 18 Hon6pH, KaK OIIIH6OHHO nHiueT, HanpHMep, 5. Romanin, Storiadocumentatadi Venezia, Venezia, 1853—1861, VI, p. 212.
2
A. E. Esp. 224, nucbMO Ominnna XyaHy Ae Jia Bera, MaApHA, 5 ACK. 1545, o nepeMHpHH MeacAy PHMCKHM Kopo;ieM H cyjiTaHOM — HepHOBHK, P* 342.0 BO3O6HOBJICHHH nepeMHpun B 1547 - B. N., Paris Ital. 227.

npHMenaHHH

85

3

E. Lavisse, o p . cit., V, 2, p . 117, Georg Mentz, Deutsche Geschichte, 1493—1618,
Tubingen, 1913, p. 227.
4
Ibid., p. 117 (8juin), Henri Hauser et Renaudet, Les debuts d e l'age m o d e r n e , 2 edit.,
p. 468.
5
O ero npoB03iviaiiieHHn niaBOH ocMaHCKoro (Jx/iOTa B 1533 H #aTe ero cMepra — CharlesAndrejulien, H. de I'Afrique du Nord, P., 1931, p. 5 2 1 . 0 eroacH3HH HanncaHa npeKpacHa^
xyAoacecTBeHHaji 6norpa(J)HH Aiuapa, MecTaMH BecbMa npaBAHBan: Paul Achard, La vie
extraordinaire des freres Barberousse, corsaires et rois d'Alger, Paris, 1939.
6
0. DeSelve, op. cit., p . 95; S. Romanin, op. cit., VI, p . 23.
7
E. Lavisse, op. cit., V, 2, p . 122; S. Romanin, VI, p . 222; 0. de Selve, op. cit., p . 124 et
126.
8
C. Capasso, «Barbarossae Carlo V», in: Rivistastoricaital., 1932, p. 169—209.
y
Ibid., p. 172 et 172, et note 1; C. Manfroni, Storia della marina italiana, Roma, 1896,
p. 325 et sq; Hermann Cardauns, Von Nizza bis Crepy, 1923, p . 24 et 29; C. Capasso, Paolo
III, Messina, 1924, p. 452; Alberto Guglielmotti, La guerra dei pirati e la marina pontificia dal
1500 al 1560, Firenze, 1876, t. II, p . 5 et sq.
10
E. Lavisse, o p . cit., V, 2, p . 112.
11
N. Iorga, G. desosm. Reiches, Gotha, 1908—1913, III, p . 76 et sq. O TypeuKOH nojinraKe Ha3ana#e B UCTIOM H ee a3HaTCKnx ocrco)KHeHHHx: Ibid., p. 116 et sq.
12
Ibid., p . 117.
13
CM. Bbime, H. 2, c. 301, npHM. 25.
14
15

16

CM. Bbime, H . 2 , C . 728.
CM. Bbime, H. 2 , C . 3 8 1 .

Pedro de Salazar, Hispania victrix, Medina del C a m p o , 1570.
Charles Monchicourt, «Episodes d e la carriere tunisienne d e Dragut, 1550—1551», in:
Rev. Tun. 1917, o noflBHrax }KaHa Mope, OTA. OTTMCK, p . 7 et sq.
18
Ibid., p . 11. O >KH3HH ^ p a i y r a CM. Tpya TypeijKoro HCTopHKa Ali Riza Seifi, Dorghut
Re'is, 2 ed., Constantinople, 1910 (H3AaHO Ha jiaTHHHiie B 1932 r.).
19
Ibid., p. 11
2,1
A. St. Ital., IX, p. 124 (24 Map T a 1550 r.).
21
F. Braudel, «Les Espagnols et I'Afrique du Nord de 1492 a 1577», in: Revue Africaine,
1928, p. 3 5 2 e t s q .
22
CarlLanz, Correspondenz des Kaisers Karl V, Leipzig, 1846, III, p. 3 - 4 (12anp. 1550 r.).
23
ArchivioStoricoital.,IX,p. 1 2 4 ( 2 0 a n p . 1550 r.).
24
Ibid., p. 126-127.
25
Ibid., p. 125.
26
Ibid., p . 126-127.
27
Ibid., p. 127 (11 Man 1550).
28
Ibid.
29
Ibid., p. 129-130 (10 HIOHH 1550).
30
Ibid., p . 132(5 HIOJIH 1550).
31
Ibid., p. 131 (16 HIOH* 1550).
32
BonpeKH oiuH6oHHOMy yTBep^KAeHMio Mercier, II, p . 72.
33
Archivio storico ital., IX, p. 132, C. Monchicourt, art. cit., p. 12.
34
A. d. S., Florence, Mediceo 2077, f°45.
17

86

1550—1559: Bo3o6HOB^eHHe H OKOHHaHHe MnpoBOH BOHHW
3r>

Cor/iaiiieHHe ry6epHaTopa A(J)pnKH c mefixoM CyjieHMaHOM 6eH-CaHAOM, 19 MapTa
1551, Sim. E° 1193.
3,i
E. Pelissier de Raynaud, Mem. hist, et geographiques, Paris, 1844, p . 83.
37
Charles Monchicowt, « Etudes Kairouanaises», l'^Partie: «KairobansouslesChabbia»,
in: Revue Tunisienne, 1932, p . 1-91 et 3 0 7 - 3 4 3 ; 1933, p . 2 8 5 - 3 1 9 .
38
HeBepnoe coo6iiieHHe 06 oTBo^e BOHCK B HcnaHHio, Alphonse Rousseau, Annales
tunisiennes, Alger, 1864, p . 25; E. Pelissier de Raynaud, op. cit., p . 83; CharlesFeraud, Annales
Tripolitaines, Paris, 1927, p . 56.
™C.Lanz, op. cit., Ill, p . 9 - 1 1 .
40
S. Romanin, op. cit., VI, p. 214; 1 3 A C K . 1 5 4 5 , P. Richard,H. desConciles.t. IX, l , p . 222.
41
P. Richard, Hist, des Conciles, IX, 1, p . 214.
4
-Ibid., p . 2 0 9 e t s q .
43
Ibid., p. 214 u Buschbell, «Die S e n d u n g d e s Pedro Marquina...», in: Span. Forsch. d e r
Gorresgesellschaft, Miinster, 1928,1,10, p . 311 H c/ieAyTomne. YcTynKH 1547 r.J.J. Ddllinger,
Dokumente zur Geschichte Karls V.., Regensburg, 1862, p . 72 et sq.
44
LI,HTnpyeTCH y Buschbell, p . 316.
4r>
5. Romanin, VI, p . 221, no AOHCCCIIHIO Jlopeimo KonTapHHH 1548 r.
40
GeorgMentz, op. cit., p. 209.
47
G. deLeva, S t o r i a d o c u m e n t a t a d i Carlo V., Venezia, 1 8 6 3 - 1 8 8 1 , III, p . 3 2 0 e t s q .
45
Joseph Lortz, Die Reformation in Deutschland, Fribourg-en-Brisgau, 1941, II, p . 264,
npHM. 1.
4<)
IliicbMo^oMeiiHKO Mopo3Hnn n OpaimecKO Ba^oepa KAoacy H3 Ayrc6ypraoT 15 cenTfl6pH 1550 r. G. Turba, Venetianische Depeschen, 1, 2, p. 451 etsq.
r,
° Ibid., p. 478. Ayi c6ypr, 30 n o * 6 p * 1550 r.
51
Ibid., p. 509. Ayrc6ypr, 15 cjjeBpajiH 1551 r.
52
B. N., Paris, Ital. 227, S. Romanin, o p . cit., VI, p . 214.
™ B MapTe 1548 r., cp. Germaine Ganier, La politique d u Connetable Anne de Montmorency, AiniJioMiiaii pa6oTa IIlKOJibi Bbicuinx nccjieAOBaiiHH (Le Havre (1957)).
34
P. Richard, op. cit., IX, 1, p . 439.
"' 3Ta noApoGHOCTb Macro npuBOAHTCM, Fernand Hayward, Histoire d e la Maison d e
Savoie, 1941, II, p. 12.
r,r>
Juan Christoval Calvete de Estrella, El felicisimo viaje del... Principe d o n Felipe,
Antverpen, 1552.
•~' L. Pfandl, PhilippeII, o p . cit., p . 170.
™L. Pfandl, op. cit., p . 161.
r,,J
G. Lanz, III, p. 20.
,i
" F. AugiisteMignet, Charles Quint, son abdication et sa mort, Paris, 1868, p . 39 et note 1.
,iI
Con/iauieime O T 6 OKTH6PH 1551 r., Simancas Capitulacionescon l a c a s a d e Austria, 4.
h
- CTaneM m\ MLI yTBepacAaTb, BCJICA 3a PaHKe, HTO 3TO 6bm OAHH H3 meAeBpoB aBcrpHHCKOH AuruiOMaTHii?
,is

L. Pfandl, Philippe II, op. cit., p. 159.
CjiOBaBenei;naHi;a MoneHHro B 1548 r., L. Pfandl, op. cit., p. 199.
fir
' nncbMO Kapjia V OepAHHaHAy H3 MioHxeHa, 15 aBiycTa 1551 r., C. Lanz, o p . cit., Ill,
p. 6 8 - 7 1 .
m
A. N., 1489, W. Oncken, XII (edit, portug.), p. 1047; S. Romanin, o p . cit., VI, p. 224.
M

ripHMenaHHH

87

,i7

A. N . . K 1 4 8 9 .
Ibid.
6<J
riHCbMo<I>H7iHnnaC. PeHapy, 27flHBapH 1550 r., ibid.
70
R Hcno^b3yio y>Ke unrapoBaHHyio AHHJIOMHVIO pa6oTy M-Jih Ganier.

68

71

A.N.K1489,KOHHH.

72

Ibid., riyaccH, 25 anpejin 1550 r. HcnaHCKa^ pacuiHc})poBKa n nepeBOA.
73
n o noBOAy ero HanaAeHHH Ha O p a n CM. coo6meHHe OT 17 aBrycTa 1550 r. «q. Alxarife
passaenArgelcon ungruessoexercitoporconquistar...» [«A/ibiuapHc})npniiie^ BApxejibc
6o^bmHMBOHCKOMA^iH3aBoeBaHHH...» (ucn.)]. Ibid.
74
IlHCbMO CHMona PeHapa K Kopojiio w Kopo;ieBe HexHH, 31 aBrycTa 1550 r. Ibid.
75
Ibid.
76
Ibid.
77
IloA TeM ace uin(j)poM A. N. K 1489.
78
IlHCbMO OaHo K IOJIHIO III OT 15 HIOJIH 1551 r. Nunt.-Berichte aus Deutschland, Berlin,
1901,1, 1 2 , p . 4 4 e t s q .
79
C 1530 r. IbpoA 6biji B3KT ITeApo HaBappo B 1510 r., F. Braudel, art. cit., in: Revue
Africaine, 1928, p. 223.
80
C. Monchicourt, «Episodes de la carriere tunisienne d e Dragut», in: Rev. Tunisienne,
1917, p. 317-324.
81
Giacomo Bosio, I Cavalieri gerosolimitani a Tripoli negli anni 1530—1531, p. p .
S. Aurigemma, 1937, p . 129.
82
/ W. Zinkeisen, op. cit., II, 869.
8:
* G. Bosio, op. cit., p. 164.
84
G. Turba, Venetianische Depeschen, 12, p . 507, Ayrc6ypr, 10 ^eBpajin 1551 r.
85
IlncbMo HVHU,HH IOJIHIO III, Ayrc6ypr, 15 HKXTIH 1551 r., «... hora si stara aspettando
dove ella batta, benche si crede che habbia a fare la impresa de Affrica. Sua Maesta aspetta
parimente con sommo desiderio veder quel che Francia fara con questa armata» [«cetiHac
6yAyT o>KHAaTb, Kyaa OH HanpaBHTCH, XOTH, CVAH no BceMy, e r o iiejibio 6yAeT A(J>pHKa. Ero
BejiHHecTBO c neTepneHHeM >KAeT TaioKe H3BCCTHH O TOM, HTO OpaHijHH HaMepeBaeTCH ACjiaTbC3TOHapMaAon»]. N.-Berichte aus Deutschland, I, 12, p. 4 4 e t s q .
86
G. Bosio, o p . cit., p . 164.
87
E. Rossi, II dominio degli Spagnuoli e dei Cavalieri di Malta a Tripoli, Airoldi, 1937,
p. 70; 6 000, KaK roBopHT Charles Feraud, Ann.Trip., p . 40; 5 000, C. Monchicourt, «Dragut
amiral turc», in: Revue tun. 1930, OTAejibHbin OTTHCK, p . 5; 6 000, Giovanni Francesco Bela,
Melite illustrata, uwrap. yJuliusBeloch, o p . cit., I, p . 165.
88
3 T H noApo6nocTH B3HTBI H3 uHTHpoBaHHbix KHHr III. Oepo, B nacTHocTH, 3aMenaHHe
o CKynocTH /J'OjibMeAeca, p. 4 0 , 3 . POCCH H J\IK. BO3HO.
89

OTHCT 06 ocaAe, noMHMO yace LnirapoBaHHbix TpyAOB, npHBeAeH y Salomone Marino,
«I siciliani nelle guerre contro lTnfedeli nel secolo XVI», in: A. StoricoSiciliano, XXXVII,
p. 1—29; C. Manfroni, op. cit., p. 43—44; Jean Chesneau, Voyage de Monsieur d'Aramon dans
le Levant, 1887, p. 52; Nicolas deNicolai, Navig. et peregrinations.., 1576, p . 44.
<M)
llncbMO CHMOHa PeHapa KapjiyV, 5 a B r y c r a l 5 5 1 r., A. N., K 1489. Ibid.
1,1
Ibid.
92
rincbMo CHMOHaPeHapa<I>H^Hnny, OpjieaH, 5aBrycra 1551 r., A. N., K 1489.
ys
Cp. npnM. 90.

88

1550—1559: Bo3o6HOBJieHHe H oKOHnaHne MHPOBOH BOHHW
94

FlHCbMoCHMOHaPeHapaE. B w c , E;iya, 11 anpejin 1551 r., A. N., K 1489.
y. W. Zinkeisen, op. cit., II, p. 869.
%
BajieHCHH, 15 aBrycra 1551 r., Coleccion de d o c u m e n t o s ineditos (coicpameHHO
CODOIN),V, 117.
97
MajibTa, 24 aBrycTa 1551 r., GuillaumeRibier, Lettres et memoires d'Etat, Paris, 1666,
p. 387-389.
98
M. Tridon, Simon Renard, ses ambassades, ses negociations, sa lutte avec le cardinal
Granvelle, Besancon, 1882, p. 54.
99
Ibid., p. 55 et 65, nocjiaMH lenpHxall GbuiH enHCKon MapHJibHKCKHH H a66aTfle Baccyr,

(j)OHT3H.
100

5. Romanin, op. cit., VI, p. 225.
nHCbMoAHTyaHaAeBypGoHar-Hy/t'IOMbepy, KycH,8cenT. 1551 r., Lettres d'Antoine
de Bourbon, p. p. le marquis de Rochambeau, 1877, p. 26 et note 2.
102
IlHCbMO Onjinnna CnMOHy PeHapy, Topo, 27 cenT. 1551 r., A. N., K 1489, nepHOBHK.
105
Ibid.
104
Avisos del embasador de Francia, sept. 1551, A. N., K1489.
105
IV. Oncken, op. cit., XII, p. 1064, 3 et 5 oct. 1551.
1CMi
Eduard Fueter, Geschichte des europaischen Saatensystems, Miinchen, 1919, p. 321.
107
rincbMo MapHH BeHrepcKoft enHCKony AppaccKOMy, 5 OKT. 1551 r., C. Lanz, op. cit.,
Ill, p. 8 1 - 8 2 .
108
/tejia o6epHy^ncb 3/;ecb ne B no;ib3y HMnepueB, nHCbMo OpaHnecKO Ea^oepafloacy,
BeHa, 22 OKT. 1551 r., G. Turba, Venet. Depeschen, op. cit., I, 2, p. 518etsq.TypKHyrpoHcaKrrTeMeuiBapy (TwMHiuoape).
109
IIncbMo KaMaHHHH IOJIHIO III, BpHKceH, 28 OKT. 1551 r., Nunt.-Ber. aus Deutschland.
Serie1,12, p. 91 et sq; rincbMo O a n o K MoHTenyjibnaHO, HHHc6pyK, 6 HOH6. 1551 r., ibid.,
p. 9 7 e t s q . , 14RCK. 1551 r., ibid., p. 111.
110
FlHCbMo Kapjia V , / . / . Bollinger, op. cit., p. 200 et sq.
111
E. Lavisse, V, 2, p. 149; G. Zeller, La reunion de Metz a la France, 1552—1648, 2 vol.,
Paris-Strasbourg, 1927,1, p. 3 5 - 3 6 , 2 8 5 - 2 8 9 , 3 0 5 - 3 0 6 .
U2
E.Lavisse,V,2,p.
150.
1,3
G. Zeller, Le siege de Metz par Charles le Quint, oct.-dec.1552, Nancy, 1943.
114
/. W. Zinkeisen, op. cit., II, 873.
lir,
3TOT,zjoroBop6buioAo6peHKap;iOMV, Hnc6pyK, 10 Man 1552r.,Simancas, Patronato
Real, n° 1527.
110
5. Romanin, op. cit., VI, p. 226, HenriHauser, Preponderance espagnole, 2 e edit., 1940,
p. 475.
1,7
Bee 3TH A^Tbi npHBeAeHbiy C. Monchicourt, art. cit., OT/iejibHbiH OTTHCK, p. 6, co ccbuiKaMH Ha E. Charriere, op. cit., II, p . 167, 179—181, 182 note, 200, 201. O pa3rpoMe n p n
IIoHije CM.: EdouardPetit, Andre Doria, u n amiral condottiere au XVTs., 1887, p. 321. HoHbio nocjie 6OH npH TeppanHHe TypKH 3axBaTHJiH ceMb rajiep c BOHCKaMH Ha 6opTy,
C. Manfroni, op. cit., Ill, p. 382.
118
C O D O I N , V , p . 123.
119
C. Monchicourt, art. cite, p. 7.
120
Relation del viaje de las galeras de Francia despues del ultimo aviso s. d. (neTBepr
25 aBrycTa HJIH 25 ceHTfl6pn 1552 r.). A. N., K 1 4 8 9 . 0 6 OTKa3e BeHeuHH, S. Romanin, op. cit.,
101

npHMenaHHH

89

VI, 226, B 3TOM CBH3H AOKyMeHTbi, ony6;iHKOBaHHbie V. Lamansky, op. cit. O TpyAHOcra npeAnojiaraeMOH o6opoHbi TeHyH M Heanojia, C. Manfroni, op. cit., Ill, 382—383.
121
11 HIOJIH 1553 n, W. Oncken, nopTyrajibCKoe n3AaHne, op. cit., XII, 1084.
122
Richard Ehrenberg, Das Zeitalter der Fugger, Jena, 1896,1, p. 152—154.
123
G. Turba, Venet. Depeschen, I, 2, p. 526, HHc6pyK, 13 Ma* 1552 r.
124
CM. T. II, c. 197 H c/ieA12r
* G Zeller, L'organisation defensive des frontieres du Nord et de l'Est au XVIIC siecle,
Nancy-Paris, Strasbourg, 1928, p. 4.
126
La preponderance espagnole, p. 475.
127
LjHTHpoBaHoyA. Cbe, CM. npeAiuecTByiouiee npHMenaHHe.
12H
HenriJoly, La Corse francaise au XVIe siecle, Lyon, 1942, p. 55.
129
D. deHaedo, Epitome de los Reyes de Argel, f° 66 et sq.
130
C. Lanz, op. cit., Ill, p. 576, G. deRibier, op. cit., II, p. 436.
131
C. Manfroni, op. cit., Ill, p. 386.
132
IIncbMo riojifl #e TepMa MoHMopaHCH, KacTHjibOHe-ACKJia-IIecKapa, 23 aBrycra
1553 r., B. N., Paris, Fr. 20 462, P 165, Konwn, uHrapoBaHoy H.Joly, op. cit., p. 55.
133
/. Chesneau, Le voyage de Monsieur d'Aramon, op. cit., p. 161.
134
H.foly, op. cit., p. 53. 06XOAHOH MaHeBp Ha o6paTHOM n y m noTpe6oBajicfl BO H36eHcaHHe pa3rpa6^eHHH 6eperoB HeanojiHTaHCKoro KopojieBCTBa, paccMaTpHBaBiiierocH noHTH KaK c})paHiry3CKoe Bjia^eHHe.
135
Ibid., p. 385, C. Monchicourt, art. cit.
136
R. Hakluyt, The principal navigations.., II, p. 112.
137
Tommaseo, Proemio alle lettere di Pasquale Paoli, p. CLIII, H.Joly, op. cit., p. 28.
138
139

//Jo/}, op. cit., p. 8.
Ibid., p. 9.

140

Ibid., p. 71 et 72.
Ibid., p. 117.
142
Ibid., p. 14, note 1.
143
17 no CBeAeHHHM H.Joly, op. cit., p. 106, a He 27, KaKyTBepxcAaeT C. Manfroni, op. cit.,

141

Ill, p. 389.
144

W. Oncken, op. cit., XII, p. 1086, npHBOAHT AaTy 6 HIOJIH.
IlHCbMo My;ibi Aoacy H3 Epiocce;iH OT 29 HIOJIH 1553 r., G. Turba, Venetianische
Depeschen, I, 2, p. 617. O npn3HaHHH Mapww TioAop Kopo^eBOH AHHTIHH CM.: Reconocimiento de Maria Tudor por Reina dTnglaterra, Simancas E° 505—506, f° 7.
146
Enrique Pacheco y deLeiva, «Grave error politico de Carlos I», in: Rev. de Archivos,
Bibl.yMuseos, 1921, p. 6 0 - 8 4 .
147
IlHCbMo TpaHBejuibi PeHapy, 14 MiiBapn 1553 r., ijHTHpoBaHo y M. Tridon, op. cit.,
145

p. 85.
148
M. Tridon, op. cit., p. 84. >Ke;iaeMbiH pe3yjibraT 6bui AOCTHrHyT B Hon6pe 1553 r., CVAH
no nncbMy Kapjia V Kopo;ieBe IIopTyrajiHH, Epioccejib, 21 Hon6pH 1553 r., in: E. Pacheco,
art. cit., p. 279-280.
149
W. Oncken, op. cit., XII, p. 1086.
150
Ch. delaRonciere, H. de la marine francaise, 1934, III, p. 4 9 1 - 4 9 2 .
151
IlHCbMo Myjibi Aoacy, Bpioccejib, 30 AeKa6pn 1553 r., G. Turba, op. cit., I, 2, p. 640.

90

1550—1559: Bo3o6HOBJieHne H oKOHnaHHe MHPOBOH BOHHM
1:VJ

nncbMoKapjiaVOMjiHnny, 1 HHBapfl 1554 r., A. E. Esp. 229, f°79. Ono3HH,HH, 3aHHTon Copan3o B AHHIHH CM. nncbMo Myjibi OT 2 MapTa 1554 r., G. Turba, op. cit., I, 2, p. 645,
note 2.
ir,:
*FIncbMoKoniieTa6;iH KapAHH&ny riapH)KCKOMy (BPHM), IlapHHC, 3cj)eBp. 1554r., A. N.,
K 1489 (iiTajibHiicKan KOHHH). rincbMo CnMOHa PeHapa Kap^y V, JIOHAOH, 29 HHB. 1554 r.,
A. E. Esp. 229, f° 79, iiHCbMo Toro ace ;iHu;aTOMy)Ke;iHiry, 8 (J>eBp. 1554 r., P 8 0 ; 19 c})eBp.
1554 r., MapT 1554 r., ibid., C O D O I N , III, p. 458.
ir 4
' E. Lavisse, op. cit., V, 2, p. 158.
r.:> Q 3 T O H ncjibio OHH pa3\iecTHJiH BOHCKa B OKpecrnocTHx Kajie, KaK nHiueT KOHHeTa6;ib
KapAHnajiy llapn>KCKOMy, llapH>K, 3 (J>eBp., HTajibHHCKaji Konnn, A. N., K 1489.
irir,
IlHCbMoKapjiaVOHJinnny, Bpioccejib, 13 MapTa 1554 r., A. E. Esp. 229, f 82; 1 anp.
1554 r., f° 83; 3 anp. 1554 r., P 84. rincbMo Myjibi floacy H3 Bpioccejin OT 20 Man 1554 r.,
G. Turba, op. cit., I, 2, p. 648 et sq.°
ir,
~ E. Lavisse, op. cit., V, 2, p. 137.
158
Avisos de Francia, H a m \ 26 HIOHH 1552 r., A. N., K 1489.
ir,,)
Avisos de Francia, A. d. S., Florence, Mediceo 424, f 5, unrapoBaHoy H.Joly, op. cit.,
p. 119.
100
H.Joly, op. cit., p. 118.
161
C. Manfmni, op. cit., Ill, p. 392 H CCWJIKH Ha E. Charriere, op. cit.
,r,
~//>/)<, op. cit., p. 122.
1,w
B xo^e 3TOH onepauHH n o r n 6 JleoHe OrpoiwH.
ir 4
' C. Manfroni, op. cit., Ill, p. 391.
1,,r
' Ibid., p. 392; E. Charriere, Negociations.., II, p. 351.
im
FIncbMo MapKH3a Cappna npHHijecce XyaHe, PHM, 22 Hoa6pH 1555 r.,J.J. Bollinger,
op. cit., p. 214-216.
1(,?
3HMOH reny33CKHH C})JIOT noKHHyji CBOK) 6epjiory. H3flBeHa^LjaTHBBepeHHbix eMy ra;iep /^^KOBaHaHApea/topHa, flejiaBiiiHH nepBbie iuarn na 3TOM nonpnuie, B HHBape 1556 r.
noTepjui ACBKTb BO BpeMH iiiTopMa y 6eperoB KopcHKH, Bbi3BaHHoro JIHBHHCKHM BeTpoM,
C. Manfroni, op. cit., Ill, p. 394.
1(,s
Lucien Romier, Les origines politiques des guerres de religion, Paris, 1914, II, p. 393—
440.
11
' Coggiola, «AscaniodellaCorna», p. 114, note 1, dec. 1555.
170
D. deHaedo, Epitome..., op. cit., fos 68 et 69 v°.
171
CM. im>Ke,c. 130-131.
172
Paule Wintzer, «Bougie, place forte espagnole», in: B. Soc. geogr. d'Alger, 1932, p. 185—
222, oco6enno p. 204 et sq., et 221.
17:i
Diego Sudrez, Hist, del maestre ultimo q u e fue de Montesa... Madrid, 1889, p . 106—
107.
174
Luis de Cabrera, Felipe II, Rey de Espana, Madrid, 1877,1, p. 42.
175
Peticiones del Cardenal de Toledo para la Jornada de Argel y Bugia y Conquista de
Africa, Simancas E° 511—513.
17<)
Paule Wintzer, art. cit., p. 221. B ero 3amHTy BbiCKa3biBaeTCH Diego Sudrez, op. cit.,
p. 107.
177
FIncbMo repuora Anb6bi npHHLiecce XyaHe, 29 MapTa 1556 ro/ja, Simancas E° 1049,
f°ll.

npHMenaHHH

91

178

G. Mecatti, Storiacronologicadellacittadi Firenze, op. cit., II, p. 697.
Coggiola, «Ascanio...», p. 97.
180
H.Joly, op. cit., p. 122; 5. Romanin, op. cit., VI, p. 230.
181
H.Joly, op. cit., p. 120.
182
Simancas P° Real, n° 1538, Coggiola, art. cit., p. 246.
m
IlHCbMO OHJiwnna npHHijecceXyaHe, BHHA3op, 9 aBiycTa 1554 ro/ja, A. E. Esp. 229,
P* 84. Viaje de Felippe II (sic) a Inglaterra q u a n d o en 1555 fue a casar con la Reina D a Maria,
CODOIN, I, p. 564.
184
ToHHbie AaTbi Tpy^Ho ycraHOBHTb. 25 HKXTIH 1554 r. pereHT O n r e p o a npeflCTaBHJi
OHJinnny nepHOBHK aKTa OTpeneHHH Kapjia V (Simancas, E° 3636, 25 UK>JIH 1554 r.,
G. Mecatti, op. cit., II, 693). 2 OKT. Toro ace roAa IOJIHH III AapoBaji OnjiHnny HHBecTHTypy
Kopo;ieBCTB HeanojiH H CHIJHJIHH (Simancas E° 3638, 23 OKT. 1554 r.), 3aTeM, 18 Hon6pM,
nanaycrynmi eMy B KanecTBe jieHHoro BJia^eHMH Kopo;ieBCTBa CHUHJIHHCKOC H HepycajiHMCKoe (Simancas E° 1533, PHM, 18 HOH6. 1554 r.). OTHOCHTc/ibHO Heano^H CM. Lodovico
Bianchini, Storia delle Finanze del Regno di Napoli, 1839, p. 52—53. IIo ero yBepeHHio
OTpeneHHe Kapjia V OT cwinuiMHCKoro npecro;ia npoH30iu;io 16 HHB. 1556 r., HO OHO 6buio
CAe^aHo OT HMeHH «KOpojieH KacTHJiHH Kapjia H XyaHbi», H, oieAOBaTc/ibHO, AO KOHHHHM
XyaHbi Be3yMHOH B 1555 roAy.
185
KpaTKHH nepecKa3 CM. y Charles Bratli, Philippe II, roi d'Espagne, Paris, 1912, p. 87
179

et sq. HJIH y L. Pfandl, op. cit., p. 272 et sq.
186

Renuncia de Carlos V en favor de Felipe II de los reinos de Castilla, Simancas E° 511 —

513.
187

KaK nwuieT OepAHHaHA OHJiHnny IIH3 BeHbi 24 Ma# 1556 roAa, CODOIN, II, p. 421,
aTaK>KeKap^V<I>epAHHaHAyH3Bpiocceji5i8aBrycTa 1556 r., ibid., p. 707—709.
188
CM. Bbiuie, c. 34.
189
CODOIN, XCVIII, p. 24.
190
3 T O AOKa3bmaeT H.Joly, op. cit., p. 126, BonpeKHyTBepHCAenHio Francis Decrue de Stoutz,
Anne de Montmorency, Paris, 1899, II, p. 1.
191
A. d'Aubigne, Histoire universelle, Paris, 1886, I, p. 125; E. Lavisse, op. cit., V, 2,
p. 160, Ha3biBaeTAaTy 15(j>eBp., HO 4>paHiry3CKHH Kopojibo6i>HBHjionepeMHpHH 13(13 (j)eBP<UIH 1556 r., A. N. K 1489), F Hayward, op. cit., II, 18.
192
IiHCbMo OepAHHaHAa Kapjiy V, BeHa, 22 Mail 1556 r., C. Lanz, op. cit., Ill, p. 69, 702.
lus
O H BbicaAH^CH B JIapeAO 6 OKT. 1556 r., L. P. Gachard, Retraite et mort de Charles
Quint, Bruxelles, 1854, p. 137.
194
rincbMO OnjiHnna II npHHijecceXyaHe, JIOHAOH, 13 anpejin 1557 r., A. E. Esp. 232,
f° 232.
19r>
IIwcbMo BaAoepaCeHaTy, Epioccejib, 7 MapTa 1556 r., Coggiola, art. cit., p. 108, note.
196
IlHCbMO HaBaA^Kepo B CeHaT, PHM, 21 4>eBp. 1556 r., Coggiola, art. cit., p. 232—233.
197
riwcbMo BaAoepa B CeHaT, Bpioccejib, 1 MapTa 1556 r., Coggiola, art. cit., p. 108, note.
198
Ibid.
199
PejiHiiHH BepHapAO HaBaAHtepo, 1558, E. Albert, Relazioni.., II, 3, p. 389.
200
Ernesto Pontieri, «I1 papato e la sua funzione morale e politica in Italia d u r a n t e la
preponderanzaspagnuola», in: Archiviostoricoitaliano, 1938, t. II, p. 72.
201
E. Lavisse, op. cit., V, 2, p. 163.

92

1550—1559: Bo3o6noBJieHne H oKOHHaHne MHpoBOM BOHHW
2,12

FlHCbMO TeHpuxa II O-rraBHO OapHe3e, <J>OHTCH6.JIO, 29 HIOHH 1556, Coggiola, art. cit.,
p. 256—257; F. Decrue, Anne de Montmorency, II, p. 186.
203
H. Patry, «Coligny et la Papaute en 1556-1557», in: Bui. de la Soc. de l'hist. du
protestantismefrancais, t. 4 1 , 1902, p. 577—585.
2(M
Iepuor AjibGa BepHyjica B OCTHIO 14 Hon6p5i: lo que refiere u n hombre que fue a Francia
estos dias a entenderlo q u e alia se hazia (fleK. 1556 r., A. N., K 1490. n e p e M n p n e 6bmo
noAnncano 18 HonGpn (Sim. Patronato Real, n° 1580) H npo/yieHO 27 J\CK. 1556 r., ibid.,
n°1591.
2(,r>
Opere, Milano, 1806, p. 119—131, lurrnpoBaHO y Coggiola, p. 2 2 5 e t s q .
2(16
IlHCbMO Onjinnna II KapAHnajiy Kapacfx^e, AarapoBaHHoe TeM nee HHCJIOM, Simancas
Patronato Real, n° 1614.
207
HanpHMep, B c^ynae c Ko^OHHa, KOTopwx OH H3rHaji c HX 3eMejib, B TO BpeMH KaK
KoJIOHHa 6bIJIH H3BeCTHbIMH CTOpOHHHKaMH H c n a H H H . T o HCe CaMOe OTHOCMTCH K BCHHO

Hanpn^KeHHbiM OTHOIUCHHHM C Heano;ieM.
208
Lo q u e contienen dos cartas del embaxador en Francia de 9 y IS julio 1556, A. N.,
K 1489.
209
D. de Haedo, op. cit., P 69 v° et 70; Jean Cazenave, «Un corse, roi d'Alger (Hassan
Corso)», in: Rev. Afrique Latine, 1923, p. 397—404; Socorro de Oran, Simancas E° 511—
513.
210
E. Lavisse, op. cit., V, 2, p. 167.
211
Un hombre que se envio a Franciay bolvio a Perpinan a los XXV de enero ha referido
lo siguiente [«HejiOBeK, KOTopbiH OTnpaBHJicn BO <J>paHH,Hio H BepHy^cn B IlepnHHbHH 25 HHBapH,coo6mn7icjieAyiomee»] — 28HHB. 1557r.— A. N . , K 1 4 9 0 , 30 000 nexoraHijeB, 10 000
Bca^HHKOB B ribeMOHTe. npHMenaHHe Ha nojinx: «todo es mentira» [«Bce 3TO BpaHbe»].
JlyMiue ocBeAOMJien 6biJi CHMOH PeHap (nwcbMO CHMOHa PeHapa Onjinnny II, 12 HHB.
1557 r.), KOTopbiH Ha3bmaeT o6myio uH(})py 12 000ne^OBeK, A. N . , K 1 4 9 0 .
212
FlucbMo CHMOHa PeHapa OHJiHnny II, 1 2 5IHB. 1557 r., A. N., K 1490.
2,3
Ibid.
214
KaBH, 14 cenT. 1557 r. Capitulacion publica sobre la paz entre Felipe II y Paulo IV
ortogada entre el d u q u e d e Albay el Cardinal Caraffa. Siamncas Patronato Real, n° 1626.
CeKpeTHbieCTaTbH o6yKpenjieHHHXBlIajibHHO, ibid., n° 1625.
21:
"' PalmerinoB. Com Palermo Qq D 84. H e HBJIHCTCH JIH npHBeAeHHan 3#ecb Aara 11 ceHT.
(j)HKTHBHOH?
216

rincbMO XyaHa BacKeca Kap^y V, BajibflAo;iHA, 18 HOH6. 1557 r., L. P. Gachard, La
retraite.., I, doc. n° C XXI.
217
PaulHerre, Papsttum u n d Papstwahl im Zeitalter Philipps II, Leipzig, 1907.
218
nucbMo OmiHnnaII Kap^y V, EopeByap, 11 aBiycTa 1557r., opHrwHaji, A. N., K1490,
B 3TOH nanKe HaxoAHTCH MHoroHHOieHHbie AOKyMeHTbi o CeH-KaHTeHCKOM cpaaceHHH.
219
IlHCbMO OH^nnna II Kapjiy V, cp. npeAiuecTByioiiiee npHMenaHHe.
220
Ibid.
221
IlHCbMO On;iHnna II r p a $ y O e p n a , 29 HIOHH 1558 r., CODOIN, LXXXVII, p . 68.
222
Cesareo Fernandez Duro, Armada espanola, Madrid, 1895—1903, II, p. 9 et sq. FlncbMO
Aoaca H npaBHTejiefi TeHyH K HKOMO j\e H e r p o , nocjiy B HcnaHHH, IeHyH, 23 Man 1558 r.,
A. d. S., Genes, Inghilterra, I, 2273. OpoJiH^paHLryscKoronoc/ia^ejiaBHHH, CM. nncbMO
n b e p o repuory OjiopenuHH, BeHeuHM, 22 HHBapn 1558 r., Mediceo 2974, f° 124. OJIOT npn-

IlpHMeHaHHH

93

HICK paHbiue, neM o6biHHo. H3Becrae H3 KoHcraHTHHonojin, 10 anpejiH 1558 r., Simancas
E°1049,f°40.
223
nucbMO rie^po AC Yppneca, ry6epHaTOpa Kajia6pHH, BHu.e-Kopo.nio Heanojin OT
7 HIOHH 1558 r., Simancas E° 1049, f* 43.13 OH 6bui 3axBaneH, 3aTeM pa3rpa6;ieHHio noAseprCH PeAHCo, C. Manfroni, op. cit., Ill, p. 401.
224
Instructio data Mag™ Fran to Coste misso ad classem Turchorum pro rebus publicis,
IeHVH, 20 HIOHA 1558 r., nepHOBHK, A. d. S., Genes, Costantinopoli 1558—1565, 1—2169.
C. Manfmniy op. cit., Ill, p. 401, note, BepoflTHO, mrrnpyeT KonHio STOH xce HHcrpyKUHH.
225
O H npomeji MHMO Toppe-AeJiblpeKO, KaK nHiueT KapAHHaji Ae CnrysHua E. B. H3 PHMa
16 HK>H* 1558 r., Simancas E° 1889, f° 142, A. E. Esp. 290, f° 27.
226

IlncbMo AOHaXyaHa MaHpHKe K E. B., Heanojib, 26 HIOHH 1558 r., Simancas E° 1049,

fMl.
227

C. Fernandez Duro, Armada Espanola.., II, p. 11.
Ibid., p. 12.
229
G. Turba, op. cit., I, 3, p. 81, note 3.
230
FlHCbMO MapHHa AH KaBajuiH AOHCV, Ilepa, 16 JXGK. 1558 r., A. d. S., Venise, Senato
Secreta, Cost., filza 2 B, f> 102.
231
Le traite de Cateau-Cambresis, 1889.
232
Les origines politiques des guerres de religion, Paris, 2 vol., 1913—1914.
233
Guy de Bremond d'Ars, Le pere de Mme de Rambouillet, Jean de Vivonne, sa vie et ses
ambassades, Paris, 1884, p. 14; LucienRomier, Origines, op. cit., II, livre V, chap. II, p. 83—
86; B . N . , O C 1 5 4 3 , f 9 3 etc.
234
IlHCbMO E^H3aBeTbi <J>HjiHnny II, BecTMHHcrep, 3 OKT. 1558 r., A. N., K 1491, B 10,
n°110(jiaTbiHb).
235
BapoH A. Ruble, op. cit., p. 55.
236
IlHCbMO K IeHpwxy III, 25 ceHT.1574 r., Simancas E° 1241.
237
Op. cit., VII, p. 198,205.
238
T. A. dAubigne, op. cit., I, p. 41.
239
«EpHTaHen; H <f>paHuy3 nycTb CH^OH BauiHx ACJI / Ha nojimvi MHp 3aMeHHT 6paHHbiH
228

CBOHyAeji».
240

Apuntamientos para embiar a Espafia (6e3 AaTbi, Matt—HIOHL 1559 r.), Simancas E°
137, ^95—97. KonnH 3Toro BaacHoro AOKyMeHTaB A. E. Esp., 290. OraocHTejibHO BCTpenn
niaBHbix ;IHU; «di qsti paesi» [«3THX KpaeB»] H 06 HX acejiaHHH, HTo6bi Kopojib, BBHAy
«garbuglio» [«6ecnopHAKOB»] B AmviHH H IIIoiyiaHAHH, ocTaBajicn 3TOH 3HMOH BO OjiaHApHH, CM. nncbMo MnHep6oTH repiiory, 2 HIOJIH 1559 r., A. d. S., Florence, Mediceo, 4029.
241
IlncbMo repuora A;ib6bi Ominnny II, Ilapw^K, 26 HIOHH 1559 roAa, A. N., K 1492,
B10,fM3a.
242
IlncbMo Toro ace;iHuaTOMy ace Jinuy, HiOHb 1559 r., ibid., f° 44.
243
Ibid.
244
IlapHHc, 11 HIOJIH 1559 r., ibid., f°49.
245
J. Dureng, «La complicite de l'Angleterre dans le complot d'Amboise», in: Rev. Hist,
mod., t. VI, p. 248etsq.; Lucien Romier, La conjuration d'Amboise, 3 e edit., p. 73; E. Charribe,
op. cit., II, p. 595.
246
IlncbMo Pyn ToMeca H repupra A/ib6bi Onjinnny II, napn^K, 8 HKXJIH 1559 r., A. N.,
K 1492, f°48, o TOM, HTO COCTOHHHC IeHpnxa II 6e3HaAe>KHO.

94

1550—1559: Bo3o6noB./ieHHe M oKOHHaHHe MnpoBow BOHHU
247

L. P. Gachard, op. cit., I, p. 122 et sq., 27 Man 1555 r.
Ibid., p. 124, riHCbMo Kopo;ieBbi BeHrepcKOH enwcKonyAppaccKOMy, 29 Mail 1556 r.
249
Ibid., I, p . XLI et sq.; p . 3 4 1 - 3 5 2 ; II, p. CXXXVII et sq., p. 390.
2,0
Historiaede rebus Hispaniae.., XOM I (eAHncxBeHHbiHonyG^HKOBaiinbiH) npoAOJi>KeHHH, H3AaH?. M a n u e l J o s e d e M e d r a n o , Madrid, 1741.
2r>1
IIpH6aBHM K axoMy, HXO Hacxo BCxpenaioxcH OIUM6KH H xpoHo;iornH co6bixnH name
Bcero HCKa^caexcH. Owjinnn II B3omeji Ha Kopa6;ib 25 aBrycxa BO 4>;iHCCHHreHe H BbicaAHJiCH 8 cenx. B JIapeAO. Con/iacHo KaMnaHe Kopojib oxnjibm 27 Hncjia, corjiacHo IperopHo
JlexH — 26-ro... CoBpeMennbie HexopHKH, HannHa# c Po6epxcoHa w llpecKoxxa, BOcnpon3BOAHX 3XH cxapwe Aaxbi.
252
CM. oxnex o ero noe3AKax y C. Bratli, o p . cit., p. 188, note 280, et p. 101—102.
253
Essai sur l'administration de la Castille au XVI e siecle, 1860, p. 43—44.
2,4
E. Albert, Relazioni, I, 1, p. 293 et sq., Hio;ib 1546 r.
2r,r>
M. Philippson, Ein Miniserium u n t e r Philipp II. Kardinal Granvclla am spanischen
Hofe, 1579-1586, 1895.
2r,b
Cp. cxaxbio C. Perez-Bustamante, «Las instrucciones de Felipe II a J u a n Bautista d e
Tassis», in: Rev. de la Biblioteca, Archivoy Museo, t. V, 1928, p . 241—258.
2ri7
SimancasE°343.
2 8
"' Louis Paris, op. cit., p. 42, note 1.
259
Ibid., p. 42.
2<i()
Box KpaxKMH paccKa3 )KaHa j\e BaHAeHecce: «... B nexBepr, BAeHb CBHxoro Bap<f>o.7ioMen, — nnmex OH, — 23 aBrycxa, Ero Be/iHHecxBO o6eAajio B Ha3BaHHOM Con6ypre (Cy6ype); nocjie o6e^a OHO oxnpaBHJiocb BO OjiHCCHHreH. H OKOJIO OAUHHaAuaxn nacoB HOMH
OHO noAHMJiocb na 6opx CBoero Kopa6jin, ocxaBaBiuerocH Ha HKope AO Benepa nnxHHLibi,
KorAa GhiJiu noAHHXbi napyca. OKOJIO ACBHXH nacoB yxpa B 3XOX AeHb KHH3hH H ceHbopw
HiiAepjiaiiAOB npocxHJiHCb c Kopo;ieM H ero CBHXOH; ne o6oiiuiocb 6e3 B3AOXOB, cxeHaHHH H
cjie3 npn BHAe xoro, KaK HX noKHAaex HX npnpoAHbin rocyAapb... OKOJIO nojiyAHH npn6buia
repuorHHH riapMCKa^i B conpoBoacAeiiHH npHima, CBoero Cbma, H MHorwx Apyrwx Be.nbMO>K,
HxoGbi npocxHXbCH c Ero BejiHnecxBOM. H B nac BenepHH Ero Be^nnecxBo noAHHJio napyca
H npn AOBOJibiio xopoiueM Bexpe nepeiimo npo^HB H, npeoAOJieB onacubie Me^w B BHAy
^K)HKepKa, Kajie w ,HyBpa, npomibuio AO KaHa^a 6;IH3 ocxpoBa BHK (YaHx). BOHAH B HcnaHCKoe Mope, Mbi 6buiH 3acxHTHyxbi uixmieM, xaK HXO naxHaAUaxb AHCH HaxoAHAHCb B Mope.
BocbMoro ceHxn6pH, B AeHb EoroMaxepw, Ero BCJIMHCCXBO c necKo^bKHMH Kopa6;iHMH BOIIIJIH B nopx JIapeAO, rAe Ero BejiHHecxBO COIILAO Ha 6eper H npHcyxcxBOBa/io na c/ry>K6e B
uepKBH w nepeHoneBajio B 3XOM ropoAe B 3XOX AeHb, a HMCHHO B nnxHHiry, H Becb AeHbyiue;i
Hapa3rpy3Kyxoro, HXO MO>KHO 6buio. IyKapbi, KoxopbieHBJIHIOXCHxn>KejibiMn cyzjaMH, w eme
Koe-KaKne Kopa6jiH He CMOITIH cpa3y BOHXH B nopx. B cy66oxy Ero Be^wnecxBO Bbiexajio H3
JIapeAO npHMepHO B nac nono^yAHH, nxo6bi oxnpaBHXbca B Ko^n6pe (KojiHHApec), pacnojioxcennbiH B no^yMHjie ox JIapeAO. B 3xo BpeMH nacyme H Ha Mope Hanajicfl y>KacnbiH iiixopM,
xan HXO Kopa6jin, cxoMBiune B nopx)' Ha HKope, He MOHIH yAep>KaxbCH H cxajiH nepeBopannBaxbCH H xoHyxb; Gbijio ^KajiKO CMoxpexb, KaK norn6aiox cyAa, ^IOAH H Garage. ,HpyrnM Kopa6JIMM npHimiocb HCKaxb cnaceHHH B Mope. Ha cyme 6buiH BbipBaHbi c KopHHMH AepeBbH H
nepenHua Jiexejia c Kpbiui AOMOB, H xaK npoAOJiacajiocb Becb j\enh n BCIO HOHb...", in:
L. P. Gachard et Plot, Collection des voyages des souverains des Pais-Bas, 1876—1882, VI,
p. 6 8 e t s q .
248

FIpHMeHaHHH

95

201 g O T nepecKa3 cooGmeHHH ApAHHrejuin: B 3e;iaHAHH ApAHHre;uiH c/ieAOBaji 3a O H ^nnnoM II H noAAepatHBaji c HHM CBH3b. 23 aBrycTa OH VBCAOMMJI MaprapHTy IiapMCKyio,
HTo6bi oHa npnexajia npocTHTbcn c OnjiHnnoM. IloAHHBiiiHCb Ha 6opT 25-ro, OH no;ib3yeTcsi oKa3Hen H co BCTpeneHHbiMH no Aopore cyzjaMH nepeAaeT H3BCCTHH O 3AopoBbe npuHua.
26 aBrycTa, Me>KAy/JyBpoM H Kajie, OH coo6maeT o TOM, HTO Bee HAeTxopouio H HTO Ha 6opT
B3HTbi jiouMaHbi, KOTopwe ROJITKHIA npoBec™ Kopa6;iH Hepe3 necnaHbie OTMC/IH. 3THX AparoueHHbix jioiiMaHOB, nniueT OH 27-ro, Onjinnn II He XOTCJI OTnycnaTb BnjioTb j\o ocrpoBa
YaHT. Bo3MO>KHO, CaM KOpOJIb BHHOBaT B MaJIOH CKOpOCTH ITJiaBaHHH, nOCKOJIbKy nOAHHJICM
BeTep, HO MOHapx He xoneT paccraBaTbca c ryKapaMH, B npoTHBHOM cnynae MO>KHO 6buio
6bi yHTH HaTpHAUaTb MHjib BnepeA. «llyTeiijecTBHe oGemaeT 6biTbyaanHbiM, — 3aKJHoqaeT
OH, — Bee onacHbie MecTa npoHAenbi, nepe3 BoceMb jxueu Mbi HaAeeMCH 6biTb B HcnanHH».
BcTpeqeHHan no Aopore ncnaHCKan 6apKa AocraBHJia nHCbMO, AaTHpoBanHoe 31 HHCJIOM.
FIjiaBaHHio conyTCTBOBajiaxopoman noroAa. «CeroAHH HOHbio Mbi BWHACM H3 KaHajia...».
3aTeM nepenHCKa npepbmaeTCK AO 8 ceHTa6pH. B STOT A^Hb ApAHHrejuiH nnca/i: «XBajia
TocnoAy, HTO npHBeji Hac naKOHen. >KHBbiMH H 3AopoBbiMH ciOAa, B nopT JIapeAO. Floc/ie
Hamero BbixoAa H3 aHniHHCKoro KaHajia noroAa TaK MeHHJiacb, HTO MopHKH necKOJibKO pa3
oiiiH6ajiHCb H HaM Memaji TO uiTHJib, TO npoTHBHbin BeTep, HO mTopivia, cjiaBa Bory, Mbi
H36e>KajiH. HaKOHeu, Bnepa BenepoM noAyji MHcrpa/ib H ceroAHH HOHMO npHBeji Hac na cymy,
KaKMbi H CTpeMHjiHCb...». TaioKe H3 JIapeAO (OH noKHHyji nopTTOJibKO 14-ro) ApAHHrejuin
nncaji 10 Hnc/ia: «... B npouuiyio cy66oTy (9 ceiiTflGpn) cpeAb6e;ia AHH B Mope pa3pa3HJiacb
y}KacHan rpo3a, TaK HTO TCM, KTO 6bui Ha cyme, CHJibHO noBe3Jio. HaxoAHBiunecH B nopTy
cyAa eABayqejiejiH... TpH H3 HHX nepeBepHyjiHCb npHMO B raBaHH, HO JIIOAH H TOBapbi He
nocrpaAajiH. IyKapbi, KOTopwe ocraBajincb B Mope, noAoeprjincb BCTIMKOH onacHOCTH, H AO
CHX nop o HHX HeT H3BecTHH, HTO Bbi3bmaeT 6ojibiiiHe onaceHHH...» TeM He MeHee, 13-ro
npniueji «(|>.7IOT H3 O^aHApHH, HHCKOJibKO He noBpe>KAeHHbiH mTopMOM...». 3 T O Bbi3Bajio
Bceo6m.ee JiHKOBaHHe, TaK KaK na ryKapax nepeB03HjiH cjiyr H HMymecrBO npnGjiwacenHbix
Owjinnna II. IiHCbMa Apwmrejvm HaxoAHTca B OapHe3naHCKOM apxHBe B Heanojie, Spagna
fascio2, f ° 1 8 6 - f ° 2 5 1 .
2(i2
llncbMO Owjinnna II K HIaHTOHH3, 26 ceHT. 1559 r. (a He 1560, KaK B onncaHnn),
A. N., K 1493, B 11, f° 100 (nepHOBHK) «... H3 KopaGjieft, npnCbiBiiiHx c (JXTIOTOM, Ha KOTOpoM H iipnn^bui B Kopo;ieBCTBO, ne xBaTaeT TOJibKO OAHoro, OH AO CHX nop He noHBHJicn.
Ero XO3MHH HeKHH OpaHCHCKO Ae BojiHBap AC CaHTaHAep. Ha Kopa6;ie Be3jiH rapAepo6 njieHOB Moero pereHTCKoro coBCTa B HTajiHH H HecKOJibKHX H3 MOHX ceKpeTapen H Apyrnx c;iy}KHTejien, KaK Bbi MO>KeTey6eAHTbcn H33anncKH, npHjioaceHHOH K3TOMy nHCbMy...». ConiacHO HeKOTopbiM c^yxaM, 3TO cyAHO nonajio B JIa Pome^b. CM. O HCM L. P. Gachard, Retraite..,
op. cit., II, p. LVII.
m
G. Leti, La vie de Philippe II, 1679,1, p. 135.
2M
L. P. Gachard, Retraite.., op. cit., I, p. 122 et sq.
265
Actas de las Cortes de Castilla, 1558,1.
266
CODOIN, XXVII.
267
Ibid., p. 202.
2<>8
L. P. Gachard, Retraite.., op. cit., II, p. 401 etsq., HOOCO6CHHO miaccHHecKne TpyAbi
E. LLIe(J)epa H Mapce;m BaTanoHa; E. Alberi, op. cit., I, III, p. 401—402.
2m
Juan Ortegay Rubio, Historia de Valladolid, 1881, II, p. 57 (nepBoe ayTOAac{>e); p. 58
(BTopoe ayTOAa(J)e); p. 64: no^OBHny >KepTB npn6eperjiH AO npnGbiTHH KopojiH.

96

1550—1559: Bo3o6HOB^eHHe H oKOHHaHHe MHPOBOH BOHHW
270

C. Bratli, op. cit., p. 93.
P. 555 et sq. Lucien Febvre, «Une conquete de Thistoire: l'Espagne d'Erasme», in: Ann.
d'hist. s o c , t. XI, 1939, p. 2 8 - 4 2 .
272
Op. cit., p. 533etsq. CjieAyeTJiHyHHTbiBaTb3KOHOMHHecKHHynaAOK, ycyry6jiHBiiiHH
nojioHceHHe? CM. M. II, c. 798-799.
273
Simancas E° 137, f 123 et 124.
274
IIncbMo JlyHca KwxaAbi Omiwnny II, 1 Maa 1558 r., p . p . / / Dollinger, op. cit., p. 243.
275
3anncKa apxnenHCKona CeBMJibCKoro jyia Kap;ia V, 2 HIOHH 1558 r., p. p. L. P. Gachard,
Laretraite..., op. cit., II, p. 417—425: «6.narocnoBeHHe Ibcnoay, — nHiiieTBacKec Kapjiy V
5 HIOJIH 1558 r., — HTO pa3Mepw 6CACTBHH oKa3ajincb npeyBe;iHqeHHbiMH», ibid., p. 447—
449.
276
H3Becrne MapKaHTOHHO Aa Myjia, E. Albert, Relazioni.., I, 3, p. 402 et sq.
277
6 M 11 MapTa 1559 roAa, E. Charriere, Negociations.., op. cit., II, p. 563.
278
«La primera crisis de hacienda en tiempo de Felipe II», in: Revistade Espana, 1,1868,
p. 3 1 7 - 3 6 1 .
279
Ibid.
280
Ibid.
281
L. P. Gachard, La retraite.., op. cit., I, p. 2 0 6 - 2 0 7 , 7 HOH6. 1557 r., et II, p. 2 7 8 - 2 7 9 ,
271

15HOH6. 1557

r.

282

Ibid., I, p. 2 4 0 - 2 4 2 , 5 HHB. 1558 r.
283
Simancas E° 137.
284
L. P. Gachard, op. cit., I, p. 1 3 7 - 3 9 , 1 anpe^H 1557 r.; p. 1 4 8 - 1 4 9 , 1 2 Mail 1557 r.; no
3THM BonpocaM H o Haica3aHHHflcuiacHOCTHbixjiHiiCM. A. E. Esp. 296, 8 M 9 HioHfl 1557 r.; o
nepeBOAe KOpa6jin c rpy30M AparoueHHbix MeTajuiOB B IlopTyrajiHio CM. L. P. Gachard,
op. cit., I, p. 142-144. Ibid., I, p. 172.
285
Ibid., I, p. 172. IlHCbMo MapTHna AC Kacrejiy XyaHy BacKecy, 18 ceHT. 1557 r.
2m
JuanA. Llorente, La primera crisis.., art. cit.
287
A. H. N. Inquisition de Valence, Librol.
288
Ibid., no noBOAy 6apcejioHCKoro 3anpoca 06 Hcno^HeHHH cyAe6Hbix peuieHufi
289
CM. 06 3TOM KJiaccuHecKHe pa6oTbi K. Te6jiepa H P. 3peH6epra, aTaioKe q. II, c. 220 H
cneA.
2U0
TeKCTacbeHTo c OyrrepaMH, A. d. S., Naples, Carte Farnesiane, fasc. 1634.
21,1
B. N., Paris, Fr. 15 875, f> 476 et 476 v°.
292
B. N., Paris, Fr. 15 875, f> 478 et 479.
293
A. d. S., Naples, Carte Farnesiane, fasc. 1634.
294
PaAOCTb, pa3yMeeTCM, OTHOCHTejibHan, noHaqajiy 6o;ibiiie noxoacan Ha HeAOBOJibCTBO.
TpeTb AOJira 6buia aHHyjinpoBaHa, ocrajibHaji nacTb BbiruiaHHBajiacb B xypoc no cTaBKe
20 npoueHTOB. IlwcbMO ^H^wnna npwHuecce XyaHe, 26 HIOHH 1559 r., Simancas E° 137,
f°121.
2yr
' IlncbMo Onjinnna II npwHijecce XyaHe, Bpioccejib, 26 HIOHH 1559 roAa, Simancas E° 137, fos 123-124.
296

Simancas E° 137, 13 HIOJIH 1559 r.

297

ManuelDanvila, El poder civil en Espana, Madrid, 1885, V, p. 364 et sq.
M. Danvila, op. cit., V, p. 346 et sq.

298

IIpHMeHaHHH

97

299

HanpHMep, Byproca (10 (J)eBp. 1559 r.), CeBHJibH (Simancas E° 137), iBaAajiaxapbi
(B. N., Paris, Esp. 278, P 1 3 - 1 4 , 5 HO*6. 1557 r.).
300
O paccneAOBaHHH cjiynaeB 3axBaTa 3CMJIH B TpaHa^e MHe H3BCCTHO TOJibKo no HMCHH
CTieAOBaTejiHA-paCaHicrbHro, «oydordeValladolid» [«ayAHTopaH3Bajii^ojiHaa»], Ha3BaHHoro B nncbMe Ominnna II K npHHijecce XyaHe, 29 UK>JIH 1559 r., Simancas E° 518, f* 20—
21. IIpocToe ynoMHHaHHe B ApyroM nwcbMe OmiHnna II27 anpejin 1559 r., Simancas E° 137,

fM39.
301

CM. no 3TOMy noBOAy OTBCT npwHijeccbi XyaHbi 27 anpejia 1559 r., Simancas E° 137,
P 139; M. Danvila, op. cit., V, p. 372.
302
Simancas E° 137.
303
CM. cneayiomee npuMenaHHe.
304
Simancas E° 137.
305
y Hac ecTb MHoro yica3aHHH Ha cneT MHCCHH 3Toro Jinija (BejiacKO, a He JIacKO, KaK
OHO Ha3BaHo B 6yMarax KapflHHajia TpaHBejuibi, Papiers d'Etat, op. cit., V, p. 454). O HCM
ynoMHHaeTCH TaioKe B nncbMe Ominnna II K npHHiiecce, Bpioccejib, 18 HIOHH 1559 r.,
Simancas E° 137 H 20 M<m, ibid., P 116.
306
GranveUe, op. cit., V, p. 606.
307
L. P. Gachard, La Retraite.., op. cit., II, p. LIII-LIV; M. Danvila, op. cit., V, p. 351
(1557).
308
Granvelle, Papiers d'Etat, V, p. 6 4 1 - 6 4 4 .
309
Ibid., Tojieao, 27 ACK. 1559 r., p. 672.
310

HOBOH HCnaHCKOH KOpOJieBbl.

31 x

3Aecb coAep>KHTCH HaMeK Ha ruiaHHpoBaBiuyiocfl noe3AKy Ominnna II B HuAepjiaHAbi
(1566-1568). Actos de los cortes de Castilla, III, p. 1 5 - 2 4 .
312
IIpHMeHaHmi Ominnna II Ha no^nx nnxbMa, a^pecoBaHHoro eMy npHHijeccon 14 HKX/IH
1559 roAa, Simancas E° 137, P 229. STOTTCKCT no Moett npocb6e 6bui CBepeH AOHOM Mnre-ieM BopAOHO, B TO BpeMH rjiaBHbiM apxHBapwycoM CHMaHKaca.

4.3aKa3^?2220.

II
nOCJIE^HEE IHECTHJIETHE
TYPEIliKOrO nPEBOCXOACTBA: 1559-1565
IlepHOA HCTopHH CpeAM3eMHOMopbH Meacjjy AoroBopoM B KaTo-Ka\i6pe3H,
3aKJiiOHeHHbiM B anpejie 1559 ro^a, H oca^OH MajibTbi B Mae—ceHTa6pe 1565 ro^a
cocTaBJiaeT He3aBHCHMoe e^MHoe uejioe. H a inecTb jieT 3TOT perHOH nepecTaji
imecTHCb B XBOCTe co6biTHH, npoTeKaiomHx B 3anajxHOH H CeBepHOH EBpone, H
npeBpaTHJiC5i B apeHy cxBaTKH AByx rnraHTOB, BJiaj^eiomnx /jByMH nojioBHHaMH
MOpfl, — T y p K H H H C n a H H b l , O C B o 6 o A H B I I I H C b , H a K O H e U , OT n p O H H X 3 a 6 0 T , COIIIJIHCb

B Hen CHOBa, XOTH H 6e3 qpe3MepHoro nbijia. Co6npajiHCb JIH Te HJIH /jpyrne BeCTH BOHHy He Ha acH3Hb, a Ha CMepTb? H e nonajincb JIH OHH, CKopee, B jioByiuicy
CBOHX 6;iH)KaHiiiHx H KpaTKocpoqHbix 3ajxaq, npecjie/jya KOTopwe 3amjiH noTOM
ropa3^o /xajibiue, neM XOTCJIH? Tanoe BnenaTjieHHe ocTaBJineT HepeuiHTejibHan
nojiHTHKa HcnaHHH, npoAHKTOBaHHan B OCHOBHOM He OTBaroii, a jiorHKOH co6 b I T H H . T o 2Ce MOtfCHO C K a 3 a T b O ^ e H C T B H H X T y p O K B 3 T H n O C J i e / J H H e TOAbl BeJIH-

Koro npaBjieHHH CyjieHMaHa. E/xHHCTBeHHbiM rpaH/iH03HbiM CBepiueHHeM 3anaj\a. CTajio co3/xaHHe MomHbix BoeHHO-MopcKHx CHJI Ha cjiy^c6e HcnaHHH. H o BOnpoc 3aKJnoqaeTC5i B TOM, BOcnojib30Bajiacb JIH HcnaHHH 3THMH cnjiaMH H 6bijio
JIH HX AOCTaTOHHO JXJIH ycTaHOBjieHHH rocno/icTBa Ha Mope?

1. BbUIA JIH BOHHA C TYPKAMH EE3PACCya;CTBOM
CO CTOPOHbl HCIIAHIJEB?
BoHHa Ha CpeAH3eMHOM Mope npo/jojiacHjiacb B TOT MOMCHT, Kor,na y 3anajxa
oKa3ajiHCb pa3B5i3aHbi pynn: y HeMijeB 6jiaro,zjap5i BHyTpeHHeMy Ayrc6yprcKOMy
Mnpy; y HcnaHCKOH HMnepnn H nancTBa — nocjie corjiauieHHH, 3aKJiiOHeHHoro B
ceHTfl6pe 1557 ro/xa, H y OpaHijHH c HcnaHHen — B CBA3H C MnpHbiM /joroBopoM,
4*

100

riocjieAHee mecrajieTHe TypeuKoro npeBocxoACTBa: 1559—1565

noAnHcaHHbiM B KaTo-KaM6pe3H. TaKHM o6pa30M, npoHHbiH Mnp BOixapHjicn
noBciOAy— 3a HCKJiioqeHHeM CpeAH3eMHOMopbn. 3,zjecb BOHHa npoflo;i>Kajiacb,
npaB^a CKaqnaMH, TH>KKHC yAapbi CMeHHJincb B Hen /yiHTejibHbiMH nepepbmaMH;
ee XOA HflBHxcymneCHJIW He Bcer^a noAAaiOTCH aHajiH3y. IipHHHHa 3Aecb He To;ibKO B 3KOHOMHHecKOM cnaAe 1559—1575 TOAOB.
CpbiB HcnaHO-Typeu;KHx n e p e r o e o p o B
KacaeTCH BCJIHKHX Aep>KaB, HcnaHHH H TypujHH, TO BOHHH MeacAy HHMH
6bijio H36e>KaTb. TaK AyMajiH B 1558 roAy B OKpy>KeHHH OnjiHnna II. II epeMnpne c Typunen cpoKOM Ha HecKOJibKO jieT Ka3ajiocb Heo6xoAMMbiM ycjiOBHeMA^iHMeHeecKOBaHHbixAeHCTBHHHa3anaAe.21 Ma# 1558roAa<I>H.JiHnnoTnpal
BHJI K CBoeMy A^Ae OepAHHaHAy enHCKona AKBHJIW C HCTKHMH HHcrpyKijHflMH .
H3 nncbMa HMnepaTopa, AaTHpoBaHHoro 2 HHBapn, OH 3Haji, HTO BeHa npHcrynHJia K neperoBopaM c TypnaMH, HTO 6buio peineHO Bbin^aTHTb MM e>KeroAHyio
AaHb 3a npomeAiiiHH nepHOA (KaK 6buio npeAycMOTpeHO coniaiiieHHeM 1547 roAa,
HO c 1550 roAa OHa He BbinjianHBajiacb) H Aaace noHTH Ha yBejinqeHHe ee pa3Mepa, Ha HTO 0HjiHnn AaJi corjiacne: «co3HaBaji, HTO xpHcrnaHCKHH MHp Ha ceroAHHIUHHH ACHb MO>KeT npoTHBonocTaBHTb TaKOH MorymecrBeHHOH AepacaBe, KaK
TypeqKaH, oneHb Majibie no cpaBHeHHio c Heo6xoAHMbiM CH^H, H npHCoeAHHHiocb K MyApoMy coBeTy, KOTopbin AaiOT BaM BauiH co6cTBeHHbie noAAaHHbie, BeHrpbl, HeXH, aBCTpHHUbl, H KOTOpblfi OA06pHJIH Kyp(J)K)pCTbI...». IIpH 3TOM HeKHH
nocpeAHHK, «3HaKOMbiH c TypeijKHM ABopoM H HMeiomHH onbiT o6meHHH c HHM»,
HecKOJibKO AHefi Ha3aA B3H^CH Ao6HTbCH OT cy;rraHa coniacHH Ha MHp c HcnaHHen, ec/in Kopo;ib Toro noxce;iaeT. «Ilo HeKOTopbiM oco6biM coo6pa^ceHHHM, —
npoAOJi^caeT Kopojib, — a He 3axoTe;i, HTo6bi TaKHe neperoBopbi uaucuiucb noMoeu
unuyuamuee. Ho n He 3axoTe;i TaK^ce OKHraTb MOCTW, yqHTbiBaa, HTO TypKH, onacaacb Moero (J)jiOTa Ha CpeAH3eMHOM Mope, MOR/IH 6bi CMarHHTb H yMepHTb CBOH
Tpe6oBaHHH, 3Haii o TOM, HTO He HCKJiioqeHO Moe coniacHe Ha ynacTHe B MHpHOM AoroBope, noAroTaBjiHBaeMOM B. B.». BOT o6pa3HHK ncnaHCKOH AnnjiOMaHTO

MO)KHO

THH, BblCOKOMepHOH H meKOTJIHBOH B OTHOIIieHHH p u n d o n o r * , HO TOTOBOH n p H

c/iyqae HATH Ha ycrynKH. Onjinnn II, KOTopbiH He >Ke;iaeT CAe;iaTb nepBbin mar
HaBCTpeny TypKaM, craHOBHTca MeHee meneTHJibHbiM, KorAa BHAMT B03MO>KHOCTb
npn6erHyTb K nocpeAHHqecTBy BeHbi2.
B nepBbie Mecjnjbi 1559 roAa Kopo;ib npoAOJincaji pa3BHBaTb HAeio neperoBOpoB. B HameM pacnopH>KeHHH HMeeTcn nepeneHb BepoaTHbixycJiOBHH 3aKjnoqeHHH ACCHTH- HJIH ABeHaAIjaTHJieTHerO n e p e M H p H H C TypKaMH, AaTHpOBaHHblH

5 MapTa3. B nwcbMe OT 6 HHoia K ceKpeTapio CBoero noc^a B BeHeijHH, IapcHH
* BonpocoB necTH.

Bbuia JIH BOHHa c TypnaMH 6e3paccyflCTBOM co cTopoHbi HcnaHijeB?

101

SpHaH/jecy, Kopojib coo6maeT, HTO OH «H36paji HHKOJIO CCKKO, qTo6bi nocjiaTb
ero K cy/iTaHy BMecTe c OpaHqecKO Ae OpamcncoM H Beji TaM neperoBopw o nepeMHpHH, KOTopwe Haqaji, KaK BaM H3BCCTHO, 3TOT nocjieAHHH»4. Ha3BaHHbiH
HHKOJIO CeKKO OTnpaBHjicfl KO ABopy HMnepaTopa, c TeM qTo6bi 3aTeM noceTHTb repijora Ae Cecca H nojiyqHTb ero HHcrpyKijHH. Toro xce 6 qncjia HHKOJiacy
CHAy, Ka3Haneio JIoM6apACKOH apMHH, 6MJIO npHKa3aHO BbinjiaTHTb HHKOJIO
CeKKO 2 000 3CKyAO, para el gasto de cierto camino que ha de hazer a mi servicio*,
5 000 BbiruiaTHTb TapcHH SpHaH/jecy, KOTopoMy H3Becrao, Ha HTO HCTparHTb
3Ty CyMMy. B AaTHpOBaHHOH 3THM >Ke AHeM HHCTpyKIJHH RJ1H HHKOJIO CeKKO 5 CO-

Aep>KaTCH Aono;iHHTe;ibHbie yKa3aHHH. 3aqHHUiHKOM Bcero npeAnpHATHH 6bui,
no-BHAHMOMy, OpaHqecKO j\e OpaHKHC TopTopHHO, KOTopbiH B 3TO BpeMH HaxoAHJICH npoe3AOM B B e H e q H H , BTOpHHHO HanpaBJIHHCb B KOHCTaHTHHOnOJIb OT

HMeHH onHTb-TaKH TeHy33CKOH pecny6;iHKH. O H BCTI AOJirne 6eceAfc»i c nocjioM
BapracoM OTHOCHTejibHO CBOHX B03MO>KHbix neperoBopoB c PycTeM-nainoH (B
TO BpeMH BejiHKHM BH3Hpeivi) M noAXOAfluinx RJIH 3TOH qejiH noAapKax.
HHKOJIO CeKKO, KOTopbiH y>Ke 6biji AO 3Toro nocjioM B TypijHH, AOJDKCH 6bui
npHcoeAHHHTbca K OpaHKHcy B BeHeqHH H BMecTe c HHM Ao6paTbc*i AO Pary3bi.
OTciOAa OpaHKHC co6npajiC5i ABHraTbca B OAHHoqKy H npH3BaTb CeKKO TOJibKo
B cjiyqae HCO6XOAHMOCTH yTBep>KAeHHH AoroBopa, B laionoqeHMH KOToporo OH
6bui noqTH yBepeH. TaKHM o6pa30M, KaK H B 1558 roAy, Onjinnn II He xoTeji
onepe)KaTb co6biTHH. CeKKO HMCJI nojiHOMoqHH noAnHcaTb nepeMHpHe c cyjiTaHOM Ha AecHTb, ABeHaAUaTb H Aaxce naTHaAuaTb jieT. Ha npoTflxceHHH 3Toro BpeMeHH PycTeM-name AOJI^KHM 6buiH BbinjiaqHBaTbcn OT BOCbMH AO ACCHTH THCHH
3CKyAO B roA. ECJIH ace yAacTcn, Ao6aBjineT OnjiHnn II, Ao6HTbca c noMOuibio
PycTeMa, qTo6bi TypeijKHH (|)JIOT He npnxoAHji GjiHHcanuiHM jieTOM, «eMy MO>KHO
6yAeT npeAJio>KHTb OT ABeHaAUa™ AO nHTHaAUaTH Tbicnq 3CKyAO, c rapaHTnpoBaHHow BbinjiaTOH Bceft cyMMbi OAHOBpeMeHHO no ero Bbi6opy, B BeHeunn HJIH
KoHCTaHTHHono^e».
Mbi yiviy6HjiHCb BO Bee 3TH noApo6HOCTH c eAHHCTBeHHOH i^ejibio npoAeMOHCTpHpoBaTb peajibHOCTb 3THX neperoBopoB H HaMepeHHH Onjinnna II B npeAABepHH MHpa B KaTO-KaM6pe3H. nocKOJibKy nocjie noAnncaHHH MHpHoro AoroBopa Bee nepeMeHHjiocb, 8 anpejin 1559 roAa 6 4>Hjinnn II TaK o6-bflCHaeT 3TO
repqory Ae Cecca: «Bbi BHACJIH, — nHineT OH, — qTO H BaM roBopHJi no noBOAy...
nepeMHpHH c cyjrraHOM... H Aenemn, KOTopwe H nocwjiaji BaM, qTo6bi HHKOJIO
CeKKO 3aHHMajiCH 3THM. nocjie 3Toro H 6MJI yBeAOMjieH HMnepaTopoM, qTO ero
nocjibi noAnncajiH nepeMHpne cpoKOM Ha TpH roAa MOKAy HHM H cyjiTaHOM, KOTopbiH HHKOHM o6pa30M He >Kejiaji AonycTHTb Moero yqacTHH B STOM nepeMH* Ha pacxoAw, CBH3anHbie c noe3AKOH, KOTopyio OH
AO6HOCTHM.

AOJIHCCH

npeAnpuHHTb no MOHM Ha-

102

FIocjieAHee uiecTMJieTHe lypenKoro npeBocxoACTBa: 1559—1565

pHH. DiaBHaa uejib, KOTopyio a npecjieAOBaji, ... 3aiuiioqajiacb B TOM, qTo6bi y6eAHTbCfl, He^b3H JIH H3BJieqb H3 3TOH 3aTeH KaKyio-TO nojib3y jym HMnepaTopa H
cro J\CJI: MHC upeACTaBjifleTCfl, HTO 3Ta uejib AOCTnrHyTa. B TO TKC BpeMH He^aBHO
6bui ycTaHOBjieH Mwp c KopojieM OpaHiiHH, TaK HTO MO>KHO o>KHAaTb, HTO TypKH, jiHuiHBuiHCb ero noMomH H He pacnojiaraa (Ha 3anaAe) HH OAHHM nopTOM,
Ky^a Morjia 6bi 3anTH HX 3CKaApa, HC pemaTCfl BbiCTynHTb npoTHB xpHCTHaH. TeM
6o;iee, MTO K 3TOMy cjieAyeT npH6aBHTb npeioiOHHbiH B03pacT cyjiTaHa, ero HCCJiaHHe, O KOTOpOM AOXO^HT CJiyXH, OTOMTH OT RCJ1, H HenpHflTHOCTH, KOTOpbie

Hero cMyTbi, B3aHMHafl HeAo6po>KejiaTejibHocTb H npHTH3aHHH ero
cbmoBeH»7. BWBOA: «oTMeHHTb noe3AKy OpaHqecKO j\e OpaHKHca H HHKOJIO
CeKKO, nocKOJibKy B STHX ycjiOBH^x OHH He CMOiyr HHqero npeAnpHHHTb HJIH
c^ejiaTb, He HaHecn 6ojibiuoro ymep6a HauieMy aBTopHTeTy». B opnrHHajie CKa3aHO eme CHJibHee: sin gran desautoridad nuestra. H 3TO 6buio OKOHqaTejibHoe
CJIOBO: OHjiHnn II, nojiyqHB CBo6oAy pyK Ha 3anaAe, OTKa3ajicn OT nonbiTOK 3aKJiioqHTb Mnp, qTo6bi He noTep^Tb JIHIJO. Tanan ero no3HriHH He ocTajiacb 6e3
nOCJieACTBHH.
B caMOM A^Jie, B HIOHC OHJiHnn II noATBepAHJi CBoe corjiacne c njiaHaMH MajibTHHCKHX pbirxapeH H BHqe-Kopojifl CHLIHJIHH HanacTb Ha TpnnojiH. B nHCbMe K
repriory OjiopeHiiHH c npocb6oH npeAOCTaBHTb /yia 3TOH i\ejm rajiepw, OH roBopHT: «IlocKO^bKy TocnoAy HaiueMy 6buio yroAHO, HTo6bi MHp c XpncTHaHHeHIUHM KopojieM OpaHriHH 6bui, HaKOHen, noAnHcaH, MHe noKa3ajiocb 6oroyroAHWM H nojie3HbiM RJIH Bcero xpHCTHaHCKoro MHpa ACJIOM, HTo6bi cojxepyK2LUiueCH Ha MOM cqeT B HTajiHH rajiepw He ocTaBajiHCb B 6e3AeHCTBHH Ha npoTHHceHHH
ocTaTKa jieTa, a npHcrynHJiH K npecjieAOBaHHio KopcapoB H o6ecneqHjiH CBO6OAy MopenjiaBaHHH... Ilo3TOMy n OAo6pH7i noxoA Ha TpHno;iH» 8 . IIOXOA Ha TpnnojiH — 3TO noxoA Ha /tpaiyra, KOTopbiH c 1556 roAa 6biji 6eHjiep6eeM ropoAa.
Ho c 1550 roAa 6buio H3BCCTHO, HTO ACHCTBHH, HanpaBJieHHbie npoTHB /JparyTa, o6H3aTejibHO Bbi30ByT OTBeTHyio peaKijHio TypoK.
Bee 3TO roBopHT 06 H3HaqajibHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 4>HJiHnna II H ero no;iHTHKH, HanpaBjieHHOH Ha noAAepncaHne npecTH>Ka, 3a pa3BH3biBaHHe BOHHW. 3Ta
OTBeTCTBeHHocTb TeM 6ojiee BejiHKa, HTO o6cTOHTejibCTBa cnoco6cTBOBajiH 3amiioqeHHio corjiauieHHH: «/],ejia cyjiTaHa O6CTOHT HeBaacHO, — oTMeqaji 4 A^Ka6pn 1559 roAa reprior AC Cecca, — H3-3a paenpefi Me>KAy ero cbiHOBbHMH»9; H CTOJib
ypaBHOBemeHHan jiHHHOCTb, KaK repiior AjibKajia, BHije-Kopojib HeanojiHTaHCKHH, nHiueT OHJinnny 10 HHBapn 1560 roAa, B MOMCHT, KorAa 3KcneAHriH5i npoTHB TpHnojiH ocTaBjineT ero KopojieBCTBO 6e3 6ojibiueH qacTH 3aiuHTHHKOB:
«HanoMHio B. B., qTO MOMCHT BecbMa 6jiaronpH5rreH j\j\n neperoBopoB o nepeCO3J\2LK>T JIJIH

MHpHH C CyJITaHOM, KaK H3-3a pa3HOniaCHH MOKAy erO CblHOBbHMH, TaK H BBHAy
TOrO, HTO npOBHHLIHH B . B . Hpe3BbiqaHHO B 3TOM Hy>KAaiOTCfl. B e e 3ACCb CHHTa-

K)T, qTO OHO 6bijio 6bi npocTO HCO6XOAHMO» 10.

Ebuia jm BOHHa c TypKaMH 6e3paccyACTBOM co CTOpoHbi HcnaHijeB?

103

Ho 4>HJiHnn II He TOJibKO OTKa3ajiCH HCKaTb nyTen K TaKOMy nepeMHpHio jyjm
ce6a, HO H o6paTH;icfl K HMnepaTopy c TeM, HTOGW OTroBopHTb ero OT noAnncaHHH yace noHTH 3aKjnoqeHHoro corjiaiueHHH. ECJIH BepHTb cjiOBaM BeHeiiHaHCKOro nocjia, ,H>KaKOMO CopaH30 ]1 , CTaTbH MHpa B OKT5i6pe eme He 6buiH nepe/jaHbi
B BeHeqHio, H Onjinnn II, K KOTopoMy 3a 3TO BpeMH o6paTHjiHCb 3a KOHcy;ibTaqneH, OTcoBeTOBaji npHHHMaTb HX; OH Aaace o6fl3ajicn npHHHHHTb cyjiTaHy 6ecnoKOHCTBO Ha Cpe/ui3eMHOM Mope, noo6emaji CHa6AHTb HMnepaTopa jiiOAbMH
H ACHbraMH, npczyio^KHji o6paTHTbca qepe3 nopTyrajibCKoro Kopojia K Baa3eTy
H nepcHACKOMy maxy; Kopone roBopn, npH6er KO BceM B03MO>KHbiM apryMeHTaM. He BbiroAHee JTH JUIH OepAHHaHAa 3aBjiaAeTb TpaHCHJibBaHHen, neM 3aKJiioqaTb MHp c cyjiTaHOM? noAo6Hbie coBeTbi, no Been BHAHMOCTH, naAajin Ha 6;iaroAaTHyio noHBy12.
ITpeBocxoflCTBo TypoK Ha Mope
nocTynKH 0HjiHnna II HMCJIH CBOH npHHHHbi H CBoe onpaBAaHHe.
CpeAH npHHHH cjieAyeT Ha3BaTb ACMo6HJiH3auHio cj)paHijy3CKoro (Jx/iOTa
IeHpHXOM II nocjie MHpa B KaTO. B K»KHbix nopTax OpaHijHH AO KOHija XVI BeKa
H Aaace no3AHee npaKTHHecKH He 6bijio BoeHHbix Kopa6jien, MTO HBji5uiocb j\ono;iHHTejibHOH rapaHTHeH MHpa, npoB03i7iaiiieHHoro Ha CpeAH3eMHOM Mope w
3a ero npeAejiaMH13. 3 T O A^Bajio ncnaHuaM CBo6oAy MaHeBpa.
OnpaBAaHHe 3aKjnoqaeTCH B TOM, HTO Onjinnn II eme He OTAaBaji ce6e nojiHoro OTqeTa B pa3Mepax TypeijKOH MOIIJH. EABa JIW OH Mor H3MepHTb ee Ha Mope,
TaK KaK JIa npeBe3a B nia3ax coBpeMeHHHKOB He Bbin/iaAejia 3HaqHTe;ibHOH 6HTBOH, a Kopojno OHa npeACTaBjiHJiacb ApeBHen HCTopnen; Ha cyme HcnaHijaM j\oBejiocb TOJibKO npHHHMaTb HHAHBHAyajibHoe ynacTHe B BoeHHbix ACHCTBHAX Ha
BeHrepcKOH rpaHHije, ecjin OHH BOo6u;e TaM 6bmajiH. Jlniiib ABa pa3a ncnaHixaM
(KOTopwe 6buiH pa3MemeHbi KapjioM V B 1534 roAy B KopoHe, a 3aTeM B 1538 roAy
B KacTejibHyoBO, rAe OHH BCJIH o6biHHyio rapHH30HHyio >KH3Hb c ee TpeBoraMH H
Bbuia3KaMH) npniiuiocb cpa^KaTbCH c EapGapoccon, BbrrecHHBiiiHM HX B 1534 H
noTOM B 1539 roAy. H o KaKOH ypoK MOHCHO 6biJio H3BJienb H3 3THX HepaBHbix
cxBaTOK Ha AaJieKOH nepn(J)epHH? To;ibKO B 1560 roAy Ha /JxcepGe H B 1565 roAy
Ha MajibTe HcnaHCKaa nexoTa CMorjia oijeHHTb cnjiy CBoero npoTHBHHKa.
npn6aBHM, MTO B CBH3H c pacnpeii MeacAy cbiHOBbflMH CyjieHMaHa T y p i n g
OKa3ajiacb BO BjiacTH BCHKoro poAa n,eHTpo6e>KHbix TeHAeHijHH, napTHKyjiapHCTCKHX yCTpeMJieHHH npOBHHUHH H COlIHaJIbHblX KOHCJXTIHKTOB. 4>paHljy3CKHH

nocoji ,3,e JIa BHHb nncaji B Hiojie 1559 roAa14 enncKony /JaKCKOMy, HTO Bee pa6bi
Ha CTopoHe M5iTe>KHoro cbma CyjienMaHa, Ba#3eTa. XOTH OH noTepneji nopaaceHHe OT Ce;iHMa, KOTopoMy 6bmo OTAaHO npeAnoHTeHne, 3TO He H3MCHHJIO nojio>KeHHH, TaK KaK Eafl3CT yKpbijicH B nepcHH H BHyTpeHHHH BOHHa, He ycneB

104

riocjieflHee inecrajieTHe TypeijKoro npeBocxoACTBa: 1559—1565

yracHyTb, rpo3H;ia nepepacTH BO BHCUIHIOIO. TypKH, KaK nHiueT /Je JIa BHHb B
ceHTH6pe15, «HcnbiTbiBaK)T HeBHAaHHbie Aocejie TpyAHOcra H3-3a CBOHX BHyTpeHHHX HeypHAwa». TaKHM o6pa30M, Onjinnn II Mor peiiiHTb, HTO HacTajio BpeMH
He AoroBapHBaTbCH c TypnaMH, a pacnpaBHTbcn c HHMH 16 .
JleTO 1559 ro/ja KaK 6yATO 6bi no/jTBep/jHjio e r o oacHAaHHH: B 3TOM ce30He
TypeuKHH 4>JIOT He yAajiHJica OT 6eperoB Aji6aHHH H oceHbio B 6ecnopaAKe BepHyjICH AOMOH, He npe/UipHHHB HHKaKHX ACHCTBHH npOTHB XpHCTHaH. OHJIHIin I I ,

HecoMHeHHO, CJIHIUKOM nojiarajica Ha TO, HTO TypKH He CMOiyr npHHHHHTb BpeAa 3anaAy, He onnpaHCb Ha noMoqb (J)paHqy30B. Be3 Hee TypeijKHH CJXJIOT AOJDKCH
6WJI AOBOJibCTBOBaTbCH crpeMHTe;ibHbiMH Ha6eraMH B pa3rap 6;iaronpHflTHoro
C e 3 0 H a . I l 0 3 T 0 M y , HeCMOTpfl Ha HHCJieHHOe MeHbUIHHCTBO, HCnaHCKHe MOpHKH

MorjiH 6bi oTBa^cHTbCH Ha aKTHBHbie onepaijHH 3HMOH, B KOHije HJIH B Haqajie
jieTHero ce30Ha, noKa npoTHBHHKa HeT no6;iH30CTH. DiaBHoe — He 6biTb 3acTHrHyTbiMH Bpacnjiox, oco6eHHO npH ACHCTBHHX B OTKPWTOM Mope.
/JeHCTBHTejibHO, HcnaHHH rpo3H;ia onacHOCTb c AByx CTopoH: c OAHOH CTOpoHbi, 6ep6epbi, BjiaAeBiune TeppHTopHHMH OT TpHnojiH AO Cajie; c Apyroii,
TypKH. 0 6 a npoTHBHHKa 6bijiH He3aBHCHMbi Apyr OT Apyra, 3HMOH OHH pa3JiynajiHCb; OAHaKO npH Hacryn;ieHHH ce30Ha xopouiefi noroAbi OHH coeAHHHJiHCb H
yKpemifljiH cnjibi Apyr Apyra. Bep6epcKoe npeAnpHHTHe B 3anaAHOM CpeAH3eMHOMopbe npoqBeTajio; AjiHcnp, HaxoAflmwHCH B ijeHTpe Marpn6a, poc H pacuinpjui CBOK) HMnepnio, npeACTaBJiHBinyio np^Myio yrpo3y jijin HcnaHHH. KOHCHHO,
3Ta «HMnepHH» He 6bijia o6pa3U,OM nojiHTHHecKoft CTa6njibHOCTH. Ee TeppHTOpna ocTaBajiacb noKpbiTOH 6e;ibiMH mrrHaMH HenoKopHbix npoBHHijHH, KaK,
HanpHMep, ropw Ka6HJiHH, HO niaBHbie Aoporn KOHTpojinpoBajiHCb BJiacTHMH.
Mbi yme paccKa3bmajiH, KaK ceAbMOH Kopo;ib AjDKnpa Cajiax-penc AOiiie;i B
1552 roAy AO Yaprjibi, a B 1553 roAy AO <J>eca. 4>ec 6bi;i cHOBayTpaneH, H iuepH(f>
B 1557 roAy Aaace 3aBJiaAe;i Ha KaKoe-To BpeMH TjieMceHOM. ripecjieAyeMbiH TypKaMH, OH OTcrynnji K CTOJiHije, HO Ha noAcrynax K ropoAy 6;iaroAapH CBoen MHOroHwcjieHHOH KOHHHqe H «a^bqaM»* — MopncKaM, 6e^caBiiiHM B MapoKKO, KOTOpwe yMejiH cTpejiaTb H3 apKe6y3bi, — ocTaHOBHji OTp^Abi IaccaH-nauiH, cbma
Bap6apoccbi. HTaK, Ha 3anaAe aji>KHpcKO-MapoKKaHCKyio rpaHHuy OKa3ajiocb
npome nepeHTH, qeM OTOABHHyTb. Ho Ha BOCTOKC ajDKnpcKOMy rocyAapcTBy B
1555 roAy yuajiocb H36aBHTbCH OT HcnaHCKoro rapHH30Ha B BeAHcane, 3aKpbiBaBmero BWXOA K Mopio. HaKOHeq, B 1558 roAy Ha ero AOJIIO Bbinaji orjiyuiHTe^bHbiH
ycnex B OpaHe.
C nepBbix jieT XVI CTOJICTHH, C 1509 roAa ncnaHiibi BCTIH BOKpyr OpaHa OCTOpo>KHyio nrpy H cyMejin B HecKOJibKO npneMOB npncoeAHHHTb T;ieMceH. 3TOH
noKa3HOH no^HTHKe, KOTopyio co3HaTe;ibHO H36paji rpac}) MapTHH AC AjibKayAe* BepooTCTynHHKaM (ucn.).

Bbuia JIH BOHHa c TypnaMH 6e3paccyACTBOM co CTopoHbi HcnamjeB?

105

Te, TeM He MeHee npHiiieji KOHeu, B 1551 roAy, KOiyja B TneMceHe 6bui pa3MeujeH
nocroflHHbiH TypeqKHH rapHH30H. OTHLIHC OH npeAcraBJiHJi HeH3MeHHyio onacHocTb JUIH OpaHa, H HTo6bi yMeHbuiHTb ee H noAHHTb 6oeBOH Ayx coji^aT, OrapHK J\OH MapTHH, El Viejo, KaK ero Ha3biBajiH B OTJIHHHC OT cbma, npeAnpHHsui
c BOHCKaMH, Ha6paHHbiMH qacTHMHO B AHAajiycHH, SKcneAHUHio npoTHB MocTaraHeMa, B ABeHaAUaTH MHJIHX K BOCTOKy OT OpaHa. JIHUIHB TypoK MocTaraHeMa,
MOHCHO 6buio 6bi pa3opBaTb HX CBH3b c T^eMceHOM, noTOMy HTO qepe3 3TOT nopT
nocTynajio Bee Heo6xoAHMoe juin HX ACHCTBHH Ha 3anaAe, BKjnoqan nyuiKH. FlpaBHjibHo npoBeAeHHan onepaijHfl npoTHB njioxo 3amHmeHHoro ropoAKa AOJi>KHa
6bijia yBeHMaTbca ycnexoM. OAHaKO MHoro BpeMeHH 6buio noTepjmo Ha o6yqeHHe HOBo6paHijeB B xoAe Bbuia30K B OKpecTHOcra OpaHa, nepenojioiiiHBiiiHx
BCK) CeBepHyio A(f>pHKy. K TOMy >Ke Cmapun npHcrynnji K CBoeMy Ha6ery c H3JIHIIIHeH MeA^IHTe^bHOCTbK) H OCTOpOXCHOCTbK). 2 6 aBiyCTa OH BbIHy>KAeH 6bDI

ycTynwTb noAaBJiaiomHM cnjiaM 3acTHrHyBiiiHx ero Bpacnjiox ajDKHpijeB H MecTHWX >KHTe;ieH, w 12 000 ncnaHijeB nonajiH B pyKH no6eAHTejien. Bee AOMa AJI>KHpa HanojiHHjincb njieHHbiMH, a Ha cjieAyiomHH TOA MHorae H3 HHX CMCHHJIH Bepy,
MTo6bi yqacTBOBaTb B noxoAe Ha Majiyio Ka6HjiHio c BOHCKOM laccaH-naiiiH 17 .
3 T H noApo6HOCTH noKa3biBaiOT, c KaKOH peuiHMOCTbio HOBoe TypeiiKoe rocyAapcTBO OTCTaHBajio CBOH no3HE[HH Ha 3eMjiHx MarpH6a. CTOJib >Ke xopoiuo H3BecTeH pocT ero MorymecTBa Ha Mope: Ha BOCTOKC npocTHpaBiueMCH j\o CHLJHJiHHCKoro npoxoAa, Ha ceBepe — j\o CapAHHHH, Ha 3anaAe — AO TH6pajiTapa H
Aajiee: «HeAaBHO TypKH HarpaHyjin c HeTbipHaAU,aTbio HJIH nflTHaAuaTbio rajiepaMH Ha AjirapBe, — nncaji 4 ceHTfl6pn 1559 roAa (j}paHny3CKHH nocoji B Jlncca6oHe HHKO 18, — H noxHTHJiH KaKoe-To KOJinqecTBO jiHDAeH. K MoeMy npne3Ay OHH
yace yn;ibuiH...» Eme GOJIMHHH ymep6 OHH npHHHHHJiH B KacTHjiHH H «noAH5ra B
KajiHce19 6e^biH (J>.7iar, BbicraBHjiH BCIO CBOIO Ao6biny A-flfl BbiKyna, TaK HTO Bee
njieHHHKH 6buiH TaM BbiKynjieHbi». IIOHHTHO, O KaKHX «TypKax» HAeT peqb...
H o ajDKHpcKoe rocyAapcTBO, caMoe CHJibHoe H3 6ep6epcKHx npoBHHijHH,
6buio He eAHHCTBeHHbiM. B BOCTOMHOM Marpn6e no aji^cnpcKOMy o6pa3u;y pa3BHBajiocb «Kopo;ieBCTBO» TpnnojiH, oco6eHHO nocjie Toro, KaK B 1556 roAy ero
B03rjiaBHji /IparyT. Pa3HHua, OAHaKO, 3aKjnoqajiacb B TOM, HTO TpnnojiHTaHCKoe
rocyAapcTBO Morjio cymecTBOBaTb TOJibKO 3a cneT rjiy6nHHbix 3eMe;ib, 6e3HaAe>KHO OTCTajibix H HenoKopHbix, oco6eHHO B o6^acTH ^apbeH*, acHTejiH KOTopon
6e3 TpyAa nepeKpbreajiH Aopora, no KOTopbiM H3 CyAaHa AOCTaBjisuiH 3OJIOTO H
pa6oB. He HMen BO3MO>KHOCTH pa3BHBaTbcn B CTopoHy MaTepHKa, TpnnojiH 6buio
BbiHy>KAeHO o6paTHTb CBOH ycrpeM/ieHHfl K Mopio; HCTOHHHK ero 6oraTCTB HaxoAHJICH no6^H30CTH, B CHIJHJIHH. 3apncb Ha CHLJHJIHIO, / t p a i y r yrpo>Kaji 3KOHOMnqecKHM ocHOBaM cymecTBOBaHHH 3anaAHoro CpeAH3eMHOMopba, hasta
*rapbHH.

106

riocjieAHee mecTn/ieTHe TypeuKoro npeBoexoflCTBa: 1559—1565

Cataluca y Valencia que morian de hambre, BiuiOTb flo KaTajiOHHH M Ba/ieHCHH,
KOTopwe yMMpaK)T OT rojiOAa, KaK nncaji B HIOHC 1559 roAa repijor Me^HHa
CeJIH 2 0 , BMqe-KOpO^b CHLJHJIHH H pbflHblH CTOpOHHHK 3KCneAHIJHH npOTHB TpHnojiM.

3KcneAHi^HH Ha

RyKep6y21

3 T O T noxoA nepBOHana/ibHo 3aMbiiujifljiC5i npoTHB Apyron qejin H HanpaBJieHHe Ha ,H>Kep6y 6biJio n36paHO nocjie p^Aa nepHneTHH, o KOTopbix MW ynoMHHCM TOJIbKO BKpaTUC
XoT5i peiueHMe 06 OTnpaBKe 3KcneAnn;HH 6bijio npMHHTO 15 HIOHH 1559 roAa,
KaK CBHAeTe^bCTByiOT npHKa3bi H HHcrpyKLjHH, HcxoAflmne H3 BpioccejiH22, OHa
njiaHHpoBajiacb 3aAOJiro j\o 3Toro H HC TOJibKO no HHHijHaTHBe Onjinnna II. Bee
OMCBHAUbi yKa3biBaK)T B 3TOH CBH3H Ha rcpijora Me^HHa Cejin, BHije-Kopojia
CHUHJIHH, n BCJiHKoro MarncTpa MajibTbi, >KaHa j\e JIaBajieTTa. O H H HaxoAHjincb B TecHon Apy^Sc 23 n o6a HMCJIH cneTbi c rpo3HbiM KopcapoM H3 Tpnnojin,
a HTO KacaeTCH >KaHa Ae JIaBajieTTa, KOTopbin 6bui B CBoe BpeMH BbiAaiomnMcn
ry6epHaxopoM Tpnnojin npn pbnjapax 2 4 , cjieAyeT HMeTb B Bnyjy ero «a(J)pHKaHCKne» BOcnoMHHaHH^i H caMOJiio6ne rocyAapcrBeHHoro JXCHTCJIH. OTBoeBaHHbin
Tpnnojin AOJi>KeH 6biJi B03BpaTHTbcn K ero op^eHy. ECJIH roBopHTb o XyaHe Ae jia
CcpAa, repuore Me/jHHa CCJIH, TO KpoMe 3a^aH no 3amHTe CHUHJIHH, ero o6ypeBajio >KejiaHHe noBTopnTb c eme GOJIMUHM 6jiecKOM yenex CBoero npeAmecTBeHHHKa, XyaHa AC Bern, 3axBaTHBinero ropoAOK Ac^pHKy B 1550 roAy. 06cTOHTejibcrBa, Ka3ajioci>, 6jiaronpHflTCTBOBajin 3TOiviy. Tpnnojin 6bui njioxo yKpenjieH, H
ero rapHH30H HacHHTbmaji HC 6ojiee 500 TypoK. /J,paryT, Bbmy>KAeHHbiH 6e3 KOHna BMeiiJHBaTbCH B ACJia MaTepHKOBOH rjiy6nHKH, OTnanHHO BpaacAOBaji c «KopoJICM» KanpyaHa, 3MnpoM IlIa66H5i, BOHCKa KOToporo, corjiacHO coo6meHHK) H3
JIa IyjieTTbi, HaHccjin ^ p a i y r y nopa^ceHne H MopajibHbin aBTopHTeT KOToporo
6biJi iipe3BbinaHHO BCJIHK, quasi come il Papa tra Christiani *, no cjiOBaM KaiwnaHbi25, BnaAaiomero B HBHOC npeyBejinneHHe. HaKOHen;, BcerAa MO>KHO 6buio pacCHHTblBaTb Ha nOMOmb «MaBpOB», KOHeBHHKOB, KOTOpbie He HCnblTblBaJIH CHJIb-

npnB5i3aHHOCTH K TypKaM, noTOMy MTO Te HX CJIHIIJKOM AOHHMajiH. Y repnpra MeAHHa CCJIH Gbuin cpeAH HHX CBOH JIIOAH (H Aaace COO6IIJHHKH B OKpy>KeHHH
^ p a i y r a , CBH3aHHbie c HCKHM /J,>Kac})apoM KaTaHHen). BnponeM, KaK npH3HaeT
ca\i repupr, HccMOTpa Ha iincbMa H 3aBepeHHH 3THX menxoB, paccnnTbiBaTb Ha
HHX 6bIJIO 6bl HCpa3yMH02b.
npeAcraBjiHTb Kopojno npoeKT HanaAeHHH Ha TpnnojiH B Bpioccejib OTnpaBHJICH MajibTHHCKHH pbin;apb, KOMaHAop fHMepaH. Reno 6wcTpo o6pejio peajibHOH

* KaK y nanbi cpeAH xpHCTHan.

EbuiajiH BOHHacTypKaMH6e3paccyACTBOMCOCTopoHbi HcnaHueB?

107

Hyio noHBy. 8 Man 1559 ro^a Onjinnn II 3anpocHJi AOKJiaA no HeMy y BHije-KopoH o AOKJiaA eme He 6bui oTocjiaH H3 CHIIHJIHH, KaK Kopojib yace npHHHJi peuieHHe27 H COO6IIJHJI o HeM repuory Me^HHa Cejin, nopy^HB eMy KOMaHAOBaHne 3KCneAHijHeH B nHCbMe OT 15 HKDHH H O6T>5ICHHB ero cjieAyiomnM o6pa30M: c OpaHqnen 3aKJiiOHeH MHp; HTajinio HCO6XOAHMO H36aBHTb OT CTOJib 6ecnoKOHHoro
coceACTBa; ACJia /Jpaiyra, BepHyBiiierocn H3 noxo^a B ropbi /JapbeHa H HaxoAflmerocH noMTH B KOJibue 6jiOKaAbi co CTopoHbi Bpa>KAe6Hbix eMy MaBpoB, O6CTOHT HCBa^KHo; HaKOHeu, jieTOM jierne ocymecTBHTb 3KcneAHUHio, noKa Kopcap He
yKpenHJi CBoe jioroBO. B CBoew HHcrpyKiniH KOMaHAopy BiMepaHy, AaTHpoBaHHOH 3THM >Ke AHCM, MOHapx Ao6aBjmeT, HTO B 3TOM roAy ecTb eme OAHO 6jiaronpwHTHoe o6cTOHTejibCTBO, OTcyTCTBHe 6ojibiuoro TypeiiKoro (J>jiOTa, o neM CBHAeTe;ibCTByiOT co Bcex KOHIJOB. Kopojib npe/jocraBHji B pacnopjDKeHHe Me^HHa
Cejin HTajibHHCKHe rajiepw, B TO BpeMH KaK HcnaHCKHe nojiynnjin npHKa3 BepHyTbCfl Ha poAMHy, HTo6bi 3au;nmaTb ee 6epera OT KopcapoB. Koiyja HX KOMaHAHp XyaH AC MeHAOca Bnoc/ieACTBHH OTKa3ajicn npncoeAHHHTbCH K SKcneAHLJHH 28 , OH Bcero Jiniiib BbinojiH5ui npHKa3.

JIH.

H T a K , B 3 K C n e A H H H H AOJI>KHbI 6bIJIH y M a C T B O B a T b TOJIbKO HTaJIbHHCKHe CHJIbI

(J)jiOTa Onjinnna II, rajiepbi CHIIHJIHH H Heanojin, HaeMHbie rajiepw reHy33U,eB,
TocKaHqeB, CHUHJIHHIICB, r e p q o r a MoHaKCKoro H coio3Hbie 3CKaApi>i nanbi H
opAeHa. 3 T H Kopa6jin, OCBOGOAHBIIIHCCH 6jiaroAapn Mnpy c OpaHinien, HeTpyAHO 6buio co6paTb B o6biHHOM MecTe, yAo6HOM nopTy MeccHHbi. Cjio>KHee 6bijio
CHa6AHTb HX npoBHaHTOM H, TeM 6ojiee, JHOA^MH. riepBOHanajibHO Onjinnn II
njiaHHpoBaji AOCTaBHTb Ha 6opT 8 000 HcnamjeB, H3 KOTopbix 5 000 cjieAOBajio
npH3BaTb H3 rapHH30HOB MnjiaHa H Heanojia H 2 000 HanTH B KopojieBCTBe
CHUHJIHA. 3TOIT> AOJI>KHO 6biJio 6biTb AOcraTOHHO BKyne c 1 000 HCJIOBCK, KOTOpwx THMepaH o6ecnenHBaji OT HMCHH MajibTbil2y. H o j\o Toro, KaK MeAMHa Cejin
y3Haji o peineHHH Kopojm, B cBoen 3anncKe OT 20 HIOHH OH npocnji ABaAuaTb
TbiCHM nejiOBCK, B TO BpeMH KaK AByx apTHJiJiepHHCKHX 6aTapen, no ero MHeHHK), 6bmo AOCTaTOHHO, BBHAy cjia6ocTH yKpenjieHHH ropoAa. 3 T H pacxo>KAeHHH B u,H(})pax roBop^T c caivioro Hanajia o pa3JiHHHH HaMepeHHH Kopojm, njiaHHpoBaBiuero CKopoTenHbin Ha6er B npeAejiax jieTHero ce30Ha, H BHije-Kopojin,
MCHTaBiuero opraHH30BaTb 6ojiee ocHOBaTejibHbin noxoA. COOTBCTCTBCHHO,
KorAa BbiHCHHjiacb HeB03MO>KHOCTb BbiBOAa HcnaHqeB H3 JIoM6apAHH (nbeMOHTCKne KpenocTH eme He 6buiH B03BpaiijeHbi), Kopojib HeMeAJieHHO, 14 HIOJIA 30 ,
OTAaeT npHKa3 3a\ieHHTb HX 2 000 HTajibflHueB, KOTopbix repijor AjibKajia TojibKO HTO OTnpaBHji H3 Heanojia B MeccHHy Ha 6opTy rajiep, npeAHa3HaneHHbix
A-flfl 3KcneAHu,HH. DiaBHoe, HTO cyAaM He noTpe6yeTC5i BpeMeHH, HTo6bi AOHTH
AO IeHyn H TaM 3arpy3HTbcn BOHCKaMH, KaK nncaji Onjinnn I P 1 , «Hy>KHO ocymeCTBHTb npeAnpHHTHe, noKa npoAOJi^caeTCH 6jiaronpHHTHbiH ce30H». nocnemaTb,
TaKOBbI 6bIJIH yKa3aHHfl KOpOJIH.

108

rioc/ieAHee mecrmieTHe TypeijKoro npeBoexo/jcTBa: 1559—1565

Ho Me^HHa Cejin npocHT yBejiHHHTb HHcneHHOCTb jiHHHoro cocraBa, H 3TO
3acTaB^^eT OKflHnna II noBTopHTb 7 aBrycra 32 npwKa3 06 ompaBKe HcnaHueB
con la mayor brevedad* H3 JIoM6apAHH B CHIIHJIHIO. TeM He MeHee CMepTb IeHpnxa II AaeT repqory j\e Cecca CBOKHH apryMeHT, HTo6bi He nocbijiaTb CBOHX
COJI^aT33. MOHCHO B 0 0 6 p a 3 H T b , KaKHe 3a^ep>KKH B HCnO^HeHHM n p H K a 3 0 B 6bL7IH

cB5i3aHbi c 3TOH nepenHCKOH MeacAy TeHTOM, HeanojieM, MnjiaHOM H MCCCHHOH...
10 aBrycTa /J.acoBaH AH/rpea JXopna. nHcaji Kopo;no 34 , HTO OH nopyqHJi AjibBapo
Ac CaH^e OTnpaBHTbCH c OAHOH rajiepoii B IeHyio, a OTryAa B MHjiaH H HcnpoCHTb y repiiora j\e Cecca, KpoMe HcnamjeB, ABe TMCHHH HeMijeB H ABe TWCHMH
HTajiMiHijeB, KOTopbix MOXCHO Ha6paTb B JIoM6apAHH. OTCiOAa HOBbie npo6jieMbi nepeB03KH Ha rajiepax, He CHHTaii o6fl3aTe;ibHoro conpoBOHCAeHHH cyAOB c
upoBHaHTOM B BHAe cyxapefi. 11 aBrycra 35 B MHjiaHe repnprAe Cecca, HaKOHeii,
npHHHMaeT pemeHne, yMHTbiBan, HTO oroBopeHHaa pecTHTyijHfl repiioraM CaBOHCKOMy H MaHTyaHCKOMy cocTOHJiacb. OAHano noTpe6oBajiocb 6ojiee Mecaixa,
MTo6bi o6emaHHbie OAHH BCJICA 3a ApyrHM OTpnAbi HcnaHCKOH, HeMeriKOH H HTa36
JIMIHCKOH riexoTbi npnGbijiH B IeHyio . 14 ceHTa6pn HcnaHCKHH nocoji B IeHye
<J>Hrepoa coo6maeT 06 HX norpy3Ke Ha 6opT HecKOJibKHx HaB H oAHHHaAUaTH
icuiep: «Bce 3TO OTjiHHHbie H 6jiecTnmHe BOHCKa. ECJIH He noMeiiiaeT noroAa,
OHH OTruibiByT Bee BMecTe, He Tepan BpeMeHH». H o 3TO 6bmo yace 11 ceHTH6pa!
B I Ieanojie apMHH crajiKHBajiacb c TaKHMH ace TpyzrHOcniMH H npoMeAJieHHHMH. 14 ceHT5i6p5i37 JlyKomu AHApea /JopHa coo6maeT, HTO opAeHCKHe rajiepbi
OTnjibiJiH B Heanojib, q-ro6bi norpy3HTb HTajibHHCKyio nexoTy, Ha6paHHyio TaM
pbinap^MH. HTO AO Hero, TO OH nocjiaji rajiepw B TapaHTO, qTo6bi BCTpeTHTb
3Aecb n^Tb HTajibflHCKHx poT, BbiAejieHHbix BHqe-KopojieM Heano;ifl B cocTaB
3KcneAHqHOHHoro Kopnyca, a 3aTeM B OTpaHTO, rAe OHH ACXTDKHM npHHHTb Ha
6opr nopox H HApa. H o HaKaHyHe OH nojiynHji nwcbMO OT BHije-Kopojifl, KOTOpbiH y>Ke He acejiaeT OTAaBaTb BbiiueHa3BaHHyio nexoTy, H6O OH «pacnojiaraeT
BepHbiM H3BecTHeM o npH6biTHH TypeijKoro (J)jioTa B cocTaBe 80 Kopa6jiefi B
BajiOHy, rAe Ha HHX norpy3HJiHCb 1 500 CHnaxH»M. 3 T O cpa3y Bbi3Bajio 6ecnoKOHCTBO /JopHa: «6;iaroAapeHHe IbcnoAy, ecjiH OHH BepHyrcfl n;e;ibiMH H HeBpeAHMbiMH...». TeM BpeMeHeM noxoA Bee OTKJiaAMBaeTca, u 3TO 6ecnoKOHTOnjiHnna II: «MeHH oneHb TpeBO^CHT HCXOA 3KcneAHriHH, — nHiueT OH 8 OKTH6pa39, —
nocKOJibKy HacTynHjia oceHb». 30 HOfl6pn JXOH CaHqo AC JleHBa, KOMaHAyioiirHH
CHIJH^HHCKHMH rajiepaMH, nHcaji H3 CnpaKy3, KyAa (JXJIOT HeAaBHO nepe6pajica:
«ii HeoAHOKpaTHO roBopnji repuory MeAHHa CejiH, HTO nepBbiM ycjiOBHeM ycnexa 3TOH 3KcneAHriHH RBJinercH 6biCTpoTa H HTO ono3AaHHe HaHeceT eft BejiHHaHIIIHH ymep6... Tenepb nowcKH cojiAaT H npoBH3HH pa3BepHy^HCb no BceH HTa^HH»40.
* B HanKpaTHawuiHH cpoK.

Bbma JIM BOHHa c TypKaMH 6e3paccy/jCTBOM co CTopoHbi HcnamjeB?

109

OneHb Ba^cHO o6paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha 3TH MeAJieHHbie npHroTOBjieHHH41.
Kor^a (JDJIOT, HaKOHeq, 1 AeKa6pn OTmibui H3 CnpaKy3, BOcnojib30BaBiiiHCb npoHCHeHHeM42, B HeM HacqHTbiBajiocb copoK ceMb rajiep, qeTbipe ra/iHOTa, TpH rajiHOHa (Bcero nflTbAecaT qeTbipe BoeHHbix Kopa6jin H TpHAijaTb iuecrb rpy30Bbix HecJ)OB43); Ha 6opTy OHH HMCJIH OTAecflTH ^o ABeHaAUaTH TWCHM nejiOBeK44,
6o;iee MHoroHHc^eHHoe BOHCKO, qeM TO, HTO AewcrBOBajio npoTHB A ^ P H K H B
1550 rofly, H ycTynaBiuee TOJibKO TCM apMHHM, KOTopwe AeftcTBOBajiH noA BOAHTejibCTBOM Kapjia V JIHHHO B TyHHce H Ajiacnpe. 3THMH pa3MepaMH o6-bflCHneTca Me,zyieHHOCTb ero pa3BepTbiBaHHH, HO 3aAep>KKe cnoco6crBOBajio TaioKe noHB^eHHe B aBrycTe y BajiOHbi TypeuKoro (J)jiOTa45. 3ppepa nojiaraeT, HTO ecjin
3Ta apMa^a, cocroflBiuafl H3 COTHH napycHHKOB, He npoABHHyjiacb Aajibiue Ha
3ana^, TO ee cAep>KHBajin rajiepw, co6paBiuHeoi B MeccHHe46. Ilo KpaHHen Mepe
MO>KHO yTBepacAaTb, HTO o6a (})jiOTa ocraBajincb 6e3 ABH^KCHHH Ha yAajieHHH Apyr
OT Apyra. TojibKO Kor^a TypKH B OKTfl6pe noBepHyjiH Ha BOCTOK, BHije-Kopojib
HeanojiHTaHCKHH corjiacHjicn npeAOcraBHTb nocjieAHHx cojiAaT, HeAOCTaiomnx
jjjin 3KcneAHUHH, KOTopbix OH ,zjep>Kaji 6JIH3 TapaHTO47. Tor^a xpHcrnaHCKHH
(J)JIOT nepeineji H3 MeccHHbi B CHpaKy3bi.
Ho penbyace He Morjia HATH O BHe3anHOM HanaAeHHH. B Kypce co6biTHH 6buia
BCH EBpona, TaK nee KaK H TypKH H Kopcapbi. /Jpaiyr yKpemiflJi CBOH no3HiiHH.
OpaHqy3CKaH HaBa, BbiiueAiuafl H3 Mapcejia 25 HOfl6pa, npHHeoia H3BecTHe, no
MeHbiuen Mepe, B MHJIOC, 06 scKa^pe, co6paBiueHCH B MeccHHe48, OAHH H3 KOpa6jien KOTopon, BbicjiaHHbin B KanecTBe pasBeA^HKa, 6biji 3axBaqeH oceHbio
/IparyTOM49. BeHeLuiaHCKan nepenncKa HanojiHeHa Tbicaqbio 6ojiee HJIH MeHee
AocTOBepHbix cjiyxoB50, H TypKH cneuiHO CHapaacaiOT B KoHCTaHTHHonojie CJ)JIOT,
HacqHTbiBaiomHH, KaK roBopHT, 250 eAHHHq. MaKCHMHjinaH 3aMenaeT H3 BeHbi,
HTO «o6 3KcneAHUHH TaK MHoro HaroBopnjiH 3apaHee, HTO y TypoK noflBHjica
noBOA H BpeMH, HTo6bi co6paTb He MeHee KpynHbiH (J>JIOT»51.
BbiTb MO>KeT, 3CKaApa OTnpaBHjiacb B njiaBaHne B ACKa6pe, HTOGM coxpaHHTb
3JieMeHT BHe3anHOCTH? Ho, KaK noHHMajin Bee MopnKH, 3TO 6buio 6e3yMHeM.
Tepuor, TeM He MeHee, 6yAyqn cojiAaTOM, a He MopexoAOM, HacToaji Ha CBoeM, H
(J)JIOT noKHHyji MeccHHy. HOHTH TOTnac ace OH 6bui 3acTHrHyT HeHacTbeM H 6biji
Bbmy>KAeH HCKaTb cnaceHHH Ha MajibTe. OnbiTHbie MopenjiaBaTejiH Morjin Top>KecTBOBaTb, noTOMy HTO HenoroAa Aepacanacb Aec^Tb HeAejib, AO 10 cf>eBpajifl
1560 roAa. Bee 3TO BpeMH 3KcneAHU,HOHHbiH Kopnyc CTpaAaji OT 3nHAeMHH, KOTopwe coKpaTHJiH ero HHCJieHHOCTb, e q e AO Hanajia BoeHHbix ACHCTBHH, Ha ABe
TbicHHH qejiOBeK.
BcTpena rajiep H HaB, KOTopwe oTnjibuiH no OTAejibHocrn, 6biJia Ha3HaneHa
no6jiH30CTH OT 3yBapw. HaBbi npnuuiH TyAa c ono3AaHHeM; rajiepbi HaxoAHJiHCb
3Aecb c 16 4>eBpajiH, nocjie Bbuia3KH Ha ocTpoBa KepKeHHa H ,3(>Kep6a, rAe OHH
3axBaTHjiH ABa Kopa6;iH, Harpy>KeHHbie pacTHTejibHbiM MacjiOM, MaTepn^MH H3

110

riooieAHee niecTmieTHe TypeijKoro npeBoexoACTBa: 1559—1565

Bep6;iio>KeH mepcxM — 6apKaHaMM, M npaHocxHMH52, HO ynycxnjiH ABa rajiHoxa
y/ibA>K-ajiH, Koxopbie 6e>KajiH B KoHCxaHXHHonojib H noAHHJiH xaM xpeBory. 3xa
Bbuia3Ka AaJia xaioKe B03M0>KH0cxb ,Hparyxy, npe6biBaBiueMy Ha ,3,>Kep6e, BOBpeMH co6paxbCH H nepeexaxb B TpHnojin. HexpyAHo AoraAaxbca, MXO xaM uapnvio
6ecnoKOHcxBO. Ha ApyroM KOHije CpeAH3eMHoro Mopa BeHeiiHaHCKHH 6an/i coo6maex H3 KoHcxaHXHHonojifl o npH6bixHH nexbipex rajiep /Jparyxa. «IbBopflx,
qxo KpoMe pa6oB OHH npHBe3JiH orpoMHbie 6oraxcxBa 3xoro /tparyxa, npH3HaK
xoro, qxo OH cnnxaex CBoe nojio>KeHHe oxnaHHHbiM. O H npocHX KaK MO>KHO CKOpee OKa3axb eMy noMoiub H yxBep>KAaex, qxo c HHM ocxajiocb He 6ojiee 1 500
xypoK; npn BCCXH o npnxoAe HcnaHijeB Bee Kopcapbi, 3HMOBaBiiiHe B TpHnojiH,
ynjibuiH Ha 15 Kopa6;iflx, He AoacHAaacb pa3peuieHHH...»53
ECJIH 6bi B axox MOMeHx xpHCXHaHCKaa 3CKa^pa axaKOBajia TpHnojin, y Hee
6buiH 6bi HeKoxopbie maHCbi Ha ycnex. OIIIH6KOH 6buio y>Ke BbinycxHXb /Jparyxa
c /t>Kep6bi, H6O rioKa OH 6bui SjioKnpoBaH Ha ocxpoBe, nexbipe COXHH xypoK,
cocxaBjiHBuiHX rapHH30H TpnnojiH, He MorjiH OKa3axb cepbe3Horo conpoxHBjieHHH, KaK npH3HaBaji no3£Hee r e p q o r Me^HHa CejiH54. H o BO Bxopoft nojiOBHHe
(J)eBpajiH (JDJIOX CHOBa 3acxpnji Ha OXMCJIH B najio, 6;IH3 3yBapw, M3-3a njioxoft
noro^bi; HOBaa 3aAep>KKa noBjieKJia 3a CO6OH HOBbie anHAeMHH H noxepn JIIOAen. 2 Mapxa OH noAHjui napyca, qxo6bi njibixb Ha/I,>Kep6y, HCCOMHCHHO noxoMy,
MXO /],paryx, KaK cxajio H3BecxHo, HaxoAHjicn B TpnnojiH; BMecxo ropoAa MO>KHO
6buio 3axBaxHXb 6oraxbiw o;iHBKOBbiMH H najibMOBbiMH pomaMH ocxpoB, ocxpoB MHoroHHCJieHHbix cxaA, mepcxH H OJIHBKOBOFO Macjia. Bbica^Ka 7 Mapxa
npouuia cnoKOHHO. B Hanajie anpejia KOHcyji JIOMCJIJIMHO yace AomiaAbmaji H3
MeccHHbi (AO KOxopoH xo;ibKO MXO ROUIJIZ. 3xa HOBOCXb): l'armada nostra* —
npHMeqaxe^bHoe Bbipa^ceHne — «B35uia/I,}Kep6y»55...
B caMOM ACJie, K sxoMy BpeMeHH r e p u o r Me^HHa CCTIH y>Ke ycxaHOBHJi B xop>KecxBeHHo-naxpnapxajibHOH o6cxaHOBKe BJiacxb HcnaHCKoro Kopojia B HOBOM
B^aAeHMH. Bo niaBe MCCXHOH aAMHHHCxparjHH OH nocxaBHJi H36paHHoro MM
meHxa; OH no3a6oxH7icfl o XOM, qxo6bi A>Kep6HHU,bi He noxepnejiH y6bixKOB M
npHKa3aji cojiAaxaM onjiannBaxb BCC, HXO OHH 6pajiH RJIH CBOHX Hy>KA. BnponeM,
npoAOBO^bcxBne npHCbiJiajiw Xac|)CHAbi H3 TyHnca H UIa66HH H3 KanpyaHa. TeM
BpeMeHeM Ha ceBepHOM 6epery ocxpoBa Hanajiocb cxponxejibcxBO c|)opxa, qpe3BbinaHHO 3axpyAHHeMoe xeM, HXO 3Aecb HeAOCxaBajio AepeBa, KaMHH H H3Becxn.
Ty3eMiibi He OKa3biBajiH HHKaKofi ACHCXBCHHOH noMOiHH, 3a HcmnoqeHHeM npeAOCxaBjieHHH Bep6jnoAOB. CjieAOBaxejibHO, Ha axnx xn>Kejibix pa6oxax npHxoAHJiocb ncnojib30Baxb jiHHHbiH cocxaB apMHH, cxpaAaBiuen ox jinxopaAKH. Me>KAy
xeM Han6o^ee npaKXHHHbie xo3neBa cyzjOB HanajiH 3aKynaxb Mac^o, jiouiaAen,
Bep6;noAOB, KO>KH, uiepcxb, 6apKaHbi...
* Hama 3CK2mpa.

Bmia JIH BOHHa c TypKaMH 6e3paccyACTBOM co CTopoHbi HcnaHijeB?

Ill

OAHOBpeMeHHO c HOBOCTHMH H3 Eep6epHH B Heanojib H CHITHJIHIO npnuiJiH
BecTH H3 JleBaHTa, H npHTOM Aypnbie. B Hanajie anpejin BHije-Kopojno Heanojin
crano H3BecTHO, MTO TypeuKan apMa^a BbiH^eT B Mope ropa3AO paHbiue, neM
O6WHHO. O H o6paTHjicH K Kopojno c npocb6oH co6paTb rajiepbi B MeccHHe, HMea
B BHAy npe>KAe Bcero HcnaHCKHe cyzja. ECJIH OHH H He CMOiyr ocTaHOBHTb TypoK,
TO BO BCHKOM cjiyMae noMeuiaioT Bbica^Ke AecaHTa H Bbirpy3Ke opyzjHH. TaioKe OH
Hanncaji repijory Me/jHHa CejiH, MTO6M TOT BepHyji o6paTHO npHAaHHyio eMy
Heano^HTaHCKyio nexoTy, AOCTaBHB e e Ha rajiepax B TapaHTO56. 21 MHCJia OH AeJIHTCH c Kopo;ieM CBoew o6ecnoKoeHHOCTbio: ecjiH nexoTa He 6y^eT nepeBe3eHa
o6paTHo, npHAeTCH npoBOAHTb Ha6op cpe^n HTajibHHijeB, a STO noBjieneT HOBbie pacxoAbi. EioaTOMy OH BbiCTynaeT 3a MacrHMHoe HJIH nojmoe B03BpameHne
3KcneAHijHOHHoro Kopnyca H Ao6aBjiaeT: «H npeAynpeAHJi (repupra Me^HHa
Cejin), MTO Ha MOH B3rjiflA, He CTOHT AoacHAaTbcn, n oKa npH^eT TypenKHH (J)JIOT,
B TO BpeMH KaK CHjibi B. B. 3aHHTbi Ha CTpoHTejibCTBe B03BOAHMoro B /].>Kep6e
(j)opTa». Hepe3 HecKOJibKO jxuePi OH y3HaeT OT nyTemecTBeHHHKa, npH6biBinero
H3 KoHCTaHTHHono^H, MTO TypeijKafl apMa/ja ABHHyjiacb Ha noMomb TpnnojiH 57 .
13 Man58 BHqe-Kopojiio craHOBHTCH H3BecTHO, MTO oHa y>Ke noKHHyjia MOAOH.
O H coo6maeT 06 3TOM 3CTac^eTOH B CHITHJIHIO H imieT (})peraT Ha ,3,>Kep6y. KopoJIIO OH nHiueT: «H nojiaraio, MTO 3CKaApa B. B. noABepraeTCfl HeMajioft onacHOCTH...». /toHeceHHe OT 14 MHCJia yKa3bmaeT, MTO TypeijKyio apMaAy, HanpaBjmiomyiocn B Bep6epHio, BHACJIH B Mopey/^aHTe 5 9 . H o Ha/J>Kep6e K3TOMy BpeMeHH
BCe 6bIJIO KOHHeHO.
B caMOM Ae;ie, CJDJIOT nnajiH-nauiH ABHrajicn c TaKOH ace CKopocTbio, KaK H
BecTH o HeM. 8 Ma5i OH HaxoAHjiCH Me>KAy MajibTOH H IOIIUO. O H njibiji no npnMon
Hpe3BbinaHHO 6biCTpo. PaccroaHHe Me>KAy KoHCTaHTHHonojieM H /I,>Kep6oH OH
noKpbiji 3a peKopAHO KOPOTKHH cpoK B ABaAUaTb cyTOK. FlepeA repuoroM, O>KHAaBiuHM yBHAeTb ero B HIOHC, OH npeAcraji 11 Mail. HaKaHyHe o ero npHXOAe
npeAynpeAHJi (J>peraT, npnnjibiBiiiHH c MajibTbi. H a / J ^ e p G e HHKTO He co6npajiCH BCTynaTb B 6OH. KaK roBopnji no3AHee HnpHHH, Bee nocMHTajin, «MTO jiyMiue
6biCTpo 6e>KaTb, MeM xpa6po cpaacaTbC5i» 6f). HeM o6-bHCHHTb TaKoe oTHOiueHHe:
«KOMnjieKCOM H e n O J I H O U e H H O C T H » , HeAOCTaTKOM XJiaAHOKpOBHH y K O M a H A H p O B

HJIH acejiaHHeM 6ojibiiiHHCTBa H3 HHX AOCTaBHTb B 6e3onacHoe MecTO noAHHTbie
Ha 6opT 3a BpeMH npe6biBaHHH Ha ocrpoBe rpy3bi? Ilo3AHee emumadop KHpora
yTBep>KAaji, MTO 3TH rpy3bi H 6buiH npHMHHOH KaTacTpoc})bi: He 6yAb HX, TOBOpnji OH, He 6yAb 3THX 6oraTCTB, KOTopwe Bee crapajincb AOCTaBHTb nepeA OTbe3AOM Ha Kopa6jiH, MO)KHO 6bijio 6bi nooieAOBaTb coBeTy BHije-Kopojia Heanojin,
61
H TypeijKHH 4>JIOT, npHAH B ^acepGy, y6eAHJicfl 6bi, MTO OHa A^BHO onycrejia .
OAHaKo H OTCTynjieHHe 6buio He TaKHM jierKHM ACJIOM. He acejiafl 6pocHTb
HaxoAHBiuyiocH e q e Ha cyme HTajib$mcKyio H HeMeqKyio nexoTy, HOMbio c 10 Ha
11 Man repqor noTepnji AparoueHHoe BpeMH. HayTpo, KorAa TypeijKHH CJ)^OT

112

IlocjieAHee iuec-Tunerae TypeijKoro npeBoexoACTBa: 1559—1565

noiueji B aTaicy, cpeAH xpncraaH cpa3y BoqapHJiacb nojman naHHKa62. HToebi ycKopHTb 6ercTBO, CTapajiHCb H36aBHTbcn OT Bcero, BKjnonaH npecjiOByTbie rpy3bl, TIOKH C UiepCTbK), KyBIIIHHbl C MaCJIOM, JIOma#eH, Bep6jIK)AOB, KOTOpblX Bbl-

6pacbmajiH 3a 6opT BMecTe c ocTajibHbiM 6ajuiacTOM. OAHHM H3 HeMHorax, KTO
OTBaacHJicn Ha conpoTHBjieHHe, 6bui Hnrajia, KOTopbiH npHBbiK K npeBpaTHOcTHM cyz*b6bi ^eBaHTHHCKHX nnpaTOB. O H yAepacHBaji npoTHBHHKa Ha noqTHTCJibHOM paccTOHHHH H B KOHije KOHIJOB OTopBajiCH OT Hero. Ho H3 48 rajiep H rajiHOTOB, KOTopwe BXOAHJIH B cocTaB xpHCTHaHCKOH 3CKaApbi nepeA 6oeM, 28 noTH6JIH H oqeHb MHorae nonajin B pyKH npoTHBHHKa. 3 T O 6bui HeBHAaHHbiw pa3rpoM.
HoBOCTb 6bicTpo pacnpocTpaHHjiacb B CHIJHJIHH, Heanojie, TeHye, HcnaHHH,
BO Bceft EBpone. B ABa qacayTpa 18 Man B Heano;ib npnimiH 5 rajiep, yuejieBiiiHx
BO BpeMH KaTacTpo(J)bi, Tpn noA KOMaHAOBaHHeM AHTOHHO TtopHH, OAHa — BeHAHHejuiH CayjiH H e q e OAHa — Gre(|)aHO Ae'Mapn. O H H MOIVIH noBeAaTb o neqajibHOM co6biTHH BO Bcex ACTajiHx. OTMCTHM, HTO Bee npnGbiBiune nepBbiMM
cyAa 6buiH HaeMHbiMH, H 3TO He c;iyqaHHO, ynoMHHyrbie rajiepbi npHHaA^excajiH
achenmucmaM, nacTHbiM jiHijaM, 3aiuiioqHBiiiHM AoroBopw, acbeHTOC, c HcnaHCKHM
Kopo;ieM, H, cjieAOBaTe^bHO, npH ;no6bix o6croflTejibCTBax 3a6oTHBUiHMCH o
coxpaHeHHH CBoero KanHTajia... IIOHTH OAHOBpeMeHHO npnnjibuiH H Apyrne 6erjieijbi, norpy3HBuinecH Ha (J>peraTbi HJIH e q e 6o;iee CKpoMHbie cyAeHbiuiKH. CpeAH 3THX CMaCT^HBqeB, 06MaHyBUIHX GAHTCTIbHOCTb TypOK, HaXOAHJIHCb /t^KOBaH
AHApea/^opna, KOMaHAOBaBiiiHH (JXJIOTOM, caM BHn.e-Kopo.7ib H HeKOTopwe H3 HX
JIIOACH, «qyAOM Ao6paBiiiHxc5i AO MajibTbi, a OTTyna — AO MeccHHbi»6\
OAHaKO HecicojibKO Tbicnq qejiOBeK ocrajincb B (J>opTe c 6o;ibiiiHM 3anacoM
npoAOBo^bCTBHH, KOToporo xBaTHJio 6bi, KaK roBopn^H, Ha roA. KaK cjieAOBajio
nocTynHTb? AJIOHCO AC Jia Ky3Ba nncaji Kopojno 30 HHCJia H3 JIa ryjieirbi — KyAa
HOBOCTb npnuijia oneHb no3AHO, 26 Man64, H BepoHTHO, H3 CHIJHJIHH: HecMOTpn
Ha npocb6y, aApecoBaHHyio eMy BHije-Kopo;ieM Heanoiui, OH He BHAHT BO3MOXCHOCTH Hcnojib30BaTb Ann noMoqw (J)opTy Ha /t>Kep6e Baccajia E. B., Kopojia
TyHHca (H OH 6biji npaB, noTOMy MTO TOT HaxoAHjica B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Typon).
ECJIH 6bi (J)opT 6bi;i nocTpoeH He Ha Mecre CTaporo 3aMKa, a B PouieTTe, rAe
BbicaAH^CH (JDJIOT, TorAa B pacnopHHceHHH ocaacAeHHbix 6bui 6bi r;iy6oKOBOAHblH n o p T H HCTOHHHK nHTbeBOH BOAblJ MO)KHO 6bUIO 6 b l n p o 6 p a T b C H K HHM.
ATaK...

Tepuor AjibKajia HeKOTopoe BpeMH npoflBJiHJi 6o;ibiiiyio aKTHBHOCTb H npeAjiaraji BceB03MO>KHbie BapnaHTbi ACHCTBHH. Y3HaB o cnaceHHH CBoero Kojuiern,
repupra MeAHHa CejiH, OH ycnoKOHJicn65. EIpaBAa, MeAHHa CejiH npHBe3 c co6OH qacTb cnacuieHOi OT pa3rpoMa HTajibHHCKOH nexoTbi Run oxpaHbi Heanojin
B o>KHAaHHH, noKa MO)KHO 6yAeT B03MecTHTb noTepn HcnaHCKHx CO^A^T Ha ,A>Kep6e c noMombio HOBoro Ha6opa B HcnaHHH66.

Bbuia JIH BOHHa c TypicaMH 6e3paccyACTBOM co cTopoHbi HcnaHueB?

113

OHJiHnna II, TO OH y3Haji o co6biTHH npHMepHO 2 HIOHH H3 IeHyH67.
EMy COOGIIJHJIH o noTepe 30 rajiep H 32 ApyrHx cyAOB68 H O B03BpameHHH JiHiiib
17 rajiep; u,H(|)pbi, KOTopwe 6ojiee HJIH MeHee cooTBeTCTByiOT AeHCTBHTejibHOCTH. IIocoBeTOBaBiuHCb c repuproM Ajib6on, AHTOHHO RC TojieAO, XyaHOM Ae
MaHpHKe H TyTbeppe JIonecoM Ae riaAHJibfl, Kopojib peuiHJi HeMeAJieHHO nocnaTb
B MeccHHy KaKoe-jiH6o BJiHjrrejibHoe jim\o jyin 3aMeHbi BHije-Kopojin, o cnaceHHH KOToporo e q e He 6bmo H3BCCTHO, a TaioKe HanpaBHTb B CHU,H;IHIO 5 000
nexoTHHijeB, KOTopbix cjieAOBajio Ha6paTb B Kajia6pHH, aprajuiepHio H 6oenpHnacw co CKJiaAOB B Heanojie 69 . XOAHJIH cnyxH, HTO Ow^Hnn II nonpocK/i y
(f)paHU.y3CKoro Kopojin noMOHb eMy CBOHM (JXTIOTOM...70 3 HIOHH OH Ha3HaMHji
ynpaB^HTb CHUHJIHCH AOHa Iapcnio Ae TpjieAO, B TO BpeMH BHue-Kopojia KaTaHTO AO

JIOHHH.

no3a6oTH.ncfl TaioKe 06 ona3aHHH noAAepacKH (|)opTy, B KOTOPOM, KaK Bee
eme npeAnojiarajiocb, AOJIHCCH 6bui TOMHTbcn repijor MeAHHa CCTIH. 8 HIOHH 6buiH
OH

nojiyqeHbi o6HaAencHBaiomHe BCCTH H3 CHIJHJIHH: BOT eme OAHH noBOA, BOCKJIH-

ijaeT Kopojib c BOOAymeBjieHHeM, HTO6W no6ecnoKOHTbcn o JIIOA^X H3 (J)opTa:
cnacTH Tex, KTO nocjiyacHji KopoHe, — CBHTOH AOJir71. O H HaMepeBajicfl co6paTb
B MeccHHe AO mecTHAecHTH neTbipex rajiep H npwKa3aji HajioacHTb 3M6apro Ha
TpwAUaTb 6ojibuiux HaB, BoopyaceHHbix 6ojibuiHM KO^HHecTBOM nyiueK. Ha KOpa6;iH BcnoMoraTe^bHoii 3CKaApbi, BO rjiaBe KOTopoH BCTaji JXOH Iapcna Ae Toil eAO, AOJDKHM 6buiH norpy3HTbca 14 000 qejiOBen: HTajibHHijbi, Ha6paHHbie Ha
nojiyocTpoBe H HcnaHijbi H3 JIoM6apAHH, KOTopwx cjieAOBajio 3aMeHHTb 3 000
alemanes altos, 3 000 cojiAaT H3 BepxHeft IepMaHHH. HaKOHeu, B IeHyio co6HpajiHCb AocraBHTb COJIHAHMH rpy3 nmeHHijbi AJIA H3roTOBJieHHH rajieT...
Bee 6bijio roTOBO. OAHaKO 13 HIOHH72 On/ninn II nojiyqHJi nncbMO OT ,3,OHa
TapcHH AC To;ieAO c co6meHHeM o TOM, HTO BHije-icopojib CHUJHJIHH cnacca 73 .
15-ro Kopojib Heo>KHAaHHO OTMCHHJI Bee CBOH pacnopjDKeHHH, 3aHBHB, HTO, no
H M e i O m H M C f l A a H H b I M , y OCa^KACHHblX AOJI>KHO 6bIJIO X B a T H T b n p O B H a H T a H a BO-

ceMb MecnqeB, a y Typeqicoro (JxnoTa — TOjibKO Ha ABa, no3TOMy OH He CMoaceT
npoAO^HcaTb ocaAy74. Bee npnroTOBjieHHH 6buiH OTMeHeHbi. OAHaKO npoiiuio
HeKOTopoe BpeMH, npeacAe qeM HOBbie npHKa3bi AOIIIJIH AO aApecaTOB, H Ha npoTHHceHHH 3Toro BpeMeHH /I,}Kep6a npoAOJiacajia ocraBaTbcn B ijeHTpe BHHMaHM.
GrapbiH KHH3b /(opHa npHCJiaji CBOH COBCT: no ero MHCHHIO, He CTOHJIO HanaAaTb HenocpeACTBeHHO Ha TypoK, He HMen AOcraTOHHoro nncjia rajiep. Jlyqme
6buio 6bi npeAnpHHHTb AHBepcHio B JleBaHTe. TeHy33CKaH CHHbopHH npeAJioacHJ13. onpaBHTb qeTbipe rajiepbi Ha noAMory (J>opTy. CnHbop ribOM6HHO noacepTBOBaji Ha c^ync6y HcnaHCKOMy Kopojno CBOIO; ecjiH 3Toro He noHaAo6HTca, OH nouuieT ee buscar su ventura*75. Tepqor CaBOHCKHH H3BemaeT, HTO y Hero ecTb Tpn
*HcKaTbyAanH.

114

nocneAHee iuecrajierae TypeijKoro npeBoexoACTBa: 1559—1565

rajiepbi, oAHa H3 HHX B nojiHOM nopHAKe, Ha BTopon HMeeTCH TOJibKO innypMa,
Ha TpeTbeft HHnero HCT, HO OH o>KHAaeT, HTO qeTbipe rajiepw eMy npeAOCTaBHT
(J)paHqy3CKHH Kopojib 76 . CTecJ)aHO j\e Mapn TOJibKO HTO KynHJi ABe rajiepbi y
KapAHHajia BHTCTIJIH H TOTOB AaTb HX Kopojuo HcnaHHH HanpoKaT. /JOMCHMKO
Hnrajia, reHy33eq, >KHBymHH B BeHeijHH H HeKor^a HaxoAHBuiHHcn Ha HMnepaTopcKOH cjiy>K6e, npe/yiaraeT CBOIO KaHAH^aiypy j\j\n OTnpaBKH B Typu,Hio H FlepCHK) 77 . Ha CHIJHJIHH repijor Me^HHa CCJIH Tpy/urrcfl c caM03a6BeHHeM. B Hiojie,
GjiaroAapn ero TmaHHio, Ha Bepcfrnx HaxoAHJiocb ceMb rajiep, CTpoHBiiiHXCH 3a
cneT EiajiepMo, MeccHHbi H Regia Corte *78. B anpejie y>Ke 6buiH cnymeHbi Ha BOAy
eme mecTb, KOTopbie AOJi>KHbi 6bijiH SaMeHHTb noTep^HHbie B /I,>Kep6e79.
HaKOHen, npwcKop6Hoe co6biTHe B onepeAHOH pa3 HJUHOCTpnpyeT xapaKTep
(J)paHKo-HcnaHCKHx oTHOiueHHH: npocb6a npeAOcraBHTb (j)paHU,y3CKHe rajiepbi
TaK H HC 6buia BHHTHO BbiCKa3aHa OT HMCHH Onjinnna II. KaK 3aMeqaeT MHKHejib B nucbMC K BCHeuHaHCKOMy AOHcy OT 22 HIOHA 1560 ro/ja, ncnaHCKHH Kopojib
He CTOJibKO HaAeeTCH Ha GjiaronpnflTHbiH OTBCT, CKOJibKO 6OHTCH nojiyqnTb OTKa3S(). 0 6 a rocyAapcTBa nHTajiH HeAOBepne H BpaacAy Apyr K Apyry- Onjinnn II
He3aAOJiro nepeA 3THM oTnpaBHji AOMOH cf>paHijy3CKHx cjiyncHTejien MOJIOAOH
K O p O J i e B b l . E r O n 0 3 H U , H 5 I B aHrJIHHCKOM B O n p O C e HHCKOJIbKO H e H 3 M e H H J i a C b .

OpaHqHH npoHBji5ieT HeMeHbuiHe KOJie6aHHH, XOTA HaHHHaiomHecH B KopojieBCTBC 6ccnopHAKH — 3HaqeHHe KOTopbix o6biMHO npeyBe^HMHBaiOT — noATajiKHBaiOT npaBHTejibCTBO TH30B K coTpyAHHHecTBy c HcnaHHen. OpaHijy3CKHH noCOJI B HcnaHHH O6T>5IBHJI Tbenojio, KaK TOT nepeAaeT 25 HIOHH Aoacy81, HTO OH

npeAJio>KHJi HcnaHqaM MapcejibCKne rajiepbi H BOHCKa, HO 3TO 6bmo 25 HIOHH,
nepe3 AecHTb AHCH nocjie OTMCHW OnjinnnoM II npeAnpHHTHH. B ceHTn6pe repqor Ajib6a He npeMHHyji HanoMHHTb 06 STOM: «...3a nocjieAHee BpeMfl, KorAa Mbi
noTepnejiH nopa>KeHHe npH /I,>Kep6e, Mbi HH pa3y He pemajiHCb nonpocHTb (y
(J)paHuy30B) HX rajiepbi A-Jifl ynacTHH B cnacaTejibHOH 3KcneAHU,HH, KOTopyio TorAa njiaHHpoBajio B. B., H6O HeoAHOKpaTHO nbiTaacb npo30HAHpoBaTb noMBy, a
TaK H He noqyBCTBOBaji c HX CTopoHbi TaKOH npeApacnojiOHceHHOcra, HTo6bi
nocoBeTOBaTb B. B. o6paTHTbCfl c 3TOH npocb6on. BpcMfl npouuio... H KorAa OHH
yBHAe^n, MTO HX noMomb He Hy^KHa, nocoji ABHJIC5I KO MHe H CKa3aji, HTO, ecjin
rajiepbi noTpe6yiOTCH, OHH 6yAyT CHapHHceHbi»82. OpaHijHH npoHBjiajia HepeiiiHTe^bHOCTb, a BepHee CKa3aTb, coxpaHHJia BepHOCTb npe>KHeH nojiHTHqecKOH
JIHHHH, H o 6 e C T O p O H b l H C n b l T b l B a J I H 3 a T p y A H C H H H , KOrAa H)0KHO 6bIJIO H 3 M e H H T b

ycTapeBuiHH noAxoA. OpaHqy3CKHH Kopojib no-npe^cHeMy noAAep>KHBaji KOHTaKTW c cyjiTaHOM, He >KejiaH jiHiiiHTbcn e r o Apy>K6bi83, H C aji>KHpuaMH, KOTopbie
cjiajiH K HeMy AejieraqnH H nojiyqajiH opy>KHe H3 Mapcejin 84 . TeM BpeMeHeM KOpojib TeHpnx HaBappcKHH, HJIH, KaK ero Ha3biBajiH ncnaHijbi, Mecbe Ae BaHAOM,
* KopojieBCKoro A«opa.

Ebuia J\U BOHHa c TypKaMM 6e3paccyACTBOM co CTopoHbi HcnaHijeB?

115

KOTopbiH, npaB^a, B 3TO BpeMH He 6bm y Bjiacra H Aaace noABeprajicn npecjieAOBaHHHM co CTopoHbi TM30B, crpoHji KO3HH B MapoKKO, npH ABope niepH(f>a85.
ECJIH BepHyrbCfl K ,3,>Kep6e, MO>KHO y6eAHTbcn, CKOJib OTAajieHHbie nocjieACTBHH noBjieKJio 3a CO6OH 3TO He3HaHHTe;ibHoe co6biTHe; 3a HecKOJibKO AHen
ero OTTOJIOCKH pa3HecjiHCb no Been EBpone. /I,a>Ke B BeHe, KOTopaa COBCCM HeAaBHO 6bijia nojiHa peuiHMOCTH pacnpaBHTbca c TypnaMH, npoHcmecTBHe 3acTaBHJIO 3aAyMaTbCH OepAHHaHAa H ero COBCTHHKOB 86 . Tpy/jHO noBepHTb, HTO npeCTM>K Onjinnna II npH 3TOM He nocrpaAaji, XOTH B nHCbMax nocjia Ero KaTOJinqecKoro BejinnecrBa H3 BeHbi roBopHTca, HTO KOHTpMepbi, npeAnpnHaTbie ero
rocnoAHHOM, noAHajin ero aBTopHTeT Bbiuie, neM Morjia 6bi 3TO CAe;iaTb noGe^a
HaATpnnojiH!
Ho 6bijio JIH BepHbiM c 3TOH TOHKH 3peHHa >KecroKoe peuieHHe, npHHHToe
KopojieM HcnaHHH, 6pocHTb rapHH30H Ha npoH3BOJi cyAb6bi? ECJIH MopaKH BCJIH
ce6a Ha/I^epGe c o6pa3n,OBOH Tpycocrbio, TO cyxonyTHbie qacTH AOCTOHHO BbinojiHHjiH CBOH AOJir noA KOMaHAOBaHHeM onbiTHoro cojiAaTa AjibBapo Ae CaHAe.
HaxoA^cb B ocaAe, OH noAAep>KHBaji CBa3b c BHCUIHHM MHpoM H euje 11 HIOJIH
noAaBaji BecTb BHije-Kopojno CHIJHJIHH 8 7 . BbiTb MO>KCT, cymecTBOBajin npnqnHbi nojiaraTb, HTO TypeijKaa apMaAa, ncnbiTbiBan HeAOCTaTOK npoAOBOjibCTBna,
6pocHT CBOKD Ao6bmy c npn6jiH^ceHHeM HeHacTHoro BpeMeHH roAa? Bnije-KopoJIIO HeanojiHTaHCKOMy A^JiH 3HaTb, HTO TaKOH BapnaHT He HCKJUOHCH, ecjin TypKH He CTaHyT o>KHAaTb roTOBamenca cnacaTejibHOH 3KcneAnn,HH xpncTHaH. 0 6
3TOM 26 HIOHH coo6maji ry6epHaTop JIa IyjieTTbi (KOTopbiH eme He nojiyqnji H3BeCTHH, HTO 0 H J I H n n I I OTMeHHJI S K C n e A H l J H I o ) , n p e A J I O K H B U I H H O p r a H H 3 0 B a T b

yTeHKy HHc^opManjiH H TaKHM cnoco6oM 3acTaBHTb TypoK AyMaTb, HTO npnroTOBJieHHH K HOBOMy noxoAy saTarnBaiOTca88. BeccnopHO, HTO Typen,KHe BoeHaHaJIbHHKH B 3 T O T MOMCHT H e H3T>aBJiajIH 6 o J I b U I O r O 3 H T y 3 H a 3 M a . B p e M H IIIJIO, H

HX noTepH 6bijiH BejiHKH. B Hiojie B KoHCTaHTHHonojib npnGbiJi npn6jiH>KeHHbiH
nnajiH-naiiiH, Haccy(J>-ara, KOTopbiH He cicpbreaji, HTO He BepHT BO B3aTHe c}}opTa89. TorAa >Ke TpeBO>KHbie HOBOCTH npnmjiH H3 llepcHH: uiaxyMep, a ero npeeMtJ0
HHK, KaK roBopnjiH, JIK>6HJI Eaa3eTa KaK 6paTa . B IeHye 15 niojia j\?OKe noaBHjica
(Bor 3HaeT KorAa, OTKyAa H KaKHM o6pa30M oTnpaBjieHHbin) TaK Ha3biBaeMbiH
nocoji Baii3eTa, KOTopbiH 6biji npHHaT y O n r e p o a H 6biji HM o6jiacKaH, npe>KAe
qeM npoAOJi>KHTb CBOH nyrb Ha 6 p n r e B Hninry 91 . TojibKO B HcnaHHH 3anoA03pnJIH o6iviaH.
Bee HaAe^KAbi OKa3ajincb TmeTHbiMH. XoTa TypKH H He crajin uiTypMOBaTb
cj)opi\ OHH 3aBjiaAejiH 6jiH3Jie>KamHMH KOjioAUaMH, orpaHHMHB 3anacbi oca>KAeHHblX BOAOH, KOTOpaH 6 b I J i a B U H C T e p H a X H H 3 - 3 a HIOJIbCKOH >KapbI O M e H b CKOpO

KOHHHJiacb. AjibBapo AC CaHAe 29 niojia nonbiTajicn CAejiaTb Bbuia3Ky, BO BpeMfl
KOTopon nonaji B njieH. Hepe3 ABa AHH (J)opT KanHTyjinpoBaji. TaKOBO oGi^HCHeHne caMoro njieHHHKa, B CBoeM nncbivie repqory MeAHHa Cejin OT 6 aBrycTa92

116

rioc/ieAHee mecrmieTHe TypeuKoro npeBocxoACTBa: 1559—1565

CBajiHBaiomero BCIO BMHy Ha coji/jaT: «ecjiM 6bi n Mor TaK ace nojiaraTbcn Ha JIIOACH, KaK KorAa-TO Ha Te BoncKa, KOTopbiMH H KOMaHAOBaji, MW OAepacajiH 6bi
BejiHMaHiuyio no6eAy 3a MHorne roAbi». 3TO 3a^BJieHHe HHKaK He BHHCCTCH C HeyAaMHOH Bbuia3KOH H 3acTaBjiHeT npHCJiyiuaTbCH K cjiOBaM By36eKa, HapncoBaBuiero HecKOJibKO no3AHee nopTpeT CaHAe B TypijHH: TyMHbiH, CTpaAaiomHH OAbiiuKOH, CKJiOHHbiH KyHbiHHio... HeTpyAHO npHHHTb BTaKOM c/iyqae eme OAHO o6i>flcHeHHe, npHBOAHMoe, B nacTHOCTH, y/typo 9 3 H CBH3biBaiomee BTopyio HeyAaqy c
njioxHM KOMaHAOBaHHeM. Ho caMoe npocToe o6i>HCHeHHe coAepacHTcn, 6e3ycJIOBHO B nwcbMe, aApecoBaHHOM Kopojiio H3 rjiyGwHbi CBOHX 3acTeHKOB B 1561 roAy94 /JOHOM CaHqo Ae JICHBOH, KOTopbin o6pyuiHBaeTCH Ha 3aHHHiijHKOB 3KcneAHIJHH: ABOHHOH npoBaji HBJIHCTCH HaKa3aHHeM rocnoAHHM. ECJIH 6yz;eT CHapnaceHa HOBan 3KcneAHU,HH, cjieAyeT KaTeropHqecKH npeceKaTb 6oroxyjibCTBO H
BBepHTb KOMaHAOBaHHe eio HacronmeMy Ao6poMy KaTOJiHKy... KOHCHHO, 3TO H3JIHHHHH n^eHHHKa, norpy^ceHHoro B noHCKH npHHHH CBoero Hecqacrba; HO noCKOJibKy penb HAeT o 3ApaBOMbic;iflmeM H ocMOTpHTejibHOM nejiOBeKe, nocjie
ocBo6o>KAeHHH BepHyBiuerocH K HanajibCTBOBaHHio HaA Heano;iHTaHCKHMH rajiepaMH, 3TO TaK>Ke H3JIHHHHH KaTOJiHKa XVI BeKa...
riocjie CAaMH cj)opTa TypeijKHH CJDJIOT Mor npeAnpHHHTb HOBbie A^HCTBHH.
J\yK. A. /JppHa, KpeHcnpoBaBuiMH Me^KAy MajibTOH H AcJ)pHKOH c noAKpenjieHHeM A-flfl JIa TyjieTTbi, y3HaB o KanHTyjiHU,HH, cpa3y noBepHyji Ha3aA, ocTaBHB Mbicjib
o HanaAeHHH Ha TpHnojiH95. B nopT Bouuia no6eAOHOCHa*i acKaApa nepeA TCM,
KaK OTnpaBHTbCH K ocTpoBy Ibiwo 9 6 , KyAa OHa npH6buia 13 aBrycra97; OTCiOAa
TypKH ABHHy^HCb B rpa6HTejibCKHH Ha6er — OHH nponjibuiH BAOJib 6eperoB CH98
UH^HH, rAe B35UIH AyrycTy , a TaK>Ke pa3opH;iH H COXCHIH AepeBHH H MCCTCHKH
Ha no6epe>Kbe o6;iacTH ASpyinjH99. OAHaKo 4 ceHTfl6pa npHiiuio H3BecTHe o TOM,
100
HTO OHH ocTaHOBHJiHCb RJISI noHHHKH Kopa6;ieH B JIa ripeBe3e , rAe IlHajiHnauia no;iyHHJi npHKa3 B03BpamaTbcn B KoHcraHTHHonojib, H 1 ceHTfl6pfl, BbicaAHB CHnaxH (KOTopbie OTnpaBHJiHCb o6paTHO no cyiiie), OTnjibui K Mbicy HasapHH. KorAa 3Ta HOBOCTb 6bui noATBep>KAeHa p^AOM AOHeceHHH, BHue-Kopojib
HeanojiHTaHCKHH nocneuinji pacnycTHTb BOMCKa, Bee eme CTOHBIIIHC B KpoTOHe
H OTpaHTo101. 1 OKTfl6pa IlHajiH-nauia c TpnyMCJDOM Boiueji B KoHcraHTHHonojib
Ha (J)jiarMaHCKOH rajiepe, BbiKpameHHOH B 3ejieHbiH IIBCT, 3a KOTopoft c^eAOBaJIH nHTHaAuaTb apKO-KpacHbix rajiep H npoHHe cyAa, cpeAH nyuieqHbix 3ajinoB,
npHBeTCTBeHHbix KPHKOB To;inbi, oniyuiHTe^bHoro rpoMa 6apa6aHOB H Tpy6. Ey36eK npHBOAMT onHcaHHe 3Toro TopacecTBa, AJIHHHOH BepeHHijbi no6e>KAeHHbix102, npa3AHHHHO yKpauieHHoro ropoAa, rAe xpHcraaHe KaKoe-TO BpeMH He
MOHIH qyBCTBOBaTb ce6n B 6e3onacHOCTH...
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TypoK B TpHnojiH CTajia KaK HHKorAa npoHHOH. XpHCTHaHCKHH MHp npe6biBaji B

Bbuia JIH BOMHa c TypicaMH 6e3paccyACTBOM co CTopoHbi HcnanueB?

117

TpeBore: e/jBa TypeiTKafl apMa^a noKHHyjia 6epera HTajiHH, KaK 3Aecb 3aroBopnJIH o B03Mo>KHbix GCACTBHHX, KOTopbiMH 6yAeT conpoBOHCAaTbcn ee B03BpameH H C . nepe3 roA- Tepuor MoHTejieoHe H BHije-Kopojib HeanojiH B OAHH TOJIOC
npe^BemaiOT Ha 1561 TOR noxoA cyjiTaHa npoTMB JIa ryjieiTbi 104 ! Kor^a B BeHe
28 ACKaGpn105 y3HaiOT o TOM, HTO TypKM HaMepeBaioTCH CHapaAHTb 120 rajiep,
MecTOM HX Ha3HaneHHH CHOBa BOo6paacaiOT JIa TyjieTTy. 3Ty HaBA3HHByio M^eio
noAnHTbiBaeT TaioKe Aep30CTb KopcapoB, BOOAymeBJieHHbix no6eAOH HC^aMa.
HecMOTpn Ha 3HMHee BpeMH, OHH Ae-rcaiOT peiiAbi BnjiOTb j\o TocKaHbi106. HcnaHCKoe H HTajibHHCKoe no6epe>Kbe nocraBjieHbi noA pyncbe107. B KoHcraHTHHonojie roBop^T, HTO HcnaHqeB TaK ycTpauiHji ypoK, nojiyneHHbiH HMH Ha ,ZJ>Kep6e,
HTO OHM roTOBbi noKHHyTb OpaH 108 .
JXo 3Toro ACTIO e q e He AOIUJIO, HO ABOHH2LH KaTacTpocJ)a n p n ,3,>Kep6e ACHCTBHTe;ibHO 3acTaBHJia HcnaHueB 3aAyMaTbcn. BjiHHTejibHbie Be;ibMO>KH H caMbie
HHHTOHCHbie Hcno^HHTe^H ULJHOT CBOH npeAJio>KeHHH B Ma^pHA, H name Bcero
HX HAen KJioHHTca K TOMy, HTO Kopojib He cMOtfceT 3amHTHTb 6epera CBOHX cpeA H 3 e M H O M O p C K H X B J i a A e H H H , H e p a C n O ^ a r a H MOIIHlblMH B O e H H O - M O p C K H M H CH-

jiaMH. n o MHeHHio repijora Ajib6bi109, cjieAyeT TaioKe ycHJiHTb rapHH30Hbi B MTaJIHH (B caMOM ACJie HeAOCTaTOHHbie; Mbi BHACJIH, KaK CJIOHCHO 6buio nepnaTb OTTyAa pe3epBbi), HX MajiOHHOieHHocrb H noTepH nocjie /J,>Kep6bi HCCOMHCHHO
ycHJiHjiH HaKaji O>KHBHBUIHXCH oceHbio HTajibHHCKHX HHTpnr n o . H o niaBHoe, yKpen H T b CBOH n 0 3 H I T H H H a M O p e .

He BceM 3TO HCHO: Koe-Koro Bee eme BOjmyioT HcmnoHHTejibHO o6opoHHTejibHbie Mepw Ha cyme, HanpHMep, r e p u p r A'AjibKajia 03a6oneH CTpoHTejibCTBOM
yKpenjieHHH Ha ocrpoBax HBHca H MeHopKa, KOTopwe coBepnieHHO HX jiniuein
HW . Ho ecTb H 6o;iee CBeTjibie yMbi. B CBOCM HecKOJibKO HanbimeHHOM nncbMe
OT 9 HIOJIH 1560 roAa repijor MeAHHa CCTIH yTBep>KAaeT: «Hy>KHO H3Bjienb cnjiy
H3 Hauien cjia6ocTH, H nycTb B. B. npoAacT Hac Bcex c noTpoxaMH, MCHH nepBOro, HO OHO AO^HCHO CTaTb XO3HHHOM Ha Mope. TorAa OHO o6ecnenHT noKOH H
6e3onacHOCTb, H 3aujHTHT CBOHX noAflaHHbix, HHane Bee noiiAeT npaxoM» 112 .
Secor del mar*: 3TH cjiOBa nacTO BWXOAHT H3-noA nepa BHiie-Kopojin CapAHHHH,
AjibBapo AC MaApnrajib, KOTopbiH TO npH3braaeT Kopojia CAejiaTbcn TaKOBbiM,
TO paAyeTCH cooTBeTCTByiomeMy ero HaMepeHHio, «H6O STO Heo6xoAMMO j\jin
CnOKOHCTBHH XpHCTHaHCKOrO M H p a H JlJISi COXpaHCHHH e r O B J i a A e H H H »

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TOJiKyioT nepeA Kopo;ieM TorAaace, B 1560 roAy, AOKTop XyaH Ae CenyjibBeAa114 H
cyMac6poAHbiH AOKTop BycKbH, MajiOH3BecTHbiH HcnaHCKHH areHT B Pary3e, OAHH
H3 Tex ocBeAOMHTejiefi, KTO 3apa6aTbiBaeT Ha >KH3Hb nocTpoHHo H nosTOMy nacTO nepeAaeT Ka6au,KHe cnjieTHH... n5

* X03HMH MOpH.

118

riocjieAHee iuecTHjieTHe TypeuKoro npeBoexoACTBa: 1559—1565

Pa3HbiMH H B Ka^KAOM cjiynae HanGojiee npnBbiHHbiMH j\j\a ce6n nyTHMH MenTbi AHnjioMaTOB ycTpeMjiHiOTCH K OAHOMy H TOMy nee npeAMeTy. B iieHTpe Bcex
npoeKTOB HaxoAHTCH BeHeuHn: B TO BpeMH, KaK xpncTnaHCKHH MHp o6peTacTCH
B njianeBHOM COCTOAHHH, OAHa BeHeijHfl — H no3AHee 3TOT Te3HC nojiyHHT noATBep>KACHHe — MO>KCT BepHyTb 3anaAy rocnoACTBo Ha Mope. Y Tex, KTO 6biJi xopomo 3HaKOM c 3roHCTMMecKOH HaTypoft HTajib^HCKoro ropoAa, noAo6Hbie pe^H
Bbi3biBajiH yjibi6Ky. FlpeA^aBjiHeMbie K HeMy Tpe6oBaHMH 6buiH paBH03HanHbi
npeA^io>KeHMio 3aKpbiTb jiaBOMKy. H o Ha 6y\iare 3TH TpyAHOCTH 6buiH jierno npeOAOjiHMbi. FpacJD AC JlyHa 8 OKTH6PH Bbipa>KaeT CBoe MHeHHe B BeHe: «A^IH B. B.
6buio 6bi Hpe3BbinaHHo no;ie3HO BO3O6HOBHTB jinry, B KOTopoft BeHeijHaHijbi
(HCKorAa) COCTOHJIH BMecTe c HMnepaTopoM, MOHM rocnoAHHOM, Aa xpaHHT Bor
ero Ayiuy.»11(). lloxo>Ke, HTO B PHMC HACA aHTHTypeijKOH jiHrn, BmnonaioineH
BeHeqHio, B caMOM j\ejie o6cy>KAajiacb B XOAC 6eceA HOBoro nanbi, I I H H IV, H AOHa
XyaHa Ae CyHbHrH, B TO BpeMfl npeACTaBjiHBiuero 3Aecb HHTepecbi Onjinnna II
BMecTe co CBOHM 6paTOM, KOMaHAopoM KacTHjiHH. «B ApyroM nncbMe, — o6pamaeTCH Onjinnn K O6OHM 6paTbHM, — n OTBenaio Ha Te coo6pa^ceHHH, KOTopbie
Bbi, JXOH XyaH Ae CyHbnra, MHe npncjiajin, H BbiCKa3biBaio CBOC MHCHHC no noBOAy Baiuen 6eceAbi c Ero CBHTenmecTBOM OTHOCHTejibHO jinrn c BeHeiiHaHUiaMH
npoTHB TypoK. 3Aecb H xony oco6o yBeAOMHTb Bac O6OHX O npeA-Jio>KeHHflx no
3TOMy H<e noBOAy, (cAejiaHHbix OT HMCHH repuoraYpGHHCKoro H nepe3 Pyn ToMeca), rpac}}a JlaHApnaHo, KOTopbin 6epeTcn ycrpoHTb 3TOT COK>3, ec;iH H Toro no>Ke^aio. R OTBeTHji eMy, HTO 6biji 6bi cnacTJiHB coAencTBOBaTb TaKOMy SoroyroAHOMy H HanpaBjicHHOMy Ha 6;iaro Bcex xpncTHaH AeJiy. B 3TOT MOMCHT nocjieAOBajia KOHMHHa Ao>Ka Ha3BaHHon Pecny6jiHKH, npeAinecTBeHHHKa HbiHeiimero
(TaKHM o6pa30M, npeAnpHHTHe 6bijio 3aTe5mo AO 17 aBiycTa 1559 roAa). TorAa A
OTJIO>KHJI 3TH neperoBopbi Ha HecKOJibKO AHen. H o rpacj) JlaHApwaHo cKa3aji MHe,
HTO repuor cHOBa 3aiiMeTCfl 3THM» 1 1 7 .
HTaK, KaTacTpoc})a B ,ZJ>Kep6e OKa3ajiacb B CBOCM poAe nojie3HOH. OHa yica3ajia HMnepHH OnjiHnna II ee cpeAH3eMHOMopcKHe 3aAa^H. OHa 3acTaBHjia npeAnpnHHTb OTBeTHbie AencTBHH. ,H>Kep6a B 1560 roAy 6buia Bbicmen TOHKOH OCMaHCKoro MorymecTBa. 3 T O 03HanaeT, MTO nocjie 1560 roAa OHO noiujio Hay6bijib.
Ho 3TO npoHexoAHJio HC no BHHe TypoK, a BCJICACTBHC orpoMHoro MopcKoro
CTpoHTe^bCTBa, pa3BepHyBiueroc5i c 3Toro roAa, HannHaii OT najiepMO n MeccHHbi, no BceM 3anaAHbiM 6eperaM HTajiHH H no BceMy cpeAH3eMHOMopcKOMy no6epe^cbio HcnaHHH.

119

HcnaHCKHH peBaniu

2. HCIIAHCKHH PEBAHin
HcnaHHH HC CMorjia 6bi BOccraHOBHTb CBOH CHjibi, He npcAOcraBb TypKH CBOeMy npoTHBHHKy HHneM He o6-bHCHHMOH nepeAbiuiKH. H H B 1561, HH B 1562, HH
B 1563 roAy TypeqKHH CJDJIOT He npeAnpHHHMaji nojiHOMacurra6Hbix ACHCTBHH.
Ha npoTHHceHHH MeTbipex jieT noAp^A crpaxH 3ahaAHOxpHCTHaHCKoro MHpa
OKa3biBajiHCb 6ecnoMBeHHbiMH. HeTbipe roAa noAp^A noBTopjuiacb OAHa H Ta
>Ke KOMeAHHI 3 H M H H e A O H e c e H H f l T B e p A H J I H — T y p K H BOOpy^CaiOTCH, OHH TOTOBbl

K

BbiCTynjieHHK), orpoMHan TypeijKafl apMHH

BOT-BOT

o6pyniHTCH Ha Jla IyjieTTy

H C a p A H H H K ) . J l e T O M CHOBa BbICKa3bIBaiOTC5I C a M b i e H C B e p O H T H b l C O n a C C H H H ,

KOTopbie BCKope pa3BenBaioTCH. nocjie 3Toro HanaTbie 3HMOH o6opoHHbie nporpaMMbi MO>KHO yace He AOBOAHTb AO KOHixa, 6paTb HOBbie KpeAHTbi, pacnycTHTb
BOHCKa, HC 3aHHMaTbCH HX nepcAHCJioKaijHeH, He Ha6npaTb HOBbie. BjiaroAapa
HajiHMHio 6ecHHCJieHHbix AOKyMCHTOB, HaM OMCHb jierKO npocjieAHTb 3TOT AByx(})a3HbiH pHTM HcnaHCKOH no^HTHKH Ha CpeAH3CMHOM Mope, HanoMHHaiomHH
qepeAOBaHHe BAOXOB H BWAOXOB.
IlepHOfl c 1561 n o 1564 r o #
noHBHTCH JIH TypeqKaii apMaAa B 1561 roAy? CyMpaMHofi 3HMOH 1560—1561 roAOB, KorAa MHorHC MCCTHOCTH crpaAajiH OT HexBaTKH xjie6a 118 , a B ApyrHx CBHpencTBOBajia MyMally, BCHKHH 6bui CKJIOHCH noBepHTb B 3TO, noA CBOKHM BneqaT^eHHCM KaTacTpo(J)bi B ,H>Kep6e. HeKHH pary3CKHH cojiAaT BeAeT no Aopore
6eceAbi co CBOHM cnyTHHKOM-cj)paHn,y30M, B03BpamaiomHMC5i H3 KoHcraHTHHOno;iH. npH6biB AOMOH B AHBape 1561 roAa pary3aHeq yTBep>KAaeT, MTO, no CJIOBaM c})paHuy3a, TypeijKaH apMHa HACT Ha3aA H3 nepcHH H MTO B 3TOM roAy TypKH
BbicTaBHT importantissima* apMaAy120. Bnqe-Kopojib Heanojia, o6o6ma# nocrynaiomne K HeMy CBeAeHHH, 5 HHBapn npnxoAHT K yBepeHHOCTH, MTO apMaAa BbiCTynHT OMeHb cKopo. B TeMeHHe ABaAUaTH-TpnAUaTH AHen OH co6npaeTC5i npnHHTb Mepbi no ycHJieHHio GAHTejibHocTH 6eperoBOH oxpaHbi. ByAyT JIH npncjiaHbi K HeMy o6emaHHbie ncnaHijbi? YcneeT JIH npHroTOBHTbcn Jla IyjieTTa?121 Mecsm, cnycTH BHije-Kopojib CHUHJIHH nojiaraeT, MTO OpaH w Jla IyjieTTa HaxoA^TCfl
noA yrpo30H HamecTBHfl TypeijKoro (Jx/iOTa (11 (})eBpajifl)122. HTO y>K roBopHTb o
Bbuia3Kax aji>KHpqeB, B Bbiciueft CTeneHH BepoaTHbix H HacTOJibKO onacHbix, MTO
28 (J)eBpajiH OHJinnn II He AaeT BHiie-Kopojno MajibopKH HcnpomeHHoro HM
pa3pemeHHfl noKHHyTb ocTpoB 12 \ /JoHeceHHe c Kopcf>y, AarapoBaHHoe 30 MapTa (B Heanojie ero nojiyMaiOT 2 Maa), CHOBa H3BcmaeT o noHBjieHHH TypeijKOH
3CKaApbi B cocTaBe 100 rajiep 124 , H AHTOHHO /JopHa, coBepmaiomHH B anpe;ie
* OneHb BHyiunTe;ibHyio.

120

IlocjieAHee mecTHjieTue TypeijKoro npeBoexoACTBa: 1559—1565

noe3AKy Ha JIa IyjieTry, onacaeTca CTO^KHOBCHHH B Mope c KopcapaMH, KOTopbie
B o>KHAaHHH TypeijKoro (J)jiOTa MOiyr OTBa>KHTbca Ha oca/iy rapHH30Ha125. IlepBoe coo6meHHe H3 KoHCTaHTHHonojia o TOM, HTO TypKH miaHHpyioT TOJibKO 3amHTy 6eperoB JleBaHTa He6ojibiiiOH 3CKajipoH, OTHOCHTCH K 9 anpejia 1561 ro/xa12b.
B Heanojib 3Ta HOBOCTb, B AajibHeHineM no/iTBep>K7ieHHaa pa3HOo6pa3HbiMH
HCTOHHHKaMH127, nocTynHjia He paHee HIOHH, H /JO Tex n o p xpwcTHaHe ycHJieHHp
roTOBHJiHCb K o6opoHe. Pa/i Tpe6oBaHHH, nocTynHBiiinx H3 JIa TyjieTTbi H Kacalomnxca qwcTepH H apTHjijiepnn 128 , 6bijiH y/iOBjieTBopeHbi B anpejie-HioHe. B Mae
BHue-Kopojib Heanojia eme npocnji y nanbi pa3peuiHTb MapicaHTOHHO KOJIOHHC
yqacTBOBaTb B oacH/xaeMOH 3auxHTe Heanojia 129 . OAHaKO, CTOHT JIH Bxo/iHTb B
nOApo6HOCTH (|)yHKIlHOHHpOBaHHa rpOM03AKOH BOeHHO-nOJIHTHHeCKOH MaiUH-

Hbi, KOTopaa, BnponeM, pa6oTajia 6ojiee cjiaaceHHO, neM o6biqHO nojiaraiOT HCTOpHKH?
ECJIH cjie^HTb 3a coGbrraaMH, npoHCXo/iHBiiiHMH B Heanojie, TO 3/jecb OT6OH
6WJI AaH TOJibKO B aBiycTe, Kor/xa 6bijiH pacnymeHbi HTajibaHCKHe OTpa/ibi, OTBenaiomne 3a oxpaHy no6epe>Kba130. B HcnaHHH TpeBora yjierjiacb B Hanajie ceHTa6pa: «Tenepb, Kor/xa ce30H 3aKOHHHJica H TypeiXKaa onacHOCTb MHHOBajia», KaK
nHiueT H3 Ma/jpH/ja enHCKon JIHMOJKCKHH 5 ceHTa6pa 131. Bbiiue/iiiiHH B HIOHC H3
KoHCTaHTHHonojia TypeinoiH (JXTIOT B cocTaBe naTH AecaTKOB rajiep orpaHHHHjica cneuiHbiM nepexo/iOM H3 KoHCTaHTHHonojia B MOJIOH H o6paTHO. O H noKHHyji MOAOH B Haqajie Hiojia H 19 aBiycTa oTnjibui H3 ,ZI,3aHTe CHOBa B KoHCTaHTHHonojib132. HCM o6-bacHaeTca 3Ta CKpoMHOCTb H 6ecnoMom,HOCTb?
HMeiomneca B HameM pacnopa>KeHHH HCTOHHHKH no3BOJiaiOT jinuib CTpoHTb
Aora/iKH H npeAnojio>KeHHa. JlBHjiHCb JIH npHHHHOH B onepe/iHOH pa3 co6biTHa
B IlepcHH, KaK CKa3aHo B nncbMe EyacTsne, a/ipecoBaHHOM EKaTepHHe Me/JHHH
H3 BeHeuHH 7 HioHa 1561 ro^a 133 ? Ynce 11 Maa134 OH nncaji: «...Kopojib Oejinne...
He pacnojiaraeT/jpyrHM H 6ojiee HajjencHbiM cpe/xcrBOM y/iep>KHBaTb cyjrraHa, neM
3TOT pbinar. MO>KHO 6biTb ysepeHHbiM, HTO (B npoTHBHOM cjiynae) cyjiTaH He
no3BOJiHJi 6bi eMy npoBecTH 3TOT ro/i TaK 6e3MaTe>KHO, KaK 3TO cjiyHHjiocb Ha
Aejie, noTOMy HTO H3 KOHCTaHTHHonojibCKoro nopTa BbinuiH Bcero copoK rajiep».
MHMOXOAOM 3aMeTHM, HTO HH(J)opMaqHa, HMeBiuaaca 9 Maa B BeHeijHH, onepe>Kajia Apyrne MecTa: BHije-Kopojib CHIXHJIHH eme 8 HKDHa He 3Haji, yrponcaeT JIH
ocTpoBy TypeqKaa onacHOCTb135. ByacT3He, o/iHaKO, He BepHT, HTO Heo6biKHOBeHHaa cneuiKa (})jiOTa, BepHyBiueroca Ha 6a3y B Hiojie, o6-bacHaeTca TOJibKO nep13(i
CHACKHMH AejiaMH . 11 Hiojia OH 3a/xaeTca BonpocoM: /jencTBHTejibHO JIH yMep
nnajiH-nama? Ho yMep He IiHajiH-naiiia, a PycTeM, H Ha nocT BejiHKoro BH3Hpa
BCTynnji A/iH-nauia137; 6biTb MOHCCT, conepHHHecTBO Typeu,KHx MHHHCTPOB cbirpajio CBOK) pojib B 3TOH HCTopwH138. XO/XHJIH caMbie pa3Hbie cjiyxH, Aa>Ke o TOM,
HTO rajiepbi noHa/io6HJiHCb Ha HepHOM Mope 139 .

HcnaHCKHH peBaHiu

121

HcnaHCKoro nocjia B BeHe OT 14 ceHTfl6pa H0 6ojiee o6croHTejieH: cyjiTaHy He yzjajiocb AoroBopHTbca c iuaxoM; B pa3ApaxceHHH OH npHKa3aji o6-bHBHTb
nepcaM BOHHy. ToBop^T, HTO OH 6yzjeT 3HMOBaTb B A/ienno, HTo6bi noAroTOBHTbCH K npe/jCTonmeH KaMnaHHH. Ho roBopjrr TaioKe — H B A^HHOM cjiynae CBHACTe^bCTBO rpac|)a j\e JlyHbi oco6eHHO npHMenaTejibHO — roBop^T, «HTO cy^TaH He
peuiHTCH noKHHyTb KoHcraHTHHonojib, KaK noTOMy, HTO OH He oco6eHHO nojiaraeTCH Ha CBoero cbma Ce;iHMa, TaK H H3 onaceHHH BOCcraHHa, KOTopoe, BBHAy
nonyjinpHOCTH Ba^3eTa cpeAH 3HaqHTe;ibHOH qacra ero noAAaHHbix, MoaceTTaM
BcnbixHyTb H Tor^a Ty^a 6y^eT TpyAHO BepHyTbCH». MexcAy CTpoK 3Toro AOKyMeHTa npoHHTbiBaeTcn HaMeK Ha BOHHy, KOTopan H/jeT c Ban3eTOM H HMeeT HeMajioBa^KHbiH coqHajibHbiH acneKT. 3Ta BoiiHa pacTpanHBaeT H Aaace napajiH3yeT HCH3QTHCT

HeHHbie CHJIbI TypUHH B CaMOH OCHOBC. PHCKHeM AOnOJIHHTb 3TH 06-bflCHeHHH
XpHCTHaHCKHX Ha6.JIIOAaTe.JI eft Co6cTBeHHOH THnOTe30H. F l o BCeH BHAHMOCTH,

1561 roA J\nn TypeijKOH HMnepHH 6bui HeyponcaHHbiM, qpeBaTbiM ccopaMH H3-3a
xjie6a c BeHeijHaHuaMH, yrpo3aMH anH/teMHH. Bee 3TO HMCJIO CBoe 3HaneHHe.
B 1562 roAy H3 KoHcraHTHHonojin nocrynajiH MeHee TpeBoacHbie H3BecTHH.
K OTHaCTH CeHCaUHOHHbIM HOBOCTHM MOHCHO npHHHCJIHTb TOJIbKO nOCTynOK

nocjia Kopo;m TyHHca, KOTopbiii pa30Apaji CBOH OAOKAW Ha rjia3ax y cyjrraHa H1,
HJIH npHe3A B KoHcraHTHHonojib H3 AjDKHpa CaMnbepo Kopco (HO 3TO co6biTHe Kacajiocb TOJibKo TeHyH)142. 3amHTHbie npHroTOBjieHHH, HaqaBiiiHecn no3AHee, qeM B npoimiOM roAy, 6buiH npepBaHbi paHbiue. TypeijKHH (JXJIOT He npeAnpHHHJi HHKaKHx AeHCTBHH, H B Heanojie OT6OH TpeBore 6biJi A^H B Mae143, a B
MsmpHAe — B nepBOH nojiOBHHe HIOHH144. KaK HH CTpaHHO, HO, no-BHAHMOMy, B
npoTHBOBec qpe3MepHbiM H 6ecnoHBeHHbiM CTpaxaM npeAbiAymero roAa, 3TOT
(JDaKT HHKoro He yAHBHJi, H HHKTO He CTaji jiOMaTb ce6e rojiOBy, AOHCKHBancb ero
npHHHH. Bnije-Kopojib HeanojiHTaHCKHH npocTO 3aMenaeT, HTO cy/rraH He CTaHeT nocbuiaTb (JXJIOT npoTHB JIa TyjieTTbi, «KaK H3-3a pacnpH MeacAy ero cbiHOBbHMH, TaK H paAH 3aujHTbi co6cTBeHHbix 6eperoB, a TaioKe noTOMy, HTO STO MecTO, KaK eMy H3BCCTHO, xopoiuo yKpemieHO»145.
KaK 6bi TaM HH 6buio, 3TO 6buiH BecKHe H ocHOBaTejibHbie npHMHHbi, noTOMy
HTO B TOM >Ke roAy cyjiTaH noAnHcaji nepeMHpwe c HMnepaTopoM, npepBaHHoe B
1558 roAy146. rio 3TOMy cjiynaio 3a BbiKyn 6biJiH ocBo6o)KAeHbi A/ibBapo Ae CaHAe, J\OH CaHHO AC JleHBa H Ron BepeHryep j\e PeKeceHC147. CyjrraH, HecoMHeHHO, HCeJiaJI COCpeAOTOHHTb CBOH yCHJIHfl Ha BOCTOKe, H (J>aKTHHeCKHH MHp, KOTO-

pbiH OH Mor, npH HcejiaHHH, HaBH3aTb xpHCTHaHaM Ha Mope, He yAOBjieTBopjui
ero; eMy HyacHO 6buio ocBo6oAHTb TaioKe CBOH cyxonyTHbie BOHCKa, HaxoAHBiiiHecH Ha 3anaAHbix rpaHHixax.
G/ieAyiOmeH 3HMOH OTCyTCTBHe OnaCHOCTH BOCnpHHHMaJIOCb B XpHCTHaHCKOM

MHpe yace KaK Ao;i>KHoe, XOTH (J)opMajibHbie Mepbi npeAOcropoHCHOCTH 6hij\vL
npHHHTbi. XOAHJIH, pa3yMeeTCH, TOJIKH 06 yrpo3e, cymecTByiomen B OTHOUICHHH

122

IlocjieAHce mecrmieTHe TypeuKoro npeBoexoACTBa: 1559—1565

Jla IyjieTTbi, Cap/ndHMH. H o BOSHMKUIHC B HHBape 1563 roAa TpeHHH B CBH3H C
nocTaBKaMH 3epHa, KOTopoe BeHeunn no o6biKHOBeHHio nbiTajiacb nojiynnTb
HaocTpoBax Apxnnejiara, noKa3ajin, HTOTypeiiKne 3aKpoMa AaJieKO He nojiHbi148.
OneHb CKopo CTajio TaioKe H3BCCTHO, HTO noe3AKa CaMnbepo Kopco KOHHMjiacb
HHHeM. IlpHMeMaTejibHO, HTO caM OMJIMIIII II npeAycMOTpnTejibHO 6beT TpeBOry B ScKypnajie 14y H 3a6oTHTOi o CHa6>KeHMH Jla IyjieTTbi, Ma/ieHbKOH npopBbi,
KOTopyio HHKor/;a He y/jaeTCH HacbiTHTb. B HioHe B Heanojie c yBepeHHOCTbio
roBop^T, MTO TypeiiKOH apivia^bi He 6y^eT. 5 HIOHH H3 KoHCTaHTHHonojia npn6biBaeT ocBeAOMjieHHoe JIHIJO, BbiexaBiuee OTTy^a 29 anpejia, H npHHOCHT xopoinne BecTH, KOTopbie HH y Koro He Bbi3biBaiOT COMHCHHH 150 . nocTynaiomne 3aTeM HOBOCTH noATBep>KAaiOT, HTO cyjiTaHflOBOJibCTByeTcncnycKOM Ha BOAy HeCKOJibKHx rajiep, 6e3 Boopy>KeHH5i, H OTnpaBjiaeT B Mope TOJibKO nacTb cyzjOB,
Heo6xoAHMyio jxnn 3amnTbi Apxnnejiara.
1564 roA npnHec c CO6OH M&TIO H3MeHeHHH. B HHBape HAyT pa3roBopbi o Typeinoix c6opax, Bbi3bmaiomHx6ecnoKoncTBOAa^KeyBeHeu,naHqeB151. Ho 12 (J)eBpajiH H3 KoHcraHTHHonojifl npnxoAHT H3BecTne, HTO apivia^a He noaBHTCfl152. B
3TO ace BpeMfl repuor A'AjibKajia co6npaeTC5i npncrynHTb K OTnpaBKe B Jla IyjieTTy 1 000 qejiOBeK, HO He H3-3a Toro, HTO nocrynaeT TpeBoacHaa HH(J)opMai^Hii, coBceM HanpoTHB153. Bee 6buio cnoKOHHO, H CaMnbepo Kopco BOcno;ib30BajiCH cjiynaeM, HTo6bi BCTynnTb B neperoBopbi nepe3 nocpeAHHKOB c ncnaHCKHM
nocjiOM B napn>Ke, OpaHcecoM Ae AjiaBon154. O H ncajiOBajica Ha reHy33CKoe npaBHTC/ibCTBO, HanoMMHaji, HTO KopcHKa noAHHHeHa aparoHCKon KopoHe n HTO
KopcHKaHiibi ABjifliOTCfl noAAaHHbiMH Ero KaTOJinnecKoro BejiHnecTBa. OpaHcec AC AjiaBa npnmeji K BbiBOAy, HTO B JIK>6OM cjiynae Asa KanHTaHa-KopcnicaHija,
noceTMBiune ero no 3TOMy noBOAy, xopomo ocBeAOMJieHbi o jieBaHTHHCKHx j\eJiaX H HX MO)KHO HCIIOJIb30BaTb Ha KOpOJieBCKOH CJiy>K6e...

llpaBAa, B Hanajie Maa CHOBa BO3HHKJIH onaceHna, o KOTopbix Pyn ToMec roBopnji c cf>paHijy3CKHM nocjiOM155. H o OHH pa3Be*uiHCb eme AO KOHixa Mecnija156.
B noApo6Hbix AOHeceHMHx OT 27 Man H 6 HIOHH H3 KoHCTaHTHHonojia157 o6-bacH^eTCH, noneiviy HecMOTpa Ha npoTecTbi pencoB, acejiaiomnx BbiMTH B Mope, CJXJIOT
He B cocTOHHHH CAeJiaTb 3Toro: Ha BOAy MOHCHO cnycTHTb mecTbAecAT rajiep, Ha
KOTopbix npoBOAHTCH KOHonaneHHe KopnycoB, HO B HajiHHHH J\JIH HHX HCT rpe6UOB n cyxapen, no3TOMy AO 10 HJIH 15 HIOJIH OHH He 6yAyT roTOBbi. KpoMe Toro,
AJiH 3aBepmeHHH pa6oT H norpy3KH Ha 6opT CHnaxn H3 rapHH30HOB noTpe6yeTCH BpeMH AO aBrycTa. TaKMM o6pa30M, ec/in paccyacAaTb jiornHecKH, BbixoAa B
Mope He npeABHAMTCH. TorAa Onjinnn II, TaioKe paccy>KAafl ^ornnecKH, peuiaeT
158
B cepeAHHe HIOHH ABHHyTb CBOH CJXJIOT npoTHB 6ep6epoB
. BoncKa H3 Heanojin
nepe6pacbmaiOTCH ya<e He B MeccnHy H Jla IyjieTTy, a B IeHyio H HcnaHHio, a
HMeHHo B Majiary15y. B aBiycTe Tynn Ha KaKon-TO MOMCHT CHOBa crymaioTcn: 2 HHCJia. Cayjin coo6maeT IeHy33CKon CHHbopnn m\ HTO B MaApnAe CTajio H3BCCTHO O

HcnancKHH peBaHm

123

npH6biTHH TypeqKOH apMa/jbi, HO 3TOT cjiyx nocqHTajiH per vanita* H «3Ta HOBocTb Bbi3Bajia MeHbiuee 6ecnoKOHCTBO, neM BOCcraHHe Ha KopcHKe» (KopcHKaHiibi noAHHjiHCb no npH3bmy CaMnbepo Kopco). 3 T O noc/ie^Hee ynoMHHaHHe
o TypcuKOM (JDjioTe B 1564 ro/ry, Kor#a cpe/jH3eMHOMopcKHe xpHCTHaHe, Majio
6ecnoKOHCb o BocTOMHbix ACJiax, BHHMaTejibHO cjieAHjiH 3a COGMTKHMH, pa3BepTbmaBiiiHMHCH B 3anaAHOH nacTH Mopa, TO ecTb 3a BOjmeHHflMH Ha KopcHKe H
3a no6e£OHocHOH 3KcneAHriHeH AOHa IapcHH /je Tojie/jo Ha MapoKKaHCKHH 6eper npoTHB KpomenHoro IleHbOH-Ae-Bejieca.
ripoxoA^T HeAejiH H Mecaribi, H 3HMOH raAaHHe Ha KocJ)eHHOH ryuie B0306HOBjisieTCH. 29 AeKa6pa 1564 ro/ja B BeHe MaKCHMHJiHaH Be/jeT 6ece/ry c BeHeunaHCKHM nocjiOM JleoHap^o KoHTapHHHlbl. ToBopHT, HTO c HacTyn^eHHeM 6;iaronpH^THoro ce30Ha B Mope BbiH^eT 6o;ibiiiOH TyperiKHH (JXJIOT: «KaK nocrynnT B
TaKOM c/iynae BeHeriHaHribi? OcTpoB KHnp, KOTopbiH pacnojio>KeH TaK 6JIH3KO K
TypnaM, M030-1HT HM ivia3a». — «BeHeqHH 6yzjeT BOopy>KaTbCfl», — oTBenaeT noCOJI. A KaK 6 b I T b C K o p C H K O H , n p H H H H i H O m e H reHy33LXaM CTOJIbKO XJIOnOT?

C

npnxoAOM TypeiiKOH apMa^bi nojioaceHHe OCJIO>KHHTCH... «CaMnbepo Kopco,
GeccnopHO, He nojiynaeT OTKpbiTOH noMOiirn, HO OH BCTynnji B TaiiHbie CBA3H C
HeKHM rocyAapeM, KOTopwe /jepacHT B TaKOM ceKpeTe, — Ao6aBJifleT BbicoqanU12LH O C 0 6 a , — MTO HHKOMy O HHX H e H 3 B C C T H O » . B e e 3 T O flOCy)KHe 3 H M H H e TOJIKH

nepeA KapTOH EBponbi, HO B 6yzrymeM MHoroe H3 HHX no/rrBepAHTca, nocKOJibKy
1565 TOA, TOA BoeHHbix CTOJIKHOBCHHH, 6yzjeT Henoxoac Ha npeAbi/jymne.
B 6 o p b 6 e c KopcapaMH H 3HMHeii Henorofloii: 1561—1564
HTaK, TypKH no^apHjiH HcnaHCKOH HMnepHH qeTbipe cnoKOHHbix ro/ja, H 3TH
roAbi noiiuiH en Ha no;ib3y. npe>KAe Bcero 6bijin npnHHTbi Mepbi npoTHB KopcapoB. B OT^HHHe OT TyperjKoro (Jx/iOTa OHH He npepbmajiH cBoeft AejrrejibHOCTH,
H HcnaHCKHe BoeHHO-MopcKHe cmibi, co6paHHbie noAyrpo30H TyperiKoro BTop>KeHHH H ocTaBaBiunecH He y ACJI, KaacAbiH TOJX BCTynajiH c HHMH B npoTHBo6opCTBO.

B 3THX o>KecTOHCHHbix cxBaTKax c onbiTHbiM BparoM, jierKO pacTBopHK>mHMca B npocTopax Mopa H TpyAHoyjiOBHMbiM B ero acJ)pHKaHCKOM jioroBe, BbiKOBbiBajiacb 6oeBa# Moujb HOBoro (jx/ioTa Onjinnna II.
HcnaHqaM B caMOM flejie npnxoAHJiocb HejierKO. TaK, B HKXJie 1561 ro/ja CHIXH^HHCKan scKa^pa B cocTaBe ceMH rajiep nonajia B 3aca/ry, ycTpoeHHyio /JpaiyroM
y JlHnapHHCKHx OCTPOBOB W2. Bo iviaBe ec CTOflJi KOMaHAop THMepaH, KaTajiOHeu,
H MajibTHHCKHH pwrxapb, TOT rHMepaH, «KOToporo oneHb IICHHJIH B CeH-KaHTeHe, — KaK nncaji cJ)paHuy3CKOMy Kopojiio enncKon JIHMO>KCKHH. — IlpaBAa, OH
* IlyCTblM.

124

llocjieAHee iuecTmierae TypeijKoro npeBocxoACTBa: 1559—1565

npHo6pe;i CBOK) penyTaijHio Ha cyme, a He Ha Mope, r#e /Jpaiyr noMemaji npoHBHTbCfl e r O C n O C o 6 H O C T H M , H n p H 3TOM n O r H 6 ^ H M H O r H e

flOCTOHHbie

JHOAH, KaK

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IbBopfl o noTepax, Ao6aBJiaeT OH: «yMajiHHBaioT, HTO 6biji yTpaneH eme OAHH
Kopa6;ib, meAiiiHH H3 Heanojia B CHITHJIHIO, H, KaK roBopnT, nepeB03HBiiiHH TpH
poTbi H3 O^aH^pHH, He^aBHO OTnpaB^eHHbie B HTajiHio». Bocnojib30BaBiiiHCb
TeM, HTO KopojieBCKHe rajiepbi 6bijiH OT03BaHbi K 6eperaM HcnaHHH, /Jpaiyr «co
CBOHMH TpHAUaTbK) nHTbio Kopa6jiHMH Aepacaji KopojieBCTBO HeanojiHTaHCKoe
B TaKOM crpaxe, HTO qepe3 nnTHaAUaTb j\uePi no cyme npH6biji BCCTOBOH OT MapKH3a Tapn(|)(})bi, ry6epHaTopa Heano;iH» c npocb6oH K Onjinnny II «BepHyTb
BbiiueHa3BaHHbie rajiepw, H6O B npoTHBHOM cjiynae CHijHjiHHCKHe, MajibTHHCKHe
H Apyrae 6jiH3^e>KamHe nopTbi OKaacyTCH H3-3a 3Toro ^ p a r y r a B TaKOM 3aTpyzjHeHHH H 6e/je, MTO noTepaiOT coo6meHne Apyr c ApyroM». K cnacTbio, npoAOJiHcaeT enncKon, TypeijKHH (J)JIOT TaK H He noflBHjioi, «H 3TO, no npaB/je roBopn,
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TH6pajiTapcKoro npojiHBa j\o CHIJHJIHH, MTO HeBepHbie Moiyr Bbica>KHBaTbC5i
3Aeci>, iyje 3axoTHT, ec/in no6;iH30CTH HeT (J)opTOB».
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nnpaTCKoro rae3Aa

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K KOHijy roAa npHiiieji nepeA xpHcraaHCKoro peBaHina H TOH KoppecnoHAeHixHH
H3MeHHjicn: B ceHT5i6pe ncnaHijaM npnnHCbiBajiH njiaHbi 3axBaTa MoHacrapa 1 6 5 .
Kopcapbi B 3TO BpeMH noo^HHOHKe noKH^aiOT 6yp^nmee Mope H OTnpaBjinioTCfl
BOCBOHCH. H T O KacaeTCH HcnaHCKoro npaBHTejibCTBa, OHO HC ToponHTCH BO3BpamaTb CBOH cyqa Ha CTOHHKy, noTOMy HTO OHO c;ia6ee B BOCHHOM OTHOUICHHH.
KHH3b Me;ib(f>HHCKHH, nojiyHHBUiHH KOMaH^oBaHHe HaA ncnaHCKHMH rajiepaMH
noc;ie CMepTH AHApea Jlopuny BbicKa3biBaeT CBoe HeroAOBaHHe n o noBOAy 3THX
npHKa30B cyxonyTHbix HanajibHHKOB, KOTopbie He npeAcraBjijnoT ce6e, HTO 3HaHHT 6 p O C H T b 3HMOH r a j i e p y B C p e A H 3 e M H O M O p C K H e BOAbI — OHH H e n O H H M a i O T ,

KaKHMH HecnacTbHMH 3TO qpeBaTO H KaKOH ymep6 HaHocHT uiTopMbi y3KHM rpe6HbiMcyAaM100.
3 T O BepHo. H o ecjin cjiaGeniuHH xce^aeT AencTBOBaTb H coxpaHHTb >KH3HeHHO BaxcHbie CBH3H, OH BbiHy>KAeH BbixoAHTb B iuTopMflmee Mope, Kor^a OHO nyc-

HcnaHCKHH peBamu

125

TeeT H npoTHBHHK McnbiTbiBaeT TpyAHOCTH. Bnije-Kopojib CHIJHJIHH — 3TO Bee
TOT >Ke repuor MeAHHa CCTIH — cyxo HanoMHHaeT KHH3K) MejibcpHHCKOMy, MTO
Kopojib npHKa3aji rajiepaM co6paTbca B MeccHHe; npHKa3 ecTb npHKa3167. TaKHM
o6pa30M HaMeqeHHbie ACMCTBHH 6bi;iH npeAnpHHHTbi. B OKTn6pe168 Ha JIa IyjieTTy AOCTaBjieHbi 6oenpHnacbi H npoBHaHT, a B Hanajie HOfl6pa McnaHCKHH (JXJIOT
Bee eme HaxoAHTca B TpanaHH. Pa3 ero HeT B MeccHHe, 3HanHT, OH B03BpaTHjicH
Ha HCxo/jHbie no3HqHH, HO KHH3b Mejib(f)HHCKHH He BbipaacaeT HHKaKoro ace;ia169
HHH HX noKH/jaTb. BnponeM, noro^a CTOHT OTBpaTHTejibHaa , H HeT COMHCHHH,
HTO HMeHHO TorAa KOHBOH rajiep 6bm BbmyxcAeH OTKa3aTbcn OT miaBaHHfl B JIa
TyjieTTy (B AOKyMeHTe HCTTOHHOH AaTbi). Byinyiomee Mope He noAHHHneTCfl npHKa3aM. HaKOHeu, HTo6bi yAOBJieTBopHTb noTpe6HOCTH qpe3MepHo pa3AyToro
rapHH30Ha, BHije-Kopojib CHLJHJIHH peiuaeTca onpaBHTb Tyzja 6o;ibuiyio HaBy c
AByMH TbicnqaMH cajibM nmeHHiibi170. B HHBape npeAnojiaraiOT nepeBe3TH H36biTOHHoe KOJiHHecTBO HcnaHijeB noA KOMaH/joBaHHeM XyaHa Ae PoMepo o6paTHO171,
HO 3TO nyTeuiecTBHe cro;ib nee TpyAHO ocymecrBHMO, KaK H AOCTaBKa npoAOBOJibCTBHH. ECJIH 6bi KHH3b Mejib(})HHCKHH OTBa^CHjiCH Ha 3TO, y Hero 6biji 6bi npeKpacHbiH noBOA noKa3aTb, HTO AoporocTOHinaa nojiHTHKa nocbunoi HcnaHCKMx
rajiep 3TOH 3HMOH He Aajia HHKaKHx pe3yjibTaTOB.
BecHOH Ha6erH 6ep6epcKHx KopcapoB B03o6HOBHjiHCb c HOBOH CHJIOH. B
nHCbMe H3 JIa IyjieTTbi OT 1 MapTa 1562 roAa172 coo6majiocb, HTO ^paiyr OTnpaBHJICH 3anacaTbCH xjie6oM. B anpejie aji>KHpcKHe napycHHKH nonbrrajiHCb 3axBaTHTb Bpacnjiox Ta6apKy173. XyaHy j\e MeHAOce, B CBOIO onepeAb, yzjajiocb B Mae—
HiOHe npoBecTH AO JIa IyjieTTbi Gojibiuon KOHBOH Kpyrjibix cyAOB B conpoBOHCAeHHH 3 C K O p T a H 3 A B a A U a T H r a j i e p 1 7 4 , H e B C T p e T H B U I H C b C n p O T H B H H K O M H n O H T H

6e3 KaKHx-^H6o npoHCiuecTBHH Ha Mope. TorAa ace B Mae ajDKHpcKHe cyAa noceMapcejib175. Kopcapbi 3aaBHjiH, HTO no nyTH OHM 3axBaTHjiH pary3CKyio
HaBy, ABHraBiuyiocfl H3 AjieKcaHApnH H Harpy>KeHHyio TOBapoM, npHHaAJieacamHM
(J)jiopeHTHHaaM, a TaioKe BeHeijHaHCKyio HaBy, Be3iuyio BHHO H3 MajibBa3HH. IbBopwjiH TaioKe o HeKoeM 3aHHTOM HMH «ropoAe», rAe nnpaTbi B3HJIH B njieH naTbAecHT uiecTb nejiOBeK. «OHH npHiujiH B Mapcejib, HTo6bi nonojiHHTb 3anacbi cyxapeft H Apyroro npoAOBOJibCTBHa RJIH npoAo;i>KeHHH CBOHX Ha6eroB. Honbio
OHH TaHHo noAHH^H Ha 6opT TpHAUaTb uiecTb 6OMOHKOB c nopoxoM H cejiHTpoH». llocjie 3Toro cjieAbi nnpaTOB TepaioTCfl. O H H , HCCOMHCHHO, A^HCTBOBajiH
y ceBepHbix 6eperoB Mopn oneHb aKTHBHO, nocKOJibKy B HIOHC XyaH j\e MeHAOca
no npocb6e HaMecTHHKa CBjrroro IleTpa npoiueji c TpHAUaTbio AByMH rajiepaMH
176
OT Heanojw AO ycTbn TH6pa . B TO ace BpeMH B wio;ie B AJDKHP BMecTe c CaMnbepo Kopco npH6bui (J)paHuy3CKHH noco;i c 3aAaHHeM noTpe6oBaTb B03MemeHHH 3aymep6, npHHHHeHHbiH ajDKHpcKHMH KopcapaMH177.
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THJIH

126

riocjieAHee mecTmierae TypeijKoro npeBoexoACTBa: 1559—1565

ce — HecKOJibKO cf>ycT, HO 3TO M3BecTHe He nojiyqnvio noATBep^KAeHHH178. B aKTHB HcnaHqeB cjie^yeT 3anHcaTb HOByio onepaiinio no CHa6>KeHHio HeHacbiTHOH
JIa TyjieTTbi, ocymecrBJieHHyio B ceHTn6pe ,3,>KOBaH AH/jpea ^opwew 179 . XyaH &e
MeH^oca BepHyjicn K ncnaHCKHM 6eperaM c CHIJHJIHHCKHM H HcnaHCKHM (jpjioTOM, yBCJiHMHBiiiHMOi 3a cqeT HecKOJibKHx rajiep, npHHa/yieacamHX nacTHbiM
jiHUaM, J\JIH naTpy^HpoBaHHH no6epe>KbH H AOCTaBKH juojxePi M npoBHaHTa B
OpaH 180 . O^HaKO ABaAUaTb BoceMb rajiep, 3acTHrHyTbie CHJibHbiM BOCTOHHbiM
BeTpoM B nopTy MajiarH, 6hiJin BbiHy>KAeHbi HCKaTb cnaceHHH B oGuiHpHOH 3 p paAypcKOH 6yxTe. B «HacTaBjieHHHx no MopexoACTBy»181 yKa3biBaeTca, HTO 3Ta
3aHeceHHaH HJIOM raBaHb c rjiy6nHaMH OT ABaAUara AO TpHAUaTH MeTpoB npH
BeTpe c Mopa npeACTaBjineT onacHOCTb. H e^sa rajiepbi yKpbuiHCb B Heft, HX 3acTur CHJibHeniuHH K»KHbiH BeTep182. KaTacTpo(J)a 6buia noqTH nojiHon: nom6jiu
ABaAUaTb nHTb rajiep H3 ABaAUaTH BocbMH H OT 2 500 AO 5 000 qe;iOBeK. CnacTH
CMORJIH TOJibKo qacTb CHacren, noAo6paB nx B BHAe O6JIOMKOB.
8 HOH6pH 1562 roAa 3Ta HOBOCTb Aouuia AO Ia3Tbi183, oTKyAa 6buia nepeAaHa B
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BbiroAy: 12 ACKaGpa 1562 roAa185 Ha cneqnajibHO co3BaHHbix KopTecax 6biJi BHeCCH 3anpoc Ha qpe3BbiqaHHyio cy6cnAHio j\Jin 3aujHTbi ac})pHKaHCKHX rpaHHn; H
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o6opoHa MopcKHx rpaHHU HcnaHHH n OpaHCKoro miaiLnapMa, CAHHCTBCHHOH
ncnaHCKOH TeppHTopHH B A^pnKe, no cjioBaM enHCKona JlHMO^KCKoro, AOCTOMHOH 3Toro Ha3BaHHH. BejiHKoe aji>KMpcKoe HacTynjieHHe Ha OpaH, HaqaBineeca
roA cnycTH, Sbuio 6e3yc;ioBHO CBH3aHO c KaTacTpo^oft B 3ppaAype.
3 T O 6buio iiiHpoKOMacuiTa6Hoe npeAnpn^Tne, Hnqero o6mero He HMeiomee
c 3aTeeft IaccaHa Kopco B 1556 roAy. OcaAa npoA^injiacb ABa Meonja, c Hanajia
anpejiH187 no 8 HIOHH 1563 roAa. HcnaHCKHH rapHH30H 6bui npeAynpe^CACH 3apaHee, 20 MapTa, 3Aecb Taioice cTajio H3BCCTHO O npn6biTHH B Ma3arpaH 4 000
tiradores que son los que van delante del campo del Rey de Argel*. OcBeAOMHTeJIH Ao6aBji5uiH, MTO ecjin 6bi He AO>KAH, aji>KHpcKHH Kopojib npHineji 6bi OAHOBpeMeHHo c HHMH. CbKHAajiocb, HTO OH npnGyzjeT B MocTaraHeM B nnTHHijy
26 MapTa, OAHOBpeMeHHO c copoKa cyAaMH, B TOM qncjie AByMH KapaBejuiaMH H
OAHOH KynenecKon uaeemou, KOTopbie OKa3ajincb B ajiacnpcKOH raBaHH H GWJIH
Harpy>KeHbi nopoxoM, nyuienHbiMH HApaMH, bestiones de madera** H cyxapHMH.
Ha qeTbipex rajiepax nepeB03Hjin opyAHH. HaKOHeu, ABe ^ O T H J I M H n3 ACCHTH
6ojibuinx rajiep (He Tex JIH caMbix Aec^Tn rajiep, KOTopbie 6buiH OTHHTW B /I,>Kep6e
* CTpe^KOB, KOTopbie HA>T B aBaHrapAe aji>KHpcKoro Kopo^H {ucn.).
** BoHKaMH c MaAepoM (?) (ucn.).

HcnaHCKHH peBaHm

127

y xpHCTHaH H Ha KOTopbix TaccaH-naiua BepHyjica H3 KoHcraHTHHonojin B AJI>KHp?188) HanpaBHjiHCb K 6eperaM HcnaHHH, MTo6bi y6eAHTbca B OTcyTCTBHH no189
MOIIJH, H^ymen c nojiyocrpoBa .
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3apaHee noAHHTb TpeBory, He AOHCHAaacb, nona Ha HHX HarpaHyT no cyme H no
Mopio aji>KnpcKHe nojiHHma. I I O A HX 3aujHTOH, KpoMe OpaHa B CO6CTBCHHOM
CMbicjie, HaxoAHjiocb He6ojibinoe nojiyocrpoBHoe yicpenjieHHe no Ty CTopoHy
peiiAa Mepc-3Jib-Ke6np, B cjiynae HCOGXOAHMOCTH 3aicpbiBaiomee cyzjaM BXOA B
raBaHb. Elocjie HeKOTopbix KOJie6aHHH aji>KHpn,bi cocpeAOToqnjiH CBOH VCHJIHA
Ha Mepc-3Jib-Ke6npe, a-roqHee, Ha MajieHbKOM (f>opTe CaH-CajibBaAop, HeAaBHO
nocTpoeHHOM Ha BbicoTax, rocnoACTByiomnx HaA Mepc-3Jib-Ke6HpoM co CTopoHW cyuiH. 3aHHB 8 Man, nocjie 23 AHen ocaAbi CaH-CajibBaAop, OHH o6pyuiHJiHCb
Ha caM Mepc-3Jib-Ke6np H ero cicpoMHbiH rapHH30H, COCTOHBIUHH H3 HecKOJibKHX COT qejiOBeK, HO HecMOTpa Ha A-flHTejibHyio apTHJuiepHHCKyio noAroTOBKy c
8 no 22 Mafl nepBbin mTypM 22 qncjia 6bui OTpaaceH c 6ojibuiHMH noTepnMH j\j\n
HanaAaBiiiHx. TorAa ajmnpijbi peuiHJin noABeprHyTb 6oM6apAHpoBKe Apyron
yqacTOK (J)opTa c 22 Man no 2 HIOHA, a 3aTeM nouijin Ha npncryn c o6enx CTopoH,
B TO BpeMH Kan KopMOBbie opyAHH BejiH o6cTpe;i c Mopn. IllTypM OKOH^HJICH
HeyAanen H o6omejicn TypnaM B BoceMb rajiHOTOB c paHeHbiMH, OTnpaBJieHHbiMH B AjDKHp 19°.
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oco6eHHO MejiKHe 6apKH, KopMHHe KOTopbix, Tanne KaK Tacnap OepHaHAec HJIH
AJIOHCO OepHaHAec, CTajiH noAJiHHHbiMH cnacHTejiHMH oca^cACHHbix, AOCTaBjinn
HM npoAOBOJibCTBHe, 6oenpnnacbi H noAKpenjieHne. C 1 Man no 4 HIOHH 6ojiee
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Ae JIOC Bejiec, qbe HMH HaBOAHJio CTpax cpeAH MycyjibMaH, Aep^caji RJIH 3THX ABOpHH OTKpbiTbiH CTOJI B KapTaxeHe H npHHHMaji c TaKon meApocTbio, HTO ropoacaHe He Morjin KynnTb Ha pbiHKe HH Maca, HH pbi6bi 191 . OAHaKO nojioaceHHe B
Mepc-3Jib-Ke6npe ocTaBajiocb oTHanHHbiM; H3MO>KAeHHbiH rapHH30H He nojiyqaji noqTH HHKaKOH eAbi, sino algunas ce^inas de j u m e n t o s y animales nunca
usados, KpoMe KycoHKOB KonqeHOH OCJIHTHHW H Maca Apyrnx HCHBOTHMX, He ynoTpe6jineMbix B nnujy. H o 8 HIOHH noAOcneji BcnoMoraTejibHbin (JXTIOT, KOTopbin
o6paTHji «Typen,KHx co6aK» B 6ercTBO.
KaaceTca qyAOM, HTO OH TIOHBUJICH Bcero qepe3 ABa Mecaixa nocjie Hanajia ocaAbi, yqHTbiBaii, HTO noqTH Bee rajiepbi, coBepuiHBinne 3TOT noABHr, npH6bijiH H3
HTajiHH. CaMoe jno6onbiTHoe c HcropnqecKOH TOHKH 3peHHH B STOH ocaAe, nojiyqHBmen B HcnaHHH crojib 6oraTbie OTKJIHKH (CepBaHTec H Jlone j\e Bera no-

128

IlocjieAHee luecrmieTHe TypeijKoro npeBoexoACTBa: 1559—1565

eft no nbece), — He repoHCKoe noBe^eHHe AOHa MapTHHa H ero cojiflaT
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HcnaHCKHH peBamn

129

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cyMe;iH BOBpeMH ycKo^b3HyTb198. BO3MO>KHO, MM noMoivio TO, HTO, KaK coo6maJIH 3 HIOHfl H3 BOHbl H e p e 3 MapCCJIb, aJDKHpCKHH (j)JIOT)0Ke C06HpaJICHyX0AHTb 199 .

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npeB03HOCHT ero KaK OAHOID H3 rjiaBHbix TBopiioB no6eAi>i. HHKTO He co6HpaeTCH 3Toro ocnapHBaTb. Ho CBoen AOJIH noxBaji 3ac;iy^KHBaeT H OHJiHnn II, KaK
H BCH HcnaHCKan rocyAapcTBeHHaa MauiHHa, Ha 3TOT pa3 cpa6oTaBiuafl corjiacoBaHHO, 6biTb MOxceT, HayqeHHan ropbKHM onbiTOM H AeHCTBOBaBiuan Ha orpaHHqeHHOM yqacTKe, B6;IH3H OT AOMa201.
B Ma/jpnfle acejiajin 6ojibinero. E^Ba BepHyBiiiHCb B KapTaxeHy, CJDJIOT nojiyqmi KopojieBCKHH npHKa3 3axBaTHTb Bpacnjiox neHbOH-Ae-Bejiec. Eo;ibHOH
OpaHCHCKO AC MeHAoea nepe^aji KOMaHAOBaHHe onepauHefi, njiaH KOTopoft 6bui
pa3pa6oTaH ry6epHaTopoM MejiHjibH, CaHqo j\e JleHBe. Ho TyperiKHH rapHH30H
ocTpoBKa 6WJI noAH^T Ha Horn uiyMOM Bece;i, H BbicaAHBiiiHMCH y Bejieca BOHCKaM HeAOCTajio peiiiHTe;ibHOCTH. BMCCTO Toro, qTo6bi nposiBHTb HacroHqHBOCTb, nycTHTb B ACTIO nyuiKH, ABHraTbca enepeA, 6o;ibiiiHHCTBO KOMaHAHpoB
BbicKa3ajiocb 3a B03BpameHHe Ha Kopa6jiH H nepeHeceHHe onepariHH Ha 6o;iee
no3AHHH cpoK. B nepBbix qHCJiax aBrycTa (J)^OT B03BpaTHJicn B Majiary202. BooAymeBjieHHbie ero HeyAaqew Kopcapbi c yABoeHHOH CHJIOH BO3O6HOBHJIH Ha6ern Ha
HcnaHCKHe 6epera. O H H AOIIDIH A20Ke AO KaHapcKHX OCTPOBOB, qero paHee He
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B riyapTo AC CaHTa MapHH, nopTOBOM npeAMecTbe CeBHjibH203.
B o6meM H uejioM HTorw roAa OKa3ajiHCb He CTo;ib yac njioxHMH. Ho cjieAyioIIJHH ce30H, 1564, CTaji euie 6ojiee npoAyKTHBHbiM: HcnaHHH peuiHJia nepeHTH B
HacTyn^eHHe. npnqHHa 3Toro KpoeTca, Bepo^THO, B oTcyTCTBHH cepbe3HOH
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OHjinnny II o pa3pemeHHH ompaBHTbcn c naTbio CBOHMH rajiepaMH, OAHOH raJiepoft Cre(f>aHO AC MapH H CBO6OAHMMH CHLJHJIHHCKHMH rajiepaMH K 6eperaM
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'Kpyivibix (ucn.).
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130

nocne/uiee mecTunerae TypeijKoro npeBoexoACTBa: 1559—1565

>KC BecHofi, noMHMO o6biMHbix u TpaAHijHOHHbix 3a,naq, KaK-To: CHa6AHTb npoBHaHTOM JIa TyjieTTy, AOcraBHTb Heo6xoAHMbie npHnacw B OpaH, — B Bepxax
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Hbix apxHBHbix AOKyMeHTOB20(). Bce IHJIO no njiaHy, H 12 HIOHH Onjinnn II Mor
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TapcHH H «ycKopHTb AeJio, H6O n p n AyiomeM B HacroHmHH MOMCHT BeTpe, OH,
KaK a nojiaraio, He 3aMe/XJiHT npH6biTb. CjieAyeTy6eAHTbCH, xj TO He noTpe6yeTC5i
AonojiHHTejibHoro noAKpenjieHHn: repijor A'AnbKajia nHineT, HTO OH CMOHCCT BWAejiHTb 6ojibiue 1 200 coji/xaT, KOTopbie BbicTynnT noA KOMaHAOBaHHeM KanwTaHa KapHJibo AC KecaAa» 2U .
J\. TapcHH npHnjibiji B HcnaHHK), ABHraacb BAOJib ceBepHbix 6eperoB, a He
qepe3 ocTpoBa, KaK nocrynHji J\y*LOBaH AHApea /Jopna 3a TOA AO 3Toro. CHanajia
MecTOM cocpeAOToqeHHH cf)jioTa 6biJi H36paH IlajiaMOC Ha no6epexcbe KaTajioHHH, iyje 6 HKDHH K HeMy npHCoeAHHHjiHCb HcnaHCKne rajiepw BO rjiaBe c AjibBapo AC Ba3aHOM, HaHHHaBiiiHM CBoe crpeMHTejibHoe Bocxo>KAeHHe. CiOAaace npHuieji 26 HHCJia /JncoBaH AHApea/Jopna co CBOHMH 22 rajiepaMH212. 3aTeM ero
npHMepy nocjieAOBajiH rajiepw H Kopa6jiH naraHo/I,opHH, ocraBaBiiiHecfl B CneIJHH, MTo6bi npHHHTb Ha 6opT HdvieuKHx cojiAaT. 15 aBrycTa (J)JIOT 6biJi B Majiare 2 1 \ J\on IapcHH OTACJIHJICH OT Hero Ha HeKOTopoe BpeMfl, HTo6bi AOHTH AO
KaAwca H BCTpeTHTb nopTyrajibCKHe rajiepbi, o6emaHHbie jyin yqacTHH B 3KcneAHIJHH. Ero noflBJieHHe noce^jio y>Kac Ha no6epe>Kbe OT ScrenoHe H Map6ejibH
AO TnGpajiTapa, >KHTCJIH KOToporo TaK npHBbiKJiH K KopcapcKHM peHAaM, HTO
npHHHjiH ero KopaGjiH 3a nnpaTCKHe. 3aTeM CJXTIOT AOBOJibHO MeAJieHHO nepeAHCJiouHpoBajiCH B coceAHHe nopTbi Map6ejibH M MajiarH. K KOHijy aBrycTa B
HeM HacHHTbmajiocb OT 90 AO 100 rajiep 214 , HeKOTopoe MHCJIO KapaBejui, rajiHOHOB H 6pHroB, Bcero 150 napycHbix cyAOB H 16 000 cojiAaT. EeccMbicjieHHaa H
noKa3Haa AeMOHcrpauHH CHJIW, roBopHJiH HeAo6po>KejiaTejiH B BeHeiiHH215. H o
oHa no KpanHeH Mepe iiOMorjia pacnpaBWTbCfl c KopcapaMH, KOTopbie 6biJiH OAHHM yAapoM BbiTecHeHbi c Mopa: Tpn rajiepbi H OAHH BOopyxceHHbiH rajiHOH nonajiH B njieH, nnTb HJIH BoceMb Apyrnx eABa yHecjin Horw.
31 aBrycTa, nocjie TpexAHeBHoro njiaBaHHH, (J)JIOT npn6biJi K IleHbOHy. KaK H
B 1563 roAy, >KHTejiH noKHHyjiH ropoA. B nopTy AbiMHjiHCb TpH KaTajioHCKHx cyA-

HcnaHCKHH peBaum

131

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Aejiy c ocTopo>KHOCTbio H He orpaHHHHBaa ce6n B cpe/iCTBax. Co CTopoHbi cyuiH
onepaqHH, npoBO/iHMbie npoTHB yKpenjieHHoro ocTpoBKa, npHKpbmajio B03BeAeHHoe no BceM npaBHjiaM npe/iMOCTHoe yicpenjieHHe. BonpeKH o>KH/xaHHio,
noc/ie HecKOJibKHX/iHeH o6crpejia rapHH30H noKHHyji CKajiHCTbiH ocTpoB. 3/iecb
6buiH nocTpoeHbi yKpenjieHHH, pa3MemeHbi nyuiKH, 3anacw npoBHaHTa H JIIO/XH,
noc/ie qero HcnaHijbi noKHHyjiH TeT-/ie-noH, npe/jBapHTejibHO cpoBHHB CTeHbi
ropoAKa Bejiec c 3eMjieH. B 3TOH CBH3M 11 ceHTfl6pn npoH30imiH cepbe3Hbie CTbinKH c Ty3eMqaMH216.
B o6uieM, MOHCHO 6bijio CKa3aTb: MHoro uiyMy H 6ojibiiiHe pacxo/ibi 6e3 oco6oro pe3y^bTaTa. Pa3yMeeTcn, peqb iiuia o Hanzifl/JHOH /jeMOHcrpainiH jijin nanbi,
KOTopoMy cjie^OBajio AOKa3aTb, HTO cpe/icTBa, Bbi/xejieHHbie LJepKOBbio Ha 6opb6y
c MaBpaMH, TpaTHjiHCb He HanpacHO. El Papa esta a la mira*, KaK roBopHJi O H jiHnn II 217 . Bee coBpeMeHHHKH OTMenajiH 3Ty 3pejiHiu.Hyio CTopoHy MeponpHHTHJI. Ho 6buiH H CTpaTerHnecKHe 3a/4aHH, B nacTHOCTH, OTpa6oTKa ynpaBJieHHH
(JJJIOTOM co CTopoHbi HOBoro KOMaH/jyiomero, H >Ke;iaHHe no/xaBHTb HeGojibuioii
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6eperaM HcnaHHH H ceBHJibCKHM MapuipyTaM. O T H M H C Ha STOM ocTpoBKe, KaK H
c 1508 no 1525 ro/i, Hec cjiync6y HcnaHCKHH rapHH30H. TapcHH #e Tojie/io OTnpaBHJICH B o6paTHbiH nyTb TOJibKO nocjie Toro, KaK Bee 6buio o6ycTpoeHO. H o OH
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132

riocjieAHee mecTmieTwe TypeuKoro npeBocxoACTBa: 1559—1565

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HcnaHCKHM peBamu

133

K HecMacTbio jyin Onjinnna II H TCM 6o;iee AJIH reHy33ijeB npHKa3 OT 18 mojin,
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Kor/ja TOT yace HaxoAHJicn y 6eperoB HcnaHHH H roTOBHJica K 3KcneAHijHH Ha
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KaK Ao6aB^HeT Kopo;ib, o6rbHCHSiiom,uPi CBOH nocTynoK nepeA Onrepoa, OH «3Haji,
HTO nana BHHMaTejibHO CJICAHT 3a TCM, HTo6bi AeHbrn, BbiAe;ieHHbie MM JXJIH. OCHameHHH rajiep, AencTBHTejibHO nouuin Ha 6opb6y c HeBepHbiMH»22\ Ilo BceM
3THM npHHHHaM Onjinnn II pa3peuiHJi (f)jiOTy npoAOJi>KHTb nyTb Ha rn6ajiTap H
B MapoKKo. O KopcHKe MOHCHO 6yzjeT noAyMaTb B KOHije oceHH, He paHbiue.
TaKHM o6pa30M, noxoA Ha IleHbOH j\aji CaMnbepo H ero cropoHHHKaM J\JIUTe^bHyio nepeAbiuiKy. OTHWHC H3 IeHyn nocrynaiOT Bee 6ojiee TpeBO>KHbie HOBOCTH. B nHCbMe, AaTHpoBaHHOM 5 aBiycTa 1564 roAa224, O n r e p o a coo6maeT o paCTymeM (f>paHuy3CKOM BMemaTejibCTBe, o Kypcnpyiomnx MOKAy IlpoBaHCOM H
KopcHKon (f>peraTax, o c6opnmax, KOTopbie H3rHaHHbie H3 IeHyn ObecKH ycTpaHBaiOT BMecTe c KopcwKaHuaMH B AOMe ToMaca Kopco (HHTan ToMaca JleHKe,
ocHOBaTe^H BacTHOH Ae OpaHc), «KOTopbiH HBJIHCTCH nocTOHHHbiM nocraBiijHKOM Beceji, nopoxa, napycoB H n p o n n x KOHTpa6aHAHbix TOBapoB B AJDKHP». TeM
He MeHee EicaTepHHa MCAHHH 33JIBJIHCT O CBoen nojiHOH HenpHHacmocTH K ACJiy
H ^a>Ke npe,zyiaraeT CBoe nocpeAHHnecTBO. IIoAroTOBKa rajiep B Mapcejie, no ee
cjiOBaM, CBH3aHa c npe/jCTOHmHM npn6biTHeM Ty^a Kopojin. OHa Aaace AaeT
noHHTb OpaHcecy j\e A/iaBe nepe3 KapAHHajia PaM6yne, HTO noHBjieHne no6jiH3oCTH OT (})paHn,y3CKHx nopTOB AOHa TapcHH j\e TojieAO c MHoroHHCJieHHbiMH rajiepaMH, K TOMy >Ke He 3anpocHBiiiHx nonojiHHTb HX 3anacw, Bbi3Bajio y Hee noAO3peHHH225! 3 T O He MeinaeT reHy33uaM o6BHH5m> (|>paHiry30B226 H Bbipa^caTb 6ecnoKOHCTBO no noBOAy ACCHTH rajiep, HaxoAflmnxca B 6oeBOH TOTOBHOCTH y MapKH3a A^-^ibGe^a B Mapcejie...
TeM BpeMeHeM ncnaHCKaa BoeHHan MauiHHa, KOTopan He noHecjia HHKaKoro
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yBepneT Onrepoa, HTO 4>paHijHfl He OKaaceT HHKaKoro npoTHBOAencTBHH noHTH
o(J)HiiHajibHO, HaBHAyyBcexroTOBHmeHCHSKcneAHaHH. 22ceHTfl6pa 1564 roAa227
nocoji repiiora O^opeHUHH yBeAOM^neT 06 3TOM CBoero rocnoAHHa, a Ha cjieAy228
K)II;HH ACHb 3TO ACJiaeT caM 4>HJinnn II .
TeHy33Ubi TeM He MeHee HeAOBOJibHbi, npnroTOB^eHHH KancyTCH HM CJIHIUKOM
MeA^ieHHbiMH. 24 HHCJia noco;i Cay^H yTBepxcAaeT, HTO eMy HHHero He H3BCCTHO
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134

FIocjieAHee uiecTmieTHe TypeijKoro npeBoexoACTBa: 1559—1565

CTBa AOJDKHbl B H H H T b B 3TOM (J>JierMaTHHHbIH X a p a K T e p H H C T O p O n j I H B O C T b 3ACIU-

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6bui nocjiaH B MnjiaH RJIX Ha6opa 1 500 HTajibflHijeB, npeAHa3HaqeHHbix jyrn
AeHCTBHH Ha KopcwKe. 26 HHCJia HX nocaAHjiH Ha Tpn Kpyrjibix Kopa6jiH B OHCHAaHHH y^yqiueHHH noroAbi, KOTopoe no3BO.7iH.7io 6bi HM Ao6paTbca j\o ocTpoBa.
JIopeHco CTaji HX HOJIKOBHHKOM.
O^HaKO HeTepneHHe reHy33ijeB OTnacTH H3BHHHTe;ibHO. CaMnbepo pacceaji
OTpHAbi Grec^aHO /JopHH 231 , H nocKOJibKy BpeMH IIIJIO, MOJKHO 6buio onacaTbCH,
HTO oceHbio CTopoHbi npnAyT K HeBbiroAHOMy AJIH TeHyH corjiameHHK). CaM O H jinnn II cqHTaji >Ke;iaTejibHbiM 3aKjnoHeHHe nepeMHpHH c CaMnbepo BO H36e>KaHHe pacxoAOB Ha BOHHy, KOTopan Morjia 3aTHHyTbcn BBHAy cypoBocTH npnpoAHbixycjiOBHH KopcHKH232. Y reHy33ijeB noAo6Haa nepcneKTHBa Bbi3Bajia pe3KHH
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jiyqiue Bcero AoroBopHTbcn c M5rre>KHHKaMH, KaKy>Ke npej\jio>Kvum (J)paHuy3bi2S5.
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135

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3aTHinbe B E e p o n e
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CCJIH CMy yAaJIOCb B b l 6 p a T b C f l H 3 n p o n a C T H , B K O T O p O H OH HaXOAHJICH, TO TOJIbKO

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pa3opHTe;ibHbix BOHH Kapjia V. 3 T H BOHHM norjioTHJin c 1552 n o
1559 TOA cpeACTBa Bcex rocyzjapcTB, ecjin He cKa3aTb 6ojibiue. Hx pe3yjibTaTOM
CTaji (J)HHaHCOBbiH Kpax HcnaHHH, OpaHijHH, a 3a HHMH H /jpyrnx cTpaH EBponbi. OrciOAa HeB03M0>KH0CTb 6ojibiuoH BOHHbi B 3TOM MHpe, rAe Ha npoTH^KeHHH MHornx jieT oHa He npeKpamajiacb.
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HeMeAJieHHo 3a6biTbi. Yrpo3a ncnaHCKoro HMnepnajiH3Ma noHBHjiacb He paHee
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KOTopoe npe6bmajio B eme 6ojibiueH Hy>KAe, HCM B Hanajie XVI BeKa, H ycjiyrn
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136

FIocjieAHee uiecTHjierae TypeijKoro npeBocxoACTBa: 1559—1565

6jiaroAapH en HcnaHHH cnacjia HJIH noMorjia cnacxncb B iuaTKOM nojio>KeHHH
ejiH3aBeTHHCKOH AHrjiHH. Mor JIH Owjinnn II npeAcraBHTb ce6e, HTO OHa yicpenHTCH TaK 6bICTpO?
DiaBHbiM ycjiOBHeM Mnpa B HcnaHHH npeACTaBjinjiocb eMy CAepncHBaHHe
OpaHijHH. H o OHO He 6bijio Tpyznion 3aAaqen: B 1560 roAy Hanajiocb npaBJieHHe
EKaTepHHbl MCAHHH, H B H y T p e H H H e BOJIHeHHH BCKOpe B0306H0BHJIHCb. Y

Onjinnna II, KOTopbitt 6AHTe;ibHO oxpaHHJi CBOH BjiaAeHHH OT npoTecraHTCKOH
3apa3bi, noflBHjicfl noBOA npe,zyio>KHTb BoeHHyio noMomb. 3 T O npe/yionceHHe
no3Bo;iHjio eMy AOJiroe BpeMH BJiHHTb Ha AeJia coceAHero rocyzjapcTBa. O H Aaace
cqe;i Hy^KHbiM, cjieAyn Ao6poft TpaAHijHH HOJIHTHKH Ia6c6yproB H BOo6me AHnjiOMaTHH Toro BpeMeHH, noKynaTb ce6e BO OpaHijHH COK)3HHKOB. TaKHM o6pa30M HcnaHCKHe nojiHTHKH OKa3ajiHCb BTHHyTbiMH B npoAOJi>KHTejibHbie neperoBopw c AHTyaHOM Byp6oHOM. KTO H3 HHX BOAHJI Apyroro 3a HOC? Mbi He CTajiH
6bl BHHKaTb B 3TO BOnpOC, eCJIH 6bl HHTOHKa He THHy^aCb B CpeAH3eMHOMOpbe,

cnepBa B CapAHHHio, a 3aTeM B TyHHC.
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(6biTb Mo>KeT, CKopee no BHAHMOCTH, qeM Ha Rene) AOJiHCHocTb reHepajibHoro
HaMecTHHKa KopojieBCTBa. HejioBeK, HMeHyeMbiH B HcnaHHH «rocnoAHHOM Ae
BaHAOMOM», B AencTBHTejibHocTH 6bui Kopo;ieM HaBappw, HcnaHCKyio qacTb
KOTopoft 3aHHMaji, He HMen Ha TO HHKaKoro npaBa, Onjinnn II. H H OAHH HaBappcKHH Kopojib nocjie 1511 roAa —A^TW HcnaHCKoro 3aBoeBaHH5i — B TOM qnc;ie H
no3AHee 6ynymHH IeHpnx IV, — He Mor yAepacaTbcn OT HCKyuieHHH BepHyTb ce6e
BJiaAeHHH no Ty CTopoHy rop, no KpaHHen Mepe ycrpaHBaTb TaM KaBep3bi245, BMeiiiHBaTbCfl B HcnaHCKHe ACJia 3a nnpeHeHCKOH CTCHOH. OAHaKO MO)KHO 6bi;io
npoBOAHTb H Apyryio nojiHTHKy: nojiyqHTb KOMneHcaijHio B3aMeH ncnaHCKOH
HaBappw. TocnoAHH AC BaHAOM 6biJi B 3TOM KpaHHe 3aHHTepecoBaH. O H 3aHBHji
npHTH3aHHH Ha KopojieBCTBo CapAHHHio H HecoMHeHHO xjionoTaji o HeM Aa^ce B
PnMe246. OAHH H3 ero areHTOB, (JmrypHpyiomHH B ncnaHCKHX AOKyMeHTax noA
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BCTpenaioTCH «Bce TOBapw, HAymne H3 JleBaHTa Ha 3anaA H C 3anaAa B JIeBaHT»,

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137

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HeH3BecTHO, KaKoe BnenaTjieHHe npoH3Bejio 3TO jiecTHoe npeAJioaceHHe Ha
Kopojia HaBappbi. Mbi 3HaeM 3aTO, HTO EKaTepnHy o6ecnoKOHjiH neperoBopw
Byp6oHa c HcnaHHeft, H HTO cjiyxn o nepeAane CapAHHCKoro KopojieBCTBa xo248
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3Aecb B 3TO He BepHT». rieperoBopbi Heo>KHAaHHo o6opBajiHCb: rocnoAHH jxe
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4>HJiHnn II 6bui cpa3y >Ke yBeAOMJieH o TOM, HTO «BpanH H XHpyprH yTpaTHjin
BCHKyio HaAe^CAy Ha ero cnaceHHe»249 H Bejieji HanHcaTb 3apaHee nncbMO c co6oJie3HOBaHH5IMH, OCTaBHB MeCTO fl^JlH A a T b l .

3TO He3HanHTe^bHbiH anH30A, HO OH noKa3biBaeT, HacKO^bKO TecHO OpaHu,Hfl 6buia onyTaHa y3aMH 6AHTe;ibHOH AHnjiOMaTHH, BKpaAHHBOH, HeToponjiHBOH, 3KOHOMHO M a K H a B e J U I H H e C K O H , B b l C O K O M e p H O H H B H H M a T e ^ b H O H K B O n p O -

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OHa caMa no;iarajia. H6o ec;iH HcnaHCKaa HMnepnn He omymajia Ha ce6e AaBjieHHH EBponw, 6bmo JIH 3TO 3acjiyroH HCKJiiOHHTejibHO Pya IbMeca HJIH TOHKOH
nojiHTHKH repuora Ajib6bi? MoaceT 6biTb, ACJIO B TOM, HTO HM yAaBajiocb BpeMa
OT BpeMeHH «BOAHTb (J>paHuy30B 3a HOC», KaK nncaji enHCKon JIHMO>KCKHH? HJIH
B TOM, qTO Onjinnn 6bi eAHHCTBeHHbiM B3poc^biM rocyAapeM (cHOBa cjiOBa enncKona) B EBpone, rAe Ha TpoHax CHACJIH ACTH H >KeHmHHbi? HJIH, BO3MO>KHO, B
TOM, HTO EBpona CJIHUIKOM ycTajia? OAHO HCCOMHCHHO: no cpaBHeHHio c 3arHaHHOH B yroji TypijHeH, 3aB5i3iiieH AaJieKO OT cpeAH3eMHOMopcKHx 6eperoB, HcnaHHH 6buia CBo6oAna B CBOHX ACHCTBHHX H, no KpaHHeft Mepe Ha BpeMH, He ncnbiTbmajia HHKaKHX 3aTpyAHeHHH H 6ecnoKOHCTB co cTopoHbi EBponw. 3TO BpeMH
OHa HCTpaTmia c nojib3on.
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H C n a H C K O H B O e H H O H MOUIH
K a p T H H y p a 3 B H T H H B O e H H O - M O p C K H X CHJI B X V I B e K e T p y A H O B O C C 0 3 A a T b C

UH(J>paMH B pyKax. ripeacAe Bcero, KaKHe Kopa6jiH noAJie^caT yneTy? Hap^Ay c
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138

nocjie/jHee mecTmieTHe TypeijKoro npeBoexoACTBa: 1559—1565

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ceMb/jecflT TOHH, pacnojiaraiomnx BOjibHOHaeMHbiMH rpe6u,aMH H apTHjuiepHen. OpraHH3aqHeH 3Toro cjxnoTa B KaTajiOHHH 3aHHMajicn Tor^a AjibBapo j\e
Ba3aH. OcTaeTCH y3HaTb, npH KaKHx o6cT05rrejibCTBax H C KaKOH nejibio. FIO-BHAHMOMy, 3TH MajiOTOHHa>KHbie cyryGo OKeaHHMecKHe cyAa 6WJIH BTHHyTbi B cpeAH3CMHOMopcKHe BOHHbi jiHiiib jijin o6cjiy>KHBaHHH nepeB030K. HcnaHijbi He cyMejiH oiieHHTb HCTHHHoro 3HaHCHHH, KOTopoe MOIVIH npHo6pecTH — H npno6pejin no3AHee — 3TH jierKHe aTJiaHTHqecKHe napycHHKH.
ECJIH OrpaHHHHTbCfl TOJIbKO 6oeBbIMH KOpa6jIHMH, TO HapflAy C TaKHMH M O q -

HbiMH cyAaMH, KaK rajiepbi, HyacHo ynHTbrnaTb H oGjierneHHbie BapnaHTbi rajiep,
(J^ycTbi H rajiHOTbi. IlpaBAa, noAo6Hbie Majibie cyAa Hcnojib30BajiHCb npe>KAe Bcero 6ep6epcKHMH KopcapaMH. DiaBHan TpyAHOCTb COCTOHT B TOM, HTO (|>;IOT O H Jinnna Ha jxejie 6bm KOHrjiOMepaTOM pa3Hbix (JXJIOTHJIHH, CBOAHOH rpynnon H3
qeTbipex 3CKaAp: HcnaHCKOH, HeanojiHTaHCKOH, CHIJHJIHHCKOH H OTp^Aa reHy33CKHX rajiep Ha >KajioBaHHH y HcnaHHH (B OCHOBHOM Kopa6;iH J\yK. A. JXopuu).
Ylpu cjiyqae K HHM npncoeAHHAjiHCb rajiepbi MoHaKO, CaBOHH, TocKaHbi H MajibTHHCKoro opACHa. Bee 3TO HHCKOJibKO He o6jiernaeT noAcneTOB.
J\j\5l OIjeHKH HCnaHCKOH 6 o e B O H MOqH Mbl nonblTaJIHCb BblMHCJIHTb KOJIHMe-

CTBO rajiep, coGnpaBiiiHxcfl c 1560 no 1564 TOA KaK B MeccHHe, TaK H B Apyrnx
MecTax, HO npeHMymecTBeHHO B MeccHHe, nocKOJibKy 3TH AaHHbie CBHAeTejibCTByioT o peajibHO Mo6n;iH30BaHHbix GoeBbix eAHHHixax.
B 1560 roAy, KorAa npoH30iiuia KaTacTpo(J)a B /I,>Kep6e, xpHcrnaHCKafl apMaAa HacMHTbiBajia 154 BoeHHbix Kopa6;iH, B TOM nncjie 47 rajiep H neTbipe rajinoTa2r>0, HTO AaeT cooTHOiueHwe Me>KAy rajiepaMH H ApyrHMH BoeHHbiMH cyAaMH
OAHH K TpeM. K 3THM 47 rajiepaM cjieAyeT npH6aBHTb 3CKaApy HcnaHHH, KOTOpan 6biJia OT03BaHa K 6eperaM nojiyocTpoBa H He npnHHMajia ynacTHH B 3KcneAHn,HH, A«=»KHHy rajiep MajibTHHCKoro opAeHa, TocicaHbi, TeHyH H CaBOHH. Mepbi,
npHHATbie B TOT MOMeHT, KorAa noTpe6oBajiocb OKa3aTb noMOiijb /JjKepGnHCKOMy (J^opTy, no3BOJiHiOTyTOMHHTb BejiHMHHy STHX pe3epBOB. rioACHHTbiBafl 8 HIOHH
1560 roAa HHCJIO rajiep, KOTopbie Hy>KHo co6paTb, Onjinnn II 251 npHiueji K BbmoAy, HTO HX 6yAeT caMoe 6ojibinoe 64 252 ; 3Ty UH(J)py MO)KHO CHHTaTb TOHHOH, HO
OHa HBHO BKjnonaeT Te ABaAUaTb rajiep, KOTopbiM yzjajiocb cnacTHCb H3-noA A^Kep6bi. TaKHM o6pa30M, K 47 rajiepaM sKcneAHijHH cjieAyeT Ao6aBHTb TOJibKO 44 —
HToro 91 — HTo6bi nojiyqHTb iiH(J)py, xapaKTepH3yiomyio pa3Mepbi BoeHHO-MopCKHX CHJI, KOTopbiMH HcnaHHH npsiMO HJIH KOCBeHHO pacnojiarajia nocjie MHpa B
KaTo-KaM6pe3H. LjHC^pa HeMajiaa, HO KaTacTpo(J)a n p n /!,>Kep6e CHH3Hjia ee AO
64. 3Ta noTepn 6buia TeM 6ojiee omyTHMoft, HTO Gojibinan nacTb yTpaneHHbix
rajiep nonojiHHJia p^Abi npoTHBHHKa: AecflTb 6ojibiiiHx rajiep, Ha KOTopwx TaccaH-nama npHnjibiJi H3 Aji>Knpa, 6biJiH nacTbio A>Kep6nHCKHX Tpocf>eeB.

HcnaHCKHH peBamu

139

OTBCT HTajib^HCKHx apceHajiOB nocjieAOBaji He3aMe,zyiHTejibHO. Ha CHIJHJIHH
6bijiH BBeAeHbi AonojiHHTejibHbie Hajiorn Ha crpoHTejibCTBo Kopa6jiefi-5*\ B Heanojie 9 OKTfl6pfl254 6buiH cnymeHbi Ha BOAy mecTb rajiep B3aMeH noTepjiHHbix
npH /JacepGe. 3aTpyAHeHH5i BCTpeTHjiHCb TOJibKO npH yKOMnneKTOBaHHH HX rpe6q a M H . O A H O B p e M e H H O 3aH5L7IHCb H a p a i l X H B a H H e M CBOHX MOpCKHX CHJI H K 0 3 H M O

MeAHHH, H r e p u p r CaBOHCKHH. CyAfl no nucbMaM O n r e p o a B niojie 1560 ro^a,
Onjinnn II Mor HaiiTH B reHy33CKOM nopTy rajiepw, HTo6bi HaHHTb HX Ha CBOIO
aiyacGy255. JXTKOBZH AHApea/topna, B CBOIO oqepe^b, nbiTajicn BOccraHOBHTb CBOH
(jpjiOT H B AHBape 1561 roAa npno6peji ABe rajiepbi y KapAHHajia CaHTa Obope 2 5 6 .
Boopy>KeHHe — Bemb Aoporocroamafl. J\j\n OHjiHnna II 3TO 6bm noBOA 3anp O C H T b B P H M e , K p O M e n O > K e p T B O B a H H H H a K p e C T O B b l H n O X O A , K O T O p b i e 6bIJIH

eMy AapoBaHbi, AonojiHHTe;ibHoe «BcnoMomecTBOBaHne»257. O H nojiyqHji ero B
HHBape 1561 roAa B pa3Mepe 300 000 3o;iOTbix AyKaTOB B TOA cpoKOM Ha nnTb
;ieT258, HO 3TO noKa3ajiocb HeAOcraTOHHbiM. B anpejie 1562 roAa, noc/ie MHoroHHC^eHHbix neperoBopoB H npH noAAep>KKe Hun IV cyMMa noMomn 6biJia AOBeAeHa AO 420 000 AyKaTOB cpoKOM Ha AecaTb jieT BMCCTO n n r a H (HTO Bbi3Bajio
pe3KHe npoTecTbi co CTopoHbi HcnaHCKoro AyxoBeHCTBa) OTCHHTbiBaBiuHeca
3aAHHM HHCJIOM c 1560 roAa259. Flo oueHKe llaojio Tbenojio, subsidio H cruzada*
AOJi^cHbi 6biJiH npHHecTH OttJiHnny II B 1563 roAy 750 000 AyKaTOB, He CHHTan
HHbix AOXOAOB, nojiyqeHHbix B HcnaHHH H 3a ee npeAe;iaMH c 6;iaroc7iOBeHHfl
CBHToro EipecTOJia: corjiacHO OAHOH PHMCKOH 3anncKe 1565 roAa260 — 1 970 000
AyKaTOB B roA.
Iioc;ie Toro, KaK (JDHHaHCOBan npo6jieMa 6buia peiueHa, ocTaBajiHCb TCXHHqecKHe Bonpocbi. B pacnopjDKeHHH Onjinnna II 6buiH Bee Bepcj)H H pa6oHHe
pyKH 3anaAa, 3a HcmiioqeHHeM IlpoBaHca. H o OH He ToponHJica npH6erHyTb K
HX ycjiyraM, BO BCHKOM cjiyqae Ha npoTH>KeHHH 1561 roAa. CpeACTBa HcnaHCKon
L],epKBH Hejib3H 6buio nojiynHTb HeMeA-fleHHO, K TOMy xce OHH UUIH Ha 3aTbiKaHHe
orpoMHbix Abip B 6K)A>KeTe Ka3Hbi; HO rjiaBHoe, Kopojib H ero COBCTHHKH HC >KejiajiH TpaTHTbCH Ha nepeBoopy>KeHHe, 3aTe*iHHoe HTajibHHCKHMH «BjiacTHTeji5iMH». U,e^bio 3THX Mep, ecTecTBeHHO, 6WJIH 6jiaro H 6e3onacHocTb xpHCTHaHCKoro MHpa. noaTOMy «BJiacTHTejiH» AOJIHCHW 6buiH, no cnpaBeA^iHBOCTH, npnjioxcHTb TaKwe >Ke ycHjiHH H nowTH Ha ncepTBbi, KaK H HcnaHHH. TaK, B MapTe
1561 roAa261 HcnaHCKoe npaBHTe;ibCTBO 3anpocn^o noMOiUH B BHAC rajiepy n o p TyrajiHH npoTHB 6ep6epoB. A KorAa 1 anpejia OHO HanpaBHJio B HTajiHio MapKH3a AC ;ia OaBapy c nopyneHHeM AoroBopnTbcn B HTajiHH o c6ope Bcex rajiep CBOHX COK)3HHKOB, 6bijio noA^epKHyTO, HTO peqb He HACT O HaHMe rajiep a sueldo**.
HcnaHHH npocHJia 6ecKopbiCTHoro COACHCTBHH y CHHbopa HbOM6HHO, IeHy33c* rioMomb H cpeACTBa na KpecTOBbin noxoA (ucn.).
** 3 a njiaTy.

140

riocjieAHee mecTmieTHe TypeijKoro npeBoexoACTBa: 1559—1565

KOH pecny6jiHKH, r e p q o r a CaBOHCKoro, r e p q o r a H repupraHH MaHTyaHCKHx,
repqora OjiopeHijHH, BBHAy Toro, HTO y Hee ocrajiocb Majio rajiep, a Te, KOTOpbie CTPOHTCH, eme He roTOBbi262. B nHCbMe reHy33CKoro nocjia B HcnaHHH yKa3biBaeTCH, HTO H3 Bcex, KTO npeA-flaraji rajiepbi a sueldo, TOJibKO MapKO HeHTypHOHe nojiynnji KOHTpaKT Ha neTbipe HJIH mrrb rajiep B TeneHHe 1562 roAa 263 .
BnpoqeM, rjiaBHbiH nocraBiijHK HaeMHbix rajiep, /I,>KOBaH AHApea /Ippna, nojiyHHJI 1 0 0 0 0 0 KpOH C BbinJiaTOH Ha OKTfl6pbCKOH HpMapKe H3 1 3 0 0 0 0 , KOTOpbie

npHMHTajiHCb eMy jsjin 3aBepmeHHH CHapnaceHHH ero cyAOB264. ECJIH npHHHTb BO
BHHMaHHe MeAJieHHOCTb cnycKa Ha BOAy H CHapjDKeHHH HOBWX rajiep, a TaK>Ke
noTepio B HioHe ceMH CHIJHJIHHCKHX rajiep, yBeACHHbix /JpaiyroM 265 , npHAeTca
CAejiaTb BWBOA, HTO B 1561 roAy ncnaHCKHH CJJJIOT eme He 3ajieHHji paH, nojiyqeHHbix 3a TOA AO 3Toro. KHH3b Mejib^HHCKHH co6paji A-flfl oceHHen KaMnaHHH
TOJibKO nHTbAecHT nHTb rajiep 266 .
TojibKO B KOHqe 1561 roAa B ncnaHCKOM cyAOCTpoeHHH HaMeTHJiocb oacHBJieHHe, KOTopoe npHBejio Aaace K BO3O6HOBJICHHIO ACflTejibHOCTH BepcJ>eH B BapceJIOHC 3Ta aKTHBHOCTb Bbi3Bajia onpeAejieHHoe 6ecnoKOHCTBO coceAen, TaK HTO
EnaTepHHa MCAHHH Aa>Ke OTnpaBHjia T-Ha JXO3?LHC2L K CBoeMy 3HTK> C OCO6OH
MHCCHeft, eAHHCTBeHHOH ijejibio KOTopoH 6bijio pa3BeHTb B03M0>KHbie noA03peHHH 2 6 7 . 3 T O 6buio B ACKa6pe. Ton >Ke 3HMOH HBHO no Tpe6oBaHHio Kopojin repUor^Kyawe3 BbiABHHyji CBOH poTbi Ha HcnaHCKyio rpaHHuy, XOTH, no ero cjiOBaM,
onacHOCTb 6biJia MajiOBepoHTHOH. llpaBAa, «BOTy^ce ABa Mecaixa, KaK no npHKa3y E. B. KopojiH HcnaHHH B BapcejiOHe cneumo AOcrpaHBaiOTCfl HecKOJibKO rajiep H Apyrnx MopcKHx cyAOB H npoAOJixcaeTCH 3aroTOBKa 6ojibiuoro KOJinnecrBa
rajieT. FIoBceMecTHO XOA^T cjiyxn, HTO STHM JICTOM 6yAeT npeAnpnHHTa 3KcneAHUHH B AjDKHp, H KaK MHe AOCTOBepHO, B a i l i e BeJIHHeCTBO, H3BeCTHO, BCe nOA"

AaHHbie HcnaHCKoro Kopojin ycnjieHHO npocHT ero HATH TyAa BOHHOH, noTOMy
HTO aji>KHpcKHH Kopojib Aep>KHT ncnaHijeB B nocTOHHHOM CTpaxe H OHH noABepraiOTCH BejiHHaHiueMy pncKy, OTBaxcHBaiicb njibiTb no Mopio»268. Mecnu, cnycrn,
17 HHBapn 1562 roAa, enncKon JIHMOHCCKHH coo6maeT TaKHe >Ke noApo6HOCTH o
CTpoHTejibCTBe rajiep, «KOTopbie co BceM TmaHHeM H3roTaBJiHBaiOTCH noBCiOAy,
npnneM B KaTajiOHHH H COCCAHHX KopojieBCTBax j\nn STOH ijejin 6bijio HeAaBHO
Bbipy6jieHO 6ojiee neTbipex TMOIH (J)yTOB ejiOBoro Jieca, H eme rajiepbi crpoflTCfl
B Heanojie H CHIJHJIHH, jyin nero 6biJiH npnrjiauieHbi MacTepa H3 IeHyn H KoeKTO OT Hac, H3 npoBaHca» 269 .
H o CTpoHTejibCTBO iiuio MeAJieHHO, 3aroTOBJieHHbiH Jiec nepeA ncnojib30BaHHeM Heo6xoAHMO 6buio BbicyuiHTb. no3TOMy pe3yjibTaTbi oacHAajincb B 6yAymeM. K TOMy >Ke H B 3TOM roAy Onjinnn II He noacejiaji nocraBHTb noA pyacbe Bee
HajiHHHbie CHjibi 3anaAHoro CpeAH3eMHOMopba. CorjiacHO ocj)HiiHajibHOMy AOKyMeHTy OT 14 HIOHH 1562 roAa B pacnopaaceHHe KOMaHAOBaHHH (JXTIOTOM nepeAaioTCH TOJibKO 56 rajiep, 32 H3 KOTopwx AOJIXCHM 6MJIH HaxoAHTCH noA Hana-

HcnaHCKHH peBamu

141

JIOM A- XyaHa j\e MeHAOCbi, a 24 — Ropuu270. OAHaico H3 coAep^caHMH cnncKa
BHAHO, MTO B cocTaB KOHBOH He BXOAHT rajiepbi CHLJHJIHH, PHMCKoro npecTOJia,
TocKaHbi, TeHyH, nacTHbix JIHIJ — repuora MoHaKO HJIH cHHbopa IIbOM6HHO. TpyAHO nepe^HCJiHTb Bee 3TH OTcyTCTByiomHe rajiepw; HCXOAH H3 npeAbiAymHx nepeHHen, MOHCHO 3aKJiiOHHTb, HTO HX HHCJIO cocTaBjiHJio OT ABaAaaTH AO TpHAUaTH. TaKHM o6pa30M, Ha 3amHTy HcnaHCKoro CpeAH3eMHOMopbH MOHCHO 6MJIO
npH3BaTb Bcero OT 80 AO 90 rajiep: A^Kep6HHCKan paHa eABa 3aTHHyjiacb. K Heft
Ao6aBHjiHCb HTorH KaTacTpocJ)bi npH 3ppaAype: nocjie noTepn 25 rajiep ncnaHCKHe BOopynceHHbie CHJIM 0Ka3ajiHCb OT6pomeHbi AajieKO Ha3aA H cTapaHHH qejioro roAa noiiuiH npaxoM.
C C e p b e 3 H b I M H H e n p H H T H O C T H M H MOXCHO C n p a B H T b C H TOJIbKO p e i U H T e J I b H b l -

MH MepaMH. 12 ACKaGpn 1562 roAa OnjiHnn II co3Baji B MaApHAe KacTHJibCKHe
KopTecw. B «npeAJio^ceHHH», 3aHHTaHHOM HM Ha HX OTKPMTHH — ceroAHH ero
Ha3BajiH 6bi, KaK 3aMenaeT He3apeo O. /typo, TPOHHOH penbio, — 6buiH H3JioxceHbl MOTHBbI, C B H 3 a H H b i e KaK CO C p e A H 3 e M H b I M M O p e M , T a K H C A T J i a H T H K O H , KO-

Topwe 3acraBjiflK)T npncTynnTb K co3AaHHio 6ojibiuoro (|>jioTa271; B 3aKJiiOHeHHe,
KaK MO)KHO AoraAaTbca, 6buia BbicKa3aHa npocbGa yTBepAHTb HOBbie HajiorH.
Bee 3TH Mepbi 6biJiH ycTpeMjieHbi B 6yAymee. B 1563 roAy CTpoHTejibCTBO BOeHHbix Kopa6jieH jiniiib OT^acTH no3BOJiHJio B03MecTHTb yTpaTbi HcnaHCKoro
(J)jiOTa. C HacTynjieHHeM 6jiaronpHHTHoro ce30Ha Onjinnn B onepeAHOH pa3
o6paTHJiCH K CBOHM coK)3HHKaM B HTajiHH, repupry CaBOHCKOMy, IeHy33CKOH
pecny6;iHKe, repqory OjiopeHTHHCKOMy. 8 MapTa OH HacHHTbiBaji 70 co6paHHbix
rajiep272, KOTopwe, KaK H B 1562 roAy, HanojiOBHHy npeAHa3HanajiHCb jyin HcnaHHH, HanojiOBHHy JXJIH HTajiHH. Bee 3TH njiaHbi 6bijiH onpoKHHyTbi ocaAOH OpaHa. He 6e3 TpyAa yAajiocb nocjiaTb TJ^IH cnaceHHa ocaacAeHHbix 34 rajiepbi. RePiCTBHTeJIbHO, M O K A y o 6 l U H M HHCJIOM r a j i e p , M 0 6 H J I H 3 0 B a H H b I X A^IH 3 K C n e A H U H H ,

H peajibHbiM cocTaBOM (J)JioTa BcerAa coxpaHfljiocb 3HaHHTejibHoe pacxo>KAeHHe,
nocKOJibKy nacTb Kopa6jien ocTaBajiacb Ha 3aujHTe no6epe>KbH.
YcHJiHfl KopojiH 6biJiH B03Harpa^KAeHbi TOJibKO B 1564 roAy. B ceHT5i6pe AOH
TapcHH AC TojieAO CMor co6paTb MOK/jy 6eperaMH HcnaHHH w Ac^pHKH OT 90 AO
102 rajiep (ecjiH ncxoAHTb H3 npeAejibHbix u,H(|>p, Ha3biBaeMbix coBpeMeHHHKaMH). ^aace ecjiH npHHHTb nepByio UH(J)py, nporpecc 6bui BneMaTJunomHM. IIpaBAa, HaAO CKa3aTb, MTO HOBMH HanajibHHK HcnaHCKoro (J)jiOTa, onnpaacb Ha nojiyneHHbie HM CBeAeHHfl o TypKax, TBepAO peuiHji co3BaTb Bee HajiHHHbie rajiepbi
BMecTe B 3anaAHOH nacTH Mopa, He BbiAejiflfl H3 HHX HH OAHOH jyin pe3epBa HJIH
oxpaHbi no6epe>Kb5i. BO3MO>KHO, 3TO coBnaAeHHe, HO BbicaAKa CaMnbepo Kopco npoH3omjia B Tbijiy y 3TOH orpoMHofi apMaAbi, ycTpeMjieHHOH Ha 3anaA. HaAO
O T M e T H T b T a i O K e , MTO KOpOJIb o 6 p a T H J I C H 3 a I I O M O m b l O KO B C e M B03MO>KHbIM CO-

K>3HHKaM, KaK 6ecKopbicTHbiM, TaK H HaeMHbiM. <J>JIOT, npHiueAuiHH K Bejiecy, He
6MJI (J)JIOTOM HcnaHCKoro Kopojin, B HeM ynacTBOBajiH Bee 3anaAHOxpncTHaH-

142

noc^e;;nee mecTHjieTHC TypeijKoro npeBoexoACTBa: 1559—1565

CKHe CTpaHbi, KpoMe OpaHirnn. Hap^Ay c npoHHMH, 3Aecb npncyTCTByiOT 10 ra;iep repqora CaBOHCKoro, 7 repiiora OjiopeHTHHCKoro, 8 nopTyrajibCKoro KOpojin 27:\ ECJIH npn6aBHTb K HHM HaeMHbie cyAa, nojiyHHTca OKOJIO TpHAUaTH «coK)3Hbix» napycHHKOB, conpoBO^CAaBuiHX (JXTIOT OHJiHnna II.
TeM He MeHee HOBWC cyAa CXOAHJIH CO cTanejien. HeanojiHTaHCKaa acnaApa, B
HHBapc HacHHTbiBaBiuan 4 AencTByiomnx rajiepbi, 2 — BO cjx/iOTe, oacHAaiomnx
CHapn^KCHHH, 2 3aBepuieHHbic Ha BepcJ)H H 4 CTponmnecfl274, B HIOHC yace COCTOjuia H3 11 AencTByiomnx Kopa6;iCH275, H ABeHaAUaTOMy HeAOcraBajio TOJibKO
mnypMbi270, a eme 4 HaxoAHJincb BO cjxnoTe H 4 crponjiHCb — HToro 20, B TOM
HHCJie 11 ACHCTByiomnx. noc/ie AflHTejibHbix npnroTOBJieHHH ABH^KCHHC, no-BHAHMOMy, ycKopnjiocb. B KOHue 1564 roAa ncnaHCKne Bepcf)H pa6oTajin B nojmyio
cnjiy Bapce^OHCKHH apccHaji nojib30BajiCH oco6biM BHHMaHneM A. IapcnH, 6WBmero BHiie-KopojiH KaTajiOHHH, H nepBbie pe3y;ibTaTbi ero AejrrejibHOCTH 6bijiH
o6HaAe>KHBaiomHMH: HecMOTpn Ha noTepn, noKa3aTe;iH 1559 roAa 6buiH He TOJibKO AOCTHrHyTbl, HO H npCB30HAeHbI.
,B[OH TapcHH Re Tojie^o
BblJIO JIH 3TO 03AOpOBJieHHe pe3yJIbTaTOM C03HaTCJIbHO H nOCJieAOBaTCJIbHO

npoBOAHMOH nojiHTHKH, noACKa3aHHOH OnjiHnny II ero HCHMM noHHMaHHCM
co6cTBeHHbix HHTepecoB H 3aAan Ha CpeAH3eMHOM Mope? BbiTb MoaceT, TOJibKO
HaBHcmaH onacHOCTb, ^^cepGa H p^A HecqacTjiHBbix cjiyqaHHOcren noATOJiKHyJIH Onjinnna II K TeM maraM, KOTopbie OH He njiaHnpoBaji 3apaHee. Ka^ceTCH,
HTO ero BnojiHe ycrponjio 6bi A-^HTejibHoe coxpaHCHne TOH CHTyaiinn orpaHHqeHHOH BOHHW, He TpeGyiomeii GOJIMUHX pacxoAOB H OTBaacHbix maroB, KOTOpaa cjioacHjiacb B 1561—1564 roAax. O H He BbmauiHBaji HHKaKHx ujxeu H HC HCnbiTbmaji CTpacTeft, cnoco6Hbix BOOAymeBHTb HacTOflmnn KpecTOBbiH noxoAI la BocTOKe ero HHTepecbi He npocrnpajincb Aajibine Heanojia H CninxJiHH. BnojiHe BepoHTHO Aa>Ke, HTO B 1564 roAy, KorAa HOBOH36paHHbiH HMnepaTop MaKcnMHJiHaH BCTynnji B neperoBopbi c KoHcraHTHHonojieM no noBOAy npojuicuun
nepcMHpHH 1562 roAa, B CBH3H CO CMepTbio 4>epAHHaHAa, — BO3MO>KHO, HTO
Onjinnn, KaK H B 1558 roAy, nonbiTajicn npnHHTb B HHX ynacTne. Ha 3TO yna3biBaeT ynoMHHaeMbiH XaMMepoM AOKyMeHT, xpaHflmnncfl cpeAH Apyrnx 6yMar B
BeHe, — AOK/iaA «HHTepHyHU,HH», HMnepcKoro areHTa B KoHcraHTHHono;ie A/ib6epTa BHeca, AaTHpoBaHHbin 22 ACKa6p5i 1564 roAa277.
TaKHM o6pa30M, AenTejibHocrb A- Iapcnn Ae TojieAo He 6buia BbipaaceHHeM
OC03HaHHOH nOJIHTHKH, He HMCJia nOA C06OH CTOJIb >KC BCCOMblX OCHOBaHHH,

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HcnaHCKHH peeaHiii

143

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HMCHHO OH BOCC03/jaji Momb HcnaHCKoro (J)jiOTa, c^e^aB H3 Hero BHyuiHTejibHoe
H ACHCTBeHHoe nojiHTHnecKoe opyAHe.
Cbm A. rie^po /je Tojie^o — 3aMeqaTejibHoro BHije-Kopojifl HeanojiH, TBepAOH pyKOH Aep>KaBiuero 6pa3#bi npaBjieHna KopojieBCTBa H meApo yKpacHBiuero ero CTOJinny, AOH IapcHa, noxo>Ke, yHacneAOBaji ero pa3Max H cnoco6HOCTb B
cjiyqae HCO6XOAHMOCTH He CHHTaTbca co cpeACTBaMH. K MOMeHTy CMepTH CBoero CTapiuero 6paTa HOCHBIUHH THTyji MapKH3a j\e BHJibH(J)paHKa, OH BCTynHji Ha
cjiy>K6y noA pyKOBOACTBOM KHH3H /],opHH B 1539 ro/jy, HMen B CBoeM pacnopa>KeHHH ABe rajiepbi. B 21 roA OH 6biji Ha3HaqeH KOMaHAyiomHM HeanojiHTaHCKOH
acKa^pbi, 6yAynH o6fl3aH 3TOH MHJiocTbio CBoeiviy OTixy, HO BMecTe c TeM oneHb
paHO npHHHB Ha ce6n 6peMH TaKOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH. O H yqacTBOBaji B 6oeBbix
AeHCTBHHx B TyHHce, Aji>KHpe, Q|)aKce, KCAHGHH H Mexe/jHH, B TpeqHH, HHIJue, B CHCHCKOH BOHHC H Ha KopcHKe. Ilo COCTOAHHIO 3AopoBbn — TaK no KpaHHeH Mepe 6buio 3aflBJieHO — 25 anpejia 1558 roAa OH noAaji B OTCTaBKy co CBoero
nocTa H 6biji Ha3HaneH BHiie-KopojieM H rjiaBHOKOMaHAyiomHM KaTajiOHHH H
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nHCbMe K Kopojno OH roBopHT: «Aa 6yAeT H3BCCTHO B. B., HTO A AOJIJKCH 6biTb
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MeHH KacaeTCH»281.
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MOHCTpHpOBaJI HCHOCTbyMa, TH6KOCTb H CnOCo6HOCTb K TOHKHM Ha6jIK>AeHH5IM.

B nncbMe, aApecoBaHHOM 14 AeKa6pn 1564 roAa 283 OnjiHnny II H3 Ta3Tbi, OH C

144

IlocTieAHee uiecTmieTHe TypeijKoro npeBocxoACTBa: 1559—1565

nojiHbiM noHHMaHHeM cxaBHx npo6;ieMy B3aHMOOXHomeHHH HcnaHHH H nancxBa.
EIHH IV B ero npncyxcxBHH nycxHJicn B xyMaHHbie paccyacAeHHa, B onepeAHOH
pa3 Hcajiyacb Ha HcnaHijeB, Ha xex JIHIJ, Koxopbix Onjinnn II npHcnaji K HeMy, Ha
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rpac})a AC JlyHy H Bapraca, Ha oxHOiueHHe Kopojifl K co6opy... B xeneHHe nexbipex
nacoB A- IapcHH xepnejiHBO cjiyuiaji, He oxBenaji Ha ynpeKH H He ynoMHHaa o
qejiH CBoeH MHCCHH. J\BZ AHA cnycxa, KorAa 6ypn yjierjiacb, OH cxaji paccKa3biBaxb 06 Hxorax ACHCXBHH Ha Mope 3a roA. B oxBex nana He 6e3 yMbic;ia 3aMexHji,
HXO OH cnacxjiHB, HaKOHeq, yBH^exb pe3yjibxax (J)HHaHCOBOH noMOiijH, BbiAejieHHOH xan AaBHO. Ero co6eceAHHK o6paxHjicn K xexHHnecKHM BonpocaM: (JXTIOX
He;ib3H co3Aaxb 3a OAHH A^Hb; HeycxaHHbiH xpyA npouuibix Jiex npHHec CBOH njioAbi xojibKo xenepb, Kor^a yzjajiocb co6paxb HeM&Tibie CHjibi. H o nana He noAAaexCH Ha yroBopbi, OH roBopHx He 6o;iee, He MeHee, KaK 06 3KcneAHijHH npoxHB
Aji>KHpa: MXO xanoe B cpaBHeHHH c HHM neHbOH-Ae-Be^ec? Box KorAa cxaHOBHxCH noHHXHOH npHBeAeHHaii HaMH (}>pa3a OnjiHnna II: El Papa esta a la mira, nana
He cnycKaex c Hac r;ia3, KaK nepeBC/iH 6bi MW. l i a n a CJICAHX 3a HcnaHHefi, n ero
B3iyiflA He cyjiHx HHnero xopomero...

3. IIPOBA CHJI HA MAJIBTE

(18 MAfl — 8 CEHTJIEP.H 1564 TOflA)
He npexeHAyn Ha ;iaBpbi nonyjinpHbix coqHHHxejien, Mbi MO>KCM cpaBHHXb
Majibxy, xo ecxb cxpeMHxe;ibHoe HanaAeHHe xypeiiKOH apMaAbi Ha Majibxy B Mae
1565 roAa, xo;ibKO c npoHecuiHMca HaA EBponow yparaHOM. Ho axox yparaH —
n o CBOHM nOCJieACXBHHM HBHBIIIHHCH OAHHM H 3 K p y n H C H U I H X C o 6 b I X H H

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THH — JiHiiib oxnacxH 3acxaji Bpacnjiox 3AeuiHHX npaBHxejieH. Pa3Be cyjixaH Mor
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a tempo nuovo * H3 KoHcxaHXHHonojia BbiHAex 6ojibinoH (jx/iox. <J>ujiimn BoopyHcajiCH, HO onacHocxb cymecxBOBajia H CO cxopoHbi Knnpa 2 8 4 . Hanajiacb jioxepea
nporH030B...
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6w yjiaAHXb KopcHKaHCKHH Bonpoc AO Hanajia anpejin, xo ecxb AO npnxoAa xy* C HacTyrmeHMeM ce30Ha.

Ilpo6a CHJI Ha Majibre (18 Man — 8 ceHTH6pn 1564 roAa)

145

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yTypoK.
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pa6oTa; B cepe^HHe anpejia B nojmoH 6oeBOH TOTOBHOCTH Ao;i>KHbi 6buiH HaxoAHTbCH He MeHee 140 rajiep, 10 MaoHH (HJIH 6o;ibuiHx rajieacoB), 20 Kpynibix
cyAOB H 15 KapaMy3ajiHCOB... Ilo cpaBHeHHio c STHMH H3BecTHHMH ycnexH AjibBapo AC Ba3aHa, 3aTonHBiuero c noMombio HcnaHCKHx rajiep HecKo;ibKO Kopa6;ieH
B ycTbe PHO Ae TeTyaH H neperopoAHBiuero nyTb no Heft288, Ka3ajiHCb HecymeCTBeHHbiMH, KaK H TOT (J)aKT, MTO Kopcapbi 3aBJiaAejiH TpeMH Kopa6;iHMH, BbiuieAiiiHMH H3 MajiarH, H no o6biKHOBeHHio BbicraBHJiH HX juin Bbinyna y Mbica
OajibKOH289. /Ja^Ke ceHcaijHOHHoe CBHAaHHe B BafioHHe * He Bbi3Bajio noAo6Horo
BHHMaHHH K ce6e 290 , H jiHxopaAOHHbie BOopy>KeHHH (B BapcejiOHe 6buiH cnyme291
HW Ha BOAy BOceMb rajiep, a B Majiare — Tpw rajieaca ) He MOHIH BHCCTH ycnoKOeHM. BeAb qyBCTBO TpeBorH nHTana pacTymaji c KaacAbiM AHCM yBepeHHOCTb B
npnxoAe orpoMHOH TypeijKOH apMaAbi, K KOTopoft npHCoeAHHHTCii Kopcapbi
3anaAHbix H BOCTOMHBIX 6eperoB. BnojiHe BO3MO>KHO, HTO, no c/iOBaM ASAO, IaccaH-naina B Aji>KHpe 3Ha/i 06 onepaijHH, roTOB^meHCH npoTHB MajibTbi, eme 3HMOH 1564 roAa. Bee pa3BeABiBaTe;ibHbie HCTOMHHKH, KaK B KoHCTaHTHHono;ie,
TaK H 6;iH)Ke, B Kop(J)y H Pary3e, BTOPHJIH Apyr Apyry. H3BecTHe H3 Pary3bi, A^THpoBaHHoe 8 anpejia, coo6majio, HTO ABaAUaTb rajiep aBaHrapAa IlHajiH-naiiiH
npouuiH 20 MapTa292 qepe3 npo;iHBbi H MTO no cjiyxaM OHH HanpaBjijuincb Ha
MajibTy, XOTH HHnero Hejib3H 6buio yTBep>KAaTb onpeAeneHHO293.
HcnaHCKoe npaBHTejibCTBO, B CBOIO onepeAb, onacanocb HanaAeHHH Ha JIa
ryjieiry294, H 22 MapTa 6buiH npHHHTbi Mepw no Ha6opy neTbipex Tbicnq nexoTHHqeB B HcnaHHH, nacTbK) A-flfl OTnpaBKH Ha KopcHKy, nacTbio jyin pa3MemeHHH Ha rajiepax. Onjinnn II paccbuiaji npeAOCTepe>KeHHH: «B TypeijKOM (J>jiOTe
6yAeT 6o^biue rajiep, HCM B npe>KHHe roAbi», — nncaji OH 7 anpejin llpHopy H
KOHcyjiaM CeBH^bH295, H3Bema5i HX O npHKa3ax, OTAaHHbix A/ibBapo AC Ba3aHy:
npHHTH B KapTaxeHy H 3a6paTb oTTyAa HcnaHCKHe OTpHAbi RJISI AOCTaBKH Ha
* HcnaHCKOH KopojieBbi H ee MaTepw EKaTepwHbi MCAHHH, CM.

HH>KC

146

noc/ieflHee iuecrajieTHe TypeijKoro npeBoexoACTBa: 1559—1565

KopcHKy; 3aTeM BepHyTbca Ha MajibopKy H npoAOJincaTb HCCTH oxpaHy OT KopcapoB. Bnqe-Kopojib Heanojia npe/uiojiaraeT 8 anpejin B BHAy HaBHCineH BC;IHKOH
onacHOCTH Ha6paTb OT 10 000 j\o 12 000 qejiOBeK H JIHMHO npHBecTH MX B AnyJIHIO 2 % . H o HTO KacaeTCH cjiyxoB o nocaraTejibCTBe TypoK Ha FlbOMSHHO c OAO6peHHH repuora OjiopeHTHHCKoro, TO B 3TO OH He BepHT297.
C o6biMHbiM 3ano3AaHHeM Ha 3ana# HaqHHaiOT nocTynaTb CBCACHHH O nocreneHHOM npoABH^KCHHH TypoK. 17 anpejia 40 rajiep HaxoAHjiHCb B KaHajie y HerponoHTe; eme TpHAUaTb npH6aBHJiHCb K HHM 19-ro; ocTajibHan qacTb (JxJiOTa,
150 napycHHKOB, 6buia y Xnoca 298 . TaKHM o6pa30M, jyin Toro qTo6bi npHHTH B
(SreHCKHH) apxHiiejiar, TypeuKHM Kopa6;mM noHaAo6Hjiocb A»e HCACJIH (a HCKOTopbiM H 6ojibiue). r i o Aopore OHH nonojiHHJiH 3anacbi npoAOBOJibCTBHH (B
OCHOBHOM, cyxapaMH) H npHHjuiH Ha 6opT BOHCKa. / t p a i y r H a o w u i , HTo6bi apMa^a 6bicTpo Bbiuuia B Mope, H roBopHJiH, HTO OH noTpe6oBaji BbiAejiHTb n*iTbAecHT rajiep, MTo6bi noMeuiaTb cocpeAOToqeHHio (JDJiOTa OHJiHnna II. Ha Kopcj)y XOAHJIH cjiyxH, HTO TypeqicaH apivia^a non^eT Ha MajibTy, HO ocBCAOMHTejib
AejiaeT oroBopKy: «cyAfl no BeAymnMCfl npHroTOBjieHHHM, — nHiueT OH, — Han6ojiee BepoHTHo, HTO OHa OTnpaBHTca K JIa IyjieTTe» 2 ". B Mae 3CKa/jpa 6biJia y HaBapHHa™0; 18 MHCJiay MajibTbi301.
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npHCJiaji c HapoMHbiM H3 CHpaKy3 KpaTKoe AOHeceHHe AOHy TapcHH j\e To;ieAo:
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O TOM, HTO HaillH OnaCCHMH c6bIJIHCb H nOHBHJIHCb TypKH» S 0 2 . IIOBOCTb BCKOpe

noATBepAH^acb: 17 MHCJia TypeijKHH C£>JIOT 6bui «o6Hapy>KeH» B Mope y Mbica
n a c c e p o , H BHLnc-Kopojib HeanojiH H3BCCTHJI 06 3TOM Kopo;iH 22-ro nncbMOM,
conpoBo>KAaBiuHM noApo6Hbie CBeAeHHH, npHCJiaHHbie A- IapcHeH 303 . 3 T H nepBbie AOCTOBepHbie HOBOCTH Kopojib nojiyqHji 6 HIOHH 304 .
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cpeACTBa opAeHa H npncrynHTb K pa36opice p^Aa crpoeHHH Ha ocTpoBe. npoBH3HH H noAKpenjieHH^i 3ana3AbiBajiH, H njrrb opAeHCKHX rajiep, HaxoAHBiuHXcn B
npeBocxoAHOM COCTOJIHHH, 6biJiH 6jioKHpoBaHbi B nopTy H He CMOHIH 0Ka3aTb
xpHCTHaHCKOMy cJ)jioTy HH Majieniiiero coAencTBHa305.
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Ho BejiHKHH MarwcTp >KaH AC JIaBajieTT napH30 H ero pbiqapH oKa3ajin OTqa^HHoe conpoTHBJieHHe, H Bee 6biJio cnaceHO 6;iaroAapfl MX OTBare.

Ilpo6a cmi Ha MajibTe (18 Man — 8 ceHTH6pn 1564 ro/ja)

147

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OAHOH H3 jiyniiiHx raBaHeft MajibTbi nocjie 6yxTbi MapcaMymeT, cjiy>KHBiueH nopTOM jijix JIa BajuieTTbi. B HOHb c 18 Ha 19 3/jecb BbicaflHjiHCb 3 000 qejiOBeK, a Ha
c/ieAyiomHH ACHb eme 20 000. HaBO/jHeHHbiH TypKaMH ocTpoB 6biJi 3aHHT HMH
6e3 Tpy^a, B pyKax pbiqapen ocraBajica jiHiub He6ojibiuoH (})opT CaHT'SjibMO,
KOHTpojinpyiomHH noACTynbi B MapcaMymeT H GrapbiH IbpoA — Bopro, o6iiiHpHWH H3pbiTbiH TpaHiue^MH paftoH, a Taioice MOii;Hbie 4>opTbi CaH MHKe;ie H
CaHT'AHA^cejio. HCXOAA H3 noTpeGHocren KOMMyHHKau,HH no Mopio, CHaqajia,
24 Mail, TypKH npncrynHjiH K oca^e 6o;iee cjia6oro c[)opTa, CaHT'SjibMO, B HaAOKAe 3aB^a^eTb 3aTeM nopTOM, AOCTyn K KOTopoMy OH 3aKpbiBaji. 31 Man HanajicH o6crpeji, HO yKpenjieHHe 6biJio B3HTO TOJibKO 23 HIOHH nocjie 6oM6apAHpOBKH Heo6bIKHOBeHHOH HHTCHCHBHOCTH. HHKOMy H3 3aiIJHTHHKOB CnaCTHCb He

y^ajiocb. H o HX ynopHoe conpoTHBjieHwe cnacno MajibTy. OHa nojiyqHJia nepeAbiiiiKy JUIH noAroTOBKH K OTpa^ceHHio urrypMa H 3aBepuieHHH HanaTOH apxHTeKTopoM op^eHa MaacTpo 3BaH/pKejiHCTOH nepecrponKH Bopro H CaH MHKe;ie.
HcnaHijbi TaiOKe CMon/iH HaBepcTaTb ynymeHHoe H3-3a CBoero npoMeA-JieHHfl.
JiHiub CTeqeHwe o6cTOHTe;ibCTB noMeuiajio XyaHy &e Kap/jOHe, KOMaH^npy ra;iep CHIJHJIHH, OKa3aTb MajibTe noMoqb eme AO na/jeHHH CaHT'SjibMO. O^HaKO
He6oJIbUIOH OTpHJX H3 6 0 0 qeJIOBeK BblCaAHJICfl AOCTaTOHHO CBOeBpeMeHHO,

30 HK)HH, H cyMeji #o6paTbC5i ^o CTaporo IbpoAa, HTO CBH/jeTejibCTByeT o He6pe^KHOH oxpaHe ocaacAaiomHMH AOcrynoB K HeMy KaK no cyuie, TaK H no Mopio.
Ylocjie 3axBaTa CaHT'3;ibMO TypKH cocpeAOTOHHJiH CBOH ycHjiHH Ha KpynHOM,
xoTfl oTnacTH HeAocrpoeHHOM yKpenjieHHH CaH MHKe;ie, aTaKOBaHHOM c 3CM;IH
H c Mopa. EbuiH Hcnpo6oBaHbi Bee cpeACTBa, 6oM6apAnpoBKa, npHCTyn, HanaAeHHe c JIOAOK, HO o6opoHHiomHecH Aep^cajiHCb CTOHKO. B KOHije KOHLJOB 7 aBiyCTa KpenocTb noHTH qyAOM 6bma cnaceHa 6jiaroAapn jiHHHOMy BMeuiaTejibCTBy
BejiHKoro MarncTpa H Bbuia3Ke pbiqapen H3 CTaporo IbpoAa, KOTopbie o6pyuiHJiHCb Ha TypeqKHe Tbuibi H Bbi3BajiH TaM naHHKy. CnycTH Mecjnj, 7 ceHTfl6pn,
Typeu,KaH apMHa ocTaBajiacb TOHHO Ha Tex >Ke IIO3HIIH^X. MHoroHHCJieHHbie
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Ae To;ieAO.
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148

rioc/ieAHee uiecTHJieTHe TypeuKoro npeBoexoACTBa: 1559—1565

B03po>KAeHHoro McnaHCKoro (Jx/iOTa npHBe;ia 6bi K HenonpaBHMbiM nocjieACTBHB TO >Ke BpeMH, ecjiH HMCTL B BHAy npoTHBOCTOHHHe 3anaAHoro CpeAH3eMHOMopbH BocTOHHOMy, He cjieAyeT 3a6biBaTb, MTO nocjie/jHee 6bmo 6o;iee
yAo6HbiM A-flfl MopenjiaBaHHH, H JJJIX cocpeAOToqeHHfl HcnaHCKoro (J)jiOTa JIHOHCKHH 3ajiHB npeACTaBJiHJi CO6OH ropa3AO 6ojiee cepbe3Hoe npemrrcTBHe, neM
yceaHHoe ocTpoBaMH SrewcKoe Mope. BbiCTpon Mo6HjiH3aijHH MeuiaiOT He TOJibKO 6ojibiiiHe paccTOHHHH, HO H cymecTByiomne B 3anaAHOH qacTH CpeAH3eMHOro Mopa, r^e Bee nopTbi noABepraiOTCH onacHOCTH co CTopoHbi KopcapoB, npo6;ieMbi oxpaHbi, TpaHcnopTHpoBKH H CHa6xceHHH npoBHaHTOM. B TeHye, JlHBopHO, HHBHTaBeKKbe, Heanojie HyacHO norpy3HTb Ha Kopa6jiH npoAOBOAbCTBHe,
AeHbrH, BOHCKa. EcTb, HaKOHeu, eme KopcHKa, r^e nbuiaeT oqar BOCCTaHHH, pacnpocTpaHHiomerocH no BceMy ocTpoBy.
EIpHMepoM TaKHx 3aTpyAHeHHH Moiyr cjiyxcHTb nepexoAbi ncnaHCKOH 3CKaApbI308 n o ^ K O M a H ^ O B a H H e M AjibBapo j\e Ba3aHa. B Haqajie Man OHa crojuia B Majiare noA norpy3KOH apTHjmepHH H 6oenpHnacoB AJIH OpaHa. H3 OpaHa OHa BepHyjiacb B KapTaxeHy, HTOGW nocaAHTb Ha CBOH A^BHTHaAUaTb rajiep H ABe HaBbi
1 500 nejiOBeK, qTo6bi AOCTaBHTb HX B Mepc-3Jib-Ke6wp. TojibKO 27 HIOHH OHa
6buia B BapcejiOHe30y; 6 HKXJIH B TeHye; 21 B Heano^e, H B KZDKAOM nopTy eft npnxoAHJiocb 3aAep}KHBaTbc^ H3-3a Me^oneH... IlpeACTaBHM ce6e Tbicany noAo6Hbix
onepaqHH, Ha6op BOHCK, conpoBO>KAeHHe KaTopacHbix, c|)paxT cyAOB j\jin nepeBO3KH, AOCTaBKy cpeACTB. Bee 3TO Tpe6oBajio BpeMeHH. Co6paTb (JXJIOT jyin noxoAa B lleHbOH yAajiocb jiHiiib B aBrycTe—ceHTH6pe 1564 roAa. H Ha cen pa3 ero
cocpeAOToneHHe He MOITIO npoHTH 6bicTpee. 25 HIOHH, nepe3 ABa AHH nocjie
naAeHHH (})opTa CaHT'3;ibMO, y AOHa TapcHH 6bijio Bcero 25 rajiep. B KOHije aBryHM 307 .

CTa HX HaCHHTblBaJIOCb OKOJIO CTa, HO B pa3HOM COCTOflHHH. C T O H J I O JIH B TaKHX

yc^oBHHX pacnbuiflTb CBOH CHJIM, noABepraa HX npeacAeBpeMeHHOMy pHCKy?
KorAa K MecTy c6opa npnimiH noqTH Bee Kopa6;iH, B Hanajie aBrycTa B MeccnHe 3io cocTOHJiocb 3aceAaHHe BoeHHoro coBeTa, nocBameHHoe Bonpocy, Kan HX
Hcnojib30BaTb. OTHaflHHbie ro;iOBbi npeAJiarajin nocjiaTb noAKpenjieHHe Ha meCTHAecHTH rajiepax c ycnjieHHOH KOMaHAon; CBeAymne H 6jiaropa3yMHbie, KaK HX
Ha3biBajiH, «onbiTHbie Mop5iKH», coBeTOBajiH OTnpaBHTbCH B CnpaKy3bi H >KAaTb
pa3BHTHH co6biTHH... Hepe3 ACCHTb AHefi, c npn6biTHeM J\ym. A. / t o p n a , B pacnop^xceHHH A- TapcHH 6buiH, HaKOHeq, Bee ero rajiepbi. TorAa, He nocTaBHB HHKOro B H3BecTHocTb, OH HeoxcHAaHHO pemaeT BbicaAHTb Ha ocTpoB AecaHT, nocaAHB ero Ha rajiepbi c yBejinneHHOH KOMaHAOH. 26 aBrycTa BcnoMoraTejibHbin (J>;IOT
noKHHyji CHUHJIHIO. M3-3a mioxoH noroAbi eMy npnuuiocb BepHyTbcn K 3anaAHOH OKOHenHOCTH ocTpoBa 6JIH3 OaBHHbHHbi. OTCiOAa OH ABHHyjic^ B TpanaHH,
rAe, Bocno^b30BaBiuHCb c^ynaeM, Ae3epTHpoBajin OKO^O TWCHMH cojiAaT. OTCIOAa nonyTHbifi BeTep npnBeji 3CKaApy B JIaMneAy3y, a 3aTeM B TOIJIJO, Ha ceBep OT
MajibTbi. IllKBajiHCTbiH BeTep, KOTopbiH 3acTHr tipnoT no BbixoAe B Mope, oneHb

FIpo6a CHJI Ha MajibTe (18 Man — 8 ceHTn6pH 1564 ro^a)

149

KCTaTM OMHCTHJI MajibTHHCKMH «KaHaji» OT Bcex cyAOB, HO xpncTHaHCKHe rajiepw He cyMejin BOBpeMH coeAHHHTbca y ocTpoBa Ibimo. B KOHije KOHIJOB, ycTaB
OT 6ecn^OAHbix nonbiTOK, AOH IapcHH 5 ceHTfl6pa B03BpaTH;icfl Ha CHIXHJIHIO.
3Ta HeyAaHHan Bbuia3Ka Bbi3BajiaynpeKH, HeroAOBaHHe H HacMeuiKH, a Bnoc/ieACTBHH HecnpaBe,zviHBbie O6BHHCHHH HCTOPHKOB. H O Ha cjieAyiomnn A^Hb, no peuiHTe^bHOMy HacTOHHHio JXyKOBZH AH/jpea /Jopnn, CJDJIOT cHOBa Bbiuieji B Mope. 7
HHCJia HOHbio OH nepeceK KaHaji, OTACJIHIOIUHH Ibuxjo OT MajibTbi, H H3-3a HeHaCTHOH noroAbi ocraHOBHjicH OKOJIO 6yxTbi Opnyjib. HTo6bi H36e^caTb onacHOCTeH, CBH3aHHbix c HOMHOH onepaiiHeH, AOH TapcHH AC TojieAO OT^aji npHKa3 >KAaTb
paccBeTa; B TeneHHe nojiyTopa nacoB Bbica^Ka 6biJia npoH3BeAeHa 6e3 npoHcmeCTBHH Ha OTMejib Mejinxa. riocjie 3Toro (JXTIOT BepHyjicn B CHIJHJIHIO.
SKcneAHqHOHHbiH Kopnyc noA KOMaHAOBaHHeM A/ibBapo AC CaHAe H AcKaHHO Ae Jia KopHa CHaqajia npoABHrajicn oneHb MeAJieHHO, BBHAy HCO6XOAHMOCTH HecTH TH^Kejiyio nomiaacy Ha ce6e, nocico;ibKy BbioHHbix HCHBOTHMX He 6buio.
C TpyAOM OH Ao6pajiCH AO CTaporo IbpoAa, rAe 6bui pa3MemeH Ha cioiaAax, BHe
ropoACKwx creH. G/ieAOBajio JIH HATH AaJibine? BCJIHICHH MarHCTp cqHTaji, HTO
HeT, nOTOMy HTO TypKH OCTaBHJIH CBOH n03HU,HH, OHHCTHJIH (J)OpT CaHT'SilbMO

H norpy3H;iHCb Ha Kopa6;iH. B 3THX ycjiOBHnx npeAnoHTHTejibHO 6bijio ocTaBHTb
3cneAHqHOHHbiH Kopnyc, y>Ke o6peMeHeHHbiH 6ojibHbiMH, noAaJibiue OT TypeqKHX TpaHiuen, 3aBajieHHbix OTxoAaMH H TpynaMH, MTO6M He noABepraTb ero pncicy
anHAeMHH qyMbi. OAHaKO TypeiXKHe BoeHanajibHHKH, H3BemeHHbie ncnaHCKHM
nepe6e>KMHKOM-MOpHCKOM O MaJIOHHC^eHHOCTH BblCaAHBUIHXCH XpHCTHaH

(5 000), nonbiTajiHCb OTBoeBaTb CBOH no3HiiHH. Bbirpy3HB Ha cymy HecKOJibKo
TbiCHH cojiAaT, OHH npHKa3ajin HM yniy6HTbCfl Ha TeppnTopnio ocTpoBa H BOHTH
B Grapbin TopoA, rAe Te 6buiH nepe6HTbi Ha ero y3KHx yjionicax; ocTaBiunecH B
HCHBWX 6eacajiH Ha rajiepbi nnajiH-naiiiH, B3HBiiiHe Kypc Ha JleBaHT; ocHOBHaa
qacTb ({xflOTa HanpaBHJiacb K ocTpoBy J\33.ure. 12 ceHT5i6pfl nocjieAHHH TypeqKHH napyc ncqe3 c MajibTHHCKoro ropH30HTa. l l p n 3TOM H3BCCTHH TapcHH j\e
TojieAO, KOTopbiH nocaAHji B MeccHHe Ha CBOH mecTbAecjrr ycnjieHHbix rajiep
HOBWH 3KcneAHUHOHHbiH Kopnyc, noneji 3a Jiyniuee BbicaAHTb ero B CnpaKy3ax.
HTO CTajiH 6bi ACJiaTb 3TH JIIOAH Ha pa3opeHHOM H JIHUICHHOM 3anacoB npoAOBOJIbCTBHfl OCTpOBe? 1 4 HHCJia XpHCTHaHCKHH (|).7IOT BOUieJI B MaJIbTHHCKHH n o p T ,

MTo6bi npHHHTb Ha 6opT HcnaHCKyio nexoTy H3 Heanojia H CHIJHJIHH, a 3aTeM
nocneuiHji B CTopoHy JleBaHTa B HaAencAe 3axBaTHTb XOTH 6bi HecKOJibKo OTCTaBUIHX Kopa6^en npoTHBHHKa. 23-ro OH noAxoAHT K KnTHpe 311 , ocTaeTcn TaM noHTH Ha BoceMb cyTOK B 3acaAe, HO H3-3a n^oxoii noroAbi 6e3pe3y^bTaTHO. 7 OKT5i6psi OH B03BpamaeTCfl B MeccHHy312.
HoBOCTb o no6eAe pacnpocTpaHH^acb oneHb 6biCTpo.fl<oHeano^H OHa AOIUjia 12 HHC^a313, AO PnMa — 19-ro 314 . 6 OKTn6pn, a BO3MO>KHO, H paHbiue 315 OHa
npHBe^a B yHbrnne KoHCTaHTHHonojib. XpncTHaHaM «HCBO3MO>KHO 6bijio noaB-

150

IlocjieAHee uiecTunerae TypeuKoro npeBoexoACTBa: 1559—1565

jiHTbcn Ha yjiHijax ropo^a H3-3a rpa^a KaMHen, KOTopbiMH 3a6pacbmajiH MX Typm
KH, H6O BCHKHH H3 HHX onjiaKHBaji CMepTb 6paTa, cbiHa, Myxca HJIH A p y r a » .
3anaA TCM BpeMeHeM npe/jaBajicfl crojib nee 6ypHOH paAOcra, CKOJib niy6oKHH
CTpax OH HcnbiTbmaji AO 3Toro. 22 ceHTfl6pn 1565 ro^a B MaApHAe eme He nHTajm OCO6CHHO paAy>KHbix HaAe^KA317. FIoHHTeH 3HTya3Ha3M cbepa AC EypAen, CHp e M b B p a H T O M a , K O T O p b l H B M e C T e C M H O r O q H C J i e H H b l M H C n y T H H K a M H CJIHIIIKOM

no3AHO npH6bui B MeccHHy, HTo6bi OTnpaBHTbca Ha MajibTy. «OrHbiHe BCJIHKOro Kopojifl HcnaHHH Onjinnna 6yAyT cjiaBHTb M npeB03HOCHTb CTO TbiCHH ;ieT, H
Becb xpHCTHaHCKHH MHp 6yAeT MOJiHTbCH 3a cnaceHHe cro Aymn, ec/in IbcnoAfc
eme He yroTOBaji eMy MecTa B Paio 3aTO, MTO OH TaK 6jiaropoAHO noMor CTOJibKHM
AOCTOHHbiM JIIOA^M Ha MajibTe, KOTopoft rpo3Hjia yqacTb PoAoca» 318 . B P H M C
rAe jieTOM H3BecTne o npnxoAe TypeuKHx rajiep Bbi3Bajio BCTCHKHH CTpax, BOCxBajiHJiH repoH3M pbiixapen, 6jiaroAapHjiH Bora 3a ero 3acrynHHqecTBO, HO HHCKOjibKO He HcnbiTbiBajiH 6jiaroAapHbix qyBCTB K ncnaHijaM, CKopee, Hao6opoT.
TOH 3aAaBaji nana, He npocTHBiiiHH MM HH HX npoMeA-JieHHH, HH TpyAHOcren,
KOTopbie OHH co3AaBajiH eMy c MOMeHTa BcrynvieHHfl Ha n p e c r a n . KorAa npHIIUIO H3BecTHe o no6eAe, KapAHHaji IlauieKO ncnpocHJi y nanbi ayAHeHijHio, OKa3aBiuyioc5i Ha peAKOCTb HeApy>Kejno6HOH. KapAHHaji BbicKa3aji npeAnojionceHHe,
HTO o6cTOHTe;ibCTBa no3BOJiHK)T AapoBaTb Kopojno quinquenio* — 3TO npoH3Bejio Ha nany TaKoe BnenaTJieHHe, nHiueT OH, «KaK 6yATO 6bi H BbiCTpejiHJi B Hero
H3 apKe6y3bi». /I,apoBaTb eMy quinquenio? — CKa3aji, HaKOHeii, nana, — H 6bi noAyMaji HaA STHM, ecjiH 6bi OH nonpocnji... Ha ny6jiHHHOM npneMe MHHyTy cnycTfl
nana c ycnexoM pa3rjiarojibCTBOBaji o no6eAe, He ynoMHHaa HH HcnaHCKoro KOpojia, HH r;iaBHOKOMaHAyK3mero, HH ero BOHCK H npHnncbiBaa Bee Bory H pwija-

Pojib HcnaHHH H <X>HJiHnna I I
TeM HC MeHee 3acjiyrn Onjinnna II H AOHa IapcHH 6eccnopHbi. >KiopbeH AC Jia
TpaBbep, KOTopoMy MajibTa nocTOHHHo HaBCBaeT BOcnoMHHaHHH o CeBacTonoJIC, 6o;iee 6ecnpncTpacTeH B CBOHX cy>KACHHnx, neM ApyrHe HCTopnKH. BepTO,
Ao6pbin a66aT BepTO c ero «MOH ocaAa oKOHHeHa»**, yKopaeT AOHa IapcHio 3a
ero ocTopo>KHocTb H MeA^iHTe^bHOCTb, He yTpyacAafl ce6a apncj)MeTHHecKHMH
pacqeTaMH o6cTOHTe;ibCTB, ee nopoAHBiiiHx. MaH^poHH B CBoeii «HcTopHH
HTajib^HCKoro BoeHHo-MopcKoro (J)jiOTa» npnnHCbiBaeT Bee 3acjiyrH HTajibHHijaM;

* Cy6cnAnio na nMTb JICT (ucn.).
** Opanuy3CKHH HCTopnKBepTO A'OGecJ) (1655—1735), aBTop HcropHH MajibTHHCKoro
opAena. 3Ta (j)pa3a BbipaacaeT HexcejiaHHe CHHTaTbcn c coMHHTejibHbiMH, Ha B3ITIHA ee aBTO
p a , HCTOHHHKaMH.

Ilpo6a CUJI Ha Ma/ibTe (18 Man — 8 ceHTH6pH 1564 ro^a)

151

HcnaHUbi, n o e r o MHCHHIO, 6biJiH HH>Ke BCHKOH KPMTHKH. riycTan HaunoHajibHan
p 0 3 H b , pOCCKa3HH XpOHHKepOB, nOAXBaTblBaeMbie HCTOpHKaMH.

HecoMHeHHO, BO BCHKOM cziynae, HTO no6eAa n p H MajibTe CTajia HOBbiM 3TanoM wcnaHCKoro noA^eMa, KOTopbiM He 6biJi ACJIOM cjiynaji H aKTHBHo no^roTaBjiHBajica Ha npoTH>KeHHH 1565 r o ^ a . OypKBO, npnGbiBiiiHH c Ma^pHA B KOHiie
3Toro r o ^ a B KanecTBe npeACTaBHTejia (J>paHiiy3CKoro Kopojin, 21 HOfl6pfl 320 nHcaji, HTO B EapcejiOHe crpoflTCH copoK r a j i e p , B H e a n o j i e — ABaAHaTb, H a C H U H JIHH — ABeHaAixaTb. B n o j m e BeposiTHO, Ao6aBjineT OH ( H 3Aecb e r o ycTaMH roBOpuT ry6epHaTop H a p 6 o H H a ) , HTO HcnaHijbi n o n p o o r r y cf>paHijy3CKoro Kopojin
pa3peuieHHH Ha Bbipy6ny JiecoB B K H H A H C , 6 J I H 3 K a p n a c c o H a , MM HyncHo MHoro
Beceji «cKajioHHO» * una 6apcejiOHCKHx rajiep. OrpoMHbie ycHJina, npnjiaraeMbie
OH^HnnoM II, 6WJIH npHMepoM j\nn noApa>KaHH5i: TaK, r e p i j o r OjiopeHTHHCKHH
npncrynHji K crpoHTejibCTBy HOBoro c|)jioTa.
Be^B c yxoAOM TypoK OT MajibTbi ouiymeHHe HCXOA^uien O T HHX onacHOCTH
He HCHe3Jio. B KOHije r o ^ a y r p o 3 a Ka3ajiacb Aance 6ojiee peajibHoft. CyjiTaH Toponnji CTpoHTejibCTBO HOBWX Kopa6jien, H 2 5 ceHTH6pH (KorAa e m e He 6buio, npaBAa, H3BecTHO o nopa>KeHHH apMaAbi) B KoHCTaHTHHonojie TOjiKOBajin o HOBbix
KpynHbix noxoAax, B nacTHOCTH, B Anyjinio 3 2 1 . H3BecTHe o «pa3rpoMe» MopcKHx
CHJI, KaK nniiieT (J>paHixy3CKHH nocoji, TOJibKO n o A o r p e j i o 3 T H rniaHbi, BHyuiHB
TypKaM >Ka>KAy peBaHiua. HecMOTpa Ha HeAOCTaTOK jieca, p e n b mjia o CTpoHTejibCTBe B ApceHajie CTa cyAOB, a cyjrraH Aa>Ke roBopnji o iiHTHCTax napycHHKax. « O H
npHKa3aji, — coo6maeTCH B AOHCCCHHH OT 19 OKTfl6pfl, noAroTOBHTb K cepeAHHe
MapTa B AHaTOJiHH, E r n n T e H IpeijHH nflTbAecflT TWCHM rpe6u,OB H usvrhjx^csvr
TbiCHH assupirs**». MniueHbio 3 T H X npnroTOBjieHHH AOJi>KHbi 6bijiH CTaTb MajibTa, CHUHJIHH HJIH AnyjiHH. B MaApnAe 3 HOfl6pn coo6uieHHH OypKBO Bbi3biBaioT
onaceHHe, KaK 6bi cyjiTaH He ABHHyji «Ha 6yAyuiHH TOA n o Mopio H n o cyme orpoMHbie CHjibi, ecjiH OH He CAOXHeT OT 3JIOCTH, HTO e r o apMHio nporHajiH c MajibTbl» 322. 21 HOfl6pfl323 npHXOAHT HOBOCTb H3 BeHbl, HTO B HOBOM TOAy CyjiTaH 6pOCHT npoTHB O n j i n n n a II Bee CBOH CHJIW, BKjnonaa HHbinap H rBapAHio. H 3 AOHeceHHH 12 AeKa6pn MOJKHO 6biJio y3HaTb, HTO CyjienMaH o6-bHBHJi HMnepaTopy
BofiHy H BbicrynHT npoTHB H e r o BO rjiaBe AByxcoT TWCHM nejiOBeK 324 . H o 3 T O T
nocTynoK cyjiTaHa paccMaTpHBajica KaK ACMOHCTpaTHBHbiH H coBepmeHHbiH
HanepeKop MHCHHIO e r o OKpy>KeHHH. Bee 6 b u i n y6e>KAeHbi, HTO TypeijKHH C})JIOT
6yAeT OTnpaBJieH Ha MajibTy c TCMH ace BOHCAHMH, HTO H 1565 roAy, noTOMy HTO
CCJIH cyjiTaH npeAOCTaBHT o c r p o B y BpeMH JUIH CTpoHTejibCTBa yKpenjieHHH, O H
yace HHKorAa He CMO^KCT OBjiaAeTb HM. C T p o n j i n c b npeAnojio^ceHHH, HTO HMnep a T o p H cyjiTaH cyMeiOT AoroBopHTbcn...
*,ZlniiHHbie H TH>Ke;ibie Becjia, npHBOAHMbie B ABH>KCHHC HecKOJibKHMH rpe6qaMn (umcui.).
**AcnpOB(?).

152

riocjieflHee iuecrmieTue TypeijKoro npeBoexoACTBa: 1559—1565

3 T H CTiyXH GblJIH B O C n p H H H T b l H C n a H C K H M n p a B H T e ^ b C T B O M O H e H b C e p b e 3 H O .

5 HOflGpa 1565 ro^a Onjinnn II oiyjaji npnKa3 yKpenHTb JIa IyjieTTy, OH peuiHJi,
KaK cKa3aHO B ero nncbMe K Onrepoa, no>KepTBOBaTb Ha 3TO Heo6xoAHMbie 56 000
AyKaTOB325. 3 T O 6buio, no-BHAHMOMy, TBepAoe peiueHHe, nocKo^bKy OH npeAJioHCHJI A^aMy HeHTypHOHe Bbi^aTb eMy Bencejib Ha 3Ty cyMMy. Bo Hcno;meHHe npnKa3a BOKpyr CTapon KpenocTH crajiH B03BOAHTb HOByio IyjieTTy (Goleta la nueva
HanpoTHB Goleta la Vieja*). B TO nee BpeMH, 3a HCKjnoneHHeM Bbi3BaHHbix B MCnaHHio ABeHa^uaTH rajiep AjibBapo Ae Ba3aHa, Becb CBOH (JDJIOT Kopo;ib Aepacaji B
CHIJHJIHH 3 2 6 . BeAb BCJIHKHH M a r n c r p yrponcaji noKHHyTb CBOH ocTpoB, ecjin He
no;iyHHT noMOu;n. B KOHue ACKa6pn ncnaHCKHH Kopo^b oKa3aji eMy Taicyio noMomb B pa3Mepe 50 000 AyKaTOB (30 000 HajiHHHbiMH H 20 000 npoAOBOJibCTBHeM H 6oenpnnacaMH), aTannce nocjiaji 6 000 nexoTHHueB, no KpanHen Mepe, TaK
yTBepncAaeT areHT B TocicaHe327. Bee AyMaiOT, HTO TypKH o6pymaTCH Ha MajibTy
H;IH JIa IyjieTTy, coo6maeT OypKBO 6 HHBapn 1566 roAa. ECJIH OHH HanaAyT Ha
MajibTy, Ero KaTOJinnecKoe BejinnecTBo OTnpaBHT TyAa 3 000 HeMijeB H 5 000
HcnaHqeB H HTajibHHijeB, KOTopwe 3anMyT no3HiiHH Ha rope CaHT'SjibMO, noTOMy MTO ropoA HeB03MO>KHO 3amnmaTb. ECJIH xce TypKH noHBATCfl y JIa IyjieTTbi,
Kopojib noiujieT 12 000 nejioBeK, HTO6W OHH pa36njiH Jiarepb nepeA KpenocTbio.
O A H a K O B C e 3 T H M e p b l H B C e 3 T H yCHJIHH, n p H HX H e C O M H e H H O H n O J i e 3 H O C T H ,

He MorjiH npeTeHAOBaTb Ha (J)opMHpoBaHHe noA-flHHHO SCJDCJDCKTHBHOH IIOJIHTHKH, cnoco6HOH B03AencTBOBaTb HaxoA co6biTHH. B MaApnAe, npaBAa, BbmauiHBajin npoeKT co3AaHHH aHTHTypeu,KOH jinrn; roBopnjiH, HTO Onjinnn II nbiTaeTCH BCTynnTb B COK)3 c BeHeunen, HO 6buiH JIH 3TH HaMepeHHH cepbe3HbiMH? PasBe BeHenHaHqbi He paAOBajincb n p n BCCTH o naAeHHH c|)opTa CaHT'SjibMO328?
KaK Ao6ponopnAOHHbie KOMMepcaHTbi, OHH CHHTajiH MajibTHHCKHx pbnxapen noMexoH B BOCTOHHOH ToproBjie H BcerAa Aep>KajiH TypoK B Kypce npoHcxoAflmero
Ha 3anaAe. M KorAa OypKBO o6paTHjic*i c paccnpocaMH K CBoeMy Kojuiere BeHeunaHCKOMy nocjiy, TOT HeMeA-JieHHO 3aBepnji ero, HTO CnHbopna BOBCC He CO6HpaeTCH BCTynaTb B croBop c KopojieM HcnaHHH...
TO 7KG C a M O e MO>KHO C K a 3 a T b O nOJIHTHHCCKOM C O T p y A H H H e C T B e O p a H U H H H

HcnaHHH: nycTbie cjiOBeca H Hnnero 6ojibine. BejiHKoe CBHAaHHe B BanoHHe He
CTaJIO n O B O p O T H b I M MOMeHTOM H C T O p H H , B O n p e K H MHCHHK) C O B p e M C H H H K O B , a
BCJieA 3 a HHMH H HCTOpHKOB. I l o T y C T O p O H y I l n p e H e e B HaXOAHJIOCb K O p O J i e B CTBO, pa3AwpaeMoe H3MCHOH H CMyTaMH, He 3Haiomee noKoa, BO rjiaBe c MHHTe^bHOH npaBHTejibHHuen H pe6eHKOM-KopojieM. EKaTepHHa npeAnpHHHJia CBOero poAa nponaraHAHCTCKoe TypHe, BOcnojib30BaBiiiHCb cjiynaeM npeACTaBHTb
cbma noAAaHHbiM KopojieBCTBa, — 3Ta 3aTen npHHecjia CBOH njioAbi, XOTH H He
cpa3y. KorAa KopTe>K npnGbui Ha lor, B03HHKJia HAen AoroBopHTbca o Bcrpene c

* HoBaa TyjieTa HanpoTHB OrapoH TyjieTbi.

IIpo6a CHJI Ha MajibTe (18 Man — 8 ceHTa6pH 1564 ro;ja)

153

HcnaHCKOH i^apcTByiomeH HCTOH. He CTOJib BaatHO, KTO noAyMaji 06 3TOM nepBMM (6biTb MO^ceT, MOHJIIOK, Hano;iOBHHy HcnaHCKHH areHT). Bo BCHKOM cjiyqae, OHJIHIHI II yioiOHHjiCH OT jiHHHoro BH3HTa H Jiuuib no HacTOHHHio ^ceHbi
cor^acHJiCH B HHBape 1565 roAa OTnycTHTb ee juin BcrpenH c poAHbiMH. BnpoqeM, ecjiM OH nocHHTaji Hy>KHbiM H, BepoHTHo, nojiHTHHecKH qejiecoo6pa3HbiM
3acTaBHTb ce6n ynpauiHBaTb, 3TO He 03HanaeT, HTO Bcrpeqa He Bbi3biBajia B HeM
yqacTHH329.
B caMOM Ae^e, pacnpocrepuiHHCH no /jpyryio CTopoHy FlHpeHeeB HcnaHCKHH
MHp ocTaBajicH noKa cnoKOHHbiM, XOTH T5DKecrb HMnepcKoro 6pe\ieHH H pacCTpoeHHbix (J)HHaHCOB omymajiacb 3Aecb Bee cmibHee. OAHH Onjinnn, CTOHBIIIHH
BO niaBe 3TOH HMnepHH, Bomiomaji ee cuny H ee cjia6ocTb. Ero TpeTbH aceHa,
EjiH3aBeTa Bajiya, KOTopyio ncnaHijbi 3BajiH Hca6e;ib, y,apuy,a TIpuMupeuuR, nrpajia npn HeM onpeAe;ieHHyio pojib. 3Ta lOHaa aceHiijHHa 6buia eme pe6eHKOM;
TpyAHO npeACTaBHTb ee TOM HecnacTHOH cynpyroH, KOTopoH OHa BbiniflAHT B
HCKOTOpblX OnHCaHHHX. l l o BCeH BHAHMOCTH OHa AOBOJIbHO 6bICTpO yCBOHJia

HcnaHCKHH o6pa3 >KH3HH; BO BCAKOM cjiynae B BanoHHe OHa OTJIHHHO cbirpajia
OTBeAeHHyio en pojib. HcnaHCKHH noco;i npn Kopojie OpaHUHH OpaHcec Ae AjiaBa
nncaji Onjinnny II1 HIOJIH O MOJIOAOH KopojieBe: «YBep5no Bame BejinnecTBO co
Been HCKpeHHOCTbio, Ha KOTopyio H cnoco6eH, HTO Ee BejinnecTBO npHBjieioia
Ha CBOK) CTopoHy pacnojiOHceHHe Bcex cepAeii, oco6eHHO KorAa OHa BbicKa3biBa;iacb o ACJiax 6;iaroqecTHfl H O Tex 6paTCKHx H Apy>KecrBeHHbix qyBCTBax, KOTOpwe B. B-BO nHTaeT H 6yAeT nHTaTb H BnpeAb K Kopojno 4>paHu,HH» 33°. BepoHTHO, 3TO 6bijia npaBAa.
BbiexaB 8 anpejia M1, 10 HIOHA 332 MOjiOAan KopojieBa npn6bijia B CeH-}KaH j\eJI103, rAe K Hen npncoeAHHHJiacb ee MaTb. BMecre OHH BcrynnjiH 14 qncjia B BanOHHy. 3Aecb E/iH3aBeTa npo6buia noMTH ABa Mecnixa, AO 2 HKXTIH, HecKOJibKO AOJibme 3an;iaHHpoBaHHoro 33 \ CeMeHHan Bcrpena AaJia AByM npaBHTejibCTBaM noBOA
3apyHHTbCfl B3aHMHbIMH rapaHTHHMH, HaMeTHTb AMHaCTHqeCKHe 6paKH (OAHH

H3 r^aBHbix npeAMeTOB o6cy)KAeHHH Ha Bcrpenax B Bepxax Toro BpeMeHn), 3aTeM pa30HTHCb c nycTbiMH pyKaMH, eme nyme coMHeBaacb B HCKpeHHOCTH HaMepeHHH Apyr Apyra. Bee 3TO H3 o6;iacTH MHHMO 3HanHTejibHbix co6biTHH — pa3yMeeTCH, Ha Ham B3HIHA, a He B ivia3ax HX ynacTHHKOB H coBpeMeHHHKOB.
OHH He npeACTaBJiHJincb TaKOBbiMH H Onjinnny II, KOTopbiH npHKa3aji conpoBO^cAaTb K)Hyio Kopo;ieBy B KanecTBe COBCTHHKOB H Ha6;noAaTe.JieH repnpry
Ajib6e H AOHy XyaHy MaHpHKe. nepBbin H3 HHX, ec/in BepnTb CBHAeTejibCTBaM
Ha6^K)AaTe^eH H HCTOPHKOB, nrpaji B xoAe CBHAaHHH r/iaBeHCTByKDiityio pojib.
Co CTopoHbi HcnaHHH 6bi^o 3aMeTHO >Ke;iaHHe cKOBaTb OpaHUHio, BHAeTb ee
norpyaceHHOH B MHoroHHc^eHHbie BHeuiHHe H BHyTpeHHHe Ap^3rn. KOHCHHO,
TaKyK) n03HUHK) HeJIb3H Ha3BaTb Apy>KeCTBeHHOH, HO B HeH HeT HHHerO ACMOHH-

qecKoro.

HCBO3MO>KHO

6buio >KAaTb HHnero Apyroro

OT

HcnaHCKOH HMnepnn,

154

FIocjieAHce uiecTHJierae TypeijKoro npeBocxoACTBa: 1559—1565

BJiaACHHH KOTopon oKpy^cMJiH OpamjHio H HeBOJibHO OT3biBajiHCb Ha Bee ee BHyTpeHHHC nepcMeHbi, OCO6CHHO HnAepjiaHAbi, BHyuiaBiiiHe HBHbie onaceHHfl noc;ie BOJiHeHHH 1564 ro/ja. H o OT OpaHijHH TpyzjHO 6biJio Tpe6oBaTb TaK MHoro
paAH 3auxMTbi Bcpbi, KOTopan H B /jaHHOM cjiynae nrpajia pojib y#o6Horo npnKpbiTMH. OpaHqHH HHHero He nojiynajia B3aMeH. Moivia JIH KopojieBa-MaTb OTBeprHyTb CBOIO nojiHTHKy pc;iHrH03HOH TepnHMOcrn pa^H npHHijHnoB, HBHO
BbiroAHbix JXJIH HcnaHHH, HO ycHjiHBaBiiiHX pa3Aopbi H noApbmaBuiHX KopojieBCKyiO BJiaCTb BO OpaHIlHH?
3a npa3AHecTBaMH H yjibi6KaMH Kpbuincb r;iy6oKHe npoTHBopeMHH, KOTopbic
HC 3aMCA-^HJiH npoHBHTbC5i Aa^ce HC3aAOJiro AO Hanajia H B xo/je caMOH BcrpeHH.
TaK, 7 cJDeBpajifl, Kor^a EKaTepHHa MCAHHH yace npncjiajia B EanoHHy npHKa3
3anacTH no6o;ibiiie npoBH3HH H npHroTOBHTb RJIH KopojieBbi HcnaHHH H ee npHABopHbix AaM anapTaMeHTbi Ha ncnaHCKHH MaHep, OpaHcec AC AjiaBa nepeAaBaji, MTO, no c/iyxaM, (J>paHiiy3CKHe rocyAapn Be3yT c CO6OH, O, yacac, epeTHMKy
>KaHHyA'Ajib6p3, «Ibcno>Kyj\e BaHAOM». 3 T H CTpoKH B ero AOHeceHHH Onjinnn II
noAHcpKHyji, npnGaBHB Ha nojinx: si tal es, yo no dexare ir a la Reyna, ecjin STO
npaBAa, A He nymy TyAa KopojieBy334. H OH TOTMac nee335 npeAynpeAHji (J)paHiiy3CKoro noc/ia3™, HTO npncyTCTBHe KopojicBbi HaBappcKOH H npHHixa KOHA3 Ha
CBHAaHHH He>KC^aTejibHO. /IpyroH HHIIHACHT npoH3omeji B HIOHC, He3aAOJiro
nepeA npn6biTHeM ncnaHCKOH KopojicBbi, KorAa OpaHcec AC AjiaBa y3H2ui o HecjibixaHHo no3opHOM (J>aKTe — BbicaAKe TypeiiKoro nocjia B Mapcejie. EKaTepHHa
MCAHHH, KaK Morjia, OTBenajia Ha ynpeKH ncnaHijeB. OHa cpoHHO HanpaBHJia K
CBoeMy 35iTio r-Ha j\e JIaHcaKa, KOTopbin npnexaji B ApaHxysc B TOT >Ke A^Hb, B
KOTopbin KopojieBa HcnaHHH npncoeAHHHjiacb K CBoen MaTepn B CeH->KaH-AeJI103 10 HIOHJI 1565 roAa. JIaHcaK AaJi czieAyiomee o6-bacHeHHe: (|)paHuy3CKHM
MOHapxaM HCH3BecTHa iiejib BH3HTa nocjia, H OHH oTpflAHJiH K HeMy GapoHa AC
jia IapAa, Aa6bi ocBeAOMHTbcn o ueu. ECJIH C Hen CBH3aHbi KaKHe-To KO3HH npoTHB KOpOJIH H c n a H H H , n O H H T H O , HTO T y p O K H e n O J i y H H T a y A H e H I I H H . . . «H

OTBe-

THJI, — IIHIUCT OnjiHim II OpaHcecy AC AjiaBe, — MTO He coMHeBaiocb B 3TOM, HO
y MHorux Bbi3bmaeT ecTecTBeHHoe yAHBjieHne npnGbrrae 3Toro nocjia B TOT caMbin MOMCHT, KorAa TypKH ABHHy^H npoTHB MeHfl CBOH (J)JIOT. H o TeM He MeHee H
yBepeH, HTO nocoji nojiyHHT... TaKOH OTBCT... H3 KOToporo BceM CTaHeT noHHTHO, KaKaa Apy>K6a CBH3bmaeT MCHH C KopojieM OpaHU,HH»337.
K O H C H H O , 3TO MCJIOHH, HO OHH HHCKO-JIbKO H e C n O C o 6 c T B O B a J I H

paCCeHHHK)

ncnaHCKHx noA03peHHH. TypeqKHH nocoji 27 HIOHH cneuiHO noKHHyji KopojieByMaTb. CBHAaHne Gbi^o B nojiHOM pa3rape, H Kopo^eBa HeMeA^ieHHO yBeAOMHJia
repqora AzibSy, HTO coAcp>KaHHe ee 6eceA c TypKOM CBOAH^ocb HcmnoHHTejibHO
K Bonpocy o rpa6e^Kax B npoBaHce 338 , H TOT nooGemaji B03MecTHTby6biTKH, n p n
yc/iOBHH, OAHaKO, MTO K cy^TaHy OTnpaBHTCH (J)paHi;y3CKHH npeACTaBHTe^b.
HiraK, HaMepeHHe (J>paHijy30B 3aKjnoqaeTCH B o6MeHe noco^bCTBaMH c Typqn-

ripo6acmiHaMajibTe (18 Man — 8ceHTfl6pn 1564roAa)

155

en, AyMaeT repupr. Ho TaK KaK 3Aecb HaxoAHTcn TypeijKHH (JXJIOT, B03pa>KaeT OH
Kopo^eBe, «o CHOiueHHHx c KoHcraHTHHonojieM He MO>KCT 6biTb H penn. A Ha
6yAymHH TOA (J)JIOT Kopojin HcnaHHH cyMeeT noMemaTb TypnaM npHHHHHTb KaKOH 6bl TO HH 6bUIO BpeA» 339.
TaKHM o6pa30M, npeACTaBJiaeTCfl oneBHAHbiM, HTO BO BpeMfl CBH^aHH^ B EaftOHHC H C n a H U b l CHHTaJIH CaMO C 0 6 0 H p a 3 y M C I O m H M C H p a 3 p b I B

TpaAHUHOHHOH

Apy>K6bi OpaHijHH c TypnaMH H nbiTajiHCb BOBjienb ee KaK B COK>3 npoTHB cyjiTaHa, TaK H npoTHB epeTHKOB. HBHbie marH B STOM HanpaBjieHHH 6bijiH CAejiaHbi
HecKO^bKO MecaijeB cnycrn. 3 T H neperoBopw, 3aflBJineT KopojieBe OypKBO, noacajiyfi, «BTHHyT Bac B AajieKO HAymHe coio3Hbie OTHouieHHH». HcnaHijbi Bocnojib3 0 B a J I H C b nO>KejiaHH5IMH, B b I C K a 3 a H H b I M H K O p O J i e B O H B B a H O H H C O H a T O B O p H J i a

o 3aKJiioqeHHH 6paKOB, KOTopbie MOIVIH 6bi npHBecTH K co3AaHHK> jinrH. HcnaHUbi, KaK Bbipa^caeTCH OypKBO340, «HaHHHaioT c KOHn,a» H TOJiKyiOT npeHMymeCTBeHHO o jiHre. H o H3 Hee BbiTeKaeT MHO^KCCTBO onacHocreH, nnuieT nocoji,
noTOMy HTO «TypKH xpaHHT Ao6pbiH MHp c BaiiiHM Be^HMecTBOM, c})paHi;y3bi —
Hce^aHHbie TOCTH B HX nopTax H o6;iacTHx, Hero He;ib3H CKa3aTb o ropo/jax H
BjiaAeHHHx BbiiueHa3BaHHoro rocyAapa, TeM 6o;iee MTO OpaHqnn 6;iaroAapfl CBOeMy pacno^o>KeHHio MOKCT oco6eHHO He onacaTbca Bpe^a co cTopoHbi TypoK.
no3TOMy, npe>KAe HCM HapyiuaTb MHp c cyjiTaHOM H npHHHHHTbymep6 ToproBJie
H CHomeHHHM BauiHX noAAaHHbix, Ero BejinnecTBO (ncnaHCKHH Kopojib) JIOJI>KeH noHTH Ha Bee ycTynKH, KOTopbie 3anpocHT y Hero Bame BejiHHecTBO». A
npocHT EKaTepHHa corjiacnn Ha BbiroAHbie cynpyacecKHe coio3bi j\j\n CBOHX AeT e f t , B e p O H T H O C T b 3aKJHOMeHHH K O T O p b l X , HO MHCHHK) O y p K B O , H e B e J I H K a , n p e > K -

Ae Bcero STO OTHOCHTCH K 6paKy repnora OpjieaHCKoro c cecrpoH OnjiHnna II,
npHHqeccoH XyaHOH, no Been BHAHMOCTH He CKJIOHHOH noHTH Ha 3TOT mar. To
>Ke caMoe MO)KHO CKa3aTb o aceHHTb6e AOHa Kapjioca Ha MaprapHTe. HcnaHCKan
AnnjiOMaTHH npocTO pa3birpbmaeT 3TH K03bipH, c TCM HTOGM ecjiH He AepacaTb B
pyKax, TO XOTH 6bi yAep>KHBaTb (J)paHqy3CKoe npaBHTejibCTBO B Tpe6yeMbix paMKax.
B o6uieM, AocTaTOHHo orpaHHHeHHbin noAxoA- MaApHA Hcnojib3yeT B KaneCTBe npHKpbiTHH yHHBepcajibHyio KaTOJiHqecKyio HAeio, HO Ha caMOM ACJIC penb
HAeT o co6cTBeHHO HcnaHCKOH nojiHTHKe (noTOMy HTO yHHBepcajibHaa KaTOJiHqecKan HHHn,naTHBa MoaceT HexoAHTb TOJibKO H3 PHMa, rAe TOjibKO HTO cKOHHajicn riHH IV). He 3aMeTHO, HTo6bi HcnaHHH npeTeHAOBajia XOTA 6bi Ha 6ojibiuyio
cpeAH3eMHOMopcKyio nojiHTHKy: RJIX 3Toro Hy>KeH nopbiB, CTpacTb, Hrpa HHTCpecoB, (JDHHaHCOBoe MorymecTBO, HenpwHyacAeHHOCTb, KOTopbiMH MyzjpbiH
MoHapx He pacnojiaraeT, HJIH KOTopbix OH noKa JIHIIICH. C O Bcex CTopoH Ha Hero
HaABHraiOTCH onacHOCTH: npeacAe Bcero B CpeAH3eMHOMopbe, HO TaioKe H CO
CTopoHbi nnpaTOB-npoTecTaHTOB Ha AxnaHTHKe; co CTopoHbi 4>paHqHH Ha HMAepjiaHACKOH rpaHnqe; B caMHX HnAepjiaHAax, rAe Ha3peBaK)mHe MHTOKH yrpo-

156

FlocjieAHee mecTmierae xypeu,Koro npeBocxoACXBa: 1559—1565

7K20OT 6e3onacHocxH Bcex CHJI HcnaHHH, cKOHijeHxpHpoBaHHbix BOKpyr BCJIHKOr o q e H x p a npHXflaceHHH B AHXBepneHe. B Aeica6pe 1565 roAayace npoxoAHx cjryx,
KOxopbiM 6y^ex nepnoAHHecKH B03HHKaxb Ha npoxjDKeHHH MHorHx jiex, o HaMepeHHH O n j i n n n a II nocexHXb OjiaHApHio 3 4 1 .
H a caMOM Aejie o6cxoflxejibcxBa nocxo^HHO Meuiaiox O n j i n n n y I I cxaBHXb
nepeA C O 6 O H x e HJIH HHbie KpynHbie nojiHxnqecKHe uejin, HJIH npecjieAOBaxb HX
B x e n e H n e KaKoro-xo A-flwxejibHoro BpeMeHH. B e e nepBbie Aecnxb jiex CBoero u a p cxBOBaHH5i OH 6biji BbmyacAeH oxBenaxb Ha caMbie Heoxjio>KHbie, caMbie r p o 3 Hbie BbooBbi. r i p n 3XOM npnxoAHJiocb 6 e p e H b cpeACXBa H AyMaxb o 6yAymeM. / t o
HMnepnajiHcxHMecKHx aM6nqHH, x a p a n x e p H b i x RJISI nocjieAHero n e p n o A a u a p cxBOBaHHH O n j i n n n a I I , KOiyja O H yxpaxnji MHorne n e p x b i MyAporo M o H a p x a ,
e m e oneHb AaJieKO.

IIPHMEHAmiH
1

Instruccion de lo q u e vos el Reverendo padre obsipo del Aguila habeis d e decir a la
Majestad del Serenissimo Rey e Emperador, nuestro muy caro y muy amado tfo d o n d e d e
presente os enviamos. Epioccejib, 21 Maa 1558 r., CODOIN, XCVIII, p. 6—10.
2
HTO KacaeTCH jiHija, «3HaKOMoro c xypem<HM AsopoM M HMeiomero onbiT o6meHHH c
HHM», KOTopoMy GLIJIO HeocJ)Hi;HajibHO nopyneHO npourynaxb noHBy B KoHCxaHTHHonojie,
TO 3TO, Bue BCHKoro coMHeHHH, OpaHHecico Ae OpaHKMC TopxopuHO, reHy33eu, HMeiomnH
CB5I3H c MaoHHOH, ToproBbiM KOHCopuwyMOM HaXHoce. HMCH nopyneHHe IeHyH npoAOJi>KHTb KOHTaKTbi c noAKyruieHHbiM nuajiH-namoH jieTOM 1558 roAa, OH, HCCOMHCHHO, npeAJIO>KMJI CBOH ycjiyrn H Ominnny II. B IeHy33CKOM apxHBe xpaHHTCH KajuinrpacJ)HHecKHH ennCOK, noApo6Ho paccKa3biBaiomHH o nyxemecxBHH OpaHHecKO Ae OpaHKHC (Costantinopoli,
1.2169), M nHCbMa KOHcyjiOB, coo6maiomHe ° e r o npe6biBaHHH B Heanojie w MeccHHe, rAe
OH, MeacAy npoHHM, HMCJI TpeHHH c HcnaHCKHMH BJiacTHMH, a 3aTeM B BeHeuHH, A. d. S.,
Genes, Napoli, Lettere Consoli, 2, 2635; GregorioLeti, op. cit., I, p . 302, roBopwx o TOM, HTO
ero conpoBOHCAaji HCKHH HHKOJIO Ip>HTxn.
3

CODOIN, XCVIII, p . 5 3 - 5 4 .
Bpioccejib, 6\iapTa 1559 r.,SimancasE° 485.
5
Instruccion del Rey a Nicolo Secco para tratar con el Turco, Bpioccejib, 6 MapTa 1559 r.,
SimancasE°485.
6
Bpioccejib, 8 anpejiH 1559 r., Simancas E° 1210.
7
CejiHMa H Ba«3eTa.
8
15 HIOHH 1559 roAa, Simancas E° 1124, f° 295.
9
Pe3ioMe nuceM repijora Ae Cecca OT 1, 4, 7 AeK. 1559 r. (4 AeK.), Simancas E° 1210,
P142.
10
10 HHB. 1560 r., Simancas E° 1050, P 9.
11
IIncbMO Ao>Ky, BeHa, 25OKT. 1559 r., G. Turba, op. cit., I, 3, p . 1 0 8 e t s q .
4

IlpHMeMaHHH

157

12

nncbMOToro}Ke;iHn.aTOMy>Ke.7iHiry, 22 HOH6. 1559 r., ibid., p. 1 2 0 e t s q .
IlncbMO KopojiH K BHi^e-Kopojno CHI^H^HH, Epiocce.7ib, 4 anpejiH 1559 r., Simancas E°
1124, P 304.
14
E. Charriere, op. cit., II, p. 596, note.
15
Ibid., p. 603.
16
IlncbMO MapnHaflH KaBajuiH AOHCV, FTepa, 18 MapTa 1559 r., A. d. S., Venise, Senato
Secreta, Costant. Filza 2 / B .
17
D. deHaedo, op. cit., p. 73, 74. 0 6 ncnancKOH nojiHTHKe B CeBepHon A(})pHKe CM.
iiaiuycTaTbioB: Revue Africaine, 1928; Jean Cazenave, Les sources del'histoired'Oran, 1933.
18
Jean Nicot, Correspondance.., p.p. E. Falgairolle, p. 7.
19
Ka^Hce.
20
IlncbMo K Kopojiio OT 20 HIOHH 1559 n, Simancas E° 485.
21
Bee noApo6HOCTH 3Toro pa3Ae;ia no3aHMCTBOBaHbi H3 KH. Charles Monchicourt,
L'expedition espagnole contre Tile de Djerba, Paris, 1913, KOTopaa HBjineTCH o6pa3HHKOM
13

AOTOUIHOH 3pyAHi;HH. H a i U H CCbUIKH OTHOCHTCH, B OCHOBHOM, K HCTOHHHKaM, He HCnOJIb30BaHHblM B 3TOH p a 6 o T C
22

BHi;e-Kopo^io CHUHJIHH, Taace AaTa, Simancas E°l 124, f° 300; HHcrpyKUHH KOMaHAOpyTHMepaHy, Taace AaTa, ibid., f*278—279; Be;iHKOMy MaracrpyMa^bTbi, Taace AaTa, ibid.,
f 302, etc.
23
Don Lorenzo van der Hammeny Leon, Don Felipe El Prudente.., Madrid, 1625, f° 146 v°.
24
>KaH Ae JlaBajieiT, BbixoAeu; H3 IlpoBaHca, BCHMKHH Marucrp opAeHa c 1557 no 1568 r.
O H ynpaBJuui TpnnojiH c 1546 no 1549 r. Cp. BbiAepacKH H3 KH. G. Bosio, I Cavalieri
gerosolimitani a Tripoli, p. p. 5. Aurigemma, 1937, p. 271—272.
25

Op. cit., p. 82-83.

26

nncbMorepiioraMeAHHaCe^HOnjiHnnyII, 20HHDJIH 1559 r., Simancas E° 1, P 2 0 4 .
27
PeiueHHe OT 15 HIOHH, AOKJiaA OT 20.
28
C. Monchicourt, op. cit., p. 93, AaeT noHHTb, HTO AOH X. AC MeHAOca AencTBOBaji no
co6cTBeHHOMy pa3yMeHHio. FL B. Merriman (op. cit., IV, p. 102) BbiABHraeT npeAno;io>KeHue, HTO A- XyaH Mor pyKOBOACTBOBaTbCH npHKa30M. /JaHHbiH (JjaKT noATBepacAaeTCH nncbMOM Ominnna II (CM. npeAmecTByiomne npMMenaHHH 22 H 8). CM. TaioKe no 3TOMy noBOAy
H o 6e33amnTHOCTH 6eperoB HcnaHHH nHCbMO 06ecnHHa Kopo;no OT 20 VMORSI 1559 r.,
E. Charriere, op. cit., II, p. 600, note; L. Paris, Neg. sous Francois II, p. 24; C Duro, op. cit.,

II, p. 46.
29
JIio6onbiTHbie 3aMeHaHH5i A. deHerrera, op. cit., I, p. 14; n o o i e 1559 r. noBceMecTHo
BCTaeT Bonpoc o AeMo6miM3aunH, n miaHHpyeMaji 3KcneAHu;HH HBJIHQTCH cpeACTBOM OHHCTMTb HcnaHCKyio HTaJiMK) OT co^AaT, «ocraBiiiHxcH nocjie BOMHW B llbeMOHTe H AVHiue Bcero noAXOA^mHX jym 6opb6bi c HeBepHbiMH».
^riHCbMoOnTiHnnallKOM.rHMepaHy, IeHT, 14HIOJIH 1559 r., Simancas E° 1124, P 3 3 1 .
31
IlHCbMO BMiie-KopojiK) CwuyLjmu, IeHT, 14 Hiojia 1559 r., Simancas E° 1124, P 321.
32
IlHCbMO KOM. THMepaHy, TeHT, 7 aBiycTa 1559 r., Simancas E° 1124, P 330.
33
IlHCbMO Owrepoa npHHiiecce XyaHe, IeHyn, 7 aBiycTa 1559 r., Simancas E° 1388,

P 162-163.

158

rioc/ieAnee uiecm-Tierae Typerxicoro npeBoexoACTBa: 1559—1565

34

IiHCbMO^HC. AiiApea^opHH OwjiHnny II H3 MeccHHbi OT 10 aBrycra 1559 r., Simancas E° 1124,f°335, nanTajibHHCKOM.BAajibHeHiueM/I.^K. A. /J,opna nepenHCbiBaeTCH c KOpojieM TOJibKo no-ncnaHCKH.
35
IlncbMO repnora Ae Cecca Kopojno, MnjiaH, 11 aBrycra 1559 r., Simancas E° 1210,
P 203.
%
IlHCbMoOnrepoaOHjinnnyII, IenyH, 14ceiiT. 1559 r., Simancas E° 1388.
37
IlncbMo /JHC. A. Jlopun O m i n n n y II, MeccMHa, 14 ceHT. 1559 r., Simancas E° 1124,
P 336.
38
Ibid.
39
ITncbMo O m i n n n a II repiiory MeAHiia Cejin, BajibMAOJiHA, 8 OKT. 1559 r., Simancas E°
1124, P 3 2 5 - 3 2 6 .
40
nncbMO Ominnny II, Simancas E° 1124, P 270.
41
CM. 6ecHHCJiennoe MHO^KCCTBO AOKyMeiiTOB no noBOAy 3Toro npoMCA^iciiHH, oco6enIIO Simancas E° 1049, P s 185, 188, 189, 225, 227, 251, 272.
42
nncbMo,H>Ko. JIoMejuiHHo IeHy33CKOM CwHbopHH, MeccHHa, 10ACK.1559r., A. d. S.,
Genes, LettercConsoli, Napoli-Messina, 1—2634.
43
C. Monchicourt, o p . cit., p . 88.
44
Ibid., p. 92.
45
nncbMO,H>KO. JIoMejiJiHiioren3y3CKonCMHbopnH, MeccHiia, 24aBrycTa 1559 r., CM.
BbimenpHM. 42.
46
Op. cit., I, p. 15.
47
IlncbMo O n r e p o a Ominnny II, IeHyH, 27 OKT. 1559 r., Simancas E° 1388, f° 16.
48
IlHCbMoMapHHaAH KaBajijin AOHcy, I l e p a , 2 9 H H B . (1560 r.), A. d. S., Venise, Senato
Secreta, Cost. 2 / B , P 222 v°.
49
C. Monchicourt, op. cit., p. 100.
50
HanpnMep, 31 mm. 1560 r., C. S. P. VII, p. 150.
51
nncbMO,/I>KaKOMO CopaH30 AOHcy, Bena, 3 cj)eBpajiH 1560 r., G. Turba, op. cit., I, p . 134.
52
MeccHna, 3 anp. 1560 r., A. d. S., Genes, Lettere Consoli, Napoli-Messina, 1—2634.
53
IIHCBMO Ganjia Ao>Ky, Ilepa, 30 MapTa 1560 r., A. d. S., Venise, Senato Secreta, Cost. 2 / B .
54
B npHMenanHflx K «MeMopnajiy,5. A/ibBapo», C. Monchicourt, op. cit., p. 100, note 2.
55
3 anp. 1560 r., A. d. S., Genes, Lettere Consoli.., 1-2634.
5h
FlncbMo Bnne-Kopo;iM HeanojiH <I>n.7iHnny II OT 4 anpe;iH 1560 r., Simancas E° 1050,
1° 28, repuoiy MeAMi-ia CCJIH, 20 anp., ibid., P 32, Kopo;no, P 32.
57
58
59
()0
()1

IlncbMo Kopojno 5 Maa 1560 r., Simancas E° 1050, f° 36.
Ibid., f° 39.
rincbMo Kopojno, 16 Man 1560 r., ibid., f°40.
P. 32 et 32 v°, iiHTnpoBaHo y C. Monchicourt, o p . cit., p . 109.
rincbMo BH3HrraAopa Knporn Kopo;iio, Heanojib, 3 HIOHH 1560 roAa, Simancas E° 1050,

P 63.
<>2

063TOM CBHAeTejibCTByeTCWH MaKHaBeAAH, C. Monchicourt, op. cit., p. 111.

npHMenaHMH

159

63

llocjiaHHe Teiry33CKOH CwHbopHH K CayjiH, IeHyn, 19 Man 1560 r., A. d. S., Genes,
L.M.Spagna3.2412.
M
IlHCbMo Kopojiio OT 30 Man 1560 r., Sim. E°485.
<)5
nHCbMoiepuoraA'AjibKajiaOH^MnnyII, Heanojib, 31 Mail 1560 r., Simancas E° 1050,
P56.
w>
riHCbMOToro>Ke^ni;aTOMy}Ke^ni;y, 1 MIOHH 1560 r., ibid., f°60.
b7
H3 nHCbMa Onrepoa M AOHCCCHMH KapAHHajia ^Hrajibi H reHya3CKnx nocnoB, nHCbMO
Owjinnna II BHije-KOpojiio Heano^M, 2 MIOHH 1560 r., Simancas E° 1050, f° 63. HTO KacaeTCH
UH(J)pbi noTepb, TO TpeiueM 16 HIOHH 1560 r. roBopMT o 65 cy^ax, Ms. Record Office, n° 194.
68
IlncbMo Tbeno^o AO>Ky, TOJICAO, 2 HIOHH 1560 r., C. S. P. Venetian, VII, p . 212—213.
69
Ibid.
70
Ibid.
71
IlncbMO<I>HJinnnaII repuoryA'AjibKajia, TOJICAO, 8 HIOHH 1560 r., Simancas E° 1050,
P69.
72

Eapcejiona, 9 HIOHH 1560 r., Sim. E° 327.

73

IiHCbMO,ZJ. rapcHHAeTo^eAoOM^Hnnyll, EapcejiOHa, 12 MIOHH 1560 r., Sim. E°327.
74
IiHCbMo 4>HjiHnna II JX. IapcHH AC To/ieAO, TojieAO, 15 MIOHH 1560 r., Sim. E° 327.
OTBCT/],. TapcHM M3 BapcejioHbi OT 23 MIOHH, ibid.
75
Pe3K>Me nnceM O n r e p o a o T 3 , 5, 10 H 12 HKXJIH 1560 r., Simancas E° 1389.
76
Ibid.
77
Ibid.
78
rincbMO repuora MeAMiia Cejin Kopojiio, 9 HKMH 1560 r., C. Monchicourt, op. cit., p. 327.
79
rincbMO repuoraA'A/ibKajiaOn^Mnny II, Heano^b, 9 OKT. 1560 r., Simancas E° 1050,
f°137.
^IlMCbMoMMKHe^HAo^Ky, IlIapTp, 22 MIOHH 1560 r., C. S. P. Venetian, VII, p . 228.
81
C. S. P. Venetian, VII, p . 229. rincbMO r e p u o r a Ajib6bi Onjinnny II, A/ibBa, 19 ceHT.
1560 r., opnr. Simancas E° 139, ecTb M Konnn.
82
B. N., Paris, Esp. 161, P s 1 5 - 2 1 . E. Charriere, o p . cit., II, p . 6 2 1 - 6 2 3 , no noBOAy cjiyXOB O (J)paHKO-HCnaHCKOM COTpyAHMHeCTBC
83

IlncbMO Kopo^H enncKony JlHMO^KCKOMy, 16 ceiiT. 1560 r., L. Paris, o p . cit., p. 523—

530.
84

IlMCbMo IHaHTOHH3 OH^Hnny II, 2 (})eBp. 1560 r., A. N., K 1493, F 39; L. Romier, La
conjuration d'Amboise, 1923, p. 123. flncbMO McnancKOH KopojieBe K EKaTepnue MCAMHM,
cenT. 1560 r., L. Paris, Negoc. sous le regne d e Francois II, p. 510.
85
ITncbMO LUaHTOHH3 Onjinnny II, Me;ieH, 31 aBiycra 1560 r., A. N., K 1493, f 83;
3 ceHT.1560 r., L. Paris, op. cit., p . 506—509.
86
3 HIOJIH 1560 r., CODOIN, XCVIII, p . 155-158.
87
SimancasE°1389.
88
Simancas E° 1050, f 84.
89
13 HKMH 1560 r., E. Charriere, o p . cit., II, p . 616—618.
90
KoHcraHTHHonojib, 17H27HKXTIH 1560 r., ibid., p . 618—621.

160

FIocJieAHee uiecrmieTHe TypeijKoro npeBoexoACTBa: 1559—1565

91

riwcbMO Onrepoa E. B., IeHyn, 26 HIOJIH 1560 r., Simancas E° 1389. O TOM, HTO OH
BbiflaBaji ce6n 3a nocna, nwcbMO CayjiH IeHy33CKOH pecny6jiHKe, TojieAO, 14 AeK. 1560 r.,
A. d. S., Genes, LettereMinistri,Spagna2. 2411.
92
6 aBrycTa 1560 r., Simancas E°445, Konnn.
93
Op. cit., II, p. 36.
94
B. N., Madrid, Ms 11085, 9 anp. 1561 r.
95
C. Monchicourt, op. cit., p. 133; J\yK. A. /Jppwa npH6bui na MajibTy 8 aBrycTa 1560 r.,
nHCbMo/tnc. A. /topHH OnjiHnny II OT 8 aBrycTa 1560 r., Simancas E" 1125. Kor^a j\o Hero
AOIUJIO H3BecTHe o naAeHHH (J)opTa, OH 6biji yace TOTOB aTaKOBaTb TpnnojiH. IlHCbMO Toro
HcejiHijaTOMyxcejiHijy, 9ceHT. 1560 r., ibid.
96
(IayAeiii),18 aBrycTa 1560 r., E° 1050, f° 120.
97
C. Monchicourt, op. cit., p. 134.
98
Ibid.
99
IlHCbMO T. SpHaHAeca Onjinnny II, BeneijHH, 21 aBrycTa 1560 r., Simancas E° 1325.
100
KopcJ)y, 4 ceHTH6PH 1560 r., E° 1050, f° 129.
101
IlHCbMO BHue-KopojiH Heanojin Onjiwnny II, E° 1050, f° 128.
102
Op. cit., II, p. 245 etsq.
103
R. B. Merriman, op. cit., IV, p. 107.
104
IlHCbMO MoHTejieoHe Kopojiio, 30 aBrycTa 1560 r., Simancas E° 1050, f* 121. IlHCbMO
repuoraA'AjibKajiaKopojiK), Heanojib, 3 ceHT. 1560 r., ibid., P 124.
105
nncbMo rpac})a Ae JlyHbi Kopojiio OT 28 ACK. 1560 r., CODOIN, XCVIII, p. 189-192.
106

OjiopeHUHH, 10 HIOJIH 1560 r., Sim. E° 1446.

107

IlHCbMO T. 3pHaHAeca OnjiHnny II, BeHeuHH, 20 HIOJIH 1560 r., Simancas E° 1324,

P47.
108

rTHCbMoHep-o4>eppoAo>Ky, Flepa, 12HOH6. 1560 r.; A. d.S., Venise, Senato Secreta,
Cost. 2 / B , f s 2 9 0 - 2 9 1 .
109
19 cenT. 1560 r., B. N., Esp. 161, f» 1 5 - 2 1 .
110
9OKT. 1560 r., Simancas E° 1850, f° 139. riwcbMoX. AeMeHAOCbiKopojno,riajiaMOC,
IceHT. 1560 r., Sim. E° 327.
111
26 aBrycTa 1560 r., Simancas E° 1058, f° 118.
112
C. Monchicourt, p. 237.
113
KajibHpH, 25 aBrycTa 1560 r., Simancas E° 327.
114
CODOIN, VIII, p. 560.
ii5 q T O K a c a e T C H ^oKTopa BycKbH, HeKOTopwe H3 ero nwceM HaxoAflTCH B A. N., Paris,
serieK, 1493, B l l , f ° l l l , (20, 28, 30ceHT., 13OKT. 1560r.). OBbiAyMKaxocBeAOMHTejien
B JleBaHTe CM. nwcbMO TpaHBejuibi OmiHnny II, Heanojib, 31 HHB. 1572 r., Simancas E° 1061.
116
CODOIN, XCVIII, p. 182.
117
riwcbMO OHjiHnna II BejiHKOMy KOManAopy H J\. X. AC CyHbHre, MaApHA, 23 OKT.
1560 r., Simancas E° 1324, f°48.
118
IlHCbMO JXOJIK> KapAHHajiy JIoTapHHrcKOMy, KoHCTaHTHHonojib, 5 MapTa 1561 r.
E. Charriere, op. cit., II, p. 652—653, HHiiieTa, AoporoBH3Ha, nyMa.

npHMenaHHH

161

119

Ibid.
Paryaa, 2 HHBap* 1561 r., Simancas E°1051, P 11.
121
IlHCbMOBHue-KopojiHHeanojiHOHJiHnnyll, 6HHB. 1561 r., Simancas E° 1051, f° 12.
122
IlHCbMo K KopojiK), TpanaHH, Simancas E° 1126.
123
IlHCbMo 4>HJiMnnaII BHije-Kopojuo MajibopKH, ApaHxyac, 28 (})eBp. 1561 r., Simancas E° 328.
124
Kopcty, 30 M ap T a 1561 r., Simancas E° 1051, f> 51.
125
Relacion que haze Antonio Doria.., 18anp. 1561 r., Simancas E° 1051, f°62.
126
KoHcraHTHHono;ib, 9anp. 1561 n, Simancas E° 1051, T 54.
127
12,14anp. 1561 r., Simancas E° 1051, f° 54; JlnecMa, 16anp. 1561 r., ibid., f°56.
128
IlHCbMo AJIOHCO AC Jia KyaBbi BHu.e-Kopo.7iK) HeanojiH, JIa TyjieTTa, 17 anp. 1561 r.,
Simancas E° 1051,^57.
129
rincbMO BHije-Kopojin Heano;iH MapKaHTOHHo KOJIOHHC, Heanojib, 9 Maji 1561 roAa,
Simancas E° 1051, f> 78.
130
IlHCbMo BHue-KopojiH Heano;iH Onjinnny II, 9 asrycTa 1561 r., Simancas E° 1051,
fM19.
131
Ma^pHA, 5 ceHT. 1561 r., B. N., Paris, Fr. 16103, f°44et sq.
132
«Lo que se entiende de Levante... de Corfu», 10 aBrycra 1561 r., Simancas E° 1051,
fM20.
133
E. Charriere, op. cit., II, p. 657-658.
134
Ibid., p. 653-654.
135
IlHCbMo BHu.e-Kopo.jm CHU.H.TIHH OHJiHnny II, MeccHHa, 8 HKDHH 1561 r., Simancas E° 1126.
136
E. Charriere, op. cit., II, p. 661.
137
E[HCbMoHep-oOeppoAO>Ky, Ilepa, IOHIOAH 1561 r.; A. d. S., Venise, Senato Secreta,
Cost. 3 / C . PycTeM-nauia yMep 9 HIOAH.
138
IlncbMO enncKona JlHMO>KCKoro Kopojuo, MaApHA, 5 ceHT. 1561 r., B. N., Paris, Fr.
16103, f° 44 etsq.
139
E. Charriere, op. cit., II, p. 657—658.
140
CODOIN, XCII, p. 2 4 0 - 2 4 4 .
141
28 Ma* 1562 r., Simancas E° 1052, f° 27.
142
BnponeM, CaMnbepo npn6bui B KoHcraHTHHonojibTOJibKO B HHBape 1563 r. CM. MHoroHHCJieHHbie reHy33CKHe AOKyMeHTbi, A. d. S., Genes, Spagna, 3. 2412 H Costantinopoli,
1.2169.
143
IlncbMO BHue-KopojiH Heanojifl MapKaHTOHHo KOJIOHHC 24 M2iH 1562 r., Simancas E°
120

1051, f° 87.
144

IlncbMO Ominnna II BHije-Kopojiio Heano^HTaHCKOMy, 14 HIOHH 1562 r., Simancas E°

1051, f° 96.
145

CM.npHM. 143.
rincbMO/I,aHHe^e Eap6apnro Aoacy, Ilepa, 5 aBrycra 1562 r., A. d. S., Venise, Senato
Secreta 3 / C ; BeHeu.HH, 20 aBrycra 1562 r., o 3aionoHeHHH nepeMnpHH Ha 8 Jicr, CODOIN,
XCVII, p. 369-372, C. Monchicourt, op. cit., p. 142.
146

6. 3aKa3 tt? 2220.

162
147

nocneflHee iuecrajieTHe TypeijKoro npeBocxoACTBa: 1559—1565

KoHCTaHTHHonojib, 30 aBiycTa 1562 r., E. Charriere, op. cit., II, p. 702—707.
6 - 1 7 HUB. 1563 r., ibid., p. 7 1 6 - 7 1 9 .
149
IIncbMo OmiHnna II repijoraM CaBOHCKOMy H OjiopeHTHHCKONfy, 3cKypnaji, 8 MapTa
1563 r., Simancas E° 1393.
150
Simancas E° 1052, f° 169.
151
Hap6oHH, 2 HUB. 1564 r., Edmond Cable, Ambassade en Espagne de J e a n Ebrard,
Seigneur deSaint-Sulpice, Albi, 1903, p. 212.
152
KoHCTaHTHHonojib, 12 (})eBp. 1564 r., Simancas E° 1053, f° 19.
153
IlncbMo BHiie-Kopoji* Heanoji* 3>HJiHnny II, Heanojib, 17 4>eBp. 1564 r., Simancas E° 1053, f° 22.
154
nncbMO <J>HJiHnny II, IlapHac, 17 MapTa 1564 r., A. N., K 1501, n° 48 G.
155
llncbMo CeH-Ciojibnnca Kopojno, 11 MapTa 1564 r., E. Cable, op. cit., p. 270.
150
Ibid., p. 269, 29 Ma* 1564 r.
157
Simancas E° 1053, f° 54.
158
Hanajio HIOJI* 1564 r., E. Cable, op. cit., p. 270.
159
Ibid.,p.279.
160
A. d. S., Genes, L. M.Spagna, 3. 2412.
161
nncbMO Aoacy, G. Turba, op. cit., I, 3, p. 2 8 9 - 2 9 0 .
1()2
CBMAeTejibCTBo/tnero Cyapeca, npuBeAennoe y reHepajia Dldler, Hist. d'Oran, 1927,
VI, p. 99, note 5.
103
24 aBiycTa 1561 ro^a, B. N., Paris, Fr. 16 103.
1(>4
C. Duro, op. cit., II, p. 44. CM. Bbime, nacrb II, m. TV.
165
IlHCbMo enncKona JlHMo>KCKoro Kopo^io, 5 ceHT. 1561 r., B. N., Paris, Fr. 16 103,
f° 44 et sq.
1(
* Simancas E° 1051, f° 131.
167
Ibid., f° 139.
168
Ibid., f° 49.
1()lJ
IlncbMO BHue-KopojiM CHUHJIHH <J>n;innny II, TlajiepMO, 8 HO*6. 1561 r., Simancas E° 1126.
170
nncbMO Toro >Ke jiHu.aTOMy ace jinny (B Moefi KapTOTene He AarapoBaHo), ibid.
171
nncbMoenMCKonaJInMO>KCKoroKopojieBe, MaApHA, 3*HBap* 1562 r., B. N., Paris,
Fr. 16 103, f° 129v°. Buione 1562roAaHcnaHu,bi Bee eiiie HaxoAHJiwcb B JlaTyjieTTe. H3Bec r a e o nyTemecTBHH X. j\e MeHAOcbi... Simancas E° 1052, f° 33.
172
riHCbMo AjioHCOAejiaKyaBbiBMue-Kopo^ioCMUHJiHH, 1 MapTa 1562 r., Simancas E°
1127.
173
nncbMo4>HrepoaOMJinnnyII, reny*, 9 Ma* 1562 r., Simancas E° 1391.
174
H3BecTne o nyTeuiecTBHH X. AC MeHAOCbi.., Simancas E° 1052, P* 33; R. XyaH Ae MeHAoca BepHy^c* B FlajiepMO 9 Ma* 1562 r., Simancas E° 1127.
175
Per lettere di Marsiglia, 21 Ma*, A. d. S. Genes, L. M. Spagna 3.2412.
176
rincbMo BHiie-Kopo^* Heanoji* OmiHnny II, 4 HIOJI* 1562 r., Simancas E° 1052, f°45.
177
AJDKHP, 12 H I O M 1562 r., A. d. S. Genes, L. M. Spagna 3.2412.
148

npHMenaHHH

163

178

IlHCbMO CayjiH IeHy33CKOH CnHbopMH, Eapce;ioHa, 13 ceHT. 1562 n, ibid.
rincbMo Kopo^io, JIa IyjieTra, 30 ceHT. 1562 r., Simancas E°486.
180
IlHCbMO CeH-Cio.7ibnnca Kopojiio, 26 OKT. 1562 r., E. Cable, op. cit., p. 90.
181
N? 345, p. 83.
182
Relacion de como se perdieron las galeras en la H e r r a d u r a , 1562, Simancas E° 444,
f* 217; C. Ztoro (op. cit., II, p . 4 7 e t s q . ) , cyAHnoBceMy, Heo6pamajiCHKHCTOHHHKaM.
183
rincbMo X. Ae O n r e p o a BHije-Kopojiio Heanojm, Ia3Ta, 8 HOH6. 1562 r., Simancas E°
1052, f° 67.
184
C. Duro, op. cit., II, p. 48.
185
Agostinho Gavy deMendonqa, Historia d o famoso cerco que o xarife pos a fortaleza de
Mazagao no ano de 1562, Lisboa, 1607.
xm
C.Duro, op. cit., II, p. 49.
187
ConiacHO TpaAHijHOHHOH BepcHH 3 miM 4 HHCJia, HO BO3MOHCHO He paHee 8-ro. B STOT
AeHb ajDKupijbi HaxoAHJiHCb eme B AByx MHVIHX OT ropoAa n o cyme. FlHCbMO OHJiHnna II K
Onrepoa, CeroBHH, 18 anp. 1563 r., Simancas E° 1392. Lo q u e ha passado en el campo de
OranyAlmarcaquibir.., Toledo, 1563;/J,OKyMeHTB. N., Paris, Oi 69.
188
D. deHaedo, op. cit., p. 75 v°.
189
H3BjieneHne H3 nHceM rpacj)a AjibKayzjeTe, MapT 1563 ro^a, Simancas E° 486.
190
Relacion de lo que se entiende de Oran por cartas del Conde de Alcaudete de dos de
j u n i o 1563 rescibidas a cinco del mismo, Simancas E° 486.
191
Lo que ha passado.., B. N., Paris, Oi 69.
192
Kopo;ib ynoMHHaeT 3TH noApo6HOCTH B CBoeM nwcbMe OT 18 anpejin, Simancas E° 1392.
193
riwcbMO BHiie-KopojiH CHUHJIHH Owjinnny II, MeccwHa, 23 anp. 1563 r., Simancas E° 1127.
194
MaapHA, 25 anp. 1563 r., Simancas E° 330.
195
Simancas E° 1052, f° 156.
1%
3 T O nwcbMO ijHTHpyeTCH no TeKCTy OTBeTa Kopojin, CM. CTieAyiomee npHMenaHHe.
197
MaApwA, Simancas E° 1392.
198
Ibid.
199
SimancasE°1392.
179

200

0 6 3TOM rOBOpHTCH B OTBCTHOM nHCbMe BHLje-KOpOJIfl O m i H n n y II OT 2 3 HIOJIH 1 5 6 3 T.,

Simancas E° 1 0 5 2 , ^ 2 0 7 .
201
R. B. Merriman, op. cit., IV, p. 110, roBopHT B 3TOH CBA3H O CBepxHejiOBenecKHXycwJIHHX. Ho 3TO, noacajiyH, npeyBe;iHHeHHe.
202
ConiacHO Cajia3apy, 2 HHcna, connacHo Ka6pepe, 6-ro, KaK nnuieT C. Duro, op. cit., II,

p. 55-59.
203

IlHCbMO ToMeca BepAyro K OpaHCHCKO Ae 3paco OT 29 aBrycTa 1563 r., Simancas E° 143,

f 117.
204

rincbMo CaHHO AC JleiiBbi Kopojno, Heano^b, 13 MHBapn 1564 r., Simancas E° 1053,
f° 8. OAHaKO H3BecTHO, HTO C. AC JlefiBa OTnjibui B JIa IyjieTTy, KaK nniiieT Bnn.e-Kopo;ib
E. B-By, Heano;ib, 17 (J)eBp. 1564 r., Simancas E° 1053, f° 22.
6*

164

llocjieAHee mecTHjieTHe TypeijKoro npeBocxoACTBa: 1559—1565

205

nncbMoOn7iHnnaII KA. IapcHH Ae TojieAO, Ba/ieHCHH, anp. 1564 r., CODOIN, XXVII,
p. 398.
200
BruioTb AO CTpoHTejibCTBa 6apKacoB, nopyneHHoro npoBeeAopaM Majiarn, CODOIN,
XXVII, p. 410, 17 Man 1564 r.
207
12 HIOHH 1564 r., E. Cable, op. cit., p. 270.
208
IlHCbMO A- IapcHH j\e To^eAO On;iHnny II, Heanojib, 15 HIOHH 1564 r., SimancasE°1053,f64.
209
IlncbMO A-Xyana AC CanaTbi K3paco, 15 HIOHH 1564 r., ibid., f° 63.
210
IlHCbMO BHi;e-Kopo;iH Heanojin K Onjinnny II, 15 HIOHH 1564 r., ibid., f° 60.
211
Co6cTBeHHopyMHoe npHMenaHHe Kopojin Ha nojinx nncbMa, aApecoBaHHoro HM AOHy
IapcHH AeTo^eAo, Heano^b, 15 HIOHH 1564 r., Simancas E° 1053, ^ 6 5 .
212
/. B. E.Jurien dela Graviere, Les Chevaliers d e Make, Paris, 1887,1, p. 98.
213
Ibid., p . 99.
214
3 T H uH(J)pbi npHBOAHT K. flypo. 29 aBrycTa CeH-CiojibnHC TO^bKo B KaAnce HacnnTaji
62 rajiepw (E. Cable, op. cit., p . 291—292). BoOpaHijHH roBopnjiH o 70 c JIHIIIHHM rajiepax,
13 aBrycTa 1564 r., A. N., K 1502, n° 296.
2]5
J.B. E.Jurien dela Graviere, op. cit., I, p . 11, note 1.
21b
llHCbMOAOHarapcHHAeTojieAOKE. B., Majiara, 16ceHT. 1564r., C O D O I N , XXVII,

p. 527.
217

rincbMo <E>HjiHnna II K O n r e p o a , 3 aBrycTa 1564 r., Simancas E° 1393, a He E° 931, KaK
nanenaTaHo no OIUHGKC B craTbe FernanBraudel, in: Rev. Afr., 1928, p. 395, note 1.
218
FlncbMo O n r e p o a Kopojiio, IeHyn, 27 HIOHH 1564 r., Simancas E° 1393.
219
Oco6enHO B BeHeijHH, KOTopan 6buia cpeAOTOHHeM npaBAHBbix H JIOHCHMX HOBOCTCH
H AOMUC^OB, nncbMO T. 3pHaHAeca Onjinnny II, BeHeijHH, 12 ceHT. 1564 r., Simancas E° 1325.
220
IlncbMo Toro ace jiHua TOMy TKG JIHITV, ibid.
221
222
223
224
225

IlHCbMO<t>HjiHnnaIlA- I a p c n n AeTojieAO, 18HIOJIH 1564 r., Simancas E° 1393.
2 aBrycTa 1564 r., A. N., K 1502.
IlncbMo Onjinnna II K O n r e p o a , 3 aBrycTa 1564 r., Simancas E° 1393.
Simancas E° 1393.
ITncbMo AOHa Opanceca j\e AnaBbi Onjinnny II, 13 aBrycTa 1564 r., A. N., K 1502,

n°96.
226

Nuevas de Francia.., nojiyneHHbie 3 ceHT. 1564 r., Simancas E° 351.
ITncbMo Iapcecarepupry OjiopeHTHHCKOMy, MaApHA, 22 ceHT. 1564 r., A. d. S., Genes,
L . M . S p a g n a 3.2412.
228
IlHCbMO <I>HJiHnna II repijory O^opeHTHHCKOMy, MaApHA, 23 ceHT. 1564 r., Simancas E° 1446, f° 112.
229
IlHCbMO CayjiH CnHbopHH, MaApHA, 24 ceHT. 1564 r., A. d. S., Genes, L. M. Spagna
3.2412.
230
9oKT.,ibid.
227

231
232

rincbMo O n j i n n n a l l K O n r e p o a , MaApHA, 25 OKT. 1564 r., Simancas E° 1393.
Ibid.

npHMenaHHH
233

165

nHCbMoOnrepoa0HjiHnnyII, TeHyn, 27OKT. 1564r.,SimancasE° 1393.

234

riHCbMOToro>KejiHuaTOMy5KejiHHy, 8 HOH6., S i m a n c a s E 0 1054, f ° 2 1 .

235

A.N.,K1502, B18,n°51a.

236

FlHCbMO O H ^ n n n a I I OpaHcecy Ae AnaBe, 31 AeK. 1564 r., A. N., K 1502, B 18, n° 77.
237
riwcbMO O n r e p o a OpaHcecy Ae AjiaBe, TeHyn, 1 ACK. 1564 r., A. N., K 1502, B 18,
n° 60.
238
Ibid. Ha 6opTy OAHoro H3 3THX (J)peraTOB HaxoAHJicn Apyr CaMnbepo, KopcHKaHen,
IlbOBaHe/io, KOToporo no Aopore 3axBaTHJiw 6ep6epcKne Kopcapw.
239
Ibid.
240
Ibid.
241
FIncbMO0Hrepoa<I>H;iHnnyII, 3 AeK. 1564 r., SimancasE" 1393.
242
IlHCbMOToro>Ke^ni;aTOMy5KejiHuy, 21 ACK. 1564 r., ibid.
243
OqeHHM MHMOXOAOM TaKOH apryMeHT, npHBeAeHHbiH B nncbMe E. B. K IIIaHTOHHS,
MaApnA, 10 HOH6. 1562 r., A. N., K 1496, B 14, n° 126: <J>H.nHnn II 3a*BJiHeT CeH-Cio.7ibnncy, HTO OH He MoaceT BbiCTynHTb npoTHB aHniHHCKOH KopojieBbi por causa de las antiguas
aliancas (no npHHHHe CTapHHHoro coK)3a).
244
KoHTaicr 6bui ycTaHOBJien yace B ceHT5i6pe: nwcbMO enwcKona JlHMOxccKoro EKaTepnHe MeAHHH, MaApwA, 24 ceHT. 1561 r., B. N., Paris, Fr. 15875, f 194; nHCbMO LIIaHTOHH3
OHJiHnnyll, CeH-Kjry, 21 HOH6. 1561 r., A. N., K 1494, B 12, n° 111; nncbMOToroace jinua
TOMyacejiHuy, FlyaccH, 2 8 H O H 6 . 1561 r., ibid., n° 115.
245
riHCbMo/t>K. CopaH30 AOHCV, BeHa, 25 ACK. 1561 r. O 3aroBope B no;ib3y Kopojin HaBappw, pacKpbiTOM B IlaMnjiOHe, G. Turba, op. cit., I, p p . 195 et sq.
246
IlHCbMO MopoHe repuoryAjib6e, PHM, 2 OKTH6pn 1561 r., Joseph Susta, Die Romische
Curie u n d das Konzil von Trient unter Pius IV, Wien, 1904,1, p. 259.
247
FlHCbMO r e p u o r a Anb6bi K LUaHTOHH3, MaApwA, 18 HHBapn 1562 r., A. N., K 1496,
B14, n°38.
248
IlHCbMO O n r e p o a <J>HJiHnny II, 9 OKT. 1562 r., Simancas E° 1391.
249
riwcbMO CeH-Cio^bnHca EnaTepHHe MCAHHH, MaApwA, 2 5 H O H 6 . 1562r., B. N., Paris,
Fr. 15877, P 386.
250
C. Monchicourt, op. cit., p. 88.
251
ITucbMo Onjinnna II Buije-Kopojno Heanojin, TojieAO, 8 HIOHH 1560 r., Simancas E° 1059, f° 69.
252 J i H T e p e c H b i H p a c H e T HaxoAHTCH B reHV33CKOM AOKyMeHTe ( C o n t o c h e si fa d e l l e g a l e r e

che S. Mta Cattca potra mettere insieme. A. d. S., Genes, L. M. Spagna 2.2411 (1560): HCnaHCKHe ranepw (20); reHV33CKHe (6), KHH3A ^opHH, He CHHTaa Tex, HTO B ,5Hcep6e (6),
repuoraO^opeHUHH (3), repuora CaBOHCKoro (2), rpac})aHHKOJiepbi (1), nopTyrajibCKoro
Kopo^H (4), Ilao^o CaHTa Obope (2), «delle salve (cajiKrryiomHe)» (23). MToro 67; a B CHUHJIHHCKOM AOKyMeHTe 1560 r. (Simancas E° 1125) npHBeAeHbi TaKHe uH(J>pbi: Bcero 74 ra;iepbi, H3 HHX ABe npHHaA^ie>KaT nane, 20 HcnaHHH, 10 KHH3io,2JopHH, 8 TeHye, 5 OpAeHy,
7 repuory O^opeHTHHCKOMy, 6 repiiory CaBOHCKOMy, 4 A H T O H H O ^ O P H H , 2 Murane, 3 KapA;iy BHTCTUIH, 2 Ilaojio CcJ>opua, 3 Heano;no, 1 ECHAHHCJUIH Cay^H, 1 Gre(})aHO AC Mapw.
253
L. Bianchiniy op. cit., I, p. 54.

166

FIoc/ieAHee uiecTHjierae TypeijKoro npeBoexoACTBa: 1559—1565

254

IlMCbMO Burje-KopojiH Heano^K 4>HJiHnny II, Simancas E° 1050, f° 137.
255 p e 3 I O M e nHceM O n r e p o a Kopojiio, 3, 5 , 1 0 , 1 2 HIOHH 1560 r., Simancas E° 1389.
25()
IlHCbMo BHue-KopojiH Heanojin Onjinnny II, Heanojib, 12 HHBapn 1561 r., Simancas E° 1051, f 17.
257
L. von Pastor, op. cit., XVI, p. 256 et note 1.
258
Ibid.
259

Ibid., p. 257.

260

Ibid.
IIncbMoTbenoAO Ao>Ky, To;ieAO, 26 MapTa 1561 r., C. S. P. Venetian, VII, p. 305.
2()2
HncrpyKijHH OepHariAo j\e Cn;ibBe, MapKH3y j\e ;ia OaBapa..., 1 anpejin 1561 r.,
Simancas E° 1126.
2b3
IIwcbMO CayjiH IeHy33CKOH CniibopHH, TojieAO, 27 anpejin 1561 r., A. d. S., Genes,
2()1

L.M.Spagna 22411.
2()4
2()5

IlHCbMo Tbenojio AO^Ky, 2 6 a n p . 1561 r., C. S. P. Venetian, VII, p. 310.
IIncbMO r e p u o r a MeAHHa-Cejin Bnue-Kopojiio Heanojin, 30 HIOHH 1561 r., Siman-

cas E° 1051, f° 100, KOHHH.
2()b

IlHCbMo enHCKona JlHMO^ccKoro Kopojno, Ma^pwA, 5 ceHT. 1561 r., B. N., Paris, Fr.
16103, f° 44 et sq., Konnn, H yace UHTHpoBaHHoe nncbMO Toro >Ke JiHLja TOMy ace AHiry OT
12 aBrycTa 1561 r.
2()7
Los puntos en que han hablado aS. M. Mos. Dosancey el embax 01 Limoges, MaApnA,
10 AeK. 1561 r., A. N., K 1495, B 13, n° 96.
268
nHCbMo>KyaHe3aKopoAio, Hap6onH, 28 AeK. 1561 r., B. N., Paris, Fr. 15875, f°460.
2b9
3anHCKH enncicona JlHMoaccKoro, 27 HHB. 1562 r., B. N., Paris, Fr. 16103, f° 44 v°,
KOnMM.
2/0

IlncbMo Onjinnna II BHu.e-Kopo.7iio Heanojin, 14 HIOHH 1562 r., Simancas E° 1052,
f° 96. OJIOT jxejivuicsi Ha HecKo^bKo 3KcaAp: a) B 3CKaApyA- X. j\e MeHAOcbi BXOAHJIH 12 HCnancKHx rajiep (4 H3 HHX Gbuin npeAOcraBjieHbi B pacnopnHceHHe npnopa H KOHcyjioB CeBH./ibn); 6 HeanojiHTaHCKHx; 6 rajiep AHTOHHO /JopHH; 4 rpacj)a OeAepHKO BoppoMeo; 2 3cTecj^ano^opHH; 2 EeHAHHejuin Cayjin; 6) 3CKaApa/l,>K. AnApea/lppHH, B COOTBCTCTBHH C e r o
HOBbiM achenmo, cocTOHJia H3 12 ero ra/iep; 4 rajiep MajibTHHCKoro opAena; 4 MapKO HeHTypnoHe; 2 repuoraTeppaHOBbi; 2 Hnrajibi.
271
C.Duro, op. cit., II, p. 49.
272
IlHCbMo Ominnna II repupraM CaBOHCKOMy H 4>jiopeHTHHCKOMy, Can Jlopenco, 8 MapTa 1563 r. Simancas E° 1392.
273
CDuro, o p . cit., Ill, p. 67.
274
IlHCbMoCaHHOAeJIeHBbiOHJiHnnyII, Heano;ib, 13 HHB., 1564 r., Simancas E° 1053,
f 8.
275
IlncbMo BHue-KopojiH HeanojiHTaHCKoro Kopanio, 15 HIOHH 1564 r., Simancas E° 1053,
f 60.
276

277

29 HIOHH 1564 r., ibid., f° 73.

/. von Hammer, op. cit., VI, p. 118.
278
C. Duro, op. cit., Ill, p. 6 1 , note 2 et p . 62, note 1.

npHMenaHHH
279

167

Ibid., p. 64, note 3.
IlHCbMO A. r. AeTojieAoK3paco, Majiara, 17aBiycTa 1564 r., CODOIN, XXVII, p. 452,
ijHTHpoBaHoy C. Duro, op. cit., Ill, p . 65—66.
281
22 aBiycTa 1564 roAa, riHTHpoBaHo y C. Duro, o p . cit., Ill, p . 66.
282
B nacTHocTH, B OTHOUICHHH HeanojiHTancKHx rajiep, CM. nncbMo T. Ae TOACAO BHueKopo;no HeanoAH, 23 HHB. 1565 r., Simancas E° 1054, F 52.
283
nncbMo A. T. AeTojieAO OnAHnny II, Ia3Ta, H A C K . 1564 r., CODOIN, CI, p. 9 3 - 1 0 5 .
284
IlncbMO JleonapAO KonTapHHH AO>Ky, BeHeijHH, 29 ACK. 1564 r., G. Turba, op. cit., I,
3, p. 289.
285
IlncbMO A- TapcHH j\c TojieAO Kopo^io, Heanojib, 7 HHB. 1565 r., CODOIN, XXVII,
p. 558.
280
E. Charriere, op. cit., II, p. 774-776.
287
KoHCTaHTHnono^b, 10 (JjeBp. 1565 r., Simancas E° 1054, F 64.
288
riHCbMoAjibBapoAeBa3aHaOHjiHnny II, OpaH, lOMapTa 1565 r., Simancas E°486,
CM. E. Cat, Mission bibliographique en Espagne, 1891, p . 122—126.
289
IlncbMO PoApnro IlopTHJibo Kopo;no, Mepc-3Ab-Ke6np, 13 MapTa 1565 r., Simancas E° 485.
290
IlncbMO BHiie-Kopo^H HeanojiHTaHCKoro Onjinnny II, 14 MapTa 1565 r., Simancas E° 1054, f 70.
291
IlncbMO <I>panKaBHAbi E. B., BapceAOHa, 19 MapTa 1565 r., Simancas E° 332, H O H AHnnallnpoBeeAopaM Majiarn, MaApnA, 30 MapTa 1565 r., Simancas E° 145.
292
KoHcraHTHHonojib, 20 MapTa, Kopc})y, 29 MapTa, Pary3a, 8 anpejin 1565 r., Simancas E° 1054, f* 71; 22 corAacHo Jurien dela Graviere, op. cit., I, p . 169.
293
6 anpejiH B MaApnvje TocKancKHH nocoji Iapcec nepeAaji OnAHnny II HOBOCTH H3 JleBaHTa, nocTynHBiiiHe nepe3 OAopeHixnio: OHH CBHAeTejibCTBOBajiH o MOUJH, HO He o MecTe
Ha3naHeiiHH (jxnoTa. nncbMo Iapceca repnory OjiopeHTHHCKOMy, MaApnA, 6 anp. 1565 r.,
A. d. S., Florence, Mediceo, 1897, f° 88. IleTpeMOAb B CBOCM nncbMe KJ\\O Oeppbe, 7 anp.
1565 r., (E. Charriere, op. cit., II, p. 783—785), TaioKe coo6maeT 06 oTnjibiTHH ocHOBHbix
CHJI cj).7ioTa 30 HHcna H3 KoHCTaHTHHono;iH, HO OH ne 3naeT, nanpaBJiHioTCM JIH OHH na Majibry
HJIH B JIa Ty^eTTy. 3Ta >KC AaTa, 30 MapTa, npnBeAena B H3BCCTHH H3 KoHcranTHHonojiH OT
8 anp. 1565 r., Simancas E° 1054, f° 85.
294
IlncbMO Onjinnna II ^eKany KapTaxeHbi (AAb6epTo IGiaBHxo, npoBeeAopy Majiarn), MaApnA, 22 MapTa 1565 r., Simancas E° 145.
295
ApaHxy3c, 7 anp. 1565 r., Simancas E° 145.
296
IlncbMO BHi;e-KopoAH HeanoAH OnAnnny II, Heanojib, 8 a n p . 1565 r., Simancas E° 1054, f° 80.
297
IlHCbMOToro>Ke^HuaTOMy>KeAimy, Heano^b, 8 anp. 1565 r., ibid., f°81.
298
Ibid., f° 94, H3BecTne H3 Kop(*jy, 30 anpc/iH 1565 r.
299
Ibid.
300
/ B. E. Jurien de la Graviere, op. cit., I, p. 172.
301
Ibid.
302
Simancas E° 1125.
280

168

IlocjieAHee iuecTHJierae Typem<oro npeBoexoACTBa: 1559—1565

303

Simancas E° 1054, f 106.
Recibida a VI dejunio, 3aMeTKa Ha npeAbiAymeM AOKVMeHTe.
305
C. Duroy op. cit., Ill, p. 76 et sq.
306
P. Herre, op. cit., p. 53; H. Kretschmayr, op. cit., Ill, p. 48.
307
/. B. E.Jurien de la Graviere, op. cit., II, p. 140.
308
B Mae B pacnopjDKeHHH AjibBapo AC Ba3aHa HMejiocb AeBHTHaAUaTb rajiep, KaK nnuieT
Te^bo 4>H^Hnny IIM3 CeBHJibM 29 Man 1565 r., Simancas E° 145, f 284. B AajibHeHiueM ero
3CKaApayBe^HHHjiacb, B Heano;ib OH npHiue;i c 42 ra/iepaMH.
309
J. B. E.Jurien de la Graviere, op. cit., II, p. 167.
310
Ibid., p. 172etsq.
31
* Por cartas del Duque de Seminara de Otranto a 29 de 7bre, 1565, Simancas E° 1054,
f 207.22 HHOia AOH IapcwH HaxoAHJicH MeacAyZfcaHTe H MOAOHOM, y Heo6HTaeMoro ocrpoBa CTpac})apHH, OTruibiB OT BeHeiniaHCKoro ocTpoBa Kwrapbi c uejibio AcoKHAaTbcn 3Aecb
TypeKUKOH apMaAbi, «la qual forcosamante havia de pasar por alii (KOTopaH o6a3aTejibHO
304

AOJI>KHa3AeCb n p O H T H ) » .
312

/. B. E.Jurien de la Graviere, op. cit., II, p. 224.
nncbMorepuoraA'AjibKajiaOn7iHnnyII,Heano^b, 12ceHT. 1565 r., Simancas E° 1054,
f 194.
314
rincbMo IleApo A'ABHJia T. Ilepecy, PHM, 22 ceHT. 1565 r.,/.y. Dollinger, p. 629. B
no;moHb KapAHHaji riameKo oTnpaBHji Kypbepa K E . B . C BecTbio o no6eAe. llHCbMo KapA.
nauieKO OHjinnny II, 23 ceHT. 1565 r., CODOIN, CI, p. 106-107.
315
KoHcraHTHHonojib, 6 OKT. 1565 r., Simancas E° 1054, F 210; nwcbMO IleTpeMOJifl Kapjiy IX, KoHCTaHTHHono^b, 7 OKT. 1565 r., E. Charrierey op. cit., II, p. 804—805.
31<)
CM. npeAMAymee npHMenaHHe.
317
IlncbMo Tapceca repuory OjiopeHTHHCKOMy, MaApuA, 22 ceHT. 1565 r., Hen. opnr.,
A. d. S., Florence, Mediceo 4897, f° 148.
318
UnTnpoBaHO yj. B. E.Jurien de la Graviere, op. cit., II, p. 201.
319
nHCbMOKapAHHajianaiiieKo4>R7iHnnyII, PHM, 23 ceHT. 1565 r., CODOIN, CI, p. 106—
107.
320
Fourquevaux, op. cit., I, p. 10—14.
321
KoHcraHTHHonojib, 25 ceHT. 1565 r., Simancas E° 1054, F 205.
322
Fourquevaux, op. cit., I, p. 6.
323
Ibid., p. 13.
324
KoHcraHTHHonojib, 16 AeK. 1565 r., Simancas E° 1055, F 14.
325
riwcbMo On^Hnna II K Onrepoa, 5 HOH6. 1565 r., Simancas E° 1394.
326
IlHCbMO OypKBO Kopojiio, 21 HOH6. 1565 r., Fourquevaux, op. cit., I, p. 10—14.
327
A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo 4897 bis, 29 AeK. 1565 r., Fourquevaux, op. cit., I, p. 36,
25 000 3CKVAO H 3 000 HcnamjeB.
328
IlncbMo TapcHH 3pHaHAeca Onjinnny II, BeHeijHfl, 26 HIOJIH 1565 r., Simancas E°
1325.
313

npHMenaHHH

169

329

CeH-Cio.JibnHc, 22 HHB. 1565 r., E. Cable, op. cit., p . 338; nwcbMO Owjinnna II K 3>Hrepoa, 3 4>eBp. 1565 r.; nwcbMO Iapceca repupry OjiopeHTHHCKOMy, A. d. S., Florence, Mediceo
4899,^64.
330
BawoHHa, 1 HIOJIH 1565 r., A. N., K 1504, B 19, n»46.
331
Luis Cabrera de Cordoba, op. cit., I, p. 423, Ha3breaeT AaTbi 8 H 14 HIOHH.
332
1~IncbMO repi^ora Ajib6bi H A. X. MaHpHKe KOpojiio, CeH->KaH-Ae-JlK)3,11 HIOHH 1565 r.,
A.N.,K1504, B19.
333
FlHCbMO Tex ace JIUU, TOMy TKG miuy, BaHOHHa, 28 H 29 HIOHH 1565 roAa, ibid., n° 37
(pe3K)Me).
334
FlHCbMO O p . Ae A/iaBbi OHjinnny II, Ty;iy3a, 7 c})eBp. 1565 r., A. N., K 1503, B 19,
n° 33a. Ha nojinx co6crBeHHopyHHoe npHMenaHHe OnjiHnna II.
335
YHHTbiBan 3aAep>KKy, cBH3aHHyio c AOcraBKOH.
336
rincbMOCen-CiojibnHcaEicaTepHHeMCAHHH 16MapTa 1565r., E.Cabie, op. cit., p. 357—
358.
337

ApaHxyac, 12 HIOHH 1565 r., A. N., K 1504, B 19, n° 11.

338

CTporo roBopn, He HCKJHOHCHO, HTO 3THX rpa6exceH Ha caMOM Ac/ie He 6bmo.
H. Forneron, Hist, de Philippe II, I, p. 322.
339
CM. Bbime, npHM. 333.
340
O p . cit., I, p. 20, 25 AeK. 1565 r.
341
nwcbMOA- OpaHcecaAeAnaBbiOmiHnnyll, 13AeK.1565r.,aBTorpa(j), A. N . , K 1 5 0 4 ,

B19,n°95.

Ill
y HCTOKOB CBJITOH JIHrH: 1566-1570
B npoMe>KyTKe c 1566 no 1570 roA co6biTH*i pa3BMBaiOTCH crpeMHTejibHO.
3 T O ecTecTBeHHbiH pe3yjibTaT npeAuiecTBOBaBinero oTHOCHTejibHO cnoKOHHOro nepnoAa, pe3Kon H ApaMaTHqecKOH pa3B5i3KOH KOToporo CTajin co6biTHa Ha
MajibTe oceHbio 1565 roAa.
H Bee ace HeonpeAejieHHOCTb coxpaH5uiacb... CyMeeT JIH CpeAH3eMHOMopbe
npHBjienb K ce6e B03pocuiyio MOii^b HcnaHCKOH HMnepHH, craTb cpeAOToqneM
ee njiaHOB H ycnjiHH, HJIH OHH 6y^yT HanpaBJieHbi B CTopoHy Apyroro nojiioca
AepacaBbi Onjinnna II, HnAepjiaHAOB? 3 T H KOjie6aHHH CbirpajiH CBOIO pojib B
co3^aHHH H 6e3 Toro HeycTOHHHBoro nojiHTHMecKoro KJiHMaTa. B KOHue KOHUOB, KTO npHHHMaeT peuieHHH? JIIOAH HJIH o6cT05rrejibCTBa, KOTopbie HHor^a
BecbMa npHqy,zyiHBO HarpoMOHCAaiOTCJi Apyr Ha Apyra? 3anaA HJIH TypeijKHH BocTOK, B C e r ^ a 3bl6lCHH H IXTTOBblH o 6 p y i I I H T b C 5 I H a X p H C T H a H C K H H M H p ?

1. HH^EPJIAHflbl HJIH CPE£H3EMHOE MOPE?
H36paHHe I l m i V
7 flHBapa 1566 ro^a B pe3VJibTaTe Heo>KHAaHHoro ncxo^a rojiocoBaHHH Ha
nancKHH npecTOJi B3omeji KapAHHaji TncjibepH, H3BecTHbin coBpeMeHHHKaM noA
HMeHeM KapAHHajia AjieKcaHApHHCKoro. B 3HaK npn3HaTejibHOCTH no OTHOineHHK3 K Kapjio BoppoMeo H ero napTHH, o6ecneqHBiueH H36paHHe HOBoro nanbi,
OH npHHHJi HMH I1H5I V, OTAaBaa TeM caMbiM AaHbyBaaceHHfl CBoeMy npeAiuecTBeHHHKy, KOTopbiH, BnpoqeM, He oco6eHHo ero OTjinqaji. I I H H IV, I I H H V: KOHTpacT
MeacAy AByMH 3THMH (J)HiypaMH oqeHb BCJIHK. IlepBbiH H3 HHX nponcxoAHJi H3
6oraTOH H BjiHflTejibHOH MHjiaHCKOH ceMbH, 6biji nojiHTHKOM, npaBOBeAOM, qeKapAHHaji BoppoMeo 6bui ruieMflHHHKOM IIHH IV.

172

y MCTOKOBCBHTOH JlHrH: 1566—1570

jioBeKOM eme peHeccaHCHoft anoxH. I I H H V noApocncoM nac OBeu,. 3 T O 6biji OAHH
H3 MHoroHHCJieHHbix npeACTaBHTejieii HH30B, B jiHLje KOTopbix U,epKOBb BpeMeH KoHTppe(|)opMau,HH HaxoAHJia 3anacTyK) CBOHX caMbix njiaMeHHbix cjiy>KHTejien. K TOMy >Ke, c TeneHHeM BpeMeHH B XVI Bene HMCHHO HeHMymne Bee 6ojibuie HanHHaiOT 3aAaBaTb TOH B U.epKBH. BCAHHKH, HJIH (Kan Ha3biBaji HX 6e3 TCHH

npoHHH Ajib(|)OHC OeppapcKHH, KOTopbin B 1566 roAyrmeTHO nbrrajicn Ao6nTbCfl
M36paHHH CBoero AHAH, KapAHHajia HnnojiHTO A ' 3 C T C ) — BBICKOHKH. I I H H V KaK
p a 3 H 6 b U I OAHHM H 3 T a K H X BblCKOHeK, H a H H C T O JIHIIieHHblM « H a p C T B C H H b I X » M a -

Hcp, ny^KAbiM BceMy 3CMHOMy H He roTOBbiM K KOMnpoMHccaM, Ha KOTopbix noKOHTCH «CBeT». EMy 6buiH npncyiijH nbiji, cypoBOCTb H HenpeKJioHHOCTb 6eAHHi<a, HHorAa KpanHee ynpnMCTBO H HencejiaHHe npomaTb. KOHCHHO, 3TO He 6bui
peHcccaHCHbin nana: BpeMeHa H3MeHHjiHCb. O A H H HCTOPHK HaxoAHJi B HCM cpeAHCBCKOBbie nepTbi; Mbi 6bi corjiacHjiHCb CKopee c ApyrnM, KOTopbin BHACJI B HCM
He^TO BeTxo3aBeTHoe\
ByAymnn nana poAHJica 17 HHBapa 1504 roAa 2 B BOCKO, 6JIH3 AjieKcaHApnn H
jiiiiiib no cqacTJiHBOH cJiynaHHOCTH eMy AOBejiocb nocemaTb uiKOJiy. HeTbipHaAnaTH jieT OH nocTynnji B MOHacTbipb AOMHHHKaHijeB B Borepe. B 1521 roAy OH
nocTpHrcH B O6HTCJIH BHAHceBaHO, a ceMb JieT cnycTH, npoHAH Kypc o6yneHHH B
BojiOHbe H IeHye, 6biji pyKonojio>KeH B CBHmeHHHKH. C 3THX n o p 4>pa MHKejie
H3 AjieKcaHApHH, CMnpeHHbiH AOMHHHKaHeu, npHAepacHBajica HapeAKOCTb npocroro o6pa3a >KH3HH, ynopHO co6jnoAaji o6eT 6CAHOCTH H, nyTeiuecTBya, nepeABHrajiCH TOJibKO neuiKOM. O H craji HacTOHTejieM, 3aTeM npoBeAHTopoM, a OKOJIO
1550 roAa HHKBH3HTOPOM enapxHH KOMO, HaxoAHBiiiencfl Ha ropnneM ynacTKe
o6opoHHTe;ibHOH rpaHHijbi KaTOJiHnecKoro MHpa. EyAymnn nana 6e3 orji^AKH
pHHy^CH B 6opb6y. Pa3yMeeTCfl, co>KHceHHbie B 1550 roAy KHnbi epeTHnecKHx KHHr
CTOHJIH eMy HeMajibix HenpHHTHOCTen, HO 3aTO OH noceTHji P H M H no3HaKOMHjiCJI 3Aecb c KapAHHajiOM Kapa(J)(J)OH, OTHbme He ynycicaBiiiHM ero H3 BHAy. BjiaroAapn noAAep>KKe nocjieAHero OH 6bui Ha3HaneH rjiaBHbiM KOMHecapoM HHKBH3HUHH npH I O J I H H III. ripH BocmeaBHH Ha npecTOJi IlaBjia IV* 4 ceHTa6pn
1556 roAa THCjibepw nojiynnji nocT enwcKona CyTpH H HenH, HO HTo6bi Aep>KaTb
cro n p n ce6e, nana CAejiaji e r o npecJ)eKTOM ^Bopuia HHKBH3HU,HH. 15 MapTa
1557roAa OH nojiynnji KapAHHajibCKyio iuanKy. ByAymHH I I H H V c e r o HenpuMHpnMOCTbio, CTpacTHOH HanopncTOCTbio, ace.7ie3HOH BOJieft ACHCTBHTejibHO npnmejiCH n o cepAUy IlaBjiy IV. OAHaKO c e r o npeeMHHKOM OH njioxo jiaAHJi n o 3TOH
>KC I i p H H H H e : I l H H I V 6 b U I CJIHUIKOM «CBeTCKHM» n a n O H , CTOpOHHHKOM K O M n p O -

MHCCOB H nepecnyp

3anrpbiBaji c o6mecTBeHHbiM MHCHHCM, HTo6bi AoroBopHTbCH c «KapAHHajiOM AjieKcaHApnHCKHM». I I o npaBAe, HOBbiH nana B 1566 roAy
AOJi>KeH 6bui 6w B3HTb HMH riaBJia V
* FlbeTpo KapacjD(J)bi, poACTBeHHHKa BbiuieynoMHHyToro KapAHHa^a.

HHAepjiaHflbi HJIH CpeAH3eMHoe Mope?

173

Tenepb 3TO 6biji cTapHK c JIWCHHOH H AJIHHHOH ceAoft 6opoAOH, HCxy/jajibiH
acKeT3, M3JiyqaBuiHM BMecTe c TeM Heo6biKHOBeHHyio acH3HeHHyio cnjiy H 6e3rpaHHHHyiO aKTMBHOCTb. J\20Ke

B T e H e B b l H O C H M b i e A H H , K O r ^ a B P H M e flyjl CHpOKKO,

nana He 3Haji noKOH. Ero noTpe6HOcra 6buiH cKpoMHbiMH: «B nojiAeHb xjie6HbiH
cyn c napoH HHU, H nojicraicaHa BHHa; BeqepoM OBomHOH cyn, cajiaT, HecKOJibKO
MOJIJIIOCKOB H neqeHbie cppyKTbi. MHCO noAaBajiocb Ha CTOJI TOJibKO ABaacAbi B
HeAejno»4. B Hon6pe 1566 ro/xa, Kor^a nana ocMaTpHBaji o6opoHHTejibHbie coopy>KeHHH Ha no6epe>Kbe, MOHCHO 6bijio BHAeTb, KaK OH inaraeT pn/JOM co CBOHMH HOCHJiKaMH, no o6biqaio MOJIOAOCTH5. Tojioca Kap/iHHajiOB OH npHo6peji 6jiaroAapn CBoen Ao6poAeTe;iH, a He HHTpHraMH HJIH npoHCKaMH rocyAapen, KOTOpbie Ha 3TOT pa3 He OKa3ajiH BJIHHHHH Ha Bbi6opbi 6 . B 1565 roAy PeKeceHC nncaji
OHJiHnny II: «3TO 6orocjioB w AOCTOHHbiH qejiOBeic; OH nojiOH 6jiaroqecrHBoro
pBeHHH, H ero >KH3Hb AOcroiiHa noApaacaHHH. Ha MOM B3RJIHA, 3TO TOT KapAHHaji, KOTopbiH ceroAHH AOJi>KeH 6biTb nanoH» 7 .
CHAH Ha TpoHe CBHToro IleTpa, I I H H V He nocpaMHji CBoero npouijioro H
e q e npn >KH3HH Bomeji B jiereHAy Y>Ke Ha nepBOM roAy ero noHTHCJDHKaTa PeKeceHC 6e3 KOHixa noBTopneT, HTO 3a TpHCTa jieT y LJepicBH He 6bijio jiyqiuero rjiaBbi
8
H HTO 3TO CBHTOH. IloAo6Hoe cy>KAeHHe BbiuiJio H H3-noA nepa IpaHBejuibi . O
IlHe V HeB03MO>KHo roBopHTb, He OTAaBan ce6e OTqeTa B He3aypHAHOCTH ero
xapaKTepa. JIK>6OH TCKCT nanbi ocTaBjineT CTpaHHoe BneqaTjieHHe ero rpo3HOro npHcyTCTBHH. O H >KHJI B MHpe CBepx-becrecrBeHHoro, norpyaceHHbiH B CBOH
rpe3bi, H 3Ta OTpeuieHHOCTb OT 3eMHbix 3a6oT, OT MejioqHbix nojiHTHqecKHx
pacqeTOB Aejiajia nany BCJIHKHM (J)aKTopoM HCTOPHH, HenpeACKa3yeMbiM H onacHbiM. HeKHH HMnepcKHH coBeTHHK B 1567 roAy nHcaji: «Bbijio 6bi eme Jiyquie,
ecjiH 6bi HbiHeiiiHHH CBHTOH Oreu,y>Ke CKOHqajicn, CTOJib Heo6biHHbi, HeBepoHTHW, rpaHAH03Hbi nocTynKH Ero CBHTeHiuecTBa»9. HaAO nojiaraTb, HTO Koe jxnn
Koro Ero CBHTeniiiecTBO 6biJi noMexoH...
HenoKOJie6HMbiH H MHCTHHCCKH HacrpoeHHbiH I I H H V CHJibHee, neM Apyrne
omymaji cyTb KOH(j)jiHKTa xpHCTHaHCKoro MHpa c HeBepHbiMH H epeTHKaMH. Ero
MeqTOH 6bijio CKopeHiuee 3aBepuieHHe 3TOH 6opb6bi, KOTopoe no3BOJiHJio 6bi
noKOHHHTb c BHyTpeHHHMH pa3AopaMH cpeAH caMHX xpHCTHaH. OneHb CKopo
nana 3aAyMaji B03poAHTb cTapHHHbiii npoeKT I I H H II no co3AaHHio jiHrn xpncTHaHCKHX rocyAapeft npoTHB TypoK. OAHHM H3 ero nepBbix maroB 6buio o6pameHHe K OHJiHnny II c npocb6oH OTKa3aTbCH OT cnopoB 3a nepBeHCTBO B PHMC C
OpaHiiHen, KOTopwe B npaBjieHHe IIHH IV npHBejiH K OT3biBy PeiceceHca10. IloAo6Hbie pacnpn TOJibKO noATajiKHBaiOT Ero XpncTHaHHeHiiiee BejiHqecTBo K
COK)3y C TypKaMH.
Eme OAHHM H3 HaHHHaHHH nanbi 6bui ero BKJiaA B nepeBoopy>KeHHe HcnaHCKoro c{)jiOTa. Mbi 3HaeM, KaKOH Topr ycTpaHBajicn AO 3Toro B CBH3H C no>KajiOBaH H e M U e p K O B H b l X n O H C e p T B O B a H H H H c n a H H H , CKOJIbKO n O A H O U i e H H H n p H X O A H -

174

y HCTOKOB CBHTOH JIwrH: 1566—1570

jiocb /jeJiaTb po/jcTBeHHHKaM H (J)aBopHTaM nanw, CKOJibKHx AonojiHHTejibHbix
pacxoAOB H 3aTpaT BpeMeHH 3TO CTOHJIO. H a cen pa3, nocKOJibKy naTHJieTHHH
cpoK, Ha KOTopbiM YlueM IV 6biJia Bbi^ejieHa noMomb, OKOHHHJICH K MOMeHTy
H36paHHH HOBoro nanbi, nocjieAHHH npoAJinji e r o 6e3 MajieftiiiHX npepeicaHHH.
11 HHBapn 1566 ro#a, qepe3 neTbipe AHA nocjie BCTymieHHfl nanbi B AOJixcHOCTb,
PeKeceHC Bbipa^caeT B nncbMe K ToHcajio Ilepecy CBOIO 6e3rpaHHMHyio pa^ocTb
no noBOAy 3Toro quinquenio, Ha KOTopoe Kopo^b He 3aTpaTn;i HH OAHOTO MapaBeAM. «B npouijibin pa3 Ha 3TO yiujio 15 000 AyKaTOB peHTbi c BaccajiOB HeanojiHTaHCKoro KopojieBCTBa H 12 000 AyKaTOB neHCHH B HcnaHHH RJIX nancKHx
njieMHHHHKOB, He cMHTan KpynHbix pacxoAOB Ha coAep>KaHHe MHHHCTPOB, KOTO-

pbiM 6buio nopyqeHO BCCTH neperoBopbi» u . ,HpyroH nana, Apyrne nop^AKH. K o
HeMHo, B jinqe IIHA V U,epKOBb npHo6pejia 3HeprHHHoro niaBy, 3aMbicjiHBiiiero
HOBWH KpecTOBbiH noxoA- Co6biTHH 1566 ro/ja KaK He;ib3fl 6o;iee cnoco6cTBOBaJIH 3 T H M njiaHaM.

TypKH B B e H r p m i H Ha A#pnaTHice
B Hon6pe-AeKa6pe 1565 ro^a H3 JleBaHTa nocTynajiH TpeBO>KHbie HOBOCTH.
/JonymeHHbiH K ny6;iHHHOH ayAHeHijHH y ABepen KOHKJiaBa 30 ACKa6pn BeHeijHaHCKHH nocoji, no6y>KAaeMbiH STHMH AypHbiMH H3BecTHHMH, 3aKJiHHaji KapAHHajiOB nocKopee H36paTb HOBoro noHTH(j)HKa12. MojiBa TBepAHJia o npHXOAe 60;iee MoryneH apMaAbi, neM 6buia noA MajibTOH.
3 T H M H HOH6pbCKHMH H ACKa6pbCKHMH BCCTflMH o6l>HCH5IK)TCH r p a H A H 0 3 H b i e

npnroTOBjieHHH B CBponeHCKHx urra6-KBapTHpax. OHJinnn II 16 HHBapa HanoMHHaeT HIaHTOHH3, MTO BBHAy COoGlIjeHHH O npH6bITHH TypeHKOH 3CKaApbI,

6o;iee CHjibHon H MHOFOHHCJICHHOH, qeM B 1565 roAy, OH npHHjui peuieHne no3a6oTHTbCH o 3amHTe AByx HaH6o;iee yH3BHMbix MecT: Ha Majibry JUIX nonojmeHHfl
apMHH pbiqapew 6yAyT OTnpaBJieHbi 1 000 HcnaHiieB npeatHero npn3biBa, 2 000
HeMueB H 3 000 HTajibHHijeB; B JIa IyjieTTy, rAe KpenocTb eme HeAOCTpoeHa, 5 000
xopomo oGyqeHHbix ncnaHijeB, 4 000 HTajibHHijeB H 3 000 HeMiieB, TO ecTb Bcero
12 000 qejiOBeK, KOTopbie pa3MecTHTCH, 3a HeAOCTaTKOM CBo6oAHoro npocTpaHCTBa, B COCCAHHX C KpcnOCTbK) «TOpaX», H306HJiyiOmHX BOAHblMH HCTOHHHKaMH 1: \ J\j\Si OCymCCTBJieHHH 3THX njiaHOB Heo6xOAHMO 6bIJIO npHHHTb MHOrOHHC-

jieHHbie Mepbi, c KOTopbiMH OTJIHHHO cnpaB;i5uiacb TmaTejibHO OTJiaaceHHan 610poKpaTHHecKaH MaiiiHHa On;iHnna II. Bee HHOCTpaHHbie nocjibi B MaApHAe14
3acBHAeTejibCTBOBajiH ee 6ypHyio AejrrejibHOCTb, Ha 3TOT pa3 OTHIOA** He He3aMeTHyio, a HanpoTHB, ACMOHCTpaTHBHO ny6jiHHHyio. Bo Bceyc/ibiiiiaHHe pa3AaIOTCH BHATHbie npHKa3bi; Ha3HaqeHHH cjieAyiOT OAHO 3a ApyrHM: AcKaHHO Aejma
KopHa CTaBHTCfl BO rjiaBe HeMueB, OTnpaBJiaiomHxcfl Ha Majibry; AOH SpHaHAO
Ae TojieAO, CWH repuora Ajib6bi, eAeT B JIa TyjieTTy; AOH AjibBapo Ae CaHAe — B

HujxepjiaHRhi vurn CpeAH3eMHoe Mope?

175

OpaH 15 . 26 HHBapn OypKBO roBopuT o KOHBOC, c KOTopbiM B OpaH njibiByT 2 000
HcnamjeB, Ha6paHHbix B rapHM30Hax Heanojin. O H flaace nHiueT o 3aHHTepecoBaHHOCTH HcnaHqeB B HanaAeHHH TypoK Ha AnyjiHio H CHIJHJIHIO, nocKOJibKy B
3TOM c/iyqae, KaK OHH yBepeHbi, «Becb xpncTHaHCKHH MHp cpa3y npH^eT K HHM
Ha noMomb». Meom, cnycTfl TOT nee OypKBO yTBep>KAaeT, HTO ncnaHCKHH Kopojib
HKo6bi npeAJiaraji BeHeu.HaHU.aM qeTbipe ropo^a B HTajiHH, HTo6bi BOBjienb HX B
aHTHTypeUKHH COK)316.
BnponeM, myMHxa, noAHHTan BOKpyr ncnaHCKHx BoeHHbix npnroTOBJieHHH,
BHymaeT eMy noA03peHHH. O H 3aAaeTC5i BonpocoM, He 3aBbimeHbi JIH u;H(J)pbi,
npHBOAHMbie repuproM Ajib6on. 3 T H noA03peHHH HecnpaBeAJiHBbi, nocKOJibKy
Te >Ke qncj)pbi MW BcrpenaeM H B npnKa3ax, H B nepenncice Kopojra 17 . OcTaeTCH
o6-bflCHHTb, noneMy ncnaHijbi, BonpeKH o6biKHOBeHHio, npe/jajin CBOH npnroTOBjieHHH TaKOH orjiacice. BbiTb MOHceT, OHH XOTCJIH OTBjieqb BHHMaHHe OT Apyrnx npeAnpHHHMaeMbix HMH Mep? BeAb OHH coBepuieHHo yMajiHHBajiH o noCTpoHKe BoeHHbix Kopa6jien B BapcejiOHe H Heanojie, CHap5i>KeHHio KOTopbix,
no KpaHHen Mepe B nocjieAHeM cjiynae, Memaji HeAOCTaTOK KaTop>KHHKOB .
TeM BpeMeHeM H3 KoHcraHTHHonojm nocrynajin H3BCCTHH, KOTopwe, ecjin
6bi OHH OKa3ajiHCb BepHbiMH, MorjiH CAejiaTb H3JIHUIHCH 3HaMHTejibHyio qacTb
3THX npeBeHTHBHbix Mep. B caMOM Ae^e, B AOHeceHHH OT 10 HHBapa roBopnJlOCb, HTO B 3TOM TOAy BblCTynHT M e H e e CHJIbHblH (JXJIOT, HCM TOT, HTO 6bIJI nOA

MajibTOH, BBHAy HexBaTKH rpe6qoB H 6oenpnnacoB. B HCM 6yAeT HacHHTbmaTbCH He 6ojiee COTHH rajiep noA KOMaHAOBaHHeM FlHajiH-naiiiH, H OH He craHeT 3aMaxHBaTbCH Ha HTO-JIH6O rpaHAH03Hoe, XOTH, BO3MO>KHO, AOHACT AO TeHy33CKOH
pHBbepbi, HTo6bi noMeuiaTb cocpeAOToneHHio ncnaHCKHx Kopa6jieH. B TO >Ke
BpeMH nocTynnjia ceHcaqnoHHan HOBOCTb: cyzjfl no BceMy, CTapnK CyjieHMaH coGnpajicfl JIHHHO OTnpaBHTbca B BeHrpnio H OTryAa HATH Ha BeHy19. ^CHCTBHTejibHO, Ha BceM npoT5DKeHHH 6ajncaHCKOH rpaHHijbi B 1565 roAy y>Ke BO3O6HOBHjiHCb BoeHHbie ACHCTBHH. HanpacHO MaKCHMHJinaH nbiTajicn nojio>KHTb STOMy KOHeu, H Ao6HTbca co6jiK>AeHHfl nepeMnpna 1562 roAa, nocbuiafl nncbMa H
CBOHX areHTOB; HaMepeHHH cyjiTaHa 6biJiH KpaHHe AZUICKU OT MnpHbix H ycrpeMjieHbi Ha MaccnpoBaHHbie Boopy>KeHHfl: XOAHJIH cjiyxn o 200 000 TypoK H 40 000
TaTap. TypeqKHe BO>KAH roTOBHjincb K KaMnaHHH, TpaTH CBOH cpeACTBa Ha noKynKy Bep6iiiOAOB H jiomaAen, n,eHbi Ha KOTopwx pe3KO noACKonnjiH. flpyrnM
TpeBO)KHbiM CHMnTOMOM 6bijio noBeAeHHe cTaporo npaBHTejm PoAOccKoro caHA>KaKa AjiH-IlopTyKa, crpaaca SrencKoro Mopa, roTOBHBinerocn OTnpaBHTbcn co
CBOHMH rajiepaMH Ha /fyHan RJin nocrpoHKH cyAOB H BceB03MOHCHbix npncnoco6jieHHH A^IH (J)opcHpoBaHHH peK20.
TeM He MeHee njiaHbi MopcKOH 3KcneAHU,HH Ha 3anaA TO^ce He 6buiH 3a6biTbi.
27 (J>eBpajiH B KoHCTaHTHHonojib npH6bijiH rpe6in>i 21 , H 3TO 03Haqajio, HTO raJiepbi roTOBbi K noxoAy. O H H AOJIHCHW 6biJiH OTnjibiTb AO 1 anpejia. OAHaKO Bee

176

y HCTOKOB CBHTOH JInrn: 1566—1570

HCTOHHHKH CXOAHJIHCb H a TOM, MTO HX HHCJIO H e AOCTHraJIO C O T H H 2 2 . W T a K KaK B

BeHrpHH pa3ropajiacb BOHHa, onacHOCTb AJIH CpeAH3eMHOMopba He Mon/ia 6biTb
3HaqHTejibHOH 2 \ IeHyn, Bcer^a pacnojiaraBiuan caMOH jiyqiuen ceTbio OCBCAOMHTejiePi B JleBaHTe, BO3MO>KHO, 6jiaroAapn MHOFOHHCJICHHOCTH BepooTcrynHHKOBreHy33ijeB — nojiyqHjia coo6meHHe B nHCbMe, /jaTHpoBaHHOM 9 (J)eBpajiH
1566 ro;ja, HTO Typeijicafl apMa^a HanpaBjiaeTCH B BeHeijHaHCKHH 3ajiHB*, B paftOH ObioMe**, njiaHHpyn co6paTb TaM 6oraTyio Ao6biqy, a 3aTeM npo6HTb ce6e
Aopory Rjia no/yjepacKH apMHH cy^TaHa B BeHrpHH24. OHa He ABHHCTCH Bnepe/j,
n O K a H e y 6 e f l H T C f l B OTCyTCTBHH C K O H I j e H T p H p O B a H H b l X H C n a H C K H X CHJI.

MHorne Tenepb B3AOXHyjiH c o6;ierqeHHeM. KaK nHineT Kopojiio 18 anpejin
PeneceHC, MajibTHHijbi peiiiHjiH, HTO OTHbme OHH CBo6o#Hbi OT AaBHBiiiero Ha
HHX 6peMeHH TypeqKOH yrpo3bi25. B Mae Onjinnn II, no-BH^HMOMy, co6HpaeTCH
OTMeHHTb MHoroHHCJieHHbie peuieHHH, npHHHTbie 3HMOH 26 , a BHije-Kopo;ib HeanojiH, Hcejian caKOHOMHTb cpe/jcTBa, 20 anpejin npocHT pacnycrHTb HeMijeB,
Koiyja B Heanojib BepHyrcn 1 500 ncnaHijeB, npeAOCTaBjieHHbix B pacnopn^ceHHe AOHa TapcHH #e Tojie/jo, KOTopbie HaxoAHTca Ha CHIJHJIHH H B JIa Ty^eTTe27.
TeM BpeMeHCM 30 MapTa Typen,KHH djpjior noKHHyji KoHCTaHTHHonojib, HacMHTbmaa B cBoeM cocTaBe no O/JHHM CBefleHHHM 106 rajiep, no jupyruM Bcero 90,
BKjnoqaa jxecHTb cy/jOB H3 AjieKcaHflpnn28. O^HaKO OH He Toponmicn nepecenb
SrencKoe Mope. Ero uejibio 6buio CBep^ceHHe, BnponeM, 6ecKpoBHoe, reHy33CKoro rocnoACTBa Ha ocTpoBe XHOC, H noHanajiy TypKH AOBOJibCTBOBajiHCb BbicbuiKon cuuhopoe MaoHHu BMecTe c ^ceHaMH H /jeTbMH B Kac})(|)y Ha HepHOM Mope29.
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32
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177

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178

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179

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orpoMHoe paccTOHHHe MopcKyio cxBaTKy B A^pHaTHqecKOM Mope.
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180

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Hapxa H A2ui CejiHMy BpeMH npn6biTb H3 KiOTaxbH B KoHCTaHTHHonojib, HTo6bi
6ecnpenHTCTBeHHO 3aHHTb nycTyiomnn TpoH. EecnopHAOHHaa BOHHa, B KOTOpoii ycnex nonepeMeHHO conyTCTBOBaji KaacAOH H3 CTopoH, npoAJiHJiacb AO 3HMbi.
BepHee 6yAeT cKa3aTb, HTO CTopoHbi nonepeMeHHO 3a*iBJi5ijiH o CBOHX ycnexax.
Tan, 1 ceHT5i6p5i 1566 roAa B IbpHijHH, BAajin OT rjiaBHoro TeaTpa BoeHHbix ACHCTBHH 6 5 , no cjiOBaM apnrepnpra Kapjia, KanHTaHOM XopBaTHH 6biji coBepuieH
yAanHbiH Ha6er, npHHecuiHH njieHHHKOB H CKOTHHy, 3axBaneHHyio B BOCHHH...
HoBOCTb 6bijia TOTqac >Ke nepeAaHa B HcnaHHio qepe3 IeHyio. Bbijia JIH 3TO Ta
>Ke cTbiHKa, o KOTopoH B napn>Ke roBopHJiH KaK o cpa>KeHHH s p u r e p a o r a Kapjia
c TypKaMH, iyje norn6 r e p q o r OeppapcKHH 66 ?
B O H H y ( | ) a K T H q e C K H MO>KHO 6bIJIO CMHTaTb 3 a K O H H e H H O H . C n p H X O A O M 3HMbI

TypKH OTcrynnjiH, a HMnepcKaa apMHH pacrafljia caMa CO6OH, TaK HTO HCO6XOAHMocTb B ee «pac(})opMHpoBaHHH» OTnajia. B napn>Ke B AeKa6pe XOAHJIH cjiyxn,
HTO AO 3aKpbiTHH penxcrara c TypKaMH 6yAeT 3aKjnoneHO nepeMHpne 67 . HTO KacaeTCH Onjinnna II c ero npeAycMOTpHTejibHOCTbio, TO OH npnKa3aji, HaMHHaji c
ceHTH6pn, npHHHMaTb K ce6e Ha cjiyacGy «Bcex, Koro HMnepaTop yBOJiHT, ecjin
TypKH yHAyT»68. 3 T O pacnopaaceHHe HeTpyAHO o6i>HCHHTb: Ominnn II eme B STOM,
1566 roAy, y6eAHJiC5i, HTO nepeA HHM pa3Bep3aeTCH HOBaa nynHHa, Ha 3TOT pa3 B
HnAepjiaHAax.

182

y

HCTOKOB CBHTOH JInrn:

1566—1570

HHAepjiaH^bi B 1566 ro^y 6 9
B Haiiin 3aAann He BXOAHX H3yqeHHe cjio>KHbix H AOJirocpoqHbix npHHHH,
nopoAHBiiinx BOMHy B HnflepjiaH/jax, — npnHHH no;iHXHqecKoro, coijHajibHoro,
SKOHOMHMecKoro (B qacxHocxH, BcnoMHHaiox CHjibHCHiiiHH Heypo>KaH 1565 roAa70), pe;iHrH03Horo n KyjibxypHoro xapanxepa — MM He co6HpaeMca xaK>Ke yxBep>KAaxb, BCJICA 3a MHOFHMH ApyrHMH, HXO KOHCJXTIHKX 6bui HeoxBpaxHM. Hac
HHxepecyex xojibKO ero 3HaneHHe RJIH. nojiHXHKH OHJiHnna II, BHMMaHwe KOXOporo HeBo^bHO 6bijio nepeHeceHO, 6;iaroAapji 3xo\iy KOH(|)jiHKxy, Ha CeBep, w
oxBJieqeHO ox CpeAH3eMHoro Mopa, Ha3aBxpa nocjie ApaMaxHqecKHX nepHneXHH oca^bi MajibXbi. IloKa HnAepjiaHAbi ocxaBajiMCb «HcnaHCKHMH» xo^bKO Ha
c/ioBax (cKa>KeM, AO 1544 ro/ja, nocjie Koxoporo OHM cxajin H ocxaBajiHCb Ha
npoxH>KeHHH 6o;iee qeM cxojiexHH miaimapMOM npoxHB OpaHijHH, HJIH BepHee,
AO 1555 roAa, j\o oxpeneHHfl Kapjia V), AO sxoro BpeMeHH HHAepjiaHAbi GWJIH
KaK 6bi npeAocxaB^eHbi caMH ce6e, nojib30BajiHCb nojmoH CBO6OAOH, nrpan po;ib
nepeKpecxKa EBponbi, HeorpaHHHeHHbiH Aocxyn K KOxopoMy 6biji oxKpbix co
cxopoHbi IepMaHHH, OpaHiiHH H AHIVIHH. 3 x o 6bijia CBo6oAHa*i cxpaHa, no;ib3yK)maHCH CBOHMH BO^bHOCTHMH, nOJIHXHHCCKHMH r a p a H X H H M H H c})HHaHCOBbIMH

npHBHjierHHMH; Bxopaa MxajiHH, cnjibHO yp6aHH30BaHHan, noABeprinaflCfl «HHAycxpHajiH3auHH», 3aBHCflmaa ox BHCIIIHHX cbaKxopoB H KaK no 3XOH, xaK H no
ApyrHM npHMHHaM c xpyAOM no/maiomaHCfl ynpaBJieHHio. B xo ace BpeMH 3eMe;ibHaa coGexBeHHoexb coxpaHjuia 3Aecb ropa3AO 6o;iee npoqHbie no3HijHH, qeM
npHHHxo AyMaxb, GjiaroAapn HajinqHio MorymecxBeHHOH apncxoKpaxHH B jim\e
OpaHCKoro AOMa, poAa MoHMopaHcn (4>paHijy3CKafl BexBb 6bma MJiaAiueH no
oxHomeHHK) K HeMy) M rpa(J)OB 3rMOHx. 3xa apncxoKpaxHH, cxoamaa Ha cxpaace
CBOHX HHxepecoB H npHBHjierHH, HcancAymaH BjiacxH, 6buia xecHO CBH3aHa, HeB3Hpan Ha yAajieHHOcxb, c napxHHHbiMH pacnpaMH n p n HcnaHCKOM ,ZJ,Bope, B
qacxHocxn, HaqHHaa c 1559 roAa, c napxneH MHpa Pyn ToMeca. 3xox (f>aKx oxKpbmaex o6iiiHpHbie ropH30HXbi HCCJieAOBaHHH, Koxopoe MOITIO 6bi HMexb nepBocxeneHHyio Ba>KHocxb j\j\n HanncaHMH nojiHOH HexopHH HHAepjiaHACKon
CMyxw.
B cnjiy CBoero reorpacJDHqecKoro no^o>KeHHH B cepAUe ceBepHOH EBponbi
HHAepjiaHAbi He Mor^H ocxaBaxbca B cxopoHe ox MHoroHHCJieHHbix pe<|>opMaijHOHHbix xeqeHHH. Hx HACM 3aHOCH^HCb ciOAa KaK no cyme, xaK H no Mopio. B
CBoeM jnoxepaHCKOM BapnaHxe PecjxDpMaijHfl oqeHb CKopo 3axpoHyjia cxpaHbi,
roBopaiUHe Ha (}).JiaMaHACKOM; B cepeAHHe cxojiexHH 3Aecb y>Ke 6bi.no npeA^io>KeHO xojiepaHXHoe peuieHHe: pe;iHrH03HbiH MHp, CBoero poAa npeAxeqa HaHxcKoro
3AHKxa71. Ho BCKope PecJDopMa AoGnjiacb 6o;iee BneqaxjunoiiuixycnexoB noA ACHcxBHeM Be^HMH c IOra, nocxaBjiaiomero xjie6 H BHHO, H3 OpaHijHH, Ha ceil pa3 B
4>opMe KajibBHHH3Ma, sxoro «poMaHCKoro» BapnaHxa PecJDopMaijHH, BOHHCXBy-

HHAepjiaHflM MJIH CpeAH3eMHoe Mope?

183

K>mero H arpeccMBHoro72, noBciOAy Haca>KAaBinero CBOH CHHOAM, aKTHBHbie smePiKH, HenpeAycMOTpeHHbie H HenpneMJieMbie c TOMKH 3peHHH Ayrc6yprcKoro Mnpa.
BHeApHBiiiHCb CHanajia BO (J)paHKOH3biHHbie oGjiacrn, KajibBHHH3M jxajieno Bbiuie;i 3a HX npeAejibi H BOCTopacecrBOBaji Ha Been TeppHTopHH HHAepjiaHACKoro
nepenpecTKa. O H eme 6o;ibiiie cnoco6cTBOBaji pacninpeHHio ero CBH3en C IOroM.
He3aBHCHMbie OT IepMaHHH B nojiHTHnecKOM OTHOIIICHHH, HnAepjiaHAbi OCBO6oAHjiHCb H OT ee AyxoBHoro BJIHHHHH, nepeopHeHTHpoBaBiiiHCb Ha OpaHiiHio,
pa3AHpaeMyio CMyTaMH. JIioTepaHe crajin 3Aecb peAKH, H oxoTa 3a HHMH CTajia
CBopaMHBaTbCH. B TO xce BpeMH 6;iH30CTb AHIVIHH He no3BOJiHJia HH^epjiaHAaM,
HecMOTpn Ha Hajinnne H3BecTHbix npoTHBopeqHH, H36e>KaTb ee B03AeHCTBHH H
OTCTpaHHTbCH OT e e p e i U H T e J I b H O H nOJIHTHKH. l l p H 3TOM B A H I 7 I H H HaXOAHJIH

npniOT cjxnaMaHACKne H3rHaHHHKH, B TOM HHCJie H caMbie cKpoMHbie — HanpHMep, pa6oqne, HacejinBiune HopHA>K, — H 3Ta noMomb eme CHjibHee yicpenHJia
CBH3H Me>KAy npoTHBonojio^KHbiMH 6eperaMH CeBepHoro Mopa.
OqeBH^HO, cjie^yeT AeJiaTb pa3JiHHHH Meac/jy TeneHH^MH, 6yAopa^KHBiiiHMH
HHAepjiaHACKoe o6mecrBO. OHM nponcxoAHJin H3 pa3Hbix HCTO^HHROB: HMCJIO
MecTO HapoAHoe ABHaceHHe, rjiaBHbiM o6pa30M pejiHrH03Horo, nacTO coijHajibHoro TOJiKa, H apHCTOKpaTHMecKoe ABH)KeHHe; BTopoe, noHanajiy npeHMymeCTBeHHO HocHBinee nojiHTHqecKHH xapaKTep, npoflBHjiocb npH OT3biBe IpaHBejijibi B 1564 roAy H co3AaHHH coio3a KiojieM6oprcKoro ABopija * B anpejie 1566 roAa;
OHO Ha neTbipe Mecaua onepeAHjio MHTOK BTopon nojioBHHbi aBiycra, HKOHO6opnecKoe BbicrymieHHe HapoAa, BbuiHBiueecfl B norpoM qepKBen H Hcrpe6;ieHHe o6pa30B — c ycrpamaiomeH CKopocTbio noc/ieAHee pacnpocTpaHHJiocb no
BceH TeppHTopHH HnAepjiaHAOB OT TypHe AO AHTBepneHa. B o6meM, 3TO 6biJin
ABa o6oco6^eHHbie TeqeHHH. YMejian nojiHTHica MaprapHTbi IlapMCKOH COCTOAjia B TOM, MTo6bi npoTHBonocTaBHTb HX Apyr Apyry. OHa HacTponjia 3HaTb — 3a
HCKjiiOMeHHeM BnjibrejibMa OpaHCKoro H BpeAepoAe, KOTopwe OTnpaBHJincb B
TepMaHHio, — npoTHB HH30B H ropo>KaH. TaKHM o6pa30M, 6e3 JIHIIIHHX 3aTpaT H
n p H M e H e H H H CHJIbl, TOJIbKO C nOMOII^blO H 3 B e C T H O H JIOBKOCTH, 6 b U I BOCCTaHOB-

jieH nop^AOK, ecjiH He nojiHOTa BJiacTH.
H o noAo6Han nojiHTHKa HMejia CBOH rpaHHijbi H CBOHX npoTHBHHKOB, KaK B
HcnaHHH, Tan H 3a ee npeAejiaMH: B PHMC IpaHBejuiy, KOTopbiH He ApeMaji; B
HcnaHHH — repqora Ajib6y co Been ero napTHen. CnpaBeA-JiHBOCTH paAH HaAO
CKa3aTb, HTO ycneuiHbie ACHCTBHH MaprapHTbi IlapMCKOH ** noApbiBajin BjiacTb
Onjinnna II H no3HUHH KaTOJiHU,H3Ma: pa3Be OHa He noiujia Ha TO, HTo6bi HerjiacHO pa3peuiHTb OTnpaBjieHHe pec|)opMHpoBaHHoro Ky;ibTa TaM, rAe OHO y>Ke yTBep* Penb H^eT o coio3e onno3HUHOHHbix ABopHH («KOMnpoMHCc»), noAaBiunx 5 anpejiH
1566 r. neTHUHK) HaMecTHHije H co6HpaBiiiHxcH B AOMe rpacj)a OjiopHca BaH KKxrceM6opra.
** B TeKcre — ABCTPHHCKOH.

184

y HCTOKOB CBHTOH Jlwrw: 1566—1570

AMjiocb /jo Hanajia aBrycroBCKwx co6biTHM? 3 T O 6bi;ia rpoMaAHan ycTynKa. BeAfc
HaXOAHmMMCH B H c n a H H H 4>HJIHnn I I , KaK AOKa3bIBaK)T 3HaMeHHTbie nHCbMa

1565 ro^a H3 CeroBHHCKoro .neca, 6bui npoTMB jiio6bix peajibHbix ycTynoK. KoHeqHO, qTo6bi BbiHrpaTb BpeMH, OH Mor npoHBHTb MHjiocep/uie BO BTopocTeneHHbix Bonpocax, npoB03iviacHTb «Bceo6myio aMHHCTHio» (oHa pacnpocTpaHjuiacb TOJibKO Ha nojiHTHnecKHe npecTynjieHHH, HO He Ha pe;iHrH03Hbie), HCno;ib30BaTb ee KaK pa3MeHHyio MOHeTy, Aa6bi He yTpaTHTb KpeAHT AOBepHH K
Bjiacra. OAHaKO ecTb Macca npHHHH no;iaraTb, HTO OH 6WJI CKJIOHCH K cypoBbiM
MepaM H peuiHTejibHOH 6opb6e. OHJinnn II HaMepeBajicH BOcnojib30BaTbcn Ha
CeBepe pacrymeH CHJIOH HcnaHCKOH HMnepHH, noTOKOM cepe6pa, nocTynaiomero Ha Kopa6;iflx H3 AiviepHKH. KaK noKaaceT 6yAymee, ero HenpeKJiOHHOCTb
6buia npoAHKTOBaHa HenoHHMaHHeM. IlojiHTHKa, HanpaBjieHHan Ha perjiaMeHTaqHio npoqeccoB, npoTeKaiomnx Ha 3TOM nepeKpecTKe EBponbi, 6biJia npoTHBoecTecTBeHHOw; rjiyno 6buio oacHAaTb, HTO crpaHa, HCHByman 3a cneT OTKpbiTOCTH nepeA BceM MHpoM, 3aMKHeTcn B ce6e, B TO BpeMH KaK EBpona >KH3HCHHO
Hy>KAaeTCH B Heft H CTyqnTcn B ee ABepH, KOTopwe npH crcyqae OHa MO^KCT H B3JIOMaTb. llpeBpaiueHHe ee B BOCHHWH ;iarepb, KaKHM OHa 6buia c 1556 no 1561 TOA;
Ha3HaqeHHC OC06OH, aBTOHOMHOH AyXOBHOH aAMHHHCTpaiJHH B JIHIje HOBblX

enHCKonoB; nonwTKa BocnpenHTCTBOBaTb noe3AKaM CTyAeHTOB B napn>K, ecjiH
BCnOMHHTb TOJIbKO HeKOTOpbie H3 y>Ke npHHHTblX M e p , — BCe 3TO BC7IO B TynHK.

Ho ACJiaTb H3 HHAep^aHAOB BTopyio HcnaHHio 6buio eme 6ojiee TH^CKHM 3a6jiy^cACHHeM, a HMCHHO 06 3TOM B 1566 roAy 3aAyMbiBajicfl Onjinnn II, njieHHHK
H6epHHCKoro nojiyocrpoBa...
Ell^e He 3Hafl O HapOAHblX BOJIHeHHHX, pa3pa3HBUIHXCH BO BTOpOH nOJIOBHHe

aBrycTa, OH nHiueT PeKeceHcy, CBoeMy nocjiy B PHMC: «Mo>KeTe 3aBepHTb Ero
CBHTeHiuecTBo, HTO HeM TepneTb Majieniiiee nperpeuieHHe, HaHOCHiijee ymep6
pejiHrHH H 6oronoMHTaHHio, H npeAnoqe;i 6bi JinuiHTbCH Bcex CBOHX BJiaAeHHH
H Aaace COTHH >KH3Hen, ecjin 6bi OHH y MCHH 6biJiH, noTOMy HTO H He ncejiaio H He
co6npaiocb 6biTb rocnoAHHOM epeTHKOB»73. B PHMC CTOJib ace njioxo OTAaBajiH
ce6e OTHCT B CHTyaiXHH. I I H H V coBeTOBaji <I>HjiHnny KaK MO)KHO 3HeprHHHee
BMemaTbCH JIHHHO: «EpeTHHecKaa qyMa, — nncaji OH eiwy 24 c})eBpajiH 1566 roAa74, — HacTOJibKO pacnpocTpaHH^acb no <J>paHijHH H BypryHAHH, HTO, KaK H AyMaio, eAHHCTBeHHoe ocraBiueecH cpeACTBo npoTHB Hee — 3TO npne3A B. KaTojinqecKoro B.». OypKBO TOJiKyeT 06 3TOM BOJDKC yxce 9 anpejin 75 ; OH B03BpamaeTCH K Heiviy no jno6oMy noBOAy — HAeT nu penb o Bbi30Be B HcnaHHio OpaHCHCKO
Ae H6appbi, reHepajibHoro KOMwccapa no Ae;iaM BOHHM, npoAOBOJibCTBHio H 6OenpnnacaM, cneunajiHcra no nepeB03KaM, — HeMajiOBaacHOM COGMTHH no BO376
MOHCHWM nocjieACTBHHM, « H 6 O B HcnaHHH OH OAHH cnoco6eH Ha TaKHe Ae;ia» ;
HJIH o roTOB^mencH 3KcneAHUHH HKO6W npoTHB Ajiacnpa, KOTopan c TaKHM )Ke
ycnexoM MOHCCT 6biTb npeAHa3HaneHa j\j\n HnAepjiaHAOB. /I.eHCTBHTe^bHO, njia-

HuAepjiaHAM HJIH CpeAH3eMHoe Mope?

185

Hbi 3KcneAHU,HH B Ajincnp oqeHb CKopo pa3BeHBaiOTCfl B npax, H B aBrycTe BnojiHe ecTecTBeHHO pacnpocrpaHHeTCfl ynopHbifi cjiyx o npeACTOflmen noe3AKe 4>Hjinnna II BO OjiaHApnio77.
C 18 aBiycTa OypKBO 6buio H3BCCTHO, HTO TOTOBHTCH 6ojibiuafl nepe6pocKa
Mo6H;iH30BaHHbix HcnaHHeH cpeAH3eMHOMopcKHx CHJI Ha CeBep 78 , a HMCHHO
n^TH—uiecTH TbicHH HcnaHueB H3 HeanojiH H CHIJHJIHH, H OT ceMH AO BOCbMH
TbICHH HTaJIbflHIjeB, JiyHIlIHX 6oHU,OB, HaXOAHIIXHXCH B KpeilOCTflX H Ha n03HH,H5IX

panoHe CpeAH3eMHoro Mopa. IpaHAH03HbiH npoeKT repijora A/ib6bi COCTOHJI
B TOM, MTo6bi pa3MecTHTb HeanojiHTaHcicyio TepcHio B leHTe, jiOM6apACKyio Tep79
CHK) B JIbOKe, CHUHjiHHCKyio Tepenio B Bpioccejie ... 3 T O BCJIO K np^MOMy H KOCBeHHOMy pa3opy^ceHHio CpeAH3eMHOMopbH. IipjiMoe pa3opy^ceHHe 3aKJnoqajiocb

B

B BblBOAe OnblTHblX H OT6opHbIX BOHCK; KOCBeHHOe — B paCXOAaX, KOTOpblMH

conpoBO^CA^JicH 3TOT BbiBOA- He iiuia JIH penb Ha IbcyAapcrBeHHOM coBeTe npH
Onjinnne II o BbmejieHHH Tpex MHJIJIHOHOB 30JIOTOM Ha 3TH ijejin?
CBepx Toro, yKa3aHHaa nojiHTHKa npeAnojiarajia npoBeAeHHe ijejioro pnAa
ocTopo>KHbix ACMapiuen Ha ceBepe: B OTHOUICHHH OpaHiiHH, rAe npoTecTaHTbi80
co6npajiHCb noAAep>KaTb CBOHX co6paTbeB no pejinrnn; B OTHOUICHHH IepMaHHH, Ha TeppHTopHH KOTopoH npHHij OpaHCKHH H ero 6paT, JIIOAOBHK HaccaycKHH 81 , cyMejin Ha6paTb BOHCKO, HeB3Hpaa Ha3anpeT, o6HapoAOBaHHbin HMnepaTopoM; HaKOHeu, B OTHOUICHHH AHRTIHH. Bee STH coceAHHe CTpaHbi Tanjin B ce6e
yrpo3y JXJISI HcnaHHH KaK co CTopoHbi qacTHbix JIHIJ, TaK H rocyAapeft H nojiHTHqecKHX napTHH82. BHHMaHHe Onjinnna II, ero jiynmnx COBCTHHKOB H ejiyr HeH36OKHO AOJDKHO 6biJio nepeKJiiOHHTboi c lOra Ha CeBep.
Pa3yMeeTca, noejie aBiycTOBCKHx 6ecnop*iAKOB 3TH Mepbi Ka3ajiHCb e q e 60jiee HacymHbiMH. M Apy3bH, H Bparn, H Aaace repuor Ajib6a (6ojiee HJIH MeHee
HCKpeHHHH B 3TOM CMbicjie) AHBHjiHCb 3aMeAJieHHOH peaioiHH ncnaHijeB83. B
caMOM AeJie, TOJibKO 25 eeHT5i6pH CeH-CiojibnHC y3Haji, HTO repqor Ajib6a CO6HpaeTCH OTnpaBHTbCH BO OjiaHApnio, MTo6bi npojioacHTb TeM caMbiM nyTb j\j\n
CBoero rocnoAHHa84. 3 T O nponcxoAWJio B TOT caMbin MOMCHT, KorAa Han6ojiee
CKOMnpoMeTHpoBaHHbie 3aHHHmHKH BOJiHeHHH — HJIH no KpaHHeft Mepe 6ojibine Bcero onacaBuiHeca Haica3aHHfl co CTopoHbi ncnaHiieB — noqjiH 3a 6jiaro noKHHyTb CTpaHy, H HeKOTopbie H3 HHX yicpbuiHCb B CTOJib ace HeenoKOHHOH OpaHUHH. B qacTHOCTH, CJ)JIOT (fjjiaMaHACKHx aHa6anTHCTOB H3 IeHTa H AHTBepneHa
nepe6pajica B ^benn 85 .
BnponeM, B 3TO BpeMH (BepoHTHO, 6jiaroAapH nojiHTHKe, npoBOAHMOH MaprapHTon) CHTyauHH B HnAepjiaHAax CTajia 6ojiee 6jiaronpH5iTHOH J\JIH Ero KaTOjinqecKoro BejinqecTBa. TaK no KpaHHen Mepe Ka3ajioeb. 30 HOfl6p*i 1566 roAa86
Kopojib OTMenaji «3aMeTHoe yjiynmeHHe ACJI BO 4>jiaHApHH»; OAHaKO, Ao6aBji5ieT
OH, OHO He HaCTOJIbKO BeJIHKO, HT06bI MO)KHO 6bIJIO XOTH 6bl Ha MrHOBeHHe OC-

jia6nTb KOHTpojib 3a BbinojiHeHHeM npHHHMaeMbix Mep.

186

y MCTOKOBCBHTOH Jlnrw: 1566—1570

Penb H^ex o 30 HOfl6pH, nocjie MHxe>Ka npomjio HecKOJibKO MecniieB. H o MorJIO JIH nocxoHHHO HaxoA^meecH B npoxHBo6opcxBe c npocxpaHCXBOM H MHoroo6pa3HeM CBOHX 3a^aH HcnaHCKoe npaBHxejibcxBO AeficxBOBaxb 6bicxpee? MorJIO JIH OHO, 3acxHrHyxoe Bpacnjiox B Haqajie BecHbi ACHCXBHHMH «re30B», HJIH,

KaK xoiyja roBopnjiH, «peMOHCxpaHXOB», a B aBrycxe cxojiKHyBineecn c HOBbiM
Hco>KMAaHHbiM Bbicx)xuieHHeM, HKOHo6opnecKHMH BOJIHCHHHMH, oxpearapoBaxb
HCMCAJieHHO? Tepuior Ajib6a He 6e3 ocHOBaHHH yxBep>KAaji BO BpeMH CBoeft BcxpeMH c OypKBO B ACKa6pe 1566 ro/ja, HTO «HauiecxBHH xypoK Ha xpncxnaH H e q e
HCKOxopbie coo6pa>KeHH5i» noMemajiH HcnaHHH «npoxHBOCXonxb 6yncxBy qacXH ee noAAaHHbix B HnAepjiaHAax»87. /^eHcxBHxejibHO, JiHiub B KOHije aBiycxa
6bui j\2iu OX6OH xpeBore, noAHflxoii Ha CpeAH3eMHOM Mope H3-3a xypoK; MOHCHO
JIH 6buio AO axoro c^BHraxb c Mecxa HcnbixaHHbie HcnaHCKHe qacxn, Koxopbie
AOJi>KHbi 6buiH Hrpaxb rjiaBHyio pojib B noxoAe repupra Ajib6bi?
Co6bixHH B HH^epjiaHAax, B CBOIO onepeAb, He no3BOJinjiH y>Ke Onjinnny II
AeftcxBOBaxb Ha Cpe/ui3eMHOM Mope 6e3 OHIHAKH. Ero ABOHKOH 03a6oneHHOCxbio,
ABOHCXBeHHOcxbio e r o 3aAaq O6T>HCHHIOXCH BHeuiHHe KOJie6aHHH B nojinxnice
HcnaHCKoro Kopojifl. HMCHHO H3-3a 3xoro OH nocxo^HHO oxKa3bmaexcH nocjieAOBaxb yroBopaM nanbi, HacxoaxejibHo coBexoBaBuiero eMy npoflBHXb xBepAocxb
H peuinxejibHocxb Ha OAHOM HJIH Ha ApyroM nojie; nocjieAHHH He noHHMaji, HXO

Oix/innn II He Moacex no3BOJiHXb ce6e HOAO6HOH pocKOiiiH H BBH3axbCH B cepbe3Hyio 6opb6y.
CnepBa FIHH V nbixajicn BXHHyxb Onjinnna II B aHxnxypeijKyio jiHiy H xeM
caMbiM ocymecxBHXb 3aBexHyio Menxy, Koxopaa noKa3ajiacb AOCXH>KHMOH C HaqajiOM KaMnaHHH nnajiH-nauiH B nxajibHHCKHX BOA^X Ha AApnaxHKe JiexoM
1566 roAa. 23 AeKa6pa HyHijHH B HcnaHHH nepeAaBaji KapAHHajiy AjieccaHApHHO HeKOxopbie MMCJIH repupra Ajib6bi: «E. B. BecbMa noxBajibHO ox3biBajicn o
CBHxeHiueM pBeHHH H 6jiaropoAHbix ycxpeMjieHHjix E. C....; a xaioice 06 HAee co3AaHHH Jiurn H coio3a», HO B Hacxoamee BpeMH xaicon COK)3 «6bui 6bi 6ecnojie3HWM, nocKOJibKy noAo6Hbie npeAnpHHXHH cjieAyex 3axeBaxb jiniiib xorAa, KorAa
rocyAapn pacnojiaraiox HaAe>KHbiMH H HepacxpaqeHHbiMH cnjiaMH H KorAa OHH
AOBepniox Apyr Apyry; a cenqac HX CHJIM pacnbuieHbi H 3aMexHO coKpaxHjiHCb,
KpoMe xoro OHH ocjia6jieHbi B3anMHbiM HeAOBepneM». C Apyron cxopoHbi, HCnaHCKHH KOpOJIb B A ^ H H b l H MOMeHX BbIHy>KAeH « n p H H H M a X b C p O H H b i e H HeOXJIO>K-

Hbie Mepbi npoxHB co6cxBeHHbix noAAaHHbix» BO OjiaHApnn 88 . B axon MaHepe
o6pncoBaxb Bee yrpo3bi H onacHoexn, OMpaqaiomne ropH30Hx Me>KAyHapoAHOH
nojiHXHKH, qxo6bi 3axeM oxKa3axb B XOM, qxo y Hero npocnx, yraAbmaexcn cxnjib,
npHcymHH repqory A/ib6e... H o xaKOH ace 6wjia, no-BHAHMOMy, H xonKa 3peHHH
caivioro Onjinnna II, Koxopbin AOJiro KOJie6ajiC5i MeacAy BbiSopoM B nojib3y H H AepjiaHAOB HJIH CpeAH3eMHOMopbH89.

HHAepjiaHflbi HJIH CpeAH3eMHoe Mope?

187

3 T O 6MJI TpyAHbiH Bbi6op, noTOMy HTO HcnaHHH He Moivia OTKa3aTbcn OT 6opb6bi c TypKaMH, OHa AOJDKHa 6bijia 3amnmaTbC5i OT HHX. H O OT 3Toro 6bijio eme
AajieKO AO HacTynaTe^bHOH nojiHTHKH. B KOHije 1566 roAa HcnaHCKoe npaBHTejibCTBO BOBce He HcnbiTbiBajio >KejiaHHfl ycyry6jiHTb nojio^ceHHe Ha CpeAH3eMHOM Mope, iyje He 6bijio MHpa, HO rAe BOHHa Bejiacb Bnojicnjibi H nepnoAHqecKH
yracajia. O H O TaioKe He BHACJIO CMbicjia B HapyiueHHH Hapy>KHoro CHOKOHCTBHH
B EBpone, KOTopoe 6buio juin Hero HCO6XOAHMO HJIH no MeHbiuefi Mepe BbiroAHO.
TaKHM o6pa30M, MO>KHO 6buio onacaTbCH, HTO AeMOHcrpaTHBHbiH ajiMmc
HcnaHHH c PHMOM 6yAeT BcrpeqeH npoTecTaHTCKHM MHpoM B UITMKH H ncnojib30BaH AJifl ycjio>KHeHHH CHTyaqwH B HnAepjiaHAax Ha Bcex TeppnTopnajibHbix
rpaHHqax BejiHKoro nepeKpecTKa. B IepMaHHH, AHHTIHH H BO OpaHijHH (ecjiH
HMeTb B BHAy OKpy>KeHHe aAMHpajia KojiHHbH H npHHija K O H A 3 ) Bee TOTOBO K
unypMy, JUIH Haqajia KOToporo 6yAeT AOCTaTOHHO jno6oro npeAJiora HJIH npoBOKaijHH. OTCioAa 3a6oTa Onjinnna II o TOM, MTO6W He BCTynaTb B HnAepjiaHAax
Ha 3bi6Kyio noHBy KOHc^eccHOHajibHbix BonpocoB. HanpacHO FIHH V npH3biBaeT
ero BbiCTynHTb npoTHB epeTHKOB c OTKpbiTbiM 3a6pajiOM. MTO 6bi TaM HH TOBOpnjin, Onjinnn II B ASHHOM cjiyqae >Kejiaji BbicrynaTb HCKJiioqHTejibHO B pojin
MOHapxa, npHBOA^mero CBOHX noAAaHHbix K AOJi>KHOMy noBHHOBeHHio H
npeA'bHBJiHiomero no OTHOIUCHHIO K HHM CBOH HeoTbeMjieMbie BJiacTHbie npaBa.
KaK o6-bHCH5iJi 9 AeKa6pHtJ0 B pa3roBope c OypKBO repijor Ajib6a, «peqb HACT
TOJibKO o npHHyatAeHHH AypHbix noA/^aHHbix K noBHHOBeHHio... 3 T O y>Ke He BOnpoc BepoHcnoBeAaHHH, a jiniiib OTcyTCTBna AOJi>KHoro yBaaceHHH c HX CTopoHbi
K Ero BejinqecTBy, ero BjiacTH H ero pacnopjDKeHHHM: Beujb HeTepnHMaa HH jyin
OAHoro rocyAapn, KOTopbin acejiaeT npaBHTb H coxpaHjiTb Mnp B CBOHX BjiaAeHHHX».
no3HqH5i qeTKan, HO Majioy6eAHTejibHaa. IpaHAH03Hbie npnroTOBjieHHH HcnaHHH, BnojiHe «qejiecoo6pa3Hbie» c TOMKH 3peHHH repuora Ajib6bi, c HBHbiM
6ecnoKOHCTBOM BOcnpHHHMajiHCb BO Been EBpone. H e 6buio JIH uejibio 3KcneAHIJHH, BHeiiiHe HanpaBjieHHon npoTHB OjiaHApnn, HanacTb Ha OpaHijHio? Tan
nojiaraji OypKBO91 — H ero no3HU,Hio roTOBbi 6bijiH pa3AejiHTb MHorne BO OpaHIJHH, rAe qapnjiH aHTHHcnaHCKne HacrpoeHHH (BnpoqeM, HCKyccTBeHHO noAOrpeBaeMbie npoTecTaHTaMH) nocjie Hcrpe6jieHHH (f>paHny3CKHx nepecejieHijeB
BO OjiopHAe. 3a qpe3MepHOH jno6e3HOCTbio EjiH3aBeTbi TaK>Ke npocMaTpHBajiocb He MeHee HBHoe 6ecnoKOHCTBO. B OKT5i6pe KopojieBa BbicKa3ajia CBOH OCJDHqnajibHbie no3ApaBjieHH*i no noBOAy no6eAbi HMnepueB HaA TypKaMH92. «ECJIH
TOJibKO OT HHCToro cepAua!» — cKenTHqecKH BOcmiHijaeT T. AC CnjibBa, nocoji
KaTOJinqecKoro Kopojin B JIOHAOHC 10 AeKa6p*i, y3HaB, HTO Onjinnn noeAeT BO
OjiaHApnio qepe3 HTajiHio, KopojieBa oropqaeTCH He MeHee uiyMHo: ecjiH 6bi OH
H36paji nyTb no ATjiaHTHKe, KaK npn^THO 6biJio 6bi HMeTb ero CBOHM rocreM 93 !
Onjinnna 6yAeT conpoBO>KAaTb cnjibHaa apMHH? OHa AOJi>KHa 6bijia 6bi 6biTb eme

188

y MCTOKOB CBHTOH JIwrH: 1566—1570

MHoroHHCJieHHee, HTo6bi no 3acjiyraM B03AaTb ero HcnopneHHbiM noA^aHHbiM94...
Bee 3TH 3aHBJieHHH HHKoro He o6MaHyjiH H He noMeiuajin KopojieBe B AaJibHenuieM BbicKa3aTb CBOH onaceHHH OTHOCHTejibHO B03MO>KHoro coio3a HMnepaTOpa, nanw H Ero KaTOJinnecKoro BejinnecTBa npoTHB npoTecTaHTOB. /J,a>Ke BeH e U H H BHAHT B n p O X O > K A e H H H H C n a H C K H X BOHCK n O B O A RJin 6 e c n O K O H C T B a H BBO-

AHT B BepraMO oca/jHoe no;io>KeHHe95! HTO AO IepMaHHH, TO y Hee cymecTByeT
Macca pejiHrno3Hbix H nojiHTHnecKHx npHHHH RJIH o3a6oneHHOCTH. H B Mae
1567 ro^a, nepeA npnxoAOM repqora Ajib6bi%, 3Aecb npHHHMaioT Mepbi npeAocTOPO>KHOCTM: nocjibi Kyp(f>iopcTa CaKCOHCKoro, repuora BiopTeM6eprcKoro,
MapKrpa(})a EpaHAeH6yprcKoro H JiaHArpac^a IecceHCKoro npH6biBaiOT B HnAepjiaHAbi, MTo6bi 3acTynHTbCH 3a jiKrrepaH (di lege Martinista), KOTopwe He ynacTBOBaJIM B MHTOKe KaJIbBHHHCTOB.
Ho 3Aecb y Hac HeT MecTa mix noApo6Horo paccMOTpeHHH pe3Koro pacuinpeHMH ropH30HTa HcnaHCKOH nojiHTMKH B 1566 roAy — AJix HacTOHiijero ero ncc/ieJXOB2LHUH B paMKax CHTyaijHH B EBpone, B pa3rap pejiHrH03Horo noA^eMa H 3HTy3Ha3Ma, ycyry6MBiiiero KOH(f>eccHOHajibHbie K O H ^ H K T W BIIOXH; noA'beMa, KOTOpbiH noBceMecTHO OKa3biBaji CBoe BJIHHHHC H B ropa3flo 6ojibineH cTeneHM, neM
ynopcTBO HJIH HeyMeHHe Onjinnna II, ero TaK Ha3biBaeMoe He6jiaropa3yMHe H
ero ACHCTBHTejibHoe HenoHHMaHHe CJIOHCHBIUHXCH o6cTOHTejibCTB, 6biji npHHHHOH HHAepjiaHACKOH CMyTbl.
1567—1568 ro^bi: no/j 3HaKOM HHAepjiaHAOB
B 1567 H 1568 ro/jax CpeAH3eMHOMopbe OTOUIJIO Ha BTopon rniaH B ncnaHCKOH nojiHTHKe, nocKOJibKy ee BHHMaHwe 6buio cocpeAOToneHO Ha ApyroM pernOHe H nocKOJibKy Ha CpeAH3eMHOM Mope STHM H3MeHeHHHM cnocoScTBOBajio noMTH Bceo6mee pa3opy>KeHHe. IIpHMeHHTejibHO K HcnaHHH o6i>HCHeHHe HaHTH
HeTpyAHo: ee aai3HeHHbie HHTepecbi, ee A^Hbrn, ee 3a6oTbi oica3ajiHCb BHe npeAejioB cpeAH3eMHOMopcKoro pernoHa. HTO KacaeTCH OcMaHCKOH HMnepHH, ee
noAJiHHHbie MOTHBbi ycKOJib3aiOT OT Hac. HeT coMHeHHH, HTO orpoMHOH Aep>KaBe npHHHHHjiH 6ecnoKOHCTBo TpeHHH c nepcneH 9 7 , HO OHH He TaK yac cepbe3Hbi,
KaK HX npeACTaBjiHiOT AeneuiH H3 KoHCTaHTHHonojin. KOHCHHO, onpeAejieHHbie
TpyAHOCTH 3aKJiioHajiHCb H B npoAOJDKaiomeHCH BOHHe B BeHrpHH, KOTopan Bejiacb H B 1567 roAy Ha npoTH>KCHHH 6;iaronpHHTHoro BpeMCHH roAa, XOTH H 6e3
oco6oro pBeHHH (eAHHCTBeHHbiM BnenaTJiHiomHM 3nH30AOM CTaji Ha6er, npoH3BeAeHHbin Ha aBCTpHHCKyio rpaHHiry OAHHMH TaTapaMH, 6e3 ynacTHH TypoK, H
npHHeciiiHH — XOTH 3TO HenpoBepeHHbie AaHHbie — 90 000 njieHHbix xpncTnaH);
HO 3Ta BOHHa 3aKOHHHjiacb noAnncaHHbiM 17 (J>eBpajiH 1568 roAa H corjiacoBaHHWM HaMHoro paHbiue nepeMMpneM Ha BoceMb jieT98. Pa3yMeeTCH, 6buiH y TypoK
onpeAejieHHbie npo6jieMbi H B A/i6aHHH", HO OHH HOCHJIH HenpexoAHiijHH H BTO-

HnflepjiaHflbi HJIH CpeAH3eMHoe Mope?

189

pocreneHHbiH xapaKTep. ECJIH roBopHTb o flejiax B EranTe H Ha KpacHOM Mope1(K),
TO HecMOTpn HH Ha HTO, no MeHbuieii Mepe RO 1569 roAa OHH HHKaK He CKa3biBajincb Ha >KH3HH HMnepHH B ijejiOM. TorAa 6e3/jeHCTBHe TypoK, 6biTb MO>KCT, O6T>HCHfleTca 6o^buiHMH noTep^MH BO BpeMH BeHrepcKOH KaMnaHHH 1566 roAa HJIH
BocuiecTBHeM CejiHMa II, He oneHb cmiOHHoro K BoeHHbiM noxo^aM? HMCHHO
TaKyTBepacAajiH coBpeMeHHHKH101, a BCJICA 3a HHMH H HCTOPHKH. 3 T O , BepoaTHO,
cnpaBeAJiHBo, XOTH He CTOHT 3a6bmaTb, HTO 3a «HeAocroHHbiM npeeMHHKOM»
CyjieHMaHa, KaK Ha3breaeT ero V. XapTjiay6102, H nepBbiM H3 «cyjiTaHOB-6e3AejibHHKOB», KaK TOBOpHT O H e M Jl. P a H K e 1 0 3 , CTOflJI 3 H e p r H H H b I H BeJIHKHH B H 3 H p b ,

6jiecTHmHH MexMeT COKOJIJIH, AOCTOHHMH rpaHAH03HOH anoxH CyjieHMaHa.
BO3MO>KHO, cjieAyeT /jyMaTb, HTO 3a cnoKOHCTBHeM AByx 3THX 6ecuBeTHbix jieT —
1567 H 1568 — KpoeTCH TaHHbin 3aMbiceji HaHecTH y/xap no BeHeunn H 3apaHee
ee H30JinpoBaTb. IIo coo6meHH5iM oceHH 1567 ro/xa B KapaMaHHH, HanpoTHB
Knnpa, Hanajiocb CTpoHTejibCTBO KpenocTH H npomia/iKa Aopor, Be/jymHX B rjiy6b
CTpaHbi. /JejiajiHCb nporH03bi o rpaAymeM Hana/ieHHH Ha ocTpoB. 3HaqHT, CeJIHM H ero coBeTHHKH 3aKJHOHHjiH c HMnepaTopoM nepeMHpne 1568 roAa, HTO6bi o6ecneqHTb ce6e cBo6o/jy pyK npoTHB BeHeijHH?
Eme OAHH Henpejio>KHbiH (J)aKT, 3TO pnA HeypoacaeB, CHcreMaTHqecKH npecjieAOBaBuiHx TypijHio H npHHHHHBiiiHx en TflHcejibiii yiixep6. B (J)eBpajie 1566 roAa
B noHCKax xjie6a K Onjinnny II o6paujajiacb BeHeinxa: 3Ta noApo6HOCTb caMa no
ce6e CBHJieTejibCTByeT o Haqajie nepe6oeB co CHa6>KeHHeM Ha BocTOKe104. B O/JHOM «3acjiyHCHBaiomeM /joBepHH» coo6meHHH roBopHTca, HTO B anpejie JIIOAH B
ErnnTe H Cnpnn yMHpajiH OT rojiOAa105. He O6T>HCH5HOTC5I JIH 6ecnopaAKH, Ha6jnoAaBiiiHec5i BO BceM apa6cKOM MHpe, HMCHHO STOH SKOHOMHHCCKOH CHTyaijHen? Ho jieTOM cjieAyiomero, 1566 ro/xa, B BOCTOHHOM 6accenHe Cpe/iH3eMHoro
Mopn OT KoHCTaHTHHonojiH AO Aji6aHHH, BO Been IpeijHH ypo>Kan 6WJI Ha peAKOCTb njioxHM106. Hey/iHBHTejibHO, HTO H 1567 ro/4 Bbi/xajica TH>KejibiM. ASAO COo6maeT, HTO npoinjioroAHHH rojioA npoAOJi>KHJicfl H B 1568-M 1 0 7 , TaK KaK xjie6,
co6paHHbiH B 1567 roAy, cyj\n no BceMy, He nonpaBHji nojioaceHHe. Eme B Hoa6pe
areHT BHije-Kopojin HeanojiHTaHCKoro CBHAeTejibCTByeT o Heo6binaHHOH AoporoBH3He xjie6a B KoHCTaHTHHonojie108. B 3TO ace BpeMH 3Aecb pacnpocrpaHHJiacb nyMa, noHTH HenpeMeHHbin cnyTHHK HHmeTbi109. B AOHeceHHH 3a MapT
1568 roAa, H3BemaiomeM o 3aKJHoneHHH nepeMHpna c HMnepaTopoM, HeAByCMblCJieHHO r O B O p H T C f l , HTO OHO 6bIJIO n O A n H C a H O « H 3 - 3 a M H T O K e H M a B p O B H AOp O r O B H 3 H b I C b e C T H O r O , B O C 0 6 e H H O C T H H H M e H H . . . 1 1 0 » . O T C I O A a MO)KHO 3aKJIIO-

HHTb, HTO ypoacan 1567 roAa 6WJI no MeHbuien Mepe cpeAHHM. TojibKO nocjie
HToroB 1568 roAa Mbi BCTpenaeM B OAHOM nncbMe TaKOH onTHMHCTHnecKHH OT3WB: «B KoHCTaHTHHonojie 6e3onacHaa o6craHOBKa H H3O6HJIHC, HecMOTpn Ha
HexBaTKy HHMeHH»lu. B 1567—1568 roAy npoAOBOJibCTBeHHaa CHTyan,H5i He 6jiecrjnue CKJiaAbiBajiacb H B 3anaAHOM CpeAH3eMHOMopbe112.

190

y HCTOKOBCBHTOH JIurM: 1566—1570

KaK 6bi TO HH 6buio, TypKH H HcnaHijbi B 3TH roAbi HCHJIH C orjixj\KOvi jxpyr Ha
Apyra, OTKa3aBiiiHCb OT aKTHBHbix ACHCTBHH H y>Ke no3TOMy roTOBbie pacnpocTpaHHTb caMbie He^enbie c/iyxn H ceflTb crpax B CTaHe npoTHBHHKa; OAHH nojiarajiH, HTO Bpa^cecKHH <|>JIOT BbicrynnT npoTHB JIa lyjieTTbi, MajibTbi, Aa>Ke Pary3bi H Any^HH, KHnpa, KopcJDy113; Apyrne onacajiHCb HanaAeHHH Ha TpnnojiH 114 ,
TyHHC HJIH A/DKHp115. BnponeM, noAo6Hbie cTpaxn 6biCTpo yjieTynnBa/iHCb. Pa3BeAbiBaTejibHbie cjiyacGbi Boioiomnx cTopoH 6bijin CJIHUIKOM pa3BeTBJieHHbiMH,
HTo6bi napTHepbi no STOH npn3paHHOH BoiiHe — BOHHC HepBOB — MOETIH CJIHIIIKOM
AOJiro o6MaHbmaTb Apyr Apyra. H o HM npHxoAHJiocb npHHHMaTb Mepbi npeAOcropO>KHOCTH, K O T O p b i e OT3bIBaJIHCb H a BCCM C T p o e C p e A H 3 e M H O M O p C K O H >KH3HH.

TaK, B 1567 roAy 6biJi pa3birpaH o6biHHbiH cqeHapHH. Bnije-Kopojib Heanojra
oxpaHy B COCTOHHHC 6oeBOH TOTOBHOCTH H npHKa3aji 3aH^Tb crpaTerHHecKHe nyHKTbi11(), B TO BpeMH KaK MeccHHa H BCH CHIIHJIHH
6buiH KaK BcerAa JICTOM noAHHTbi n o TpeBore 117 . TypKH, B CBOIO onepeAb, B
1568 roAy BbmejiH (JDJIOT B Mope. 3 T O 6bijia HCionoHHTejibHO 3amnTHan Mepa, TaK
KaK, AOCTHrHyB BajiOHbi118, 3CKaApa pa3BepHyjiacb B o6paTHyio CTopoHy; HO npnB Mae npHBeji BCIO 6eperoByio

6;iH>KeHHfl 3 T O H n p H 6 / I H 3 H T e . 7 I b H O COTHH r a J i e p 6 b U I O AOCTaTOHHO, H T o 6 b I BbI3-

BaTb o6opoHHTe^bHyio aKTHBHOCTb Ha BOCTOHHOM noGepeacbe MTajiHH.
JXyMzui JIH OnjiHnn II, HTO B TO BpeMH, KaK eMy HCO6XOAHMO 6biJio cocpeAOTOMMTb BCe CBOH CHJIbI B A p y r O M M e C T e , 3 T H A O p O r O C T O f l l l J H e M e p O n p H H T H H CTaHO-

BHjiHCb Heno3BOJiHTe;ibHOH pocKoiiibio? Bo BCHKOM cjiynae, B HcnaHHH B03po>KAaiOTCH njiaHbi 3aKjnoHeHHa nepeMHpHfl c TypKaMH H Ha CMeHy jiHxopaAOHHOMy
Boopy^ceHHio H AMKTaTy BoeHHbix CHOBa npHxoA^T AHnjiOMaTHMecKHe MaHeBpbi.
YiviecTHo 6yAeT noAnepKHyTb TO yiweHHe npHcnoca6jiHBaTbca H OTcyTCTBHe npeApaccyAKOB, KOTopbie o6Hapy>KHBaiOTCfl B HcnaHCKOH nojiHTHKe no MeHbiueH Mepe
Ha npoT5i>KeHHH neTbipex BpeMeHHbix OTpe3KOB (1558—1559; 1563—1564; 1567;
1575—1581), KaK BnponeM H B Apyrnx o6croflTe;ibCTBax, HeAOCTynHbix Rjin Haiuero HccjieAOBaHHn: 3TO coBepmeHHO HHaa nojiHTHKa n o cpaBHeHHio c TOH,
KOTopyio ynopHO pHcyeT HaM HCTopHH.
B onepeAHOH pa3 penb He HACT O npeBaTbix noc/ieACTBHAMH o(j)HiiHajibHbix
neperoBopax (B 3TO caMoe BpeMH Onjinnn II npoAOJi>Kaji nojiynaTb HeMajibie
cy6cHAHH H3 PHMa juin BeAeHHH BOHHW C TypKaMH: B cjiynae npoBajia MHpHbix
njiaHOB cjieAOBajio H36e>KaTb noTepb). B HHBape 1567 roAa TnijHaH CBCTI B BeHeUHH HcnaHCKoro areHTa IapcHio SpHaHAeca c TypeiiKHM noc^OM, HaxoAHBiuHMcn B ropoAe npoe3AOM119. TypoKyTBepacAaji, HTO HMnepaTop 6eccnopHo CMO>KeT
3amnoMHTb nepeMHpHe, KOToporo OH Ao6HBajica OT cyjiTaHa, H HTO Ero KaTO^HnecKoe Be^HnecTBO BnojiHe Monro 6bi npHHATb B HCM ynacTHe. O H BXOAHT B
AOBO^bHO CTpaHHbie noApo6HOCTH n o noBOAy cyMM, HeAonjianeHHbix 3a BbiKyn
AjibBapo AC CaHAe, npeA^iaraeT CBOH ycjiyrH B KoHcraHTHHonojie, yTBepacAaeT,
HTO nHca/i B 3TOH CBH3H HMnepaTopy, HO He nojiyHHji OTBeTa. O H 3aaBJifleT Aaace,

Hn/;ep;iaHAbi HJIH CpeAH3eMHoe Mope?

191

1566 roAy, ecjiH 6bi He HeyzjanHbie ACHCTBHH MHKe;ifl LJepHOBH^a, OH yjia6bi ACTIO, npHHeM Tor^a HcnaHCKHH Kopojib 6biJi ynacTHHKOM npoeKTa nepeMHpHH, «KaK B. B. AO;I>KHO 6biTb H3BecTHO», AoGaBjineT TapcHH 3pHaHAec. HaKOHeu,, 3TOT nocoji, no HMCHH Ajib63H-6eH, cyjrraHCKHH AparoMaH*, npeAJio>KHji
CBoe coACHCTBHe B AajibHenmeM u Ha STOT cjiyqaH yKa3aji B KanecTBe nepeAaTOHHoro 3BeHa Kynixa H3 Ilepbi /I,OMeHero j\e KaHHHO... Bee 3TO MejiKHe noApo6HOCTH H MejiKHe nepcoHa>KH, HO Hap^Ay c HHMH cf>HrypHpyiOT H Apyrne. B Mae
1567 roAa, Ha cen pa3 B riapH>Ke120, OpaHcec AC AjiaBa 3aBH3biBaeT KOHTaKTbi
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KoHCTaHTHHonojie po;ib Oyrrepa MeHbiuero MacurraSa. 0 6 3TOM jno6onbiTHOM
nepcoHa^Ke Mbi y>Ke roBopHJiH. TypeijKHH areHT npeAJio>KHji CBOH yc/iyra HcnaHHH OT ero HMeHH H B ero HHTepecax, B nacTHOCTH, OH o6emaji ynoTpeGnTb ero
BjiHHHHe juin 3aKJiiOHeHH5i nepeMHpHH Me>KAy Ero KaTOJiHnecKHM BejiHnecTBOM
H cyjrraHOM. IIo cjiOBaM nocjiaHqa, Pyft ToMec 6bui ocBeAOMJieH Ha 3TOT cneT o
MHorax ceKpeTHbix nyHKTax. BOT noApo6HOCTb, He jiHineHHan HHTepeca. IIoCKOJibKy BCHKan HOBocTb B KOHqe KOHIJOB npoca^HBaeTCH B ny6^HKy (npeTepneBaa npH STOM MHO^KCCTBO H3MCHCHHH), OypKBO 3THM ace HHCJIOM 3anncbiBaeT
Heo6biKHOBeHHbiH cjiyx, UHpKyjiHpyiomHH B MaApHAe: cyjrraH HKOGW npHCJiaji K
c|)paHuy3CKOMy Kopo;no CBoero BejiHKoro AparoMaHa, HTo6bi npocHTb ero «o
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6bui nocjiOM HMnepaTopa OepAHHaHAa. ILIaHTOHHS BpyHHji eMy KonHio 6yMarH,
no^yneHHOH OT OHjinnna II H coAep>KameH nepeMeHbycjiOBHH, Ha KOTopbix ero
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B pe3y;ibTaTe B ACKa6pe Toro >Ke roAa HMnepcKwe nocjibi, BO Hcno;meHHe
coGcTBeHHbix HHCTpyKUHH H jxjw. ycKopeHHH CBoero Aejia, a HMCHHO, 3aKJnoneHHH nepeMHpHH, npeA^io>KHjiH BBCCTH B Hero Ero KaTOJiHnecKoe BejinnecTBO,
3aTpoHyB 3TOT npeAMeT B pa3roBope c MexMeTOM COKO^JIH, BO H36e>KaHHe oniac-

MTO B
JXUJI

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192

y HCTOKOB CBHTOH JIHI-H: 1566—1570

KH, Ha xopBaTCKOM H3biKe124. Ho BejiHKHH BH3Hpb He npoaBHji HHTepeca: ecjiH
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3arpe6ymnx pynax Hocn(|)a Mnicaca125. Eme B HIOHC 1568 ro#a IIIaHTOHH3 nncaji
Onjinnny II, MTO OH OTKa3ajioi npHHHTb Typein<oro nooia, npnGbiBiuero B BeHy
nocjie 3aKJHoqeHHH nepeMHpnn H }KejiaBiuero noceTHTb ero a su posada*126. B
CBoeM OTBeTe nocrcy OT 18 HKXJIH127 Onjinnn II OAo6pn;i ero ACHCTBHH H npocHJi
npHAep^CHBaTbCH B neperoBopax H36paHHOH JIHHHH. TaKHM o6pa30M, OHH npoAOJDKHJIHCb, XOTH Mbl He MOHCeM npOCJie^HTb 3 a HX XOflOM. M b l TaK>Ke He 3HaeM,

noneMy OHH 3aKOHMHJiHCb HeyAaqen.
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no Been BHAHMOCTH, yxce He npeAcraBjinjiH cepbe3Hofi onacHOCTH. A B nporaBHOM cjiynae ncnaHCKHH (JXTIOT 6biji Tenepb B COCTOHHHH OTBeTHTb Ha jno6oe Hana^eHHe. B HcnaHHH y Onjinnna II 6buio ceMbAecaT rajiep, He cqHTan crponmHxcH B BapcejiOHe, Bcero CTO, no crcoBaM OypKBO128. K HHM npnGaBJinjincb 3HaHHTejibHbie CHJIW HTajibHHCKHx acicaAp. Bcero 3Toro 6buio HeAOcraToqHO, HTO6bi BCTynHTb B np^Moe cpaaceHne c orpoMHbiM TypeijKHM (|)JIOTOM, HO xBaTHJio
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MnjiaHe HecKOJibKO no3AHee n \ He 6e3 xjionoT H HeAOBOJibCTBa co CTopoHbi j\oMOB^aAejibueB. nepeMemeHne BOHCK no EBpone nocTaBHjio nepeA ncnaHCKOH
AHnjioMaTHeft He MeHee cepbe3Hyio npo6;ieMy, nocKOJibicy cneAOBajio pa3BenTb
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193

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nepeHOC cpeAOTOHHH HHTepecoB HcnaHCKOH MOHapxHH B TaKyio AaJib, 6opb6a
Ha TaKOM paccTOHHHH OT ee KopHeft?
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cjie^yeT JIH repuory OTnpaBjiaTbCfl Tyna, H He HMeeT JIH 6ojibiue CMbicjia 3KcneAHUH5i npoTHB AjDKHpa HJIH TpnnojiH»145. BWBOA H3 o6cy>KAeHHfl: 3a OT3biB repijora Anb6bi neTbipe rojioca H3 BocbMH, neTBepo ocTajibHbix CHHTaioT ero noxoA
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7.3ai«nJ*j2220.

194

y HCTOKOB CBHTOH J l n r n : 1566—1570

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147

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195

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HTaK, Mbi, BepoHTHO, HHKorAa He y3HaeM, 6bijio JIH njiaHHpyeMoe nyTeiuecTBne
OH^Hnna II yjiOBKOH. Bo BCHKOM cjiynae, OHO 6biJio OAHHM H3 ocHOBHbix npeAMeTOB nojiHTHMecKHx cneKyjinijHH B 1567 H 1568 roAy. Bo OpaHUHH HacrojibKO
BepnjiH B ero ocymecTBHMOCTb, HTO EKaTepwHa HaAesuiacb Ha Bcrpeny c OHJinnnOM I I B B y j I O H H 1 6 0 . H o H e T HHKaKHX (J)OpMaJIbHbIX O C H O B a H H H C H H T a T b , HTO OH

ce6n HencKpeHHe. OHCBMAHO, HTO e r o jiHHHoe npHcyTCTBHe Ha CeBepe —
KaK H HajiHHHe conpoBO>KAaiomero ero (JxnoTa — Morjio OKa3aTb peiiiaiomee BO3BCTI

7*

yHCTOKOBCBHTOHJlHra: 1566—1570

196

AeficTBHe Ha xoj\ co6biTHM. H o nocjie npn6biTHH B aBrycTe161 B Bpioccejib Ajib6bi, nocjie BoccraHOBJieHHH nopfl/jKa B HH/jepjiaH/jax, B jiynax nojiHOH, KaK Torj\3. Ka3ajiocb, no6eAbi Kopo;ieBCKOH BJiacTH, ocTaBajiacb JIH Heo6xoAHMocrb noe3AKH Onjinnna II Ha CeBep, «Ha n o p o r c Ha/jBHraiomencfl 3HMbi»? Eme B
1568 roAy, no KpaHHen Mepe AO BecHbi, eMy HenpecTaHHO TBepAHjiH, HTO lo de
Flandes esta quietissimo* 162 . /],onojiHHTejibHbiM AOBOAOM CTajia pa3BepHyBiuaflcn B 1568 ro/jy Tpare/nia #oHa Kapjioca, eme 6ojiee 3axBaTbiBaiomafl H MpaHHaa
B AencTBHTejibHOCTH, HCM B HCKaacaiomnx ee jiereHAax163. Mor JIH OTeu, yexaTb,
Kor^a cbm 6bm B HHBape apecTOBaH (OH yMep 24 mojin)]M?
BnponeM, 3TO He CTOJib Ba>KHo; Be#b Tpare/jHH ncnaHCKOH nojiHTHKH B H H AepjiaH^ax 3aicjiK)Hajiacb He B HecocroflBineMCfl Boa^ce HJIH BOH^cax Onjinnna II, —
B 3TOH HeAooqeHKe, KaK CHHTaeT JI. ncJ>aHAJib, rnnHOTHHecKOH CHJIW KopojieBCKoro npncyTCTBMH165, — a B rjiy6oKO npo^yMaHHOM, 3anjiaHnpoBaHHOM H ocymecTBJieHHOM BOH>Ke r e p q o r a Ajib6bi.

2. BOHHA B TPAHA^E — IIOBOPOTHMH nYHKT
C KOHqa 1568 ro#a — jno6onbiTHO, MTO 3TO 6buio B KOHije 3HMbi — H eme 6ojibme B 1569 ro/jy BOKpyr CpeAH3eMHoro Mopn OAHa 3a Apyron BcnbixHBaiOT BOHHbi, KaK oneHb /jajieKO, TaK H B HenocpeACTBeHHOH 6JIH30CTH OT ero 6eperoB; HX
HHTeHCHBHOCTb H AJIHTeJIbHOCTb pa3JIHHHbI, HO BCe OHH CBH/jeTeJIbCTByiOT O Ha-

pacTaiomeM Tparn3Me CHTyaijHH.
Pa3ropaioii^HecH

BOHHBI

B/jajiH OT CpeAH3eMHoro Mopa Hanajiacb BOHHa — Ha 3TOT pa3 penb iujia y^ce
He o BoccraHHH. HcnaHHH, a nepe3 Hee H Becb cpeAH3eMHOMopcKHH MHp OKa3ajiHCb BTHHyTbiMH B Hee. C npn6biTHeM repijora Ajib6bi B aBrycre 1567 roAa BoijapHJICfl pe>KHM T e p p o p a , Ha HeKOTOpoe BpeMfl 3aCTaBHBUIHH BCeX 3aMOJIHaTb. H O

c anpejin 1568 ro/ja Hanajiacb 6opb6a: 3a nepBbiMH HeyzjaHHbiMH aTaKaMH Bnjibepca H JIioflOBHKa HaccaycKoro 166 B Hiojie nocjieAOBaji KpynHOMaciirraGHbiH pen/*
Bnjibre^bMa OpaHCKoro, BnponeM, TO>Ke 6ecnojie3HbiH H B Hoa6pe 3aKOHHHB167
IIIHHCH noMTH CMexoTBopHbiM pe3yjibTaTOM y rpaHHU nnKapAHH .
Ho ecjiH B BoeHHbix ACHCTBHHX Ha cyme Bepx o/jep>Kaji r e p q o r Ajib6a H npnTOM Ha^ojiro (no MeHbuien Mepe AO anpejia 1572 roAa, &o BOCcraHHH B Epnjie),
TO Ha Mope Ae;ia O6CTOHJIH HHane. B 1568 roAy Hanajiacb BOHHa Me>KAy HcnaHHen H npoTecTaHTaMH B ATjiaHTHKe168. OHa Bbipo>KAaeTCH B CKpbiTyio H Heo6-bHBBo O^aHApHH Bee

CIIOKOHHO

(ucn.).

BoHHa B TpaHaAe — noBopoTHbiH nyiiKT
jieHHyio 3KOHOMHHecKyio BOHHy MOKJIY aHr^HMaHaMH

M

197

HcnaHixaMH. Y^apbi Ha-

HOCflTCH C o 6 e H X C T O p O H . F I p H 3TOM O C T p O B JIHUiaeTCfl H C n a H C K O r O p a C T H T e J I b -

Horo Macjia, BB03HBiuerocH o6biMHo RJISI o6pa6oTKH mepcTM169. B CBOIO onepeAb,
BCJIHKHH HMnepcKHH nyTb HcnaHCKoro cepe6pa OKa3bmaeTc^ OTpe3aHHbiM co
BceMH BbiTeKaiomnMH OTCiOAa nocjieACTBHHMH, a 6wcKaHCKHe ca6pw co BCCM
rpy30M MeTajma nona^aiOT B pyKH HenpHHTejin. Tepiior Ajib6a He cpa3y noqyBCTBOBaji pe3y^bTaTbi 3TOH 6HTBbi 3a AiviaHTHKy H Jla-MaHiu. KaK H MHome nojiHTHKH, Hecnoco6Hbie pacno3HaTb npn3HaKH rpo3flmen 6eAbi, OH He noHjui, HTO
onacHOCTb jijin HcnaHCKMX HHAepjiaHAOB rpn^eT He cro;ibKO H3 IepMaHHH HJIH
OpaHUHH, CKOJIbKO H3 AHIVIHH.
Jlpyrue omymajiH 3TO Jiyquie, neM OH, H cooTBeTCTBeHHO BbicKa3biBajiHCb.
IIHH V, roTOBbift HCKopeHHTb epecb npH nepBbix npH3HaKax ee 3apo>KAeHH5i (OH
OTjiyqHJi EjiH3aBeTy B (J)eBpajie 1569 roAa 170 ), co Bcew npwcymeH eMy CTpacTbio
3anBH^, HTO MOMeHT KaK HHKoiyja 6;iaronpHHTeH JXJIH noxo^a Ha AHETIHIO. l l o c o ^
Iepo Ae Cnec, 3aMeuiaHHbiH B HHTpHrax MapHH CnoapT H 3aroBope 6apoHOB Ha
ceBepe ocTpoBa, KOTopoMy OH nbrrajicfl, KaK Mor, npH^aTb opraHH30BaHHyio
(J)opMy, rpeiiiHT qpe3MepHbiM onTHMH3MOM M He B COCTOHHHH cyAHTb o no;io>KeHHH B qejiOM, 6yAy^H noniomeH jiwuib OAHHM ceKTopoM HcnaHCKOH nojiHTHKH.
Ho, Bepo^THO, OH 6bm npaB, Kor^a no^araji B 3TOM nee 1569 roAy, HTO HOBMH H
6;iaronpHHTHbiH pacmiaA no3BOJineT pa3birpbmaTb npoTHB AHniHH inoiviaHACKyio
H HpjiaHACKyio171 KapTbi, a TaioKe roTOBoe pa3pa3HTbca Ha CeBepe BOCCTaHHe
KpyriHbix KaTO^HnecKHX ceHbopoB. <J>HjiHnn II co6jia3HHJicn 6buio nepcneKTHBaMH 3 T O H p H C K O B a H H O H IIOJIHTHKH, HO r e p i J O r A j l b 6 a BOCnpOTHBHJICfl B T H r H B a -

HHK) B Hee HcnaHHH H CMor nepey6eAHTb cBoero rocnoAHHa, ccbuiancb Ha OTcyrCTBHe Kpe/jHTOB H o6meeBponeHCKyio CHTyaiiwio. 3 T O T MHHMO BC/IMKHH nejioBeK, oG^aAaBiuHH orpaHHneHHbiM Kpyro3opoM, Beji 6jiH3opyKyio no;iHTHKy, He
BHAH A^Jibiiie co6cTBeHHoro Hoca. O H qpe3MepHo 3aTHHyji oG-bflBjieHne Bceo6meH
aMHHCTHH; no3BOJiHJi iuoTjiaHACKOH KopojieBe 6e^caTb B AHIVIHIO, a IHoTJiaHAHH
CTaTb npoTecTaHTCKon; OH He cyMe;i Bocno;ib30BaTbCH 6yHTOM ceBepHbix 6apoHOB 1 7 2 , KOTopbiH 6bui no/jaBjieH EjiH3aBeTOH oneHb 6biCTpo H 6e3 JIHIIIHHX pacXOAOB; HaKOHeq, BMCCTO Toro, HTo6bi HaHecTH yAap no B36ajiaMyqeHHOH AHrJIHH, OH Beji neperoBopbi, XHTPHJI, a BpeMfl pa6oTajio npoTHB Hero. MyApbiM H
ocTopoacHbiM B 1569 roAy 6bui He Kopojib, a repijor, KOToporo paccronHHe w
o6cT05iTejibCTBa CACJiajiH KyMHpoM Ha qac. O H He 3aMeTHJi, HTO 3a npeAejiaMH
He6o^biuoro yqacnca npocrpaHCTBa, KOTopbiH OH npHBeji K BHeumeH noKopHOCTH c noMombio Teppopa, HaABHraiomaacfl BoiiHa y^ce noKa3biBajia CBoe HCTHHHoe m\\\o.
Bo 4>paHUHH, rAe JIOHHCIOMOCKHM Mwp npoAJiHjicn He 6o;iee MFHOBCHMH, B
aBiycTe 1568 roAa Haqajiacb TpeTbH pejiHrH03Haa BOHHa, Bbi3BaHHan 6ercTBOM
Ko^HHbH H npHHua KOHA3 Ha Jlyapy 173 , B HCCOMHCHHOH CBH3H C HcnaHCKHMH

198

y HCTOKOB CBHTOH JIHTYL: 1566—1570

AeHCTBHAMH BO OjiaHApnn. H o yAajieHne ryreHOTCKHx BOXCACH Ha ior cABa JIH
cnoco6cTBOBajio pa3>KnraHHio BOHHM B CpeAH3eMHOMopbe — iyje B Hiojie onacaJIHCb nOHBJICHHH H e M e U K H X p C H T a p O B , IlOCJie 3aKJIIOMeHHH M H p a B JIOH>KIOMO

ocraBiuHxcH 6e3 Aejia H, KaK Tor^a nojiarajin, HaMepeBaBiuHxcn, c noMOiubio
npoTecTaHTOB, HATH B HTajinio 174 . B HcnaHHH 3TO npeAnojio>KeHHe 6biJio BOCnpHHHTO CKenTHMecKH, a B03o6HOBJieHHe pacnpen BO OpaHUHH CKopo AOKa3aJIO ero HecocTOHTejibHOCTb. >KecTOKaji H KpoBaBan TpeTbH pejiHrno3Ha5i BOHHa
3aTpoHyjia cpeAH3eMHOMopcKHH pernoH jiniiib Ha MHr, BCCHOH 1570 roAa, Kor^a
B xo/je CBoero «HacTynaTejibHoro 6ercTBa» nocjie >KapHaKa H MoHKomypa* aAMHpaji 3aBoeBaji cpeAH3eMHOMopcKHH ior HaHHHan c Ao;iHHbi TapoHHbi, a 3aTeM
AOjiHHy PoHbi175. B HcnaHHH 3a6njiH TpeBory TaiOKe JICTOM 1569 roAa, KOiyja aAMnpaji 3axBaTH^ IYieHb176, H STO A^JIO KaTOJiHKaM noBOA npocHTb o noAAep>KKe
co CTopoHbi rinpeHeeB, KaK OHH noAAepaaiBajiH HcnaHHio co CTopoHbi OjiaHApHH177. 3 r a noMomb He AHKTOBajiacb Heo6xoAHMOCTbio, nocKOJibKy noAaBjnnoIIJHH nepeBec H 6e3 Toro 6bui Ha CTopoHe KaTOjiHKOB. H o cjieAyeT JIH corjiacHTbca
c OpaHcecoM j\c AjiaBOH, MTO JIJIH oKOHHaTejibHOH pacnpaBbi c npoTecTaHTaMH,
H OCO6CHHO c aAMHpajioM, HeAocTaBajio TOJibKO >KejiaHHH ABopa? HcnaHCKHH
nOCOJI OCy>KAaeT 3 a 3 T O K O p O J i e B C K H X C O B e T H H K O B , M O H M O p a H C H ,

MopBHHC,

178

eiiHCKona JlHMO>KCKoro, JIaHcaKa, BbeHBHH . H o pa3Be OTBary MO>KHO c6pacbiBaTb co CMCTOB, pa3Be He AencTBOBaji (J)aKTop npocrpaHCTBa, pa3Be ncepTBbi
TpaBjin BO OpamjHH He onnpajincb Ha HaAe>KHyio noMomb CBOHX 3apy6e>KHbix
co6paTbeB?..
PeMb iujia o BOHHax B EBpone. H o H Ha BocroKe, TaK>Ke BAajin OT 6eperoB
CpeAH3eMHoro Mopn, Ha npoTH>KeHHbix rpaHHijax Typunn TO>Ke 6ymeBajia BOHHa, HanHHaH OTTeppHTopnn, npHjieraiomnx K HepHOMy Mopio, H AO no6epe>Kb5i
KpacHoro. 3Ta Maciirra6Ha5i BoiiHa Ha nepHcf>epHH rocyAapcTBa B 1569 roAy 6ojibme qeM HTO 6I>I TO HH 6bijio Memajia ACHCTBHHM CejuiMa H e r o cj)jiOTa B CpeAH3eMHOMopbe. BnpoqeM, 3TO 6bijia crpaHHafl BOHHa, KOCBCHHO HanpaBjieHHan
npoTHB Bpa>KAe6HOH nepcHH, KOTopan cTajia KaMHeM npeTKHOBeHHH Me>KAy
A3nen, OCO6CHHO CpeAHen A3Hen, H H A H C H H HHAHHCKHM oKeaHOM.
n e p B O H 3 0 H O H H a n p H > K e H H O C T H CTaJIO n p O C T p a H C T B O C e r O A H H I U H e H K))KHOH

TypKH BMecTe c KpbiMCKHMH TaTapaMH, onnpa^cb Ha HX noMomb H Ha
MaccoBbiH Ha6op pyMbiHCKnx KpecTb5iH jyin 3eMJiHHbix pa6oT, nbiTajiHCb OTO6paTb y pyccKHx Ka3aHb H AcrpaxaHb 179 , rAe Te 3aKpennjiHCb B 1551 H 1556 roAax. He npHHHMaH 6yKBajibHO TCX H,H<|>p, KOTopbie npHBOA^T eBponencKHe Ha6jnoAaTejiH, cjieAyeT AonycTHTb, HTO BBHAy oGmnpHOCTH TeppnTopHH, Ha KOTOpoH pa3BopaiiHBajiocb ACHCTBHC, BOHHa noTpe6oBajia npnjio>KeHHfl GOJIMIIHX
qe^OBenecKHx ycnjinn, KpynHOMacuiTa6Hbix nepeB030K, HaKonjieHHH B A 3 0 B C ,
POCCHH.

Cpa>KeHHM, npoHrpaHHbie npoTecranTaMH B MapTe H oKT5i6pe 1569 roAa.

Bowiia B TpaHa^e — noBopoTHbiH nyHKT

199

cjiy>KHBiueM 6a30H AJIH BoeHHbix onepaiiHH, orpoMHbix 3anacoB npoAOBOJibCTBua
H 6oenpHnacoB.
Ho 3aKJiK)qajiacb JIH ijejib 3Toro noxoAa CAHHCTBCHHO B HaHeceHHH yAapa no
MocKOBHTaM, HTo6bi HaKa3aTb HX (KaK oG-b^BJiHJia ocjDHqH03Ha5i TypeuKaa j\uujiOMaTHH, H Ha CCH pa3, KaK o6biHHo, oneHb 3a6oTHBiuaHCH o 4>opMajibHOM onpaBAaHHH BOMHW) H noMOHb CBoeMy Baccajiy, KpbiMCKOMy xaHy, o6n>KeHHOMy pycCKHMH? I la caMOM ACJie M pyccKwe, H TypKH B XVI BeKe o/jHHaKOBO cTpa^ajiH OT
Ha6eroB KoneBHHKOB-TaTap H 6bijiH 6JIH3KH K corjiameHHio, HanpaBJieHHOMy
npoTHB 3Toro 6y(J)epHoro rocy^apcTBa 18°. B TO ace BpeMH HC co3AaeTCH BnenaTJICHHH, HTO y TypOK 6bUIH 6oJIbIUHe nJiaHbl npOHHKHOBeHHH B CpCAHIOK) A3HK).

OcTacTCH caMoe npocToe o6,bHCHeHHe — npoH3BOAHMbie Ha 3HaHHTejibHOM y^aJICHHH BoeHHbie MaHeBpbi npoTHB nepcoB. B TypiiHH cymecrBOBaji npoeKT npopbiTb KaHaji Bojira-/I,OH, HTo6bi coeAHHHTb KacnHHCKoe Mope c HepHbiM H OTKpbiTb TaKHM o6pa30M AOCTyn CBOHM rajiepaM BO BHyTpeHHHe BOAM llepcHH.
3Ta OHeBH/jHan onacHOCTb He 6buia TawHOH jinn maxa 181 , KOTopbin nbiTajicn, n p n
MajiOH3BecTHbix j\nn Hac o6cTOHTejibCTBax, noAHHTb npoTHB TypoK Hapo/jbi H
rocyAapeH KaBKa3a. 3HaneHHe Bcero npeAnpHHTHH HHCKOJibKO He yMajineTCH TeM,
HTO B 1570 roAy OHO npoBajiHJiocb, nocKOJibKy pyccKHe 3aBJiaAejiH BceMH 3anacaMH H apTH^jiepneH HanaAaBiiiHx18L\
B 3TO BpeMH pa3pacTaeTCH eu^e OAHH BoeHHbiH KOHCJUIHKT, T/ieiomHH Ha npoTH^CHHH AByx ;ieT H oxBaTbiBaioDXHM apa6cKHe CTpaHbi OT ErHnTa j\o CnpHH, c
niaBHbiM onaroM Ha lore, B BoccTaBmeM HeMCHe183. IloHHTHe «apa6cKHe CTpaHbi» noApa3yMeBaeT o6uiupuyio 30Hy, B KOTopoH cocpeAOToqeHbi nyTH .JieBaHTHHCKOH ToproBjiH. Hx BOccTaHHe o6xoAHjiocb TypKaM, no oqeHKaM coBpeMeHHHKOB 184 , noMTH B ABa MH^HOHa 30^OTOM B roA, He cqnTan 6ojibiiiHx pacxoAOB
Ha BeAeHHC oGpeMCHHTCJIbHOH BOHHbl BAaJIH OT AOMa.

CBHAeTejibCTByeT 06 HHTCHCHBHOCTH 3THX AByx BOHH B Tbuiy y TypoK,
3TO 6e3AencTBHe cyjiTaHa Ha CpeAH3eMHOM Mope, noHTH no^Hoe 185 oTcyTCTBHe
3Aecb TypoK, 6jiaroAapn neiviy xpncTnaHe, no KpaHHeft Mepe B neHTpe H Ha 3anaAe, qyBCTBOBajiH ce6n nojiHbiMH xo3neBaMH. B aBiycTe H B ceHTn6pe B oKpecTHOCTHX CHUHJIHH rajiepw /JopnH w XyaHa j\e KapAOHbi 6e3 noMex BeAyT ycneiuHyio
oxoTy Ha KopcapoB 180 . H o RJW Toro, HTo6bi 6ojiee TOMHO cyAHTb o nojiHTHKC
cy^TaHa, c/ieAOBajio 6bi jiyquie 3HaTb 3aKyjiHCHyio HCTopHio OcMaHCKOH HMnepHH. /Jejio B TOM, HTO B KOHije 1569 roAa KOHCTaHTHHonojibCKHH ApceHaji Heo>KHAaHHo npo6yAH^CH OT oueneHeHHH, B KOTopoM OH npe6biBaji Ha npoTH>KeHHH qeTbipex npeAiuecTBOBaBiiiHX ;ieT, H npHCTynnji K npnroTOBJieHHHM J\JIH
noxoAa Ha Knnp 1 8 7 . OAHaKO npoeKT 3Toro noxoAa BOCXOAHT, Bepo^THO, K 6o^ee
paHHCMy nepnoAy, no KpanHen Mepe, K 1567 roAy, KorAa Hanajiocb yKpenjieHHC
KapaMaHHH. BO3MO>KHO, HMCHHO OH, XOTH 6bi oTqacTH, H noc^y>KH^ npnMHHOH,
noqeMy cyjiTaH TaK jierKO nome^ Ha nepeMHpne c HMnepaTopoM, H noneMy AO
HTO

200

y HCTOKOB CBHTOH JIwrH: 1566—1570

Toro, KaK BBfl3aTbCH B 3TO Ba>KHeHiuee npeAnpHHTHe, OH peiunji yjiaAHTb CBOH
BHyTpeHHHe /je/ia? OTCiOAa H e r o HanpflaceHHbie ycHJina B BOHHax 1569 roAa, o
KOTOpblX Mbl TOJIbKO MTO TOBOpHJIH. YTBep>KAaiOT, HTO B 3TOM TO/ty HOCHC}) M H Kac, KOTopoMy cy;iTaH y>Ke noo6emaji nepe^aTb K n n p , BKJHOHHJI B CBOH rep6
3HaKH 3Toro KopojieBCTBa. YTBep^KAaiOT TaKHce, HTO noncap, KaK n o 3aKa3y pa3pyuiHBiiiHH BeHeunaHCKHH ApceHaji 13 ceHTfl6pji 1569 roAa, TaK^ce 6biji ACJIOM
pyK MnKaca, BepHee, onjianeHHbix HM areHTOB188.
HecoMHeHHO OAHO, HTO uj\en Hana/jeHHH TypoK Ha BeHeqnio A^BHO Hocnjiacb
B B03Ayxe. H 3TO, 6eccnopHO, 6buio o6-bHCHeHHeM Tex cjiyxoB o corjiaiueHHH
MOK^y HcnaHHen H CnHbopneH 189 , KOTopwe paccenBajincb 6jiaropa3yMHbiMH BeHeunaHuaMH H ijeHTpoM pacnpocrpaHeHHH KOTopbix 6biJi PHM. C BeHeiineH,
6e3yc;ioBHO, accoijHHpoBajiocb npeAcraBJieHHe o rpo3HOM (JWIOTC H O BeHeijHaHCKoe rocy^apcTBO 6buio xpynKHM H HOKHMM opraHH3MOM, HeconocTaBHMbiM
c TypeqKOH MaxHHOH. Eipn CTOJIKHOBCHHH C Hen — OAHOMy Bory H3BCCTHO, CKOJibKO ycTynoK 6buio CAejiaHO, HTo6bi H36e>KaTb 3TOH KaTacTpocJ)bi, — OHO Mor^o
Bbi>KHTb, TOJibKO onnpaacb Ha xpncTnaHCKHe CHJIW, Ha HTajiHio H HcnaHHK),
HHblMH CJIOBaMH, Ha 0 H J I H n n a I I , KOTOpblH nOJIHOCTbK) BJia^eJI OAHOH H nOHTH

nojiHOCTbio — ApyroH.
Hanajio TpaHaACKOH BOHHBI
B 3TOM cnjieTeHHH HanpHHceHHbix OTHOUICHHH, B o6cTaHOBKe jinxopaAOHHOro Boopy)KeHHfl TpaHaACKan BOHHa npoH3Bejia BnenaTjieHHe pa3opBaBineHcn
6oM6bi, KOTopoe He HMCJIO HHHero o6mero c ee peajibHbiM 3HaneHHeM, noHanaJiy CBOAHBI1IHMCH K 3H3.HCHUK) BTOpOCTeneHHOH HJIH AatfCe T p e T b e C T e n e H H O H

BoeHHon onepaqHH. H o TpyzjHo Aaace npe/xcraBHTb ce6e, KaKne pacneTbi H HaAe>KAbi Bbi3Bajia 3Ta rpoMKan HOBOCTb 3a npeAejiaMH HcnaHHH, HacKOJibKo OHa
HaKajiHjia CTpacTH H npeo6pa30Bajia aTMOC(f>epy BHyTpn CTpaHbi.
OaKTbi H3BecTHbi. CnepBa npoH3omeji Maji03HaHHTejibHbiH HHUHACHT: B HOHb
nocjie Po^CAecTBa 1568 ro^a HecKOJibKO MOPHCKOB OTnpaBHjincb B TpaHa^y, npoHHKJIH B TOpOA H rpOMKHMH KpHKaMH npH3BaJIH TCX, KTO XOHCT 3aiIJHTHTb B e p y

MoxaMMe^a, nocjieAOBaTb 3a HHMH 1 9 0 . H X HHCJIO C inecTHAeoiTH Bbipocjio AO
TbicHHH191. «roBopHT, — nnuieT HyHUHH B Ma/ipHAe, — H T O STO co6biTHe He TaKoe
Ba^cHoe, KaK ero, MoaceT 6biTb, BbicTaBji*noT»192. /tencTBHTejibHO, Ajib6ancHH,
rjiaBHbiH KBapTaji a6opnreHOB, ocrajicfl HenoABH>KHbiM. O^HaKO Hejib3H HCKJHOHHTb, MTO ecjiH 6bi He CHer, nepeKpbiBiiiHH ropHbie nepeBajibi, B TpaHa^y MOIVIH
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coBepmeHHO HHbiM, H Becb ropoA OKa3ajicn 6bi oxBaneHHbiM noacapoM. Heyzjana
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^aBHpoBaTb Me>KAy ncnaHijaMH, TypnaMH H CBOHMH «noAAaHHbiMH», TO ecTb ropo>KaHaMH TyHHca H apa6aMH, KoqyiomHMH H oceA^io acHByujHMH Ha lore, npaBHJI HMH KaK Mor, B IJCJIOM AOBOJibHO nocpeACTBeHHO. BO3MO>KHO, cyAfl no OAHOMy 3aMeqaHHK) ASAO 2 3 8 , B npoTHBOBec KpynHbiM ceHbopaM OH onnpajicn Ha HH3uine COCJIOBHH, HO BO BCHKOM c;iyqae pa3pyuiHji Bee coio3bi H Bbi3Baji Bceo6mee
* JXJIH noAKpen^eHMH H noMomn rpanaACKHM MaBpaM (ucn.).

206

y MCTOKOBCBMTOM JlMrn: 1566—1570

He/joBo;ibCTBo. HaxoA^cb ABa^uaTb jieT y BJiacTH, OH HatfCHJi MHorax BparoB y
ce6a AOMa, H ero nojio>KeHHe 6buio caMbiM HenpoHHbiM no cpaBHeHHio c jno6biM
H3 TyHHCCKHx MOHapxoB. TyHwc CTaji jiencoH Ao6biqeH, KOTopa^ Aocrajiacb, 6jiaroAapa TpaHaACKOH BOHHC, aji>KHpijaM.
ECJIH B 1569 roAy Aji>KHp OKa3bmaji noMoiirb BOCcraBiiiHM MopHCKaM — B CO6CTBeHHbix HHTcpecax, pa^H 3KOHOMHHecKOH BbiroAfci H H3 pe;iHrH03Hbix no6y>KACHHH: HMCHHO B OAHOH H3 aji>KHpcKHx MeneTeH npoHCxoAHJi c6op opyaoifl,
noacepTBOBaHHoro noBcraHijaM, — HHHTO He CBHAeTejibCTByeT o TOM, HTO YjihjxyKajiH, Kopo;ib Aji>KHpa c MapTa 1569 ro/ja, coGnpajica noABepraTb ce6fl H3-3a HHX
cepbe3HOMy pncKy. KaK OTMenaeT A3AO, OH 3aHHMajicn B ropa3AO 6o;ibiiieH CTeneHH 3au;HTOH co6cTBeHHoro ropoAa, HCM TpaHaAOH. BO3MO>KHO, TaKOB 6bui
npHKa3 KoHCTaHTHHonojiH, HO ropa3AO Bepo^THee, HTO 3Aecb CKa3ajiocb BJIHHHHC HcnaHCKHx areHTOB: BO BCHKOM c;iyqae, HaM H3BecTHbi HHCTpyKijHH, /jaHHbie Ha 3TOT cneT HeKoeMy JX^- B. IbHryime jxenjie Kacrejuie, KOTopbiH 6bm nocjiaH B AJDKHP B 1569 roAy239. BnpoqeM, qTo6bi 0Ka3biBaTb iiiHpoKOMaciiiTa6Hyio
noMoujb MopncKaM, Tpe6oBajiocb npcoAOJieTb MopcKon 3ac;ioH McnaHHH, a J\JIH
3Toro 6biJiH Hy>KHbi HCMajibic cpe^CTBa. H BepoHTHO, YnbA>K-ajiH HC oneHb npHBjieKajia nepcneKTHBa 3aTfl>KHOH 9KOHOMHHCCKOH 6jiOKaAi>i co cTopoHbi HcnaHHH240.
Ho caivioe rjiaBHoc, 3aneM TpyAHTbcn J\J\SI Apyrnx, B TO BpeMfl KaK BOHHa B
FpaHaAe co3/;aeT Ha peAKOCTb GjiaronpHHTHbie yc/iOBHH pjin BonjiomeHHfl Aopororo jyin Bcex xo3HeB AjDKHpa n;iaHa: 3aBoeBaHHH Bcero ceBepoacJ)pHKaHCKoro
nojiyocTpoBa? MO>KHO 6biJio noBTopHTb Ha6er Bap6apoccbi 1534 roAa H, CCJIH
yroAHO, noxoA Ha Oec Cajiax-penca B 1554 ro/ry, npaBAa, HMCBIIIHH Apyroe HaI i p a B J I C H H e . /],OKa3aTeJIbCTBOM 3(j)(j)eKTHBHOCTH p a 3 B e A b I B a T e J I b H O H CJiy>K6bI HC-

naHqeB

H

ee CBH3eH C AJI>KHPOM cjiy>KHT TO,

HTO B MaApHAe

3HajiH 060 Bcex Ha-

M e p e H H H X YjIbA>K-aJIH, O B 0 3 B p a m e H H H nOCJIOB MOpHCKOB H 3 K o H C T a H T H H O n O JIH 2 4 1 , O T p e H H H X MCHCAy «KOpO.JieM» H / J c / I H - X a C C a H O M , n p a B H T e J I C M B H C K p b l 2 4 2 ,

H HaKOHeii, o 3aBoeBaHHH TyHHca. B caMOM Aejie, 8 oKTflGpa HcnaHCKHH njieHHHK B Aji>Knpe, KanHTaH HepoHHMO AC MeHAoca COO6IUHJI, HTO H3 HaAOKHoro
HCTOHHHKa eMy CTajio H3BecTHo o npHroTOBjieHHHX y^bA>K-ajiH upoTHB Myjiaft
XaMHAbi. 29 OKTH6PH B HOBOM nHCbMe noATBep>KAajiHCb CBeAeHHH nepBoro, H
OHJinnn II npHKa3aji HeMeAJieHHO H3BecTHTb A- AJIOHCO IiHMeHTejifl, ry6epHaTopa JIa ryjieiTbi243.
TeM BpeMCHeM, B OKTn6pe244 Y7ibA>K-ajiH y>Ke noKHHyji AJI>KHP 6e3 conpoBO>KAeHHH B BHAe KaKoro 6bi TO HH 6buio (JxnoTa (ce30H HaBHraijHH y>Ke 3aKOHqHjicn)
c 4 H^H 5 000 HHbinap, BbiCTynHBuiHx n o cyme nepe3 KoHCTaHTHHy H BoHy245.
KorAa OHH npoxoAHJiH no Bo^biuon H MajiOH Ka6HJiHHM, K apMHH npHCoeAHHHJIHCb M H O r H e A o 6 p O B O J I b I I b I , B TOM HHCJie TblCHMH BCaAHHKOB, C K O T O p b l M H O H a

Bbiiiuia Ha paBHHHy BeA^ca, Ha paccTOHHHH Bcero AByx KOPOTKHX nepexoAOB

OT

BoHHa B TpaHa^e — noBopoTHbiH nymcr

207

TyHHca. CojiAaTbi Myjian XaMHflbi pa36e^cajiHCb 6e3 6OH, a no6e>KAeHHbiH KOpo;ib yKpwjiCH B ropoAe, HO He nyBCTByn ce6fl 3/jecb B 6e3onacHOCTH, 6e>Kaji B
HcnaHCKyio KpenocTb Ha JIa TyjieTTe c HecKOJibKHMH BepHbiMH jiiOAbMH H ocraTKaMH CBOHX coKpoBnm, KOTopbie 6buiH pa3rpa6;ieHbi no Aopore. B KOHiie AeKa6pn, KaK roBopHT ASJXO (HO B coo6meHHH H3 AjDKHpa Ha3BaHa Apyran A^Ta, 19 HHBapn, KOTopan npeACTaBjiaeTCH 6ojiee npaBHjibHOH)24(\ yjibj\yK-ajin 6e3 6OH BOmeji B TyHHC. ^KHTCJIH TyHHca 0Ka3ajiH Kajia6pHHuy* TenjibiH npneM 247 ; yrib/pKajiH pacnojiOHCHjiCH BO ABopije H 3aH5uicfl nepeycrpoHCTBOM ynpaBJieHHH c noMombio o6HapoAOBaHHH yna30B, yrpo3 H HaKa3aHHH; B MapTe248 OH BepHyjicji B
Ajixaip, ocTaBHB B TyHHce 6ojibinoH rapHH30H BO rjiaBe c OAHHM H3 CBOHX 3aMeCTHTejieH, peHeraTOM H3 CapAHHHH KaHTO PaMaAaHOM249.
Me>KAy TeM, ecjin 6bi He 6buio qpe3BbiqaHHoro nojio>KeHHH B TpaHaAe H B
MeccHHe CTOJUI xpHCTHaHCKHH (J)JIOT, BCH onepau,H5i OKa3ajiacb 6bi noAyrpo30H.
CMHpHJiacb 6bi HcnaHHH c ee pe3yjibTaTOM250?
TpaHa^a H KnnpcicaH BOHHa
B3HTHC TyHHca B HHBape 1570 roAa 6buio c/ieACTBHeM HapymeHHH paBHOBeCHH H3-3a BOHHbi B IpaHaAe. 3 T O H3MeHeHHe 6ajiaHca CHJI cKa3ajiocb Taioice Ha
KpynHeiiiiieM co6biTHH 1570 roAa, 6HTBe 3a K n n p H co3AaHHH JlnrH, KyAa BOUIJIH
PHM, BeHeuHH H HcnaHHH, HTO 6bijio npaMbiM pe3yjibTaTOM HanaAeHHH TypoK.
BoHHa c MopHCKaMH npoAOJi^Kajiacb Ha npoTHHceHHH Bcero 1570 roAa, BO BCHKOM cjiyqae AO 30 HOfl6pn, KorAa AOH XyaH noKHHyji TpaHaAy, rAe npaKTHqecKH,
ecjiH He nojiHOCTbio, BoccraHOBHjiocb cnoKOHCTBHe. BoHHa B 3TOT nepHOA Sbijia
no-npe}KHeMy TH^KejiOH w AoporocTO^meH, HO C HacTynjieHHeM HOBoro roAa npHo6pejia ApyrHe nepTbi. HeT COMHCHHH, HTO HecMOTpn Ha CBOK) MOJiOAOCTb — eMy
6bijio 23 roAa — AOH XyaH ABCTPHHCKHH y^ce o6.naAaji CBOHCTBaMH H oTBaron
HacTonmero nojiKOBOAUa. Kopojib npeAOCTaBHji B ero pacnopjixceHHe 6o;ibiiiHe
cpeACTBa, H npwcyTCTBHe AOHa XyaHa c HHBapa B KopAOBe, no3BOJiHBiuee coKpaTHTb o 6 o p O T npHKa30B H AOHeceHHH H nOBblCHBUiee peBHOCTHOCTb HCnOJIHHTe-

Jien, A^Bajio npeHMymecrBa, Bepo^THO, He nojiyHHBiiiHe AOCTOHHOH OIJCHKH HH
npH ABope, HH co CTopoHbi AHnjiOMaTHHecKHx areHTOB, BbmyxcAeHHbix cjieAOBaTb 3a apMHeii H ncnbiTbiBaTb MejiKHe 6biTOBbie TarocTH noxoAHon >KH3HH 251 .
CnTyaiiHH H3MeHH^acb He cpa3y. IlepBoe KpynHoe CTOJiKHOBeHwe, CBH3aHHoe
c ocaAOH He6o;ibiiioro ropoAKa MOPHCKOB Tajiepbi, rHe3Aflmeroc5i BbicoKO B ropax H TpyAHOAOCTynHoro, rAe apTHJuiepHH 6biJio CJIO>KHO «npHHHHHTb BpeA»252,
Hejib3H Ha3BaTbycneuiHbiM. IapHH30H conpoTHBJuuicfl c HeqejiOBenecKOH CHJIOH,
H HanaAaBuiHM, B CBOIO onepeAb, npHiujiocb npoHBHTb Heo6biKHOBeHHyio AO6* yjihfljK-ajivi 6bui cbiHOM pbi6aica H3 Kajia6pHH.

208

y HCTOKOB CBHTOH JIWYW. 1566—1570

;iecTb, HTo6bi nocjie crpauiHOH pe3HH 3axBaTHTb ropoAOK. OTCioAa OTKpbiBajica
nyTb B ropbi, H OAepacaBiiiHe Bepx OTpnAbi ABHHyjiHCb Ty^a. OAHaKO MopHCKH
o6pyuiHjiHCb Ha HHX C BepuiHH Cbeppbi-Ae-CepoH H BC/ieACTBHe B03HHKineH HenpeoAOJiHMOH naHHKH BqepauiHHM no6eAHTe;i5iM npnuuiocb OTcrynHTb253. HMCHHO B xoAe 3Toro noHTH pa3rpoMa n o r n 6 HacTaBHHK AOHa XyaHa, Jlync KnxaAa 254 .
3 T H HanaAeHHH H3 3acaAi>i HMCTIH uejibio AeMopajiH30BaTb co;iAaT, 3apoHHTb
B HHX ceMeHa >KCCTOKOCTH, TpycocTH HJIH OTnaHHHH. CaM AOH XyaH B MapTe roBopnji o pa3jio>KeHHH CBOHX JHOACH 255, o na/jeHHH AHdjHnjiHHbi256. EABa co6paHHbie BOHCKa paccbinajiHCb. Tara K rpa6eacy BbuiHBajiacb B crHXHHHyio H HHAHBHAyajibHyio BOHHy, KOTopan pacnpocrpaHfljiacb KaK npoKa3a, 3aTparHBan JX&KC
MnpHbie o6;iacTH. PWHKH Bcex ropoAOB HcnaHHH 6bijin nepenojmeHbi pa6aMHMopncKaMH; HX oTnpaBJuuiH qe^biMH Kopa6;iflMH B HTajiHio. O^HaKO B ropax
ocTaBajiocb OKOJIO 25 000 noBcraHijeB, B TOM qncjie 4 000 6ep6epoB H TypoK.
ripoAOBOJibCTBHH 6buio y HHX 6o;iee qeM AOcraTOHHO (3epHOBbie npoAaBajincb
no neTbipe peajia 3a neTBepHK, a nuieHHixa no 10 peajiOB, KaK coo6maeT OAHH
ocBeAOMHTejib)257; B HX pacnopaaceHHH 6buiH 3anacbi HHxenpa H H3K)Ma, a TaK>Ke
TO, MTO npHB03HjiH aji>KHpcKHe 6pnrH H (J)ycTbi258. Oco6bie HaAe>KAbi OHH B03JiarajiH Ha npnxoA TypoK259. HeT COMHCHHH B TOM, MTO OHH MOHJIH npoTHBOCTOHTb
npeBoexoAHmHM CHJiaM npoTHBHHKaTO^bKO 6^aroAapn 3aujHTe rop. FIpeoAOJieHHe orpoMHoro MaccHBa 6buio CJIO^KHOH 3a/jaHeH. J^BC KOJIOHHW, Ha KOTopbie
6buiH noACJieHbi ncnaHCKHe CHJIM, OAHa BO rjiaBe c caMHM AOHOM XyaHOM, Apyra^i — c repijoroM Ceccon, npoABHrajincb BnepeA oqeHb MeAJieHHo. IlpHBOAfl
27 MapTa HeKOTopbie noApo6HOCTH 06 HX nocjieAHnx nepeMemeHHnx, Cay;iH 3aKJiK)qaeT CBoe nncbMO, nojiHoe «xopouiHX HOBOCTCH», TaKHMH cjiOBaMn: e con
questo, li Mori restano del tutto esclusi della pianura, MaBpbi IJCJIHKOM BbrrecHeHblC paBHHHbl...200
PaccMaTpHBaTb A^Tajin 3THX o n e p a u n n , KaK AcnajiH AwnjiOMaTHqecKne KoppecnoHAeHTbi B MaApnAe, 6ecno;ie3Hoe %ejio: AypHbie H xopouine BCCTH nepeAyioTCH, Ha nepBbiH B3rjiHA, CTOJib xaoTHHHO, HTO caMbie npoHHqaTejibHbie 0603peBaTe;iH TepnioTCfl, H H O 6 H ; I H npnxoAHT K BbiBOAy (ecjin BOJibHO nepeBecTH
Ha coBpeivieHHbiH H3MK), HTO «BOHHa c MaBpaMH HanoMHHaeT KOHTpacTHbiH Aym,
TO ropHMHH, TO xojiOAHbiH...»261. TaK, B Mae 1570 roAa B oKpecTHOCT^x CeBHJibH
BoccTajiH c ACCHTOK TbicflH MopHCKOB, BaccajiOB repijora MeAHHa CHAOHHH H
repqora ApKoca: 3TO 6buia njioxaa HOBOCTb. H o BCKope Apyran crajia npnnTHOH
Heo>KHAaHHOCTbK): 6yHTOBiUHKH He npncoeAHHHjiHCb K pacKOJibHHKaM B ropax:
Kopojin oceHHjia npeKpacHan HAen nocjiaTb K HHM HX ceHbopoB, KOTopbie ycnoKOHJIH HX H yrOBOpHJIH 6oJIbIIIHHCTBO pa30HTHCb nO AOMaM. IlpHHHHOH BOJIHe-

HHH HBH^ocb noBeAeHHe ncnaHijeB, KOTopbie, no^b3yncb 6^H30CTbio TeaTpa
BoeHHbix AencTBHH, 3axBaTbmajiH HX A-^IH npoAa>KH B KaqecTBe TaK Ha3biBaeMbix
n;ieHHbix H noKymajiHCb Ha HX >KeH H HMymecTBO262. IloAo6Hoe TKG npnioiiOHH-

BoHHa B TpaHa^e — noBopoTHbin nymcr

209

jiocb H B MapTe B OAHOM BajieHCHHCKOM cejieHHH, iyje BcnbixHyBiuee 6buio BOCCTaHHe TOTnac Hce yracjio. TeM He MeHee 3TH ABa npHMepa noKa3biBaK)T, MTO BOHHa
BOBce He HOCHJia H30JiHpoBaHHbiH xapaKTep. Ho ocHOBHyio onacHOCTb npe/jCTaBjiHJia Ajibnyxapa, AHKHH H noHTH HenoKopeHHbiH KpaH, onar pacKOJia. BoHHa B
ropax HHKorAa, A^OKe B XX Beice, He 6bijia jierKOH. BoHHa 1570 roAa «Hcromajia
HcnaHHio H c>KHrajia ee cmibi Ha Me/yieHHOM orHe» 2(i \
To, qero He yAaBajiocb Ao6HTbCH BOopynceHHbiM nyTeM, 6buio AOCTHrHyro B
KOHqe KOHIJOB c noMombio AHnjiOMaTHH — noneMy 6bi He CKa3aTb: cjiy>K6bi no
Ty3eMHbiM AeJiaM? IlepBbiH Kopojib BoccTaBiiiHX 6biji y6HT. TaKan >Ke ynacTb noCTHIVia H BTOpOrO. DiaBHOKOMaHAyiOmHH CHJI MHTOKHHKOB AjIb6aKH npH6bIJI

20 Man B jiarepb AOHa XyaHa, norjejiOBaji pyny npHHija H noji^uHiijicH. Mnp 6biJi
noAnncaH. MopHCKH nojiyHHjiH npomeHHe, pa3pemeHHe HOCHTb HaqnoHajibHyio
OAe>KAy, HO HM 6buio npeAnncaHO B TeneHHe ACCHTH AHCH npeicpaTHTb conpoTHBjieHHe H c^o>KHTb opy>KHe B OTBeAeHHbix jyin 3Toro MecTax. Bep6epbi MOIVIH
6ecnpenHTCTBeHHO BepHyTbcn B A(J)pHKy2(H. 3TO 6buiH AOBOJibHO MancHe ycjioBHH, HTO no3BOJi5uio roBopHTb o «npnpo)KAeHHOM MHjiocepAHH Ero BejinneCTBa»278, HO OHH CBHAeTe;ibCTByK>T npe>KAe Bcero o ero >Ke;iaHHH noKOHHHTb c
onacHOH CHTyauHen. Ebui JIH 3TO, no KpaftHen Mepe, HacTonmHH MHp?
15 HK)HH 30 000 MaBpoB cjioaauiH opy>KHe: Kpynibie H rpe6Hbie cyzja 6buiH
npeAOCTaB^eHbi B pacnopnaceHHe TypoK jijin B03BpameHHH B A(J>pHKy266, a OKOHqaTejibHbiH cpoK CAann 6biji npnyponeH KO AHIO CB. HoaHHa267. Ho yxce 17 HIOHH
HanajiHCb Hcajio6bi HHKBH3HTOPOB: pacKaHBiUHecn HKo6bi MopHCKH ryjiniOT no
TpaHa^e c opy^cneM H 6e3 CTecHeHHH paccKa3biBaiOT BO BceycjibiiuaHHe o CBOHX
noABHrax, c ropAOCTbio nepeqHCJiHH, CKOJibKO xpncTnaH OHH nepe6HJin, H xBa;mcb BceM, HTO OHH coBepuinjiH «BO BpeA HameH CBHTOH KaTOJiHHecKOH Bepe»2()8.
OneHb MHorne CAaJincb Ha MHjiocTb BJiacTen, CKa3aHO B ApyroM nncbivie, HO HH
OAHH H3 HHX He HBHJICH, HT06bI HCnOBCAOBaTb CBOH rpeXH CBflTOMy OcJDCJDHIJHIO 2()9.

Ebuia JIH KanHTy^HUHH MOPHCKOB npocTbiM TaKTHqecKHM XOAOM? HeGojibiune
(|>ycTbi H3 Jlapaiua npoAOJiacajin B03HTb opy>Kne, npnneM B TaKOM KOJinnecTBe,
HTO rajiepw CaHHO Ae JlefiBbi 3axBaTHJiH nnTb HJIH iuecTb cyAeHbiuieK270. B TO
BpeMfl, KaK OTnpaBKa acfjpHKaHijeB 3aAep>KHBajiacb271, xpncTHaHCKHe cojiAaTbi,
He nojiyqHBuine >KajiOBaHb5i, Haqajin pa36eraTbC5i c o6biqHbiMH nocjieACTBHHMH 272. Bee 3TO He npH6aBji5uio MHTe>KHHKaM yBa^ceHHH HJIH cnacHTejibHoro CTpaxa
nepeA cnjiaMH ncnaHqeB.
TeM BpeMeHeM cnopaAHHecKH npoAOJi>Kajiacb BOHHa B ropax, OTKyAa HaHocnjiHCb onacHbie yAapbi no H30^npoBaHHbiM OTpHAaM xpncTHaH2™. «rpaHaACKne
MaBpw nocTeneHHO npnxoAHT K noAHHHeHHio, — nncaji Cayjin274, — XOTH AocTaTOHHO H TaKHX, KOTOpbie ynOpCTByiOT B CBOeM COnpOTHBJieHHH. 4 0 0 TypOK OT-

njibijiH B Eep6epnio, HO TaMOiiiHHe MaBpbi ocTajiHCb». O T AByx AO Tpex Tbic^q
MopncKOB Bee eme HaxoAHjincb B ropax co CBOHM «Kopo;ieM» H corjiaiiiajiHCb

210

y HCTOKOBCDHTOH JlHrn: 1566—1570

CAaTbCH TOJibKO npH ycjiOBHH, HTO MM 6yzjeT no3BOJieHO ocTaBaTbCH B Ajibnyxape, Ha HTO KopojieBCKoe npaBHTejibCTBO HHKaK He XOTCJIO noHTH. «HTo6bi noKOpHTb HX, — O6T>HCHHCT Cayjin, — H no3BOJiHJi ce6e BbicKa3aTb MHeHHe, — noTpe6ycTCH KaMnaHHH /VIHHOH HC MeHee roAa, noTOMy HTO Ha3BaHHbie MaBpbi co6paJIH MHoro 3cpHa H noceajiH npoco H 3JiaKH. Mbi He MO>KCM noMemaTb HX >KaTBe,
ecjiH y Hac HC 6y/;eT J\JIH 3Toro AOcraTOHHO MHOFOHHCJICHHOH apMHH»275.
K a K H e HJIJII03HH OTHOCHTCJIbHO « y M H p O T B O p e H H H » KOpOJieBCTBa MO)KHO 6bIJIO

nHTaTb

B 3THX

ycjiOBHHx?

JXOH

XyaH noBTopnji

B

CBoeM nHCbMe

MO>KHO o 6 e C n e M H T b M H p , TOJibKO H 3 r H a B M O p H C K O B

276

OT

14 aBrycTa:

. , 3 ^ , HO O H H C T H T b OT HHX

uejioe KopojieBCTBO — 3TO He TO, HTO OHHCTHTb ropoA, KaK 6bijio c/jejiaHO B npoIIIJIOM roAy B rpaHa/je. IlosTOMy B Ma^pH^e 6buio peiueHO TBepAHTb H noBTOpflTb, HTO Bee KOHHCHO. H Ka^c/jbiH nocoji HanHcaji 06 STOM CBoeMy rocyAapio 277 ,
B TO BpeMH KaK AOH XyaH ABCTPHHCKHH, roTOBHCb K onepaijHH, paccy>KAaji o HaHjiynmeM cnoco6e HJIH cnoco6ax upHBCCTH K HOBMHOBCHHIO MOPHCKOB B PoHAe H
278
BOMTH B Ajibnyxapy . B ceHTfl6pe eme uijia penb o Bbipy6Ke BHHorpaAHHKOB H
279
ca^OB BOccTaBiiiHx , o npecjieAOBaHHH Ae3epTHpoB — HenpHHTHOCTH Apyroro
copTa — H OAHOBpeMeHHO o Ha6ope HOBbix cojiAaT. Be^b BOHHa npoAOJiacajia
TJicTb280, KaK KocTep, KOTopbiH He yAaeTCfl OKOHnaTejibHO noracHTb. IlceBAO-KOpojib M5ITOKHHKOB cKpbiBajica, nepexoAfl OT OAHoro yTeca K ApyroMy. Bee CTpoHBiiiHec^i B ropax yKpenjieHHH H BCC noMeujeHHbie TaM rapHH30Hbi He MorjiH
noMemaTb noBCTaHijaM npoHHKaTb nepe3 jiioSbie KopAOHbi H HaHOCHTb paccHHTaHHbie yzjapbi Bpacnjiox n o xpncTnaHaM 281 .
HiweHHO Tenepb HcnaHCKoe npaBHTejibCTBO peuiHJiocb npH6erHyTb K MaccoBbiM BbicbijiKaM. HMCHHO OHH, HCCOMHCHHO, cbirpajiH niaBHyio pojib. 13 OKTH6pa Canac nHcaji O. AC AnaBe: «TpaHaACKHH Bonpoc y^ce HaxoAHTCfl B TaKOM coCTOHHHH, HTO B. MnjiocTb MoaceT CHHTaTb ero 3aKpbiTbiM, KaK noAo6aeT B HHTCpecax H c TOHKH 3peHHH aBTopHTeTa E. B.» 282 . H a cefi pa3 3TO 6buio npaBAOH. B
Hanajie H05i6pn AOH XyaH o6-bHBHJi 06 ycMnpeHHH paftoHa MajiarH H ropHbix
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HHCJieHHOCTb HacejieHHH, B nepByio onepe^b, paBHHH. 3 T O 6bijio Aymepa3AHpaK>mee 3pejiHme, o neM CBHAeTejibCTByiOT nacTO UHTHpyeMbie cjiOBa AOHa XyaHa,
KOTopbiH OAHaKO ocTaBajiCH CTOPOHHHKOM TaKOH Mepw. « 3 T O caMoe nenajibHoe
Aejio Ha CBeTe, — nncaji OH 5 HoaGpn Pyio ToMecy, — H6O B MOMCHT oTnpaBKH uieji
TaKOH AO^CAb CO C H e r O M H A y ^ T a K O H CHJIbHblH B C T e p , HTO 3 T H H e C H a C T H b i e C

acajio6aMH AOJi>KHbi 6bijin noAAep>KHBaTb Apyr Apyra. Hejib3H OTpHijaTb, HTO H3rHaHHe qejioro HapoAa H3 KopojieBCTBa HBJIHCT CO6OH caMoe npHCKop6Hoe 3pejinme, KaKoe TOJibKO MO>KHO BOo6pa3HTb. HaKOHeu, c 3THM noKOHHeHO»284. AreHT
MeAHHH B MaApHAe, KoppecnoHAeHUHio KOToporo MM TaK nacTO UHTHpoBajiH,
KaBajiep H O 6 H J I H , npeKpacHO co3HaBaBiuHH pa3Max 3TOH GecnejioBeHHOH, HO

Boiina B TpanaAC — iioBopoTiibiii nyiiKT

6. CHKCT HJITI>IH. BeneuiiaHCKafl uiKOJia, BaTMKaHCKan nnHaKoreKa.
<J>oTorpacJ3Hfl A/iHuapiiOKHpo/joH, Ilapn>K

212

y IICTOKOB CBMTOH JInrn: 1566—1570

7. floH XyaH ABCTPHHCKHH. FIopTpeT neH3BecTiioro xy/jo>KHHKa.
BepcajihCKiiH My3eft. <I>oTorpac})H5i >KHPOAOH, napn>K

BoHHa B TpaHa^e — noBopoTHbiw nyHKT

213

34>cf>eKTHBHOH Mepw, nHcaji BejiHKOMy Tepuory: «rpaHaACKHe ACJia 3aBepmeHbi,
H H Mory noABecTH HTor B OAHOH c})pa3e: noKopeHHbie MaBpbi H HCHTCJIH paBHHH
noAAep>KHBajiH n^aMH BOHHW, H 6 O BTaiiHe OHH CHa6>KajiH BoccraBiiiHx npoAOBOJIbCTBHeM»285. OHH-TO H 6bUIH H3rHaHbI.
Tenepb B KopojieBCTBe TpaHa^a ocraBajiocb ycMHpMTb HecKOJibKo TMCHH MaBpOB,

KOTOpbIC ACHCTBOBaJIH H a n O A o 6 n e p a 3 6 0 M H H K 0 B 2 8 ( \ l l i a H K a M H . H O H e H a -

CHHTbrnajiocb JIH cTO^bKO ace, a MO>KeT 6biTb H 6ojibine, B KaTajiOHCKHx nnpeHeHX? XOTH H HecoBepuieHHbiH, c HapyiueHHHMH, KOTopbie HaA^iencajio ycrpaHHTb
no^HuencKHMH MepaMH, MHp 6bui BOCcraHOBjieH. MopncKOB nepecejiHJiH B KaCTHJIHIO, B TO BpeMfl KaK B yKpomeHHOM KopojieBCTBe CTapbie xpncTHaHe KOJIOHH3npoBajiH npenpacHbie rpaHaACKne 3CM;IH: HaKOHeii-TO xpncTHaHCKa^i O6IHHHa ocTajiacb B BbiHrpbime nocjie BOMHW 287 .
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3aAana, KOTopaa, BO3MO>KHO, 6biJia c/ieACTBneM TOJibKO HTO 3aKOHHHBiiieHCfl
BOHHbl. B e ^ b eCJIH T y p K H B 3 T O T MOMCHT H a n a J I H H a K H n p ( o C y m e C T B J I H H p a B H H H
H MHJIblH C C p A U y HX CTaBKH n p O C K T ) , T O , H a p f l / j y C n p O M H M , 3 T O MOI7IO 6 b I T b

Bbi3BaHO co6biTHMMH, npoHCxoAHBUiHMH Ha ApyroM Komje Mopn, — norpy>KeHHOCTblO H c n a H H H B CBOK) B H y T p e H H I O K ) BOHHy.

Hanajio KunpcKOH

BOHHW289

BHyTpeHHHe npy>KHHbi TypeijKOH HOJIHTHKH B nepnoA 3HMM 1569—1570 roAa
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O T H O U i e H H H HBJIHGTCH RJin HaC nOMTH H e B e A O M O H C T p a H O H . 3 a n a A H b i e HCTOpHKH

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JIHHHH no3BO^HeT jiyqiiie, HeM oGbiMHO, npoHHKHyTb B coKpoBeHHbie HaMepeBHAHT

IIJHX HX

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B TpaHaAe, B03MO)KHbie ACHCTBHH Ha 3anaAe 6buiH napajiH30BaHbi AejiaMH B POC-

214

y HCTOKOB CBHTOM JlHrn: 1566—1570

CUM M KpynHbiMM onepaiiMHMM Ha KpacHOM Mope. H o TaK KaK MopHCKM K OCCHM
eme HC CJIO>KMJIM opy>KMe, npo6jieMa MX no/4Jjep>KKH Bcrajia co BCCM ocrpoTOH.

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onacajiMCb TaKoro noBopoTa co6biTMM. H o TypeiiKMM (\>JIOT Hy>KAajiCH B onope
Ha 6ep6epcKOM MJIM (})paHiiy3CKOM 6epery. n p o c b 6 a npeAOcraBHTb TyjiOHCKMM
IIOpT B KaMCCTBe 6 a 3 b l 6bIJia BbICKa3aHa OTKpblTO, HaCTOJIbKO OTKpblTO, HTO MO>K-

HO /;a>KC 3a/4aTb ce6c Bonpoc, He cocTOHJia JIM iiejib 3Toro nocTynKa He CTOJibKO B
IIOnblTKC o63aBCCTMCb n o p T O M , CKOJIbKO B A e M a p U i e n p O T H B H c n a H M H ,

KOTOpOH

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H, npoK/je Bcero, 6biji JIM TCXHMHCCKM ocymecTBHM nepexo/i, apMa/ibi JIJIH
no;y;cp>KKM rpaHa^iieB Ha TaKoc 6ojibinoe paccTOHHMe, H K TOMy >i<e HBHO TpcGy290
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np^iMOjiMHCMHbiM, KaK ero npc/jCTaBjifleT nayjib Xeppe, KaK MHorne /jpyrne HCTopiiKM CJIMIIIKOM o3a6oHeHHbiM >KejiaHHeM noKa3aTbynaAOKTypu,HH, npo/jcMOHCTpupoBaB OTJiMMHe «opjiMHOM nojiMTHKH» COKOJIJIM: He TporaTb BeHeuMio, HO
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BoHHa B Tpana^e — noBopoTHbiw nyHKT
BH3Hpb /],HBaHa, H e p e 3

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215

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* TypeijKoro Mwpa (Aam.).

216
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y HCTOKOB CBHTOH JInrH: 1566—1570

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npocb6bi npeAOCTaBHTb 6a3y B TyjiOHe B 1569 roAy — B npomynbiBaHHH noHBbi,
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BoHna B TpaHa^e — noBopoTHbiH nymcr

217

MOM, o6emaa 3o;ioTbie ropbi: eMy TaK MHoro HyacHO CKa3aTb! HaKOHeii, eMy pa3peiuaioT BbiexaTb M3 BeHeiXHH, HO TOJibKO AJIH Toro, MTo6bi apecTOBaTb B MHpaHAO^e... BnponeM, STO He MeinaeT (J)paHuy3CKOMy Kopojiio 3anncaTb Ha CBOH
cqeT nocpeAHHMecKyio MHCCHIO, OKa3aHHyio 6e#HbiM J\io BypoM CHHbopHH H
TypijHH298.
O^HaKO nocjie naAeHHH TH30B H He CKJIOHHOH K KOMnpoMHecaM KaTOJinneCKOH napTHH B rpa>KAaHCKOH BOHHC HacTynHji nepepbiB. 3a npeKpameHneM BOeHHbix ACHCTBHH 14 HIOJIH cpa3y nocjieAOBaji CeH->KepMeHCKHH SAHKT O npwMHpeHHH OT 8 aBiycTa299. EnaTepHHa B 3TO BpeMH CKJIOHHCTCH K npoTecraHTaM, TaK
HTO penb 3axo£HT JX20KC 06 «a^cKHX 6panax» (STO onpeAejieHHe npHHaAJie>KHT
OpaHcecy Ae AnaBe 300 ), repqora AHHcyncKoro c EjiH3aBeTOH H TeHpHxa HaBappCKoro c MaprapHTOH Bajiya. B AHnjiOMaTunecKOM njiaHe OpaHijHfl OAHOBpeMeHHO npHCTynHjia K npoBeAeHHio aHTHHcnaHCKOH HOJIHTHKH n o BceMy 4>poHTy,
noTOMy HTO HTajibHHKa* y)Ke jiaBHpoBajia He npocTO Me>KAy AByMH BHyTpncJjpaHqy3CKHMH n a p T H H M H , HO H M O K A y AByMH BCTIMKHMH A e p > K a B a M H , H a K O T O p b i e 3 T H

napTHH B cro;ib 3HaHHTe^bHOH cTeneHH onnpajiHCb. TaKHM o6pa30M, CHTyaijHH
BO O p a H I J H H , KOTOpyiO n O H T H B C e r A a O I I I H 6 0 H H O o6 r bHCH5HOT HCKJHOHHTCflbHO
MCJIKHMH JIHHHblMH MOTHBaMH A C H C T B y i O m H X JIHU,, HeOtfCHAaHHO n p O H C H H J i a C b .

HTO >Ke TeM BpeMeHeM ACJiajiH TypKH?
3HMa 1569—1570 roAa 6buia, noacajiyft, KaK HHKorAa cypoBOH c TOHKH 3peHHH
iirropMOB H Ha peAKOCTb He6;iaronpHflTHOH JJJIH pacnpocTpaHeHHH HOBOCTCH 301 .
3aAep>KHBan HX nocrynjieHHe H3AajieKa 6ojibiue o6biHHoro, HenoroAa TOJibKO
ycH^HBajia ACHCTBHC Tex HenpoHHixaeMbix nperpaA, 3a KOTopwMH AencTBOBajiH
TypKH. TeM He MeHee BOT y>Ke HecKOJibKO MecaijeB npHxoAHJiH H3BecTHH o TOM,
HTO OHH JIHXOpaAOHHO BOOpyHCaiOTCH 3 0 2 , O M e B H A H O , RJIH T O r O , H T o 6 b I H a H e C T H

cepbe3HbiH yAap. I l o MajibTe, JIa TyjieTTe, Kwnpy? llporH03bi eme crpoHjiHCb
BOBCK), KorAa TypKH ynce Hanajin Ha BeHeijHaHCKHe BJiaAeHHfl cpa3y B HecKo;ibKHX Mecrax, rAe HM 6buio yAo6HO 3TO CA^JiaTb. H3-3a 3HMHCH HenoroAbi B caMOH
BeHeuHH 06 STOM CTajio H3BecTHO c 3ano3AaHHeM, XOTH BeHeunaHiibi 6buiH noCTOflHHO HaCTOpO^KC
BonpeKH oneBHAHOCTH, BeHeuHH AO caMoro KOHija OTKa3bmajiacb noBepHTb
B cjiyHHBmyiocfl 6eAy. 3 T O 6buia Hacroflmaii 6eAa, noTOMy HTO BeHeiiHH, HaA ocTOpO^KHOCTblO KOTOpOH HaCTO n O A T p y H H B a i O T , K y p T H 3 a H K a B e H e i i H H , CO>KHTe.7Ib-

CTByiomaH c TypKaMH, 6buia BbmyacAeHa npoaBJiHTb ocTopo>KHOCTb. OHa 6biJia
o6peneHa He crojibKO BCJieACTBHe HAenHbix, CKOJibKO MaTepnajibHbix npHHHH,
Bc^eACTBHe HajiHMHH y Hee cyxonyTHbix BjiaAeHHH, HMnepHH, KOTopaa npeAcraBjinjidL CO6OH He HTO HHoe, KaK AJiHHHyio uenb onopHbix nyHKTOB Ha Mope; BCJICACTBHe oco6eHHOCTen CBoeft SKOHOMHKH, 3acTaBjiHBuiHX ee, HanoAo6ne AHITIHH
* EKaTepHHa MCAHHH.

218

y HCTOKOB CBHTOH JInrn: 1566—1570

XIX Bena, anoxH CBO6OAHOH ToproBjin, >KHTb 3a cqeT BHCUIHHX 3aHMCTBOBaHHH,
3a cneT BB03a H Bbmo3a. B CBoeft nojiMTHKe OHa HMKaK He Monia noApaacaTb 6o;ibIIIHM HMnepHHM, HcnaHCKOM H TypenKOH (Ha rpaHHue KOTopbix OHa B HCKOTO-

poM CMbicjie pacnojiarajiacb), B H3O6HJIHH Ha/jejieHHbiM jiio^bMH, AOXOAaMH H
npocTpaHCTBOM. BOT noqcMy nojiHTHKa BeHeiinn, npocHHTaHHaa Ha Ka>K/jOM
mary, MO>KCT 6biTb noHHTHa TOJibKO B CBeTe HAen rocyAapcTBeHHoro HHTepeca.
Ho BO BTopoii nojioBHHe XVI BeKa 3Ta pa3yMHaa ocTopo>KHOCTb OKa3biBaeTCH
6ecnojic3HOH, noTOMy HTO MHp pa3BHBajicn HanepeKop BeHeijHH, B HanpaBjieHHH, npoTHBono^o>KHOM nocTyjiaTaM ee HOJIHTHKH, HJIH, ecjiH yro^HO, ec >KH3HeHHbiM nocT)rJiaTaM.
K 1570 ro^y HOT y>Ke TpnAuaTb JICT OHa aauia B MHpe, H 3TOT 6jiaroTBopHbiH
MHp B ropa3Ao 6o;ibiiieH cTeneHH, MCM npHHjrro AyMaTb H MCM AyMajin caMH BCHeiiHaHUbi, nonjiHnji Ha ee nojiHTHnecKoe ycTpowcTBO H ocjia6Hji ee o6opoHy. B
qacTHOCTH, CHCTCMa ee (|)opTH(f>HKau,HOHHbix coopy>KeHHH, HCKor^aycTpamaioman, HOTenepbycTapeBiuaii, pa3Baji B BoeHHOMynpaBjieHHH, o KOTopoM HanpacHO 6e3 KOHqa TBepAHJiH ee BoeHanajibHHKH, OCO6CHHO yna^OK BoeHHoro (}DjioTa
craBHjiH ee B no;io>KeHHe, HecpaBHHMoe c TeM, HTO 6buio 3a HecKOJibKO ACCHTHJICTHH JXO 3TOrO !W3 . FIpHBblKHyB K MHpy, KOTOpblH Ha npOT5I>KeHHH MHOrHX JieT

6biji noAyrpo3on, HO Bcer/ia, BonpeKH o>KHAaHHio, ocTaBajicfl coxpaHeH, 6yAyqn
B Kypce Bcex HHTpnr, 6yAopa>KHBiiiHX 6ajiKaHCKHe CTpaHbi, BeHeunn yTBepAHjiacb B CBoeft Bepe B 3(J)(}DeKTHBHOCTb Majibix cpeACTB. OHa nepecTajia A^JiaTb
TpareAHio H3 TypeijKOH HOJIHTHKH HJIH Typeinoix yrpoKaiomnx Te;iOABH>KeHHH.
IloHaHajiy TypKH nocrapajincb 3anyraTi> ee. O H H TCUIHJIH ce6n HaAOKAOH, HTO
BeHenHfl cAacTCH 6e3 6OH, HTO AOCTaTOHHO 6yAeT HaHecTH yAap, a 3aTeM cpa3y
H<e npucTynnTb K neperoBopaM. HTaK, B flHBape BeHeiinaHCKHC Kyniibi 6buiH
apecTOBaHbi, a HX HMymecTBo KOH(J)HCKOBaH0304. B Mopee, no Been BHAMMOCTH,
3TH Mepi>i 6buiH npHHATbi B cepeAHHe (J>eBpajiH. TaKOH >Ke yqacTH noABeprjincb
H BCHeunaHCKHe cyAa; B KoHCTaHTHHonojie c AByx y>Ke Harpy>KCHHbix HaB 6bijin
CHHTbi TOBapbi, a caMH OHH 6buiH peKBH3npoBaHbi juin Hy>KA cf)JiOTa. H o 3TO BOBce HC 6buio TeM «3axBaTOM BeHeirnaHCKHx Kopa6^en», o KOTopoM HCTOPHKH roBopHT, KaK o rpaHAH03HOH o6jiaBe. 3HMOH HeB03MO>KHO 6buio 3acTHrHyTb Bpacmiox 6ojibiuoe KOjinqecTBo cyAOB. KpoMe Toro, caMa no ce6e 3Ta aKiinn He 6buia
H3 p^Aa BOH BbixoAHmen. 3a HaBbi 6bijio o6emaHO B03MemeHHe, H HX apecT RJIH
XVI BCKa 6biji p^AOBbiM, o6biAeHHbiM co6biTHeM. ECJIH BeHeqHH 3a6ecnoKOHjiacb — a ee, CCTCCTBCHHO, oxBaTHjio 6ecnoKOHCTBO, H OHa Hanajia BOopy>KaTbCH — TO STO 6buio Bbi3BaHo H3BecTHeM o HaMepeHHH cyjiTaHa npoiiTH co CBOHM
BOHCKOM nepe3 AHaTOjiHio H KapaMaHHio, H o TOM, HTO OH pa3MCCTHJi B KacTejibHyoBo eme ceMbcoT HHbinap3()r>. BnpoqeM, 3TO He noMeiuajio BeHeqnaHCKHM
B^acTHM B Ka-rrapo noc^aTb noAapKH Cbmy MycTa(J)bi-namH, HaxoAHBiiieMycfl B
KacTejibHyoBo npoe3AOM W) . HeT COMHCHHA, HTO 1 (J)eBpaji5i B KoHCTaHTHHono-

BoHiia B Tpana^e — noBopoTHbin nyHKT

219

;ie 6buio o6-bHB^eHO, HTO TypKH noTpe6yioT 6e3oroBopoHHOH CAaqn Knnpa Ha
ocHOBaHHH (yace!) HCTopnqecKHx npaB Typn,HH. H o 3Ta HOBOCTb, noMcneHHafl B
nepenHCKe FpaHiuaHa 9 (J)eBpajiH322, AOCTHivia BeHenjKH TOJibKO B MapTe, Kor^a
BOHHa 6bijia y>Ke B pa3rape.
B caMOM ACJIC, HBHO CTpeMHCb no^KpenHTb CBOH AHn^OMaTHHecKHe npHTH3aHH5i KOHKpeTHon yrpo3on, TypKH HanajiH Ha BeHeuHaHCKHe BjiaAeHHfl. B noHeAejibHHK 27 (JieBpajiH iiiTopM Bbi6pocnji Ha 6eper A^pnaTHKH OKOJIO llecKapbi
BeHeunaHCKyio 6apKy HeKoero BOMHHO AH KbOA>Ka, BbiuieAiuyio H3 3apbi B BOCKpeceHbc 26-ro H C HeoGbiKHOBeHHOH CKopocTbio yHeceHHyio y>KacHOH 6ypeft K
lory OT AHKOHCKOH ropbi. IlaTpoH cyzma, H3BecTHbin pnjxy KynijOB c xopomen
CTopoHbi, COO6IHHJI, HTO OT 25 j\o 30 000 TypoK Bpacnjiox HanajiH Ha 3apy H
jiHiiib no cnacTJiMBOH cjiyqaHHOCTH AByM rajiepaM y^ajiocb noAHHTb TpeBory H
308
CBOHMH nyiiiKaMH OTorHaTb Hana/xaBuiHx . 3 T H qnc^pbi HCBO3MO>KHO npoBep H T b , HO H e nO,Zyie>KHT COMHeHHK) (|)aKT

flpOCTHOH

aTaKH TypOK H a npOTH>KeH-

Hyio H H3BHJiHCTyio JIHHHK) /xajiMaTHHCKHx nocTOB, Bcero 60 000 /xyiu (KaK yKa3biBacTCH B AOHeceHHH 1576 roAa). TypKH Ha6pocHjiHCb Ha Hee c ocTepBeHeHHCM H
noABeprjin MCCTHocTb nojiHOMy onycTomeHHio309.
HaKOHci;, ocj)HHHajibHoe H3BeuxeHHe o TypeijKHX npHTH3aHHHx AOIIIJIO ^o
BcHequH31(). Haym Y6aT, OTnpaBjieHHbin H3 KoHcraHTHHonojifl 1 cjDeBpajifl311, B
cepeAHHe MapTa npocjieAOBaji nepe3 Pary3y312 H 27 HHCJia nojiynnji ayAHeHijHio y
BeHennaHCKoro CeHaTa. OAHaKO, corjiacHO 3apaHee pa3pa6oTaHHOMy cueHapnio,
eMy He no3BOJiHjiH H3Jio>KHTb CBOH AOBOAM H ocbinajin cypoBbiMH O6BHHCHHH313
MH. 199 rojiocaMH H3 220
TypenjcHe Tpe6oBaHHH 6bijiH OTBeprHyTbi. BCHCUHH
peuiHjia BCTynHTb B 6opb6y. B cepeAHHe MapTa OHa HanpaBHjia Hpe3BbinaHHoro
nocjia K 4>HJinnny II 314 , a IIHH V, no ee npocb6e, nopynnji noceTHTb ncnaHCKoro
MOHapxa Jlyncy Ae Toppecy, Hben MHCCHH 6buio cy>KAeHO B03biMerb pemaiomee
3HaneHHe315.
BeHeiiHH oG'bHBHJia o CBoen TOTOBHOCTH BCTynHTb B BOHHy. OHa CHapn>Kajia H
cnycKajia Ha BOAy CBOH BcnoMoraTejibHbiH CJXTIOT, CHa6>Kajia JIIOA£>MH rajieacbi,
Boopy^cajia BejiHKOJienHOH apTHJuiepneH rajiHOH OaycTO, Ha6npajia COJIAST,
npHHHMajia noAKpenjieHHH H3 ropoAOB Teppac^epMbi, HanpaBHjia Ha Knnp 3KCneAHiinoHHbiH Kopnyc, neiviy TypKH He CMOITIH noMemaTb, pa3MecTHjia HecKOJibKO TbicflH qejiOBeK B ^ajiMauHH H npncjiajia HH^KeHepa B 3apy 31(\ Bee 3TH npnroTOBjieHHH HaAejiajiH MHoro myMy H K BecHe 6himi 3aBepmeHbi, HO 3TO He 3HaqHT,
HTO cymecTBOBajio TBepAoe HaMepeHHe HMH Bocnojib30BaTbCH. TojibKO B niojie
TypKH BbicaAH^HCb Ha KD>KHOH OKOHCHHOCTH ocTpoBa Knnp. ,3,0 3Toro BeHenHH
AOBOJibCTBOBajiacb ACMOHCTpaTHBHbiMH ACHCTBHAMH: npe^CAe Bcero, OHa CTapajiacb He BbiKa3biBaTb naHHKH, OTBenaTb Ha yrpo3y yrpo3oii H Ha npnivieHeHHe
CHJibi CHJIOH. r i p n nocTynjieHHH H3BecTHH 06 apecTe CBOHX cooTenecTBeHHH317
KOB H HX HMymecrBa BCHeqHaHUbi OTBCTHJIH aHajiorHHHbiMH MepaMH . H o Kor-

220

y HCTOKOBCBHTOM JlHrw: 1566—1570

Aa TypKH nouiJiH B 3TOM OTHOLUCHHH HaycTynKH, OHH nocneuiHJiH noc/ieAOBaTb
318
HX npHMepy . He;ib3fl OTpnijaTb, HTO Ha3HaneHHbiH 5 Man AO>KCM BeHeiiHH
IlbeTpo JIope^aH 6bui CTOPOHHHKOM napTHH BOHHW 3 1 9 . H O H napTHH MHpa He
6buia o6ecKpoBjieHa. HeB3npan Ha eAHHOAyuiHoe peuieHne 27 MapTa, KOTopoe
6buio BonpocoM npecTHHca H, 6e3 COMHCHHH, npcACTaBjinjiocb npaBHjibHbiM H
naqH(J)HCTaM, coxpaHHJiocb iiinpoKoe nojie A^IA pa3AopoB H pa3HoniacHH, juin
BceB03MO>KHbix CMCH no3HiiHH. ECJIH 6bi TypKH nouiJiH Ha non^THyK), BeHeijHfl
HeMCA^ieHHO nepecTajia 6bi BOopy>KaTbCH, OTcraBHB B CTopoHy HHTepecbi xpncTHaHCKoro MHpa H CBoen Aoporon cecrpbi HcnaHHH...
Iloc^eAHHH B Hanajie 1570 roAa ncnbiTbiBajia cnjibHoe 6ecnoKOHCTBO H 3aTpy^HeHHH. Ee 6ecnoKOHJiH MaccnpoBaHHbie BoeHHbie npHroTOBjieHHH TypoK.
3aTpyAHeHHH npHHHHHJia TpaHaACKan BOHHa, Ha KOTopon 6buia 3aHHTa 3HanHTCJibHan qacTb ncnaHCKHX cyxonyTHbix H MopcKHX CHJI. 3aTpyAHeHHH 6biJiH Bbi3B a H b l TaK>Ke BatfCHblMH COGblTHHMH H a C e B e p e , 6 e C C H J I b H O H C B H A e T C J I b H H I j e H

KOTopbix HcnaHHH ocTaBajiacb, coxpaHHH, ec;iH yroAHO, HenTpajiHTeT, noTOMy
HTO repijor Ajib6a OTKa3ajicn OT npoBeAeHHH KpynHbix BoeHHbix onepaiiHH: OA~
HaKO, 3TOT HCHTpaJIHTCT 6 b U I A O p o r O C T O H U I H M .

nocKo^bKy y HcnaHijeB He 6bijio B pacnopn>KeHHH Bcex HX rajiep, 3aHHTbix
naTpyjinpoBaHHeM 6eperoB TpaHaAbi, H nocKOJibKy qncjieHHOCTb rapHH30HOB B
HTajiHH 6buia CHH>KeHa AO onacHoro ypoBHH, Ha jieBaHTHHCKHe COGMTHH nocjieAOBajia TaKan >Ke peaKijHH, KaK Ha cHTyaijHio nepeA onepaqneH Ha Majibre: HCano;iHTaHCKHe, CHIIHJIHHCKHC H ceBepoacJjpHKaHCKHeyKpenjieHHbie nyHKTbi 6buiH
noAroTOB^eHbi K o6opoHe. 3Ta Mepa 6buia caMa n o ce6e o6peMeHHTejibHOH, HO
coBepuieHHO HCO6XOAHMOH: HHHTO He BHyinajio yBepeHHOCTH B TOM, HTO TypKH
o6oHAyT CTOPOHOH HcnaHCKHe BJiaAeHHH. noAo6Hbie yTBepacAeHHH nocroHHHO
noBTop^jiHCb B AOHeceHHflx, HO AOHeceHHH ecTb AOHeceHHH... K TOMy >Ke B HHX
He 6buio eAHHorjiacHH. K noTOKy HOBOCTCH MOJKHO 6buio BcerAa npn6aBHTb HyacHyio CTpyio. YTBep>KAaiOT, HTO BeHeiiHH nacTO ncno;ib30Bajia CBOIO 3HaMeHHTyio
pa3BeAbmaTejibHyio c/iyacGy B KaqecTBe opy>KHH, cnocoGHoro Bbi3BaTb nepeno;iox B xpncTnaHCKHx CTpaHax, pa3AyTb ncHX03 n o noBOAy TypeijKOH onacHOCTH.
MO>KHO, BO BCHKOM cjiyqae, c yBepeHHOCTbK) CKa3aTb, HTO nocrynaBiiiHe OTTyAa
HOBOCTH B XVI BeKe BocnpHHHMajiHCb c H3BecTHbiM HeAOBepHeM. npaBAa, BeHeqnaHqbi MOIVIH opraHH30BaTb yTenKy HyacHbix CBeACHHH y^ce B KoHcraHTHHono;ie c TaKOH nee jierKocrbio, KaK B caMOH BeHeiiHH, H n p n Heo6xoAHMocTH AOBecTH }Ke;iaeMbie HOBOCTH AO Ero KaTOJinnecKoro BejinnecTBa. KaK 6bi TO HH 6bijio,
12 MapTa BHi;e-Kopo;ib Heanojin nncaji: «R nojiyqnji H3 KoHcraHTHHonojiH nncbMO, AaTnpoBaHHoe 22 HHBapn, OT OAHoro H3 Haiunx areHTOB, KOTopoMy H 6ojibine
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noxoAy 6o^biiiOH apMaAbi HMCIOT uejibio HaHeceHne ymep6a He BeHeijHaHixaM»32<).

BoMHa B TpaHa^e — noBopoTHbin nyHKT

221

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BBHAy OTcyrcTBHH HcnaHCKMx coji^aT Ha6pajiH HeMi;eB RJIR cjiy>K6bi B MnjiaHe H
Heano;ie H HTajibHHijeB RJIH. yKOMmieKTOBaHHfl rajiep H 3amHTbi CHUHJIHH. JIa
ryjieTry OHH cHa6AH;iH JHOAI>MH, npoAOBOJibCTBHeM H 6oenpMnacaMM. «R pe321
UIHJI, — nwcaji OnjiHnn II IlIaHTOHH3 31 MapTa , cocraBHTb RBZ. no;nca H3 HCMqeB, OAHH juin ciy>K6bi B MnjiaHe, Apyroft — B Heano;ie», H6O «MOM HTajibflHCKHe
npOBHHLJHH B HaCTOHIIjee BpeMH HaCTO^bKO JIHUieHbl CO^AaT», HTO eCJIM TypKH

BToprHyTCH, OHH cMOiyr npHHHHHTb orpoMHbiH ymep6. Heano^HTaHCKHH nojiK
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no^K 6bui pacnymeH 323 nocjie OTKa3a BeHeijHH npnHHTb ero Ha CBOIO c/iy>K6y324.
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Ha IOre HTaJIHH HX HacqHTblBajIOCb OKOJIO IIieCTHAeCflTH. 3 T O H3 CTa, KOTOpblMH

pacno;iarajia B TO BpeMfl HcnaHHH H KOTopbie 6MJIH cocraBjieHbi acKa^paMH IeHyH, CHIJHJIHH H Heanojin, — nocneAHeH KOMaHAOBaji MapKH3 j\e CaHTa Kpyc.
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xo ocHameHbi, Ha HHX He xBaTajio KaTop>KHHKOB325 H co;iAaT, ecjiH OHH BOo6me
6buiH B HajiHHHH. B Hiojie /!,HcoBaH AnApea/topHa nojiyqnji pa3peineHHe Ha6paTb
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OTnpaBH^HCb B JIa IyjieTTy, OTTyAa ABHHyjincb B CapAHHHio, rAe HM cjieAOBajio
npHHHTb Ha 6opT BOHCKa, H HaKOHeu, B Heanojib 327 . BcKope npHiueji npHKa3,
qTo6bi OHH nonjibuin B CHIJHJIHIO, 3aTeM Ha BOCTOK. Onjinnn II, HecMOTpn Ha
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TyHHC328, ycTynn^ HacTOHHHHM nanw H BeHeunaHijeB. HaAO 6buio nonbiTaTbca
cnacTH Knnp.
IloMoinib K n n p y
TypKH BbicaAHJiHCb Ha ocrpoBe B mojie. 9 ceHTfl6pn B HX pynax HaxoAHJiacb
yace CTO^nqa, HHKOCHH. B O BjiacTH BeHeunaHijeB ocTaBajiacb TOJibKO jiyquie yKpenjieHHaa OaMarycTa, rAe GWJIH cocpeAOToqeHbi, BnpoqeM, AOBOJibHO 3HaqnTe^bHbie CH^W, cnocoGHbie 0Ka3bmaTb A^iHTe^bHoe conpoTHBjieHHe. YqnTbiBa^,
qTO HOBOCTH npHXOAHjiH c 3ano3AaHHeM, ^Huib B cepeAHHe ^eTa co BCCH HCHO-

222

y HCTOKOB CBHTOH JIWYW. 1566—1570

CTbio o6o3HaqHJiacb KnnpcKan npo6jieMa: npHACT JIH BeHeuHH Ha noMomb ocrpoBy? CMO^KCT JIH OHa B OAHHOMKy npoTHBOCTOHTb TypKaM H cnacrH AparoqeHHbiH
HCTOHHHK nocryrnieHHA caxapa, COJIH H xjionna? Bo BCAKOM cjiynae, B ee HHTepecax 6buio CTpaBHTb c Typunen 3anaA H BnHcaTb HanaBiuyiocfl MecTHyio KaMnaHHK) B KOHTeKCT 6ojibiiioH BOHHW. TaKaa nepcneKTHBa MorjiaycTpauiHTb ec npoTHBHHKa, 3aCTaBHTb erO OCJia6HTb XBaTKy H nOHTH Ha KOMnpOMHCC. B TO >Ke BpeMH

BeHenHH He >Kejiajia CBA3biBaTb CBOK) cyAb6y c cyAb6on Apyroro cpeAH3eMHOMopCKoro KOJiocca H BCTynaTb B COK>3, noAo6HbiH jiHre 1538 ro/ja 329 , KOTopaa ocTaBHjiay Hee eme CBOKHC ropbKHC BOcnoMHHaHM. B TOT pa3 co3AaBajiocb BnenaT^eHHe, MTO /JopHa 3aKJnoMHji corjiameHHe c Bap6apoccott; B 1590 ro/jy IlapyTa
nHcaji, HTO HMCJIO MecTO npeAaTC/ibCTBO. H o KaKHM o6pa30M MOHCHO 6bijio coxpaHHTb HeHTpajiHTeT, KOiyja BCHenHaHijbi noABepniHCb np^MOMy Hana^eHHio?
BTHHyTb B Hrpy McnaHHio 6buio HejierKHM ACJIOM. llpH noflBJieHHH nepBbix
H3BeCTHH O Co6bITHJIX IpaHBeJIJia BbICKa3aJICH npOTHB KaKOH 6bl TO HH 6bIJIO

noMomn BeHeuHH. lleperoBopbi 6buiH nepeHeceHbi B PHM H npHHsum xapaicrep
TpeXCTOpOHHHX KOHCyjIbTaiJHH, HO B HHX AOMHHHpOBaJia yAHBHTCJIbHafl, He-

o6biKHOBeHHa5i cj)Hrypa Y\wn V: BCKope OH npnHJui BCIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb Ha ce6fl
c TeM 6ojibiiiHM pBeHHeM, HTO nojuiTHKa U,epKBH Bcer^a 6buia n p n HCM HacTynaTejibHOH. FIoTepneB HeyAany, KaK Mbi yace roBopnjiH, B 1566 ro/jy, nana CTpeMHJICH HaBepcTaTb ynymeHHoe B XOAC cpeAH3eMHOMopcKnx CO6MTHH. Ero 6yKBajibHo B3pbiBMaTaii MaHepa, 6bicTpoTa peaKijHH no3BOJi5Uin npeoAOJieBaTb Bee
Tpy^HocTH, TaK HTO noA ero BJIHAHHCM CTopoHbi 6biJiH BbmyncAeHbi npHHHMaTb
peuieHHH B xo^e neperoBopoB, B KOTopbix OH, no cyra Aejia, 6bm jimiib nocpeAHHKOM.
HeTpyzjHO AoraAaTbca, HTO nany Majio 3a6oTHJiH MejiOMHbie pacneTbi BeHeqnaHueB, 3aH5iTbix cnaceHneM CBOHX iuiaHTaijHH H cojieBapcH. O H y>Ke OKa3biBaji Ha HHX AaBjiemie qepe3 CBoero HVHUHH B MapTe 1570 roAa, B xoAe OAHoro H3
3aceAaHHH CeHaTa, a 3aTeM AapoBaji Pecny6jiHKe AecnTHHy H3 AOXOAOB BeHeunaHCKoro AyxoBeHCTBa, HTo6bi o6;ierqHTb en noAroTOBKy K BOHHC llocjie 3Toro
IIHH V /;aji corjiacne Ha co3AaHne nancKoro cjxJiOTa, ocHOBHyio nacTb KOToporo B
1571 roAy cocTaBHJin TocKaHCKHe rajiepbi. Bc/ieA 3a TeM OH oAo6pnji AOCTaBKy
jieca B AHKOHy j\j\n crpoHTejibCTBa rajiep 330 . FIOTOM OH OTnpaBHji K 4>HJinnny II
Jlynca Ae Toppeca, CBoero npn6jni>KeHHoro H AOBepeHHoro qc/iOBCKa, oAHoro
H3 Tex BAOXHOBeHHbix ACHTC^CH U,epKBH, KOTopbie OKpy>KajiH Ero CBHTeHiueCTBO :«i ^ T O ^ b U I 0C0 3HaHHbiH Bbi6op, TaK KaK Toppec 6bui ncnaHneM, y Hero
HMejincb Apy3b5i Aa>Ke B CoBeTe Onjinnna II; BH3HT 6bm qpe3BbiqaHHO cneuiHbiM: HHCTpyKUHH 6bijiH A^Hbi 15 MapTa; B anpejie OiuiHnn II npnHHMaji ero B
KopAOBe. TpaHaACKan BOHHa 6bijia B 3TO BpeMH eme B nojiHOM pa3rape 332 . KopAOBa HaxoAHJiacb B HecKOJibKHx AHHX nyTH OT TeaTpa BoeHHbix ACHCTBHH. 3Aecb
qapn^a aTMOC^epa pejinrH03HOH 3K3ajibTaqHH, omymeHne nepejioMHoro MOMCH-

BoHiia B TpaHa^e — noBOpoTHbiH nymcr

223

Ta B cyAb6ax xpncTnaHCKoro MHpa333, noABepraiomeroca HanaAKaM KaK Ha ceBepHbix rpaHHqax (BCJICACTBHC Pec})opMairHH), TaK H Ha 6eperax io^cHoro Mopn,
BbiHy}KACHHoro BecTH ApaMaTHHecKyio 6opb6y Ha RBZL (J>poHTa, BnocjieACTBHH
coeAHHeHHbie Apyr c ApyroM HapacraiomeH Bpa>KAOH B ATJiaHTHKe. 3 T O T Haicaji
CTpacTen 3aMeTeH B nncbMax Tina V — 6buio 6bi TpyAHO o>KHAaTb o6paTHoro —
HO TaKHce H B nepenncKe ero AOBepeHHoro Jinija. /JpcraTOHHO 6erjio npo6e>KaTb
HX, HTo6bi y6eAHTbCH B TOM, KaKHM IIOA^CMOM 3HTy3Ha3Ma H KpecTOHOCHoro Ayxa
conpoBO>KAajiacb IpaHaACKafl BOHHa.
FleperoBopbi, OAHano, IIIJIH MeAJieHHO. I I H H VAo6HBajiC5i co3AaHHH jinm. Penb
iiuia He o BpeMeHHOH no/mep>KKe: 3TO AOJDKCH 6biji 6biTb 3aiaiioqcHHbiH no Been
(j)opMe C0103. «OHCBHAHO, — roBopHTCH B HHCTpyKUHH, AaHHOH Toppecy, B KaneCTBe p e ( J ) p e H a , K O T O p b l H OH AOJI^CeH n O B T O p H T b KOpOJIIO, — O q e B H A H O , HTO O A H a

H3 niaBHbix upHHHH, KOTopbie 3acTaBHJiH TypoK HapyuiHTb MHp c BeHen,HaHn,aMH, 3 T O y B e p e H H O C T b B HX H 3 0 J I 5 n j H H , B HCB03MOHCHOCTH HX COK)3a C B a i l l H M B e -

^nqecTBOM, y KOToporo cBH3aHbi pyKH H3-3a MaBpoB B IpaHaAe...». H o caMbie
TOHHbie pacqeTbi HHorAa 6biBaiOT caMbiMH ouiH6oHHbiMH. ECJIH Onjinnn II H
corjiacHJicfl B KOHLJC KOHIJOB BCTynHTb B aHTHHCJiaMCKyio Jinry, TO ero no6yAHjio
K 3TOMy, BepoHTHo, B03po>KAeHHe HMeHHO B 1570 roAy, roAy TpaHaAbi, CTapHHHblX n p H C T p a C T H H M c n a H H H .

Pa3yMeeTCH, H HHTepecbi n p n 3TOM He 6buiH 3a6biTbi, HH nojiHTHqecKne, HH
cpHHaHCOBbie. BeHeqHH HaxoAHTCfl Ha Kpaio xpncTHaHCKoro MHpa. ECJIH OHa
naAeT, CTaHeT JIH OH cnjibHee? CTaHeT JIH OH CHJibHee, CCJIH OHa 3aKJiioHHT c TypKaMH corjiameHHe, nocpeAHHKOM B KOTopoM npeAJiaraeT BbicTynHTb cf>paHuy3CKoe npaBHTejibCTBO? l i a n a He npeHe6peraeT HH OAHHM H3 STHX apryMeHTOB:
«BeHei;HaHCKHe KpenocTH, — nnmcT OH Kopojno, — HBJIHIOTCH npe/mfiepneM 6aCTHOHOB Ero KaTOJinqecKoro BejiHHecTBa»; 3aKJHOHHB jinry, Onjinnn II «nojiyHHT B cBoe pacnopH>KeHHe BeHennaHCKoe rocyAapcTBO, ero JHOACH, ero apMHK),
ero (J)JIOT». HTO AO (JDHHaHCOBoro HHTepeca, TO OH oneBHAeH. C 1566 roAa ncnaHCKHH Kopojib pacnojiaraji 3HanHTejibHbiMH AoxoAaMH OT subsidio* (500 000 AyKaTOB B TOA, B b i n J i a H H B a e M b l X HCnaHCKHM A y X O B e H C T B O M ) , HO 6yJIJia O K p e C T O B O M

noxoAe He 6buia B03o6HOBjieHa, a STO 03Hanajio noTepio 6ojiee 400 000 AyKaTOB
e>KeroAH0334; H AapoBaHHoe B 1567 roAy excusado** He B3HMajiocb H3 onaceHHH
Bbi3BaTb CJIHIIIKOM 6ypHbiH npoTecT. JlyHc Ac Toppec npHBe3 c CO6OH OT nanbi
no>KajioBaHHe Cruzada***, KOTopoe AO Tex n o p 6bijio 3aAep>KaHO H3 meneTHJibHOCTH. 3 T O T C y m e C T B e H H b l H BKJiaA B H C n a H C K H H 6lOA>KeT B 0 3 b I M e J I , H e C O M H e H HO, CBOe BJIHHHHe H a KOpOJIfl.

* BcnoMomecTBOBaHHH (nam.).
** HcKJUOHHTCTIbHOe n p a B O B3HMaHHfl ACCHTHHLI.

*** Cpe/ACTB na KpecTOBbiH noxoA-

224

y MCTOKOB CBHTOH JlHrw: 1566—1570

Onjinnn II, Koxoporo CHHxaioxxaKHM MeAJinxejibHbiM, ynce nepe3 BOceMb AHeft
nocjie 3HaMeHaxe^bHOH Bcxpenn c ToppecoM 335 Aaji CBoe npHHiTHnnajibHoe coniacHe Ha Hanajio OAHOH H3 caMbix rpaHAH03Hbix aBaHxiop, Koxopbie pa3BopaHMBajiHCb Ha cpeAH3eMHOMopcKOM npocxpaHCXBe c yqacxHeM HcnaHHH, BeHeU,HH, TypqHH H pernoHa B ijejiOM BnepBbie 3a MHorne roAbi.
IIonbixKa OKa3axb noMomb Knnpy 336 6buia npeAnpHHaxa e q e j\o co3AaHHH
jinrn. YCJIOBHA He 6;iaronpH5ixcxBOBajiH 3xoMy, xaK KaK ACHCXBHH npeAnpHHHMajiHCb Hayra^. Bcjienyio AeftcxBOBaji nancKHH (JDJIOX, CHapa^KeHHbiH B PHMC,
HecMOxpn Ha npeAOCxepexceHHH CyHbHrH, Bnonbixax. liana, HCCOMHCHHO, 6jiaro/japfl cBoeMy ynacxnio B noAroxoBKe coK)3Hbix 3CKaAp, cxpeMHJioi noMemaxb
HcnaHqaM nojmocxbio 3a6paxb HX B CBOH pyKH, KaK B 1538—1540 roAax. IlpoH3BOJibHbiM 6bmo xaK>Ke Ha3HaqeHHe KOMaHAyiomHM coio3Horo cjx/ioxa, qxo HMCJIO
6ojiee cepbe3Hbie nocjieACXBHH, MapKaHxoHHO KojiOHHa337, pHMCKoro ceHbopa,
BejiHKoro KOHHexa6jiH Heanojin H B KanecxBe xaKOBoro Baccajia Onjinnna II 338 ,
oneHb qyBCXBHxejibHoro K nocxynaiomHM H3 HcnaHHH MHJIOCXHM (OH y>Ke ABa^KAbi nwxajiCH HX Ao6nxbC5i, 6e3 oco6oro ycnexa noceman Ma/jpHA). O H 6bui BoeHaqajibHHKOM, HO He (J>jioxoBOAU,eM; xojibKO HeKOxopoe BpeMH B MOJIOAOCXH OH
KOMaHAOBaji coGcxBeHHbiMH rajiepaMH. H o H36paBiiiHH ero FIHH V ynopHO He
>Kejiaji 3aMeHHXb ero KCM-JIH6O BO rjiaBe xpncxnaHCKoro (JDJioxa. Bee 3xo rpo3HJIO cepbe3HbiMH HenpHHXHOCXHMH, nocKOJibKy (JuianviaHOB He Ha3Hanaiox n o HanTHK).
He;ib3fl xaioKe co6npaxb BoeHHbiH C|)JIOX c 6opy no coceHKe, KaK 6bma BbiHyacAeHa nocxynnxb BeHeunn. OHa AOBOJibHO 6bicxpo Mo6HJiH30Bajia KpynHbie CHJibi,
HO HX KanecxBO 6buio HeBbicoKHM, noxoMy MXO BeHeirnaHCKaji BoeHHaa MaiiiHHa
ycxapejia BCJICACXBHC CJIHIUKOM npoAOJi>KHxejibHoro MnpHoro nepnoAa. K xoMy
nee, BeHeijHaHCKHH CJ^JIOX 6biji pa36nx Ha oxAejibHbie 3CKaApw, a 3anacHbie cyAa,
HaxoAHBiunecfl B AOKax ApceHajia, Hy>KAajincb B HOBOM CHapn>KeHHH. ECJIH Be-

HeijHfl B H3O6HJIHH pacnojiarajia MaxepnajiOM, Kopa6jiHMH, rajiepaMH H ra/ieacaMH, apxHJiJiepneH, OHa ncnbixbiBajia HeAOCxaxoK KaApoB H npoAOBOJibcxBHH. H o
B noHHxne apMHH BXOA^T H rpe6iibi, KOMaHAbi cyAOB, cojiAaxbi, HaxoAflmneca Ha
6opxy rajiep, 6OHKH H $HIJHKH C npoBH3Hen. H xoro, H Apyroro He xBaxajio, HO
CnHbopHH He yMejia npnHHXb 3KCxpeHHbie Mepbi HJIH B03Mecxnxb oxcyxcxBHe
jnoAen HOBOH xaKXHKofi. EAHHCXBCHHO, OHa npeA^yBCXBOBajia yenex Kpyrjibix
cyAOB, rajiHOHOB HJIH cyneprajiep, BOopyaceHHbix apxHjuiepneH. Hpe3BbiqaHHoe
noAKpenjieHHe, AOCxaBjieHHoe Ha K n n p B <J>eBpajie, npn6bijio Ha Mecxo, HCCMOXpH Ha 3HMHK)K) HenoroAy, H no Aopore ycxaHOBjieHHbie Ha HaBax opyAHfl pa3rpo339
MHJIH xypeuKne rajiepbi . H o 3xo co6bixne noKa He nocjiyatHjio onpeAejieHHbiM
ypoKOM. KpoMe xoro, HaBHCiuan onacHocxb He ocxaBJiHJia BpeMeHH, qxo6bi oxpeuiHXbCH ox BeKOBbix xpaAHUHH H He paccMaxpHBaxb cojiAaxa B KanecxBe ocHOBHoro ABHraxejiH H HHexpyMeHxa 6OH...

BoHHa B TpaHa^e — noBopoTHbiH nyHKT

225

60 rajiep noA KOMaHAOBaHHeM HepoHHMO /I^aHe, BbimeAiuHe H3 BeHeijHH
30 MapTa, c 6o;ibiiiHM TpyzjoM Ao6pajincb 13 anpejin AO 3apbi 340 . 3^ecb OHH ocTaBajiHCb Ha npoTJDKeHHH AByx MecaijeB, AO 13 HIOHH, npe6biBaa noHTH B 6e3AeftCTBHH, eCJIH H e CMHTaTb n a T p y j I b H b l X BblXOAOB n p O T H B yCKOKOB H n H p a T C K H X

Ha6eroB Ha pary3CKyio TeppHTopHio M1, n p n 3TOM AparoijeHHoe npoAOBOJibCTBne,
3anacw KOToporo eABa MOJKHO 6buio nonojiHATb B 6C3JIK)AHOH MCCTHOCTH, onpyHcaiomeH 3apy, TpaTHjiocb HanpacHO, noTOMy HTO acKa^pa He Mon/ia Aaace noMeuiaTb TypKaM onycTomaTb aji6aHCKoe no6epeacbe. IIpHHHHbi TaKOH naccHBHOcTH BnojiHe noHHTHbi: acejiaHHe 3aujHTHTb BeHeijHio; CTpax nepeA 3HMHCH noroAOH Ha AApHaTHKe, KOTopan no3BOJineT HaHOCHTb CTpeMHTe;ibHbie yAapw H ACjiaTb Bbuia3KH, HO He cnoco6cTByeT nepeABH>KeHHio 6o;ibiiiHx (JXJIOTHJIHH; KpoMe Toro, onaceHHe CTOJIKHOBCHHH C TypeuKHM (JDJIOTOM, HMCBUIHM, KaK no KpafiHeH Mepe yTBepacAajiH, 6a3y B TpeqHH njin npwKpbiTHH cBoero noxoAa Ha Knnp.
C HacTynjieHHeM jieTa ,U,3aHe nojiynHji npHKa3 njibiTb HenocpeACTBeHHo Ha
KaHAHio, HTo6bi coeAHHHTbCH TaM c ocTajibHbiMH BeHeuHaHCKHMH rajiepaMH,
KOTopbie AOJI^CHW 6buiH npHHTH K ocTpoBy. AAMHpajiy 6buio 3anpemeHO ocTaHaBjiHBaTbCH no Aopore paAM KaKHx 6bi TO HH 6buio HaAoGHocren: 3aAepacKa
Morjia 6bi BHyuiHTb Typen,KOMy fyjiOTy Mbicjib o BTop^ceHHH B AApHaTHKy H no3BO^HJia 6bi eMy BbiHrpaTb BpeMH juin 3Toro. /{ocTHrHyB Kopc|)y, BeHeu.HaHu.bi
y3HajiH o npn6^H}KeHHH nancKHx H HcnaHCKHX Kopa6jien. OJIOT npoAOJiHCHji CBOH
nyTb B KaHAHK), rAe, KaK 6buio npeAnHcaHO, OH o>KHAa.7i HafiTH H3O6HJIHC JHOACH
H npHnacoB. H o KorAa 3CKaApa B aBiycTe npnGbuia Ha MecTO, Hnnero He 6buio
TOTOBO. BblJIO JIH 3TO CJieACTBHCM H e p a A H B O C T H , H e n p e A y C M O T p H T e J I b H O C T H , HJIH

peajibHbix TpyAHOCTen, o KOTopbix BO MHoacecrBe CBHAeTejibCTByeT p^A BeHeunaHCKHX AOHeceHHH? Ha6npaTb KOMaHAbi H uiHypMbi Ha ocTpoBax SreftcKoro Mopa
Win BeHeqHH craHOBHJiocb c KaacAfciM TOAOM cjio^cHee. 31 aBiycTa B nopT CyAa
npHiujiH HcnaHCKHe H nancKHe CHJIM. IIocneAHHe 6biJiH yKOMn;ieKTOBaHbi He
jiyniiie BeHeu.naHu.eB. HTO KacaeTca HcnaHCKHX rajiep, coGpaBuinxcn B MeccnHe,
3Aecb OHH nonojiHHjiH CBOH cocTaB rpe6qoB H cojiAaT342.
H T O c^eAOBajio npeAnpnHATb? B xoAe CBOHX 6eceA c JlyHCOM j\e ToppecoM
Onjinnn II CHanajia o6emaji CACJiaTb TOJibKO TO, HTO y Hero npocnjin: AepacaTb
CBOH rajiepbi B CHU,HJIHH. KorAa nocjie HOBHX 6eceA OT 3Toro o6emaHHH 6bui
CAe;iaH mar K aieAyiomeMy, a HMCHHO K o6emaHHK> OTnpaBHTbcn B JleBaHT343,
JX>KOB2iH AHApea/l,opHH 6buiH nocjiaHbi HOBbie HHcrpyKijHH. O H nojiynmi HX 9 aBrycTa BMecTe c npHKa30M nepenTH B noAHHHeHne K MapKaHTOHHO KOJIOHHC 3 4 4 .
KoHe^HO, eMy Majio y;ibi6ajiocb HrpaTb BTopyio CKpnnKy, oco6eHHO yHHTbiBaa,
HTO OH noABepraji pHCKy BOHHM B jieBaHTHHCKnx Mopnx CBOH (JXTIOT, B nacTHOCTH, CBOH co6cTBeHHbie rajiepbi, CTOHMOCTb KOTopbix, no ycjiOBHHM ero achenmo, He noA-Jieflcajia B03MemeHHio B cjiynae HX rnGejiH. TeM 6o^ee, HTO BMHTH B

8.3aKa3 W?2220.

226

YMCTOKOBCBHTOH JlHrn: 1566—1570

Mope B aBiycTe c qejibio njibiTb Ha K n n p , Hen36e>KHO 03Haqajio noABeprHyTbcn
Ha o6paTHOM nyTH 3HMHHM uiTopMaM.
TaKHM o6pa30M, npHKa3bi HcnojiH5uiHCb c 6ojibiuoH HCOXOTOH. OKOJIO 20 aBrycTa 51 rajiepa/^opHH coeAHHHjiacb B OrpaHTO 345 c He6ojibinoH acKa^poH nanbi.
IlojiHbiH c6op (|);iOTa Ha ceBepHOM 6epery KpHTa 6bui ocymecTBJieH TOJibKO K
14ceHTH6pH346.
H36paHHbiH MecTOM c6opa nopT Cyzja 6bui yzjoGeH, HO JIHIIICH HCTOHHHKOB
CHaGaceHHH. Ylpu nepBOM nee o6meM CMOTpe crajia OHCBHAHOH mioxaH noAroTOBKa BeHeqwaHqeB. ToTMac nee BO3HHKJIH KOHcJDJiHKTbi. BMCCTO Toro, HTOGW
n p O A C M O H C T p H p O B a T b CBOH CHJIbl B OTKpblTOM M O p e , r / j e H H K a K H e nOATaCOBKH C

HHC^eHHOCTbio 3Kima>KePi HeB03MO>KHbi, OHH noKa3biBajiH HX B nopTy, noBepHyB KopMy rajiep K 6epery, HTO no3BOJiH;io MaTpocaM nepe6eraTb BO BpeMH CMOTpa c OAHoro cyzjHa Ha Apyroe 347 . OAHOBPCMCHHO ycnjiHBajiHCb pa3Hor;iacHfl B pyKOBOACTBC H o TaK KaK BeHeijHaHCKHH aAMHpaji nojiyqHji npHKa3 JIKDGOH IJCHOH
nonbiTaTbCH OKa3aTb noMomb KHnpy, ecjiH noHaAo6HTcn, Aa>Ke B OAHHOHKy, coK)3HbiH (J)JIOT npHHHJi peiiieHHe OTnjibiTb Ha BOCTOK. OAHaKO OH He nomeji K
Knnpy, KyAa Hejib3H 6buio nonacTb, He CTOJiKHyBinncb c TypicaMH. AAMHpajibi
n^aHHpoBajiH HanacTb Ha no6epe>Kbe Majiow A3HH HJIH ,Z{apAaHe.7iJibi, MTo6bi
OTB^enb Bpa^cecKHH (JMOT OT KHnpa, a 3aTeM nperpaAHTb eMy Aopory TyAa, 6biCTpO 3aHHB n03HUHK) MOKAy HHM H OCTpOBOM.
HTaK, (|)JIOT HanpaBHjicH K PoAocy348. O H npeACTaBJiaji CO6OH orpoMHyio CHjiy:
180 rajiep H 11 rajieacoB (He CHHTan MeHee KpynHbix cyAOB H TpaHcnopTHbix
HaB), 1 300 nymeK, 16 000 cojiAaT. HeB3npan Ha c;ia6ocTb BeHeijHaHCKOH H nanCKOH 3CKaAp, C}3;IOT Mor 6bi ocymecTBHTb ycneiiiHyio onepaixnio, ecjiH 6bi e r o
KOMaHAHpbi 6ojibiue ;iaAH;iH Me>KAy CO6OH, ecjin 6bi AOMopomeHHbiH aAMHpaji
MapKaHTOHHo Ko;iOHHa 6bui HacTOHiijHM ero rjiaBOH H ecjiH 6bi MeA-JieHHoe npoABHHceHHe (J)jiOTa He 3aAep>KHBajiocb eme H /JppHeii, KOTopbiH HapoMHO AOBOAHJI AO a6cypAa TaKTHHecKHe yxHiupeHHH HanajibCTBa.
TaKHM o6pa30M, KorAa y 6eperoB Majiott A 3 H H COK)3HHKH y3HajiH, HTO HHKOCHH B3HTa 9 ceHTH6pH349 H MTO noHTH Becb ocTpoB B pyKax y TypoK, KpoMe eme
OKa3biBaiomeH conpoTHBjieHHe OaMarycTbi, KOMaHAOBaHHe peiunjio noBepHyTb
o6paTHO. H3-3a oceHHen HenoroAbi nyTb (jpjiora. Ha KaHAHio OKa3ajicn HeBepoHTHO TH>Ke;ibiM, KaK H njiaBaHHe no6eAOHocHOH TypeiiKoii 3CKaApbi, KOTopaa OTnpaBHjiacb Ha3aA B KoHCTaHTHHonojib. Hejib3H 6buio H AyMaTb o 3HMOBKC COK>3HWX CHJI Ha ocTpoBe, noHTH ^HiueHHOM npoAOBO^bCTBH^; npnuuiocb npo6npaTbcfl AOMOH B HTajiHio. 3 T O T nepexoA TaK>Ke OKa3ajicfl qpe3BbiqaHHO TpyAHbiM.
/Jopna coBepuiHji noABHr H npHBe;i Bee CBOH rajiepw B MeccHHy350, HO BeHeijHaHiibi noHecjiH orpoMHbie noTepn (13 rajiep Ha o6paTHOM nyTH Ha KaHAHio, a
BO3MO>KHO, H Bee 27) 351 , MapKaHTOHHo >Ke npH6bui B Hon6pe AOMOH jiHiiib c Tpe-

MH H3 12 AOBepeHHbix eMy rajiep 352 .

npuMenaHHH

227

MOJKHO c e 6 e npe^CTaBHTb, Kanoe yApy^aiomee BnenaiyieHHe npoH3Be;i 3 T O T
HeyflaHHbiH noxoA, CKOJibKO KPHBOTOJIKOB 3 5 3 H noA03peHHH OH Bbi3Baji. B P H M C
H BeHeijHH BO BceM O6BHHHJIH / J o p n i o . 3 T O A^Bajio yAo6Hbin noBOA o6pyuiHTbCH
c K P H T H K O H Ha KopojiH, ocyxcAaji e r o aAMHpajia. B BeHeijHH CHOBa n p n o G p e j i a
Bee napTHH MHpa. HcnaHijbi, ecTecTBeHHo, OTBe^ajiH no-CBoeMy. IpaHBejma n n caji CBoeMy 6paTy LLIaHTOHHa: «Ko;iOHHa noHHMaeT B MopcKOM j\ejie crojibKO
CKOJIbKO H H . . . » 3 5 4 . C H H b O p H H , T e M H e M e H e e , CO C B O e H o 6 b I H H O H CypOBOC-

>Ke,

Tbio HaKa3ajia BHHOBHbix B HeyAane, BOHCKOBOIX) KOMaH^npa IlajuiaBHHHHO, KOMaHAyiomero (JXJIOTOM /fcaHe, KOTopbiH BCKope yMep B 3aK7iiOHeHHH, H Aaace H X
noA^HHeHHbix: 3 T H ncecTKHe Mepbi B 3HaHHTe;ibHOH Mepe cnoco6crBOBajiH yjiyniiieHHio COCTOHHHH BeHeunaHCKoro (JxjiOTa K 1571 roAy.
3 H M O H 1570 roAa 6yAymee jinrH pncoBajiocb B Mpa^Hbix TOHax. 3aKJiiOHeHHan Ha c;iOBax, OHa He 6buia e q e HHKCM n o A n n c a H a , H Ka3ajiocb, MTO eABa n o HBHBuiHCb Ha CBCT, OHa pacnajiacb caMa C O 6 O H .

IIPHMEHAHKa
1
2

Jean Heritier, Catherine de Medicis, 1940, p. 439.
Bee 3TH 6Horpac|)HHecKHe noApo6HocTM B3HTbi H3 KH. L. von Pastor, op. cit., XVII, p. 37—

59.
3

TtoHeceHHe Ky3aHo OT 26 HHB. 1566 roAa, BCHCKHH ApxHB, unrapoBaHO y L. von Pastor,
op. cit., XVII, p. 42 et note 2.
4
Ibid., p. 44.
5
Ibid., p. 45.
6
O m m n n II HaMeKaji Ha CBoe pacnojioaceHHe K 3TOMy KaHAHAaTy, L. Wahrmund, Das
Ausschliessungsrecht (jus exclusiva) der kath. Staaten Osterreich, Frankreich u n d Spanien
bei den Papstwahlen, Wien, 1888, p. 26. IlHCbMO PeKeceHca Onjinnny II, PHM, 7 HHBapn
1566 r.: Ha sido ayudadoy favorecido por parte de V. M. ( O H nojib30Bajica noMombio H COHyBCTBHeM B. B.); Luciano Serrano, Correspondencia diplomatica entre Espana y la Santa
Sede, Madrid, 1914,1, p. 77 et note 2.
7
IIncbMo PeKeceHca Onjinnny II, 5 HHB. 1565 r., in.: J.J. Dollinger, op. cit., I, p. 571—
578, qnTupoBaHO y L. von Pastor, op. cit., XVII, p. 11, 59.
8
Ibid., p. 4 8 - 4 9 .
9
IlHCbMO IJacHyca s p u r e p u o r y Ajib6pexTy V BaBapcKOMy, F. Hartlaub, Don J u a n
d'Austria, Berlin, 1940, p. 35; V. Bibl, Maximilian II, der ratselhafte Kaiser, 1929, p. 303.
10
IlHCbMO IIHH VOnjinnny II, PHM, 24 HHB. 1566 r., L. Serrano, op. cit., I, p. 111.
11
PHM, 11 HHB. 1566 r., ibid., I, p. 90.
12
IlHCbMO PeKeceHca Koponio, PHM, 30 ACKa6pn 1565 r., L. Serrano, op. cit., I, p. 67.
13
IlHCbMO OnjiHnna II K IIIaHTOHHa, MaApwA, 16 HHB. 1566 r., CODOIN, CI, p. 119—
123; nncbMo K <I>. Ae AjiaBe, MaApnA, 16 HHB. 1566 r., A. N. K 1505, B 20, n° 65; nncbMO
8*

228

y HCTOKOB CBHTOH JIWTYL: 1566—1570

HOGHJIH K repLiory, MaApHA, 18 HHB. 1566 r., A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo, 4897 bis; FIHCLMO
Toro>Ke;iHu/aTOMy>Ke.7iHijy, 21 HHB. 1566 r., ibid.
14
HanpuMep, TOCKaHCKHM areHT, 15 HHB. 1566 r., CM. npeAMAymee npHMenaHHe.
15
1~IncbMa HO6HJIH OT 18 HHB. H 16({)eBp. 1566 r.; 17HHB.1566 r., Fourquevaux, o p . cit., I,
p. 47; 22 HHB., p. 4 7 - 4 8 ; 11 (JjeBp., p . 52.
16
I,p.61.
17
IlHCbMO Bnije-Kopo;iH HeanojiHTancKoro OHjinnny II OT 23 HHB. 1566 r., Simancas E° 1055, f M l . HHcrpyKijHH npnopy A. AHTOHHO AC TOJICAO, 18 (f>eBp. 1566 r., Simancas E° 1131.
18
IlHCbMO BHije-KopojiH HeanojiHTaHCKoro OT 23 HHB. 1566 r. (CM. npeAbiAymyio CHOCKy). IlHCbMO IapcHH AC TojieAO BHrje-Kopojiio HeanojiHTancKOMy, Heanojib, 2 (J)eBp. 1566 r.,
Simancas E° 1055, f° 24; nncbMO BHije-Kopojin HeanojiHTaHCKoro OwjiMnny II OT 16 a n p .
1566 r., Simancas E° 1055, f" 103, n o noBOAy nnTHaAuara rajiep, KOTopbie AO-TIHCHM 6biTb
nocTpoeHbi 3a cneT CnijHJiHHCKoro KopojieBCTBa B Heanojie. Hejib3H JIH 3aKa3aTb BOceMb H3
HHX B TeHye?
19
SimancasE°1055,f°7.
20
Ibid. «...por el Danubio a hazer fabricar barcones y a hazer xarcias para pasar los
exercitos».
21
/JoHecenne H3 KoHCTaHTHHonojin OT 27 cf)eBp. 1566 r., Simancas E° 1055, f° 53.
22
Ibid., H3BecTHe c KopcJ)y OT 28 cf>eBp. B nHCbMax He3ape AC IlajibMbi H AHHH6ajie FTpoTOTHKO, Simancas E° 1055, f° 49; 3Aecb roBopHTCH TOJibKO o 80—90 rajiepax, KOTopbie He
coGnpaiOTCH noKHAaTb TypeijKHe BOAW. ^OHeceHHe c Xnoca, 1 MapTa 1566 r., Simancas E° 1055,f°59;H3BecTHecKop(J)y, 16 MapTa 1566 r., Simancas E° 1055, f° 67, 68; jiHiiibB
coo6uieHHH H3 KoHCTaHTHHonojiH OT 15 MapTa 1566 r. H JlenaHTo OT 25 MapTa, Simancas E° 1055, f° 54, penb HACT o 130 rajiepax.
23
BowHa B BeHrpwH H noxoA Ha BeHy Ka3ajiHCb HeMHHyeMbi, AOHeceHHe H3 Pary3bi OT
26 (})eBp. 1566 r., Simancas E° 1055, f° 61.15 MapTa H3 KoHcraHTHHonojin AOKJiaAbmajiH o
nepe6pocKe BOHCK K COCJ)HH (Simancas E° 1055, f° 64). 16-ro c Kop(J)y H3BemajiH o KOHLJCH-

TpaqwH CHnaxH B AApnanonojie H 06 OTJIHBKC B KoHcraHTHHonojie MHo^KecTBa nymeK (Por
carta de Corfu de 1 6 d e m a r c o 1566, Simancas E° 1055, f>67, 68).
24
IlHCbMO B. Oeppepo IeHV33CKOH pecny6jiHKe H3 KoncraHTHHonojiH OT 9 (J)eBp. 1566 r.,
A. d. S. Genes, Costantinopoli 22170. IToATBep^KAeHHe B nncbMe c KopcJ)y OT 16 MapTa,
Simancas E° 1055, f» 6 7 - 6 8 .
25
L. Serrano, o p . cit., I, p . 184.
26
29 Man 1566 r., Fourquevaux, o p . cit., I, p . 64.
27
20 anp. 1566 r., Simancas E° 1055, f° 104.
28
H3Becrae H3 Pary3bi, 27 a n p . 1566 r., Simancas E° 1055, f° 13. H3BecrHe c Kopc|)y OT
3 Man 1566 r., Simancas E° 1055, f° 124.
29
IIo nwcbMaM H3 KoHCTaHTHHonojiH OT 16 HKDJIH 1566 r., A. d. S. Genes, Costantinopoli
22170.
30
Awisi venuti con la reggia fregata da Levante dall'ysola d e Corfu d e dove partete alii
10 di maggio 1566, Simancas E° 1055.

IIpHMeHaHHH
31

229

Kopc})y, 11 HIOJIH, H3BecTHe, no^yneHHoe B OTpaHTO 12 n n o i a , Simancas E° 1055,

fM55.
32

,3,OHeceHHe naTpoHa OAHoro rajiHOHa, Simancas E° 1055, f* 163.
1~IncbMO T. 3pHaHAeca E. B-By, BeHeijHH, 1 aBrycTa 1566 r., Simancas E° 1365. IlHCbMO
MapKH3a AC Kanapco repupryA'A/ibKajia, Bapn, 24 HIOJIH 1566 r., Simancas E° 1055, f 180.
34
IlHCbMO Be^HKoro MarwcTpa Onjinnny II, MajibTa, 25 HIOJIH 1566 r., Simancas E° 1131.
IlHCbMO O n ^ n n n a II Ryu. A. /{opHH, BOCKO jxyi CeroBHH, 11 aBrycTa 1566 r., Simancas E° 1395.
35
IIwcbMO IapcH 3pnaHAeca Kopo;no, BeHeu,HH, 1 aBrycTa 1566 r., Simancas E° 1365.
3(1
IlncbMO ry6epHaTopa o6jiacTH A6pymxn OT 1 aBrycTa 1566 r., Simancas E° 1055, f° 165;
Relacion de lo q u e la armada del Turco ha hecho en el Reyno d e Napoles desde q u e fue
descubierta hasta los seys de agosto 1566, Simancas E° 1325.
37
Por cartas de D. de Mendoza, 7 aBrycTa 1566 r., H3 CaH-Xyan-PeAOHAO, Simancas E°
1055, P 171.
38
IlncbMO BHrie-Kopo;iH Heanojin 4>n;iHnny II, Heano;ib, 16 aBrycTa 1566 r., Simancas E° 1055, P 171; Fourquevaux, o p . cit., I, p . 1 1 0 - 1 1 1 , 123.
39
Por cartas d e j . Dacacastellano de Veste (Vasto?), 6 aBrycTa 1566 r., Simancas E° 1055,
f* 169. Lo que se entiende de la armada p o r carta de B a n d e los 19 de agosto 1566, Simancas E° 1055, f* 178; nncbMO BHije-KopojiH HeanojiHTaHCKoro Onjinnny II, Heanojib, 5 ceHT.
1566 r.,E° 1055, P 190.
40
IlncbMO BHije-Kopojifl HeanojiHTaHCKoro Onjinnny II, Heanojib, 14 ceHT. 1566 r.,
E° 1055, f° 197.
41
IlncbMO Toro>Ke^Hi^aTOMy>Ke^HHy, Heanojib, 27 ceHT. 1566 r., ibid., f°200.
42
Fourquevaux, op. cit., I, p. 84—85, 6 Man 1566 r.; nncbMO HO6HJIH repupry, MaApnA,
6 Man 1566 r., A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo, 4897 bis «... et molti dicono che Sua Maesta vuol
andar sopra... Argeri et dicono che in consiglio ha parlato di voler andar in persona benche
questo io no lo credo [MHorne roBopHT, HTO Ero BejinnecrBO xoneT HATH Ha... AJDKHP H
roBopHT, HTO na coBeTe OH (Onjinnn II) o6-bHBHji, HTO caM OTnpaBHTCH Tyzja, XOTH H B 3TO
HeBepio]...», nHCbMOToro^Ke^HuaTOMy^KejiHuy, 7Mail 1566r., ibid.
43
G. Cappelletti, op. cit., VIII, p . 373.
44
IlncbMO BHU.e-Kopo.JiH Heano^HTaHCKoro <J>HjiHnny II, Heano^b, 6 aBrycTa 1566 r.,
Simancas E° 1055, f° 168.
45
7 aBrycTa 1566 r., Simancas E° 1055, f° 170.
46
EdmondFalgairoUe, U n e expedition francaise a Pile de Madere en 1566,1895; nncbMO
HO6HJIH repupry, Ma^pHA, 6 OKT. 1566 r., A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo, 4897 bis; Calendar of
State Papers, Venet. VII, 12 HOH6. 1566 r., p. 386; OTKa3 Kap^a IX noAAepxcaTb MoHJiiOKa:
nncbMO Kopojin K OypKBO, Cen-Mop-Ae-Oocc, 14 H O H 6 . 1 5 6 6 r., p. 59—60; nopTyrajibijbi HanajiH nepBbiMH, 29 HOH6. 1566 r., Fourquevaux, o p . cit., I, p . 144.
47
Josef von Hammer-Purgstall, Hist, d e PEmpire ottoman, Paris, 1835—1843, VI, p. 206.
48
Ibid., p. 215.
49
GeorgMentz, Deutsche Geschichte, Tubingen, 1913, p . 278.
50
IlHCbMO T. Ae CnjibBbi KopojiK), JIOHAOH, 29 anp. 1566 r., CODOIN, LXXXIX, p. 308.
33

230
51

y HCTOKOB CBHTOH Jlurw. 1566—1570

rincbMO HO6HJIH repuory, MaApuA, 23 MapTa 1566 r., A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo,
4897 bis.
52
FlHCbMo JleonapAO KoHTapnHH AOJKV, Ayrc6ypr, 30 MapTa 1566 r., in: G. Turba, op. cit.,
I, 3, p. 313.
53
riwcbMO HOGHJIH repuory, MaApHA, 6 MIOHH 1566 r., A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo,
4897 bis.
54
GeorgMentz, o p . cit., p . 278.
55
rincbMo JleonapAO KonTapnnn Aoxcy, Ayrc6ypr, 1 HIOHH 1566 r., in: G. Turba, op. cit.,
I, 3, p. 320.
5h
riHCbMOToro}KejiHuaTOMy>KejiHL;y, 20 MIOHH 1566 r., ibid., p. 324.
57
18 aBrycTa 1566 r., op. cit., I, p . 109.
58
IlHCbMo Kapjia IX K OypKBo, Opican, 20 aBrycTa 1566 r., C. Douais, Lettres... a M. d e
Fourquevaux, p. 49.
59
J. von Hammer, o p . cit., VI, p . 216.
b0
Ibid., p . 219, XaMMep roBopuTo nepenpaBe y IIIa6au;anepe3/tynan.
61
Ibid., p . 223.
62
Ibid., p. 224.
63
Ibid., p. 231; F. Hartlaub, op. cit., p. 23; CM. naaTOTcneT MHoroHHCJiemibie Hen3AanHbie H3BecTHH H3 KoHCTanTHHonojiH, 23 ceHT. 1566 r., Simancas E° 1055, f° 198; nncbMo
BHi;e-Kopo^5iHeanoAHOH^nnnyII, 5 HOH6. 1566 r., ibid., f^ 215.
()4
HanpnMep, H. Hopzuu PaulHerre, Europaische Politikim Cyprischen Krieg, Leipzig,
1902, p. 8.
b5
De Guricia, primero de set blc 1566, Simancas E° 1395.
6b
IlHCbMoO. AeAnaBbiKopojno, IIapH>K, 1 0 H O H 6 . 1566 r., A. N. K1506, B 20, n°76.
()7
IlncbMO Toro ace Jinija TOMy ace Jinny, llapH>K, 8 ACK. 1566 r., ibid., n° 88 «estar aqui
algo sospechosos del Emperador paresciendoles que hara treguas con el Turco antes que se
acabe la dieta [3Aecb cymecTByiOT HeKOTopbie noA03peHHH HacneTToro, HTO HMnepaTop
3aKJiioHHT nepeMnpHe c TypKaMH AO pocnycKa penxcrara (ucn.)]...».
b8
3anncKa CeH-Cio.7ibnnca OT 27 ceHT. 1566 r., Fourquevaux, op. cit., I, p . 134.
by
CM. necKOJibKO cyM6ypHyio H3-3a H36biTKa 6oraToro MaTepnajia craTbio Pierre Chaunu,
«Seville et la 'Belgique'», in: Revue d u Nord, anpejib-nionb 1960, B KOTopon cAC/iaHa nonbiTKa BnncaTb co6biTHH B HnAepjianAax B KOHTCKCT HCTopnn HcnancKon HMnepnn H MOKAynapoAHon KOirbionKTypbi, c^o^KMBiiiencH BOKpyr CeBmibH.
70
Leon Van der Essen, Alexandre Farnese, Bruxelles, 1933,1, p . 125—126.
71
Georges Pages, «Le paix de religion et l'Edit d e Nantes», in: Revue d'hist. mod., 1936,
p. 3 9 3 - 4 1 3 .
72
W. Platzhoff, op. cit., p. 20.
73
L. Serrano, op. cit., I, n° 122., p . 316, 12aBrycTa, ijHTupoBaHO y B. deMeester, Le SaintSiege etles troubles desPays-Bas, 1566-1572, Louvain, 1934, p. 2 0 - 2 1 .
74
Ibid., I, p. 131.
75
Ibid., I, p. 67.
7b
30anp.,ibid.,I,p.84.

npHMenaHHH

231

77

Ibid., I, p. 104; nncbMO HO6HJIH repijory, MaapHfl, 11 aBiycTa 1566 r., A. d. S. Florence,
Mediceo, 4897 bis.
78
18 aBrycra 1566 r., op. cit., I, p. 109.
79
H. Forneron, op. cit., II, p. 230.
80
IlHCbMo OnviHnna II OpaHcecy Ae A/iaBe, BOCKO AH CcroBHH, 3 OKT. 1566 r., A. N.
K 1506.
81
rincbMO Opanceca J\Q A/iaBbi OHjinnny II, riapn>K, 21 ceHT. 1566 r., A. N. K 1506,
n°57.
82
OTHOCHTe^bHO He/jOBepHH, KOTopoe OHJiHnn II HcnbiTbmaji B OTHOUICHHH HMnepaTopa, CM. nncbMO OypKBO, aApecoBannoe Kopo;ieBe, MaApny;, 2 HOH6. 1566 r., Fourqueuaux,
op. cit., Ill, p. 25—26. H3JiHiiiHe HanoMHHaTb o COMHCHHHX OmiHnnaII no noBOAy EKaTepHHblMeAMHM.
83

CooGmenne CeH-Cio^bnuca, 21 ceHT. 1566 r., Fourqueuaux, op. cit., I, p . 133.
Ibid., p. 134.
85
IiHCbMo<I>.fleAjiaBbiKopo.7iio, riapHHc,4OKT. 1566r., no-ryneHo20nnc/ia, A. N. K 1506,
n°62.
^ n H C b M o O n ^ n n n a l l O . AeA/iaBe, ApaHxy3c, 3 0 H O H 6 . 1566 r., A. N. K1506, n°87.
87
IlncbMO OypKBO Kopojno, Ma^pnA, 9 ACK. 1566 r., Fourqueuaux, op. cit., I, p. 147.
88
L. Serrano, op. cit., I, p. 4 2 5 - 4 2 6 .
89
PaulHerre, op. cit., p. 4 1 , nncbMO KacraHbH K KapA. AneccaHApnHO, MaApnA, 13 HHB.
1567 r.; Fourqueuaux, op. cit., I, p. 172 et sq., 18 HHB. 1567 r.
90
Ibid., I, p. 147.
91
9 HHB. 1567 r., ibid., p. 160.
92
nncbMO T. Ae CH^bBbi Kopo;no, JIOHAOH, 5 OKT. 1566 r., CODOIN, LXXXIX, p. 381.
93
FlHCbMOToro ace jiHijaTOMy ace ;iHiry, JIOHAOH, 10 ACK. 1566 r., ibid., p. 416.
94
IlncbMOToro>Ke^Hi;aTOMy}Ke Jinriy, JIOHAOH, IOACK. 1566 r., ibid., p. 427.
95
AnTBepnen, 24 Man 1567 r., VanHoutte, «Unjournal manuscrit interesant 1557—1648:
les Awisi», in: Bull, de la Comm. Royale d'hist., I, 1926, LXXXIX (4-e bull.), p. 375.
%
Fourqueuaux, op. cit., I, p. 164, 4 HHB. 1567 r.
97
H3Becrae H3 KoncTaHTHHono^n, 10 MapTa 1567 roAa, Simancas E° 1056, f° 23; KecJ)aJIHHHH, 24, 26 MapTa, 5, lOanpejin 1567 r., ibid., f° 34; C o p i a d e c a p i t u l o d e carta que scrive
Baltasar Prototico de la Chefalonia a l O d e a v r i l a D . Garcia de Toledo, ibid., f°38;oTToro
>Ke jimi& TOMy ace Jinny, 12 anp. 1567 r., f° 36; Memoria de lo que yo J u a n Dorta he entendido
de los que goviernan en Gorfo (sic) es lo siguiente (24 anp. 1567 r.), f° 45; Kec})ajiHHHH,
21 anp., f°47;Kop(})y, 28 anp., ibid., H3BecTHeH3KoHcraHTHHono;iH, 17 Man 1767 r., f°60;
nncbMO OypKBO Kopojno, MaApHA, 2 aBrycra 1567 r., Fourqueuaux, op. cit., I, p. 248, Illax
HHHero He npeAnpwHHMaeT, HO mjieT CBoero nocjia K cy;iTaHy; H3BecTHe H3 KoHcraHTHHono^H OT 8 HHB. 1568 r., Simancas E° 1056, f° 126, B npne3A nepcHACKnx nooiOB MOHCHO
6yAeT noBepHTb noc/ie Toro, KaK OHM npeACTaHyT 3Aecb BOOHHK).
98
/ vonHammer, op. cit., VI, p. 313—314; nHCbMO LUaHTOHH3 OnjiHnnyII, Bena, 4 HIOHH
1567 r., CODOIN, CI, p. 151—152; nwcbMo T. 3pHaHAeca OHJiHnrry II, BeneuHH, 26 HHB.
1567 r., Simancas E° 1326. IOTOBHBIUHHCH 3aAOJiro AO 3Toro BpeMeHH AoroBop 6BUI noAnH84

232

y HCTOKOB CBHTOH Jlwrw: 1566—1570

caH cpoKOM Ha BOceMb jieT, a He Ha TpH roAa, KaK coo6maji OypKBO, npaBAa, euie AO ero
3aK7noHenHM, 30 HIOHH 1567 r., Fourquevaux, op. cit., I, p. 219. 3aMe/yieHHe BoeHHbix AefiCTBHH He noMeiuajio HMnepaTopy npocHTby ncnaHijeB noMomw, 24aBrycra 1567 r., ibid., I,
p. 255. Cepbe3Han CTbiHKa npoH30uuia B TpaHCHJibBaHHH, nncbMO UlaHTOHiis 4>n;iHnny II,
Bena, 30 aBrycTa 1567 r., C O D O I N , CI, p. 263. O 6ecnoKowcTBe HMnepiieB no noBOAy HCxoAa HanaTbix neperoBopoB, 20ACK. 1567 r., Fourquevaux, op. cit., I, p. 311; nncbMoHoGn;IH repupry, 25 RZK. 1567 r., A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo, 4898, P 153. Lo que se escrive de C.
por cartas de VII de marco 1568, Simancas E° 1056, f* 135, roBopnT, HTO nepeMHpHe 6yAeT
3aKJnoneHo Ha AecHTb JieT, n p n ynacTHH Ero XpHCTHaHHeniiiero BejinnecTBa, Kopojin
IlOJIblllH H B e H e U H H .
99

KoHCTaHTHHono^b, 10 MapTa 1567 r., Simancas E° 1056, f° 23, BOccraHHH aji6aniieB B
panoHe BajioHbi H ConoTHKo; KopcJ)y, 28 anp. 1567 r., ibid., P 47; nncbMO BHiie-Kopo;i5i
HeanojiM Onjinnny II, 11 Man 1567 r., Simancas E° 1056, f* 57, aji6aHH,bi BoccTajiH B 3yjiaTH,
IIporoHaTH, JIono3e, Tpn6H30TH..; de la Cimarra a XII d e J u n i o 1567, ibid., f* 6; KopcJ^y,
26 AeK. 1567 r., ibid., f° 131.
100
BoccTaHne B HeMeHe, KoHCTaHTHHonojib, 10 MapTa 1567 r., CM. npeAiuecTByiomyK)
cuocKy; Copia de un capitulo de carta que scrive de VeneciaJ. Lopez en XXI de hen" 1568,
Simancas E° 1066, P 130; KoHcraHTHHonojib, 17 HOA6. 1568 r., Simancas E° 1057, f° 2.
101
...Que el Turco attiende solo a dar se plazer y b u e n tiempoy a comery a bever dexando
todo el govierno en manos del primer Baxa [cy;iTaH npoBOAHT Bee BpeMH B yAOBOJibCTBHHx
H ycnaacAaeT ce6n CAOH H nHTbeM, nopyHHB 3a6oTbi ynpaBJieHHH nepBOMy name (ucn.)],
KoncTaHTHHonojib, 10 MapTa 1567 r., Simancas E° 1056, ...que el Turco continua sus plazeres
y el presume m u c h o que por ventura sera la destruction deste imperio q u e Dios lo permita
[cy;iTaH no-npeacneMy npeAaeTCH yAOBOJibCTBHHM H MOHCHO OHCHAaTb, HTO CO BpeMeHeM 3TO
npHBeAeTKpacnaAy ero HMnepnn, AanoMoaceTB3TOM IbcnoAb (ucn.)], KoncraHTHHonojib,
17 Man 1567 r., Simancas E° 1056, P 60.
102
O p . cit., p. 24.
103
O p . cit., p. 54. CM. TaioKe Vic lc A. deLaJonquiere, Histoire de l'Empire ottoman, 1.1,
1914, p. 204.
104
rincbMo Tapceca repupry, MaApnA, 13 (})eBp. 1566 r., A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo, 4897,
P116.
105
KoHcraHTHHonojib, 30 anp. 1566 r., Simancas E° 1395.
106
Simancas E° 1055, P 77.
107
Ibid., P 76 v°.
108
Relation de lo q u e refiere u n o de los hombres que el Marques de Capurso embio a
Constantinopla por orden del Duque de Alcala por octubre passado (1567), Simancas E° 1056
(HOMep f° nponymeH).
109
Kopc})y, 26 ACK. 1567 r., H3BecrHe, nocTynHBiuee B Jlenne 12 HHB. 1568 r., Simancas E° 1056, f° 131.
110
KoHcraHTHHonojib, 5 MapTa 1567 r., Simancas E° 1058, f° 133.
111
KoHCTaHTHHono^b, 17 H O H 6 . 1 5 6 8 r., Simancas E° 1057, P 2.
112
TO^OA B KaTajioHHH, 3 Man 1566 r., Simancas E° 336; AoporoBH3Ha B IeHye, nncbMO
O n r e p o a Ominnny II, IeHyn, 26 MapTa 1566 r., Simancas E° 1395; B AparoHe, 13 (J>eBp.

ripHMenaHMH

233

1567 r., Fburquevaux, op. cit., Ill, p. 36; HaCnuHJiHH, MaccoBbin BLIBO3xjie6aB 1567—1568 rr.,
209 518 cajibM, HO B 1568—1569 TOJibKo 93 337, Relazioni delli fromenti estratti del Regno
di Sicilia, 1570, Simancas E° 1124. He CBH3aH JIH yBejiHHHBiiiHHCH B 1567—1568 rr. 3KcnopT
C B03pOCIUHMH nOTpe6HOCTHMH CpeAH3CMHOMOpCKHX C T p a H ?
113

KoncTaHTHHonojib, 10 aBrycTa 1567 r., H3BecTHe, nocTynHBiuee B Jlenne 20 OKT.,
Simancas E° 1056, f 80; KoHcraHTHHonojib, 20 OKT. 1567 r. (umcui.), ibid., f 91: KoHcraHTHHonojib, 16 Man (1568 r.), ibid., P151.06yrpo3e/viHPary3bi, H3Bec™ec KopcJ)y, 12 HIOHH

1568 r., ibid., P 16.
114

riwcbMO repuoraTeppaHOBbi, npe3HAeHTa KopojieBCTBa CHUHJIHH, AHTOHHO n e p e cy, riajiepMo, 30 ceHT. 1568 r., Simancas E° 1132; nncbMO necKapw Kopojiio H3 llajiepMO OT
18 OKT. 1568 r., ibid.
115
OTHocHTejibHo TyHnca, 21 Man 1567 r., 06 A/DKnpe H /I1>Kep6e 15 (})eBp. 1567 r.,
Fourquevaux, op. cit., I, p. 180,15 MapTa, ibid., p. 190. npHMenaTejibHO, HTO CHHBapn 1567 r.
y HcnamjeB cymecTBOBajia n o n r a TBepAan yBepeHHOCTb, HTO TypeuKan apMa/^a He npn^eT,
Jlenne, 29 HHB. 1567 r., Simancas E° 1056, P 17.
llb
rincbMO BHi;e-KopojiH Heano^HTaHCKoro Kopojiio, 11 Man 1567 r., Simancas E° 1056,

P57.
117

OflHaKO He Bceo6men, noTOMy HTO MHoroHHCJieHHbie rajiepbi B 3TO BpeMH OTnpaBHjiHCb Ha 3anaA118
llHCbMO IUaHTOHH3 Kopojiio, BeHa, 12 aBrycTa 1568 r., CODOIN, p. 469—479.
119
nncbMO IapcH 3pHaHAeca Kopojiio, BeHeijHH, 25 HHB. 1567 r., Simancas E° 1326.
Bbiji JIH 3TO TnunaH?
120
IlncbMo Kopojiio, 6 Man 1567 r., A. N. K 1508 B 2 1 , n° 6, (j)pa3bi, 3aiiiH(j)poBaHHbie
MOK/ry CTpoK.
121

rincbMO OypKBO KopojieBe, MaApnA, 3 Man 1563 r., Fourquevaux, op. cit., Ill, p. 42,
8 Man, I, p. 351. Onjinnn II, cyzui no nncbMy, He XOTCJI ynacTBOBaTb B nepeMHpHH TypoK c
HMnepuaMH.
122
nncbMo OIaHTOHH3 Kopojiio, Bena, 23 Man 1567 r., CODOIN, CI, p. 2 1 3 - 2 1 9 .
123r
lHCbMoOHjiHnnaIlKlIIaHTOHH3, MaApnA, 26ceHT. 1567 r., ibid., p. 280—281.
124
H3BecTHO, HTO MexMeT COKOJIJIH 6biji poAOM H3Tpe6nHe, 6JIH3 Pary3bi.
125
nncbMO IUaHTOHH3 OHJinnny II, Bena, 28 <}>eBp. 1568 r., CODOIN, CI, p. 378-379.
12(>
nncbMo Toro ace jinua TOMy ace JiHiry, BeHa, 12 HIOHH 1568 r., ibid., p. 432—436.
127
nncbMo Onjinnna II UIaHTOHH3, MaApnA 18 HIOJIH 1568 r., ibid., p. 450.
128
MaApnA, 24 aBrycTa 1568 r., Fourquevaux, op. cit., I, p. 256.
129
nncbMo HO6HJIH repupry, MaApnA, HioHb 1567 r., A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo, 4898,
f 0 246;nncbMO^}K. A. ^ o p n H Kopojiio, KaAnc, 26 HIOHH 1567 r., Simancas E° 149. npn6biTHe Jlpn. A. ,ZJopHH B Majiary 11 HIOJIH, nncbMo npoBeAHTopoB Onjinnny II, 12 HIOJIH 1567 r.,
Simancas E° 149, f° 197.
130
nncbMo OypKBO Kopojiio OT 2 MapTa 1567 r., Fourquevaux, op. cit., I, p . 187—192.
131
nncbMO Toro ace Jinija TOMy ace Jinuy, 4 HHB. 1567 r., ibid., I, p. 160; nncbMo BHijeKopojiH HeanojiHTaHCKoro Kopojiio, 8 HHB. 1567 r., Simancas E° 1056, f° 11.
132
CM. npeAbiAymee npHMenaHHe, 8 HHB. 1567 r.

234

y HCTOKOBCBHTOM JlHrn: 1566—1570

133
134

13 4>eBp. 1567 r., Fourquevaux, o p . cit., I, p . 177.
18 HUB. 1567 r., ibid., I, p . 169; nHCbMo Kapjia IX K OypKBo, 25 (JDeBp. 1567 r., ibid.,

p. 83.
135

TpeiiHH co uiBenijapcKHMH KaHTOHaMH, 18 anp. 1567 r., A. N. K150, n° 98. Onaceunn
BeHcuManueB, nncbMo I a p c n 3pHanfleca Kopo;no, BeneuHH, 13 anp.1567 r., Simancas E° 1326.3aAeHVT.7iH HcnaHijbi >KeneBy no Aopore? MaApuA, 15 anp. 1567 r., Fburquevaux,
op. cit., I, p. 202—203. OnaceHHH repnpra JIoTapHHrcKoro, nncbMO O. Ae AnaBbi Onjinnny
II, napn>K, 17 anp.1567 r. A. N. K 1507, n° 104.
13b
He6ojibiuon npHMep: nocbuiKaTpex KopaG^en B Majiary, OAHH H3 KOTopwx Be3 rpy3
pnca n 6O6OB, nncbMO ^ n e r o Jloneca Ae Arnviepbi O n ^ n n n y II, Simancas E° 149, f* 205.
137

30 HK>HH 1567 ro^a, Fourquevaux, op. cit., I, p . 220.

138

15 (J)eBp. 1567 r., ibid., p. 180; nncbMo HO6HJIH reprjory, MaApuA, 15 (})eBp. 1567 r.,
A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo, 4897 bis. Hieri venne awiso che nella spiaggia di Malaga
combattute da grave tempesta sono affondate 27 tra navi et barche cariche di biscotti, d'armi,
di munitioni et d'alcuni pochi soldati [Bnepa npniujio H3Bec™e, HTO na OTMCJIMX Majiarn
3acTHTHyTbie uiTopMOM VTOHVJIH 27 (TaK!) HaB H 6apoK, HMeBiiiHx Ha 6opTy cyxapn, opyacne, Coenpnnacbi n HecKOJibKO cojiAa-r]...
139
IlncbMO OypKBO Kopo^io, Ma^pnA, 15 anp. 1567 r., Fourquevaux, o p . cit., I, p . 202.
TypKH ne noHBHTCH, q u e n o aura armada este ario [B 3TOM roAy apMa/jbi He 6VACT] — coo6maji Bniie-Kopojib HeanojiH On/ninny II, IIouLryojiH, 4 anp. 1567 r., Simancas E° 1056, f° 31.
140
O H B3omeji Ha Kopa6;ib 26 BenepoM, KaK nwiueT repijor Ajib6a Ominnny II, KapTaxeHa, 26 anp. 1567 r., CODOIN, IV, p. 351. IlHCbMOToro>KejiHuaTOMy}Ke^Miry, KapTaxeHa,
27 anp., ibid., p. 354. QieAOBaTejibHo, OH ne ompaBUJicH B nyrb 17 HHcrca, KaK cKa3aHo B
H3/vaHHn nHceM OypKBO, op. cit., I, p. 209; nncbMO HO6HJIH repupry, MaApnA, 3 Ma*i 1567 r.,
A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo, 4898, fos 50 et 50 v°, nucbMO Toro ace jinna TOMy ace JiHiry, 4 Man
1567 r., ibid., 4897 bis; nncbMO Toro ace jinrja TOMy Hce Jim\y, 12 Man 1567 r., ibid., 4898,
fos 50 et 50 v°, Parte il Ducca d'Alva di Cartagena alii 27 del passato et sperase che a questa
hora sia arrivato in Italia [Tepuor Ajib6a oTruibui H3 KapTaxeHbi 27 HHC/ia npoumoro Mecnija
H B 3TO BpeMH, KaK 3^eCb HaAeiOTCH, OH V}Ke ROJiyKCH 6bITb B HTaJIHH] .
141

IlHCbMo Owrepoa Ominnny II, IeHyH, 8aBrycra 1568 r., Simancas E° 1390.
A^aMO HeHTypHOne Aaace npe,zvio>KHji ycTynwTb KopcHKy Ero KaTOJiHnecKOMy BCTIHnecTBy, KaKnHuieTOwrepoaOHJinnnyll, TeHyH, 8aBrycra 1567 r., Simancas E° 1390. IIpeAjio>KeHHe 6buio CAeJiaHo Onrepoa, KOTopbiH TOTnac ace ero OTBepr w Hanncaji OTHCT 06 3TOM.
143
A. de Ruble, Le traite d u Cateau-Cambresis, op. cit., p . 82.
144
nncbMoOHrepoa<I>HjinnnyII, TeHyw, 15 Man 1568 r., Simancas E° 1390.
145
IlncbMO HoGmin repupry, MaApuA, 12 Man 1567 r., A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo, 4898;
OTHOCHTejibHO BOCCTanoB^enHH nojio>KeHnH B HHAepjiaHAax, nwcbMO O. AC AjiaBbi OnjiMnny II, IIapH>K, 9 anp. 1567 r., A. N. K 1507, n° 99; nHCbMO Toro ace jiHija TOMy ace Jinny,
napH>K, 5 Man 1567, ibid., K 1508, B 2 1 , n° 16 b; o MaprapHTe IlapMCKon OH nwiiieT:
significale quan enteramente q u e d a n ya en obediencia d e V. M d todos aquellos estados sea
dios loado [no ee MHCHHKD, 3TO 03HanaeT, CKOJib no^Hoe noBHHOBeHwe B. B-Byyace OKa3breaIOT, 6jiaroAapeHwe 6ory, Bee 3TH npoBHHijHH]...
14()
4 HHB. 1567 r., Fourquevaux, op. cit., I, p . 156.
142

npHMenaHHH

235

147

Ibid., I, p. 165;BnHCbMeHo6njiHrepuory, 7 AeK. 1566 r., A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo,
4898, f* 8,3Ta HOBOCTB coo6maeTCH euie paHbiue. H o Pyn Toiviec MaHeBpnpoBaji.
148
rincbMO KacTaHbH K AneccaHApnHO, MaApHA, 7 HHB. 1567 r., ijHTupoBaHO y Paul
Herre, op. cit., p . 41. B OAHH npeKpacHbin AeHb Pyn ToMec Aaace Hanaji 30HAHpoBaTb noHBy
nepe3 nocjia Ero XpHCTnaHHewmero BejinnecTBa OTHOCHTejibHO B03MO>KHoro BbicryruieHHH
OpaHijHH npoTUB TypoK, HO 3aTeM npepBaji neperoBopw, o neM OypKBO nncaji Kopojno,
MaApHA, 15 anpejiH 1567 r., Fourquevaux, o p . cit., I, p. 204.
149
Fourquevaux, 18 HHBapn 1567 r., ibid., I, p . 170.
150
riHCbMo CHA^KH3MOHAO Ae KaBajuin BeneirHaHCKOH CnHbopHH, MaApHA, 7 Man
1568 r., C. S. P. Venetian, VII, p . 4 2 3 - 4 2 4 .
151
23 HUB. 1567 r., Fourquevaux, op. cit., I, p . 183. O. Ae AjiaBa B nncbMe K Onjinnny II
(riapH>K, 23 anp. 1567 r., A. N. K1507, n° 106) TaKHM o6pa30M oT3bmaeTCH o (J>paHuy3CKOM
KopoAe H ero coBeTHHKax: Va les cada dia cresciendo el temor d e la passada de V. M a [Hx
CTpax nepeA noxoAOM B. B-Ba c Kaa<AbiM AHCM pacTeT].
152
nncbMO Kapjia IX K OypKBO, napnac, 14 HOH6. 1567 r., C. Douais, Lettres de Charles IX
a M. de Fourquevaux, p. 129 et sq., H3BecTHe o no6eAe n p n Cen-^eHH. 0 6 OTbe3Ae cjxnaMaHACKHX ABopnn, HaxoAHBiuiixcH B jiarepe npoTecTaHTOB nniueT OpaHcec j\e AjiaBa Kopojno,
napnac, 23 OKT. 1567 r., A. N. K 1507, B 2 1 , n° 21.
153
E. Lavisse, Histoire de France, VI, I, p . 100.
154
FL B. Merriman, op. cit., IV, p . 289.
15
° nncbMO HOGHAH repijory, MaApHA, 30 OKT. 1567 r., A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo, 4898,
f° 122.
156
MaApHA, 15 anp. 1567 r., Fourquevaux, op. cit., I, p . 201;nHCbMoPeKecencaKopojno,
PHM, 19 anp. 1567 r., L. Serrano, o p . cit., II, p. 90.
157
nncbMo T. AC CnjibBbi Kopojno, 21 HIOHH 1567 r., A. E. Esp. 270, naf° 175, apTHKyjibi
aHTHnpOTeCTaHTCKOH AHrH Ha HTaJIbHHCKOM H3bIKC
158

L. van derEssen, op. cit., I, p . 151, co ccbiAKaMH Ha KaivinaHy H CTpaAy.
nncbMO OypKBO KopojieBe, 23 (J)eBp. 1567 r., Fourquevaux, op. cit., Ill, p . 58; nncbMO
TpaHBejuibi Kopojno, PHM, 14 MapTa 1567 r., Correspondance, I, p. 294. n o nojivHeHHH njioXHX HOBocTen H3 HnAepjiaHAOB Kopojib «Heo)KHAaHHO H CKoponajiHTe;ibHo» peuiHJi OTnpaBHTbCH B HTajiHio. 24 Mail 1567 r., Fourquevaux, op. cit., I, p. 192; B HTajinn O6T»HBJIHIOT, HTO
Kopojib ne eAeT BO OjiaiiApnio, nncbMO TpaHBejiJibi Kopojno, PHM, 15 anpeAH 1567 r.,
Corresp., II, p. 382. BO3MO>KHO, 3Ta noe3AKa HBJIHCTCH npnKpbiTHeM J\J\H 3KcneAHH,HH B AJIHcnp, nncbMO HO6HJIH repiiory, MaApHA, 4 Man 1567 r., A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo, 4897
bis; cymecTByeTVBepeHHOCTb B OTbe3Ae, HO BoreMCKHe npHHijbi ne BCAVT HHKaKHX npnroTOBAeHHH, nncbMO HO6HJIH repnory, 18 HIOHH 1567r., ibid., 4898, f* 62—62 v°, HO BTOT>KC
AeHbHoGnAH, ibid., f°67v°, coo6maeTo6 HX Bbie3Ae. O noAroTOBKe K OTbe3Ay, ibid., 4897
bis, 26 HIOHH; nncbMO OypKBo KopojieBe, MaApHA, 30 HIOHH 1567 r., Fourquevaux, op. cit., I,
p. 228, OTAaHHbiH <J>HAHnnoM II npnKa3 06 OTbe3Ae: «He 3iiaio, HACTJIH p e n b o KacrHAbc159

KOM AyicaBCTBe, HO ACJIO OGCTOHT HMCHHO TaK». HHCBMO Onjinnna II TpaiiBCAAe, MaApHA,

12 HIOJIH 1567 r., CODOIN, IV, p. 373, e r o TBepAoe pemeHHe exaTb; nncbMO HO6HAH repuory, MaApHA, 17 HIOAH 1567r., A. d. S.Florence, Mediceo,4897, f°77...chel'andatadisua
Mta in Fiandra riscalda assai et tutti questi grandi lo dicono absolutamente [HTO noe3AKa

236

y HCTOKOB CBHTOH JlHrH: 1566—1570

Ero B-Ba BO OjiaHApnio yace na Hocy H Bee rpaHAbi roBopnT o Hen c IIOJIHOM yBepeHHOcTbK)...]. IlHCbMO OypKBO Kopojiio B KOHije HiojiH 1567 n, Fburquevaux, op. cit., I, p . 241,
Hew3BecTHO, KaK noruibiBeT OmiHnn II, nncbMO HO6H;IH repuory, MaApHA, 24 HIOJIH 1567 r.,
Mediceo, 4898, f* 75—75 v°, FleApo MeHeHAec npnGbui KaK pa3 BOBpeMH, HTo6bi B03r;iaBHTb Kopo^eBCKHM (JXTIOT; nHCbMO 4>paHceca j\e A/iaBbi EKaTepMHe MCAHHH, FIapH>K, 8 aBrycTa 1567 r., A. N. K 1508, B 2 1 , n° 42, npaBHTejibHHija HnAep;iaHAOB BbicbmaeT CBOM KOpa6jiH HaBCTpeny KopojieBCKOM 3CKaApe; nncbMO IpaHBejuibi Kopo^io, PHM, 17 aBiycTa
1567 r., OH paAyeTCH OTnjibiTHio: «XOTH B HcnaHHH, BO OjiaHApnn H eme 6o;iee 3Aecb MHOm e oTKa3bmaioTCH BepHTb B noe3AKy B. B., H BCHKHH paccyacAaeT, KaKeMy B ro^oBy B36peAeT...». BpeMH npoxoAHT: nncbMO OypKBO KopojieBe, 21 aBrycTa 1567 r. «oTruibiTHe KopojiH
B ceHTH6pe 6bijio 6bi 6e3paccyAHbiM nocTynKOM, KOTopbiH yrpoacaji 6bi nory6nTb ero H ero
;noAeH»; nHCbMo/J^K. KoppepaAO>KV, KoMnbeHb, 4ceHT. 1567r., C. S. P.Venetian, VII, p. 403,
coniacHo nncbMaM KynijOB Ero KaTo^HnecKoe BejinnecrBO is not likely to arrive [n^BpHjxjm
npneAeT (amA.)]. nncbMO V. Ae CnjibBbi Kopo;no, JIOHAOH, 6 ceHT. 1567 r., C O D O I N ,
LXXXIX, p. 541, no CBCACHHHM c})paHiry3CKoro nocjia, Ow^Hnn II noeAeT nepe3 CaHTanAep, a ne qepe3 Jla-Kopynbio. ECJIH njiaBanne He COCTOHTCH, 6yAeT 3KcneAnn;HH npoTHB
AjDKHpa. UHpKyjiMpnoe nncbMO OnjinnnaII K repqoraM OjiopeHijHH, Oeppapbi, YpGnno,
MaHTyn, MaApnA, 22 ceHT.1567 r.; OH y>Ke ne eAeT BO OjiaHApnio no 3anaAHOMy MapiupyTy
por sus enfermedados y por ser el camino tan trabajado que no ha sido possible, para estar ya
a la boca del invierno [H3-3a 6ojie3HH H BBHAy Toro, HTO STOT nyTb nacTOJibKO TH^KC/I J\O
neB03Mo>KHOCTH, Bee paBHo HTO Aopora B aA]... rincbMo OypKBO Kopojiio, MaApnA, 23 cenT.
1567 r., op. cit., I, p. 367, nyTeiiiecTBHe OTJIO^KCHO AO BecHbi. IlHCbMO BHue-Kopo^H HeanoJin Kopojiio, Heanojib, 31 ceiiT. 1567 r., Simancas E° 1056, f° 96, OH nojiynuji nncbMO c H3BemeHHeM, HTO njiaBaHne nepeHecenona BecHy. FlHCbMoHo6H^H repuory, 1 7 H O H 6 . 1567 r.,
Mediceo 4898, f° 128, Bee 3ApaBOMbicjiHmHe JIIOAH BbicKa3biBaiOTCH B no;ib3y nyreiijecTBHfl;
nHCbMOToro>KejiHi;aTOMy>KejiHiry, ibid., f° 137, 2 7 H O H 6 . 1567 r., A O H / t n e r o AC KopAOBa
TOBOpHT eMy B KOpO^eBCKOH n p H X O K C H , HTO O H J I H n n I I OTnpaBHTCH BO O ^ a H A p H I O C TaKH-

MH cn^aMH, KOTopbix GyzjeT AOCTaTOHiio, HTo6bi 3anojiHHTb npo6e;ibi B p^Aax ncnancKHx
poT. llHCbMOKapAHHajiaJIoTapHHrcKoroOHjiHnnyll, PenMC, 16MHB. 1568 r., A. N . K 1 5 0 9 ,
B 22, n° 3a, c npH3biBOM npHHTH B HnAepjiaHAbi H npoAo;i)KHTb npecneAOBaHHe epeTHKOB;
nncbMO O. Ae AnaBbi Kopo;no, FlapHHc, 27 MapTa 1568 r., A. N. K1509, B 22, n° 35a, Todo lo
de aquellos estados esta quietissimo desseando la venida d e V. M d para el r e m e d i o dellos
[B STHX npoBHHUHMx Bee ocTaeTCM cnoKOHHO, H Bee Hce^aiOT npH6biTHH B. B-Ba jym HX H3jieneHHH (ucn.)].
1()0

E. Haury, «Projet d'entrevue de Catherine de Medicis et de Philippe II devant
Boulogne», in: Bull, de laSoc. acad. de Boulogne-sur-Mer, t. VI ( B . N., Paris, in-8°, Lb 3 3 /
543); nHCbMO OypKBO KopojieBe, MaApnA, 24 aBr. 1567 r., Fourquevaux, op. cit., I, p. 254.
161
24 aBrycTa, VanHoutte, art. cit., p . 376.
1()2
CM. npHMenaHne 159, BKonije, nncbMoO. AeAjiaBbiKopo;no, 1 MapTa 1568 r., A. N.
K 1509, B 22, f° 26; 3Aecb y}Ke ynoMHHaeTCH, co CJIOB r e p q o r a Ajib6bi, o CHOKOHCTBHH B
HnAep^aHAax.
lb3
KaK Mbi y>Ke roBopn^H, KHnra Viktor Bibl, Der Tod des Don Karlos He 3ac;iy>KHBaeT
AOBepHH.

ripHMeHaHHfl

237

164

FlHCbMo 3>ypKBO Kopojiio, MaApHA, 26 HIOJIH 1568 r., fburquevaux, op. cit., I, p . 371.
CMepTb AOHa Kapjioca H36aBHjia Kopojin OT MHorHX 3a6oT, «TaK HTO OH MOHCCT BbiexaTb H3
CBoero Kopo^eBCTBa, Kor^a no>Ke;iaeT, He onacaacb 3aroBopa B cBoe OTcyTCTBHe».
165

Philippe II, p. 128.

166

H. Pirenne, Histoire de Belgique, Bruxelles, 1911, IV, p. 13. B 3TO BpeMH ACHCTBHH
npHHua OpaHCKoro He npHHHHHiOT 6ecnoKOHCTBa OnjiHnny II, nwcbMO Onjinnna II
O. Ae A/iaBe, ApaHxyac, 13 Mail 1568 r.,., A. N. K 1511, B 22, n° 31.
1<)7
H. Pirenne, ibid., p. 14,15. rincbMO repijoraAjib6bi OHJinnny II c H3BecTHeM o no6eAe, 23 HOH6. 1568 r., Konnn KOToporo HMCIOTCH noBceMecTHO, B. N., Paris, Esp. 361; Gachard,
Correspondance de Philippe II, II, p. 49; CODOIN, IV, p . 5 0 6 . 0 KaMnaHHH npwHija OpaHCKoro BO OpaHi;nH B 1569 roAy CM. HeH3AaHHbie AOKyMeHTbi, ony6jiHKOBaHHbie y Kervyn de
Lettenhove, Com. Royale d'Histoire, 4"° serie, 1886, XIII, p . 66—74.
168

Van Houtte, art. cit., p . 385, 386, 16 anp.1569 r.; CJIVXH o BOHHC c AHHIHCH, nncbMO

T. AC ToMbeKypa Kafi^cy, FlapHac, 2 aBiycTa 1569 r., CJIVXH o HaABHraiomeHOi BOHHC c AHHIHen, dize por ciertos avisos q la Reyna d'Ingleterra arma para Normandia es de temer que no
sera para lo d e Flandes [no HeKOTopbiM CBeAeHHHM, aHrjiHHCKan KopojieBa BoopyacaeTCH
JUIH BOHHbi B HopMaHAHH, cjieAyeT onacaTbCH, HTO OHa TOTOBHTCH K BOHHC BO OjiaHApnn
(ucn.)]\ Van Houtte, art. cit., p . 388. OTH>KejiOM KpH3Hce 1569roAacM. T O M I I , HI. 2.
169
FlHCbMo T. Ae Cneca Kopojiio, JIOHAOH, 1 HIOHH 1569 r., CODOIN, XC, p . 254; nncbMOToro^Ke jiHuaTOMyace JIHLTV, ibid., JIOHAOH, 5 aBrycra 1569 r.: Es lafaltade aceite aqui tan
importante que de simiente de rabanos sacan aceite para aderezar la lana [3Aecb HcnbiTbmaIOT TaKOH HeAOCTaTOK MaCJia, HTO AOGblBaiOT e r O H 3 CeMHH p e A ^ K H , H T 0 6 b I AC»6aBJIHTb B

uiepcTb(wcn.)]...
170
B. N. Madrid, Ms 1750, f* 281—283. l l o aHrjinftcKOMy Bonpocy CM. npeKpacHyio KHHry 0. de Tome, Don J u a n d'Autriche, I, Helsingfors, 1915.
171

O BOJIHeHHJTX B HpjtoHACKHX o6jiaCTHX, COCeACTBVK>mHX C IIIOTJiaHAHCH, 8 HHB. 1 5 7 0 T.,

CODOIN, XC, p. 171.
172
PHM, 3 HOH6. 1569 r., L. Serrano, op. cit., Ill, p . 186. Proyecto del Papa sobre la
sublevacion de Inglaterra contra Isabel: piensa Cuniga que interveniendo el Rey en la empresa
se lograria la concesion de la cruzada [FIpoeKT nanbi B CBJOH C BOCcraHHeM B AHrjinn npoTHB EjiH3aBeTbi: CyHbnra nojiaraeT, HTO, eoiH Kopojib BMemaeTCH B BTOT Bonpoc, MO>KHO
6yAeT Ao6HTbCH pa3peiueHHH Ha KpecTOBbin noxoA], Simancas E° 106,5 HOH6.1569 r.; C. S. P.
Venetian, VII, p. 479; JIOHAOH, 24 AeK. 1569 r., CODOIN, XC, p. 316; 26 AeK., p. 317.
Conquista de Inglaterra y comission alii del consejero d'Assonleville, Simancas E° 541. Estado
de los negocios de Inglaterra, ibid. ToHKa3peHHH reprjora Ajib6bi H3Jio>iceHa B ero nncbMe K
A- X. AeCyHbnre, Simancas E° 913, KonHHBA. E. Esp. 295, f08186—188: o HCBO3MO>KHOCTH
3aBoeBaHHH AHHIHH B VCJIOBHHX Bpaa<Ae6HOCTH co CTopoHbi IepMaHHH H 4>paHUHH.
173
E. Lavisse, op. cit., VI, p . 106 et sq.
174
riHCbMorepuoraA'AjibKajianane, 24 HIOJIH 1568 r., Simancas E° 1856, f° 17.
175
E. Lavisse, op. cit., VI, p. 111.
176
rincbMO OpaHceca Ae AnaBbi Kopojiio, napnac, 9 HIOHH 1569 r., A. N. K1514, B 26, n°

122.

238

y HCTOKOBCBHTOHJInrH: 1566—1570

177

riHCbMo4>paHcecaAeAjiaBbirepuoryAjib6e, OpjieaH, 19HK>HH 1569 r., A. N. K1513,
B 25, n° 54. X. MaHpuKe HHcneKTHpyeT HaBappcKyio rpaHHuy, nncbMOX. j\e CaMaHbera repiiory IlapMCKOMy, MaApnA, 12 HKXTIH 1569 r., A. d. S. Naples, Farnesiane, S p a g n a 5 / 1 P 2 7 2 ;
TaKoe nee coo6meHne B nwcbMe KacraHbH K A/ieccaHApHHO 13 HIOJIH 1569 r., L. Serrano,
op. cit., I, p . 112. CymecTByiOT onaceHHH HacneT HaBappbi, HO To;ibKO B TOM cjiynae, ecjin
npeKpaTHTCH rpaacAaHCKne BOHHW BO OpamjHH, 19 aBiycTa 1569 r., Fourquevaux, o p . cit.,
II, p. 110; 17ceHT. 1569 r., ibid., p . 117.
178
rincbMO OpaHceca Ae AjiaBbi Kopo;no, Typ, 29 OKT. 1569 r., A. N. K1512, B 24, n° 139.
179
KoHcraHTHHonojib, 14 MapTa 1569 roAa, E. Charriere, op. cit., I l l , p . 57—61. KOHCT.,
26 MapTa 1569 r., Simancas E° 1057, f 45, nwcbMO B-bi O e p p e p o IeHV33CKOH CwHbopHH,
KOHCT., 11 HIOHH 1569 r., A. d. S. Genes, Cost. 2 / 2 1 7 0 . K. 16 HOH6. 1569 r., Simancas E° 105,

P 3. rincbMO ToMaca AC KopHocbi Kopojiio, BeHerjHH, 9 ACK. 1569 r., Simancas E° 1326: TVpeuicaH apMaAa CHapnacaeTCH MCAJICHHO, TaK KaK cy;iTaHy HyacHbi CHJIM npoTHB MOCKOBHH,
ApaBHH HlIepcHH. KOHCT., IOACK. 1569 r., Simancas E° 1058, ^ 6 .
180

XOTH H He TaK 6JIH3KH, KaK no;iaraeT W. Platzhoff, o p . cit., p. 32.

181

KOHCT., 28 HHB. 1569 r., Simancas E° 1057, P 1 2 7 : «...que n o queria q u e el fiume (sic!)
Volga ne cortasse porque dello le vernia (veniria, verria?) m u c h o dano por poder yr despues
con varcas hasta sus estados a saqueallos [noTOMy HTO OH (HOBMH nepcHACKHH max) He xoneT, HTo6bi peKa Bojira 6buia nepeceneHa KaHajioM, H6O 3TO MO>KCT HaHecra 6ojibiuoH ymep6
ero BJiaAeHHHM, KOTopue MO>KHO 6yAeT rpa6nTb, npnxoAfl OTTyAa Ha;iOAKax (ucn.)]...».
182
H3BecTHe H3 KOHCT., nojiyneHO H3 r i p a r n nepe3 BeHeijHio, FTpara, 28 HHB. 1570 r.,
A. N. K1515, B 27, n° 21. ripo6;ieMa KaHana Bo^ra-^OH H OTHCT O 3HMHCH KaMnaHHH ocBeuieHbi yj. von Hammer, op. cit., VI, p . 338 et sq.
183r
IncbMoO. AeAnaBbiKopojno, napnac, 4(J>eBp.l569r., A. N. K 1514, B 2 6 , n ° 4 1 «el
Turco esta muy embaracado y empachado porque los Arabios prosperan y el Sofi los fomenta
[y cyjiTaHa MHoro TpyAHOcren H HenpHHTHOcreH H3-3a Toro, HTO apa6bi npeycneBaiOT, a max
noACTpeKaeTHx]...». AjieKcaHApwH, 14 anp. 1569 r., Simancas E° 1325, MHOHCCCTBO noApo6HocTew o weMeHCKOH BOHHe, npeACTaB^eHHoft KaK HCKjHOHHTejibHbiH pe3yAbTaT no6opoB
TypeuKnx ry6epHaTopoB, noApoGHOCTen HacTOJibKo MHoroHHCJieHHbix, HTO OHH eABa noAAaiOTCH pacmH(J)poBKe, KaK H HX H3^o>KeHne yj. von Hammer, op. cit., VI, p. 342 et sq., KOTOpbiH noneMy-TO BocnpoH3BOAHTCBeAeHHH Haiuero AOKyMeHTa nojiHocrbio. KOHCT., 11 HIOHH
1569r., CM. Bbime, npHM. 179: noxo>Ke, HTOTVPKH HaBejin BHeMeHe nopnAOK. KOHCT., 16 OKT.
1569 r., E. Charriere, o p . cit., II, p . 82—99. rincbMO ToMaca KopHocbi Kopo;no, BeHeijHH,
29 ceHT. 1569 r., Simancas E° 1326, TypKH Bepny^H ce6e AACH? IlpoeKT n p o p b i r a n KaHajia
nepe3 Cy3qKHH nepemeeK noc^e noAHHHeHHH ApaBHH, J. von Hammer, op. cit., VI, p. 341.
184
KOHCT., 16 OKT. 1569 r., E. Charriere, o p . cit., I l l , p . 8 2 - 9 0 , 800 000 AyicaTOB AJIH HeMena, MHJUIHOH A-JIH CHpHH.
185

rincbMO BHH.e-Kopo.7iH HeanojiHTaHCKoro Kopo^io, 14 HHB. 1569 r., Simancas E° 1057,
f 18, B 3TOM roAy TypeuKOH apMaAbi He 6yAeT. rincbMO O. AC A/iaBbi Canncy, ITapH^K, 15 HHB.
1569 r., A. N. K 1514, B 26, n° 23, npOTHBopenHBbie CTVXH o TOM, HTO TypKH BbicTynHT
npoTHB JIa IyjieTTbi HJIH A/ieKcaHApHH; nwcbMO BHu;e-Kopo.7iH Heano;iHTaHCKoro Kopo^io,
19 HHB. 1569 r., Simancas E° 1057, f° 2, apMaAbi He 6yAeT. FlHCbMoT. AC KopHocbi Kopo;no,
BeHeuHH, 24 HHB. 1569 r., Simancas E° 1326, apMaAbi He 6yAeT H3-3a ApaBHH; KOHCT., 28 HHB.
1569 r., CM. Bbime npHM. 181, apMaAbi He 6VACT; 14 MapTa 1569 r., E. Charriere, o p . cit., Ill,
1

IlpHMeHaHHfl

239

p. 57—61. IlHCbMO X. Jloneca Kopo;no, BeHerjHH, 2 HIOJIH 1569 r., Simancas E° 1326:
Venecianos se han resuelto de embiar las galeacas en Alexandria y Suria ques serial q u e n o
saldra armada por este ano [BeHeu,naHu.bi npuHHJin peuieHHe HanpaBHTb raneacw B AjiecaHApnio H Cupnio, HTO CBHAeTejibCTByeT o TOM, HTO B 3TOM roAy (Typeu,Kaji apMaAa) He npwAeT
(ucn.)]...
186

rincbMO riecKapbi Kopo;no, MeccHHa, 31 aBrycra 1569 r. w 2 ceHT. 1569 r., Simancas

E°1132.
187

IlHCbMO B-bi Oeppepo IeHy33CKOH CnHbopHH, KOHCT., 23 HIOJIH 1569 r., A. d. S. Genes,
Cost. 2 / 2 1 7 0 . KOHCT., 24 H 29 Man (n3Becrne, nojiyneHHoe B Heanojie 18 HIO;IH, Simancas E° 1057, P 59). KOHCT., 7 aBrycra 1569 r., Simancas E° 1057, P 72: «que los aparatos
maritimos continuan a gran furiay casi a la descubierta [npwroTOBJieHMH (Jx/ioTa npoAOJiacaK)TCH c 6o;ibiiiHM pa3MaxoM H, cneAOBaTejibHo, noHTH oTKpwTo]»; Const., 18 ceHT. 1569,
Simancas E° 1057, P 76; KOHCT., 29 ceHT. H 2 O K T . 1 5 6 9 r., Simancas E° 1057, P 9; KOHCT.,
16 HOH6. 1569 r., Simancas E° 1058, P 3; KOHCT., 26 AeK. 1569 r., Simancas E° 1058, f° 8:

quest'appar(a)to di quest'armata sia per Spagna [BTH npnroTOBJieHHH apMa^bi Moiyr npeAHa3HanaTbCHHcnaHHH
(umcui.)]...RoHeceune6awjiaBap6apo06STHXBOopyaceHHHxBBeHeqHaHCKOM apxHBe,/. von Hammer, o p . cit., VI, p. 336, notes 1, 2.
188
P. Herre, op. cit., p. 15. FlncbMO XyjinaHa JlonecaKopo;no, BeHeijHH, 15 ceHT. 1569 r.,
Simancas E° 1326. CymecrBOBaji, B CBOIO onepeAfc, npoeKT no/pKora KOHCTaHTHHono;ibCKOro ApceHana HCKHM XVJIHO CecapoM KappanbHJio, nncbMO BHije-Kopojin HeanojiHTaHCKoro
Kopo;iio, Heano^b, 23 MapTa 1569 r., Simancas E° 1057, P 43.
189
BWHCHMKH H3 nnceM BHije-Kopojin Heano;iH 3a 22, 26,29 H 31 aBrycra 1569 r., Simancas E° 1056, f° 192.
190
MaapHA, 5 HHB. 1569 r., L. Serrano, o p . cit., Ill, p. 23—24.
191
IlHCbMO CayjiH reHy33CKOH CnHbopwH, 5 HHB. 1569 r., A. d. S. Genes, Lettere Ministri

Spagna4,2413.
192

C M . Bbime, npHM. 1 9 0 .

193

Pedro de Medina, o p . cit., I, p. 147 v°.
CM. Bbime, npHM. 191.
195
Ibid.
196
Hurtado deMendoza, op. cit., p. 71.
197
13 HHB. 1569 r., Fourquevaux, o p . cit., II, p. 45.
198
23 c{)eBp. 1569 r., ibid., II, p. 56.
199
H3BecTHe H3 HcnaHHH, 20 MapTa 1569 r., ibid., II, p. 62.
200
IlHCbMOCayjiH IeHy33CKOH CnHbopnH, Ma^pHA, 14 anp. 1569 r., A. d. S. Genes, Lettere
Ministri Spagna 1 / 2413.
201
rincbMO OHjiHnna II PeKeceHcy, 15 HHB. 1569 r., Simancas E° 910, npHKa3noAOHTHK
6eperaM HcnaHHH c 24 HJIH 28 rajiepaMH.
202
Simancas E° 1057, P 105, MaApHA, 20 HHBapn 1569 r.
203
IlHCbMO BHi;e-Kopo^H HeanojiHTaHCKoro Kopojiio, Heanojib, 19 (J)eBpajiH 1569 r.,
Simancas E° 1057, P 36.
194

204

IlHCbMO B-bl O e p p e p O IeHV33CKOH CHHbOpHH, KoHCTaHTHHOnOJIb, 2 3 HIOJIH 1 5 6 9 T.,

A. d. S. Genes, Constantinopoli, 2 / 2 1 7 0 : li mori di Granata etiam scriven qui al grand S-re

240

y HCTOKOB CBHTOH RUTH: 1566—1570

et a tutti li principalli suplichando che se li manda socorso de arme solo che de gente sono assai
[rpaHaflCKwe MaBpbi TaioKe nHiuyT ciOAa, cynTaHy H BCCM niaBHbiM jiHijaM, c npocb6on npnCJiaTb HM TOJIbKO Opy>KHH, nOTOMy HTO JHOACH y HHX flOCTaTOHHO] .., OHH npOCHT B 1 5 7 0 TOAy

opraHH30BaTb noxoA (JxnoTa; o6;iacTb Tn6pa^Tapa ruioxo oxpaHHeTcn, H ee MOHCHO 6e3 Tpyz^a
3axBaTHTb. A. deHerrera, Libro de agricultura..., op. cit., 1598, coo6maeT B CBOCM nepBOM
AHa^ore, MTO BecTb o BoccraHHH B TpaHa^e Aomjia aaace AO KoHCTaHTHHonojin, r^e ee noCHHTaJIH BblAyMKOH, 3TO n o MCHbUieH M e p e JIK)6onbITHbIH n p H M e p BOCnpHHTHH MOJIBbI

(segun se dize) 341 v°.
205
13 HHB. 1569 r., Fourquevaux, op. cit., II, p. 47—48.
206
Ibid., p. 45.
207
Ibid., p. 46.
208
IlncbMO Kapjia IX OypKBo, Meii, 14 MapTa 1569 r., C. Douais, Lettres de Charles IX a
M. de Fourquevaux, p. 206.
209
H. Forneron, op. cit., II, p. 161.
210
23 HHB. 1569 r., Fourquevaux, op. cit., II, p. 5 1 .
211
Avisos sobre cosas tocantes al Reyno de Granada, 1569, Simancas E° 151, f° 83.
212
Fourquevaux, op. cit., II, p. 56.
213
nHCbMoIepoAeCnecaKopo.7iio, JIOHAOH, 2 a n p . 1569 r., C O D O I N , X C , p . 219, nncbMO Toro ace Jinija TOMy ace Jinny, 9 Ma*i 1569 r., ibid., p. 228. Haiua ijHTaTa B35rra H3 BToporo
nncbMa.
214
3 T O HacTonmne BOHHW HaaMepHKaHCKHH jiaA, G. Friederici, Der Charakter.., op. cit.,
I, p. 463. B BecbMa Kypbe3HOM nncbMe KopojiH BoccraBLUHX MoxaMMeAa A6eH XyMenn K
Aony Xyany ABCTpHHCKOMy, O e p p e n p a , 23 HIOJIH 1569 r., Arch. Gouv. Gen-1 de l'Algerie,
Registre n° 1686, fos 175—179, 3TOT Bo>KAb MHTOKHHKOB 3aflBjmeT, HTO OKCAHCBHO K HeMy B
pyKH (B KanecTBe ero AOJIH) nonaAaeT OT m e c m AO ACCHTH nvieHHbix xpHcrnaH.
215
rincbMO MHKCTIH OpBbeTo MaprapHTe ITapMCKOH, MaApHA, 1 anp. 1569 r., A. d. S.
Naples, Farnesiane, Spagna, fasc. 5 / 1 , f° 242, coo6maeT o ABHHCCHHH rajiep B cTopoHy HcnaHHH. riHCbMollecKapbirepiioryA'ATibKajia, 17anp. 1569 r., Simancas E° 1057, f°53: nocJie no;iyHeHHH H3BCCTHH O HecnacTbe, OH co6npaeTCH nocjiaTb B HcnaHHK) 3CKaApy AOHa
XyaHa Ae KapAOHbi. Recit du succez et j o u r n e e q u e le Grand C o m m a n d e u r de Castille a eu
allant avec vingt-cinq galeres contre les Mores, Lyon, Benoist-Rigaud 8° Piece, 14 p., B. N.,
Paris, Oi 69 (1569), nponcnaHCKoe H3Jio>KeHHe co6biTHH. Fourquevaux, op. cit., II, p. 75,
4 Maa 1569 r.: ecjin 6bi He 3TOT3ac;iOH rajiep, MopncKH 6e>KajiH 6bi B CeBepHyio Acj)pHKy.
21b
//. Forneron, op. cit., II, p. 178, HCCOMHCHHO, penbHACTO BOHCKax noAKOMaHAOBaHHeM AjibBapo Ae Ba3aHa, cp. cjieAyiomee npHMenaHHe. rincbMO CayjiH TeHy33CKOH CnHbOp n n , MaApHA, 20 Mail 1569 r., A. d. S. Genes, Lettere Ministri Spagna 4 / 2413; rincbMO
OnjinnnaII AOHyXyaHy ABCTpHHCKOMy, ApaHxyac, 20 Man 1569 r., CODOIN, XXVIII, p. 10.
217
nHCbMoX.AeCaMaHberHrepu.oryriapMCKOMy, MaApHA, 18Man 1569r., A. d. S.Naples,
Farnesiane, Spagna, fasc. 5 / 1 , fos 256—257.
218
Ibid., f°274, nncbMOToro>Ke.7iHi;aTOMy>Ke;iHiry, MaApHA, 25 HIOHH 1569r.
219

I l H C b M o C a y ^ H r e H y 3 3 C K O H C H H b O p H H , CM. n p H M . 2 1 6 .

npHMenaHMH

241

220

IIncbMoC>MjiHnnaIlAOHyXyaHyABCTpHMCKOMy, Apanxyac, 20 Man 1569 r., CODOIN,
XXVIII, p. 10. TpaHa^a 6buia eAHHCTBeimbiM 3amnmeHHbiM nyHKTOM, nncbMo KacraHbH K
AneccaHApHHO, MaApHA, 13 HIOJIH 1569 r., L. Serrano, op. cit., Ill, p. 111.
221
IlHCbMO K CaHHcy, riapHHc, 2 aBrycra 1569 r., A. N. K 1511, B 24, n° 35.
222
MaApHA, 6 aBrycTa 1569 r., Fburquevaux, op. cit., II, p . 101—102.
223
Ibid., p. 109, 19 aBiycTa 1569 r.
224
Ibid., p. 107.
225
Ibid., 19a B rycTa 1569 r., p. 111.
226
Ibid., 17 ceHT. 1569 r., p . 117-118.
227
IlHCbMO K Kopo^io H3 PnMa OT 14 OKT. 1569 r., L. Serrano, op. cit., Ill, p. 163.
228
MaApwA, 26 OKT. 1569 r., ibid., p. 180.
229
31 OKT. 1569 r., Fourquevaux, op. cit., II, p. 128—129. C. Pereyra (Imperio espacol,
p. 168) VKa3biBaeT, HTO amyinHane co6npa;incb oKa3aTb noMOiin> MopHCKaM...
230
IlHCbMO OpaHceca Ae AjiaBbi Kopojno, Typ, 9 AeK. 1569 r., A. N. K1513, B 25, n° 138.
rincbMO TpaHiuaHa AC TpaHTpw EKaTepHHe MCAHHH, KOHCT., 16 OKT. 1569 r., E. Charriere,
op. cit., Ill, p. 94, o BO3MO>KHOM npeAOcraBjieHHH TyjioHaB pacnopHHteHHeTypoK.
231
H3BecTHH H3 HcnaHHH, 19 AeK. 1569 r., Fourquevaux, op. cit., II, p. 165.
232
MaapHA, 9 OKT. 1569 r., L. Serrano, op. cit., Ill, p. 161.
233
IlHCbMO Ho6min repupry, BapcejioHa, 4 ACK. 1569 r., A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo 4898,

fM28.
234

MaApHA, 26 HOH6. 1569 r., CODOIN, XXVIII, p. 38.
Fourquevaux, op. cit., II, p. 165.
236
IIwcbMo OeppajiH Kap^y IX, Epiocce;ib, 29 AeK. 1569 r., B. N., Paris, Fr. 16123,
P 297 v°, ...de sorte q u e ceulx de Grenade et moins ceulx d e Seville n'ausent mectre le nez
dehors... (0paHy,.).
237
nHCbMO O m i n n n a l e p o Ae Cnecy, MaApHA, 26 AeK. 1569 r., CODOIN, XC, p. 318.
238
O p . cit., p. 78.
239
Simancas E° 487.
240
/JeHCTBHTejibiio, ToproBaTb c A/DKHpoM 6buio 3anpeiiieHO. B Bajieiicnn 6bui 3aAepacaH (J)paimy3CKHH Kyneii, 1569 r., Simancas E° 487; B Majiare He 6buio Kopa6jien H3-3a BOHHbi. IlncbMO rpaHaACKOH HHKBH3HU.HH BbicmeMy CoBeTy HHKBH3HIJHH, A. H. N., 2604,
17 MapTal570r.
241
MaApHA, 31 OKT. 1569 r., Fourquevaux, op. cit., II, p. 128—129.
242
H3Becrae H3 H c n a u n n , 19 AeK. 1569 r., ibid., p . 165.
243
rincbMO XepoHHMO Ae MeHAOcw r p a ^ y BenaBenTe, Ajiacnp, 8 OKT. 1569 r., Simancas E° 333; nncbMo Cay^H reHV33CKOH CnHbopHH, KopAOBa, 26 (J>eBp. 1570 r., A. d. S. Genes,
L. M., Spagna 4 / 2 5 1 3 ; nncbMo Toro ace Jinua TOMy ace JiHiry, 29 OKT., Simancas E° 487. Ha
nojrax 3Toro panopTa Onjinnn II Hanncaji: sera bien embiar con este coreo a don A° Pimentel
[H)0KHonocjiaTb3TOCKypbepoMAOHyA. IlHMeHTe^io]...
244
Memorias del Cautivo, p. 2,3Aecb roBopHTCH o ceHTn6pe, a He OKTfl6pe.
245
D. deHaedo, op. cit., 78 v°.
235

242

y HCTOKOBCBHTOHJlHra: 1566—1570

246

H3BecTHe H3 A/DKHpa, 22 c|)eBp. 1570 r., Simancas E° 487; Palmerini, B. Com. Palermo,
Qq D. 84, OTHOCHT 3TO co6biTHe K 1569 roAy, HO OH nacTO HeToneH. B PHM BecTb o B3HTHH
TyHHca npHiujiaTOJibKo B HOHb c 8 Ha 9 <})eBp. 1570 r., B. N., Paris, Fr. 17989, f" 147,147 v°.
,3,0 KoHCTaHTHHonojiH HOBOCTb Aoinjia 2 a n p . 1570 r., KOHCT., 7 a n p . 1570 r., Simancas E° 1058, f M l . Memorias del Cautivo, p. 5, B3HTUC TyHHca B HHBape 1570 r.
247
H3Becrae H3 Anncwpa, CM. npeAbiAymyK) CHocKy, Kajia6pHeii 6bm xopomo BCTpenen
ropo^KanaMH TyHHca (fue muy bien recebido de todos ellos).
248
ABAO Ha3biBaeT (JDCBpajib; H3Becrae H3 A/i>KHpa, 1—6 anp. 1570 r., Simancas E° 487,
o Bbie3Ae H3 An>KHpa 10 MapTa.
249
Memorias del Cautivo, p. 5.
250
FlncbMO OypKBO Kopojno, KopAOBa, 22 anp. 1570 r., Fourquevaux, op. cit., II, p . 216.
251
IincbMo HO6HJIH repiiory, Ma^pHA, 18 HHBapfl 1570 r., A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo,
4849, f* 10 et 11 v°: quivi dicono ch'e gran penuria di tutte le cose onde non e molto approbata
questa gita como n o n necessaria, f* 9 v°; ...che noi andiamo in u n a provincia penuriosa di
tutt'i viveri per cagione del mal recolto et della guerra de Mori: staremo a ridosso d'un esercito
che gia patisce infinitamente [roBopHT, HTO TaM omymaeTca HexBaTKa BO BCCM, H no3TOMy
noe3AKy CHHTaiOT H3JiHiiiHeH H ne OAo6pniOT; ...HTO Mbi HanpaBjiHeMCH B npoBHHijHio, r^e
HeT HHKaKHx npHnacoB H3-3a Heypo>KaH H BOHHW C MaBpaMw: MM 6yzieM c;ieAOBaTb 3a BOHCKOM, KOTopoey^KeHcnbiTbiBaeTorpoMHbie^HiiieHHH...].
252

Ma^pHA, 3 (J)eBp. 1570 r., Fourquevaux, o p . cit., II, p . 190.
IlHCbMO Cay^H reHy33CKOH CHHbopnw, KopAOBa, 26 (J)eBp. 1570 r., A. d. S. Genes,
Lettere Ministri Spagna 4 / 2413.
254
TlHCbMo AOHa XyaHa O w i n n n y II, KaHmiec, 19 (J)eBp. 1570 r., CODOIN, XXVIII,
p. 49;nHCbMOToro>Ke^HL;aTOMy>Ke^Hriy, KaHHJiec, 25cJ)eBp. 1570 r., A. E.Esp. 236, f° 13.
255
IiHCbMo OHjiHnny II, Twxo^a, 12 MapTa 1570 r., CODOIN, XXVIII, p . 79.
25b
nwcbMaToro>Ke;iHu<aTOMy>Ke.7iHiiy, 30 MapTa 1570 r., 6 Man 1570 r., ibid., p . 83, 89.
257
BepHbi JIH CBeAeHHH, nepeAaBaeMbie HO6HJIH (CM. npHM. 251)? Bo BCHKOM cjiynae,
xjie6 nocTynaji K MHTe>KHHKaM H3 AnacHpa, AOHeceHHe H3 AjDKHpa, 1 H 6 anpejin 1570 r.,
Simancas E° 487.
258
TlHCbMo ^HTpHxniTaHHa MaKCHMHjiHaHy II, CeBH^bH, 17 MaH 1570 r., P. Herre,
op. cit., p . 113, note 1. AnacHpcKHH Kopo;ib MKo6bi o6emaji npHC/iaTb nHTb KOpa6;ieH c
npoBH3Heft H 6oenpHnacaMH.
259
IlHCbMO HO6HJIH repiiory, KopAOBa, 27 MapTa 1570 r., A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo,
4899, fos 59 H cjieA.
2b0
IlHCbMO Cay;iH reHy33CKOH CHHbopHH, KopAOBa, 27 MapTa 1570 r., A. d. S. Genes,
Lettere Ministri Spagna 4 / 2 4 1 3 .
261
IiHCbMo HOGHJIH repuory, CeBHJibH, 16 Mail 1570 r., A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo, 4899,
P 94 v°.
262
IIncbMO Toro ace .JiHija TOMy ace JIHITV, ibid., f° 95 v°; nncbMO XyaHa j\e CaMaHberH
reprjory IlapMCKOMy, KopAOBa, 18 MapTa 1570 r., A. d. S. Naples, Carte Farnesiane, Spagna,
253

fasc.3/2,f°356.
263

TlHCbMo OypKBo Kopojno, CeBHJibH, 22 Man 1570 roAa, Fourquevaux, op. cit., II, p. 222.

IIpHMeHaHHH

243

264

IIHCLMO HO6HJIH repupry, KopAOBa, 25 Man 1570 r., A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo, 4899,
f* 1 6 6 V ° H O BbiKyne rmeHHbixcM. P. Herre, o p . cit., p. 118.
265
IlMCbMO Cannca 0>. a e AnaBe, Y6eAa, 4 HIOHH 1570 roAa, A. N., K 1517, B 28, n° 70.
266
H3BecTHe H3 TpaHaAw, 16 HIOHH 1570 r., Fourquevaux, op. cit., II, p . 227.
267
Ibid., p. 226.
268

IlHCbMO HHKBH3HTOpOB TpaHaAW BblCIlieMy CoBeTy HHKBH3HUHH, 17 HIOHH 1 5 7 0 T.,

A. H. N., 2604.
269
HxHcenHCbMoCoBeTyoT9Hio^H 1570 r., ibid.
270
MaApHA, 29 HIOHH 1570 r., Fourquevaux, o p . cit., II, p. 241, «rpy>KeHHbixpncoM, nmeHHiien HMyKOH», ibid., 11 HIOJIH.
271

IlncbMO AOHaXyaHa ABCTpHHCKoro Onjinnny II, 2 HIOJIH 1570 r., CODOIN, XXVIII,
p. 110.
272
Ibid., p. 111.
273
Fourquevaux, o p . cit., II, p . 241—242.
274
Ma/jpHA, 13 HIOJIH 1570 r., A. d. S. Genes, Lettere Ministri S p a g n a 4 / 2413.
275
Ibid., 5 aBrycra 1570 r.
27b
IlHCbMO AOHa XyaHa ABCTpHHCKoro Onjinnny II, 14 aBrycra 1570 r., C O D O I N ,
XXVIII, p. 126. Ero >Ke nncbMO Pyio Toiviecy, AaTnpoBaHHoe TeM ace MHCJIOM, ibid., p. 128.
277
IlncbMOXyanaAC CaMaHbern repuory IlapMCKOMy, MaApHA, 20aBiycTa 1570 r., A. d. S.
Naples, Carte Farnesiane, fasc. 5 / 1 , f0 394.
278
IlncbMO Pyio ToMecy AC CnjibBe, IyaAHKC, 29 aBrycTa 1570 r., CODOIN, XXVIII,
p. 133.
279
MaApHA, 20 ceHT. 1570 r., Fourquevaux, o p . cit., II, p. 268.
280
H3BecTHeH3HcnaHHH,ceHT. 1570 r., ibid., II, p . 262—263; MaApHA, I I O K T . 1570 r.,
ibid., II, p. 280.
281
Ibid., p. 277.
282
A.N.,K1516, B28, n°7.
283
IlHCbMO 4>HJiHnny II, 9 HOH6 P H 1570 r., C O D O I N , XXVIII, p. 140.
284
IlncbMO AOHa XyaHa ABCTpHHCKoro Pyio ToMecy OT 5 HonGpn 1570 r., «A1 fin, Serior,
esto es hecho», unrapOBaHo y hi. Forneron, op. cit., II, p . 180—190; yO.de Tome, o p . cit., I,
p. 201.
28j
IlncbMO K Beji. repuory, MaApHA, 22 nimapn 1571 r., A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo, 4903.
286
IlncbMO CayjiH TeHy33CKOH CnHbopHH, KopAOBa, 11 HHBapn 1571 r., A. d. S. Genes,
Lettere Ministri Spagna 4 / 2413, OH roBopHT o 2 500 MaBpax, >KHBymnx KaK bandoleri.
287
A. deHerrera, op. cit., p. 341 et sq.
288
A. de Fouche-Delbosc, «Conseils d ' u n Milanais a Don J u a n d'Autriche», in: Revue
Hispanique, 1901, p. 60, note a.
289

CyiiiecTByeT BejiHKoe MHOHCCCTBO HCTOHHHKOB 06 3TOM npeAMeTe, cp.J. von Hammer,

op. cit., VI; Paolo Paruta, Hist, venetiana, 2-e partie, Guerra di Cipro; Uberto Foglietta, De
sacro foedere in Selimum, Libri VI, Genova, 1587; Giampietro Contarini, Historia delle cose
successe dal principio della guerra mossa da Selim O t t o m a n o a'Venetiani, Venezia, 1576.
290
PaulHerre, Europaische Politik im cyprischen Krieg, 1570—1573, Leipzig, 1902.

244

y HCTOKOB CBHTOH JlHrH: 1566—1570

291

O p . c i t . , p . 13.
E. Charriere, op. cit., Ill, p. 8 7 - 8 8 ; Iorga, op. cit., Ill, p. 141.
293
/ Reznik, Le due Joseph de Naxos, contribution a l'histoirejuive du XVIC siecle, Paris,
1936.
294
KoiiCTanTnnonojib, 7anpe;iH 1570 r., SimancasE 0 1058, f°41.
295
nHCbMoKapjiaIXKAK)Oeppbe, 6OKT. 1571 r., B. N., Paris, Fr., 16170, f°32 v°etsq.
2%
PaulHerre, op. cit., p. 25, 146.
297
Ma#pnA, 10 MapTa 1570 r., Fourquevaux, op. cit., II, p. 202, «Haym» HKo6bi co6npajiCM
npocMTby cj)paHiry3CKoro Kopojin noAroTOBHTb na no6epe>Kbe FIpoBanca M JlaHreflOKa 3anacbi npo^OBOJibCTBHH .zyiH TypenKon apMa^bi. «Pa3roBopoB Ha3TOTcneTXBaTaeT». rincbMO
CajiacapaE. B., BCHCIJHH, 5ACK. 1570 r., A. N., K 1672, G 1, n°159. KnoAa J\K> Bypa Bee eme
AepacaT B MnpanAOJie, o6cy>KAaeTCH Bonpoc o ero ocBo6o>KAeHHn; 06 3TOH yAHBHTeJibnoft
4>nrype CM. nacTb II, rci. I. 1.
298
HHCTpyKUHHKapjiaIXA^HllojiMAeOya, 12anpejin 1570 r., B. N., Paris, Fr., 16080,
P 166, uHTHpoBano y P. Herre, op. cit., p. 161.
299
E. Lavisse, VI, I, p. 113; IlncbMo O m i n n n a II O. Ae A/iaBe, MaApwA, 3 CCHT. 1570 r.,
A. N., K 1517, B 28, n ° 8 9 : p e r n i c i o s o c o n c i e r t o y p a z e s q u e e s s e p o b r e R e y h a h e c h o c o n s u s
rebeldes que me ha causado la pena y sentimiento q u e podeis considerar viendo la poca
cuenta que se ha tenido con lo que tocava al servicio y honra de Dios [noraGcflbiioe corjiacHe
292

H M H p , KOTOpblM 3TOT IieCHaCTHblH KOpOJIb 3aKJIIOHH7I C MKTe)KHHKaMH, KaKOBOH BbI3BaJI y

MeiiM MyBCTBO oropnenHH, KaK Tbi MO>Keiiib ce6e npeACTaBHTb, cyAH no TOMy, HacKOJibKO on
He cooTBeTCTByeT HCTHHHOMy cjiy^KCHHio H noHHTanHio Bora]...
300
nncbMo Kopojno, ITapHac, 2 ceirr. 1570 r., A. N., K 1517, B 28, n° 87.
301
B (f>eBpajie H B MapTe rajiepbi He MOHIH BLIHTH H3 HeanojiHTancKoro nopTa, nocKO^bKy «noroAa 6buia nyrb JIU lie caMOH HenacTiiOH I\J\H 3Toro BpeMenn roAa 3a Mnoro ;ieT»,
nncbMo BHue-Kopo^H HeanojiHTancKoro KopojiK), Heano;ib, 11 MapTa 1570 r., Simancas E° 1058, f° 34.
302
H3BecTHeH3Kopc()y, nocrynHBiuee 10HUB. 1570 r.,SimancasE" 1058, f° 13, rpaHAH03Hbie npuroTOBJieHHH JJJIH noxoAa na MajibTy, CTpoHTejibCTBO 20 MaxoHH B HHKOMCAHH,
oT^HBKa 22 6o;ibiiiHx KyneBpHH B KoncraHTHHonojie, c6op 10 000 rpe6uoB B AHaTOJiHH,
250 napycHbix cyAOB, B TOM HHCJIC 175 rajiep, et si m u r m u r a anchora per la Goleta [XOAHT
TOJIKH, MTO A^IH JIa Ty^eTTbi (iimaa.)], KOHCT., 21 HUB. 1570 r., Simancas E° 1058, f° 19:
MOJiBayKa3bmaeT Ha Kwnp, B ^ajiMaijHH yrpo3a co CTopoHbi aji>KnpcKnx KopcapoB. A/DKHp,
26 HUB. 1570 r. (nepe3 BanencHio), Simancas E° 334, apMaAa nowAeT Ha KHnp HJIH Ha JIa TyjieTTy. IlncbMOenncKonaMaHCKoro Kapjiy IX, PHM, (2?) cj>eBp. 1570 r., B. N., Paris, Fr. 1789,
fos 245 yo 24g. xypei^Kaii 3CKaApa oTnpaBHTCH Ha MajibTy, HO CKopee Bcero Ha JIa TyjieTTy.
IIHCBMO IlIaHTOHH3 Kopo;no H3 FIparH, 15 (})eBp. 1570 r., CODOIN, CIII, p. 450—453: OT
OAHoro mnnoHa HMnepaTopy cra^o H3BCCTHO, HTO TypKH BbiCTymrr npoTHB Kunpa, a He Ha
n O M O m b MOpHCKaM. F l o n p H 6 b I T H H HOBOCTeH, OTHOCH1UHXCH K K n n p y , MaKCHMHJIHaH HaHH-

HaeT roBopHTb o BO3MOHCHOCTH coio3a Me>KAy HHM, HcnaHCKHM KopojieM, riojibiueH H PewXOM. IlHCbMoToMacaAeKopHocbiKopo^K), BeHeuHH, 25(})eBp. 1570r.,SimancasE" 1327:
TypKH co6HpaiOTCH HanacTb Ha Kwnp. rincbMO KacTaHbH K AneccaHApwHO, KopAOBa, 11 H
22 MapTa 1570 r., UHrapoBaHO y P. Herre, op. cit., p. 61—2, note 1: TypeiuaiH CJ>;IOT, BepoHT-

npHMenaHHH

245

HO, npH/jeT B ncnaHCKHe BOAM. H3BecTHe H3 Kopcj)y, nojiyneHHoe B Heanojie 31 MapTa
1570 r., Simancas E° 1058, P 30, TypeijKaji apMa^a BoopyacaeTCH npoTHB KHnpa. I"IncbMO
riecKapbi Kopojno, FlajiepMO, 12 HIOHH 1570 r., MHCCHH MajibTHHCKoro pwuapn Eape;uiH,
nocjiaHHoro na BOCTOK, HTo6bi OH co6paji CBe/jeHHH mayormente presuponiendo que algun
intento avia para dar calor a las cosas de Granada [HCXOAH, B OCO6CHHOCTH, H3 npeAnojio>KeHHH, HTO cyuiecTByioT HaMepeHHH noAorpeTb HanpjDKeHHe B TpanaAe].., Simancas E° 1133.
Ha3BaHHbin Eape;uiH nojiynHJi peKOMeHAarjHH K MwKacy, nHCbMO BHije-KopojiH Heanojin
repiiory Ajib6yKepKe, Heanojib, 24 HIOHH 1570 r. KOHCT., 18 Man, Simancas E° 1058, f° 66:
npoTHB Kwnpa. IlHCbMO BHiie-KopojiH HeanojiHTaHCKoro Kopojno, Heano^b, Ta ace AaTa,
ibid., P 64.
303
Alberto Tenenti, Cristoforo da Canal, la marine venitienne avant Lepante, 1962, oco6eHHop. 175et sq.
304
P. Herre, op. cit., p. 16, Ha3biBaeT A^Ty 13 HHBapn.
305
llHCbMoToMacaAe Kopnocbi Kopojno, BenerjHH, 26(f>eBp. 1570 r., Simancas E° 1327.
306
IlHCbMO X. Jloneca Kopojno, BeHeuHH, 11 MapTa 1570 r., Simancas E° 1327. OTCVTCTBHe nuceM 6aHJia. Ero apecT. HaiuecTBne TypoK B ^ajiMaijHH. HeH36eacHocTb BOHHbi.
riHCbMOToro)KejiHi;aTOMy}Ke^Hqy, 16 MapTa 1570 r., ibid., M3 KoHCTaHTHiionojin npH6yAeT nocojibCTBO c Tpe6oBaHneM K BeHen;nn OTAaTb Knnp.
307
IlHCbMO K Kopo^K), E. Charriere, op. cit., Ill, p. 101—104.
308
IlHCbMO AOKTopa MopnaTa (del Consejo de Capuana) que al presente esta por governor
en las provincias de Abruzo [n3 CoBeTa Kanyn, KOTopbifi B HacToamee BpeMH ynpaBJineT
npoBHHUHHMH B A6pyuuax (ucn.)] KrepupryAjibKajia, HwBHTaAH Kbera, 28 c})eBp. 1570 r.,
Simancas E° 1058, f° 37.
309
rincbMoX. Jloneca Kopo^io, Benem™, 1 anpejin 1570 r., Simancas E° 1327,Typeu.KHe
Ha6erH Ha OKpecraocTH 3apw. riwcbMO KaBajuin CenaTy, KopAOBa, 1 anpejifl 1570 r., CJIVXH
o 3axBaTe 3apbi (P. Herre, op. cit., p. 85, note 2); 9(?) 3aMKOB 3aHHTbi TypKaMH, nncbMO
MexMeTa COKOJUIH Kapjiy IX, KoHcraHTHHonojib, 16 HOH6. 1570 r., E. Charriere, op. cit., Ill,
p. 137.
310
Cp.npnM.306.
311
P. Herre, op. cit., p. 16.
312
L. Voinovitch, Depeschen des Francesco Gondola, 1570—1573, Wien, 1907, p. 21.
313
Ibid.
314
riwcbMo A- 4>. Ae A/iaBbi Kopojno, AmKep, 4 anpejin 1570 r., A. N., K 1517, B 28, n u 59.
315
R. B. Merriman, op. cit., IV, p. 126—127 H ny6;iHKai;HH A. Dragonetti de Torres, La lega
di Lepanto nel carteggio diplomatico inedito di Don Luys de Torres, Torino, 1931.
316
IlHCbMoX. Jloneca Kopojno, 11 MapTa, 16 MapTa, 31 MapTa 1570 r. (O rajinone OaycTO), 9 HIOHH 1570 r., Simancas E° 1327.
317

P. Herre, op. cit., p. 2 7 - 2 8 .
Ibid.
319
H. Kretschmayr, Geschichte von Venedig, op. cit., Ill, p. 54.
320
Simancas E° 1058, f° 35.
321
CODOIN, CIII, p. 4 8 0 - 4 8 1 .
318

246

y HCTOKOBCBHTOH JlHrH: 1566—1570

322
323

rincbMO ,H>K. A. /topwH Kopojiio, Heano;ib, 3 Mail 1570 r., Simancas E° 1058, f* 31.
rincbMo BHue-KopojiH Heanoji*, 19 HKXJIH 1570 r. Simancas E° 1058, f° 80, neMijbi

6buiH yBOJieHbi 26 HIOHH.
324

llncbMOToro>Ke^Hi^aKopojiK), Heanojib, 2aBrycra 1570 r., Simancas E° 1058, f° 91.
riwcbMO CaHTa Kpyc Kopojno, 26 anpeji* 1570 r., Simancas E° 1058, f° 46.
326
Simancas E° 1060, f o s l, 39, 49, 5 1 , 206, E° 1133, Map T a 1570 r., 6 Ma* 1570 r.

325

327

1~IncbMO llecKapbi Kopojno, FlajiepMO, 17 HIOHH, 18 HIOHH, 26 HIOHH 1570 r., 16 HIOJIH

1570 r., Simancas E° 1133. IiHCbMo JI^K. A. ^ o p n n Kopojno, JIa TyjieTTa, 2 HKKTIH 1570 r.,
Simancas E° 484.
328
IlecKapa, 17 anpcnn 1570 r., Simancas E° 1133 H Apyrne riMCbMa OT 6 Man; a TaioKC
nncbMa BHije-Kopojin Heanojin OT 14 aBrycTa 1570 r. (Simancas E° 1058, f° 97), nncbMa
OnjinnnaIIBHue-KopojiioCnmi^nH, 23cenT. 1570r.(E° 1058,^217), 18OKT. (ibid., P 220).
329 ^

T O

y ^ a H H O n o K a 3 a n o y H. Kretschmayr,

o p . cit., I l l , p . 5 3 .

330

rincbMa KapAHHajia PaMGyne Kapjiy IX, PHM, 8 H 12 Man 1570 r., E. Chartiere, o p . cit.,
Ill, p . 112-114.
331
L. Serrano, op. cit., I, p. 5 1 .
332
rincbMO HO6H;IH repuory, KopAOBa, 22 anpejin 1570 r., A. d. S. Florence, Medicco,
4899, P 74 v°. llpaBAa, BHOBL npnGbiBiunn Hamc/i npoxjiaAHbin npHeM B ncnancKHx Kpyrax, tenendolo de razza n o n molto antica [nocKOJibKy e r o nponcxoacAeuHe He COHJIH CTaPHHHWM (uma/i.)]; Fourquevaux, o p . cit., II, p . 219—220, ayAHemjHH Toppeca 21 anpejin,
o6eii;aHHe npeAocraBHTb 70 ncnaiicKnx rajiep, OKOHHaTe;ibHbiH OTBCT Kopojin GyAeT A^H B
CeBn^be; KapAHiiaji PaM6yfie nnmeT Kopojno o nHTHAecnra rajiepax, PHM, 22 Man 1570 r.,
B. N., Paris, Fr. 1789, f° 176.
333
HTajibHHijbi (reprjorn CaBOHCKHH H YPGHHCKHH) no6y>KAaiOT Onjinnna II 3amnoHHTb
COK)3 c BenenHen, P. Herre, o p . cit., p . 88.
334

L. Serrano, op. cit., I, p . 53, note 3.
Ibid., p. 54.
330
MaTepnajibi Bcero naparpac{)a CM. B B. N., Paris, Ital. 427, fos 197 v° 198.
337
IlncbMo KapAHnajia PaM6yne Kap^y IX, PHM, 5—30 HIOHH 1570 r., E. Charriere, op. cit.,
Ill, p. 115—116. HncTpyKiiHH, BbiAannan r-iiyAcn'OGecnnny (nioiib 1570 r.), B. N., Paris,
Fr. 1789, f° 181: «CnHbop MapKaiiTOnno Kojiomia, KOToporo nana, KBceoGuiCMyyAHBjie335

HHIO, iia3naHHJi KOMaHAyiomHM BceMH CBOHMH rajiepaMH...».
338

L. Serrano, op. cit., I, p . 70.
IiHCbMoX. JIonecaKopo;no, BCHCIJHH, 1 aBrycTa 1570 n, Simancas E° 1327.
340
L. Serrano, op. cit., I, p. 75.
341
BecHHCJieHHbie nncbMa H3 Pary3bi renepajiy BeneiiHaHCKOH apMaAbi HepoHHMo/^3aHe OT 7,13,17 H 18 anpejin; 3 H 16 Ma* 1570 r., A. de Raguse, L. P, I, fos 168, 168 v°, 169,171,
174, 175 v° 177, 198, 200 v°, 201, 202.
342
Ha6op 2 000 HCJIOBCK B Heanojie A-NH rajiep JXTK. A. /Jopnn H MapKH3a CaHTa Kpyc,
nncbMO BHije-Kopojin Heano;iH Kopojno, Heanojib, 19 HIOJIH 1570 r., Simancas E° 1058, f° 82;
HO6HJIH, 16 Ma* 1570 r., A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo, 4899, f° 166 v°, 100.
339

npHMenaHMH
343

247

IlMCbMo Cay/iH B Ienyio, MaApH/j, 13 MIOJIH 1570 r., A. d. S. Genes, L. M. Spagna 4 /

2413.
344

IIpHKa3 6bui Aan nocjie BMemaTejibCTBa HyHijHH, L. Serrano, op. cit., t. Ill, p. 448, cp.
TaioKe ibid., Ill, p. 461—463; o HeAOBOJibCTBe J\ym. A. /JopHH B nncbMe Kap/jHHajia PaM6yfie
KopojiK), 28 aBiycTa 1570 r., E. Charriere, op. cit., Ill, p. 118.
345
Simancas E° 1058, f* 9 8 - 9 9 .
34b
nHCbMo/l,>K. A./l,opnn Kopo;no, 17ceHT. 1570 r., Simancas E° 1327. rincbMopeKTopoB Pary3bi nocjiaM B KoHcraHTHHonojie, 11 ceHT. 1570 r., A. d e Raguse, L. P, I, f° 242 v°,
o nepexoAe ncnaHo-nancKnx rajiep 18 aBiycTa Ha mnpoTy KopcJ)y.
347
nncbMo,Zt>K. A./JopnHOT 17ceHT. 1570r.,cp. npeAiuecTByK)mee npHMenaHHe.
348
Memorias del Cautivo, p. 7.
349
L. Voinovitch, op. cit., p. 33; 3Ta HOBOCTb npHiujia B Ma#pnA B HOfl6pe; Eligio Vitale,
op. cit., p. 127: necoMneHHO 16 HHCJia.
350
IlncbMo IlecKapbi Kopojno, IlajiepMO, 22OKT. 1570 r., Simancas E° 1133.
351
rincbMo OpaHCHCKo BaKM repuory A'A/ibKajia, OrpaHTO, 1 HOH6. 1570 r., Simancas
EM059, P 6 .
352
L. Serrano, Liga de Lepanto, Madrid, 1 9 1 8 - 1 9 1 9 , 1 , p. 8 1 .
353
E. Charriere, op. cit., Ill, p. 122—124; nncbMO O. #e AnaBbi Kopo;no, FlapHHc, 12 HOH6.
1570 r., A. N., K 1518, B 28, n° 42.
354
Correspondance de Granvelle, IV, p. 51,14 #eK. 1570 r.

IV
JIEIIAHTO
JlenaHTo — caMoe rpoMKoe co6biTHe BOCHHOH HCTOPHH XVI Beica B cpe/jH3eMHOMopcKOM perHOHe. O^HaKO 3Ta 6jiecT5iiuaH noGe/ja TexHHHecKoro npeBocxoACTBa M OTBarn c TpyzjOM BnMCbiBaeTCH B npHBbiHHyio HCTopHHecKyio nepcneKTMBy.
Hejib3H cKa3aTb, HTO H3 pa^a BOH BbixoAHiuee cpaaceHHe 6buio npoAOJiaceHHeM uenn npe^uiecTBOBaBuiHx COGMTHH. G/ieAyeT JIH B TaKOM cjiynae, HAH n o CTOnaM o^Horo H3 HOBCHIUMX ero HCTOPHKOB, npevBejiHHHBaTb repoHqecicyio pojib
TaKoro nepcoHa^ca lueKcnHpoBCKoro Maciirra6a, KaK AOH XyaH ABCTPHHCKHH?
KoHeHHo, ero jiHHHbie KanecTBa HOBJIHHJIH Ha XOA HCTOPHH. H o o6T>flCHHTb Bee,
HCXOA^ H3 HHX, TOttCe 6bIJIO 6bl Hepa3yMHO.
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He^qaHHaH no6e#a HMejia TaK Majio nocjieACTBHH. BHTBa npH JlenaHTo COCTOHjiacb 7 OKT5i6pfl 1571 ro^a; TOAOM no3Hce coio3Hbie CHJIM noTepnejiH HeyAany npH
M O A O H C B 1573 roAy, HcromHB CBOH pe3epBbi, BeHeuHH Bbiuuia H3 6opb6bi. B
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TeM He MeHee, ecjiH a6cTparapoBaTbC5i OT rojibix cJraKTOB, KOTopwe cocTaBJI5HOT n O B e p X H O C T H b l H H B H e i U H e n p H B J i e K a T e J I b H b l H CJIOH H C T O p H H , Mbl VBHAHM
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MHCJ) O TypeuKOH MOIIJH 6bui CJIOMJICH.

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Ha MHorne roAbi OHH 6buiH CHa6aceHbi HOBMMH rpe6uaMH.
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cnacTbeM A-flfl Hero CTaji MHp Ha Mope, KOTopwH npoAJimicn AO 1591 ro/ja. Kop a 6 j I H 6 b U I H BblHVHCAeHbl T H H T b B r a B a H H X .

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oG^eAMHeHHe Bce-TaKH cocrojuiocb.
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6ecxpe6eTHOH CnHbopnn c 6o;ibiiiHM noA03peHneM. BeHen,HaHn,bi, B CBOIO onepe^b, e^Ba cnpaBJinncb c o6pyiiiHBiiiHMHC5i Ha HHX npo6jieMaMH, 6e3 OCO6OH
pa^ocTH BcnoMHHajiH o noAo6HOH >Ke CHTyaijnn 1538—1540 roAOB. KorAa JieTOM 1571 roAa Bee npenflTCTBHfl 6buin npeoAOJieHbi, B Bnxpe HOBocren, 6ypjiHBmeM B BeHeqHH, Bee eme KpyaaiJin caMbic HCBepo^THbic c/iyxn: HTO ncnaHijbi,
HKo6bi, roTOBHJiHCb BbicT)TiHTb npoTHB TeHyH, TocKaHbi H caMOH BeHeijHH. CjieAOBajio 6bi, pa3yMeeTCH, y3HaTb, OTKyAa IIIJIH 3TH cjiyxn; KTO cf>a6pHKOBaji HX H C
KaKOH n,e;ibio OHH pacnpocrpaHJUincb. BbiTb MO^KCT, OHH pacxoAnjincb caMH
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HejierKOH. HcnaHHio npeACTaBjnuin KapAHHajibi IlaiiicKO H FpaHBejuia, a TaK>KC
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liana Ha3HanHji CBOHMH npeACTaBHTejuiMH KapAHHajioB MopoHe, He3H, TpacHca, AjibAo6paHAHHO, AjieccaHApnHO H PycTHKynnn, HO nocneAHne npncyTCTBOBajin Ha 3aceAaHH5ix Heo^niinajibHO. lleperoBopbi 6bDin TpyAHbiMH. 3a BpeMfl,
npouieAiuee c nepBoro 3aceAaHH5i, 2 HIOJIH 1570 roAa, AO nocjieAHcro OHH Tpn>KAbi npepbmajiHCb: c aBrycTa no oKTnGpb 1570 roAa; B HHBape n (J)eBpajie 1571;
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251

252

JlenaHTO

10. BeHeijHaHCKHH raneac (XVI BCK). Hac-maa KOJUICKIJHH.
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CpaaceHHe 7 OKTH6PH 1571 roAa

253

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ParauqoHH 2 . 3 T H nonoji3HOBeHHH OTOABHHyjiH noAnncaHHe AoroBopa o JiHre:
BeHeqHH He pemajiacb /jaTb Ha Hero corjiacne, nona He yBepnjiacb B nojiHOM npoBajie CBOHX 3anrpbiBaHHH c KoHCTaHTHHonojieM.
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nanbi pacqncTHJin noHBy RJISI corjiauieHHH, npeAJio>KHB Hcnojib30BaTb B KaneCTBe HexoAHoro TeKCT 1537 roAa, BHecn B Hero cooTBeTCTByiomne H3MeHeHHH.
B Hanajie ceHTfl6pa npoHecoi cjiyx o 3aKJiioqeHHH J l n r n 3 . Bee ocHOBHbie Bonpocbi noABeprjiHCb TmaTejibHOMy o6cy>KAeHHio. Bbijio peuieHo o(f>opMHTb COK)3 He
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TaK H HacTynaTejibHbiH xapaKTep; HanpaBjieHHbiH npoTHB TypoK, OH npeAycMaTpHBaji Mepbi H npoTHB HX BaccajiOB B CeBepHOH Acf>pHKe, TpnnojiH, TyHHce,
AjDKnpe. TaKOBO 6bijio HeABycMbicjieHHoe Tpe6oBaHHe HcnaHHH, KOTopaa xoTejia coxpaHHTb 3a CO6OH Ha 6yAymee CBo6oAy ACHCTBHH B ccf>epe CBOHX HHTepeCOB 4 . /^pyrne corjiacoBaHHbie nyHKTbi: rjiaBHoe KOMaHAOBaHHe coeAHHeHHbiM
(J)JIOTOM nopyqajiocb AOHy XyaHy ABCTpHHCKOMy; o6mne pacxoAbi ACJiHjiHCb (KaK
B 1537 roAy) Ha iuecrb qacreH, Tpn H3 HHX onjianHBajiHCb ncnaHCKHM KopojieM,
ABe BeHeunen H oAHa — Ero CBflTeHiuecrBOM nanon. HTO KacaeTcn npoAOBOJibCTBHH, HcnaHHH oTKpbmajia nepeA BeHeunaHijaMH CBOH HTajibHHCKHe pbiHKH;
OHa o6emajia coxpaHHTb pa3yMHbie ueHbi H o6fl3ajiacb He noBbiuiaTb Hajiorn H
Apyrne 3KcnopTHbie c6opbi. Ha STOM nyHKTe oco6eHHO HacTaHBajia BeHeijHfl,
KOTopaa He Morjia o6oHTHCb 6e3 TypeuKoro xjie6a, He 3aMeHHB ero nuieHHijeH
H3 AnyjiHH HJIH CHIJHJIHH 5 . HaKOHeq, KOH^eAepaTaM 3anpemajiocb BCTynaTb B
cenapaTHbie neperoBopbi c TypKaMH 6e3 npeABapHTejibHoro corjiacnn Apyrnx
yqacTHHKOB.

254

JlenaHTO

IlpoeKT 6biji pa30CJiaH npaBHTejibCTBaM RJISI o3HaKOMJieHHH H HcnpaBJieHHH,
c qeM H CBH3aH nepBbiH nepepbiB B xoAe neperoBopoB c aBrycra no OKTfl6pb.
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noAnHcaHHH AOKyMeHTa, npaBAa, c pa/jOM oroBopoK. BeHeriHfl, HanpoTHB, pe3KO H 3 M e H H J i a CBOK) n 0 3 H U ; H I O , O T K a 3 b I B a f l C b OT B C e r O , MTO 6bIJIO n p a K T H M e C K H

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HJIH BCJIHKHH KOMaH/JOp KaCTHJIHH.
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cojiAaT H 4 500 jierKOKOHHbix. Co3AaBaeMaa jyin ACHCTBHH B JleBaHTe, Jlnra He
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255

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276

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277

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278
17—20 Man,

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2 H 24 HIOHH.
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279

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nbiTaACH 3aBH3aTb 6OH, HO HanpacHO. O H Aaxce He CMor BOcnoAb30BaTbCfl BM^a3KOH AByx AecHTKOB rajiep, OTnpaBHBiiiHxcfl npeoieAOBaTb xpHcraaHCKHH rpy3OBOH napycHHK, Tan KaK CJIHUIKOM TH>KeAbie rajiepbi AOHa XyaHa He cyMejin OTpe3aTb nyTb AOMOH STHM Kopa6jiHM, KOTopbie 6MAH HeMeAA-JieHHO OT03BaHbi
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urrypM nopTa? B 3HaK CBoen TOTOBHOCTH K nocAeAHeMy, AOH XyaH npHKa3aji ocTaBaBuiHMCH B pe3epBe rajiepaM ,3,opHa H repijora Ceccbi npncoeAHHHTbCH K HeMy
(OHH npnGbiAH B Kop(J)y TOAbKO 16 OKTfl6pn, KorAatyjiOTynce nAbui o6paTHo). B
caMOM JXGJIC, BeHeqnaHqbi XOTCAH npoAJiHTb ocaAy eme Ha HecKOAbKO HeAejib B
HaAexcAe CAOMHTb conpoTHBAeHne TypoK HAH no KpanHen Mepe 3acTaBHTb YAbA>KajiH BbiHTH B iiiTopMamee Mope, KorAa OH nonAbmeT Ha3aA B KoHCTaHTHHonoAb.
BbiTb MO^ceT, HX pacneT 6biJi BepeH. BbicKa3biBajiocb MHeHHe, HTO TypeinoiH rapHH30H, HCTomHB CBOH CHjibi, 6yAeT Bbmy>KAeH ycTynHTb181. B TO >Ke BpeMH OocKapHHH npH3HaBajiCH, HTO ero 6oAbiue Bcero CTpauiHAa nepcneKTHBa pa3AeAHTb
no B03BpameHHH yqacTb,3,3aHe, KOToporo B 1570 roAy, nocne HeyzjaqHOH 3KcneAHIJHH Ha Knnp, He nomaAHAO cypoBoe BeHeqnaHCKoe npaBOcyAHe.
KaK 6bi TO HH 6WAO, 8 OKTfl6pn coi03HbiH (J)JIOT pacnpocTHACH c MOAOHOM H
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6eperoB Kop(f>y. Hepe3 ABa AHA 3CKaApa pa3Ae^HJiacb. BWAO npHHjrro peuieHHe
He 3HMOBaTb B JleBaHTe, He ocraBaTbcn HH Ha Kopcj)y, HH B KaTTapo, H He npeAnpHHHMaTb HHKaKHx ACHCTBHH npoTHB onopHbix nyHKTOB TypoK B 3ajiHBe. ripHcoeAHHHBiiiHCb K MHeHHio AOHa XyaHa, MapnaHTOHHO Ko;iOHHa nojio^KHJi KOHeq
Ae6aTaM c BeHeijHaHuaMH. «BHeuiHe OHH He BbiKa3ajiH HHKaKoro HeAOBOJibCTBa»,
nncaji repijor CeccKHH182. Ho 24 OKTfl6pn OocKapHHH AOKAaAbmaA pecny6AHKe:
«EAHHCTBeHHbie BHHOBHHKH TOrO, HTO B 3TOH 3KCneAHIJHH 6bIJIO CAe^aHO TaK

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npeHe6peraa HHTepecaMH Jlnrn H Aaace npnqHHHH en ymep6. 3Aan BOJIH ncnaHueB OTKpbiTO npoHBAHAacb BO Bcex CAyqanx, KorAa peqb uuia o noAb3e jijin BeHeqnaHCKHx BA2iAeHHH»183. KaKoe cpKAeHHe MO^ceT 6biTb 6oAee HecnpaBeAJiHBbiM?
Ho BO BCHKOM CAyqae c KOHija oceHH y Bcex 6buio omymeHne, qTO Jlnre npniueA
KOHeiJ. HcnaHCKHH (})JIOT, pa3AeAHBUIHCb Ha TpH qaCTH, 6bICTpO B03BpaTHACfl B

286

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nepByio oqepe/u> o BCJIHKHX MHpa cero, KOTopbix OH JIUUIUJICH B 3TOM ro/jy. Mbi
yme roBopHJiH o KOHMHHC HUH V, nocjieAOBaBiuen 1 Man. B HIOHC yMepjia KopojieBa HaBappcKan, B JIUIIC KOTopon npoTecTaHTCKan napTHH noTepjma CBOIO
BAOxHOBHTejibHHuy. B MHCJie norH6iiiHx BO BpeMfl pe3HH 24 aBrycTa 6bui a/jMHpaji KojiHHbH, H TpaHBejuia B Heanojie npeAnojio>KHji, HTO enHCKon JXZLKCKUU,
<OTOT ryreHOT», nojib30BaBuiHHCH ero noKpoBHTejibCTBOM, He 6yACTy>Ke HrpaTb
185
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a 7 UK>JIH cKOHMaji CBOH AHH Kopojib OojibuiH 187 . TeM caMbiM 6bijio no;io>KeHo
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casa de Antonio Goga Luez*»18y HHKOMy He H3BecTHbiH KaM03HC ony6jiHKOBaji
«Jly3HaAi>i», KHnry o MopcKnx npHKjiioMeHHMx B AaJieKOM H orpoMHOM CpeAH3eMHOMopbe, Ha HHAHHCKOM OKcaHe, ryje iuiaBajin nopTyrajibiibi.

3. «H3MEHA» BEHEIJHH H ABA B3JITHJI TYHHCA,

1573-1574
«H3MeHa» BeHeijHH, KOTopaji c OCCHH 1572 ro/;a Ka3ajiacb HCH36C>KHOH, COcrofljiacb 7 MapTa 1573 ro/ja. B HTajiHH o HCH CTajio H3BCCTHO B anpejie, B HcnaHHH — e i l j e H e p C 3 MeCMU,. P e H b AOJI>KHa HATH H e CTOJIbKO 0 6 « H 3 M e H e » , CKOJIbKO O

c^ane no3HUHH. ^ocraTOHHO npe/jCTaBHTb ce6e nojio>KeHHe Pecny6jiHKH, ToproBjiH, upoMbiuijieHHocTb H (J)HHaHCbi KOTopon 6bijiH paccTpoeHbi, pecypcbi
HCTomeHbi Ha pe^KOCTb AoporocroaineH BOHHOH Ha Mope, ypoBeHb >KH3HH ynaji
BCJieACTBne HexBaTKH H AoporoBH3Hbi npoAyKTOB. KoHenHO, GeAHHKH, CTpaAaBlune OT 3Toro 6ojibiue Bcex, He yTpaTHJin, TCM HC MCHee, BOHHCTBCHHOFO Ayxa.
He cjiynaHHo AOH XyaH CTaji IIOMTH MHcJDHMecKHM repoeM neceH, KOTopbie pac* BranorpacJDHHAHTOHLK) Ibca JIy3iua (IbucajiBHuia).

«H3MeHa» BeHeuHH H J\B3. B3HTHM TyHHca, 1573—1574

287

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npHMcpoM, TO IllH6eHHK, no MHCHHIO 3HaiomHX jnoAeH, 6bui o6peneH. K TOMy
>Ke BOHHa, KOTopan liuia y>Ke Tpn roAa, He npHHecjia Pecny6;iHKe HHKaKfix cymeCTBeHHbix npno6peTeHHH. B 1571 roAy 6bui noTepnH Knnp, 3aTeM iiejibin p^A
onopHbix nyHKTOB Ha A^pnaTHKe. H3 3KcneAHUHH 1571—1572 TO/JOB BeHeuHH
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TaKOBbi 6biJiH MOTHBbi BCHCUHH. To, HTO BonpeKH noAiincaHHOMy AoroBopy
OHa He npe/jynpeflHJia CBOHX COK)3HHKOB, MOMCHT BTopocTeneHHbiH. BeccMbio
JICHHO ynpenaTb ee B 3TOM, naMHTyfl 06 o6biqaflx TOH anoxn. Pa3Be OHJiHnn II B
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CoiyiauieHHe c Typunen 6buio noAroTOBJieHO c noMombio enHCKona JXZLKCKOro, CTapaTejibHO TpyAHBiiieroca HaA HHM C caMoro Haqajia. Mbi paccKa3bmajiH o
ero OTbe3Ae Ha BOCTOK B Mae 1571 roAa, o ero 3ano3AajiOM npn6biTHH B BeHeIIHK) B ceHT5i6pe H o ero A^iHTejibHOM npe6bmaHHH B ropoAe jiaryH. M36paB HeyAaHHbin MOMeHT/yiH ero iiocemeHHfl, MOMCHT no6eAbi npw JlenaHTO, nopoAHBmen MHO>KCCTBO HaAe>KA H HJIJHO3HH, OH HC nepecTaBaji CHOBa H CHOBa HanoMHHaTb o \\ejinx CBoeft MHCCHH, npc>KAe qeM nepe6paTbcn B Pary3y B HHBape
1572 roAa. IlpHB^eKaTe^bHOCTb neperoiiopoB, c TOMKH 3peHHH 3ApaBOMbicjiaDXHX BeHeijHaHijeB, 3aKjnoqajiacb B BO3MO>KHOCTH, Hcnojib3ya caM c})aKT BbiHrpbiiua, BbiToproBaTb HaH6o;iee BbiroAHbic ycjiOBHH Mnpa, Aaace BepHyTb ce6e
Knnp. 3 T H ynoBaHHH ;ie>KajiH B OCHOBC Bcex npaMbix neperoBopoB BeHeijHH, a
paBHO H Tex, qTO Bejincb OT ee HMCHH. Mbi roBopHM o B03BpameHHH Knnpa He B
CMbicjie CO6CTBCHHOCTH, a o cHOce yKpenjieHHH Ha ocTpoBe 190 H nepeAane ero B
BaccajibHoe noAAaHCTBO TypiiHH. 3 T O 03Haqajio 6bi BHOBb o6pecTH He cTOJibKo

288

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Bee 3TH Ha^e>KAbi BCKope pa3BenjiHCb BBHAy npe3MepHbix npeTeH3HH TypoK191.
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HTO cyjiTaH npoTHB MHpa c BeHeijHeH. B STHX yc/ioBHHX BMeiuaTejibCTBO enncKOna JXZKCKOTO HMCJIO pemaiomee 3HaneHHe: OH AO6HJIC5I CMarqeHHH TypeijKHX
Tpe6oBaHHH H coniacHH cyjiTaHa Ha MHpHbin AoroBop. 13 MapTa ycjiOBHH TypoK
6buiH BbicjiaHbi B BeHeqHio, Kyzja OHH nocTynnjiH 2 anpejin192; 3TO 6WJIH TH^cejibie, ecjiH He CKa3aTb yHH3HTejibHbie ycjiOBHH, KaK HX oueHHBajia noBceMecTHan
MOJiBa. BeHei^HH npnxoAHjiocb ycTynHTb Knnp, OTKa3aTbcn OT nyHKTOB, OTBoeBaHHbix y TypoK B ,3,ajiMaijHH; OT^aTb co6cTBeHHbie TeppHTopHH, 3axBaneHHbie
B Aji6aHHH, ocBo6oAHTb TypeqKHx mieHHbix 6e3 BCHKoro BbiKyna H BbinjiaTHTb
300 000 uexHHOB BOCHHOH KOHTpn6yijHH j\o 1576 roAa, B npoTHBHOM cjiynae
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4>aKTOM. B O6MCH 6biji AOCTHrHyT MHp, e q e He oqeHb HaAeacHbiii H Ha npoTHHceHHH A^iHTejibHoro BpeMeHH HeycTOHHHBbiH193, HO npeAOCTaBJiHBiiiHH orpoMHbie
n p e H M y i l j e C T B a H B b i r O A b I , B03MO>KHOCTb BbI>KHTb...

KaK 6bi TaM HH 6buio, neperoBopw 1573 roAa AOKa3biBaiOT, HTO Bapc|)OJiOMeeBCKan HOHb co BceMH ee >KecroKOCT5iMH H KpoBaBbiMH nocjieACTBHHMH He npnBejia K H3MeHeHHio Bbmy>KAeHHOH nojiHTHnecKOH JIHHHH Kapjia IX. OpaHuy3CKoe npaBHTejibCTBo He coniacHjiocb coeAHHHTbcn c HcnaHHen H noAnacTb noA
ee KOHTpo^b B paMKax TaK Ha3broaeMOH KaTOJinqecKOH KoajiHijHH. EKaTepHHa
MeAHHH H ee cbiHOBba npoAOJDKHJin 6opb6y c qepecnyp MorymecTBeHHbiM coceAOM, KaK MO^CHO 6biJio BCKope y6eAHTbCH Ha npHMepe Bbi6opoB repaora AH^cyHCKoro nojibCKHM KopojieM, HJIH (})paHuy3CKHx 3anrpbiBaHHH c HCMCIXKHMH Kyp(JDiopcTaMH, oco6eHHo n(J)ajibqrpa(})OM PCHHCKHM, nepBbiM KajibBHHHCTOM Ha
Pfaffenstrasse*. B STOM MO^KHO y6eAHTbC5i Ha npHMepe AHITIHH, HnAepjiaHAOB,
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HHTan AOHeceHHH HcnaHCKHx mnnoHOB, HHorAa nepexoAnmnx 3a rpaHb peajibHoro. OcBeAOMHTejiH Ero KaTOJinnecKoro BejinqecTBa H ero MHHHCTPOB, He
AOBOJibCTByacb (J>aKTaMH, npeAaBajiHCb nporH03aM, B qeM H 3aKJnoqajiacb HX
pojib. KorAa JlapouiejibCKHH MHp, 3aKJiioqeHHbiH 1 HIOJIH 1573 roAa, nojioacHji
KOHeq CMyTe, Bbi3BaHHOH BapcJDOJioMeeBCKOH HOHbio194, OHH 6bijiH oneHb o6ec*ToHHee, Pfaffengasse, nonoBCKHH nepeyjioK, HpoHHHecKoe Ha3BaHHe o6;iacTH PeHHjiaHA, KOTopaii COCTOHT H3 HenpepbiBHOH qenoHKH enHCKoncTB H apxHenHCKoncTB, HanHHaH OT Kypa, B IIlBewijapHH, j\o KejibHa.

«H3MeHa» BeneuHM M ABa B3HTHH TyHHca, 1573—1574

289

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HO 3aiuopeHHOH rocyAapcTBeHHoft MauiHHbi HcnaHCKOH HMnepHH, noAo6Hbie
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Bee CTopoHbi, o6peTaa no Aopore HOByio (J)opMy H >KH3Hb... TeHeBan BOHHa BcnbiXHBaJia C HOBOH CHJIOH.
B3HTHe TyHHca AOHOM XyaHOM ABCTPHHCKHM,
e m e o^Ha n o 6 e ^ a 6e3 nocjieflCTBHii
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OHa yBejiHHHjia qnc/ieHHOCTb CBOHX rajiep 3amiaAKOH HOBMX cyAOB B Heanojie,
MeccHHe195, IeHye H BapcejiOHe. B AOKJiaAe XyaHa AC COTO, ceKpeTapn AOHa XyaHa, penb HACT 06 orpoMHOM KOJinqecrBe: 300, 350 rajiep 196 ... H n c r o e 6e3yMHe?
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HTo6bi CTaBHTb TyAa rajiepbi Ha 3HMOBKy. B o6meM, noApa^caTb BeHeijHH...
TaKHM o6pa30M, HcnaHHH HHKorAa AO Tex n o p He 3aTpaHHBajia CTOJib 6o;ibIIIHX ycHjiHH. EnncKon naAyaHCKHH OpMaHeTTO, KOToporo IpnropHH XIII HanpaBHji B MaApnA B KaqecTBe HyHijHfl, 6bui npHHHT 3Aecb c pacnpocTepTbiMH
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10.3aKa3jVj2220.

290

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OHa MHHOBajia 3aMKH TOJibKO 15 HHCJia199, a /JapAaHejuibi — 5 HIOJIH 200 . HcTHHa,
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XyaH Ae CyHbHra 31 HIOJIH 201 , — OHH BbinuiH B Mope TOJibKO 3aTeM, MTo6bi noMeuiaTb AOHy XyaHy CAejiaTb TO >KC caMoe». BnponeM, Ao6aBJi5ieT OH, «HX djpjior HaXOAHTCH He B jiynuieM COCTOHHHH» — noApo6HOCTb, KOTopaa npncyTCTByeT BO
Bcex AaJibHeHiiiHX coo6meHH5ix. TeM He MeHee TypKH npoAOJDKajni CBOH nyTb H
28 HKDJIH 6pocHjiH HKopby JIa llpeBe3bi. 3 aBrycTa c Kop(f>y Aajin 3HaTb, HTO npe>KAe neM HATH K JIa IyjieTTe, OHH o6fl3aTejibHo HaBecTHT 6epera Any/inn, H HTO HX
uejib ABOHKan: noMeiuaTb ncnaHijaM opraHH30BaTb 3KneAHHHio B Bep6epnio H
ycMHpHTb BHOBb noAHHBiiiHx M^TOK aji6aHijeB202. ConiacHO O. Ae KaH3, 4 aBrycTa TypeijKHH CJXTIOT HanpaBH^cH K ASpyiiixaM, HaMepeBaacb, 6biTb MO>KCT, BCTpeTHTbCH c Kopa6^HMH AOHa XyaHa HJIH HATH Ha llajiepMO203. /JencTBHTejibHO, Ka3ajiocb, HTO OH B HepeuiHTejibHOCTH. B KaKOH-TO MOMeHT OH noBepHy;i B CTopoHy
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KHjieBaHHeM Kopa6jien Ha ocTpoBe ^ejuia-CanneHua. 19 HHCJia OH y>Ke noKHHyji
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uiTopM. HacTb rajiep nora6jia, qacTb 6bijia cnjibHO noBpe^KAeHa208, TaK HTO noTpe6oBajiocb BbinncbiBaTb Becjia H MaMTbi H3 JIa npeBe3bi 209 . ilBHJiocb JIH 3TO
npHHHHOH oTxoAa TypeqKoro (jxnoTa? n o coo6meHHio OT 29 aBrycTa c Kop4>y, B
3TO BpeMH OH HaxoAHjicfl B «IyMeHH3ax» *210. B Haqajie ceHTa6pa cnjibHO noTpenaHHbiH H paccrpoeHHbiH CJXJIOT 6biji y>Ke He y xpucTHaHCKHx 6eperoB, a B BajioHe211. OAHaKO 5 ceHTfl6pa TypKH HanpaBHJincb K Mbicy OrpaHTO, rAe 3axBaTHJin
* HryMeHHue.

«H3Mena» BeneuHHHflBaB35nrnHTyHHca, 1573—1574

291

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KOHqe ceHTa6pa OHH GMJIH B JlenaHTO, r^e nonojiHjuiH 3anacbi npoBH3HM214.
TeM He MeHee 3TH 6ecnopflAoqHbie MeiaHHH TypeuKoro (J);iOTa Ha paccToaHHH ynpaBjiHJiH peuieHHHMH AOHa XyaHa ABCTpHHCKoro. B caMOM Acne, cpeAH
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3HMy CHJIW, HeAOCTaTOHHbie RJISI npoTHBOCTOHHHH BceMy TypeijKOMy (JxnoTy, cocraBjijuiH, OAHaKO, BHyuiHTejibHbiH KyjiaK. «3Aecb CHHTaiOT, — nncaji H3 Ma^pHAa 4>^iopeHTHHCKHM areHT Ae;ib Kaqqa 215 , — MTO 6yzjeT npeAnpHHHT noxoA npoTHB TypoK, B Anaaip MJIH B Apyroe MecTO, cyjxn no Ha6jnoAaiomHMCfl 6ojibiiiHM
npHroTOBjieHHHM, c6opy AeHer216, HOBOMy HaHMy cojujaT B HcnaHHH H cnycny Ha
BOAy roTOBbix rajiep B BapcejiOHe. B caMOM Aejie, TpyzjHO noBepHTb, HTO ijejibio
Bcex 3THX Mep HBjineTCH jiniub npoTHBOCTOHHHe TypeqKOH apMaAe»217.
H o noKa TypeijKHH CJXJIOT HaxoAHJicn B HenocpeACTBeHHoii 6;IH30CTH OT TypeuKHX 6eperoB, 06 3Kcnej\uu,im B Acj^pHKy He;ib3H 6buio H MeqTaTb. H e cjieAoBajio AonycTMTb HOBOH ,3,>Kep6bi. HTO KacaeTcn qejiH npeAnojiaraeMoro noxoAa,
TO Bbi6npaTb npuxoAHjiocb, cyAfl no BceMy, Me>KAy A/DKHpoM, KOTopoMy OTAaBaJIH npeAnoqTeHHe AOH XyaH, a TaioKe OHjiHnn II 218 H wcnaHCKoe o6mecrBeHHoe
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Aajibiue? nocaAHTb Ha TpoH Ty3eMHoro* npaBHTejia, KaK nocTynHJi B 1535 roAy
Kap;i V, BnponeM, He nnTaBiiiHH HJDIIO3HH Ha ero cqeT? 26 HIOHA AOH XyaH nncaji Onjinnny II: «3Aecb npnAep>KHBaioTCfl MHCHHH, HTO c/ieAyeT npHcrynHTb K
3aBoeBaHHio TyHHca, HO He OTAaBaTb ropoA B pyKM Kopojin Myjiafi XaMHAbi» 22°.
CorjiacHo nwcbiviy /I,>KOBaH AHApea JXopiwi, 4>HJiHnn II BO3JIO>KHJI o6n3aHHOCTb
npHHHTHH OKOHqaTejibHoro pemeHHH Ha AOHa XyaHa221. B STOM nee nHCbMe yKa3biBaeTCH, qTo AJI>KHPCKHH npoeKT 6biJi OTCTaBJieH H3-3a no3AHero BpeMeHH roAa.
H ec;iH He noToponnTbCfl, Ao6aBjineT aBTop, Ta >Ke cyAb6a MonceT yrpo>KaTb TyHHcy, «H6O, XOTH paccTOHHHe AO Hero HeAajieKoe, AonjibiTb AO Hero, KaK H3BecTHO, HenpocTO, noTOMy qTO ecjiH B Bep6epnH, K npnMepy, npoHAyT AO>KAH, rajiepaM npHAeTCH >KAaTb B TpanaHH ABa Meonxa, npe>KAe qeM OHH CMOiyr nepecenb
npo;iHB». /I,OH XyaH Beji peqb o TOM, HTo6bi AOCTaBHTb KaBajiepnio H3 BJiaAeHHH
3pqrepuora OepAHHaHAa: 3TO eme cnjibHee 3aT5iHy^o 6bi Reno. ^ocraTOMHO HC* BTeKCTe, BO3MO}KHO, onHCKa: idigne — neAOCTOHHoro.

10*

292

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npHBeAeHHeM B nop^AOK rajiep, nepe6pocKOH BOHCK H nepeBOAOM AeHer — (JDHHaHCOBan npo6jieMa B onepeAHOH pa3 oGocrpHJiacb 222 . HMCHHO no3TOMy AOH
XyaH nepeexaji B Heanojib, KOTopbin 6bui Sojiee KpynHbiM nepeBajiOHHbiM nyHKTOM, qeM MeccHHa. HecMOTpn Ha He3AopoBbe, — ero «AOHHMajiH cpa3y Tpn HJIH
qeTbipe HeAyra» — OH cnemnji KaK MO>KHO CKopee nonacTb Ha CHIJHJIHIO, HO He B
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cjiyxaMH, corjiacHO KOTopbiM TypeijKHH (JXJIOT co6Hpajicn 3HMOBaTb B BajiOHe.
O H 3anpauiHBaji y Onjinnna II, He cjieAyeT JIH, KaK OH npeAJio>KHJi H AOHy XyaHy,
«OTnpaBHTb 12 000 nexoTHHijeB, ncnaHijeB H HeMueB, B JIa IyjieTTy, Ha caMbix
xopouinx HaBax»224. Onjinnn II, B CBOIO onepeAb, oneHb cepbe3HO oijeHHBaji TypeujKyio onacHOCTb, nocKOjibKy 12 aBrycTa OH nncaji TeppaHOBe, HTO 3KcneAH225
UHH B TyHHC COCTOHTCH TOJibKO B TOM cjiynae, ecjiH He noMeinaiOT TypKH .
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Aaace ecjiH TypeqKan 3CKaApa He ynAeT226. CjieAOBaji JIH OH npH 3TOM CO6CTBCHHOMy nopbmy HJIH HacTOHHHHM nanbi, He CKynHBiiieroca Ha o6emaHHH? IIpe^CAe
Bcero, TOT npeAJiaraji CBOH rajiepbi 227 . Ero CBHTenuiecTBO TOJiKOBaji Aaace o BO3JIOHCCHHH Ha rojiOBy AOHa XyaHa TyHHCCKOH KopoHbi. H T O KacaeTCH 3Toro nacTHoro Bonpoca, HayAHBJieHHe 3anyTaHHoro coBpeMeHHHKaMH H HCTopHKaMH, TO,
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Me AOH XyaH OTBepraeT HAeio B03MO>KHoro B03BpaTa K BjiacTH Myjian XaMHAbi.
O H co6HpaeTCfl Ha3HanHTb MecTHoro ynpaBjiaiomero, a He Kopojia. He 6buio JIH
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MaBpoB»229. H o eu;e IIMH V noo6emaji BpynHTb AOHy XyaHy nepBoe OTBoeBaHHoe y HeBepHbix KopojieBCTBO. Co6crBeHHbiH yAeji, HeBaacHO KaKOH. JJJIH AOHa
XyaHa, B caMOM A^Jie, THTyji 6biji BaacHee, neM peajibHaa BjiacTb. B noMeuiaHHOH

«H3Mena» BeHeuHH M ABa B3HTMH TyHHca, 1573—1574

293

Ha HepapxHH H crapuiHHCTBe EBpone MOJiOAbie npHHijbi rpe3HT o KopoHax. Iepqor AH}KyncKHH TOJibKO HTO o63aBe;icfl co6cTBeHHbiM Kopo;ieBCTBOM B llojibiue,
OCTaBHB MblCJIH 0 6 A / I > K H p e . / l O H X y a H , y H 3 B J i e H H b I H CBOHM nOJIO>KeHHeM H e 3 a KOHHOpO>KAeHHOrO H yHH>KeHHbIH 3 B a H H e M I l p e B O C X O A H T e J I b C T B a , B 1 5 7 4 TOAy

MenTaeT o (J)paHuy3CKOH KopoHe, OCBOGOAHBUICHCH 6;iaroAapfl CMepTH Kapjia IX;
B nocjieAHHe roAbi B HHAepjiaHAax ero npec/ieAyeT HAea B30HTH Ha aHrjiHHCKHH
npecTOJi...
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HeBepHbiMH, nbiTajiCH cnoco6cTBOBaTb ycnexy npeAnpHHTHH noAo6HbiMH o6emaHHHMH. Topa3AO jiornqHee 6buio A^BaTb HX AO no6eAbi B TyHHce, a He nocA£
Hee. BeAb AOH XyaH AOJI>KCH 6bui TBopHTb noHTH qyzjeca, HTo6bi co6paTb Bee
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He BcerAa Mor Hcnojib30BaTb. B nacTHOCTH, OH no;iyqH;i ABa BeKce;ifl, Ha 100 000
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B TpanaHH OTnpaBHji X. KapAOHy. H3BecTHe o TOM, HTO 2 ceHT5i6pH TypeijKHH
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3anncKy o HaMeneHHbix B Bep6epHH MeponpnflTHHx234. 27 ceHTfl6pn AOH XyaH
npnGbui H3 IlajiepMO B TpanaHH 235 . B 3TOT MOMCHT Typenjcafl apiviaAa cHOBa npn6^H3Hjiacb H CTajia npeACTaBjiHTb yrpo3y, TaK HTO TpaHBejuia npeAnpHHHJi o6biqHbie Mepbi no 3amHTe HeanojiHTaHCKoro KopojieBCTBa236. A(|)pHKaHCKoe npeAnpHHTHe onHTb OKa3ajiocb noA BonpocoM.
^ O H XyaH TeM He MeHee, HeB3Hpaa Ha npoTHBHbie BeTpbi, 7 OKTfl6pfl, B roAOBiijHHy JlenaHTO, OTnjibiJi B A^pHKy 237 . BbiHAfl H3 Mapcajibi, OH npHiueji B OaBHHbHHy H noKHHyji ee B qeTbipe qaca Beqepa. 8 qncjia, Ha 3aKaTe cojiHija, OH
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HacqHTbiBaji 107 rajiep, 31 Kopa6;ib, aTaioKe rajiHOH BejiHKoro repuora TocKaHCKoro H MHoroqncjieHHbie 6apKH c npoBH3HeH, (J)peraTbi H n p o n n e Me^KHe qacTHbie cyAa238.10 qncjia BOHCKO noAOiiuio K ropoAy (TyHHcy), Hace^eHHe KOToporo

294

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6bui nocjiaH npnKa3 pa3pyiiiHTb cro, HO OH 3acTaji AOHa XyaHa jiHiiib Ha o6paTHOM nyTH. He HMCH HHcrpyKijHH, OH co6paji Ha MCCTC BoeHHbin COBCT B TyHHCCKOH Kac6e. IIOMHMO BcerAauiHHx ero ynacTHHKOB, KOMaH/jyiomHH npHiviacHji
nOJIKOBHHKOB HCnaHCKOH, HTaJIbHHCKOH H HCMd^KOH neXOTbl, a TaK>Ke HeKOTOpblX KOMaH^HpOB H ApyrHX JIHU,, MHCHHe KOTOpblX MOI7IO 6bITb BeCOMblM. BblJIO
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cnoBa U,e3ap5i «veni, vidi, vici»...*
KoHeMHO, B BoeHHOM OTHOiucHMH TyHHCCKan 3KcneAHijHfl Gbijia jierKOH npoiy/iKOH. npoA-fliiBincccfl HecKOJibKO AHeH B KOHiie jieTHero ce30Ha npoacHeHHe,
BO BpeMH KOToporo B caAax «co3peJi HH>Knp», ynpocrHJio 3aAaqy. H o 6bma JIH
3TO no6eAa?
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* «ripnLiie;i, yBHAe^, no6eAn^i» (jiam.).

«H3Mena» BcneuHH HABaB3HTMHTyiiHca, 1573—1574

295

CHflCKoro KopojieBCTBa. H o Bonpoc o npoABH^ceHHH Biyiy6b ero 3eMe;ib, o nonbiTKe no/jHHHHTb ce6e o6uiHpHyio CTpaHy JX^OKC HC UOJXHHMBJICH.
C o x p a H e H H e KOHTpOJIH HaA OrpOMHbIM TOpOAOM CTaHOBHJIOCb B 3THX yCJIO-

BHHX HcnocH^bHOH 3aAaqeH. TpyAHee Bcero 6buio o6ecneqHBaTb 8 000 cojiAaT,
ocTaBJieHHbix 3Aecb Ha CTpa^ce BMCCTC C TbiCHHHbiM rapHH30HOM JIa TyjieTTbi.
3 T O 6bijio TH>Ke;ioe 6peMH /yifl HHTeH^aHTCKOH cjiync6bi CHIJHJIHH M Heanojia;
BHHO, cojiOHHHy M xjie6 MO)KHO 6biJio AOCTaTb TOJibKo 3a AeHbrn; K TOMy >Ke HCAOCTaBajio cyAOB RJIH (})paxTa, Ha KOTopbie Bee name B03^arajiacb o6fl3aHHOCTb
TpaHcnopTHpoBKH npoAOBOJibCTBMH H 6oenpHnacoB. OnHaHCOBoe HcromeHHe
CHIJHJIHH H I IeanojiH AeJiajio 3TH npocTbie onepau,HH Hepa3peuiHMOH npo6jieMOH. }Kajio6bi TpaHBejiJibi He 6buiH nycTbiM 3ByKOM, OHH OTpa>KajiH AencTBHTejibHOC no;io>KeHHe Bemeii. CyAb6a TyHHca pemajiacb HMCHHO 3Aecb, a He Ha neperoBopax HyHqHH OpMaHeTro no noBOAy nojiyqeHHfl OT OHjinnna II THTyjia Kopojifl
TyHHca, neperoBopax, KOTopbie BCKope 6buiH cBepHyTbi H npHHa/yie>KaT K o6jiaCTH MaJIOH HCTOpHH.
HecoMHeHHO, Hey^aqy AOHa XyaHa MO)KHO o6T>flCH5iTb no-pa3HOMy. Me>KAy
$H^HnnoM H ero CBOAHMM 6paTOM npo6e>Kajia qepHaa KOiiiKa: poccKa3HH, AOHocbi HayniHHKOB, BepoHTHan HeAo6po>KejiaTe^bHOCTb AHTOHHO n e p e c a (HO ee
HaJIHHHe B 3TH TOABI HC CJieAyeT CHHTaTb AOKa3aHHbIM (J)aKTOM), HaKOHeq, CCTe-

CTBCHHoe HeAOBepue Kopojia CACJiajiH CBoe ACTIO. H O H AOH XyaH, ACflTejibHOCTb
KOToporo orpaHHHHBajiacb onpeACJieHHOH ccJ)epoH, HC OTAaBaji ce6e no;iHoro
OTqeTa B TOM, HTO upoHcxoAHJio B HcnaHHH. BonpeKH ero npeAno^o>KeHHHM,
KaK TOJibKo BeHeiiHH Bbimjia H3 JlHrH, OHJiHnn II, HecMOTpa Ha ero riHCbMeHHbie 3aiiBjieHHH HJIH ACMOHCTpaTHBHbie nocTynKH, 0TKa3ajiCH OT cepbe3Hbix no^HTHqecKHx maroB B CpeAH3eMHOMopbe. EMy npHxoAMJiocb 6opoTbcn c ycTpaUiaiOmHM (J)HHaHCOBbIM KpH3HCOM, BblJIHBIUHMCfl BO B T O p o e 6aHKpOTCTBO

1575 roAa. He pacnojiaraji pecypcaMH H KpeAHTHbiMH ycjiyraMH aHTBepneHCKHx
6aHKHpoB, OH Bee 6o;ibiiie 3aBHCHT OT reHy33iieB H reHy33CKoro AeHe>KHoro pbiHKa. B 1573 roAy BcnbixHBaioT BO^HCHHH, CBH3aHHbie c 6opb6oH MeatAy cmapuM H
H06UM ABOpflHCTBOM, MOKAy 6aHKHpaMH C O^HOH, H TOprOBIjaMH H npOMblLUJieH-

HHKaMH c Apyron cTopoHbi. 3 T O 6bm coiiHajibHbiH H OAHOBpeMeHHO no^HTHHecKHH KpH3HC. P a 3 B e 3a HOBblMH ABOpflHaMH He CTOJUI (JDpaHU;y3CKHH KOpOJIb? H o
3TO 6bUI H KpH3HC BCeH HMnepHH, nOCKOJIbKy IeHyfl HBJIHJiaCb KJIIOMeBblM 3BCHOM
KaK C TOHKH 3peHHH OTnpaBKH BOHCK, TaK H ACHOKHblX BbinjiaT...

TaKHM o6pa30M, B TOT MOMCHT, KorAa ceBepoaMcpHKaHCKan npo6jieMa BCTajia co Bceft ocTpoTOH, noMbicjibi Onjinnna II 6buiH ycTpeMjieHbi Ha ceBep, B CTOpoHy IeHyH H HHAepjiaHAOB, a TaK>Ke B CTopoHy OpaHijHH, KOTopaa cHOBa HanaJ12L CTpOHTb K03HH. B 3THX yCJIOBHflX OCTaBaTbCH B TyHHCe 6bUIO Hepa3yMHO. J\j\R
3TOrO Tpe60BaJI0Cb OTKpblTb HOByK) CTaTbK) paCXOAOB H K TOMy >Ke OCJia6HTb JIa

IyjieTTy, noTOMy MTO OTHbme c^eAOBajio pacnpeAejiHTb ycHJinn Me>KAy TyHHCOM

296

JlenaHTO

HOBbiM rapHH30HOM. PHCKOBaTb CHHHUCH B pyKax pa^H acypaBjifl B He6e. Kopojib noBTopaeT 3TO HVHIJHK) OpMaHeTTO, KOTopbiH He HcejiaeT noHHMaTb, HTO
HeAOCTaTOK cpe^cTB 3acTaB^5ieT MaApHA CMeHHTb CBOH TOH H CBOH njiaHbi. KpoMe Kopo;m, KOTopwii 3aHBjiHeT, HTO «cKopee yMpeT, qeM coniacHTCfl... Ha TO,
HTO Bpe^HT Moen qecra H Ao6poii cjiaBe», Bee ocTajibHbie ace;iaK)T MHpa Aaxce Ha
CeBepe246. To ecTb HacrpoeHHH B HcnaHHH He 6jiaronpHHTCTBOBajiH pncKOBaHHWM 3aTenM. TeM He MeHee, nocKOJibKy, 3aKpenHB 3a Hen TyHHC, AOH XyaH nocraBHJI 6paTa nepeA coBepuiHBuiHMCH (J>aKTOM, nocjieAHHH cne;i npeAnoqTHTejibHWM A^Tb Ha 3TO CBoe corjiacHe, npaBAa, ;iHiiib BpeMeHHHoe, Ha cpoK AO KOHija
TeKymero roAa.

H

IIPHMEHAHRH
1

L. Serrano, op. cit., I, p . 86 et note 2.
IlHCbMo CmibBbi Kopojno, BeHeuHH, 21 anpejia 1571 roAa, Simancas E° 1329; nncbMO
Toro ace jiHua TOMy ace JiHiry, 21 HHDHH 1571 r., ibid.; Relatione sull'impero O t t o m a n o di
Jacopo Ragazzoni, 16 aBiycra 1571 r., Alberi, Relazioni.., I l l , 2, p . 372 et sq.
3
IlHCbMo ynojiHOMOHeHHbix JIHU, Kopojno, PHM, 8 ceHT. 1570 r., L. Serrano, o p . cit., IV,
p. 6.
4
IlpoeKT 3KcneAHUHH B Bn3epTy H TyHHC, nncbMo IlecKapbi Kopo;no, ITa/iepMO, 20 MapTa 1571 r., Simancas E° 487.
5
BeHeqHaHCKHe AeMapmn Ha 3TOT cneT B 1570 r., nHCbMO BHue-Kopo^H Heanojin Kopo;no, 4 4>eBp. 1571 r., Simancas E° 1059, f° 178. Bbm AaH npwKa3 CHa6AHTb 3epHOM BeHeunaHCKyio 3CKaApy, KOTopaa 3HMOBajia Ha KaHAHH. r i o noBOAy CJIOJKHOCTCH C npoAOBOJibCTBHeM
CM. nHCbMO A- X. AeCyHbHrarepu;oryAjib6e, 17HK>.TIH 1571 r., Simancas E° 1058, f°81.
6
OpHrwHajibHbiH JiaTHHCKHH TCKCT CM. y L. Serrano, op. cit., IV, p. 299 et sq. HcnaHCKHH
nepeBOA, B. N., Madrid, Ms. 10454, f* 84; TCKCT ony6.7iHKOBaH TaiOKe B KH.: D. Dumont, Corps
universel diplomatique, V, p. 203 et sq.; Simancas Patronato Real n° 1660, 25 Man 1571 r.;
H. Kretschmayr, Geschichte von Venedig, op. cit., Ill, p. 59; L. Voinovitch, op. cit., p . 3; nncbMO KapAHHajia PaM6yne Kapjiy IX, E. Charriere, op. cit., Ill, p . 149—150.
7
Relatione fatta alia maesta Cattolica, in Madrid, alii XV di Luglio 1571, di tutta la spesa
ordinaria che correra p e r la lega in 200 galere, 100 navi et 50 mila fanti o g n ' a n n o , Roma,
s. d., in-4°, B. N., Paris, Oc. 1533.
8
I~lHCbMo A- <&. Ae AnaBbi Onjinnny II, Ilyaccn, 5 aBrycra 1570 r., A. N., K 1516, B 27,
n°55.
9
28 aBrycTa 1570 r., B. N., Paris, Fr. 23 377, KOHHH.
10
IlHCbMoXy^HaHaJIonecaKopo^io, BeHeunn, lOaBrycra 1570 r., Simancas E° 1327.
11
FlHCbMO rpac|)a MoHTearyAO Kopojno, I l l n e n e p , 30 OKT. 1570 r., CODOIN, CX, p. 98—
110.
12
0 6 onTHMHCTHHecKOH HacTpoeHHOCTH nanw CM. nncbMO KapAHHajia PaM6yne KopoJIK), PHM, 4 AeK. 1570 r.; o ero pa3onapoBaHHH nncbMO Toro ace jinijaTOMy >Ke Jiuuy, 19 AeK.,
ibid.,KonnH.
2

npHMenaHHH
13

297

IlHCbMO HO6H;IH Be;iHKOMy Tepuory, MaApHA, 22 HHB. 1571 r., A. d. S. Florence,
Mediceo 4903.
14
IlHCbMOHO6HJIHH Ae^bKannarepuory, MaApHA, 12anpe;iH—14HK>HH 1571 r.,ibid.,
F. Hartlaub, op. cit., p. 71.
15
HanpHMep, B 3anHCKe OT 15 (J)eBp. 1571 r., aApecoBaHHOH OypKBO, Celestin Douais,
LettresaM.deFourquevaux... 1565-1572,1897, p. 3 1 4 - 3 4 3 .
16
Abel Desjardins, Neg. diplomatiques avec la Toscane, 1859—1886, III, p. 655 et sq.;
10 Man, ibid., p. 669.
17
IlHCbMO O. AC AjiaBbi A- X. Ae CyHbwre, 24 HIOHH 1571 r., oraocHTeAbHO KojiHHbH H
Te^HHbH, A. N., K 1520, B 29, n° 24.
18
IlHCbMO Bnue-KopojiH Heanojin Onjinnny II, Heanojib, 3 MapTa 1571 r., Simancas E° 1059, f° 60.
19
Ero MHCTpyKUHH, MaApHA, 29 HHB. 1571 r., A. N., K 1523, B 23, n° 51.
20
IlncbMo Onjinnna II K AnaBe, MaApHA, 30 HIOHH 1571 r., ibid.; ITncbMO HO6H;IH H
Aejib Kanna repupry, MaApHA, 30 HIOHH 1571 r., A. d. S. Florence; Mediceo 4903.
21
OTBCT repuora A/ib6bi cbepy Ae MoHAyce, B. N., Paris, Fr. 16127, f* 3—4 (He BOIIIJIO B
co6paHHe JI. /J,HAbe, KOTopoe HanHHaeTCH c 1571 roAa).
22
PaulHerre, op. cit., p. 163, note 1.
23
IlncbMo HO6HJIH repupry, MaApHA, 31 MapTa 1571 r., A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo 4903.
24
3aMeTKa AHTOHHO Ilepeca, MaApHA, 8 Man 1571 r., A. N., K 1521, B 30, n° 56.
25
A . N . , K 1 5 2 1 , B 2 0 , n°58.
26
Ha c})paHiry3CKHe Hcajio6bi noc/ibi AOJDKHM OTBenaTb, HTO BHHOBaT BO BCCM AJIOHCO Ae
Ky3Ba, repijor Ajib6yKepice, KOTOpbiH AencTBOBaji 6e3 npHKa3a Kopojin: nncbMO Cannca
O. Ae A/iaBe, MaApHA, 16 Man 1571 r.,A. N., K 1523, B 3 1 , n°75.Tb)KeBnHCbMeoT31 Man
1571 r., Fourquevaux, op. cit., II, p. 355, «npn 3TOM ABope o 4>HHajie He CJIWIIIHO HH 3ByKa...», nncbMoO. AeAjiaBbiKopojiio, 1 HIOHH 1571 r., A. N., K1520, B 2 9 , n°2.
27
IlHCbMO HO6H;IH H Ae^b Kanna repupry, MaApHA, 10 Man 1571 r., A. d. S. Florence,
Mediceo 4903.
28
IlncbMo O.AeAjiaBbi repuoryAjib6yKepKe, Ilapn^K, 27anpejin 1571 r., A. N., K1519,
B29,n°69.
29
Ibid.
30
IlncbMo Onjinnna II K A. <*>. Ae AjiaBe, 17 anpejin 1571 r., A. N., K 1523, B 31, n° 67.
31
IlncbMo 4>. Ae A/iaBbi repuory Ajib6yKepKe, IIapH>K, 17 Man 1571 r., A. N., K 1521,
B 30, n° 68.
32
IlHCbMOToro>Ke^HuaTOMy5KejiHiry, 27anpe./iH 1571 r., ibid., n°69.
33
IlncbMo HO6HJIH H Ae^bKanna, MaApHA, 16 anpejin — 6 HIOHH 1571 r., A. d. S. Florence,
Mediceo 4903; nncbMO Onjinnna II rpaHBC/me, CaH JIopeHup, 13 HIOHH 1571 r., Simancas
E° 1059, f° 13; nncbMO O. Ae AjiaBbi Onjinnny II, IlapHac, 26 HIOHH 1571 r., A. N., K 1520,
B 29, n° 31. Ebui ;IH npeAOCTaB;ieH KpeAHT Ha 150 000 CKyAH BCJIHKHM repuproM TocKaHCKHM JIiOAOBHKy HaccaycKOMy c BbirmaTOH BO OpaHK(J>ypTe? IlHCbMO O. Ae AnaBbi Kopojiio,
4 - 9 aBrycTa 1571 r., A. N., K 1519, B 29, n° 69.
34
IlncbMo O. Ae AnaBbi Kopo^io, IlapHHc, 1 HIOHH 1571 r., A. N., K 1520, B 29, n° 2.

298

JlenaHTO

35

rincbMo enncKona/taKCKoro Kapjiy IX, JIHOH, 26 HKXTIH 1571 r., E. Charriere, op. cit.,
Ill, p. 161-164. B. N., Paris, Fr. 16170, f J S 9 - l l , KOHHH.
36
E. Charriere, op. cit., Ill, p. 178.
37
IIHCLMO KopojiH BeneuHancKOH CnnbopHH, 23 Ma# 1571 r., B. N., Paris, Fr. 16170, fos
4—5, KonHH.
^nHCbMoOpancecaAcAjiaBbiCaHHcy, «JIy6be», 19HKDIUI 1571 r., A. N., K 1520, B 2 9 ,
n°12.
sy
FlHCbMOToro>Ke^HuarepL;oryAjib6e, JlyBbe, 25 HIOHH 1571 r., ibid., n°20.
40
17 aBrycTa 1571 r., Fourquevaux, op. cit., II, p . 371.
41
IlHCbMorepi;oraAjib6bi AjiaBe, AiiTBepneH, 11 HKXJIH 1571 r.,opHrHHajiHa(|)paHi;y3CKOM H3biKe, A. N., K 1522, B 30, n° 16 a.
42

FlHCbMOToro>KejiHnaTOMy>KejiHuy, Bpioccejib, 7HIOHH 1571 r., A. N., K1520, B 2 9 ,

n°6.
43

FlncbMo HO6HJIH repuory, MaApHA, 2 aBrycTa 1571 r., A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo 4903.
L. Serrano, Correspondencia, I, p. 102.
45
IlncbMO OypKBO KopojieBe, MaApHA, 18(jDeBp. 1571 r., op. cit., II, p. 331.
4(>
IlncbMo K Kopojiio, FlajiepMo, 20 MapTa 1571 r., Simancas E° 487; Ha CHLTHJIHH co6pam\ GoraTbiH ypo^Kan, Pary3a, 28 Man 1570 r., A. d e Raguse, L. P., f os 97, 98.
47
rincbMo HO6HJIH H /jejib Kanna, 16 anp. 1571 r., A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo 4903.
48
IlHCbMOMapKH3aCaHTaKpycKopo^K), 1 Man —2 Man 1571 n, Simancas E° 106, f*81,82.
4y
^BanHCbMaToro>Ke^HuaTOMy5Ke jiHuyoT 17 Man 1571 r., ibid., f os 83, 84.
44

50

nncbMO AOHaXyana Pyio ToMecy, CODOIN, XXVIII, p. 157.
Erwin Mayer-Lo'wenschwerdt, Der Aufenthalt d e r Erzherzoge Rudolf u n d Ernst in
Spanien, 1564-1571, Wien, 1927.
52
Simancas E° 1059, f° 129. Tepnor A'AzibKajia cKOHnajicn 2 anpejin 1571 r., Simancas E° 1059, f° 84. O BpeMemioH MHCCHH KapAHH&na TpaHBejuibi cymecTByeT MHOJKCCTBO
CBHAeTejibCTB, B nacTHocTH, OT 10 Maw 1571 r., Mediceo 4903; H3BecTHe H3 Hcnaunn, 31 Mail
1571 r., Fourquevaux, op. cit., II, p. 355; C O D O I N , XXIII, p. 288. N. Niccolini, «La citta di
Napoli nell'anno della battaglia di Lepanto», in: Archivio storico per le provincie napoletane,
nuova serie, t. XIV, 1928, p. 394.
53
rincbMo HO6H;IH repuory, MaApHA, 6 HHDHH 1571 r., A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo 4903.
54
L. van der Essen, Alexandre Farnese, op. cit., I, p. 161.
55
Simancas E° 1134.
%
Op. cit., p. 79.
57
Ibid., p. 78, note 2.
58
CODOIN, III, p. 187.
59
Erwin Mayer-LQwenschwerdt, op. cit., p. 39.
60
Ibid., p. 40; Res Gestae.., I, p. 97.
61
ConnacHo L. van der Essen, op. cit., I, p. 162, OH OTruibui 1 aBrycTa.
62
IlncbMo IlaAHJibH AHTOHHO Ilepecy, Heanojib, 15 aBrycTa 1571 roAa, nojiyneHO
12 ceHT., Simancas E° 1059, f° 9 1 .
51

FTpHMeHaHHH

299

b3

L. van derEssen, op. cit., I, p. 163, Ha3bmaeT HOHL Ha 22-e; no nncbMy XyaHa Ae COTO
A. TapcHH J\G Tojie^o 21 aBrycTa 1571 r. AOH Xyan 6bui euje B Heanojie, CODOIN, XXVII,

p. 162.
()4
IlHCbMO AonaXyaHa AOHyTapcHHAeTojieAO, MeccHHa, 25aBiycTa 1571 r., CODOIN,
III, p. 15; L. van der Essen, op. cit., I, p. 163, Ha3biBaeT 23-e.
65
nncbMOA-^IyncaAePeKeceHca, FlH3a, 1 aBrycTa 1571 r., CODOIN, III, p. 8.
66
Kopc})y, 3 4)CBp. 1571 r., Simancas E° 1059, f° 62.
67
Kopcjjy, 29 MapTa 1571 r., H3Becrae nojiyneHO B BeneijHH 11 anpejin 1571 r., Simancas E° 1060, f° 13.
68

69

KOHCT., 10 anp. 1571 r., ibid., f° 125.

MeccHHa, 23 anpejin 1571 r., ibid., f° 11.
Kopc})y, 27 anpejin 1571 r., Simancas E° 1059, f° 56.
71
KOHCT., 5 Man 1571 r., nepeAaHo nepe3 Kop<J)y (Toace OT 6erjibix njieHHbix), Simancas E° 1060, f 133.
72
HeroponoHTe, 3 HIOHH 1571 r., ibid., f° 137.
73
L. Voinovitch, op. cit., p. 39.
74
llHCbMo T. AC CnjibBbi Onjinnny II, BeHeijHH, 6 HKXJIH 1571 r., Simancas E° 1329.
75
riwcbMO O. Ae AnaBbi Kopojiio, MejieH, 1 aBrycTa 1571 r., A. N., K 1520, B 29, n° 37;
60 rajiep noTep^Hbi: nncbMO HO6HJIH repupry, MaApHA, 2 aBrycTa 1571 r., A. d. S. Florence,
Mediceo4903.
76
L. Voinovitch, op. cit., p. 40.
77
Ibid., p. 4 1 .
78
F[ncbMo rpaHBe;uibi Onjinnny II, 20 cenT. 1571 r., Simancas E° 1060, f us 57, 58. B
Kajia6pnn H B BapH.
79
rincbMO Aona Xyana ABcrpnHCKoro A- F Ae TojieAo, Meccnua, 30 aBrycTa 1571 r.,
CODOIN, III, p. 17.
80
CymecTByeT Mope jiHTepaTypbi no 3TOMy Bonpocy, 6ecHHCJieHHoe KOJIHHCCTBO MeMyapoB H ne MeHbiue ncropHHecKHXTpyAOB. 3 T H nocjieAHHe, oAHaKO, He BcerAaTOHHbi H, ecjin
MOXCHO TaK Bbipa3HTbCM, HHKorAa He jiniueHbi npHCTpacTHH. Ebuio JIH JlenaHTO no6eAOH
HcnamjeB? BeHeu.HaHH.eB, HJIH BOo6me HTa/ibHHueB? BOT HeKOTopwe CBHAeTejibCTBa: Ferrante
Caracciolo, I commentarii delle guerre fatte co' Turchi da D. G. d'Austria d o p o che venne in
Italia, Firenze, 1581. Dicsurso sobre la vita naval sacada de la armada turquesca traduzido del
toscano en sp°\ A. E. Esp. 236, fos51—53. Relatione dellavittoria navale Christianacontro li
Turchi al 1571, scritta dal Sign' Marco Antonio Colonna alia Santita di N'° Sign 1 Pio V, con
alcune mie ((npH6aBjieHH5i) pary3CKoro nocna B l3HMe OpaHnecKo ToHAOJibi) aggionte ad
perpetuam memoriam, p. p. L. Voinovitch, p. 107—112. Relacion de lo succedido al armada
desde los 30 del mes de setiembre hasta los 10 de octubre de 1571, f* 168—169; Relacion de
lo succedido a la armada de la Santa Liga desde los 10 de octubre hasta los veynte cinco del
mismo, f08169—171, B. N., Madrid M B 1750. FIepeHeHbHCTopHHecKHxpa6oTCM.yJI. CeppaHO, AJIOHCO CaHneca HJIH F XapTJiay6a. OTAejibHo cjieAyeT ynoMHHVTb Guido Antonio
Quarti, Lepanto, Milano, 1930.
70

300

JlenaHTo

81

Las causas que movieron el Sor Don J u a n para dar la batalla d e Lepanto (1571). B. N.,
Madrid M* 1 1 2 6 8 / 35.
82
P o n e n t i n a s [3anaAHbie (ucn.)]. H e o6n3aTe;ibHo 03HanaeT, BonpeKH MHCHHIO
F. Hartlaub, op. cit., p. 182, wcnaHCKHe.
83
B 3TOM CMbicjie coo6pa>KeHHH, coAep>Kau;HecH B nHCbMe IpaHBejuibi K Kopojiio OT 26 Man
1571 r., Simancas E° 1060, f* 30, HMCIOT TO npeHMymecTBO, HTO OHM 6buiH BbicKa3aHbi j\o
6HTBbI.
84

rincbMo HO6HJIM H Aejib Kanna rocyAapio, MaApuA, 24ACK. 1571 r., A. d.S. Florence,
Mediceo 4903; L. Voinovitch, op. cit., p. 42.
85
nHCbMor.AeCmibBbiKopo;iK), BeHeijHfl, 19OKT., 1571 r., Simancas E° 1329. Cp. B. N.,
Paris, Ital., 427, P 325-333. nHCbMoO.AeAjiaBbiKopojiio, 2 aBrycTa 1571 r.,A. N . , K 1520,
B 29, n° 38; L. Voinovitch, op. cit., p. 102
86
H Kretschmayr, Geschichte von Venedig, op. cit., Ill, p. 69.
87
HanpnMep, H. Wdtjen, Die Niederlander im Mittelmeergebiet, op. cit., p. 9; H. Kretschmayr, op. cit., Ill, pp. 75 et sq.; L. Serrano, op. cit., I, p. 140—141.
88
rincbMo repqory AHHCVHCKOMV, BeHeuHH, 4 HOH6. 1571 r., B. N., Paris, Fr. 16170, fos
57—59, KonnH.
89
Henri Delmas de Grammont, Relations entre la France et la Regence d'Alger au XVIIC s.,
I, p. 2 et note 2.
90
L. Pfandl, Philippe II, p. 3 6 6 - 3 6 7 .
91
51 ocTaBjiHio B CTopoHe/jHruioMaTHHecKyio KaMnaHHio, 6e3ycneuiHO npoBOAHBmyiocfl
B 3TOM HanpaBjieHHH c 1570 ro/ja B BeHe, B Flojibiiie, B MOCKBC, B JlnccaGoHe, CM. KHwry
Paul Herre, op. cit., p. 139 et sq., a TaioKe ;no6onbiTHbie neperoBopw PwMa c MOCKBOH
(PierlingS.J., Rome et Moscou, 1547—1579, Paris, 1883; Un nonce du Pape en Moscovie.
Preliminaires de l a t r e v e d e 1582, Paris, 1884). OrHOCHTCTibHO TBepAoro OTKa3a FIopTyraJIHH B 1573 r.: Le cause per le quali il Ser. m o Re di Portugallo nro Sigre... A. Vaticanes, Spagna,
7, fos 161—162. B anpe;ie 1571 r. TypKaM 6buia BbinjianeHa HMnepcKaa AaHb, F. Hartlaub,
op. cit., p. 69; nwcbMo KapAHHajia PaM6yfte, PHM, 7 Maa 1571 r., E. Charriere, op. cit., Ill,
p. 148—149. HMnepaTop He MO>KeTAeHCTBOBaTb6e3 noMomn no^bCKoro Kopojin (nwcbMO
MwKHejiH H CopaH30 AO^Ky, BeHa, 18ACK. 1571 r., Paul Herre, op. cit., p. 154).TaicnoKpaHHeft Mepe OH roBopuT nojibCKOMy nocry: O h n e Euch kann man nichts tun [Be3 Bac HHHero
He;ib3H cAe^aTb], a co6eceAHHK oTBenaeT: U n d wir wollen o h n e Eur. Majestat nichts tun [A
Mbi He XOTHM HHHero flenaTb 6e3 Bamero Be;iHHecTBa]. H O 6 H ; I H B nncbMe repiiory, Ma#pHA, 18HOH6. 1571 r., Mediceo 4903, coo6maeTnocBeAeHHHMH3AOCTOBepHoroHCTOHHHKa, HTO HMnepaTop He TOTOB H He CMoaceT BbicrynHTb B 3TOM roAy. B iiejioM 6buiH ABe peajibHbie H BO BCHKOM cjiynae HacTOHHHBbie nonbiTKH AuruiOMaTHHecKHx ACHCTBHH: B 1570 roAy,
KorAa HCXOA 6bm eme HenceH, H B Hanajie noHracj)HKaTa TpwropHH XIII (MHCCHH OpMaHeTTO B HcnaHHK), apxwenHCKona JlannaHO B IlopTyrajiHio...).
92
B CnMaHKace xpaHHTCH Macca AOKyMeHTOB Ha 3TOT cneT, xopouiHfi onepK KOTopbix
HMeeTCH y O. de Tome, op. cit., I, p. I l l et sq. npn6biTHe B HcnaHHio nocjia, Ko6aHa,
CODOIN, XC, p. 464 et sq.; nwcbMo HO6HJIH H ACJib Kanna, MaApuA, 10 Man 1571 r.,
Mediceo 4903.
93
3aHHTbie cyMMbi He 6buiH Hcno;ib30BaHbi, CM. Bbiuie, H. II, c. 203.

npHMenaHHH

301

94

IlncbMO T. AC CmibBbi Onjinnny II, BeHeuHH, 25 HJIH 26 HOH6. 1571 r., Simancas
E° 1329.
95
rincbMo PeKeceHca Onjinnny II (8 J\CK. 1571 r.), A. E. Esp. 236, f° 132; Fourquevaux,
op. cit., II, p. 243, o nepexoAe cojiAaT nepe3 A/ibnbi; nHCbMO <J>. j\e AjiaBbi repuoryAjib6yKepKe, IlapHHc, 27 anp. 1571 r., A. N., K 1519, B 29, n° 69.
96
E. Charriere, op. cit., Ill, p. 245, npuMenaHHe; B. N., Paris, Fr. 16170, f° 70 et sq.
97
H. Forneron, Histoire de Philippe II, II, p. 304 et sq.
98

Op. cit., I, p. 228 et sq. H OCO6CHHO p. 228, n o t e 2.

99

31 HHB. 1571 r., CODOIN, XXXV, p. 521 (101 bis), A. N., K 1535, B 35, n° 10 bis;
nHCbMO EKaTepHHbi MCAHHH aHn/iHHCKOH KopojieBe, 22 anp. 1572 r., Hector de La Ferriere,
Lettres de Catherine de Medicis, 1885, IV, p. 97 et 98.
100
T. Ae Cnec, Ke H T ep6epH, 7 HHB. 1572 r., C O D O I N , XC, p . 551.
101
IlHCbMO KaBajuiH BeHennaHCKOH CnHbopHH, Bjrya, 24cJ)eBp. 1572 r., C. S. P. Venetian,
VII, p. 484.
102
CraTbH o6opoHHTe;ibHOH jinm, 3aionoHeHHOH KopojieM <J>paHijHH H aHniHHCKOH KOpo;ieBOH 19 anpe.™ 1572 r., A. N., K 1531, B 35, n° 10 bis.
103
IlncbMO ArnjiOHa repupry Ajib6e, E;iya, 8 MapTa 1572 r., A. N., K 1526, B 32, n° 6.
104
IlncbMO CeH-Iyapa cJ)paHiry3CKOMy Kopojno, MaApHA, 14 anp. 1572 r., B. N., Paris, Fr.
1640, P 1 6 - 1 8 .
105
IlncbMOX. Ae CnjibBbi Kopojno, BeHeijHH, 22 Man 1572 r., Simancas E° 1331.
106
Ero HHCTpyKUHH OT 31 MapTa 1571 r., A. N., K 1529, B 34, f* 3 3 - 3 4 .
107
Bjiya, 16 MapTa 1572 r., A. N., K 1526, B 32, n° 19.
108
IlncbMO YojicHHTeMajiopAy EapniH, 22aBr. 1572 r., H. de la Ferriere, op. cit., IV, p. 98,
note 1; Sir Francis de Walsingham, Memoires et Instructions p o u r les ambassadeurs, Amsterdam, 1700, p. 217.
109
KyAa HanpaBHTCH (JXJIOT? Ch. de La Ronciere, H. d e la Marine francaise, 1934, p. 68,
yTBep>KAaeT: K «AnTHJibCKHM ocrpoBaM, rBHHee, HoM6pe AC^HOC, Ajiacnpy (TaK!)». Bo BpeMH neTBepTOH pejiHrH03HOH BOHHU 3TOT (JJJIOT 6yAeT Hcnojib30BaH fljisi 6jiOKaAbi JIa PomejiH.
110

II, p. 241.
IlncbMO repuora Ajib6bi CeKpeTapio IleApo ArnjiOHy, Epioccejib, 19 MapTa 1572 r.,
A. N., K1526, B 32, n° 15. 3Aecb roBopHTCH TaioKe o Bcrpenax ArajiOHac nocjiOM riopTyra111

JIHH.
112

IlncbMO CeH-ryapa Kopojno, 14 anp. 1572 r., B. N., Paris, Fr. 1610, f* 2 2 - 2 3 ; nncbMO
Arn^oHa repuory Anb6e, Bjiya, 26 anp. 1572 r., A. N., K 1526, B 37, n° 57.
113
IlncbMO OpaHCHCKo H6appbi Kopo;no, Mapcejib, 26 anp. 1572, Simancas E° 334.
114
ApaHxyac, 10 Mail 1572 r., A. N., K 1528, B 35, n° 48.
115
!lHCbMo CaHHca^Hero CyHbnre, MaApnA, 20 Mail 1572 r., A. N., K1529, B 34, n° 54.
116
Fburquevaux, op. cit., II, p. 309.
117
nncbMo ArnjioHa repupry AjibGe, B^ya, 3 Mail 1572 r., A. N., K1526, B 32, n° 69.
118
nncbMO repupra Ajib6bi Kopo-Jiio, 27 anp. 1572 r., Konnn A. N., K 1528, B 33, n ° 4 3 .

302

JlenaHTO

119

3anHCKaHnpe ( /yio}KeHHHnocjiaCeH-ryapaOHJiHnnyII, anp. 1572 r., A. N., K 1529,
B 34, n°44 (ncn. nep.)- OAP>THX, Menee Baacubix nponciuecTBHHx CM. nncbMO CeH-ryapa
EKaTepHHe MCAHHH, aBTorpacJ), MaApnA 14 anp. 1572 r., B. N., Paris, Fr. 16104, f* 22—23;
H. Forneron, op. cit., II, p . 302.
120
C. Pereyra, Imperio.., p. 170; nncbMO T. Ae Cneca Kopojno, Epioccejib, 15 anp. 1572 r.,
CODOIN, XC, pp. 553—564. rincbMo MoHAyce Kopojno, Bpioccejib, 27 anp. 1572 r., opnrHHaji, B. N., Paris, Fr. 16127,3aMemaTe;ibCTBO repiioraAjib6bi. 3a6aBHoecoo6meHHe AnTOHHO TBapaca repupry Anb6e, JIOHAOH, 18 Man 1572 r., CODOIN, XC, p. 18—19, H. Pirenne,
Histoire de la Belgique, IV, p . 29 et sq.; nncbMO MoHAyce Kopojno, Bpioccejib, 29 anpe^n
1572 r., B. N., Paris, Fr. 16127, fM3;nncbMo ArnjioHa repupry Anb6e, E;iya, 2 Man 1572 r.,
A.N.,K1526, B32.
121
CM. npeAbiAymee npHMenaHne, CODOIN, XC.
122
nHCbMO MoHAyce Kapjiy IX, Bpioccejib, 29 anp. 1572 r., B. N., Paris, Fr. 16127, f° 43
etsq.
123
TlncbMO ArnjioHa repupry Ajib6e, E;iya, 2 Man 1572 r., A. N., K 1526, B 32.
124
H. Pirenne, op. cit., IV, p. 3 1 - 3 2 ; C O D O I N , LXXV, p. 41; H. Forneron, op. cit., II,
p. 312.
125
H. Pirenne, op. cit., IV, p. 31.
126
R. B. Merriman, op. cit., IV, p. 294.
127
riwcbMO HO6HJIH H AeJib Kanna, MaApnA, 19 MaM 1572 r., A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo
4903.
128
IlHCbMO Kopojno, MaApuA, 21 Man 1572 r., B. N., Paris, Fr. 1604, fos 58 et sq.
129
nncbMO HO6HJIH H Aejib Kanna repupry, MaApnA, 19 Man 1572 r., A. d. S. Florence,
Mediceo 4903.
130
nHCbMO A- ^ n e r o Ae CyHbnrn repupry A/ib6e, 24 Man 1572 r., A. N., K 1529, B 34,
n° 96 a, Konnn.
131
18 Man 1572 r., A. d. S., Genes, L. M. Spagna, 5-2414.
132
O H npnGbui B Qienc 11 HIOHH 1572 r., nncbMO repupra MeAHHa CCJIH Kopo^io, C^ienc,
11 HIOHH 1572 r. CODOIN, XXXVI, p. 25.
133
nncbMO CeHTyapa Kopojno, MaApnA, 31 Man 1572 r., B. N., Paris, Fr. 1604, fos 75
et sq./Jpyrne cjiyxn: (J>paHiry3CKHH (f>jiOTHKo6bi co6npaeTCHompaBHTbcn B HHAHH: «...euie
BnepaTaKOH npoeKTo6cy>KAajiCHy repupra Ceccbi...», ibid. Bo 4>paHu.HH no BceM AoporaM
ABH^KyTCH co^AaTbi. B BopAO co6paHa Gojibiuan 3CKaApa, BKJuonaiomaH 14 600-TOHHWX KOpa6^en, 20 HIOHH 1572 r., A. N., K 1529, B 34, n° 9.
134

nncbMO CeH-ryapa Kopojno, MaApnA, 21 Man 1572 r., B. N., Paris, Fr. 1604, fos 58

etsq.
135

24 Man 1572 r., CM. Bbiiue, npnMenaHHe 130.
nncbMO K Cay;iH, 6 HIOHH 1572 r., A. d. S., Genes, L. M. Spagna, 6—2415.
137
nncbMO Kopo;i5i enncKony/JaKCKOMy, 11 Man 1572 r., B. N., Paris, Fr. 16170, f° 122
et sq. E. Charriere, op. cit., Ill, p. 291 en note.
138
EugenePlantet, Les consuls de France a Alger, 1930, p. 9.
139
L. Serrano, op. cit., IV, p. 5 1 6 - 5 1 7 .
136

npHMenaHHfl

303

140

Ibid., I, p . 226; F Hartlaub, o p . cit., p . 56.
Pierre Champion, Paris au temps des guerres d e religion, 1938, p . 198.
142
E. Lavisse, Hist, de France, VI, I, p. 122.
143
Lo q u e el embassador de Francia dixo a SuMag d en S. Lorenzo, A. N., K 1529, B 2 9 ,
n° 83. 3TOH >Ke TeMe nocBHiiieHO nncbMO JXyKymio AeJib Kanna repiiory, MaApnA, 19 HIOHH
1572 r., A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo4903, a TaiGKenncbMO Cay/in CBoeHpecny6;iHKe, MaApHA, 4 HIOJIH 1572 r., A. d. S., Genes, L. M. Spagna, 5—2414.
141

144

28 HIOHH 1572 r., A. N., K 1529, B 34, n° 100.

145

Relation de lo que el S° Qayas passo con el embassador de Francia, viernes primero de
agosto 1572, A. N., K 1530, B 34, n° 2.
146
rpacfiH. de La Ferriere, o p . cit., IV, p . 104, note 1.
147
Ibid., p. 106, note 2; B. N., Paris, Fr. 16039, f°457 v°.
148
rincbMo /{Hero CyHbnrn repnpry Arcb6e, Ilapn^K, 27 HIOHH 1572 r., A. N., K 1529,
B 34, n° 78.
149
rincbMO JX- ACJibKanna repnpry, MaApnA, 30 HIOHH 1572 r., A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo
4903.
150
Ibid., «cosf tutti sono venuti p e r acqua (no3TOMy Bee (icypbepbi) npH6buin BOAHUM
nyTeM)».
151
CODOIN, CXXV, p. 56.
152
FlncbMO fl. CyHbnrn repnpry Arcb6e, napnac, 17 MIOJIH 1572 r., A. N., K 1529, B 34,
n° 128.
^ E r o a c e n n c b M o O n j i n n n y l l , napnac, lOaBrycTa 1572 r., A. N., K1530, B 3 4 , n ° 1 3 .
154
Ero ace nncbMO repnpry A/ib6e, 13aBrycTa 1572 r., ibid., n ° 1 5 , Konnn.
155

KaKyace A^BHO AOKa3aHO, STO cnpaBeAJinBO n no OTHOUICHHIO K HcnaHHH, n no OTHO-

iueHHio K HTajiHH. EdgarBoutaricy LaSaint-Barthelemy d'apres les archives d u Vatican, Bibl.
de I'Ec. des Chartes, 23 e annee, t. Ill, 5C serie, 1862, p . 1—27; Lucien Romier, «La SaintBarthelemy, les evenements de Rome et la premeditation d u massacre», in: Revue d u XVT
siecle, 1893; E. Vacandard, «Les papes et la Saint-Barthelemy», in: Etudes de critique et d'hist.
religieuse, 1905.
15b
IlncbMO KOMHecapoB Kopojno, PHM, 12 A^K. 1572 r., L. Serrano, op. cit., IV, p . 351.
157
Ibid., IV, p. 6 5 6 - 6 5 9 .
158
Ibid., p. 657.
159
IlncbMO rpaHBe;uibi A- X. j\e CyHbnre, Heanojib, 20 MapTa 1572 r., Simancas E° 1061,
f°16.
lb0
IlncbMO A- XyaHa BejinKOMy KOMaHAopy KacrnjiHH, MeccnHa, 27 HHBapn 1572 r.,
Simancas E° 1138; nncbMO Toro ace Jinua TOMy ace Jinny, 1572 r., ibid. H T O KacaeTCfl npe6biBaHHH A- Xyana B IlajiepMO c 8 c{)eBp. no 17 anpcvin, 3Aecb a c/ieAyio yKa3aHHflM IlajibMepHHH, B. Com de Palerme, Qq D. 84.
lbl
rincbMO AOHa XyaHa BejinKOMy KOM. Kacrnyinn, 14 (J)eBp. 1572 r., CM. npeAuiecTByiomee npHMenaHne.
162
Eroace nncbMO rpaHBe;uie, IlajiepMO, 14 c})eBp. 1572 r., Simancas E° 1061, f° 11.
163
IlncbMO TpanBeji^bi A- XyaHy, 21 (|)eBp. 1572 r., ibid., f* 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 4 , Konnn.

304

JlenaHTO

164

IlHCbMO AOHa XyaHa Be^HKOMy KOMaHAopy KacTHjiHH, llajiepMO, 2 MapTa 1572 r.,
Simancas E° 1138.
165
L. Serrano, op. cit., I, p. 180, note 2.
166
IlHCbMO AOHaXyaHa ABCTpMHCKoroOH^nnny II, riajiepMO, 17 MapTa 1572 r., Simancas E° 1138, aBT. L. Serrano, o p . cit., I, p . 180, Ha3bmaeTAaTy 18 MapTa.
167
Henry Biaudet, Le Saint-Siege et la Suede d u r a n t la seconde moitie d u XVI siecle,
1906,1, p. 181. riwcbMO r e p u p r a OjiopenijHH Ominnny II, IlH3a, 3 Man 1572 r.: co6ojie3HOBaHHH no noBOAy CMepTH nanbi, npeAJioaceHHe 11 rajiep H 2 raneacoB, como estava obligado
aS. S. (KaK6buio oGemaHO E. C B . ) , ncnaHCKoe pe3K>Me, Simancas E° 1458. IlHCbMO Cay/iw B
IeHyio, MaApwA, 19 Man 1572 r., A. d. S., Genes, L. M. Spagna, 5—2414: La m o r t e di S. Sta
dispiace a tutti universalmente et a S. Mta forse piu che a niun altro (CMepb Ero CB-Ba oropHHjia Bcex, H 6o;ibiue Bcex, BO3MOHCHO, E. B-BO). IlHCbMO HO6HJIH H AeAb Kanna repupry,
MaApHA, 19 Man 1572 r., A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo 4903: «Co CMepTbio 3Toro cBjrroro nejioBeica JlnrayTpaTHjia 3HaHHTe;ibHyio nacTb CBoero BAHHHHH».
168
K Konetzke, GeschichteSpaniens.., p. 181, noAHepKHBaeT BecoMOCTb 3Toro AOBOAS.
JXJIH L. Pfandl, Philippe II, p. 377—378, KOTopbiH He OCO6CHHOyrjiy6;iHeTCfl B cJDaKTHHecicyio
CTopoHyACJia, Ba^KHO npHHH3HTb AOHa XyaHa.
1G9
711OH OaApHKe, Cbm r e p q o r a A/ib6bi, 15 anpejin eme ACMOHCTpaTHBHo BbicMenBaeT
co6biTHH HaocTpoBe BajixepeH, H. Pirenne, op. cit., IV, p. 3 1 .
170
GneAyeT OT6pocHTb Te3nc Gonzalo delllescas, Historia pontifical y catolica, Salamanca,
1573, 2 e partie, p. 358 et sq. o TOM, MTO COK)3HHKH o>KHAajiH H3BecTH5i O Bapcj)OJiOMeeBCKOH
HOHH, HT06bI OTILTIblTb B JleBaHT.
171

21 anpejia 1572 r., B. N., Paris, Fr. 3604, fos 58 et sq. [Cnopee Bcero ouiH6oHHbie
UH(J)pbi, cp. npHM. 134].
172
IlHCbMO Onjinnna II Aony Xyany AC CyHbnre, CeH-JIopaH, 2 HIOHH 1572 r., Simancas E° 920, P» 9 5 - 9 8 .
173
A OTHIOAI> He npoHCKH (})paHiry30B — HX 3aHrpbiBaHHe c AjiacnpoM, o neM HanHcaji
HeKorAa CTaTbio Berbugger, «Les Algeriens demandent u n Roi francais», in: Rev. Afric, 1861,
p. 1—13 — HJIH HX BOopynceHHe: 12 (J)eBpajiH OypKBo (op. cit., II, p. 421) TO^bKO OAHOH
crpoKofi ynoMHHaeT o 24 (J)paHiry3CKHx rajiepax B Mapccrce (HO HTO 03HanaeT 3Ta UH({)pa?).
HTO KacaeTCH cjjjioTa, KOTopbiw Ylojien /;e Jia TapA AOJixceH 6bui npHBecTH Ha CpeAH3eMHoe
Mope H3 ATJiaHTHKH, TO OH COCTOHJI H3 ABVX 6o^buiHx rajieft, neTbipex Majibix H ABVX 6pHTOB, H 28 HH3HH HaxoAHJiCH eme B BopAO, KaK nnuieT 6apoH AC Jia TapA CeHTyapy, BopAO,
28 HK>HH 1572 r., KOUUH, HCH. n e p . A. N., K 1529, B 34, n°
174

103.

CM. nacTb II, TJI. I. 1.
175
L. Serrano, op. cit., I, p . 363.
176
IlHCbMO FpaHBejuibi OHJinnny II, 29 aBrycra 1572 r., Simancas E° 1061; L. Serrano,
op. cit., II, p . 70, note 2.
177
H. Kretschmayr, op. cit., Ill, p . 342 et sq.
178
L. Serrano, op, cit., II, p. 32.
179
^ O H KHXOT, I, TJI. XXXIX (nep. H. JIio6HMOBa).
180
Op.cit.fp.l7a
181
F. Harilaub, o p . cit., p. 156.

npHMenaHHH

305

182

FlHCbMO repupra Ceccw Kopo;no, 24 OKT. 1572 r., Simancas E° 458, ijHTHpoBaHO y
L. Serrano, op. cit., II, p . 147.
183
L. Serrano, ibid.
184
Bee noApo6HocTH 3Toro pa3Ae;ia noHepnHyTbi H3 o6cTOHTejibHoro paccKa3a JI. CeppaHO.
185
rincbMO TpaHBeji/ibi Onjinnny II, Heanojib, 8 OKT. 1572 r., Simancas E° 1061, f°65.
18b
riwcbMo MoHAyce Kopojno, 29 ceHT. 1572 r., a TaioKe nHCbMO CeH-Iyapa OT 7 HOH6.
1572 r., L. Didier, op. cit., I, p. 52 et note 2; rincbMOAejib Kannarepupry, Ma^pwA, 20 ceHT.
1572 r., A. d. S. Florence, Mediceo 4903. KapAHHaji cTpa^aji OTJinxopaAKH. O H 6bui 3AopoBHKOM, ^io6HTe^eM noecTb H BbinHTb: in d u e hore [s?] l'aggravo il male per u n catarro che
losuffoco [3a Asa nacaOH CBajiHJicH OT 6o;ie3HH, Bbi3BaHHOH 3aAyiiiHBiiiHM ero KaTapoM]...
187
nncbMO MoHTearyAO Onjinnny II, BeHa, 20 HIOJIH 1572 r., C O D O I N , CX, p. 4 8 3 489, H. Biaudet, op. cit., p. 178.
188
nncbMOKapjiaKenncKoiry/taKCKOMy,napnac, 17ceHT. 1572r.,£. Charriere,op.cit.,
Ill, p. 3 0 3 - 3 0 9 .
189
Jean Auzanet, La vie de Camoens, Paris, 1942, p . 208.
190
L. Serrano, op. cit., II, p . 296, note 1.
191
B nacTHocTH, OHH TpeGoBajin nepeAann KaTrapo, ibid., II, p. 303.
192
Ibid.,p.311.
193
OicoHHaTejibHO MHp 6bui noAnncaH TOJibKO B 1574 TOAV, OTKyAa Ha3BaHHe Ms Ital 2117
(B. N., Paris), Relatione del Turco d o p p o la pace conclusa con la Signoria di Venetia l'anno
1 5 7 4 . 0 6 3TOM 3aTflHVBLlieMCH 3aKJIIOHeHHH MHpHOrO AOrOBOpaCM. nHCbMO T. CHJIbBbI <>H-

jinnnyII, BeHeijHH, 6(})eBpajiH 1574r., (coo6meHHeH3Pary3bi),SimancasE° 1333; nncbMO
ToroacejiHijaTOMyHcejiHiry, 13c£>eBp. 1574 r., ibid.; nncbMOA-X. AeCyHbHrnOH^Hnnyll,
PHM, 18 MapTa 1574 r., CODOIN, XXVIII, p. 185. nncbMO CHHAHKOB MeccHHbi Onjinnny II,
PHM, 18 MapTa 1574 r., Simancas E° 1142; B anpejie 1574 r. no HacTOHHHio nanw ^>HJinnn II
npeA^iaraeT noMomb CBoero (jxrcoTa Ha cjiynaH, eenn TypKH aTaKyiOT 3aKHH(J) H^H Kop(J)y,
nncbMO Onjinnna II T. CnjibBe, C. Jlopemio, 5 anpejin 1574 r., Simancas E° 1333, HO n p n
VCJIOBHH, KaK yTOHHHeT Kopo;ib, HTO 4>paHiry3bi He HapyiuaT MHpa. BcnoMHHajiocb JieTO
1572 r. 7 MapTa 6buio 3aKJiioHeHo jiHiiib BpeMeHHoe nepeMHpne, CM. 06 STOM, 12 MapTa
1574 r., E° 1333; 16 Map T a 1574 r., ibid.; C O D O I N , XXVIII, p . 185; 30 MapTa 1574 r.,
Simancas E° 1142.
194
O HeAOBO^bCTBe repupra A/ib6bi npn BCCTH o 3aKJiiOHeHHH MHpa CM. nncbMO MOHAVce Kopo;no, 17 HIOJIH 1573 r., L. Didier, op. cit., I, p . 329.
195
KaK HBCTByeT H3 nncbMa Onjinnna II reprjory TeppaHOBbi, CaH-JIopeHiio, 20 HIOHH
1573 n, Simancas E° 1140.
196
Kopa/ib nepecKa3biBaeT coAep>KaHHe 3Toro AOKJiaAa B nncbMe, yKa3aHHOM B npeAMAymeM npHMenaHHH.
197
Ha 3TH pa3MbiuiJieHH5i HaBOAHT nncbMO apxnenHCKona JIaHHaHO KapAHHarry KOMO,
MaApHA, 24 HHB. 1573 r., A. Vatic. Spagna, n° 7, f° 10—11; aTaioKe enncKona naAyn TOMy ace
jiHiry, 25 HHB. 1573 r., ibid., f° 22.
198
^OHeceHHe XyaHa KypeHijH, nocnaHHoro B KoHCTaHTHHono^b TpaHBe^TiOH H B03BpaTHBiuerocH 30 HIOHH 1573 r., Simancas E° 1063, f° 35.

306

JlenaHTO

199

Philipp de Canaye, op. cit., p. 158.
200 r r 0 cooGmenHio OAnoro reny33ua, npHruibiBiuero c Xnoca Ha (J)paHuy3CKOH 6apKe,
Simancas E° 1063, f° 42.
201
nwcbMO Onjinnny II, C O D O I N , CII, p. 2 0 7 - 2 0 8 .
202
Simancas E° 1332.
203
Op. cit., p. 180; nncbMO IpaHBejuibi K AOHy XyaHy, Heanojib, 6 aBrycTa 1573 r., Simancas E° 1063, f° 45.
204
IlHCbMO IpaHBejuibi Onjinnny II OT 12 aBrycTa 1573 r., Simancas E° 1063, f° 49. Flo
flpyrHM H3BCCTHHM, npH6bIBIUHM C 3an03AaHHCM H3 BeHeiJHH, (})JIOT C06HpaJICH 3aHHTb OCTpoBaTpeMHTH.
205

Philipp de Canaye, op. cit., p. 181.
IlHCbMO A- XyaHa Onjinnny II, MeccHHa, 20 aBrycTa 1573 r., nojiyneHO 3 cetiT.,
Simancas E° 1062, f° 117.
207
IlHCbMO CyHbHrH Onjinnny II, 25 aBrycTa 1573 r., C O D O I N , CII, p. 229.
208
Philipp de Canaye, op. cit., p. 181, 186, 8 rajiep norn6;io, eme 8 noBpeatAeHO.
209
nHCbMO CynbMrH Onjinnny II, 28 aBrycTa 1573 r., CODOIN, CII, p. 231.
210
Simancas E° 1063, f° 87.
211
Philipp de Canaye, op. cit., p. 186.
212
FlncbMo IpaHBejuibi K CyiibHrc, Heanojib, 11 cenT. 1573 r., CODOIN, CII, p. 258—
259.
213
Philipp de Canaye, op. cit., p. 195.
214
nncbMo TpaHBejuibi K CyiibHre, Heanojib, 7 OKT. 1573 r., CODOIN, CII, p. 3 0 7 - 3 1 1 .
215
Mediceo4904,f°86.
21b
rHeiibrH OTnpaBjiHioT H BO OjianApnio, nncbMo CenTyapa Kopojiio, MaApHA, 14 HKXTIH
1573 r., B. N., Paris, Fr. 16105.
217
H o B AHnnoMaTHHecKOH nepenHCKe B OCHOBHOM roBopnTCH 06 3KcneAHU,HH npoTHB
AjiHcnpa; nncbMo enncKona riaAyaHCKoro KapAHHajiy KOMO, MaApHA, 15 HIOJIH, A. Vaticanes,
Spagna 7, f° 372; nncbMo Cayjin B IeHyio, MaApHA, 14 HKXJM 1573 r., L. M., Spagna 5. 2414.
218
nncbMo CayjiH, npeAbiAymaji CHocKa; nncbMo CeH-Iyapa, CM. Bbime, npnM. 216.
219
3KcneAHi;HH B AJIJKHP nepeuuia B pa3pnA npoeKTOB, KaK CKa3aHO B nncbMe A- XyaHa
Onjinnny II, Heano^b, 25 HKXJIH 1573 r., Simancas E° 1062, f° 112.
220
Simancas E° 1062, f° 96.
221
rincbMO J\IK. A. J\o\n\w A. X. ABCTpHHCKOMy, MeccHHa, 9 HIOJIH 1573 r., opnrHHaji,
Ajracnp, G. A. A. Registren 0 1686, f° 191.
222
IlHCbMOA. XyaHa Onjinnny II, Heano^b, IOHIOJIM 1573 r., Simancas E° 1062, f° 105 H
Apyroe nncbMo Toro ace Anita TOMy Jiniry, Heanojib, 4 aBrycTa 1573 r., ibid., f° 113.
223
Ero>Ke nncbMo TO My acejinuy, Heanojib, 5aBrycra 1573 r., ibid., f° 114, oerooTbe3Ae
B MeccHHy; aTaioKe OT 10 aBrycTa 1573 r., E° 1140, OH npn6biJi B MeccHHy 9 aBrycTa.
224
4 aBrycTa 1573 r., Simancas E° 1063, f° 167.
225
H3 CaH-JIopenup, Simancas E° 1140, M.
226
Simancas E° 1140.
20b

ITpHMeHaHHH

307

227

rincbMO CyHbnrn Onjinnny II, PHM, 13 aBiycTa 1573 r., C O D O I N , CII, p. 209.
Op.cit.,I,p.243etsq.
229
nucbMo CyHbHrn Kopo^io, 23 OKT., 1573 r., C O D O I N , CII, p . 330. rincbMO CBHACTe^bCTByeT o HeocBeAOMJieHHocra nanbi: «...Dijome el otro dia el Papa h a b l a n d o m e en la
Jornada del senor D.Juan, q u e si ganaba a Tunis (Ha AHHX nana CKa3aji, 6eceAya co MHOH O
TOM, HTO 6yAeT, ec;iH ceHbop A- Xyan no6eAHT B TynHce)...». HoBocTb o B3HTHH TyHHca
11 OKTn6pfl npnuma B Heano;ib 22 HJIH 23 OKTnGpfl, nncbMO rpaHBC/uibi Onjinnny II, Heano;ib, 23 OKTfl6p* 1573 r., Simancas E° 1063, P 110.
230
rincbMO AOHaXyaHaTpaHBejuie, Meccnua, 19aBiycTa 1573 r., Konnn, B. N., Madrid,
Ms 10.454, f* 114-115; nncbMO CyHbnrn 4>H;iHnny II, PHM, 21 aBrycra 1573 r., CODOIN,
228

CII, p. 219-220.
231

rincbMO 3cKOBeAO A- Xyany, MaApnA, 5 CCHT. 1573 r., A. E. Esp. 236, f° 122.
rincbMO repuoraTeppaHOBbi Kopo^io, ITajiepMO, 7 ceHT. 1573 r., Simancas E° 1139.
233
rincbMO IpaHBejuibi A- XyaHy, 6 CCHT. 1573 r., Simancas E° 1062, f° 118.
234
Parere del Duca di Terranova, Presidente di Sicilia, sopra le cose di Barberia, 17 ceHT.
1573 r., Simancas E° 1139.
235
rincbMO repiiora TeppaHOBbi Onjinnny II, FlajiepMO, 30 ceHT. 1573 r., Simancas E° 1139.
236
nHCbMorpaHBejL7ibiOH.7iHnnyII, Heanojib, 9 OKT. 1573 r., Simancas E° 1063, f°94.
237
riHCbMo repuora TeppaHOBbi Onjinnnyll, FlajiepMO, 9 OKT. 1573 r., Simancas E° 1139.
238
Flo coo6meHHK3 H3 Han;. 6-KH OjiopeHUHH, Capponi, Codice, V, f° 349.
239
OopMajibHoeyKa3aHHe HaaTyA^Ty, 11 OKTH6pn, BnHCbMeXopxeMaHpHKeOnjiHn232

ny II, FlajiepMO, 7 H O H 6 . 1573 r., Simancas E° 1140.
240

Relation que ha dado el secretariojuan de Soto sobre las cosas tocantes a la fortalezay
reyno deTunez, 20 j u i n 1574, Simancas E° 1142, Konnn.
241
Instruction a GabrioSerbelloni, Simancas E° 1140.
242
rincbMO A- Xyana TpaHBejuie, JIaTy;ieTTa, 18 OKT. 1573 r., Simancas E° 1063, f° 114.
243
rincbMO TpaHBeji^bi 4>H^nnny II, Heanojib, 23 OKT. 1573 r., ibid., f° 110 (nojiyneHO
11 HOH6.).
244
245

MapKH3 AeToBajiococ, B. N., Paris, Esp. 34, f°44.
IlajibMepHHH, 20 OKT. 1573 r., B. Com. Palerme, Q q D 84, o npn6biTHH AOHa XyaHa

2 HOH6.
246

nncbMoCeH-ryapaKap^yIX, MaApnA, 3 $ e B p . 1574r., B. N., Paris, Fr. 16106, f° 304.

V
HdlAHO-TyPEIJKHE IIEPEMHPHH:
1577-1584
B jiHTepaType HcnaHHio Bcer^a npe/jcTaBJinioT He3bi6jieMbiM OIUIOTOM KaTOjim\u3M3.. TaK o Heft /jyMaeT B 1574 ro#y M coBpeMeHHHK, CeH-Iyap, B TOT caMbiH
MOMeHT, Koiyja (})paHLiy3CKHH Kopojib O6BHHMJI HcnaHHio B 3anrpbiBaHHH c (J)paHIiy3CKMMM npOTeCTaHTaMH H, B03MOHCHO, He 6 e 3 OCHOBaHHH '. /I,eBH3 «peJIHrH51

npeac/je Bcero» pHCKyeT OKa3aTbcn He coBceM TOMHMM. HMCJIH JIH iyje-TO coo6pa>KeHHH eocydapcmeennozo unmepeca6ojibuiuPi Bee, neM B coseTax Myzjporo MoHapxa? Bee CBH^eTejibCTByeT B HX nojib3y: CTbiHKH H BOHHM C PHMOM; noBe/jeHne
repuora Ajib6bi B HH/jepjiaH/jax, B H3BecTHOM CMbicjie pe3KO aHTHKjiepHKajibHoe; HJIH, HanpHMep, nojiHTHKa, npoBOAHMan n o MeHbiuen Mepe #o 1572 ro/ja
OminnnoM II no OTHOUICHHIO K ejiH3aBeTHHCKOH AHITIHH. «KaK 6bi napa^oKcajibHO HH 3Byqajio 3TO yTBep^KAeHHe, pa3Be ero He Ha3bmajiH HeBOJibHbiM noco6HH2
KOM aHrjiHHCKOH pec|)opMbi?» A ero pejiHrH03Han nojiHTHKa B HH^HHCKOM oiceaHe, B npHHa^jie>KaBiiiHx eMy nocjie 1580 ro#a nopTyrajibCKHX Bjia^eHH^x, 6buia
BnojiHe TepnHMOH.
H o Jiyniue Bcero HJunocTpnpyioT no3Hu,Hio HcnaHCKoro npaBHTejibCTBa ero
neperoBopw H ero KOMnpoMHccbi c wcjiaMCKHMH ,zjep>KaBaMH H rocyzjapcTBeHHMMH o6pa30BaHHHMH. HcKaTb no;mep>KKH y uiaxa (K KOTopoMy xoTeji o6pamaTbCfl H IlHH V ) , COK)3a C IIiepHCJDOM, KOTOpblH C06HpaJICH 3aKJIK)HHTb OHJIHnn II

Bcero nepe3 HecicojibKO JieT nocjie nopTyrajibCKOH KaTacTpo(J)bi n p n A/ibKacapKe6npe, — Bee 3TO HHKaK He BHHCCTCH C KpecTOHOCHbiM AyxoM. HMnepaTop, B
CBOK) oqepe/jb, Beji nocTOHHHbie neperoBopw c TypicaMH. B OTHOUICHHH KOHCTaHTHHonojiH ^MnjiOMaTHH Onjinnna II yHac/ie/jOBajia MeTO/jbi HMnepcKOH AHnjioMaTHH H aaace ee apxHBbi, KOTopwe ocTaBajiHCb B pacnopn)KeHHH HcnaHHH
no ceMeHHOH Tpa^nijHH H no MepicaHTHJibHbiM MOTHBaM: BOHHa B BeHrpHH, KorAa OHa Be^acb, oTnacTH /jo6poBOJibHO c^HHaHcnpoBajiacb HcnaHnen. TaKHM 06pa30M, nocjie^HHH BOcnojib30Bajiacb CBH3HMH HMnepaTopa, qTo6bi OTnpaBHTb

Hcnano-TypeuKHe nepeMHpHH: 1577—1584

310

BCJieA 3a CBOHMH nocjiaMH no AoporaM, BeaymHM B KoHCTaHTHHonojib, i;e;iyio
TOJiny CBOHX areHTOB. H Ha OAHOIX) H3 HHX, CBGJXCHUH O KOTopoM, noqepnHyTbie
H3 BeHCKHx apxHBOB, MO)KHO npoHHTaTb B CTapHHHOM Tpyzje XaMMepa, npHxoAHTCH ACCHTb, CJieAbl H b e H AeflTCJIbHOCTH TepHIOTCH B n e p C n j i e T C H H H C 0 6 b I T H H H
nOCT(J>aKTyM OKa3bIBaiOTCfl n O H T H H e 3 a M e T H b I M H . . .

H OAHaKO HMeHHO OHH Moiyr nocjiy>KHTb jinn Hac iipc>KAC Bcero, HTOGW npocjieAHTb caMbie cKpbiTbie HCTOKH BCJiHKoro noBopoTa B cpeAH3eMHOMopcKOH
nojiHTHKe 1577—1581 TOAOB.

TojibKO noTOM Mbi o6paTHMCfl K paccMOTpcHHio BCCH coBOKynHOCTH npo6jieM,
CBH3aHHbix c 3THM nepexo/jHbiM nepnoAOM. ECJIH 6bi 3aBoeBaTCJibHbic aivi6HijHH

TypqHH He OT6POCHJIH ee nocjie 1579 ro/ja Ha BOCTOK, B CTopoHy llepcHH, a crpeMJICHHC 3aBjiaACTb IIopTyrajiHeH H HOBbiMH 3CMJIHMH He OTBJICKJIO HcnaHHio $ H jinnna II B 1580 rojxy Ha 3ana/j, KaKoe 3HaneHHe RJIX HCTopHH (BiipoqcM, ocTaioDXeHCH nOMTH B nOJIHOM H e B e A C H H H H a 3 T O T C H e T ) HMeJIH 6 b l A-^HTCJIbHbie H

H3o6HjiyiomHe npHKJiioqeHHflMH neperoBopw MapjibHHH, o KOTopbix Mbi nonbiTaeMCH paccKa3aTb KaK MO>KHO no/jpo6Hee?

1.

MHCCHJI MAPJIBJIHH,

1578—1581

Mbi y>Ke roBopnjiH o MHpHoii HHHiinaTHBe HHKOJIO CeKKO H T. OpaHKH, npe/jnpHHHTOH coBMecTHO c IeHycft H BeHOH, aTaioice o nonbiTKax B 1564 H 1567 ro#y,
KOTOpblMH T a i O K e pyKOBO^HJIH H 3 B e H b l . H o Mbi H e COMJIH HyHCHbIM y n O M H H y T b B

paccKa3e o Tenymnx co6biTHHx 1569—1570 ro/ja o MHCCHH HeKoero MajibTHHCKOro pbHjapa, XyaHa BapejiH.
Bo3Bpam,eHHe Ha3a#:
nepBbie MnpHBie HHHiiHaTHBbi O n j i n n n a I I
3TOT XyaH, H^H ,3,>KOBaHHH BapejiH, B #eKa6pe 1569 ro/ja npnGbiji B KaTaHHK) C H H C T p y K U H H M H O H J I H n n a I I , A a T H p O B a H H b l M H 2 7 O K T f l 6 p f l . H a X O / J H C b H a

cnyacSe y BejiHKoro MarHCTpa, OH OKa3ajiCH 3aMeiuaHHbiM B 3anyTaHHyio a(J>epy,
CBH3aHHyio c rpenecKHM CBHIUCHHHKOM Ha Po/joce, XoaHOM ACHAOH (H coxpaH5IIO H a n H C a H H C H C n a H C K H X T C K C T O B ) ,

K O T O p b l H BbI3BaJICH BMCCTC C KaKHM-TO

U,apHOTa-6eeM, acwBymHM B Mopee, no/uxHTb BoccTaHne npoTHB TypoK. O H o6emaji TaiOKe no/pKenb KOHcraHTHHono;ibCKHH ApceHaji. ECJIH npHHHTb BO BHHMaHne 3ana3AbiBaHHe nocrynaioinHX HOBOCTCM, TO coBiiaAeHHe J\2LT (BeHeiiHaHCKHH
ApceHaji 6biji B3opBaH 13 ceHTnGpa 1569 ro/ja) CJIHUIKOM BCJIHKO, qTo6bi CHHTaTb 3Ty H^eio noACKa3aHHOH npoHcuiecTBHeM B BeHeijHH. BnponeM, npe,zyio>KeHHH TaKoro po#a, KaK B OTHOUICHHH A/DKHpa, TaK H KoHcraHTHHonojifl, nac-

MHccuflMapjibHHH, 1578—1581

Sll

TO nocrynajiH B HcnaHCKHC «ccKpeTHbie cjiy>K6bi». MapKM3 llecKapa, KOTopoMy
6buio nopyneHO paccMOTpeTb npoeicr XyaHa BapejiH, y6eAHjicn, HTO pbiixapb
nojib30BajiCH AOBepneM noKOHHoro BejiHKoro MarHcrpa, HTO OH 6bin B Kypce
3aTeBaeMoro B Mopee npeAnpHHTHH, XOTH H He 3Haji HH e r o ACTajieH, HH KOHK-

peTHbix noApo6HocreH njiaHHpyeMoro yHHHToaceHHfl TypeiiKoro cJxnoTa. CBe/jeHHH, npCAOCTaBJieHHbie HM KOpOJIIO, 6bUIH B3flTbI HCKJHOHHTeJIbHO H3 BTOpblX

pyK, H OH HccKo^bKO npeAsocxHTHji co6biTHH, ecjiH He CKa3aTb 6ojibiue, HecoMHeHHO paccHHTbiBa^i B AaJibHeHiueM BWHTH H3 nojio>KeHHH c noMombio rpeica.
HaKOHeq, llecKapa caM CBH3ajicn c poAocueM H OTnpaBHJi e r o B JleBaHT, r^e
TOT J^OJiyKCH 6bDI OHCH^aTb, B COOTBeTCTBHH C OAC>6peHHbIM nJiaHOM, OAHOrO H3

6paTbeB. H o 3TOT 6paT, noAAaHHbift BeHeijHH, KOTopbiH AOJi>KeH 6bui
noHBHTbCH Ha HaBe El Cucado*, HMeiomen Ha 6opTy Bee Heo6xoAHMoe juin noAacora TypeqKoro (J>;iOTa, Mejuiuji c Bbie3AOM. By^ynH He B jiaAax c BeHeiiHeft, OH
xoTeji nojiyqHTb nponycK. He;ib3H 6buio H AyMaTb nojiyHHTb ero OT CnHbopHH,
npoHBjiHBuien B TaKHx ACJiax KpaHHioio noA03pHTe;ibHOCTb. B KOHiie KOHU,OB eMy
npHAajiH BHA Ao6ponop5iAoqHoro Kynna, a rpy3 H El Cucado AOBepn^H AOCTaBHTb XyaHy BapejiH, BMecTe c HHcrpyKiiHHMH j\nn naTpnapxa H /yin 3HaKOMoro
HaM HocH(f>a MHKaca... B nopaAKe AonojiHHTejibHOH npeAOCTopoatHOCTH BHijeKopojib Bejie^ 3anHcaTb cyAHO Ha CBoe HMH, KaK 6yATO OH co6HpaeTCH 3aHHTbcn
BbiKynoM njieHHbix.
Kopa6jib noKHHyji MeccHHy 24 HHBapa c rpy30M B3pbmqaTKH H TOBapa Ha
50 000 3CKyAO. H o B JleBaHTe ACTIO oKOHHHjiocb npoBajiOM. KorAa 3aHaBec onycTHJICH, naTpHapx O6BHHH;I BO BCCM pbiijapn. B AeHCTBHTC/ibHOCTH, noKymeHHH
Ha ApceHaji He no;iyHHjiocb; U,apHOTa-6eH, Ha coAeftcTBHe KOToporo paccqHTbiBajiH B Mopee, yMep; naTpnapx, coGnpaBinHHCfl nocjiaTb Koro-HH6yAb B 3aKHHc}),
HTo6bi nojiyHHTb npeAHa3HaqeHHbie j\j\n Hero rocTHHijbi, TaK HHqero H He CAejiaji... KaK 6bi TO HH 6bmo, MapKH3 n e c n a p a B MajiOBpa3yMHTe;ibHOM OTMCTC
cocTaB^CHHOM B HioHe 1570 roAa, He CTaji Ha3biBaTb BHHOBHWX B 3TOM «cepbe3CBOHX

HOM» npoBajie 3 .

Bee 3TO, KaK MO>KHO 3aMeTHTb, HHnyTb He CBHAeTe^bCTByeT o Apy>KecTBeHHaMepeHHflx, coBceM HanpoTHB. H o BOT Apyroii TCKCT. /JeBflTb jieT cnycTfl,
B KoHCTaHTHHono^e, CTapHK MexMeT COKOJIJIH, pa3Apa>KeHHbiH HJIH noKa3biBa-

HWX

K)II|HH BHAHMOCTb pa3Apa>KeHHfl XHTpOCTflMH H yjIOBKaMH HCnaHCKOH AMnjIOMa-

THH, 6eceAyeT c areHTOM HcnaHHH /I^oBaHHH MapjibflHH, o KOTopoM HaM npHAeTCH MHoro roBopHTb. «nama CKa3aji MHC: HO o6T>5iCHHTe, c KaKOH qejibio (HCnaHijbi) npHCJiajiH cioAa...4 JIo3aTy, c KaKOH nejibio OHH npncjiajiH MajibTHHCKoro
pbiixapa, KaK a y3Haji no3>Ke, KaBajiepa BapejiH, c KaKOH ijejibio (npH6bm) AOH
MapTHH (A'AKyHbH)»5.
«CBOMK»

(ucn.).

312

HcnaHO-TypeuKHe nepeMwpHn: 1577—1584

TaKHM o6pa30M, y Bape;iH 6buio nopyneHHe OTHOCHTejibHO nepeMHpuH. OneBHAHO, He B HiOHe 1570 roAa. HanpauiHBaeTCH BMBOA, HTO noceTHB TypiiHio OAHaacAbi, HTo6bi B3opBaTb ApceHaji H noAHHTb BoccTaHHe B Mopee, EapejiH BepHyjiCH ciOAa Bnoc^eACTBHH c OJIHBKOBOH BeTBbio; HJIH ace HTO OH OAHOBpeMeHHO
c OAHHaKOBbiM ycnexoM (BepHee, 6e3 ycnexa) npecjieAOBaji ABe IJCJIH. H e o3HanaeT JIH 3TO, MTO HcnaHHH Hcno;ib30Bajia A-^IH CBOHX AnnjiOMaTHHecKHX HyacA Ha
BocTOKe uinnoHOB H jnoAen 6e3 npeApaccyAKOB, CBH3aHHbix c MHpoM AByjiHHHWX OTCTynHHKOB? C 3TOH TOHKH 3peHHH ACJIO BapejiH nBJineTcn npHMenaTejibHbiM H npeACTaBjineT HHTepec jyisi AajibHeHiuero H3yneHHH.
C/ieAyiomee HMH H3 cnHCKa MexMeTa COKOJUIH, MapTHH A'AicyHbH, 6o;iee HaM
3HaKOMO, 3TOT nejiOBeic HaxoAHjicH B KoHCTaHTHHonojie B 1576 roAy 3 T O 6buia
He3HaHHTejibHafl jiHMHOCTb, coeAHHeHHaH c ropoACKHMH peHeraTaMH 6paTCKHMH y3aMH. H o KorAa OH BepHyjica B HTajiHio no 3aBepuieHHH HanaTbix HM neperoBopoB 1576 roAa, OH CTaji XBacraTb, MTO cacer TypeijKHH (JJJIOT. MexMeT CoKOJUIH, H e 3 a M e A J I H T e J I b H O n O C T a B J i e H H b l H 0 6 3TOM B H 3 B e C T H O C T b , BbICKa3ajI CO-

HcajieHHe no noBOAy CTpaHHbix yrBep>KAeHHH nooia. HcnaHCKHe o(f>HUHajibHbie
jinua, KOTopbiM AOH MapTHH 6biji xopoiuo H3BecTeH, AonycKajiH, OAHaKO, HTO
OH Mor Ha caMOM ACJie noA>Kenb OAHH rajiHOH. 3Ta ncropHH yAHBHTejibHbiM 06pa30M HanoMHHaeT HeKOTopbie noApo6HOCTH MHCCHH BapejiH 1569—1570 roAa.
OHa 3acTaBJifleT npeAno;io>KHTb, HTO MM 3HaeM jiHiiib 06 OAHOH nonbiTKe H3 ACCHTH. OTCTynHHKH, >KejiaiomHe BepHyTb AOBepne K ce6e; 6biBuiHe njieHHbie,
BbiAaiomne ce6a 3a 3HaTOKOB JleBaHTa; rpeKH, Macro HenncTbie Ha pyny (icaK CKa3aHO B OAHOM HcnaHCKOM AOHeceHHH0); MajibTHHCKHe pbiixapn, aji6aHqbi, HMnepaTopcKHe nocjiaHUbi; npn6aBbTe ciOAa HX co6eceAHHKOB: eBpeeB, HeMijeB BpoAe
AOKTopa CajiOMOHa, AparoMaHOB THna XopeM6ea — HMCHHO TOJina 3THX COMHHTe;ibHbix;iHHHOCTeH, AajieKO He BcerAa HMCBUIHX oc^HixnajibHyio noAAep^cKy CBOHX xo3HeB, BeAeT AHnjioMaTHHecicyio nrpy. no3AHee, B XVII Bene, pojib nocpeAHHKOB CTaJIH HCnOJIHHTb HC3yHTbI 7.
nocjie 1573 roAa pa6oTbi y 3Toro jnoAa npn6aBHjiocb. Ha pbiHKe aBaHTioPHCTOB CTaji omymaTbCH HcnaHCKHH cnpoc; o6i>flBjieHa HarpaAa KaacAOMy, KTO
3HaeT xoTb HTO-TO o BocTOKe H qero-TO TaM CTOHT. H e noTOMy JIH B 1576 roAy
no^oyMHbiH KJIOA /1.K) Byp npeAJio>KH;i MyApoMy MoHapxy CBOH yc/iyra no yperyT/inpoBaHHio Bcex A^JI B KoHcraHTHHono;ie, rAe, KaK BceM 6buio H3BecTHO, OH
BejiHKOJienHO ocymecTBHji CBOIO MHCCHIO B 1569 roAy? O H 3anpocnji Bcero
100 000 AyKaTOB; npaBAa, 3TO HecKO^bKo 6o;ibiiie, neM Tpe6oBajiocb, HTo6bi noA~
KynHTb caMoro BejiHKoro BH3Hpa!8

MHCCHH Map;ibHHH, 1578—1581

313

I l e p e r o B o p b i n p n Rone XyaHe
B 1571 roAy AOH XyaH Toace BCTynHji B Anajior c TypxaMH. TaKOBbi 6buiH npaBHJia BOHHbi B XVI BeKe. CejiHM nocjiaji eMy nwcbMO M noAapKH, onpeAeJieHHO
nocjie 6HTBW npn JlenaHTO9. JXou XyaH OTBenaji, HTO OH no^yqHJi Bee 6;iaroAapH
nocpe/jHHHecTBy eBHyxa AKOMaTa H3 AHaTOJiHH M HTO B03BpamaeT cyjiTaHy uinHOHa-rpeKa, «npHineAinero cio^a no TBoeMy npHKa3y, HTo6bi pa3BeAaTb o npHroTOBJieHHHx xpHCTHaH, — a Mor 6bi ero Ka3HHTb, HO He TOJibKO coxpaHHji eMy
>KH3Hb, HO H OTKpbiji nepeA HHM Bee CBOH Aejia H ruiaHbi, KOTopwe COCTOHT B
TOM, HTO6W BCCTH c TO6OH BOHHy RO no6eAHoro KOHija». Mbi He yBepeHbi B TOHHOCTH HH B A ^ T e , HH B nOAJIHHHOCTH 3 T H X A O K y M e H T O B HeflCHOIX) n p O H C X O > K A e -

HHH. H o caM (J>aKT nepenHCKH noATBep^KAaeTCH coBpeMeHHHKaMH, H 3TH 6yMarH
cocTaBjiHiOT eme OAHO AOKa3aTe;ibCTBO. B 1571 roAy B HHX CKBO3HT HapoqHTan
^K)6e3HOCTb, poMaHTHqecKHH Bbi30B; penH o neperoBopax HeT. H o AecnTb jieT
cnycTH noAJiMHHbiH A^ajior, 6eccnopHO, Haqajicn.
30 HIOHH 1573 roAa H3 KoHCTaHTHHonojin BepHyjica areHT TpaHBejuibi XyaH
KypeHiiH, no6biBaBiuHH TaM, HecoMHeHHO, B KaqecTBe ocBeAOMHTejin, a MO^ceT
6biTb, H neperoBopmHKa 10 . Ho B HiOHe-Hiojie HcnaHCKHe areHTbi CHOBaycrpeMjiaioTCfl B TypqHK). ECJIH 3TO 6buiH HX nepBbie noe3AKH, TO MM MOHCCM npeAnojioacHTb, HTO pemeHHe o HHX 6biJio npHHHTO B CBH3H C OTCTynHHHecTBOM BeHeIJHH. O n j i n n n II y3Ha;i o 3aoiOHeHHOM eio cenapaTHOM MHpe 23 anpejin
1573 roAa; AOH XyaH — 7 anpejin. H o Ha caMOM Ae;ie 3TO 6bui jiHiiib OAHH 3nH30A
H3 A^iHHHoro p^Aa neperoBopoB. npaBAa, oco6eHHOCTb ero B TOM, MTO HcnaHUbi B HiOHe roTOBH^HCb KaK pa3 nocJieAOBaTb npHMepy BeHeiiHH.
16 HIOJIH enHCKon /JaKCKHH yace y3HaeT 06 STOH MHCCHH OT CBoero areHTa B
Pary3e n . Hepe3 Aec$rrb AHen ,2 eMy y^ce TOHHO H3BCCTHO, O neM HACT penb. 3aXBaTHB B njieH cbiHa AjiH-nauiH, BHyica caMoro CejiHMa OT OAHOH «cy;iTaHiiiH»,
AOH XyaH o6pamajiCH c HHM KpaHHe npeAynpeAHTejibHO. O H OTKa3ajica OT noAapKOB, npnc^aHHbix eMy cyjiTaHiuen, H caM OTnpaBHji eft BejiHKOJienHbie Aapbi,
KOTopwe OHa coqjia 3a jiyquiee nepeAaTb CejiHMy. 0 6 3TOM paccKa3bmaeT c|)paHuy3CKHH noco;i B BeHeijHH /J.K) Oeppbe 1 3 . Be>KJiHBocTb H jno6e3HOCTb cjiyacnjiH
MOCTHKOM JUIB. nepexoAa K HacTO^mHM neperoBopaM. /l,eHCTBHTe^bHO, KorAa
18 HIOJIH cbm AjiH-nauiH, ocBo6o>KAeHHbiH 6e3 BCHKoro BbiKyna, npH6bui B KOHCTaHTHHono^b, ero conpoBO>KAajiH neTBepo ncnaHijeB, B TOM HHOie ceicpeTapb
AOHa XyaHa AHTOHHO AC Bnjibny (Bejibjmo) H (})jiopeHTHeu BHPA>KHJIHO HOJIHAopn, cortegiano del duca di Sessa*. MexMeT COKOJUIH roBopHT enncKony JXZKCKOMy, o6paTHBiueMycH K HeMy 3a pa3-bHCHeHHHMH, MTO 3TO npoHCKH ero BpaTOB, B qacTHOCTH HocH(J)a Mnicaca. H o ecjin ncnaHCKHH Kopojib xoneT MHpa,
npH6aB^neT OH, eMy npHAeTca 3anjiaTHTb AaHb, a TaioKe CAaTb HecKOJibKO «cf>op* IIpHABopHbiH repuora Ceccw.

314

Hcnano-TypeuKHC nepeMMpHM: 1577—1584

TOB» B CHIIHJIHH. EimcKOiia yAHBHjio, MTO Kopojib HcnaHHH npeAnpHHHJi nomar, He 3apyMHBiuncb npcABapnTCJibHbiMH o6emaHH5iMH: «3TO HaBOAHT

AOGHMH

MeHH Ha MblCJIb, MTO, HC rOBOpfl y>KC O CHJIbHOM ^KCTiaHHH H n O T p e 6 H O C T H HCnaHCKOrO KOpOJIH 0 6 e 3 0 n a C H T b Cc6fl C 3TOH CTOpOHbl, MTo6bI nOKOHMHTb C MflTe-

>KOM BO OjiaHApHH, OH onacacTca KaKux-TO 6ojiee ccpbe3Hbix HenpHHTHOcreH
HJIH 3aMbic;iHJi HeHTO 6ojiee rpaHAno3Hoe» 14 .
rio;iyHHB HH(J)opMau,Hio, ncnaHiibi, no Bceii BHAHMOCTH, HC OTBeprjiH HACK)
BbinjiaTbi /jaHH: e e Mor 6bi BHOCHTB HivinepcKHH IIOCOJI BMCCTC C /^aHbio OT HMnepaTopa. HTOGW npnnTH K con/iauiCHHio, o>KHAaiOT nuajiH-namy H YjibA>K-ajiH,
no^b3yiouxHxcH 6ojibiiiHM BJIH5IHHCM. IlepBbiH nauia, MexMCT-AjiH, KaTeropHMecKH npoTHB neperoBopoB, TaK OH, no KpaHHCH Mepe, 3aHBjiHCT. Ho STO cine HH O
neM He roBopHT. CyjiTaH, KaK H3BCCTHO, OMCHb CKyn. EMy xoTCJiocb 6bi noKOHHHTb C paCXO/jaMH, CB5!3aHHbIMH C BOHHOH Ha MOpC, TCM 6oJICC MTO nOCJIC J l e -

naHTO OHa BHymaeT eMy y>Kac. K TOMy >Ke OH >KACT CMepTH Apaxjioro maxa Ha
BOCTOKC TaKHM o6pa30M, 3aTCio HcnaHij,eB HCJib3H cMHTaTb 3apaHee oSpeMeHHOH Ha Hey^aqy. B npouuiOM, BO BpeivieHa Kapjia V, J\2L H caMoro OnjiHiina II,
4>paHuy3CKHe nocjibi 6jioKHpoBajin 6ojibmyio Macrb nonbiTOK TaKoro po^a. H o
Ha cen pa3 Hcnamjbi BbiABHraiOT KpynHbie KOMMCPMCCKHC npoeKTbi, B nacTHOCTH, nepeAany jieBaHTHHCKoii ToproBjni BCCI'I HTajinn, c HCKJuoneHHeM H3 Hee
BeHeiiHH H OpaHquH. Pa3Be TaKoro poAa pacmupcHHe o6-bCMa ToproBjin He
noB^eneT 3a CO6OH yBCJiHMeHiie HajioroB, B3HMaeMbix cyjrraHOM? TaKOB, no KpanHen Mepe, npHBOAHMbin HMH 3aMaHMHBbiH AOBOA 15 .
B 3THX neperoBopax, BCCI> cocTaB yMacTHHKOB KOTopbix 6biJi HaM H3BCCTCH,
Mbi CHOBa BCTpenaeM HocncJ^a MiiKaca, a TaK>Ke TOCKaHijeB, TypimcKHx eBpeeB,
noACTernBaBiiiHx repqora CaBoncKoro, >KejiaBmero c HX noMombio noBTopHTb
16
B HHLHJC CAC/iaHHoe KO3HMO MCAHMH B JlnBopHO , H no3AHec npcACTaBHTejien
JlyKKn. Bbijia JIH 3Ta Bceo6mafl T^ra K KOMMepiiHH 3HaMeHHCM BpeMCHH? YcTpaH e H H e BCHCIIHH (Mbe MCCTO 6bUIO OMCHb 3aBHAHbIM) B036y>KAaCT CaMblC p a 3 H O -

o6pa3Hbie >KejiaHHH, KOTopwc Ha6npaiOT cnjiy H A^>KC HaMHHaiOT BonjiomaTbca
B >KH3Hb, KorAa BeHeiiHH B 1573— 1574 roAax 0Ka3biBaeTcn HCKJIIOMCHHOH H3 ToproBon KOHKypeHqHH. HajniMHC noAoGHbixycrpeMjieHHH conyTCTByeT ncnaHCKOH
no^HTHKe H nrpacT en Ha pyny. Ha KoHCTaHTHHonojib o6pymnBaeTCH TyMa noCJIOB, areHTOB, AapoB, nocy;iOB. 3 T O MaccoBoe HauiecTBne, KaK OTMCMaji no3AHee
enHCKon, cnoco6cTByeT B KOHCMHOM CMeTe «BHeApeHHio ncnaHn,CB»17, a CCJIH peMb
HAeT o npeACTaBHTCJiflx OpamiHH, TO KorAa OHH HBJIHK>TCH 6e3 ACHcr, HX >KACT
>KecTOKoe pa30MapoBaHne. « n a m a noAuiyHHBacT HaA HaMH, MTO Mbi XOTHM CBA3aTb e\iy pyKH, HHMero B HHX HC BKJiaAbiBaH»18.
BnpoMeM, BO H36e>KaHne OIIIH6KH, Mbi AO^>KHW npoBecTH rpam> MOKAy AByMH 3TanaMH neperoBopoB, 1573 n 1574 roAa. Eme B ceHT5i6pe 1573 roAa19 enncKon /I,aKCKHH Mor AonycTHTb Bepo^THOCTb ycnexa HcnaHHH. Ee cn^bi 6buin 3Ha-

MnccnHMap./ibHHH, 1578—1581

315

HHTejibHbi; y TypoK BO3HHKJIH 3aTpyAHeHHH B MeisieHe, npnpoAa KOTopbix ocTaeTCH jyin Hac 3araAKOH, — npaB^a, CnHaH-naiua pa3peuiHji 3TH 3aTpyAHeHHH B
TOM >Ke roAy20. H o 3axBaT AOHOM XyaHOM TyHHca B caMOM KOHiie 6jiaronpHHTHOro ce30Ha, BepoaTHO, paccTponji /juajior, 3 a XOAOM KOToporo enHCKon /I,aKCKHH
c 6ecnoKOMCTBOM cjiej\mi. ECJIH 6bi OH 3aBepuiHJicfl CTOJib ace ycnenmo, KaK H
napajuiejibHO BeAyiHneca neperoBopbi HMnepaTopa, BeHeijHaHijbi crojiKHyjiHCb
6bi c HenpnflTHbiM ciopnpH30M eme j\o paTHcf)HKaiiHH HX co6cTBeHHoro MHpa,
KOTopbiH 6bm 3aKJnoneH 7 MapTa 1573 ro/ja, HO noAnncaH TOJibKO B (JDeBpajie
1574-ro, Kor^a TypKH OTKa3ajiHCb OT pn^a CBOHX npHTH3aHHH, B qacTHOcra, Ha
KaTTapo H 3apy 21 . BceM STHM o6-bflCHHeTCH BCTpeBoaceHHOCTb H BoeHHbie npnroTOB^eHHH BeHCUHH, ycHjiHH ee AnnjiOMaTHH He oTCTaTb OT enHCKona /JaKCKOro. Ha KOH 6buio nocraBjieHO ee cymecTBOBaHHe, yrpo3a KOTopoMy BnojiHe ycTpaHBajia ee coce/jetf. nepBOH Ha oqepeAH 6bijia jiHiueHHan HaA-fleacamen 3aujHTbi
KaH^HH, «HeAOBO^bHbie TKUTCJIU KOTOpOH... y>Ke A^BHO nblTaiOTCH BblHTH H3

noAHHHeHHH BeHeiiHn»22.
noAnncaHHe HcnaHo-TypeijKoro MHpa HaHecjio 6bi CHJibHbiH yzjap no OpaHUHH. He MCHbiueeyAOBjieTBopeHHe enHCKon HcnbiTaji B cbeBpajie 1574 ro/ja, Kor^a
y^ajiocb H36e>KaTb pa3pbma Me>KAy BeHeunen H Typiinen H3-3a pa3HorjiacHH OTHocHTejibHO 3apbi H (|>opTa LLlH6eHHKa. B ^ H H O M cjiyqae OpaHijHfl BTOPHHHO
cnacjia ocraBiuyiocfl B oAHHoqecrBe BeHeiiHio. HcnaHijbi H HMnepiibi B KOHiie
KOHIJOB nonajiH B MHCJIO nponrpaBiuHx B 3TOH TOHKC Ha paBHbix. nocjie 3aKjnoHCHHA BeHeqHaHCKoro MHpa, nniueT cj)paHiry3CKHH nocoji, «H HaqHHaio MeHbme
onacaTbCH HcnaHU,eB»23. 3ajioroM MHpa, KaK OH xopomo noHHMaji, cTajia OKKynaqHH TyHHca, 6jiaroAapn KOTopon ncnaHijbi OTpe3ajin TypKaM AOCTyn B HX BJiaAeHHfl B Bep6epHH, KOTopbie «OKa>KyTC5i noA yrpo3on, ecjin TaK non^eT H j\2uihme» 24 , nncaji OH B cbeBpajie 1574 roAa.
TaKOBbi Te HeMHorne <|>aKTbi, o KOTopbix HaM H3BCCTHO. noApo6Hbin OTMCT
06 3THX neperoBopax HaBepHHKa coAep>KHTcn B OAHOH H3 nanoK B CnMaHKace.
Cyzjfl no c})paHuy3CKOH nepenncKe, Bonpoc 3aKjnoqaeTCH B TOM, CTpeMHJiacb JIH
AencTBHTejibHO HcnaHHfl K MHpy, HJIH TOJibKO xoTejia noMemaTb BeHeunn (MOKAy npoMHM, B TO caMoe BpeMH, Kor^a OHa 3acbinajia ee npeAJionceHHHMH noMomH
Ha cjiynan Hana^eHHH TypoK). H H OAHa H3 3THX iiejien He 6buia AOCTHrayTa.
O^HaKO HeT HH Majieniiiero COMHCHHH, HTO neperoBopbi npoAOJiaouiHCb.
npnneM HX BCJIH Bee Te >Ke Jinija, AejrrejibHOCTb KOTopbix HecKOJibKO ycjio>KHHJiaCb H3-3a OTCyTCTBHfl TOHHblX HHCTpyKIJHH H pa3BHTHH C06bITHH, npHBCAUierO

K B03BpameHHio TyHHca noA BjiacTb TypoK B ceHT5i6pe 1574 ro/ja. 18 HHCJia enncKon /(aKCKHH nncaji EKaTepuHe MCAHMH: «ncnaHeu H (J)^opeHTHeu, npe6biBaiomne 3^ecb Ha npoT^^eHHH BOTy>Ke nHTHa^uaTH Mec*meB», co6npaiOTC5i yexaTb;
HX noAopo>KHbie B nop^AKe, HO B nocjieAHHH MOMCHT HX BCHKHH pa3 3aAep>KHBaK)T, nOTOMy MTO OHH HBJIHIOTCH He TOJibKO nOCJiaHljaMH, HO H 3aJIO>KHHKaMH.

316

HcnaHO-TypeLjKHe nepeMnpHH: 1577—1584

«IleperoBopbi (B 3TOH CTpaHe) HCH3MCHHO TasiT B ce6e onacHOCTb», HannuieT
no3AHee MapjibHHH. O H H Bcer^a qpe3BbiqaHHO cjio>KHbi. OAHO AOHeceHHe ncnaHCKoro nocojibCTBa B BeHeriHH coo6maeT o BCTpeqe, COCTOHBUICHCH 3Aecb B
1574 roAy, TO ecTb OAHOBpeMeHHo c KOHTaKTaMH B KoHcraHTHHonojie, MencAy
KaKHM-TO qayiueM, secretario del Turco*, H HCKHM JIHBHO HCJIHHO, no noBOAy
HcnaHO-TypeqKoro MHpa. K HecqacTbio, HaM Hen3BecTHa ee AaTa, HBHO OTHOCHmancH K nepno/ry nocjie noAnncaHHH BeHerinaHCKoro AoroBopa, B npoTHBHOM
cjiynae BeHeinxn HaBp^A JIH pa3peuiHJia 6bi BCCTH neperoBopbi Ha CBoen TeppnTopHH25. Eiiie B (JDeBpajie 1575 roAa2b rpaHBejuia TOJiKyeT o MHpe c TypKaMH B
CBH3H c BocuiecTBHeM Ha npecTOJi Mypa^a III. H o co cMepTbio CejiHMa Majio MTO
H3MeHHjiocb, nocKOJibKy H n p n HOBOM cyjrraHe coxpaHHJiocb BceBJiacrne MexMeTa COKOJIJIH, noKa B 1579 roAy OH He naji OT pyKH (J>aHaTHKa. npaB/ja, MypaA,
rocyzjapb, JHOGHIITHH noKJiOHeHne H nbiuiHOCTb, HecKOJibKO 6ojibiue npHOTKpbui
crpaHy,zym HHOcrpaHiieB. H o rjiaBHoe, BpeMeHa, H3MeHHBinHec*i cnjibHee, neM
JIIOAH, nocTaBHjiH nepe/j Typrinen HOBbie >KH3HCHHO Ba>KHbie Tpe6oBaHHH.
Heo6biHHbiH TpHyM(J>aTop: MapTHH AicyHfcH
BbijiH JIH npepBaHbi neperoBopbi nocjie BejiHKoro HacrynjieHHH ncnaHCKOH
AHnjioMaTHH B 1573 ro/ry? BbiTb MO>KCT. B JHO6OM cjiynae 3TO 6bijio BpeMeHHoe
3aTHiiibe AO npn6biTHH B TyperjKyio CTOJinuy HOBoro nocjia, MapTHHa AKyHbH.
MHe He yzjajiocb pa3Ao6biTb AOKyMeHTOB o AOHe MapTHHe, KOTopbie no3BOJIHJIH JIH 6bi noApo6HO o6pncoBaTb 3Ty CTpaHHyio (fwrypy. O^HaKO o HeM HMeeTca ropa3AO 6ojibiue CBCACHHH, neM Te, HTO npnBeAeHbi y Illappbepa H y Tex, KTO
Ha Hero onnpaeTcn (U,HHKaH3eH H H o p r a ) , TO ecTb nonpocTy HMH H npo3BHiije
«KyHbHJieTTa». HcropHfl 3HaeT o AOHe MapTHHe c 1577 ro/xa. BbiexaB H3 HeanoJUI, r^e Bnrie-Kopojib CHa6AHJi ero 3 000 AyKaTOB, 6 MapTa OH npH6bui B KoHcraHTHHonojib, ecjiH BepHTb BeHeiinaHCKOMy coo6uieHHio 27 . 3Aecb OH npoBeji npe3BbinaHHO Majio BpeMeHH, nocKOJibKy 23 anpejia on^Tb Haxo/rnjicfl B BeHeriHH.
TycMaH Ae CnjibBa o6-b5icH5ieT B CBOCM nncbMe, HTO AOH «IapcHH» Ae AKyHbH nojiyqnji nponycK RJIH noe3AKH B KoHCTaHTHHonojib c iiejibio BbiKyna njieHHbix, HO
«OTnpaBHjicH TyAa TOJibKO RJIH neperoBopoB o nepeMHpHH c TypKaMH, KaKOBoe H
6WJIO 3aKJiioqeHO HM cpoKOM Ha naTb jieT». B caMOM A^Jie, B CnMaHKace HMeeTca
Konnn npoeKTa corjiaineHHa, KOTopoe AOHy MapTHHy BMecTe c TyperiKHMH MHHHCTpaMH yAajiocb BonjiOTHTb B >KH3Hb; Ha npoeKTe CTOHT AaTa 18 MapTa28, H
ero nepBbie crpoKH HBHO yKa3bmaiOT Ha Hajinnne TyperiKoro opnrHHajia: «BceBbiuiHHH H HeH3peqeHHbiH Bor, 03apHBiiiHH H BAOXHOBHBIUHH O6OHX HMnepaTOpoB, H T. A » KpoMe Toro, AOH MapTHH npHBe3 nncbMO nainn Onjinnny II c o6emaHHeM, HTO TyperiKan apMaAa B 1577 roAy He BWHACT B Mope.
* TypeuKHM ceKpeTapeM.

MHccHHMapjibHHH, 1578—1581

317

IlopyHeHHe 6buio BbinojiHeHO 6biCTpo, HO ycneiimo JIH? H e Bee ncnaHUbi 6huin
Ha 3TOT cneT eAHHOAyuiHbi. Koiyja B anpene AOH MapTHH no Aopore B HcnaHHio
ocTaHOBH^CH B Heanojie, OH 6bui npwHHT MapKH30M MoHAexapoM, npeeMHHKOM TpaHBe^Jibi Ha nocTy BHije-Kopojin. OAHano MapKH3 nponBHJi TaK Majio AO6po^KejiaTejibHOCTH, HTO caM o6-bHCHHeT 3TO MHMOXOAOM. BeAb «penyTaiiHH 3TOro HcnaHua nyTb JIH He caMafl Aypnan H3 Bcex, KTO no6breaji B HTajiHH»29. O H
nepTOBCKH HecKpoMeH: 3acTaBHB MoHAexapa nomiHCTbCfl, MTO TOT HHKOMy He
nepeAacT CBeAeHHH o MHCCHH AOHa MapTHHa, caM OH pa3Hec ceKpeT no BceMy
Heano;no. BnHOBaT OH caM, HJIH ero cnyTHHKH, npn6aB;ifleT MoHAexap, KaK
MOHCHO ce6e npeACTaBHTb, B 6euieHCTBe. .HCHO, OAHaKO, HTO He CTOHT ocyxcAaTb
HH npncTpacTHoe OTHomeHHe BHije-Kopojin, HH cnyTHHKOB AOHa MapTHHa, noTOMy HTO B KoHCTaHTHHono^e OH Beji ce6n TOHHO TaK xce. KyAHBJieHHio HMnepCKoro nocjia, OH H36eraji o6uiecTBa nopnAOHHbix jnoAen H HKuiajicn c caMbiMH
xyAuiHMH H3 MecTHbix peHeraTOB. «BceM yjiHHHbiM MajibHHiiiKaM xopoiuo 3HaKOM OH caM H ero ceKpeT».30 IlpHTOM OH HrpoK, nbHHHqa H MOT. H3 3 000 3CKyAo, BbiAaHHbix eMy MoHAexapoM npH OTnpaBKe B KoHCTaHTHHonojib, no;iOBHHy
OH nepeBeji B HcnaHHio, 3aKynHB mejiK H O6MCH5IB 30JIOTO Ha cepe6pflHbie MOHeTbi. OcTajibHoe OH nponrpaji no Aopore, B Jlenne. Ha o6paTHOM n y r a MoHAexap 6biji Bbmy>KAeH BbiAaTb eMy HOBHH aBaHC, HTO6M AOH MapTHH CMor BepHyTbca B HcnaHHio. H o BHU,e-Kopo;ib noTpe6oBaji OTneTa 3a npe^CHHe H 6ynymne pacxoAbi31.
B HiOHe AOH MapTHH 6bm B HcnaHHH H ycTHO AOJIO^KHJI AHTOHHO n e p e c y
060 BceM, nero eMy yAajiocb Ao6HTbca B KoHcraHTHHonojie32. BeAb OH, noxoace,
xopoiuo nopa6oTaji. BbiTb MO>KeT, OH Bbi6paji yAanHbin MOMCHT pjin npne3Aa?
KaK 6bi TO HH 6bijio, OH 3apyqn^cH o6emaHHeM nauiH, HTO TypeijKan apMaAa He
BbiCTynHT B njiaBaHHe, HecMOTpn Ha HacroflHHH YjibAtfc-ajiH33. DiaBHoe, HTO AOH
MapTHH cyMe;i npoABHHyTb BnepeA ACJIO MHpHbix neperoBopoB. B KOHije KOHIIOB HMeHHO e r o pa3B5I3HOCTb, e r o COMHHTeJIbHbie CB5I3H H Hepa36opHHBOCTb B

cpeACTBax MOTJIU 0Ka3aTb eMy noMomb. KOHCHHO, OH He 6bui «KapbepHbiM AHn^OMaTOM»! H OH HHCKo;ibKO He CTapajiCH maAHTb menerajibHOCTb ncnaHijeB.
BepoHTHO, B MaApHAe 06 STOM 6buio CJIHUIKOM xopoiuo H3BCCTHO. B O BCHKOM
cjiynae AOH MapTHH 6ojibiue He BepHyjicn Ha BOCTOK, «no c;ia6ocTH 3AopoBbH»,
KaK CKa3aHO B o(|)HU,HajibHbix 6yMarax. 3Ta (|)pa3a CKpbiBaeT 3a CO6OH ijejiyio
HCTopnio. B nncbMe K Kopojno, cocTaBjieHHOM B 1578 roAy, AOH MapTHH o6i>5icHneT, HTO, c OAHOH cTopoHbi, ero npeeMHHK He CMOHceT HanoMHHTb name o ero
o6emaHHHx, a c Apyron, He npeMHHeT npnnncaTb ce6e Bee ero 3acjiyrn. nncbMO
CBHAeTe^bCTByeT o peBHOCTH AOHa MapTHHa H... o npeBoexoAHOM COCTOHHHH
ero 3AopoBbHM. KoHenHO, OH npeyBejiHHHBaji 3HanHMOCTb CBOHxycryr, nocKOJibKy B aBrycTe H3 KoHcraHTHHono;i5i B OTpaHTO, a 3aTeM B Heanojib npn6biJi eme
OAHH nocjiaHen,, HCKHH Aypejino Ae CaHTa Kpyc, TaioKe HMCBUIHH C CO6OH o6Ha-

318

Hciiano-TypeijKHe nepeMHpwH: 1577—1584

AOKHBaiomHe npe/yio>KeHHH cyjiTaHa. O H coo6mmi, MTO nocjie/jHHH «oneHb xoqeT MHpa, H6O 3TO Apya<ejno6HbiH H MHpHbiH OT npnpoAbi nejiOBeK, HcnojiHeHHbiH yqeHocTH H HeHaDH^mHH BOHHy... H Bee, HTO HapyiuaeT ero noKOH». HTO
AO MexMeT-nauiH, BToporo jinija noc/ie cyjiTaHa, TO eMy yace 6o;ibiue ceMHAecaTH n^TH jieT H BOHHa BHyiuaeT eMy oTBpameHHe. H3 npoHHx MHHHCTPOB arpecCHBHbie HaMepeHHH nnTaeT TOjibKO CnHaH-nauia, HO ero BJIHHHHC noHTH HHHTO>KHOS5.
Euje OAHO, AOBOJibHO neqajibHoe 3aMeqaHHe, no noBo/jy MapTHHa AKyHbH.
ConiacHO AOKyMeHTy, xpaH$imeMycfl B BpHTaHCKOM My3ee, OH 6bm Ka3HeH no
npHKa3y Kopojin 6 HOH6pH 1586 ro^a, TO ecTb HaMHoro no3AHee, neM pa3BepHyjiHCb onncaHHbie HaMH co6biTHH, B 3ajie 3aMKa TIHHTO 6JIH3 MaApHAa. B 3TOH
CBH3H 3Aecb HMeeTCH CMyTHbiH HaMeK Ha KaKOH-TO ero npocrynoK B TypijHH (BbiAana HcnaHCKoro areHTa) H npocTpaHHoe H3JionceHHe B036y>KAaiomHX cocTpaAaHHe noApo6HOCTeH ero xpncTHaHCKOH KOHMMHW36.
fl^KOBaHHH MapjIBHHH
B KOHije 1577 roAa, no peKOMeH/jaijHH repijora Ajib6bi Kopojib OTnpaBHJi B
K o H C T a H T H H O n O J I b MHJiaHCKOrO K a B a J i e p a ,3,>KOBaHHH M a p J I b f l H H , p O A C T B C H H H -

Ka Ta6pHo Cep6ejuioHH. B 1574 ro/jy OH cpa>KajicH B TyHnce, 6bm paHeH — OH
OAHoro r^a3a — H nonaji B njieH, 3aTeM, B 1576 roAy, ero BbiKynHJiH y
TypoK 6jiaroAapa nocpeAHHnecTBy pary3CKoro Kynija HHKOJIO FIpoAaHejuiH37.
HawAeHHbie HaMH (J)parMeHTbi HHCTpyiajHH, AaHHbix MapjibHHH KopojieM, OTHOCHTCH K 1577 roAy, XOTH H HC coAep^KaTTOHHon AaTbi. O H H cocraBJieHbi B oneHb
O6U;HX Bbipa^KeHHHx. MapjibHHH AOJi>KeH npoexaTb qepe3 Hcanojib, HO He BBOAHTb MapKH3a MoH^exapa B Kypc AeJia. B cnyTHHKH eMy Ha3HaqeH HCKTO BpyTH,

JIHUIHJICH

K O T O p o r O B p a 3 H b I X H C T O H H H K a X H a 3 b I B a K ) T TO a J l 6 a H q e M , TO « C a H O B H H K O M »

HMnepaTopcKoro ABopa, TO Aa>Ke nojiyqaTC/ieM neHCHH BeHeiniaHCKOH pecny6JIHKH 38 . Mo>KeT 6biTb, OH coBMemaji B ce6e Bee 3TH KanecTBa? MapjibflHH 6buio
CKa3aHO, HTO OH AOJi>KeH 3aMCHHTb MapTHHa AnyHbio, Bc^e^CTBHe ero He3AopoBbH, H npoAOJDKHTb ncperoBopbi o MHpe. HCO6XOAHMO noAKJiiOHHTb K HHM MajibTy H HTajib^HCKHX rocyAapen... BOTTC HeMHorae CBeAeHHfl OTHOCHTejibHO HCTOKOB 3TOH Ba^KHon MHCCHH, KOTopbiMH Mbi pacnojiaraeM.
BWJI JIU MapjibHHH H36paH 6;iaroAapfl ero HecoMHeHHbiM AOCTOHHCTBaM (JIOBKOCTH, nopHAOHHOCTH, TH6KOCTH, nenKOCTH, HeyTOMHMOCTH ero nepa) HJIH Tpe6oBajiocb npocTO oTCTpaHHTb OT neperoBopoB jno/jeH rana AOHa MapTHHa,
npH^aTb HM cepbe3HOCTb H AOCTOHHCTBO? Tpy^HO cyzurrb 06 3TOM, He HMen nepeA rjia3aMH HH ocJ)HqHajibHbix, HH ceKpeTHbix HHCTpyiojHH (MapjibflHH ynoMHHaeT o HHX B CBOHX nHCbMax), AonojiHHTCJibHO BbicjiaHHbix H3 HcnaHHH B KOHCTaHTHHOnO^b.

319

MHCCHH MapjibHHH, 1578—1581

IloKHHyB HeanojiHTaHCKHH 6eper, MapjibflHH H ero cnyTHHKH 8 HOfl6pn npnnjibijiH B BajiOHy39.13 qnc/ia OHH OTnpaBHjincb /jajibine H 25-ro 6buiH B MoHacTHpe*; a 12 ACKaGpa B POAOCTO, OTKyzja MapjibHHH H3BCCTHJI O cBoeM npw6biTHH
AparoMaHa XopeM6e$i, yqacTBOBaBiuero B neperoBopax c AOHOM MapTHHOM.
14-ro HapoqHbiH AOcraBHji eMy OTBCT TOJiMana B ropoAOK llopTO-nHKKOJio, HaxoA^mHHCH He^ajieKO OT KoHcraHTHHonojifl, Ky/ja MajieHbKHH OTpnA Bomeji TeM
>Ke BeqepoM. Pacnojio>KHBiiiHCb B AOMe qayma, KOTopbiH npwBeji HX Ty^a, iviaBa
MHCCHH H e M C Z y i e H H O

BCTpeTHJICH

C XopeM6eeM.

O ^ H a K O CTOpOHbl

OrpaHHMH-

jincb o6\ieHOM ^io6e3HOCTHMH, OTJIO>KHB cepbe3HbiH pa3roBop Ha 3aBTpa. H o Ha
c^eAyiomnn ACHb Bee nouuio He Tan. nocjie Toro, Kan MapjibHHH H3JIO>KHJI cyrb
CBoero nopyqeHHH, XopeM6en npepBaji e r o cjie/jyiomeH TnpaAon: «ECJIH 6bi H
6biJi xpHCTHaHHHOM, TO, cjibima BCK> 3Ty qenyxy, BbiAyMaHHyio AOHOM MapTHHOM, oceHHji 6bi ce6a KpecTOM. n a m a o>KHAaeT nocna; 06 3TOM 6bijio HanncaHO
Ero BejiHqecTBy, 3TO >Ke noo6emaji AOH MapTHH Ha 3TOM caMOM MecTe H 06 STOM
OH COO6IUHJI qepe3 noc/iaHHoro ciOAa qejiOBeKa. n a m a CHJibHO pa3rHeBaeTcn,
y3HaB, qTo njiaHbi nepeMeHHJincb. CoxpaHH Bor, qTo6bi OH He npnqHHHji BaM
HHKaKoro cepbe3Horo BpeAa».
H A^HCTBHTeJIbHO, 3 T H >Ke y n p e K H 6bIJIH C r o p H M H O C T b K ) n O B T O p e H b l

naillOH,

AparoMaHOM H AOKTopoM CajiOMOHOM, npeAnojiOHCHTejibHO, HeivieijKHM eBpeeM,
HecoMHeHHO, BJiHHTejibHbiM B npaBHTejibCTBeHHbix Kpyrax JIHIJOM, KOTopoMy npH
c;iyqae nojiarajiocb BpyqaTb 3HaqHTe;ibHbie cyMMbi (3TO He 6biji npHMHTHBHbin
noAKyn). Ebuia JIH HCKpeHHen noAo6Haa ropaqHOCTb? Jlraji JIH AOH MapTHH? CyAfl
no cjiOBaM MapjibHHH H no TOMy, HTO HaM H3BCCTHO 06 3TOM nepcoHaxce, CKopee
Bcero Aa, HO HCTopHKaM, KaK H nocjiaM, H BTopocTeneHHbiM AwnjioMaTHnecKHM
areHTaM cjieAyeT nposrajiHTb ocropo>KHOCTb n o OTHOIIICHHIO K 3TOMy MHpy KOHCTaHTHHonojiH c e r o 3anyTaHHbiMH nrpaMH. KoMeAnaHTCTBO HBjinjiocb HX COCTaBHOH qacTbio. OHCBHAHO, BO BCHKOM cjiynae, HTO Hcnamjbi H Ha STOT pa3
XOTCTIH coxpaHHTb Aejio BTaHHe. ECJIH AOH MapTHH B 1577 roAy H npaBAa 3aiueji
CJIHIHKOM AaJieKO B CBOHX o 6 f l 3 a T e J I b C T B a X ,

TO 3 T H M o6T>5ICHfleTCfl,

B03MOHCHO,

qTO OH ocTajiCH Tenepb B HcnaHHH. TypKH, HanpoTHB, acejiajin BHAeTb y ce6fl
nwiiiHoe noco;ibCTBO. K HHM npncjiajin HeH3BecTHO Koro, HeAaBHero njieHHHKa,
OAHorjia3oro — qTO Aejiajio ero jiencon MHiueHbio AJIH uiyroK co CTopoHbi YjibAxcajiH (KOTopbiH 6biji npoTHBHHKOM nepeMHpnfl) H (})paHqy30B... Ero cnyTHHKaMH
6WJIH JIIOAH HH3Koro 3BaHHH, AypejiHO BpyTH, npoHCxo>KAeHHe KOToporo 6bijio
CKpbiTo MpaKOM, Apyroft Aypejino, Ae CaHTa Kpyc, npocTOH ToproBeq, 3aHHMaBIUHHCH BblKynOM m i e H H b l X , H C n a H C K H H OCBCAOMHTeJIb, H a n O J I O B H H y
K T O M y )Ke, y q a C T H H K H MaJIOHHCJieHHOH 3 K C n e A H H H H C T a p a J I H C b

KaK MO)KHO M e H b l l i e IIiyMa. « O H H H e XOT5IT, M T 0 6 b I HX BHACJIH H 3 H a J I H » ,

* EnTOJie.

UinHOH...

npOH3BOAHTb
fOBOpHT-

320

HcnaHO-TypeuKne nepeMHpun: 1577—1584

CH BO (f>paHijy3CKOH nepenHCKe40. 22 HHBapn a66aT AC Jlnjib OTMenaeT: «...BMecTO oacHAaeMoro 6;iecTflmero nocojibCTBa, HarpyaceHHoro AapaMH, jyin neperoBopoB o nepeMHpHH HBHJICH KaK 6bi TaHKOM Ha3BaHHbiH MappHaH» 41 . LI,ejibiH
TOA MapjibHHH Aaace 3acraBjiHJi CBOHX JHOACH xoAHTb «B pa6cKOM njiaTbe». HacTO OH npjrraji CBoe JIHIJO. OAHa>KAbi, o>KHAan ayAneHijHH y nauiH, OH yBHAe;i B^a;ieKe BeHeuHaHCKoro 6aHJia. PeuiHB TOTHac >Ke CKpbiTbcn, OH 3auieji B KOMHaTy,
TJXC nauia oGbiHHO npnHHMaji ero, H TCM HaBjieK Ha ce6n CHjibHbiH THCB HaxoAHBUIHXCH TaM TypoK. O H caM paccKa3bmaeT 06 3TOM c/iyqae, H ecjiH CTaBHT ero
ce6e B 3ac;iyry, TO, 6e3yc;iOBHO, He noTOMy, HTO 3Ta CKpbiTHOCTb o6i>HCH5ieTCH
;no6oBbK) K KOHcnHpauHH, a noTOMy, HTO OHa 6buia eMy npeAnncaHa. Iepjiax,
nen Tagebuch* HBJIHCTCH ijeHHbiM HCTOHHHKOM CBeAeHHH o xoAe neperoBopoB
MapjibHHH, oTMenaeT 3TO B caMOM Hanajie CBoero paccKa3a: ncnaHixaM HyaceH
MHp,

HO O A H O B p e M e H H O OHH XOTHT « C O X p a H H T b ACTIO B C e K p e T e H H e B b l H I H A e T b

yHH>KeHHO nepeATypKaMH»42. BOT OTKyzja pa3ApaaceHHe nauiH, npoflBJunomeecn
B npncTynax caMOB03BejiHHeHHH, KOJIKOCTHX B a^pec nanbi, HaMenax Ha HenpHHTHOCTH BO OjiaH/jpHH, Tpe6oBaHHHx ycTynHTb OpaH.
H o M H p 6 b U I H e o 6 x O A H M O C T b K ) , OCTpO OWyUJ&BUiePlCH

KaK T y p K a M H , TaK H HC-

naHqaMH. ECJIH HCT nocjia, HyacHO roBopHTb c MapjibHHH. H nocKOJibKy Tpe6oBajiocb peuiHTb Bee j\o HacrymieHHH BecHbi, ay/iHeHiiHH oieAyiOT OAHa 3a Apyrow.
Ilocjie 1 (J>eBpajifl MapjibHHH noqyBCTBOBaji 3aMeTHoe o6;ierqeHHe, a 7-ro 6buio
noAnncaHO nepeMHpne Ha OAHH IT>A 4 \ CBoero po^a npnocraHOBjieHHe BoeHHbix
AencTBHH HJIH A^ceHTJibMeHCKoe coniaiiieHHe. B 3aro^OBKe TeKCTa HMeeTcn yKa3aHHe Ha coniacoBaHHbiH nepeBOA AparoMaHa XopeM6ea H AOKTopa CajioMOHa AiuKeHa3H, KOTopbie cbirpajiH B 3THX neperoBopax peuiaiomyio po;ib. llaiua noo6emaji, HTO B TeKymeM 1578 roAy, Ha ycjiOBHHx B3anMHOCTH, apMaAa He BMHACT B
Mope. EiepeMnpne pacnpocrpaHHjiocb Ha p^A CTpaH, nacTb H3 KOTopbix 6bijia Ha3BaHa HcnaHCKHM KopojieM, nacTb — cyjrraHOM. A HMCHHO C TypeuKOH cropoHbi
(J)HiypHpoBajiH Kopojib OpaHiinn, HMnepaTop, BeHeijHfl H nojibCKHH Kopojib, a
TaioKe «KHH3b» Oeca, «XOTH, — Ao6aBjieHO B TeKCTe (KOTopbiH 3Aecb coAepxcHT
MHMOJieTHoe yKa3aHHe Ha Ba^KHbie TypeijKHe npeTeH3HH), — B 3TOM HeT Heo6xoAHMOCTH, nocKOJibKy OH BbicTynaeT noA (JxnaroM CHHTejibHoro CyjiTaHa H HaxoAHTCH y Hero B noAHHHeHHH». Co CTopoHbi OHJinnna II 6buiH Ha3BaHbi nana,
«ocTpoB MajibTa H pacno^araiomHHCH Ha HCM opAeH CBHToro HoaHHa», pecny6JIHKH TeHyn H JlyKKa, r e p q o r n CaBOHCKHH, OjiopeHTniicKHH, OeppapcKHH, MaHTyaHCKHH, I l a p M C K H H H Y p 6 H H C K H H , H H a K O H d J , C H H b O p I l b O M G H H O . H T O Kaca~

eTCH KopojiH IlopTyrajiHH, 6buia 3aKjnoqeHa AoroBopeHHOCTb, HTO TypeqKaii
apMaAa He BbicrynHT npoTHB ero BJiaAeHHH 3a TH6pajiTapoM, «Ha BejiOM** Mope».
*^HeBHHK (HZM.).
* 3rewcKOM.

MHCCHH MapjibHHH, 1578—1581

321

B OTHOineHHH KpacHoro Mopa H HHAHHCKOFO OKeaHa CTOJib ace HCHbie o6fl3aTejibCTBa He 6buiH 3a(J)HKCHpoBaHbi: OAHOMy 6ory H3BCCTHO, HTO TaM npoH30HAeT.
B qejiOM 3TO 6bui 6;iecT5imHH ycnex. O H 6biJi AOcrarHyT B caMOM Hana/ie, 6e3
JIHIIIHHX pacxoAOB H 6e3 myMa, nero H Ao6HBajiacb HcnaHCKaa AwnjiOMaTHH. ^ o roBop 6MJI CKopocne^biM: BcrpenH npoAOJixcajiHCb c 12 HHBapa no 7 (J)eBpajiH H
3aKOHMHJIHCb T a K HCe 6 b I C T p O , KaK M MHCCHfl M a p T H H a A K y H b H . B e p O H T H O , AJIH

TypoK 6biJio r^aBHbiM cBoeBpeMeHHO H36e^caTb Mo6HJiH3aiXHH (Jx/ioTa H CBH3aHHbix c Hen orpoMHbix pacxoAOB. TaKHM o6pa30M, 3aTen HMejia CMWCJI, ec/iH OKa3biBajiacb ocymecTBjieHHOH AO KOHija 3HMbi. OrciOAa xpoHOJiorHH O6OHX nepeMHpHH: 18 MapTa 1577 roAa, 7 (JDeBpajia 1578... 44
OAHaKO TypKH no-npe>KHeMy Tpe6oBajiH npncjiaTb HcnaHCKoe nocojibCTBO,
cocTaBjieHHoe no BceM npaBHjiaM; HM HyaceH 6bui uiyMHbin AHnjiOMaraqecKHH
ycnex, KOTopbiw nojiynHji 6bi AOJi>KHbiH pe30HaHC B EBpone. TypKH HacraHBajiH
Ha CBoeM, noaTOMy AoroBop OT 7 (})eBpajifl B 3aK7noHHTejibHOH Hacra coAepncHT
(J)opMajibHoe o6n3aTejibCTBO o6MeHHTbCfl nooiaMH. HapaAy c ApyrHMH O6CTOHTejibCTBaMH, OHO cnoco6cTBOBajio npoA^ieHHio npe6biBaHHH MapjibflHH B BHHOrpaAHHKax Ilepbi eme Ha TpH roAa H crajio npHHHHOH ero 6CACTBHH.
He oieAOBajio JIH eMy BCCHOH 1578 roAa, no 3aBepineHHH cBoen MHCCHH, BepHyTbCH B EBpony? CyA* no BceMy, 06 STOM OH He oco6eHHO 6ecnoKOH;iCH, B HaAencAe, KaK BHAHO H3 ero AeneuiH, HanpaBJieHHOH 30 anpejin AHTOHHO Ilepecy45, B OAHHOMKy Ao6HTbcn }Ke;iaHHoro pe3yjibTaTa, a HMCHHO npHOcraHOBjieHHa
BoeHHbix ACHCTBHH Ha ABa-TpH roAa. JlHxopaAKa nepe>KHBaeMoro ycnexa npeAbiAymHX neperoBopoB Morjia BHyuiHTb eMy TaKHe HJuno3opHbie HaAeacAbi. Y3HaB OT CBoero npnflTejin H3 Pary3bi, ripoAaHejuiH, o no6eAe AOHa XyaHa npn
)KaM6;iy, KOTopaa 6buia noATBepacAeHa ApyrHMH HCTOHHHKaMH, MapjibaHH TyT
ace, B KOHije anpe;ia, nonbiTa/ica BOcno;ib30BaTbca eio, HTo6bi noACTerHyTb «/IIOKTopa». «H BcerAa roBopHji XopeM6eio H Bauien MHJIOCTH, — nHcaji OH, — HTO He
cmiOHeH AyMaTb, 6yATO Ero KopojieBCKoe BejiHHecrBO, MOH IbcnoAHH, OAO6pHT HanpaBjieHne nocjia. XopeM6en npeAnoneji noBepHTb cjiOBaM AypejiHO (AC
CaHTa Kpone) Ha 3TOT cneT, a He MHC Bor BeAaeT, K neMy 3TO noBeAeT. HTO AO
MeHH, TO a npHAepacHBaiocb npe>KHero MHCHHH, TCM 6o;iee HTO CeHbop AOH XyaH
BbinrpbiBaeT cpaaceHHH, a BCJIHKHH Cy^TaH 3aHHT BOHHOH B riepcHH, KOTopaa
no;ma TpyAOB H yrpo3; ee rpy3 HaMHoro nepeBeuiHBaeT BOHHy BO OjiaHApHH.
llo3TOMy pa3T>HCHHTe MexMeT-nauie, HTO A-KH Hero 6buio 6bi BbiroAHee o6e3onaCHTb ce6a co CTopoHbi Kopojia HcnaHHH, Moero rocnoAHHa, Ha Asa HJIH Tpw roAa
H n p H C O e A H H H T b C H K n p e K p a i l j e H H K ) B O e H H b l X A e H C T B H H , O KOTOpOM MOHCHO 6 b U I O

6bi AoroBopHTbCH npH MoeM nocpeAHHHecTBe».
3TOT uiar 6WJI pncKOBaHHbiM H npe>KAeBpeMeHHbiM. OTBCT nauiH npnmeji
CKopo, OH 6bm ^K)6e3HbiM, no KpaHHen Mepe B TOM BHAC, B KaKOM npeACTaBHJi
11.3aKa3^?2220.

322

Hcnano-TypeuKHe nepeMHpufl: 1577—1584

ero AOKTop. Eiama He coGnpajiCH onpoBepraTb npHBeAeHHbix noc;iaHU,eM AOBOO^HaKO cy;rraH MOJIOA, OH >Ka>KAeT cnaBbi. B cf>eBpajie Map;ibflHH onHCbreaji
ero, KaK lOHomy BoenpHHMHHBoro KyroBopaM, 6ojiee noAaTjiHBoro, neM CejiHM,
CKJiOHHoro c^e^OBaTb nepBOMy BneqaivieHHio. H o HMCHHO no3TOMy, KaK eMy coo6maiOT, nocTOHHHbie penH Y/ib/pK-ajiH He ocTaiOTcn 6e3 BHHMaHHH co CTopoHbi
MOHapxa. «DiaBHOKOMaHAyK>mHH MOPCKHMH cwjiaMH» o6emaji Aaace co CKpoMHWM (J)JIOTOM OAep>KaTb Bepx HaA HcnaHHeft, KOTopaa nepe>KHBaeT KpH3HC. A H,
acajiyeTCH nauia AOKTopy, «TaK OTKpbiTO BbiCKa3biBajica B nojib3y AOHa MapTHHa,
KOTopbin MeHH o6MaHyji, HTO He B03bMycb 3a 3TO CHOBa». H a 3TOM Mecre OH HCnycTHji r^y6oKHH B3AOX H npocTOHaji: «3Ta HMnepwH o6eccHJieHa c rojiOBbi AO
Hor». CnpaBeA^iHBbie cjiOBa, B TOHHOCTH AO^o^ceHHbie MapjibHHH BMecTe c 4>pa30H «Tbi npaB, AOKTOP», KOTopoH nauia noompHji H3Jio>KeHHe HcnaHCKHx Te3HCOB.
OAHaKO B 3aioiK)qeHHe nama BepHyjica K Bonpocy o nocjie. EC;IH OHJIHIHI II
npHiujieT nocoubCTBO, TO OH nocrapaeTCfl OT Been Ayuiw noMOHb AOCTH^KCHHIO
ero u,e;ieH. H o ecjiH nocojibCTBa He 6yAeT, npH6aBJineT MexMeT, «TO H H npHCoeAHHiocb K MHeHHio DiaBHOKOMaHAyiomero MOPCKHMH CHJiaMH». n o c n e 3Toro
OH miHHeTCH >KH3Hbio cyjiTaHa, HTO paAH co6^K)AeHHH ycjiOBHH nepeMHpHH, a
HMeHHO, 3anpeTa Ha BWXOA apMaAbi B Mope, eiwy npHxoAHTCfl npeTepneBaTb Bee
B03MO^CHbie HecqacTbfl. TaK B penax naiiiH Be>KJiHBOCTb coceACTByeT c yrpo30H.
XpncTHaHe H TypKH CTapaiOTCH nepemerojiflTb Apyr Apyra B H3ompeHHOCTH. Hx
CBHAaHHH, crapaTejibHo onHcaHHbie B 6ecHHCJieHHbix nocjiaHHHx MapjibflHH, ocTaBjiHioT AOBOJibHO THrocTHoe BnenaTJieHHe, STO o6pa3HHKH JIOBKOH H yTOHneHHOH, R2QKe cjiHiiiKOM npoAyMaHHOH AnnjioMaTHH, B KOTopoH CTopoHbi He rHyuia-

AOB.

IOTCH npH6eraTb K caMbiM 3aByajiHpoBaHHbiM XHTPOCTHM.

«HejiOBeK MapjibHHH», KOTopoMy 6buio nopyneHO AOCTaBHTb B HcnaHHK)
TeKCT BpeMeHHoro corjiauieHHH, Bbiexaji H3 KoHcraHTHHonojia 12 (JDeBpajia
1578 roAa. IbcyAapcTBeHHbiH COBCT B MaApwAe HecKOJibKo pa3 co6HpajiCH RJIR
o6cy^CACHHH npHBe3eHHbix HM HOBOCTCH4'1. Be3 oco6oro TpyAa COBCTHHKH eAHHOAyuiHO BbicKa3ajiHCb B no;ib3y 3aK7iioqeHHfl AoroBopa, «BBHAy COCTOHHHH ACJI
Ero BejiHnecTBa H ero cf>HHaHcoB, a TaK^ce HCOGXOAHMOCTH HaBecra nopaAOK H
3aHHTbCH yKpen^eHHeM e r o KopojieBCTB...». Bee 6bijiH corjiacHbi, HTO HyncHO AOroBapHBaTbCH c TypKaMH, XOTH B cymecTBO Bonpoca HHKTO He XOTCJI BHHKaTb.
Hao6opoT, KaMHeM npeTKHOBeHHH HBHjiHCb «Bonpocbi npoTOKOjia H npecrH>Ka»:
cjieAyeT JIH HanpaBJiflTb nocjia, HJIH HCT? H ecjiH Aa, TO AOCTaTOHHO JIH 6yAeT
C H a 6 A H T b B e p H T e J I b H b l M H r p a M O T a M H M a p J I b H H H ? K 3 T O M y H CBeJIHCbAMCKyCCHH.

B ceHT5i6pe B npHHijHne 6buio peiueHO Ha3HanHTb HOBoro nocjia, H HHCTpyKijHH
Ha STOT cneT nojiynHji HCKTO AOH XyaH Ae PoKa^yJib 47 , AOBOJibHO 6ecqBeTHaii
^HHHOCTb, ynoMHHaeMan B 1576 roAy B KanecTBe KOMaHAnpa HecKOJibKHx rajiep
Heano^HTaHCKOH 3CKaApbi48. B o6meH HHCTpyKUHH, Ha KOTopoH He npocTaBJie-

MHCCHH MapjibHHH, 1578—1581

323

Ha AaTa, nepecKa3biBajiacb npeAbicropnfl neperoBopoB. O H 6buia npoAy6jiHpoBaHa «BTopoH HHCTpyKUHeH», flaTupoBaHHOH 12 ceHTH6pn 1578 ro^a 4 9 , r^e npeAycMaTpHBajiHCb ACHCTBHH PoKacJ)yjiH B TOM cjiynae, ecjiH OH «He CMOHCCT» OTnpaBHTbCH B KoHCTaHTHHono;ib. Tor^a OH AOJDKCH 6bm noc/iaTb Ty^a CBoero
cnyTHHKa, KanHTaHa SqeBappn, c nopyneHHeM 3aKJiK)MHTb nepeMHpHe nepe3
nocpeAHHMecTBo MapjibflHH. TaKHM o6pa30M, peineHHe HanpaBHTb nocjia cyjiTaHy He 6buio OKOHMaTejibHbiM: B noc/ieAHHH MOMCHT Bee Morjio 6biTb OTMCHCHO.
rioTpe6oBajiocb e q e Tpn-qeTbipe Mecflija Ha TO, HTo6bi yBe^OMHTb o COCTOAHHH ACJI MapjibHHH, HaxoAHiueroc5i BAajiH OT MaApnAa. ConiacHo «/l,HeBHHKy»
Iepjiaxa, «qejiOBeK» MapjibHHH BepHyjicn B KoHcraHTHHonojib TOJibKO 13 HHBapn 1579 roAa50. TaKaa MeAJiHTejibHOCTb 6biJia Bbi3BaHa, BO3MO>KHO, 3HMHHM BpeMeHeM; a BO3MO>KHO H pacneTaMH ncnaHijeB, KOTopwe HaMepeBajiHCb B 1579 roAy
noBTopHTb TOT >Ke MaHeBp, KOTopbiH no3BOJiHji HM B npeAbiAymne roAbi noMeuiaTb BbixoAy B Mope TypeijKoro cJxzioTa. 4>paHijy3bi cpa3y npHiujiH K TaKOMy 3aKJHOHCHHIO, H ACHCTBHTe^bHO, nocTynHBiiiHe xopouiHe HOBOCTH H H3BecTHe o
Ha3HaneHHH nocjia o6;ierHHjiH 3aAany MapjibHHH. KpoMe Toro, TypKH, Bee 6ojibiue yB5i3aBiiiHe B llepcHH, nocTeneHHO craHOBHJiHCb croBopqHBee. 16 AHBapa
1579 roAa^Kione nncaji IeHpnxy III: TypKH «3anHTepecoBaHbi (B MHpe) He MeHbuie, qeM Ero KaTOJinqecKoe BejinnecTBO, BCJie/jCTBHe BOHHbi B llepcHH, r^e HX
>KAeT 6ojibine 3a6oT, qeM yTBep>KAaioT»51. XyaH HAnaKec, B TO BpeMH npeACTaBJIHBIIIHH HHTepecbi Onjinnna II B BeHeijHH, 5 (JjeBpajia 1579 roAa ycjibiuiaji OT
(J)paHuy3CKoro nocjia, HTO MapjibflHH B KoHcraHTHHonojie npocTHjica c ye^HHeHHOH >KH3Hbio, nepeoAejica BMecTe co CBOHMH JHOA^MH B HOBoe njiaTbe H CO6HpaeTCH CHHTb AOM B l l e p e . «H3 3Toro 3Aecb 3aKJiiOHaK)T, ^TO npHe3A nocnaHHHKa B. B., KOToporo OHH o^CHAaiOT, MTo6bi 3aKJiioqHTb AoroBop o nepeMHpHH,
yace He 3a ropaMH».52
OAHaKO AOH XyaH j\e PoKacJ)yjib He ToponHjica. 9 (J>eBpajiH OH 6bm eme B Heanojie. 4 MapTa B BeHeijHH yTBep>KAajiH, HTO OH HeAajieKO OT KoHcraHTHHonojia,
OTKyAa MapjibHHH Bbicjiaji AByx nejiOBeK eMy HaBcrpeny 5S. H o 3TO 6buio nocneiuHoe yTBep>KAeHHe. PoKa(J>yjib «3a6ojieji». IlaMflTyfl o ero BTopon HHCTpyKijHH H
o KOJie6aHHHx HcnaHLjeB Ha 3TOT cneT, MM MO>KCM BMecTe c TypicaMH ycoMHHTbCH B ero 6ojie3HH, KaK H B «HOBOM npHCTyne», KOTopbiH cnpyTHji 6eAH*iry. I~IOAnncaji JIH TeM He MeHee MapjibflHH HOBoe corjiameHHe o nepeMHpHH, noAo6Hoe
AByM npeAWAymHM? B H3BecTHbix HaM AOKyMeHTax 06 3TOM He ynoMHHaeTca.
HeKOTopbie HaMeKH Ha Tanoe corjiameHne, XOTH H HeAOCTaTOHHO onpeAejieHHbie, coAep^caTCH BO (J)paHuy3CKOH nepenncKe 5 4 . Bo BCHKOM cjiynae, B anpejie
TypeqKHH (JXJIOT, HJIH BepHee, TO, HTO MO>KHO 6buio co6paTb, noA KOMaHAOBaHHeM yjibA>K-ajiH HanpaBH^CH B HepHoe Mope. B Heanojie cpa3y yTBepAHjiocb MHeHne, HTO TypKH «He npHAyT». He c STHM JIH — BbicKaaceM HHCToe npeAno^OHceHHe — 6biJia CBH3aHa 3aAep>KKa XyaHa PoKac|)yji5i?
n*

324

HcnaHO-TypeqKHe nepeMnpHn: 1577—1584

KaKOBO 6bi HH 6biJio COCTOHHHC nocjieAHero, HO OH TaK H He nepeceK A^pHaTHKy. 25 aBrycTa B Pary3e couieji Ha 6eper KanHTaH SneBappH. B conpoBO>KAeHHH HeKoero XyaHa ScreBaHa OH Be3 Aapbi /yin cyjiTaHa H ero MHHHCTPOB, a TaKHce todos los poderes et recaudos necessarios * Ha 3aiuiiOMeHHe nepeMHpHH win
MapjibHHH55, MTO BO3BOAH^O ero H3 3BaHHH npocToro areHTa Ha CTeneHb HacTOamero noc;ia. B 3TOT caMbiH MOMCHT B KoHcraHTHHonojib npH6bui HOBMH (J)paHuy3CKHH nocoji 56 .16 ceHTfl6pa OH y3Haji OT CTaporo MexMeT-nauiH, MTO nepeMHpne c HcnaHHeH 6yzjeT BOT-BOT no^nHcaHO57, H ecrecTBeHHO, HeMe/yieHHO
nonbiTajicH noMeuiaTb 3TOMy, npe>K/je Bcero c noMombio BOHHW cjiyxoB. B TO
BpeMH KaK Map;ibflHHyTBep>K;jaji, MTO BoeHHbie npHroTOBjieHHH HcnaHHH, craBiuwe H3BecTHbiMH B KoHCTaHTHHonojie, HanpaBJieHbi npoTHB IlopTyrajiHH, BOnpoc o npecTOJiOHacjieAHH KOTopoft BCTaji eme npH >KH3HH Kopojia-KapAHHajia58,
(f>paHqy3, ccbuiaacb Ha XOAHBIIIHC B KoHCTaHTHHonojie cjiyxH59, npHnHCbmaji
HcnaHuaM HaMepeHHe HanacTb Ha A/DKHp. KpoMe Toro, OH yKa3biBaji Ha Hew36encHOCTb BOHHbi B HTajiHH B CBH3H c co6biTHHMH BOKpyr MapKH3aTa Cajiyuqo.
HanpacHbiH Tpyzj! Bnoc/ieACTBHH }KepMHHbH ynpeKajiH B TOM, HTO OH He cyMeji
nperpa^HTb Aopory HcnaHCKHM nojiHTHKaM. Ho OH He pacnojiaraji HHbiMH cpe#CTBaMH, KpoMe TaKHx cjioBecHbix 6aTajiHH. Ylocne BapcJ>o;iOMeeBCKOH HOHH npoH3OUIJIO peajibHoe naAeHHe npecrHaca OpaHijHH B JleBaHTe: npH3HaKH ee 6ecnoMOUIHOCTH H HcromeHHH, npoHBHBuiHeoi Ha 3ana#e, CHH3H;IH ee BO3MO>KHOCTH
B KoHCTaHTHHonojie. Hejib3H BCCTH neperoBopbi c nycTbiMH pyKaMH. Ho 4>paHUy3CK2LH n O J I H T H K a ^ H I U H J i a C b e A H H C T B e H H O r O H e J I O B e K a , K O T O p b l H , 6 b I T b MO^CeT,

6bui cnoco6eH CHOBa npHBH3aTb TypuHio K EBpone. KJIOA ,3,10 Byp, MCJIOBCK repijora AH^KywcKoro, 6WJI cxBaneH B BeHeuHH B cJjeBpajie 1579 ro/ja H nepeBe3eH B
MnpaHAOjiy60. Ero npoeicr COCTOJUI B TOM, MTo6bi 3aHHTepecoBaTb TypoK n^aHHpoBaBuiHMCH repuoroM AH>KyncKHM BKyne c BwjibrejibMOM Mo^najiHBbiM**, npoTecraHTaMH co Bceft EBponbi H aHniHMaHaMH, o npncyTCTBHH KOTopwx B KOHcTaHTHHono^e ynoMHHaeT Mapjib^HH, 3axBaTOM HHAep;iaHAOB. 3TOT npoeKT
Mor 6biTb npHBjieicaTejibHbiM j\jm TypijHH, HO 6yztyMH BTHHyTOH B H3HypHTenbHyio 6opb6y npoTHB nepcHH, oHa OKa3ajiacb He B COCTOHHHH o/jHOBpeMeHHO
3aHHMaTbCH EBponoH.
1580 rofl CTaji /yin MapjibHHH ro/jOM TpyzjOB H OKOHMaTejibHoro ycnexa. MHCCHH MHjiaHija, HanpaBjineMaa H3 Heano;ifl HHCTpyKijHHMHflOHaXyaHa /je CyHbHTH (KOTopbiH nocjie CMepTH CBoero njieMHHHHica CTaji KOMaH/jopoM KacTHJiHH, a
nocjie CMepTH MoH^exapa — BHije-Kopo;ieM Heanojm), Morjia ocymecrBJiHTbcn
6o;iee ycneumo, nocjie H36aBJieHHH OT A-JiHTejibHbix npoBOJiOMen, CBH3aHHbix c
noe3AKaMH B HcnaHHio H o6paTHO. H3BCCTHO, MTO npH MoH/jexape MapjibflHH
Bee Heo6xoAHMbie npaBa H rapaHTHH (ucn.).
** ripHHUeM OpaHCKHM.

MHccuflMapjibHHH, 1578—1581

325

6buio Aa^ce 3anpemeHO BBO/jHTb Heanojib B Kypc Aejia. 3 T O He 03HanaeT, MTO
Tenepb nepe/j HHM He 6bmo HHKaKHX npemrrcTBHH. MapjibHHH npnmjiocb nepeHCHTb TpyAHbie AHH, XOTH B OCHOBHOM OH TpaTHJi CBoe BpeMH Ha pa3roBopw,
npocTpaHHbie o6cyacAeHHH, H3 KOTopwx B03HHKajiH He MeHee npocTpaHHbie
OT^eTbi, a TaKHce B KaKOH-TO MOMCHT Ha ccopbi c }KepMHHbH H3-3a nepBeHCTBa B
r^aBHOM co6ope Ilepbi... 6 1 BWJIO JM 3TO CBHAeTe;ibCTBOM ero cyeTHOCTH HJIH
}Ke^aHHeM npofleMOHCTpnpoBaTb TypicaM HeB03MO>KHOCTb npe6biBaHHH B KOHcraHTHHonojie nocTOHHHoro npeACTaBHTejia HcnaHHH, Ha KOTopoe Onjinnn II
HHKaK He XOTCJI corjiamaTbca?
Eme OAHOH npo6jieMOH /yin MapjibHHH CTajia cMeHa rjiaBHbix fleHCTByiomnx
jmu, Ha TypeaKOH nojiHTnqecKOH cijeHe. B OKT5i6pe 1579 ro;ja MexMeT-nauia 6biJi
y6nT, H ero 3aMeHHji AxMeT-nama, KOTopbiH He 6JIUCT2UIflapoBaHHHMHH , BO362
MO>KHO, 6bui pacnojioaceH K HcnaHHH . H o H OH, B CBOKD onepeflb, CKOHnajicn
27 anpejia 1580 ro^a, nocjie nero ero MecTO 3aHHJi MycTacj)a-naiiia. 3 T H nepeMeHW conpoBO^KAajiHCb MHoroHHCJieHHbiMH nepecraHOBKaMH cpe/ni BTopocreneHHoro nepcoHajia: flOKTop CajiOMOH coxpaHHJi CBOH nocT, HO flparoMaH XopeM6en Hcne3; 3aTo ocrajica CTpaHHbin Epyra, ABOHHOH, a TO H TpoHHoft OCBCAOMHTe^b, KOToporo MapjiwiHH H3o6;iHHaeT, HO He MO>KCT OT Hero H36aBHTbCH, B TO
BpeMfl KaK CBoen 6OJITOBHCH H AOHOcaMH OH pncnyeT n o ^ s e c m He TOJibKo MapjibHHH, HO H ijejibiH pa/j ero areHTOB: CnHaHa, Afi/japa AmviHHaHHHa, XyaHa #e
BpnoHeca 63 ... HO^IBJIRIOTCH flBa HOBHHKa: BeHaBH/jec H ne/jpo Bpea, cjiy^Kamne
B TypeqKOH KaHijejinpHH, nepBbin H3 KOTopwx, eBpeft (ero Bepa He no3BOJineT
eMy B cy66oTy njiaBaTb Ha JIOAKC), Bbiica3biBaeT 6o;ibiiiyio ocBeAOMJieHHOCTb OTHOCHTe^bHo coAepHcaHHH cocTaBjineMbix TaM 6yMar; npoHCXOHC^eHHe BToporo
MeHee HCHO, HO o6a 6buiH, HCCOMHCHHO, innnoHaMH-ABOHHHKaMH. CjiyqaHHO Mbi
y3HaeM 06 ynacTHH B JXCJIC 6auAoe, pary3CKoro ToproBixa HHKOJIO npoAaHejuin H
ero 6paTa MapHHO, Hbe cyznio B OKT5i6pe 1580 ro#a AOJI>KHO 6buio CTOHTb B Heanojie 64 .
Ha caMOM ^ejie MapjibHHH 6bm XO3HHHOM CHTyaiiHH, XOTH H He flora/jbiBajicn
06 3TOM. Ylo3TOMy eMy TpyAHO 6bmo coxpaHHTb 3a CO6OH npeHMymecrBo H He
noAAaBaTbCH Ha /jeMOHCTpaTHBHyio noxBajib6y H yrpo3bi YnbA>K-ajin, KOTopbiH
ycTpoHji eMy yncacHyio cueHy B npncyTCTBHH caMoro BejiHKoro BH3Hpa. BO3MOHCHO,

3 T O 6 b I J i a npOCTa^I H H C L j e H H p O B K a , O K O T O p O H M H H H C T p b l

AOrOBOpH^HCb

Me>Kfly CO6OH. H o ee 3(|)(})eKT ycnjiHBajicfl B coneTaHHH c /jpyrHMH cnoco6aMH
ycTpaiueHHH. YjibA>K-ajiH oG-bflBJuui B ApceHajie, MTO «MHpHbie neperoBopbi npepBaHbi H eMy npHKa3aHO BOopyxcHTb 200 rajiep H 100 MaoHH». H o MapjibHHH
6bui TBepA- O H nyBCTBOBaji 3a CO6OH CHJiy H He 6OHJICH pncica, «npeHcnojiHeHH b l H p e i U H M O C T H , — KaK OH TOBOpHT, — HH H a HTO H e COrJiailiaTbCH OT H M e H H

E. B. H He BpynaTb HH nnceM, HH no^apKOB /;o cocTaBJieHHH KanHTyjiHUHH»65. H
flajiee OH coo6maeT, MTO G^aro^apn ero CTapaHHHM apMa.ua BCCHOH He Bbift/jeT B

326

Hcnano-TypenKne nepeMwpHH: 1577—1584

Mope. Tpy6bie H 6e3o6pa3Hbie BbixoAKH YjibAac-ajiH B ero a^pec 6 6 TOJibKO BbmaiOT
pa3ApaaceHHe H THCB KanyAaH-nauin: yAaqjiHBbie HrpoKH Be^yT ce6fl HHane. B
OAHOM coo6meHHH H3 KoHCTaHTHHonojiH, AaTHpoBaHHOM 26 (J)eBpajra 1580 ro^a,
TOBOpHTCH, HTO M a p j I b f l H H H e B H ^ H T B03MO>KHOCTH A O r O B O p H T b C f l « c 3 T H M H T y -

peiiKHMH co6aKaMH»67 6e3 ymep6a j\j\n CBoen qecTH H jxjin HHTepecoB Kopojin,
XOTH K 3TOMy BpeMeHH Bee Bonpocbi 6biJiH y>Ke 6JIH3KH K yperyjinpoBaHHio. YTpoM 18 nncjia AOKTOP CajioMOH HBHJICH K MapjibHHH c TCKCTOM AoroBopa. rioCKO^bKy penb mjia He o noAnncaHHH KanHTyjiflijHH cyBepeHHbiMH MOHapxaMH, a
o corjiaiueHHH «Me>KAy namon H Map;ib5iHH», HeyBA3KH c npoTOKOJiOM 6buiH ycTpaHeHbi B MrHOBeHHe OKa()8. ripaB^a, n p n 3TOM Map;ibflHH HcnbiTaji CHjibHoe
noTpaceHHe H eme pa3 noqyBCTBOBaji, HTO HaA HHM HaBHCJia «onacHOCTb, KOTOpaa npecjie^yeT MCHH BOT y>Ke 50 j\ueVi», nHiueT OH 7 MapTa69. B STOT MOMCHT,
BnpoHeM, OH eme He HcnbiTbmaeT nojiHOH yBepeHHOCTH. «JI oneHb 6oiocb, KaK
6bi Bee 3TH neperoBopw He npoBajinjincb c TaKHM TpecKOM, HTO Mbi npoKJumeM
TOT AeHb, Koiyja 3aTenjiH 3TO nepeMHpHe», 3a\ieqaeT OH B TOT >Ke AeHb.
TeM He MeHee A^Hb noAnHcaHHH 6bui 6JIH30K, H 6 O ero ToponnjiH o6cT05iTejibCTBa, BOHHW B llepcHH H nopTyrajinn H BAo6aBOK CTpauiHbiH Heypo>KaH, nopa3HBIIIHH B O C T O q H b i e C T p a H b l 7 0 . T a K H M 0 6 p a 3 0 M , BCHKHH p a 3 , KaK H e C H a C T H b l H
M a p j I b H H H AyMaJI, HTO B C e n O T e p H H O , KOHTaKTbl B 0 3 o 6 H O B J I 5 U I H C b . FIpHXOAMJI

AOKTop HJIH eme KaKOH-Hn6yAb nocpeAHHK. Ilauia Bbipaacaji c o o a c H e BepHyTbca
K o6cy>KAeHHio. Mapjib^HH B3Abixaji c o6;ierqeHHeM 71 . FIOTOM B03HHKaeT HOBWM
KOHCJXJIHKT no noBOAy KopojieBCTBa Oec, KOTopoe MapjibHHH HC xoneT CHHTaTb
npHHaA^ie^camHM cyjiTaHy72; HOBbie pa3HOiviacHfl H3-3a nopTyrajiHH 73 . B MapTe B
BeHeqHH pacnpocTpaHHeTCH c;iyx, HTO MapjibHHH rpo3HT onacHOCTb 6biTb nocaaceHHbiM Ha KOJI H HTO Y;ibA>K-ajiH o6emaeT BbipBaTb y Hero nocjieAHHH rjia3 74 ...
H o 21 qncjia 3Toro Mecflixa OH noAnncbiBaeT HOBoe nepeMnpne c naiiion, B npnBbiHHOH (f)opMe, Ha 10 MecnueB, j\o 5iHBapn 1581 ro.ua. Bo H36e>KaHHe cjiOBecHbix npH/jnpoK, HTajibHHCKHH TCKCT ocTaeTcn y nauiH, a TypcuKHH, HaqepTaHHbin 3o;iOTbiMH 6yKBaMH, nepeAaeTCfl MapjibflHH, KOTopbiH BbicbijiaeT ero CyHbHre .
3acwM, o6ecneiMB ce6n Ha 6jiH>KaHiiiee 6yAymee, CTopoHbi AaiOT ce6e nepeAbiiiiKy H neperoBopbi Ha HeKOTopoe BpeMH 3aTHxaiOT. XyaH 3cTec})aHO OTnpaBJIHCTCX B H c n a H H K ) , H T 0 6 b I A O C T a B H T b T y A a B e C T H H n p H B e 3 T H H O B b i e H H C T p y K -

Ha ceft pa3 xpncTHaHCKHH Mnp cjieAHT 3a pa3BHTHeM co6biTHH. B Hanajie
Man o HHX craHOBHTCfl H3BCCTHO B PHMC, rAe OTMenaioT, HTO corjiameHHe He
BH>KeTCH c npeAiuecTBOBaBiuHMH 3a5iB^eHH5iMH HcnaHHH OTHOCHTCJibHO HanpaB^eHHH nocjia c ue;ibK) KaK pa3 npepBaTb neperoBopbi 7 6 . OAHaKO PHM He BbipaacaeT npoTecTa: B 1580 roAy ero TaK>Ke 3aHHMaeT He CpeAH3eMHoe Mope H BOHHa c
HOiaMOM, a HpjiaHAHH H 6opb6a c npoTecTaHTaMH.
IIHH.

MuccHflMapjibflHH, 1578—1581

327

>KepMHHbH, BHHMaTCJibHo Ha6;noAaBiiiHH 3a AenTejibHOCTbio MMjiaHua, yTBep>K^aeT, HTO ycnex nocneAHero 6bui onjianeH 30JIOTOM. Ha caMOM Aejie MapjiwiHH ACHCTBOBaji cKopee c noMombio o6emaHHH 77 . A rjiaBHoe, eMy cnoco6cTBOBaJIH 6^aronpHHTHbie o6cTOHTejibCTBa. IlocjieAHHM H3 HHX, KOTopoe noAeftcTBOBajio Ha TypoK B caMbiH MOMCHT noAnncaHHfl, cTajio TpeBOHCHoe H3BecTHe o
MHTe^ce B AjDKHpe. O H H MOHIH JinuiHTbCfl Bcero, ecjiH 6bi y OHJiHnna II (nett
(|)JIOT 6bIJI n p H B C A C H B n o p ^ A O K RJ1X ACHCTBHH n p O T H B I l o p T y r a J I H H ) OKa3aJIHCb

pa3BH3aHbi pyKH Ha CpeAH3eMHOM Mope 78 . BeHen,HaHn,bi 3TO xopomo noHHMaJIH: 3aHHMa5i j\o TCX n o p CAepacaHHyio H Bpa>KAe6Hyio no3HijHio, OHH H3MCHHJIH
ee H nocTapajiHCb BOHTH B HHCJIO ynacTHHKOB 6yAymero MHpHoro AoroBopa.
OTMCTHM, HTO nepeMHpHe 1580 ro/ja ynoMHHaeTca B 6ojibiiiHHCTBe Ao6poCOBeCTHblX H C T O p H H e C K H X T p y A O B , B H e BCflKOrO COMHeHHH nOTOMy, HTO OHO 6bIJIO

no/jpo6HO ocBemeHO B CTapoM c6opHHKe Illappbepa H AO CHX n o p IICHHOH KHHre U,HHKaH3eHa, KOTopan Bbiuijia B ToTe B 1855 ro/jy 79 . H o CTpaHHoe AeJio, ero
H 3 0 6 p a > K a i 0 T KaK HCKJIIOHHTCJIbHOe H H 3 0 J I H p O B a H H O e C 0 6 b I T H e , B TO B p e M 5 I KaK

HBHJiocb jiHiiib OAHHM 3BeHOM AJIHHHOH ijenn. BHe 3TOH u e n n ero R2QKe rpyjir
HO nOHHTb.

OHO

CorjiaineHHe 1581 ro/ja
B KoHCTaHTHHonojie HHKTO 6ojibiue He coMHeBajioi, HTO B CKopoM BpeMeHH
6yACT 3aiaiK)qeH MHp. OAHaKo turn 3Toro noTpeGoBajica eme noHTH ijejibin roAJleTO npouuio B nepnoAHnecKH BO3O6HOB^5HOIIIHXCH neperoBopax. npHHHHOH
pa3Hor^acHH 6biJiH Tcnepb He HecKOHHaeMbie cnopbi no noBOAy THTyjiaTypbi HJIH
nepBeHCTBa, a AOcraBjiaeMbie KypbepaMH HOBOCTH. 5 anpejin nepe3 Pary3y npnuuia BecTb o KOHHHHC KapAHHajia IeHpnxa nopTyrajibCKoro. « 3 T O H3BecrHe, —
nncaji MapjibHHH*", — BHCCJIO HeKOTopyio CMyTy B 3AeuiHHe yMbi. Co3AaJiocb BnenaTjieHne, HTO C npncocAHHeHHeM HOBbix KopojieBCTB, ocymecrBJieHHbiM 6e3
60JIblII0r0 npOJIHTHH KpOBH H A-^HTeJIbHOH BOHHbl, CHJIbI E. B. HBHO B03pOCJIH
Ao onacHoro ypoBHH. n p n STOM OHH y6e>KAeHbi, HTO... (oTHbiHe) E. B. HaBp^A^H
noHAeT Ha nepeMHpne HJIH npeKpameHne BoeHHbix AencTBHH Ha npneMjieMbix
AJIH HHX yC7IOBHHX». M a p j I b f l H H , B CBOK) O H e p e A b , HaCTOpZDKHBaiOT n O C T y n K H

YjibA>K-ajiH. ToBopnT, HTO OH c 60 rajiepaMH OTnpaBjiaeTCH B AJDKHP JUIH noAaBJICHHH BOjiHeHHH. «OAHaKO HHbie yTBep>KAaiOT, HTO OH HAeT TyAa He TOJibKO 3aTeM, HO H HTo6bi HaHecTH ymep6 Kopojno Oeca. ft co6npaiocb BoenpenaTCTBOBaTb3TOMy... KorAa6yACTTOHHO H3BCCTHO O npeAnpnHHMaeMOH 3KcneAHiiHH»81.
B npoTHBHOM cjiynae Bee noAroTOBJieHHbie corjiauieHHH o nepeMHpnH OKaacyTCH noA yrpo30H 82 . TaKOBO nee BbicKa3aHHoe B nncbMe K HeMy MHeHne BejiHKoro
KOMaHAopa KacrajiHH, nojiyHHBiuero H3BCCTHH H3 Apyrnx HCTOHHHKOB 83 . B KOHu,e KOHLJOB 3KcneAHi;HH B Ajiacnp TaK H He cocrojuiacb, HO OHa AaJia noBOA MHO-

328

HcnaHo-TypeuKHe nepeMHpHH: 1577—1584

THM cnopaM, KaK H nocTynHBiuaii B OKTn6pe HOBOCTb o no6eAe r e p u p r a Ajib6bi
Ha^ AOHOM AHTOHbio. Flame crajio H3BCCTHO, MTO no 3TOMy cjiynaio r e p u o r pa3Aaji CBOHM coji/jaTaM 200 000 AySjioHOB, H TypeiiKHH MHHHCTP HeMeAJieHHO 06paTHJicH K MapjibflHH c BonpocaMH, neM Bbi3BaHa 3Ta pa3Aana H KaKOBa CTOHMocTb AySjiOHa. CTOHMOCTb Ay6jiOHa — ABa 3CKyAO, nocneiiiHJi o6-bHCHHTb nocJICAHHH H mix nymen HaniflAHOCTH nocjiaji c ACCHTOK CBoeMy co6eceAHHKy... A
neM 3aHHT XyaH 3cre(|)aHO, 3aAaeT TOT onepeAHOH Bonpoc? rioneMy OH TaK 3ana3AbiBaeT?84 KaK Mbi BHAHM, neperoBopw CTopoH 6bijiH npoHHKHyTbi noA03pnTejibHocTbio, HO HOCHJIH MajiocoAepacaTejibHbiH xapaKTep. Reno 6buio JICTOM, a
cepbe3Hbie BeujH o6cy>KAaiOTCJi 3HMOH.
B A^Ka6pe CHTyaijHfl pe3KO o6ocrpHjiacb 85 : AOH XyaH 3crec})aHO He npnexaji,
H STO oneHb OCJIOHCHHJIO nojioaceHHe MapjibHHH, nocKOJibKy nama Tpe6oBaji OT
Hero onpeAejieHHoro OTBeTa, npHKa3aji JIH Kopojib 3aKJiiOHHTb MHp, HJIH HCT. K
HecnacTbio, HeKOTopwe nHCbMa MapjibHHH, KOTopwe no3BOjinjiH 6bi npocjieAHTb 3a noc^eAHHMH MecnqaMH ero nocojibCKOH MHCCHH, He coxpaHHJincb. rioBHAHMOMy, B npoMe>KyTKe Me>KAy 10 H 20 AeKa6pa Tpe6oBaHH* TypoK npno6peJIH 6ojibinyio OTHeTjiHBOCTb H BMecTe c TeM nocTaBHJiH MapjibHHH B TynHK, noTOMy HTO KaK pa3 B 3TOT MOMCHT OH nojiynnji (HeH3BecTHO, c noMombio XyaHa
3cTecJ)aHO HJIH 6e3 Hee) AOJiro^KAaHHbie pacnopjDKeHHH, KOTopbie Bbi3BajiH y Hero
HeKOTopyio pacTep^HHocTb. Kopojib Bejieji nepeAaTb eMy, MTO OH He cTaHeT 3aKJIIOHaTb 0(J)OpMJieHHbIH n o BCeM npaBHJiaM MHpHblH AOrOBOp BBHAy HeB03MO>K-

«acejiaeMoe paBHonpaBHe». Flo cyTH Aejia OH He xoTeji 3aKJiionaTb TaKoe corjiameHHe, KaK HMnepubi, npeAycMaTpHBaiomee nocTOHHHoe AnnjiOMaTHnecKoe npeAcraBHTejibCTBO86.
YHCHHB, HaKOHeq, HTO OT Hero Tpe6yeTCH, MapjibHHH 6e30TjiaraTejibHO npnCTynnji K A^Jiy. B nncbMe, A^THpoBaHHOM 28 AeKa6pn, OH ynoMHHaeT o TOM, HTO
qejibix TpH naca 6eceAOBaji c aron HHbinap. 27 AeKa6pn nepeA paccBeTOM TOT
npncjiaji 3a HHM CBOIO nanKy, MTO6M AOCTaBHTb H3 Ilepbi B CTaM6yji. IlepeBOAHHKOM Ha 3TOH Bcrpeqe Bbicrynaji HHKOJIO ripoAaHejuiH. Mapjiwrnn 6biji oneHb
paA 3TOMy: « O H yMHee H cnoco6Hee Apyrnx», nHineT OH. Bbi6op Ha IlpoAaHejuiH
naji, HecoMHeHHO, TaioKe noTOMy, HTO MapjibHHH HcnbiTbraaji 3aTpyAHeHHH OTHOCTH CO6JIIOCTH

HOCHTeJIbHO CBOeH MHCCHH H OTHOCHTeJIbHO TOrO, HTO OH AOJDKCH 6bIJI paST^HC-

HHTb are. IIocjieAHHH HHnero He noHHMaji. KorAa OH cnpocnji y Mapjiwmn, OTnpaBHTCH JIH TOT ijejiOBaTb pyKH cyjiTaHa, nocoji OTBCTHJI: H noHAy, ecjin 6yAyT
noAnncaHbi KanHTyjiaiXHH, HO ecjin 6yAeT AoroBop o npnocTaHOBjieHHH... B 3TOH
CBH3H Mbi MOHceM yHCHHTb ce6e pa3HHuy AByx OOHHTHH: npnocraHOBjieHHe BoeHHWX AencTBHH H KanHTyjiflijHH: Onjinnn II He xoneT noAnncaHHH HMCHHO nocjieAHHx. CyjiTaH corjiaceH Ha KanHTyjiaiiHH, TOBOPHT ara, HO 6yAeT JIH B 3TOM
cjiynae co6jiK>AeHo «paBeHCTBO», cnpauiHBaeT MapjibHHH? Co6eceAHHK cHOBa B
HeAoyMeHHH. 3aTeM OH, B CBOIO onepeAb, nepexoAHT K 6ojiee npocTbiM H KOH-

MHCCHH Map;ibHHH, 1578—1581

329

KpeTHbiM BonpocaM. OcTaHeTCH JIH MapjibHHH? «H cica3aji, HTO HCT. O H cnpoCHJI MeHH, noqeMy. H OTBCTHJI: noTOMy HTO, corjiacHO npHHHTbiM peuieHHHM, TopTOBJIH He npeAycMOTpeHO, no3TOMy Moe npHcyTCTBHe H He HyacHO. H npoH3Hec
3TH cjiOBa c jierKOH yjibi6KOH H Ao6aBHJi, HTO xony CKa3aTb eMy npaBAy:flnpHH5ui
TaKoe pemeHHe no jxpyu npHHHHaM. IlepBaH, 3TO BcrpeneHHoe MHOIO 3/jecb Hejno6e3Hoe o6pameHHe, H BTopoe, — oiyx, pacnpocrpaHeHHbiH ceKpeTapeM (J>paHqy3CKoro nocojibCTBa BO Bcex xpHCTHaHCKHx CTpaHax, r^e OH no6braaji (Ha 06paTHOM nyra), o nojiyneHHOM HM noATBep>KAeHHH npnopHTeTa, KOTopoe OH Be3»
BO OpaHijHio...
Ho Tan Kan ncnaHCKHH nocoji He 6bui AO KOHija yBepeH B BCCOMOCTH CBOHX
apryMeHTOB, OH 3anjiaTHJi 5 000 acicy/jo MaTepH-cyjrraHiiie, KOTopan, BnponeM,
He npeMHHyjia 3anpocHTb 66jibiuyio cyMMy. OAHOBpeMeHHO OH nocrapajicn He
o6Hapy>KHBaTb nojiHOMOHHH, ^aHHbix eMy KopojieM, noA npe,zyioroM Toro, HTO
OTOoiaji BepHTe;ibHbie rpaMOTbi o6paTHO B Heanojib 87 . MapjibHHH nponBHji HeAio^cHHHyio jioBKOCTb, H6O, nojiynHB 3aAaHHe 10 AeKa6pn, K KOHijy roAa yace noHTH nepey6eAHji CBOHX npoTHBHHKOB. 4 cf>eBpajiH MHoroHHCJieHHbie nncbMa H
AOHeceHHH H3 KoHcraHTHHonojin pa3HecjiH BO Bee CTopoHbi BecTb o noAnncaHHH nepeMHpHH Ha Tpn roAa88. B TOT ace A^Hb MapjiwiHH nncaji AOHy XyaHy Ae
CyHbHre89: «Ha npa3AHHK CB. HoaHHa, 27 Aeica6pa, H oTnpaBHJicn K Hayin-nauie,
KOTopoMy H3JIO>KHJI A^HHoe MHe nopyneHHe B no/jo6aiomHx cjiOBax, ^a6bi He
ypoHHTb qecTb E. B. B AaJibHeniueM a e q e HecKOJibKO pa3 BCTpenajicji c Ha3BaHHWM naiuoH, H HaKOHeu,, 25 HHBapa OH Bbi3Baji MCHH, HTo6bi coo6mHTb o peuieHHH CBoero rocyAapn, KOTopbin no3BOJiaeT MHe yexaTb H ocBeAOMHTb 060 BceM
E. B. O H Bbipa3HJi HaAeatAy, HTO H ncnojiHio CBOH JXOJIT Ha 6;iaro ycTaHOBJieHHH
HaHjiynuiero B3aHMonoHHMaHHH, a B oacHAaHHH 3Toro o6T>5iBjiHeTCH o npHOCTaHOBJieHHH B O e H H b l X A e H C T B H H H a T p H TOAa. F l o CJIOBaM } K e p M H H b H , A ^ H H O e CO-

niaiueHHe noHTH noBTopnjio npeAbiAymwe AoroBopeHHOCTH o nepeMHpHH c TeM
pa3JiHHneM, HTO Ha cen pa3 OHO 6buio 3aK7iioHeHO Ha TpexjieTHHH cpoK90. BnijeKopojib HeanojiHTaHCKHH, nojiynHB 3TO H3BecTHe 3 MapTa, nocneuiHji nepe^aTb
ero Onjinnny II, npn6aBHB, HTO MapjibHHH, no ero MHCHHIO, oneHb xopomo
npoBeji neperoBopbi, OAHano caM OH 3aAaeTCH BonpocoM, He Bocnojib3yeTC5i JIH
nana STHMH co6biTHHMH, HTO6W noTyxce 3aT5myTb uiHypKH CBoero KOiuejibKa91.
/ta, HTO >Ke CKa^ceT nana? /JOH XyaH Ae CyHbnra, 6yAynn nocjiOM B PHMC, 6ecnoKOHJiCH 06 STOM 6ojibiue, neM KTO-JIH6O Apyroft. O H cneji 6jiaropa3yMHbiM o6e3onacHTb ce6a 3apaHee H 4 MapTa92 H3JIO>KHJI cneqnajibHORJIR PHMa cjieAyiomyio
Heo6biKHOBeHHyio Bepcnio. B cBoe BpeMH OH HKo6bi cooGmnji MapjibHHH, HTO
Onjinnn II He xoneT noAnncbmaTb nepeMHpHH, H nepeHHCJiHji Bee B03MO)KHbie
pa3yMHbie AOBOAW, onpaBAbiBaiomne Kopo^H. Ho cpa3y nocjie 3Toro B KoHCTaHTHHonojie 3aroBopnjiH o TOM, HTo6bi nocaAHTb Mapjib^HH Ha KOJI, o6BHHaa ero
B TOM, HTO OH oTBJieKaji cyjiTaHa jiHCHBbiMH penaMH, noKa He 3aKOHHHjiocb 3aBo-

330

Hciiano-TypeuKHe nepeMHpHH: 1577—1584

eBaHHe llopTyrajiHH. Bee 3HaK)T, MTO TypKH cnoco6Hbi Ha Tanyio >KecTOKOCTb.
E[o3TOMy 6eAHbiH KaBajiep, HTOGM cnacTH CBOIO >KH3Hb, o6emaji noAnncaTb nepeMHpwe Ha ro/j. H o TypKH noTpeGoBajin ycraHOBHTb cpoK Tpn ro/ja H nocjie
3aKJHOHeHHH H03BOJIHJIH CMy BepHyTbCH B XpHCTHaHCKHe 3CM.7IH. H o KOHCHHO,

ecjiH Hy^cHO 6yz;eT BbiCTynHTb npoTHB TypoK, HeTpyzjHO 6yAeT pa3opBaTb 3TOT
AoroBop, BO-nepBbix, noTOMy HTO OH 6biJi «HaBH3aH CHJIOH», BO-BTopbix, nocKOJibKy Kopcapw AaBajiH J\JIH 3Toro MHO>KCCTBO noBO/jOB. Be/ja B TOM, roBopHTCH 3/jecb
MOKAy npOHHM, HTO Mbl He MO)KeM H/JTH Ha TypOK H3"3a BCeX 3 a 6 o T , KOTOpblC

jie>KaT Ha Haiiinx njienax. H o MTO KacaeTCH MHpHoro corjiaiueHHH, TO OHO He
HMeeT HHKaKoro 3HaqeHHH...
B STOM >Ke 1581 rojxy paccyncAeHHfl BHije-Kopojia BOcnpoH3Be;i OAHH H3 BeHeunaHCKHX nocjiOB93. Bepnji JIH OH B Hero caM? noBepHJiH mi B PHMC? Onpe/jejieHHO, HHKTO He CTapajica BHecTH HCHOCTb B STOT Bonpoc. Peqb npoK^e Bcero
IUJia O ACHCTBHHX B HpjiaHAHH, O BOHHC npOTHB AHIVIHH. A KTO >Ke MOr BbiCTynHTb npoTHB OCTPOBHTHH, no MHCHHK) nanbi, KaK He HcnaHHH91?
TaKHM o6pa30M, HHKTO H3 coBpeMeHHHKOB He 3aBOAM^ pa3roBopa o «npeAaTejibCTBe» HcnaHHH, B OTJIHMHC OT cjiynan c BeHejJHen. EAHHCTBCHHOC HCKTHOHCHHe, KOTopoe noflTBep>K/jaeT npaBHjio, cocraBHjio ncnaHCKoe AyxoBeHCTBO,
KOTopoe rpoMonnacHO, c orpoMHOH CUJIOPI H 3HeprneH, Bbipa^Kajio CBOH npoTecT. /I,ejio, oAHaKO, He B TOM, MTO OHO 6buio npHBA3aHO K H/jee KpecTOBoro noxo/ja npoTHB HeBepHbix 6ojibiue Apyrnx, a B ero He>KejiaHHH BbinjianHBaTb Aajiee
cneunajibHO ycTaHOBJieHHbie H;IH npe>KHHe Hajiorn nocjie Toro, KaK BOHHa npeKpaTHJiacb. BnponeM, 3TH B033BaHHH ocTa/incb 6e3 OTBeTa.
n p o q e c c 06 H3MeHe HcnaHHH B036yAHjin no3AHee HCTOPHKH. npaBAa, CJIOBO «npOIieCC» KaK-TO He COOTBeTCTByeT HeCKOJIbKHM CTpOHKaM Ha 3TOT CHeT,

npHHa/yie>KamHM BsTbeHy H P. KoHeiiKe. «BoHHa npoTHB TypoK, — nHcaji nocjieAHHH95, — GbiJia, TaKHM o6pa30M, coBepmeHHO OTCTaBjieHa B CTopoHy. Ha 3TOM
npepBajiacb Tpa/umna, coxpaHHBiiiaaoi B HcnaHHH Ha npoT5DKCHHH BCKOB. PejiHrno3Ha^ BOHHa c nc/iaMOM, noACTerHBaBinaji H cnjiaqnBaBiiiaii AyxoBHbie CHJIW
nojiyocrpoBa, 3aKOHHHjiacb. KOHCHHO, PeKOHKHcra H npoAOJDKHBuine ee 3aBoeBaTejibHbie Ha6ern Ha CeBepHyio Acj)pnKy He 6buiH pe^Hrno3HbiMH BOHHaMH B
nojiHOM CMbicjie c/iOBa. TeM He MeHee, HMCHHO pe;iHrH03HbiH Ayx nocTOHHHO
BAOXHOBJIHJI H oceHHJi 3TH npe/uipHHTHH, 6jiaroAapfl qeMy OHH BOcnpHHHMajincb
B HcnaHHH KaK o6mee BejiHKoe ACTIO. CaMbiH MOIUHWH ABHraTejib ncnaHCKoro
pa3BHTHH 6bm napajiH30BaH».
CnpaBczyiHBoe cy>KAeHne, ecjiH roBopHTb 06 3BOJIIOU,HH B IJCJIOM, HO HCTOHHoe BO MHornx OTHOIUCHHHX. PejiHrno3Hoe qyBCTBO, KOTopbiM H3o6H;iOBajia
HcnaHHH, n o o i e 1580 ro^a Hauuio ce6e Apyron BMXOA- BoHHa npoTHB epecn
TO>Ke 6biJia pejiHrno3HOH BOHHOH, CO BCCMH BbiTeKaiomHMH OTCio^a nocjieACTBHHMH. BnponeM, 6bi^o H HecKOJibKO nonbiTOK CTOJIKHOBCHHH B CeBepHOH A(J)pH-

331

BoHHayxoflHT H3 ueHTpa CpeAH3eMHOMopbH

Ke H c TypKaMH — MHHMaa BOHHa 1593 ro/ja — npaB^a, He HMeBiuafl HHKaKoro
3HaqeHHH.
KaK 6bi TaM HH 6biJio, c|)aKT TOT, MTO 80-roAbi HBJIHIOTC5I py6e>KOM B HCTOPHH
BHeuiHHx B3aHMOoTHoiueHHH HcnaHHH c HCJiaMOM, XOTH H npe>KAe 3Ta HCTopna
6buia Ky^a 6ojiee (J>parMeHTapHOH, HeoAHopoAHOH H npoH3Bo;ibHOH, qeM o6biqHO AyMaiOT. riocjie noco;ibCTBa MapjibflHH yTBep/jHJica MHp. r i e p e M n p n e
1581 roAa 6bmo, noxoace, BO3O6HOBJICHO B 1584 H Aaace B 1587 roAy % . A npoaBjieHHH Bpa^KAbi, ecjiH OHH H 6bi;iH, He HAyT HH B KaKoe cpaBHeHHe c BCTIHKHMH
BOHHaMH npouijioro. riepeMnpne OTHK>AI> He 6buio Bcero jiniiib xHTpon yjiOBKOH HCnaHCKOH nOJIHTHKH97.
B TaKOM cjiyqae MO>KCM JIH Mbi yTBepacAaTb, MTO B 1581 roAy HcnaHHH coBepuiHjia npeAaTejibCTBo? ECJIH STO H TaK, TO peqb HACT o npe/jaTejibCTBe n o OTHOuieHHio K ce6e caMon, K CBoen Tpa^HiiHH, cBoeMy 6biTHio. KaK 6bi TO HH 6buio,
OHa He npe/jajia cpeAH3eMHOMopcKHx xpncTHaH, He ocTaBHJia BeHeijHio HaeAHHe c MCTHTe^bHbiMH TypKaMH H He noKH/jajia HTajinio, o6opoHa KOTopon Aoporo en o6xoAHJiacb. MO>KHO JIH ocy>KAaTb ee 3a neperoBopbi c TypKaMH? H e OHa
BBejia Typqnio B Kpyr eBponencKHx Aep>KaB. TpaHAH03HaH BOHHa Ha CpeAH3eMHOM M O p e CTaJia n p e B O C X O A H T b B03MO>KHOCTH CaMHX BeJIHKHX ACp>KaB, nOJIHTH-

qecKHx MOHCTPOB, c TaKHM TpyzjOM yAep>KHBaBiiiHx KaacAafl co6cTBeHHyio nojioBHHy ero TeppHTopnn. npeAaTejibCTBO H ocjia6jieHHe xBaTKH — 3TO He OAHO H
TO >KC n O C J i e A C T B H H ABH>KeHH5I M a f l T H H K a , K O T O p o e BblTeCHHJIO B O H H b l B 3 T H

roAbi T^Hcejibix H HeBHHTHbix neperoBopoB H3 cpeAH3eMHOMopcKoro npocTpaHCTBa, 6b\jiu ABOHKHMH: C OAHOH CTopoHbi, OHH noBepHyjiH HcnaHHio B CTopoHy
nopTyrajiHH H A T J ^ H T H K H , noompHB ee K eme 6ojiee rnraHTCKOH aBaHTiope Ha
Mope, neM Ta, KOTopaji HMejia MecTo Ha TCCHOM cpeAH3eMHOMopcKOM miTanKe;
B TO 7KG B p e M H OHH A^JIH B03MO>KHOCTb T y p i J H H 3aHHTbCH H e p C H C H , A^LTieKHMH

CTpaHaMH A3HH, KaBKa30M, KacnnncKHM MopeM, ApMeHHen, H no3AHee, 6acceHHOM HHAHHCKoro oKeaHa.

2. BOHHA YXO^HT H3 UEHTPA CPE^H3EMHOMOPbH
He BcerAa 6yAynn

B COCTOHHHH

oG-bacHHTb

HX,

Mbi

MOKCM

OTMeTHTb cnjib-

H e H U I H e K O J i e 6 a H H H T y p e q K O H B O e H H O H nOJIHTHKH. ,Zl,OCTaTOHHO 0 3 H a K O M H T b C H

c caMbiM KpaTKHM o63opoM napcTBOBaHHH CyjieHMaHa BejiHKOjienHoro, HTo6bi
nojiyHHTb TOMy noATBep>KAeHHe98. H M C H H O 3TH KOJie6aHHH, a He BOJIH MOHapxa
3aAaBajiH pnTM ero cjiaBHoro ixapcTBOBaHHH. C TeneHHeM BpeMeHH ueHTp TH>KeCTH TypeijKOH MOIIJH CMemaeTCfl TO B CTopoHy A 3 H H , TO Acj>pHKH, TO CpeAH3eMHoro Mopn, TO CeBepHbix BajiKaH B EBpone. Ka^KAoe H3 3THX ABH>KeHHH conpoBO>KAaeTCH MOIIJHblMH TOJIHKaMH, H eCJIH C y i l j e C T B y e T p H T M H C T O p H H , TO 3 T O

332

HcnaHO-TypeijKHe nepeMHpnfl: 1577—1584

H M e H H O OH. H o 3 T O 3 a K p b I T a f l JJJISI HaC H C T O p H H , n O T O M y HTO H C T O p H K H 3 a H H T b I

HH^HBHAyyMaMH. Hx Majio HHTepecyioT r;iy6HHHbie TeneHHH (HanpHMep, Te,
KOTopbie BocxoAflT eme K BM3aHTHHCKOH MMnepHH, pa3pyiueHHOM H BMecTe c
TeM npo/jojDKeHHOH TypKaMH), nojiHTHHecKan c|)H3HKa, n o 3aKOHaM KOTopon
ycTaHaBJiHBajiocb paBHOBecne Me>KAy CTpaTernnecKHMH HanpaBjieHHHMH Typeu,Koro HaTHCKa Ha BHCUIHHH Mnp.
IIpOTHBOCTOHHHe IlepCHH
BHyTpeHHHH HCTOPHH TypqHH B nepnoA 1578—1590 TO/JOB /yin Hac HeAOCTynHa, a xpoHHKH, Ha KOTopbie onnpaeTCfl, HanpHMep, noBecTBOBaHne XaMMepa,
noABOA^T K KpynHbiM npo6^eMaM To;ibKO nepe3 paccica3 o COGWTHHX.
OAHaKO xpaHHT CBOH TanHbi He OAHa TypiiHH, o6pa3 KOTopon B KOHije KOHUOB AOCTaTOHHO onpeAejieH w noHjrreH jyin HCTOPHKOB; Mbi njioxo 3HaKOMbi c
nepcHACKOH iiHBHJiH3aiJHeH, npeACTaBJiHiomen Apyroe HanpaBJieHne nc/iaMa, a
TaioKe c TeppHTopHHMH, pacnojioHceHHbiMH Me^KAy TypiineH, nepcHCH H npaBOc^aBHOH PoccHen... KaKOBa 6buia pojib TypKecTaHa, e q e OAHoro BaacHenmero
pernoHa? IOacHee 3THX CTpaH npocTHpaeTCfl orpoMHbin HHAHHCKHH oneaH c
ero ToproBjieft, cjia6o KOHTpojinpyeMOH nopTyrajibqaMH, — nocjie 1580 roAa HX
noA^epncHBaeT HcnaHHH, npaBAa, CKopee B Teopnn, HeM Ha RCJIC
TaK BOT, Bee 3TH 3eMjiH HaM cjieAyeT HMeTb B BHAy, HTo6bi 06'bflCHHTb rpaHAH03HbiH noBopoT B TypeiiKOH nojiHTHKe 1577—1580 TOAOB, TaKon nee peuiHTejibH b l H , KaK n O B O p O T H C n a H C K O H nOJIHTHKH B C T O p O H y A T ^ a H T H K H . B o r a T C T B a O K e -

aHa Tenepb npHTnrnBaiOT EBpony. G/ieAyeT JIU AyMaTb, HTO H Typqnio MaHHJiH K
ce6e, B CBOK) onepeAb, 6oraTCTBa A3HH? H H OAHH H3 HCTOHHHKOB He MO>KCT noAT B e p A H T b 3 T O T TC3HC, H A O C T y n H b l C H a M CBCAeHHfl CTOJIb O T p b l B O H H b l , HTO Mbi

MO>KeM onnpaTbCH jinuib Ha co6cTBeHHbie BnenaTjieHHfl.
H3 xpoHHK HeABycMbicjieHHO ^BCTByeT, MTO llepcHH nepe>KHBajia TH>Ke;ieHIIIHH no^HTHMecKHH KpH3HC. Illax TaxMacn, npaBHBuiHH CTpaHOH c 1522 roAa, B
Mae 1576 6biji y6nT 99 ; 3a STHM noKyuieHneM noHTH cpa3y nocjieAOBajia rH6e;ib
HOBoro MOHapxa, XaHAapa. Floc/ie 3Toro Ha TpoH B30ine;i npHHij HcMaHJi, KOTOporo H3BJieKJiH H3 CTpauiHoro 3acTeHKa; OH npaBHji Bcero uiecTHaAUaTb MecaqeB, AO 24 ceHTflGpa 1577 roAa; 3aTeM K BJiacTH npHiueji noHTH a e n o f t MyxaMMaA XyAa6aHAa, OTeu, 6yAymero A66aca BejiHKoro. 3 T H H HeKOTopbie Apyrne co6biTHH (TpyAHO yjiOBHMyio jym Hac pojib nrpajiH B HHX rpy3HHCKne, nepKeccKHe,
TypKMeHCKne H KypACKne njieMeHa) CBHAeTejibCTByiOT o cjia6ocTH IlepcHH; eio
o6l>5ICH5HOTCH n O n O J I 3 H O B e H H f l H a n a J I b H H K O B T y p e i J K O H r p a H H I I b l , B MaCTHOCTH,

XocpeB-nauiH, H nojiHTHKa Bcex TypeqKHx «BoeHHbix», apMeficKHX KOMaHAHpoB,
roAaMH BoeBaBuiHx Ha (jx/iOTe: CHHaH-nauiH, Mycrac|)bi-naiiiH... IlepcHH pacnaAajiacb Ha nacTH: cjieAOBajio 3THM Bocnojib30BaTbcn.

BowHayxoAHT H3 ijeHTpa CpeAH3eMHOMopi>5i

333

B 1578 roAy H3 KoHcraHTHHonojin B o6;iacTH Ha ceBepe IlepcHH Jierm nncbMa,
aApecoBaHHbie MecTHbiM KHH3biiM, npaBHUiHM H HaxoA^mHMCH He y flCJi, MorymecTBeHHbiM H Me^KHM, npaBHTejiHM IllHpBaHa, /l,arecTaHa, Ipy3HH, MepKecCHH. /I,io>KHHa 3THX nHceM BOcnpoH3BeAeHa HCTOPHKOM ATIH B ero «KHHre no6eAbi», onHCbmaiomeH nepByio KaMnaHHK) HOBOH BOHHW C IlepcHeH 10°. O H H npeAHa3HaneHbi RJIH «LIIa6pyK-MHp3bi, cbma npe>KHero BjiaAeTejia IllHpBaHa; RJIR
LIIeMxajia, KHH3H KyMbiKOB H KaHTaKOB; /yin npaBHTejin Ta6a3epaHa B /JarecTaHe, Ha 6epery KacnnncKoro Mopa; A^IH A/ieKcaHApa, cbma JleBeHAa, rjiaBbi crpaHbi Me>KAy SpHBaHOM H IllHpBaHOM; AJIH TeoprHH, cbma JIyapca6a, rocnoflHHa
o6;iacTH BauianyK (MMepeTHH); Ann npaBHTejin IypHH H jyin /ta^naHa, KHH3H
MnHrpejiHH (Ko^xHAbi)». 3Ta jiaBHHa HMCH COOTHOCHTCH C TeppHTopnen, pacn O J I O K e H H O H MOKAy H e p H b I M H K a C n H H C K H M M O p f l M H , T O H CaMOH T e p p H T O p H -

en, KOTopaa yace cocTaBJisuia npe^MeT npHTH3aHHH CyjieHMaHa BO BpeMH ero BOHH
c n e p c n e n B 1533-1536 H B 1548-1552 ro^ax.
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CBoero rocnoACTBa, HO O BbixoAe K HeMy A-^H co3AaHHH npaMOH yrpo3bi nepcHACKHM ropoAaM Ma3eHAepaHa — MajioH3BecTHbie Ha 3TOM Mope rajiepbi AOJDKHM
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CTpoHTejibCTBa KaHajia Bojira-,3,OH. H o He 6bijio JIH y TypoK TaioKe HaMepeHHH
n O ^ y H H T b A O C T y n B T y p K e C T a H , K B H y T p e H H H M KOMMyHHKaiJHflM A 3 H H , K O T O p b i e

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HanaBinHMCH B KOHije CTOJICTHA, B ijapcrBOBaHHe BejiHKoro maxa A66aca, IlepCHH OTnacTH 6bijia o6H3aHa STHM BHyTpeHHHM ToproBbiM nyTHM A3HH. O H H
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Heo6biHaHHOM pacceHHHH apMHHCKHx KynijoB no BceM cTpaHaM HHAHHCKOFO OKeaHa, B TypeqKHx BjiaAeHHax B A 3 H H H EBpone — HeKOTopwe H3 HHX OKOJIO
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334

HcnaHo-TypeijKHe nepeMwpHH: 1577—1584

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102

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105
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B THCJUIHC HM y^ajiocb BOHTH 6e3 Tpyzja, TO ROJIYVLVI noxoA apMHH n o jiecaM H
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KaHaKa. Eojibuiaa nacTb Tpy3HH oKa3ajiacb y HHX B pyKax. B ceHTflGpe cepacKHp
pa3Ae^Hji ee Ha qeTbipe npoBHHiiHH H nocTaBHji Ha# HHMH 6eHJiep6eeB c BOHCKaMH H apTHjmepHCH, KOTopwc AOJI>KHLI 6bijin co6npaTb iia^ioni c uic^KODoro
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335

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TypKaM npoTHBOCTOHJio npocrpaHCTBO. O T KoHcraHTHHonojui, OTKy^a Bbiuuia
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H npHTOM He o6peMeHeHHan rpoM03AKHM 06030M, a He CHapHHceHHan Ha 3anaAHbiH MaHep apMHH, Bmnonaioiuafl nexoTy, apTHjuiepnio H pa3BeTBjieHHyio HHTeHAaHTCKyio c;iy>K6y108. HAeajibHbiM poAOM BOHCK 6buia 6bi 3Aecb TaTapcKan KOHHHixa, Hcno^b30BaBiuajiCH B KaMnaHHH 1568 ro/ja. H o npe>KAe cjieAOBajio 3apyHHTbCH ee noAA^p>KKOH H npHMeHHTb He B HenpoxoAHMbix jijin uee ropax, a Ha
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Aajibiue B onycTOiueHHOH CTpaHe, HTo6bi 3aKpenHTb ee 3a CO6OH?
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336

Hcnano-TypeuKHe nepeMHpHH: 1577—1584

B 3TOT MOMeHT Typeujcoe OTcrynjieHHe CTajio HanoMHHaTb 6ercTBO. COJIRZLnocjie Bcex npeBpaTHOCTen 3TOH 3MMHCM BOHHH nonaAaBiune B KoHCTaHTHHonojib, npoH3BOAMJiH HeH3rjia/xHMoe BnenaTjieHHe Ha Bcex, BHACBIUHX HX 1 1 4 ,
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B Tpy3Hio, Majio noBJiHHJiH Ha XOA BOMHW. JlexoM apMHa CHHaH-nauiH /yiHHHbiMH KOJiOHHaMH noxHHyjiacb M3 3p3ypyMa B THCJXJIHC. DiaBHOKOMaH/jyiomHH npoBCJI peopraHH3ai;Hio ocMaHCKHx OKynaijHOHHbix nop^AKOB B Tpy3HH. 3axeM, HXO6bi B3HXb peBaHiu 3a Heyzjany CBOHX (f>ypa>KHpoB, OH peiumi HaHecxH yzjap no
6oraxoMy ropo/jy Te6pH3y. 3xa axana He nojiyHHJia pa3BHXHa, H BOHCKa CHOBa
yuuiM B 3p3ypyM. BnponeM, HaqajiHCbyace neperoBopbi o Mwpe. CHHaH nojiynnji
A03BO^eHHe npnexaxb B KoHcxaHXHHono^b /yia o6cyacAeHHfl axoro Bonpoca.
BcKope 6buio 3aioiK)MeHo Henxo Bpo/je nepeMHpHH Ha 1582 rofl. IlepcHACKHH
noco;i H6parHM ABHJICH B KoHcxaHXHHonojib 29 Mapxa 1582 ro/ja «co CBHXOH
cjiyr, Koxopwx 6buio cxojibKo ace, CKOJibKO AHCH B ro/jy» 13°.
MeacAy xeM rpy3HHCKHe npo6jieMbi 3acxaBHJiH xypoK npo^BHXb Henoxopyio
aKXHBHocxb. JlexoM 1582 r o ^ a B 1 Ha/jo 6bmo cHa6/jnxb THCJXJIHC npo/joBOJibcxBHeM H3 3p3ypyMa, BBH/jy HaABHraiomencfl 3HMbi. H o Ha 0603 HanajiH rpy3HHbi H
nepcH^CKHe HeperyjiapHbie qacxH. llojio>KeHHe B Tutyjiuce cxajio flpaMaxHHecKHM. O/niOBpeMeHHo neperoBopbi c nepcn/jcKHM nocojibcxBOM npepBajiHCb. Bee
3XH Hey^aHH npHBejin K B03BpameHHio o6paxHO H onajie CHHaH-nauiH, Koxoporo CHHxajiH npoxHBHHKOM BOHHbi c nepcHeft, a xaioKe K Ha3HaqeHHio 5 AeKa6pa
1582 rofla HOBoro BH3npa, Haym-nauiH, Koxopbift, KaK Mbi noMHHM, 6paHH;icfl c
Map^bHHH Ha 3aKJiiOHHxe^bHOM axane neperoBopoB noc/ie^Hero, B HHBape
1581 ro/ja.
BHyxpeHHHH KpH3HC 03Hanaji npoflOJiaceHHe BOHHU. O H O 6buio nopyneHO
6eH^ep6eio PyMe^HH Oepxa^y, KoxopbiH nojiynnji no xaKOMy cjiynaio caH BH3Hpn. O H pyKOBOAH^ BoeHHbiMH ^eHcxBHHMH B 1583 H 1584 roAy. DiaBHoe BHHMaHne, no npHKa3y caMoro cy^xaHa, 6buio y^ejieHO yKpenjieHHio cnopHbix rpaHwu.
B 1583 roAy 6bi^a B03ABnrHyxa 6ojibiuafl UHxa^ejib B 3pHBaHH; B 1584-M nocxpo-

Hcnano-TypeuKHe nepeMHpHH: 1577—1584

338
eHbi

HJIH

npHBeAeHbi

B

nopaAOK pnj\ 3aMKOB, a TaK>Ke yKpenjieHbi JIopH

H

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HHC. K a K HH C T p a H H O , TaKHM o 6 p a 3 0 M H a BOCTOKe O c M a H C K O H H M n e p H H O T C T p a -

HBajiacb rpaHHqa no 3ana/n-iOMy o6pa3qy, c KpenocrnMH, rapHH30HaMH, npoBHaHTCKHMH 0 6 0 3 a M H . O c T O p O > K H a f l H T e p n e J I H B a f l n O J I H T H K a , H e p a C C H H T a H H a i l
H a B H e i U H H H 3(J)CJ)eKT H o 6 p e M e H H T e J I b H a f l JXJIK COJIA^T.

OAHaKO c 1582 ro^a (nocKOJibKy nepeMnpne co6jnoAajiocb He oneHb CTporo)
H B 1583—1584 ro/jax Ha CeBepHOM KaBKa3e Hanajiacb Apyran, ropa3AO 6ojiee
a K T H B H a H B O H H a , p a 3 B O p a H H B a B l l i a H C 5 I BAOJIb 6 o J I b I I I H X T p a K T O B B T a T a p C K H X

CTennx no HHHqnaTHBe OcMaH-nauiH, ry6epHaTopa /tarecTaHa. BoeHHbie j\ei\CTBHH caMH CO6OH oxBaTHJiH npocTpaHCTBO OT HepHoro AO KacnHHCKoro Mopn.
Flo npnKa3y cyjiTaHa B Kacjx^e 6biJiH CTHHyTbi 3HaMHTejibHbie cnjibi 132; noMHMO
JIIOACH, CHapH>KeHHH H n p O A O B O J I b C T B H H , CK>Aa AOCTaBHJIH B O C e M b A e C H T I I i e C T b

c 3O;IOTOM: nepcHACKHe BOHHbi, TpyAHbie H no;mbie jiHiueHHH jyin HX
yqacTHHKOB, TpeGoBajin, pa3yMeeTca, H orpoMHbix 3aTpaT. BcKope 3aiiuia penb
o 3aHMax B cneT HMymecTBa MeqeTen. OAHOBpeMeHHO B OAHOM aHniHHCKOM AOHeceHHH, OTHOcnmeMCfl K 1583 roAy, ynoMHHaeTcn norpy3Ka nepcaMH cepeGpn13
HWX MOHeT H CJIHTKOB JXJIK BbinjiaTbi >KajiOBaHHH cojiAaTaM -\ KaK Mbi y>Ke BHAeJIH, TypKH npeAnoHHTaK)T 30JIOTO, nepcbi — cepe6po.
SKcneAHqHOHHbiH Kopnyc, co6paHHbiH B Kacjxjje noA KOMaHAOBaHweM ,3,>Ka(J>ap-nauiH, 3aTpaTHJi ABe HeAejiH Ha (J)opcHpoBaHHe /JoHa. l l o nyTH eMy npnmjiocb pacnjianHBaTbCH c MecmbiMH njieMeHaMH CeBepHoro KaBKa3a H MeA-neH-

TIOKOB

HO n p O A B H r a T b C H n o n y C T b l H H b I M p a B H H H a M , H 3 0 6 H J i y i O m H M AHKHMH OJieHHMH 1 3 4 .

Elocjie BocbMHAec^THAHeBHoro nepexoAa, 14HOfl6pn 1582 roAa, OH npnGbui B
/I,ep6eHT, rAe ycrajibie TypKH pacno^o>KHJiHCb Ha 3HMHHH OTAWX. BecHOH MajieHbKaii apMH5i, KOTopyio CHOBa B03r^aBH^ OcMaH-nauia, pa3rpoMHJia nepcoB H npoABHHy^acb AO BaKy. 3aTeM Oc\iaH, nocaAHB /^^Ka^ap-naiiiy B ,2JarecTaHe, BepHyjiCH c ocraBiiiHMHCfl cojiAaTaMH Ha HepHoe Mope. Ha o6paTHOM nyTH HM npnimiocb
Tyro: noc;ie HecKOjibKHX CTOJIKHOBCHHH C pyccKHMH Ha TepeKe H Ky6aHH OHH
6buiH G^OKHpoBaHbi TaTapaMH B Kacj)(|)e. 3 T H HeHaAe>KHbie H n o MeHbiuen Mepe
HecroBopqHBbie COKD3HHKH OTKa3ajiHCb CBeprayTb CBoero xaHa, KaK Tpe6oBaji
OcMaH. HTo6bi Bpa3yMHTb HX, noHaAo6njiocb npnBecTH 3CKaApy TypeiiKHX ra;iep noA BOAHTe^bCTBOM Y/ibA^c-ajiH. 3aMeTHM, HTO ecjin npHBOAHMbie HauiHMH
HCTOHHHKaMH n,H(J>pbi TOHHbi, y OcMaHa 6biJio Bcero neTbipe Tbicaqn qe;iOBeK;
3TO no3BOJineT cyAHTb o Heo6biKHOBeHHOM xapaKTepe onHCbiBaeMOH KaMnaHHH.
B KoHCTaHTHHono^e OH BcrpeTHJi Mpe3BbinaHHO ropnqHH npneivi co CTopoHbi
cyjiTaHa, KOTopbin Ha npoT5i>KeHHH neTbipex qacoB BbicjiyniHBaji e r o A^HHHbifi
OTqeT. Hepe3 Tpn HeACJiH noc/ie 3TOH ayAneHiiHH OH 6bm Ha3HaqeH BCTIHKHM
BH3npeM. CyjiTaH nopyqnji eMy TaK)Ke KOMaHAOBaTb 3p3ypyMCKOH apMHen H 3aHflTb Te6pH3.

BoHHayxoAHT H3 ueHTpa CpeAH3eMHOMopbH

339

3 H M O H HOBblH TJiaBHOKOMaHAyiOmHM T y p O K O n f l T b 6bL7I BblHyHCAeH 3 a H H M a T b C H

ycMHpeHHeM KpbiMa, crpacTH B KOTopoM yjierjincb caMH CO6OH, a c HacrynjieHHeM 6jiaronpHHTHoro BpeMeHH ro.ua noKHHyji 3p3ypyM c HapoqHO coKpameHHOH
apMHeft; B KOHije jieTa (B ceHTa6pe 1585 ro^a) OH Hanaji Ha Te6pH3 H 3axBaTHji
ropoA- ToproBbiH H peMec/ieHHbiH Te6pw3, pacnojio>KeHHbiH Ha H3o6HjiyiomeH
nojiHMH H ca^aMH paBHHHe, 6bui no/japKOM cyAb6bi jxnn TOJIOAHOH H H3HypeHHOH
TypeqKOH apMHH. H o nocjie 6e3>KajiocTHoro rpa6e>Ka HCO6XOAHMO 6bijio cponHO yKpemiflTb ropoA, B OKpecTHOCT^x KOToporo ocraBajincb 6oecnoco6Hbie nepcbi. OAep^caB 6^ecT5imyio no6eAy, OcMaH-nauia yMep BenepoM nocjie OAHOH H3
CTbiqeK (29 OKTfl6pn 1585 roAa). Ha 3HMHHC KBapTwpbi apMHio OTBCTI LJ,Hrajia.
Ho nepcbi He OTKa3ajiHCb OT conpoTHBjieHHH. 3HMOH 1585—1586 roAa OT THCJDjinca AO Te6pH3a Ha BceM npoTH^ceHHH TypeuKoro AUMeca He 6buio yKpemieHHfl,
He oca>KAeHHoro noAAaHHbiMH maxa H HX Ty3eMHbiMH coo6mHHKaMH. Ha 3TOT
pa3 yKpenjieHHH Toace Bbi^ep^KajiH, H Te6pH3 6bm BOBpeMH ocBo6o>KAeH c e p a o
KHpoM OepxaA-nauioH, KOTopbiH CHOBa CTaji BO rjiaBe a3HaTCKOH apMHH. MeAjieHHO, HO BepHo TypKH B03BpamajiH ce6e npeHMymecrBO. npHTOM B TeneHHe
AByx cjieAyiomnx jieT xapaicrep BOHHH H3MeHHJiC5i. nepcaM Heo>KHAaHHO npniiuiocb 6opoTbCH c HOBbiM BparoM, xopacaHCKHMH y36eKaMH. OnacHOCTb yrpo>Kajia Tenepb c Tbuia, a Ha6npaTb BcaAHHKOB crajio Tpy^Hee. B 3TO BpeMH TypKH
Bbiiu^H H3 Te6pH3a H CTajiH npoABHraTbCH Ha ion Ea3on BOHHW Ha Kanoe-TO BpeMH BMecTO 3p3epyMa CTaji Ear/ja^. HMCHHO OKOJIO Hero B 1587 roAy apMHH OepxaA-nauiH, yBejiHHHBiuaflCH 3a cneT Ha6paHHbix B cneuiKe KypAOB, OAepacajia no6e^y Ha# nepcaMH Ha paBHHHe }KypaBjien. Ha 6ynymHH roA TypKH CHOBa cocpeAOTOHHJIH CBOH ycnjina Ha ceBepe, B OKpecTHOCT^x Te6pH3a, B Kapa6axe. O H H
3aB;iaAe;iH DIHA>KOH H TOTnac ace HaqajiH yKpemurrb ee, roTOBHCb K HOBHM KaMnaHHHM.
TeM BpeMeHeM IOHWH A66ac, AencTByn CHJIOH H y6e>KAeHHeM, CTaji conpaBHTejieM CBoero OTixa eme n p n >KH3HH nocjieAHero (niOHb 1587 roAa). Eiuy XBaTHJio
MyApocTH, MTo6bi noHATb, HTO H36aBHTbCH OT AByx 30J1, yrHeTaBiiinx ero ijapCTBO, y36eKOB c OAHOH CTopoHbi H ocMaHOB c Apyron, 6biJio Jierqe, noHAfl Ha
ycrynKH Ha 3anaAe. B 1588 roAy nbiuiHoe nepcHACKoe nocojibCTBO, B03i7iaB;ifleMoe npHHqeM XaHAap-Mnp30H, onnTb npn6bijio B KoHcraHTHHonojib. B Typeu,KOH CTOJinqe, rAe n p n MypaAe ycTaHOBHjiocb rocnoACTBO pocKoiun, ycTpaHBa;iHCb Be;iHKo;ienHbie npneivibi. neperoBopbi A-flHJiHCb AOJiro, HO corjiameHHe,
HaKOHeq, 6buio AOCTHrHyro. 21 MapTa 1590 roAa 6biJi noAnncaH Mnp, nojioaoiBIIIHH KOHeq ABeHaAuaTHjieTHen BOHHC YnopcTBo TypoK 6YAJ\O B03HarpaxcAeHo:
Bee 3aBoeBaHHbie TeppHTopHH ocTajincb B pyKax cyjiTaHa, a HMCHHO Tpy3HH,
LLlHpBaH, JlypncTaH, LLIep30^, Te6pH3 H OTHocnmancH K Heiviy «qacTb A3ep6anA>KaHa»135.

340
3TO

Hcnano-TypeuKHe nepeMHpmi: 1577—1584
6buia HeMajia^i noGe^a. OHa

HBJIHCTCH

CBH/jeTejibCTBOM,

H

npHTOM AaJie-

KO H e e / t f i H C T B e H H b l M , } K H 3 H e c n O C o 6 H O C T H T y p e q K O H H M n e p H H . H o flJIH H C T O p H K a

CpeAH3eMHOMopbH Ba>KHO OTMeTHTb, MTO ee CHJibi GbijiH ycrpeMJieHbi B CTopoHy
Kacnna, B^ajib OT BHyTpeHHero Mopn. 3 T O T n,eHTpo6e>KHbiH nopbm o6T>HCH5ieT
6e3AeHTe;ibHOCTb TypijHH, no MeHbmen Mepe, RO 1590 ro^a Ha cpeAH3eMHOMopCKOM npocTpaHCTBe.

TypKH Ha HH^HHCKOM oKeaHe
K TOMy ace, Hapa/iy c BOHHOH B llepcHH TypKaM npnxoAHjiocb BbmepacHBaTb
6opb6y Ha HHAHHCKOM oneaHe, o6cTOHTejibCTBa KOTopon HaM TaioKe oneHb Majio
H3BeCTHbI.
HHAHHCKHH OKcaH, BO BCHKOM c/iyqae e r o 3anaAHaa qacTb, Ha npoTHHceHHH
BeKOB ocTaBajiCH HCJiaMCKHM BOAoeMOM. FIopTyrajibqaM He yzjajiocb H3rHaTb OTTyAa MycyjibMaH, KOTopbie HaHocnjiH n o HHM omyTHMbie yAapbi, HaMHHan c
1538 roAa, H TypKH n p n 3TOM HI pajiH BecoMyio po;ib. OAHaKO B KOHCMHOM cneTe
npoABH>KeHHe OcMaHCKon HMnepHH Ha lor noTepne^o HeyAany CKopee Bcero
HMeHHO noTOMy, HTO TypKH He cyMejiH AOCTOHHO npoTHBOCTOHTb EBpone. JXJIK
3Toro Tpe6oBajiCH xopouinn CJDJIOT, H TypKH, GeccnopHO, pacno;iarajiH rpo3HbiM
(jx/iOTOM. H o OHH MorjiH BbiHTH Ha OKeaH TOjibKo nepe3 y3Koe KpacHoe Mope,
Hcno;ib3yfl n p n STOM cyAa H npneMbi MopenjiaBaHHfl cpeAH3eMHOMopcKoro rana.
ConepHHKaM Typiinn Ha HHAHHCKOM OKeaHe npoTHBOcrojuiH cpeAH3eMHOMopCKHe rajiepbi, KOTopbie AOcraBjmjiHCb KapaBaHaMH B pa3o6paHHOM BHAe B Cyau,
rAe HX CHOBa co6npajiH H cnycKajin Ha BOAy. HMCHHO Ha 3THX rajiepax CTapbin
CyjienMaH-nauia, ry6epHaTop ErnnTa, B 1538 roAy B3HJI AACH H B ceHTfl6pe Toro
ace roAa AOiue;i j\o /Jny, KOTopbin ycTOjui npoTHB Hero. B 1554 roAy n n p n - p e n c 1 3 6
co CBOHMH rajiepaMH BbicrynHji nonbiTaTb cqacrba npoTHB nopTyrajibCKHX napycHHKOB, paccMHTaHHbix Ha OKeaHCKne njiaBaHHH H jienco cnpaBHBiiiHxcfl c e r o
rpe6HbiMH cyAaMH. Ba3HpoBaBinaacfl B Bacpe, y BopoT Apyroro y3Koro BOAoeMa,
nepcHACKoro 3ajiHBa, 3CKaApa rajiep noA KOMaHAOBaHneM aAMHpajia H no3Ta
AJIH B 1556 roAy 6buia Bbi6pomeHa Ha no6epe>Kbe nojiyocTpoBa TyzpKapaT H noKHHyTa CBOHM iviaBOH H 3KHna>KaMH. TaKHM o6pa30M HHAHHCKHH OKeaH CTaji
CBHAeTejieM STOH jnoGonbiTHon 6opb6bi Me>KAy rajiepaMH H napycHbiMH cyAaMH137.
TypeuKHe Bbuia3KH B STOM HanpaBjieHHH 6biJiH, KaK npaBHjio, CBH3aHbi c Typ e U K O - n e p C H A C K H M H OCJIO>KHeHHflMH. ,3,OBOJIbHO HaCTO OHH CJICAOBaJIH 3 a BOH-

HaMH c n e p c n e n . BoHHa 1533—1536 TOAOB noBJieKJia 3a CO6OH 3KcneAHiiHio CyjieHMaH-naiiiH: B3HTne AAeHa H nepBan ocaAa/],Hy OTHOCHTCH K 1538 roAy. BoHHa
1548—1552 roAOB (KOTopaa Bcepbe3 Bejiacb TOJibKO B xoj\e nepBOH KaMnaHHn)
conpoBO>KAajiacb BTopon ocaAOH J\uy B 1549 roAy, 3KcneAHqneH n n p n - p e n c a B

BoHHa yxoAHT H3 ueHTpa CpeAH3eMHOMopbH

341

1554 roAy H 3KcneAHiiHeH AJIH B 1556 roAy. H OKOJIO 1585 roaa, Kor^a BOHHa
npoTHB riepcHM CTajia 3aTHxaTb, B03o6HOBHJincb onepaqHH Ha oKeaHe, y BOCTOHHoro no6epe>KbH AcjjpHKH, KOTopoe nopTyrajibijbi Ha3biBajiH KoHTpa Komxa138.
B o6meM, McnaHo-TypeqKoe nepeMHpHe co6jnoAajiocb TOJibKO Ha CpeAH3eMHOM Mope. HanpacHO Onjinnn II peKOMeHAOBaji nopTyrajibCKHM HHHOBHHKaM —
BnpoqeM c GOJIMUHM ono3AaHHeM, npoflBJiHTb me^pocTb H TepnHMOCTb, MTo6bi
HeAOBOJibHbie Ty3eMHbie KHA3bKH He o6pamajiHCb K TypnaM139. IlocjieAHHe oco6eHHO H He >KAajiH, nona HX no30ByT. Ilocjie 1580 ro^a OHH nocTOHHHO AeJiajiH
ycneuiHbie Ha6erH Ha nopTyrajibCKHe cJ)aKTopHH. B 1585 roAy 4>JIOT noA KOMaHAOBaHHeM Mnpajin-Gea 14° Aaace AOCTHr ac|)pHKaHCKoro 30JiOToro 6epera. O H jierKO 3aB;iaAeji MoraAHino, BpaBOH, /JacyMGo H AMnacoft. TlpaBHTejib MoM6acbi
o6-bflBHji ce6n noAAaHHbiM IlopTbi. Ha c/ieAyiomHH TOA MnpajiH-6eH 3axBaTHji
Bee nopTbi Ha no6epe>Kbe, 3a HcmiioqeHHeM MajiHHAH, IlaTTbi H KHJIHCJ)H, OCTaBiiiHxcH BepHbiMH nopTyrajinn. Crajio JIH STO pe3yjibTaTOM AypHoro o6pameHHH nopTyrajibueB c Ty3eivmaMH, KaK nojiaraji OHJinnn II?141
nopTyrajibqbi He Toponnjincb c OTBCTOM. B 1588 roAy HX (JXJIOTHJIHH 6jiy>KAaJia y 6eperoB K)>KHOH ApaBHH142. TOA Heno6eAHMOH ApMaAbi AOCTaBHJi n6epHHCKOH BoeHHOH MauiHHe Maccy ApyrHx 3a6oT, noMHMO 3Toro yAajieHHoro KOH(})jiHKTa. Ho CTaBKa 6buia BejiHKa: 3a MoM6acoH, KOTopyio TypKH co6npajiHCb
ynpenHTb, HaxoAHJiHCb 30JiOTbie pyAHHKH Cocj)ajibi, a B uiHpoKOM CMbicjie — n e p CHH H HHAHH, KOTopyK) nopTyrajibCKHH (JXTIOT B 1588 roAy TiiieTHO nbiTajiCH npnKpbiTb co CTopoHbi Ba6-3Jib-MaHAe6cKoro npojiHBa. K cqacrbio jxjin nopTyrajibqeB caMH TypKH HaxoAHJiHCb Ha npeAeJie CBOHX CHJI, pacxoAyeMbix Ha npeoAOJieHHe orpoMHoro paccTOHHHH. B 1589 roAy MnpajiH-Sen BbicTynnji B noxoA Bcero
c n^Tbio Kopa6;iHMH. nopTyrajibCKHH (|>JIOT ToMe AH Co3bi 3anep ero B ycTbe
MoM6acbi, a B 3TO BpeMH no6epe>Kbe OKa3ajiocb oxBaneHO B3pbiBOM HeroAOBaHHH MepHOKO>KHX Ty3eMU,eB, KOTOpblH CMeJI B KOHLje KOHIJOB H MeCTHblX KHH3bKOB, H TypeUKHX 3aXBaTHHKOB. O T H36neHHH CnaCJIHCb TOJibKO Te TypKH, KOTO-

pbie yKpwjiHCb Ha 6opTy nopTyrajibCKHx cyAOB, B TOM HHCJie caM MnpajiH-Gen.
TaK B 1589 roAy npoBajiHJiacb OAHa H3 caMbix jno6onbiTHbix H HaHMeHee H3yqeHHbix nonbiTOK TypeqKOH 3KcnaHCHH.
IIoBopoTHbiH MOMeHT: BOHHa c nopTyrajiHeii
IOA Bap(|)OJiOMeeBCKOH HOHH npeAcraBjinjicfl MHimie noBopoTHbiM B XVI BeKe.
Ho ecjiH nepejiOM H npoH30ineji, TO OH npHxoAHTOi CKopee Ha 1578—1573 roAbi,
KorAa nopTyrajibCKaa BOHHa 03HaMeHOBajia CO6OH Haqajio BCJIMKOH 6opb6bi 3a
ATJiaHTHKy H MHpOBOe TOCnOACTBO. MaHTHHK HCnaHCKOH nOJIHTHKH KaHHyJICfl B

CTopoHy OKeaHa H 3anaAHOH EBponbi. B STO caMoe BpeMji, KorAa 6aHKpoTCTBOM

342

Hcnano-TypeuKHe nepeMHpHH: 1577—1584

1575 ro/ja 3aBepuiHjiacb nepBaa nacTb n,apcTBOBaHH*i Onjinnna II, npHTOK AparoqeHHbix MeTajuiOB pe3KO pacmnpHji BO3MO>KHOCTH ncnaHCKHX BoeHHbix 3aTpaT. HanajiCH Tan Ha3biBaeMbiH «KOPOJICBCKHH cepe6p^HbiH UHKJI», npoAOJiacHBuiHHCH M n o a e yKa3aHHoro nepejiOMHoro nepnoAa H oxBaTHBiiiHH 1579—
1592 roAbi 14 \ llojiHTHKa Onjinnna II B HnAepjiaHAax H B Apyrnx Mecrax, nepeA
KOTopoH OTKpwjiHCb 3aMaHHHBbie BO3MC»KHOCTH H nepcneKTHBbi, crajia 6ojiee
aKTHBHOH H M e H e e OCTOpO^CHOH.

3Ta ApaMaTHHecKaa nepeMeHa He ycKOJib3Hyjia OT BHHMaHHH HCTOPMKOB, oco6eHHO nopTyrajibCKHx, KOTopbie 3HaKOMbi c Hen jiyqine Apyrnx, HO BHAHT ee nepe3 yBejiHHHTejibHoe CTemio CBOHX HaiiHOHajibHbix cyzje6, KOTopbie, HecoMHeHHO,

6bIJIH B 3TO B p e M H B L j e H T p e C o 6 b I T H H , n p O H C X O A H B I I I H X H a A T J i a H T H K e , HO

He HcnepribiBajiH ee ncropHH. CBH3aB OAHH (J)aKTbi c ApyrHMH, Mbi yGe/jHMCH B
pa3Maxe 3aBH3aBuiencH 3Aecb 6opb6bi. H e CTaHeM noBTopsrrb BbiCKa3biBaBiueecfl HeKOTopbiMH yTBep^cACHHe, HTO OHa CTOHT y HCTOKOB «HOBoro BpeMeHH».
He 6yzjeM 3a6eraTb BnepeA: Ha caMOM Aejie 3TH BOHHW Ha MHorae roAbi 3aTopMO3HJIH pa3BHTHe OKeaHa.
H T O KacaeTCH HcnaHHH, TO 3Aecb CMeHa Kypca 6biJia OTHCT^HBO 3aMeTHa. B
1579 roAy B MaApHA npnGbui KapAHHaji IpaHBejuia. 3Aecb OH ocTaBajica j\o CBOefi CMepTH (1586), ceMb jieT, Ha npoT5DKeHHH KOTopbix HcnojiHjui cnepBa (j)aKT H H e C K H , a 3 a T e M HOMHHaJIbHO o 6 f l 3 a H H O C T H n e p B O r O M H H H C T p a .

Bo3HHKaeT

co6;ia3H (KOToporo He H36e>Kaji MapTHH OnjinnncoH) CBjoaTb nepexoA OT c|)a3bi
OCTOPO>KHOH o6opoHHTejibHOH nojiHTHKH Owjinnna II K arpeccHBHOH 3aBoeBaTejibHon (J)a3e c STHMH nepeivieHaMH B npaBHTejibCTBe. JXo 1580 roAa B ncnaHCKOH nojiHTHKe BJiHAHHe «napTHH Mnpa» — napTHH Pyn ToMeca H ero Apy3en —
npeoGjiaAajio HaA «napTHen BOHHbi», K KOTopon npHHaAJieacajiH r e p q o r Ajib6a
H ero CTOPOHHHKH. BbijiH H HCKJiiOHeHHfl: BcnoMHHM nyTemecTBHe r e p q o r a Ajib6bi B 1567 roAy HJIH JlenaHTO. BnponeM, o6e napTHH He 6buiH opraHH30BaHHbiMH. Jlyquie Ha3BaTb HX KJiHKaMH, KOTopbix Kopojib CTopoHHJiCH, Hcnojib3yH ycTpaHBaBiune ero pa3Aopbi Mea<Ay noA^HHeHHbiMH j\j\n c6opa 6o;iee 6oraTOH HH^opMaqHH, j\j\n o6jierqeHHH CJIOKKH H, HaKOHeu,, A-flfl ynponeHHfl co6cTBeHHoro
aBTopHTeTa. npoTHBonocTaBjinn OAHy rpynny Apyron, He onpoBepran HX noAO3peHHH, Onjinnn II TaKHM o6pa30M H3Beji HeMajio JIIOACH y ce6n Ha cjiyacGe. 3 T O My cnoco6cTBOBajia H TpyAHOCTb 3aAan ero ijapcTBOBaHHfl. K 1579 roAy coxpaHHjiHCb jiniiib >KajiKne ocTaTKH napTHH nepBOH c})a3bi ero npaBjieHHH. Pyn ToMec
yMep B 1573 roAy, a ero CTOPOHHHKH, rpynnnpoBaBiiiHecfl BOKpyr AHTOHHO n e peca, 6bijiH y>Ke He CTOjib nocjieAOBaTejibHbiMH. Iepijor Ajib6a, noKHHyBiunn
HnAepjiaHAbi B AeKa6pe 1573 roAa, 6ojibiiie He npno6peji B HcnaHHH npe>KHero
He3aBHCHMoro nojio>KeHH5i. B 1575 roAy Heo^KHAaHHaa onajia HCKjnoqHJia ero H3
nOJIHTHHeCKOH 2KH3HH.

BoHHa yxo/jHT H3 nenTpa CpeAH3eMHOMopbH

343

Onjinnn II Bbi3Baji K ce6e rpaHBejuiy B MapTe 1579 ro^a. «H KpanHe Hy>KAaK)Cb B BaiucM npHcyTCTBHH, — nncaji OH eMy, — H B Baiiiei* noMOiijH B npaBHTejibCTBeHHbix Tpyzjax H 3a6oTax... HeM paHbiue Bbi upuej\eTCy TeM 6ojibiue yAOBOJibCTBHfl MHC AOCTaBHTC»

144

. K a p A H H a J I >KHJI B 3 T O B p e M f l B P H M C H e C M O T p H

Ha

B03pacT — 62 ro/ja — OH npHHflji npeA-noaceHHe, HO He CMor nycTHTbca B
nyTb 6e3 OTJiaraTeJibCTB: CMy npHiiuiocb 3aAep>KaTbc$i B PHMC, 3aTeM B IeHye.
TojibKO 2 Hiojia BMecTe c conpoBO>KAaBiiiHM ero AOHOM XyaHOM Ae H^HaKecoM
OH yBHAeji 6epera HcnaHHH. 8 qncjia OHH BbicaAHjincb B BapcejiOHe. KapAHHaji
CBOH

HeMeA-fleHHO ABHHyjICfl J\2UlhUie

CO CBOHMH n O B 0 3 K a M H H B b l O H H b l M H }KHBOTHbI-

MH, ABHra^cb no HonaM, Kor^a cna^ajia >Kapa. r i o npHKa3y KopojiH, HaxoAHBiiierocfl yace B 3cKopnajie, OH MHHOBaji MaApHA H B nepBbie AHH aBrycTa npnexaji B
CaH JIopeHijo, rAe Kopojib BCTpeTHji ero KaK cnacHTejiH145.
3 T O noAxoAnmee CJIOBO. OHjinnn II noA>KHAaji, noKa Kap/uiHaji HanpaBHTOi
B ScKopnaji, HTo6bi c6pocHTb MacKy H HaHecTH BHe3anHbiH yzjap no AHTOHHO
Elepecy H ero coo6mHHn,e npnHijecce 3 6 O J I H . B HOMb c 28 Ha 29 UK>JIH o6a 6WJIH
apecTOBaHbi. 3 T H AaTbi BaacHbi, TaK KaK AHTOHHO l l e p e c y>Ke AaBHO Bbi3biBaji
noA03peHHe y CBoero xo3HHHa, HO Kopojib peuiHJicn nocnrHyTb Ha Bee eme BJIHHTejibHyio rpynnHpoBKy, TOJibKO Kor^a ero HOBbiH Ka6nHeT 6bui noMTH yKOMnjieKTOBaH. C npne3AOM TpaHBejuibi 3aBepuiHjic5i Kpax napTHH MHpa. CBOIO pojib
3^ecb cbirpajiH MHoroqncJieHHbie jiHHHbie MOTHBH, ApaMaTHHHbie H qpe3BbinaHHO CMyTHbie Ul\ Ho 6bmo n AaBjieHHe o6cT05rrejibCTB. nonbiTKa npHMHpeHHH B
HHAep;iaHAax, npeAnpHHATaa PeKeceHCOM, oKOHHHJiacb eme 6ojiee rpoMKHM
npoBajioM, neM AeflTejibHOCTb repqora A/ib6bi. B nopTyrajibCKOM Bonpoce, OTKpbiBiueMCH JICTOM 1578 roAa, MCTOA KOMnpoMHecoB He o6eujaji Hnqero xopoiiiero. MO)KHO 6buio npeAnojiaraTb, HTO B noc/ieAHeM cjiyqae AHTOHHO n e p e c
COBepiUHJI H3MCHy. H o 3TO CJIOBO H p C B a T O HCAOMOJIBKaMH H HeTOHHOCTflMH, H

npHBOAHBiuneoi AOKa3aTe;ibCTBa Majioy6eAHTejibHbi. OcTaeTcn ranoTe3a, corjiacHO KOTopon MOHapxa Hanajia 6ecnoKOHTb npoBOAHBiuaiicfl nojiHTHKa.
HTaK, npoH3oiiiJiH 6ojibiiiHe nepeMeHbi. B jinn,e TpaHBejiJibi y KopMHJia HMnepnH Onjinnna II noHBHJica SHeprnnHbin, yMHbiH, MacurraGHO MbicjiamHH j\enTejib; qejiOBeK qecTHbin, aKTHBHbin, npeAaHHbiH HHTepecaM Kopojia H BejiHHHio
HcnaHHH. n p n 3TOM noaauiOH H npHHaAJie>KamHH K Apyroiviy noKOJieHHio, npHBbiKiiiHH MbicjieHHO nepeHocHTbcn B BejiHKyio 3noxy Kapjia n n T o r o , HaxoAMTb
TaM npHMepbi H o6pa3u,bi jijin noApaacaHHfl, CKJIOHHWH 6paHHTb TO BpeMH, B
KOTopoe OH XCHJI. 3 T O peuiHTejibHan H 6oraTaH HAeaMH jiHHHOCTb; BHanajie ero
BJiHHHne Gbijio BC/IHKO: OH 6bui BAOxHOBHTejieM no6eA 1580 roAa. H o nocjie Toro
KaK 4>HJinnn II c TpHyM(J)OM BepHyjica H3 JIncca6oHa, 3TO BJIHHHHC 6biJio CKopee
Hapy^CHbiM, HCM peajibHbiM. TpaHBejuia To>Ke pacTpaTHji CBOH CHJIW Ha KopojieBCKOH cjiy>K6e.

344

HcnaHO-TypeuKwe nepeMnpHH: 1577—1584

TaKHM o6pa30M, HajiHijo cymecxBeHHafl AwcnponopijHfl MeacAy Maciuxa6oM
co6bixHH, xo ecxb pa3MauiHCXbiM ABHHCCHHCM ManxHHKa, noBepHyBuiHM CHJIW
HcnaHHH ox CpeAH3eMHoro Mopa K AxjiaHXHKe, H B03BbiuieHHeM TpaHBejuibi.
BHorpa^HHecKMM noxoA yrpo>Kaex BBCCXH Hac B 3a6jiy>KAeHHe, KaK 3xo cjiyqHjiocb co cxojib CKpyny^e3HbiM HCCJieAOBaxejieM, KaK MapxHH OHJIHIIIICOH. O H
o6ouieji BHHMaHHeM yKa3aHHoe nepepacnpeAejieHHe CHJI. O H ynycxHJi H3 BH/jy
yxoA HcnaHHH co cpeAH3eMHOMopcKoro xeaxpa BoeHHbix ACHCXBHH xo^bKO noxoMy, HXO HaxKHy^CH Ha 3anBJieHHe KapAHHajia o e r o HecoiviacHH c HcnaHO-xypeuKHM nepeMHpneM. H o HHHXO B A^HHOM cjiynae He rapaHXHpyex HCKpeHHOCXH IpaHBejuibi147. OaKx xox, qxo nepeMHpne 6buio 3aKJnoqeHO H npoAJieBajiocb
Ha npoxHHceHHH MHorax jiex, Kor^a IpaHBejuia y>Ke 6biJi MHHHCXPOM; xaK qxo
ecjiH CpeAH3eMHoe Mope ocxajiocb Ha 3aAHeM njiaHe, B 3XOM Hex HH 3ac;iyrH, HH
BHHW KapAHHajia.

AjibKacap-Ke6np *
nocjieAHHM KpecxoBbiM noxo^OM cpeAH3eMHOMopcKoro xpHCxnaHcxBa 6buia
He KaMnaHHH JlenaHxo, a cocxoHBinaacH qepe3 ceMb jiex nopxyrajibCKa^ 3KcneAHU,HH, KOxopoH cy>KAeHO 6buio OKOHHHXbCH Kaxacxpo(|)OH npH A/ibKacap-Ke6npe (4 aBrycxa 1578 ro/ja) 6JIH3 TaH>Kepa, Ha 6epery peKH P H O JlyKO, B ycxbe
KOxopoH Haxo^HxcH Jlapaui **148. Kopojib Ce6auixbHH, HecMoxpa Ha CBOH ABaAqaxb naxb jiex BOCxop>KeHHbiH H He Bcer^a oxAaiomHH ce6e oxnex B CBOHX j\ei\CXBHHX MajibMHK, 6bui o#ep>KHM HAeeft KpecxoBoro noxo^a. OnjiHnn II, BcxpeqaBiiiHHCH c HHM nepeAjornada d e Africa***, HanpacHO nbixajicfl oxroBopHXb e r o
HAXH BOHHOH Ha MapoKKO. MeAJieHHO noAroxaBJiHBaBiuancH 3KcneAHijHH He
HMejia/jaace npeHMymecxBaBHe3anHocxn. LUepHc}) A6A-ajib-MajiHK, ocBeAOMJieHHWH o CHapjDKeHHH H oxnjibixHH (J)jioxa, a 3axeM o ero npe6bmaHHH B Ka^Hce,
pacnojiaraji BpeMeHeM, qxo6bi npHHHXb KOHxpMepbi H o6-bHBHXb CBflmeHHyio
BOHHy. He6ojibinaa nopxyrajibCKaa apMHH, BbicaAHBuiaflca B TamKepe, 6biJia nepenpaBjieHa B Apcnjiy (12 HIOJIH) H OKa3ajiacb B cxpaHe, TOXOBOH Aaxb oxnop,
HMeiomett npeBOCxo^Hyio KOHHHuy, apxHJuiepHHCKHe opyzjHfl H apKe6y3HpoB
(qacxo poAOM H3 AHAajiycHH). ^jiHHHaa KOJiOHHa nopxyrajibCKHx noB030K npoABHHyjiacb BiviyGb cxpaHbi, r^e 4 aBrycxa 1578 ro^a H cocxonjiocb cpaaceHHe npH
A/ibKacap-Ke6Hpe. Hecnoco6Hocxb Kopojin ynpaBjiaxb BOHCKaMH eme 6ojibine
oc/ia6HJia rojioAHyio xpncxHaHCKyio apMHK), H3HypeHHyio acapofi H nepexoAaMH. MapoKKaHijbi, B CBOIO oqepe^b, npncxynHjiH K «MaccoBOH Mo6HjiH3aijHH»149.
XpHCXHaHe 6buiH pa3AaBJieHbi HHC^CHHO npeBoexoAflujHM npoxHBHHKOM. >KH* 3jib-Kcap-3Jib-Ke6np.
** 3 j i b - A p a H i u .
*** A(j)pHKaHCKHM nOXOAOM.

BoHHayxoAHT H3 ueHTpa CpeAH3eMHOMopbfl

345

coceAHHx rop AOBepuiHjiH pa3rpa6;ieHHe 0603a. Kopojib HHCJIHJICH cpeAH
norH6uiHX, conpoBO>KAaBiiiHH ero CBeprHyTbiH npeacHHH luepn^yTOHyji, a ACHCTByiomHH uiepH^) yMep OT 6o;ie3HH BenepoM 3TOH ace «6HTBbi Tpex Kopo;ieH»,
KaK ee HHOiyja Ha3bmaiOT. B pyKax HeBepHbix ocTajiocb OT ACCHTH AO ABaAUaTH
TbicflH nopTyrajibueB.
OcTaBHM B CTopoHe yTBepncAeHHH o TOM, HTO 3TO 6bijia KpynHeHiua^i B nopTyrajibCKOH HCTOPHH KaTacTpocj)a, HO Hejib3H H npeyMeHbiuaTb 3HaneHHH cpaaceHHH npH AjibKacap-Ke6Hpe, HMeBiuero BaacHbie nooieACTBHa. OHO noATBepAHJIO MorymecTBO MapoKKO, TaK o6oraTHBiiierocfl 3a cneT BbiKyna xpHcraaH, HTO
ero HOBWH npaBHTe^b Ajib-MaHcyp — 6paT A6A-ajib-MajiHKa — B35UI ce6e cpa3y
ABa HMeHH, rio6eAOHOCHbiH (Ajib-MaHcyp) H 3OJIOTOH (Ajib-,3,axa6H). KpoMe
Toro, AjibKacap-Ke6Hp OTKpbui Bonpoc o npecTOJiOHacjieAHH IIopTyrajiHH. Ce6auiTbHH He ocTaBHji np^Moro HacjieAHHKa. Ero npeeMHHKOM craji KapAHHaji
TeHpHx, HO npaB/ieHHe 3Toro naxjioro H qaxoTOHHoro CTapHKa He Morjio 6biTb H
He 6bUIO A^IHTeJIbHblM.
HTaK, FIopTyrajiHH OKa3ajiacb He Ha BbicoTe nocTHriuero ee TJDKKoro HcnbiTaHHH. DiaBHoft onopoH ee HMnepHH 6biJi uejibiH p*iA nepeBajiOHHbix nyHKTOB,
c/iyacHBiiiHx RJIH o6MeHa nocTynaBiiiHx ciOAa 3o;iOTa H cepe6pa H3 Ax/iaHTHKH Ha
TaKHe TOBapw, KaK nepeu, H npnHOCTH. A(f>pHKaHCKafl ToproBJifl Hrpajia npH 3TOM
CBOK) po;ib. Ilocjie A/ibKacap-Ke6Hpa BCH cncreMa OKa3ajiacb noA yrpo30H. K TOMy
ace, 3HaqHTe;ibHaii nacTb nopTyrajibCKOH 3HaTH OKa3ajiacb B pyKax HeBepHbix.
J\nn BbiimaTbi BbiKyna, TaKoro orpoMHoro, HTO OH Tpe6oBaji 6e3HajiHMHbix pacqeTOB, CTpaHa coGnpajia noc/ieAHHe ACHbra, cjiajia B MapoKKO H AJDKHP yKpauieHHH H AparoqeHHbie KaMHH. B AOBepiueHHe 6eAbi MHoroHHCJieHHbie njieHHHKH
6buiH jiyqiiiHMH BoeHHbiMH H rpa^cAaHCKHMH KaApaMH He6o;ibiiioro KopojieBCTBa.
TaKHM o6pa30M, no MHorHM npMMHHaM OHO 6bmo He B COCTOHHHH npeoAOJieTb
CBOK) c;ia6ocTb. Pacnojiaran Maccow CBHAeTejibCTB, pa3BHBaiomHx TeMy ynaAKa
JIy3HTaHHH, HCTopHKy HejierKO onpeAejiHTb HCTHHHyio cTeneHb ee He6;iarono;iyHH5i. Ho ec/iH CTpaHa y>Ke nepe>KHBajia ynaAOK, eoiH ee H noATanHBaji BJUIOTCKymHH CKpbiTbiii HeAyr, TO jieTOM 1578 roAa c Hen c/iyHHJioi BHe3anHbiH npHCTyn, ycyry6jieHHbiH TflxcejibiM creneHHeM o6cTOflTejibCTB.
K CBoeMy Hecqacrbio, 6ojibHOH nonaji B pyKH HeroAHoro Bpana. GrapbiH KapAHHaji — eMy 6buio 63 roAa — nocneAHHH ocraBiuHHCH B >KHBbix CWH SMMaHyHjia
YAaq^HBoro, MyqHMbiH noAarpon H Ty6epKy;ie30M, TOJibKO yMHoacHJi CBOHMH
Ko;ie6aHH5iMH 6eAbi KopojieBCTBa. O H 6WJI eme H 3JionaM5rreH. B npaBJieHHe cyMac6poAHoro H KanpH3Horo AOHa Ce6auiTbflHa KapAHHaji Hcnbmui HeMajio yHHaceHHH H, B30HAH He npecro;i, He co6HpajiCH 3a6biBaTb o HHX. OAHOH H3 nepBbix
acepTB ero MCCTH CTaji MorymecrBeHHbiH ceKpeTapb Oa3eHAbi, IleApy AH AJIKOca6a, KOTopbiH 6bm JIHIIICH CBOHX nocTOB H cocjiaH, XOTH KapAHHaji H He Mor

TCJIH

346

Hcnano-TypeuKHe nepcMnpHa: 1577—1584

nOJIHOCTbK) y C T p a H H T b e r O H e r O M H O r O H H C J i e H H b l X C T O p O H H H K O B H 3 n O ^ H T H MeCKOH >KH3HH.

TaKoe 6jiH3opyKoe noBeAeHHe 6bijio Ha pyny ncnaHijaM. l l o MaTepHHCKon
JIHHHH Onjinnn II HMeji HeocnopHMbie npaBa Ha nopTyrajibCKyio KopoHy; Me>KAy
HHM H npe/jMeTOM ero npHT5i3aHHH CTOAJI eme OAHH npeTeHAeHT, o6jiaAaiomHH
CTOJib >Ke 3aKOHHbiMH npaBaMH, — repiiorHHH EparaHccKan. O^HaKO ee «c})eoAajibHbiH» AOM HaBpHA Jin Mor THraTbCH c Ero KaTOjinnecKHM BejinnecTBOM. BbiJi
eme no6oHHbiH CWH AOHa Jlynma, Apyroro OTnpbicKa SMMaHynjia YAaHJiHBoro.
Ho HacT05iTejno KpaTy Memajio ero nponcxo>KAeHHe. OaKTHnecKH Me>KAy O H jinnnoM II H nopTyrajibCKOH KopoHOH He 6buio HHKoro, KpoMe npecrapejioro
jiHcca6oHCKoro MOHapxa. B CBH3H C ero B03pacTOM H cjia6biM 3AopoBbeM oceHbio
1578 roAa BCTaji Bonpoc o npecTOJiOHacjieAHH. Onjinnn TOTnac ace HanpaBHJi B
IlopTyrajiHio jiOBKoro AnnjioiviaTa, KpnuiTOBajiH AH Mopy. CBOHMH nepBbiMH
npHo6peTeHHHMH HcnaHCKaa napTHH 6biJia o6fl3aHa KaK pa3AaBaeMOMy H o6emaHHOMy MM 30JiOTy, TaK H npoMaxaM KapAHHajia. B caMOM Aejie, KpniiiTOBajib
AH Mopa BCTynnji B neperoBopbi c FleApy AH AjiKOca6oH.
B TO >Ke BpeMH HenoAAejibHan Ha6o>KHOCTb KapAHHajia ACJiaeT ero, KaK H BCIO
IlopTyrajiHio, oco6eHHO BocnpHHMHHBbiM K AyxoBHOMy BJIHHHHK) 06iijecTBa
Hncyca. Bbijio JIH 3TO B HHTepecax HcnaHHH? HacTO O6XOA^T BHHMaHneM AOKyMeHTbi, ony6jiHKOBaHHbie Ha STOT cneT MapTHHOM OnjinnncoHOM. He noAJie)KHT COMHeHHK), HTO H e 3 y H T b I , K O T O p b l X O H J I H n n I I AO T e x n o p

CTOpOHHJICH,

corjiacHjiHCb OKa3aTb eMy coAencTBHe B nopTyrajinn. KapAHHaji IeHpnx, noHanajiy npoflBjiflBiiiHH Bpa^KAe6HOCTb no OTHOIUCHHIO K CBoeMy ncnaHCKOMy rnieM^HHHKy H, HanpoTHB, 6jiaroBOJiHBiiiHH K CBoen n^eMHHHHue EKaTepHHe BparaHCCKOH, nocTeneHHO nepemeji K nojiyocj)Hn,HajibHbiM BbicKa3biBaHHHM B nojib3y
<t>Hjinnna. 3 T O T noBopoT MO)KHO o6-b5icHjiTb no-pa3HOMy; HO n p n 3TOM Hejib3H
HCKJiiOHHTb H B03MO>KHoro BJIHHHHH He3yHTOB. IeHepaji opAeHa 3 . MepKypnaHO
Aaji corjiacne BbinojiHHTb Tpe6oBaHHH Onjinnna II B A^Ka6pe 1579 roAa150. Ero
jnoAflM (cnepBa 6biBuiHM Ha CTopoHe repuorHHH BparaHCCKOH, KaK yTBepncAaIOT AOHeceHH5i HcnaHqeB) noTpe6oBajiocb HeKOTopoe BpeMH, HTo6bi H3MeHHTb
no3HqHio H HanaTb AencTBOBaTb B nojib3y Onjinnna, HecoMHeHHO, B o>KHAaHHH
MHjiocTen B EBpone H 3a ee npeAejiaMH, KOTopbie OH Mor pacTonaTb HM, KaK
HHKTO ApyrOH.
B 3THX ycjioBHHx HHKaK HCBO3MO>KHO 6biJio OTCTOHTb nopxyrajibCKyio HauHOHajibHyK) He3aBHCHMOCTb. J\j\a ee coxpaHeHHH HaAO 6biJio BoopyxcHTbcn H BbicTynHTb Ha CTopoHe HaiiHOHajibHOH napTHH: npn3HaTb npaBa BparaHCCKoro AOMa,
a BepHee, n p n o p a KpaTy. H o KapAHHaji OTKa3ajiC5i OT KaKoro 6bi TO HH 6bmo
conpoTHBjieHHH. J\jm 3Toro TpeGoBajincb 6ojibiiiHe pacxoAbi, a eAHHCTBeHHbie
pacxoAbi, KOTopbie npH3HaBaji crapbin Kopojib, 3TO 6biji BbiKyn (pudcuizy, MapoKKaHCKHx njieHHbix. ECJIH OH HHKorAa He CKynnjicfl paAH njieHHHKOB AjibKacap-

BoHHa yxoflHT H3 qeHTpa CpeAH3eMHOMopbH

347

Ke6Hpa, TO jinn 3amHTbi crpaHbi He 6buio HcrpaneHO HH rpoiua. BbiTb MO^CCT, H
ero no/maHHbie, BO BCHKOM cjiynae, 6oraTbie JIIOAH, H OCO6CHHO Kynuw, TaioKe
He 6buiH roTOBbi HATH Ha acepTBbi, Hen36e>KHbie n p n HOAO6HOM pa3BHTHH co6bITHH.
KapAHHajiy cjieAOBajio, KpoMe Toro, 6e30TjiaraTejibHO npHHHTb peuieHne o
CBoeM npeeMHHKe. A OH TpaTHJi AparoueHHoe BpeMH Ha neperoBopbi c 6biBiueH
KopojieBOH OpaHqHH, BAOBOH Kapjia IX, no noBOAy CBoen nceHHTb6bi, j\j\n KOTopoH TpeGoBajiocb nojiyHHTb nancKyio AHcneHcaqnio. H o TpHropHH XIII He
cneuiHji A^Tb CBoe pa3peiueHHe. HcnaHCKOMy nocjiy B PHMC He cocTaBHjio TpyAa
copBaTb neperoBopbi. CKpena cepAUe, npecrapejibiH MOHapx 0TKa3ajicH OT CBOHX n^aHOB. H e cjieAyeT, BnpoqeM, ynoAo6jiHTb e r o KaKOMy-HH6yAb a66aTy
XVIII Bena: Mbic/ib 06 3TOM 6pane 6bi;ia noACKa3aHa 3a6oTOH o rocyAapcTBe.
O T C I O A a BHAHO, HTO K a p A H H a J I 6 b U I e A H H C T B e H H b I M , KTO H e B e p H J I B n p H 6 ^ H ) K e HHe Co6CTBeHHOH CMepTH...

n o o i e 3TOH HeyAaqH Bonpoc o npecrojiOHacjieAHH nepecraji ero BOJiHOBaTb.
KoHeqHO, OH co3Baji KopTecbi, nonbiTajica co3AaTb TpeTencKyio KOMHCCHIO, KyAa
Bee npeTeHAeHTbi AOJDKHbi 6buiH npeAT>flBHTb CBOH HOJIHOMOHHH. H O Bee ocTaBuiHecH CHJibi OH HanpaBHJi npoTHB HacTOHTejifl KpaTy, K KOTopoMy HcnbiTbiBaji
jiiOTyio HeHaBHCTb, nonpenaji ero He3aKOHHbiM nponcxoacAeHHeM H Aa>Ke H3rHaji
H3 KopojieBCTBa. ,AoHy AHTOHbio npniimocb npoBecTH KaKoe-TO BpeMH B HcnaHHH, a KorAa OH BepHyjica, CKpbiBaTbca y ce6$i Ha poAHHe.
Bo BCHKOM cjiyqae, Onjinnn II peuiHji OTCTaHBaTb CBOH npaBa. B 1579 roAy
OH Hanaji BOopy>KaTbC5i, npaBAa, CJIHUIKOM A^MOHCTpaTHBHo: OH XOTCTI, HTo6bi
06 3TOM 3HajiH B EBpone H oco6eHHO B nopTyrajiHH. CHJI 6buio co6paHo He Tan
yac MHoro, HO AOCTaTOHHO JXJIH HcnojiHeHHH 3aAyMaHHoro. OAHano noTpe6oBajiacb KpynHaii cyMMa ACHer, 400 000 3CKyAO151 6buiH B3HTbi B3aHMbi y BejiHKoro
repupra TocKaHCKoro, Hy>KHO 6WJIO Ha6paTb cojiAaT B HTajibHHCKHx rapHH3oHax. 3Ta KOHU.eHTpau.Hfl JIIOACH, npoBHaHTa H CHapflHteHHH, ijejibio KOTopon
6buio co3AaHHe apMHH B ABaAUaTb Tbicaq nejiOBeic, B36yAopa>KHJia Bcex. B KOHCTaHTHHonojie peiiiHJiH, HTO uejibio HBJineTcn AJDKHP; Kopo;ieBa E/iH3aBeTa H
AHHIHH npHnncbiBajiH Oujinnny njiaHbi BTopaceHHH Ha ocTpoB. H o HHrAe STOT
ncHxojiorHHecKHH XOA He no;iyqHji TaKoro cnjibHoro OTKJiHKa, KaK B nopTyraJIHH.
B Macce CBoen HacejieHHe CTpaHbi 6buio npoTHB ycTaHOBjieHHH rocnoACTBa
BHyuiaioiUHx CTpax coceAeu. MCTIKHH ropoACKOH JIIOA, HH3iuee AyxoBeHCTBO
BbiCTynajiH npoTHB ncnaHijeB c flpocrbio, BHyiiiaBiueH TpeneT 6oraTbiM H cnjibHbiM. HapoAHaji HeHaBHCTb He no3Bo;ifl;ia HM oTKpbiTO BCTaTb Ha nyTb H3MeHbi.
no3TOMy HX npeAaTe^bCTBO npnKpbiBajiocb MacnaMH ;iHU,eMepHH, JDKHBBIMH
peqaMH, naTpnoTHqecKon pHTopnKOH, ocToponcHbiMH AeMapiuaMH. HapoA 6bm
6pomeH BjiacTb HMyujHMH, 6oraqaMH H HHTe;uieKTyajiaMH. /Ja H MOIVIO JIU 6biTb

348

Hcnano-TypeijKHe nepeMHpHH: 1577—1584

HHane, Be/jb 3TH 6oraTeH Macro 6bijin HHOcrpaHijaMH: (jxTiaMaHAijaMH, HeMixaMH,
HTajibHHqaMH, K TOMy >Ke HM BOBce He xoTejiocb HCCTH 6peMH BoeHHbix pacxoAOB, KOTopoe Jierjio 6bi B nepByio oqepe^b Ha HX njieqn. CXOAHMM 6buio HacrpoeHHe Bbicmero AyxoBeHCTBa, aTaK>Ke 3HaTH, H3 KOTopoii, B OCHOBHOM, cocroajia
apMHH. C BOCTOKa IlopTyrajiHH xopomo 3amnmeHa caMOH npnpoAoft. ^ o p o r H ,
BeAymne c KacrHJibCKoro njiocKoropwi Ha nopTyrajibCKyio HH3MeHHOcn>, Tpy/;HonpoxoAHMbi H nepeKpbiTbi HenpncrynHbiMH KpenocraMH. H o H TaKyio rpaHHuy Mo^ceT o6opoHHTb TOJibKO CTpaHa, peiHHBinancfl OKa3bmaTb conpoTHBjieHne.
Pa3AaBaeMbie KpniirroBajieM j\u Mopon AeHbrn He CMOIVIH nojiHOCTbio noracHTb
6oeBOH Ayx CTpaHbi, Kan H neperoBopbi o pa3opynceHHH, KOTopwe Bejincb HCnaHCKHMH «(J)eoAajiaMH», >KHBymHMH Ha rpaHHije, c HX nopTyrajibCKHMH coceAflMH, xo3HeBaMH 3aMKOB, AepeBeHb H KpenocTeH, 3aKpbiBaBiiiHx AOCTyn B KopojieBCTBO. OAHaKO KpoMe AencTBOBaBiiiHx B HCM JHOACH, TaKHx KaK nopTyrajieq,
KpniuTOBajib AH Mopa HJIH r e p q o r OcyHa, 6biBiiiHH nocoji KaTOJinnecKoro KOpojin B JlHCca6oHe, KpoMe npe^aTejibCTBa, H3Jiio6jieHHoro opyAHa HOJIHTHKH
Ta6c6yproB — cymecTBOBajio AaBJieHHe o6cTOHTejibCTB. IlopTyrajiHH Hy>KAajiacb
B aMepHKaHCKOM cepeGpe, H 3HaHHTejibHaa nacTb ee MopcKoro (Jx/iOTa yace cjiyacnjia HcnaHHH Ha ATJiaHTHnecKOM OKeaHe152. ConyBCTBHe 6oraTbix H BjiHHTejibHbix JIHU, B JlHcca6oHe 6bijio Bbi3BaHO noTpe6HOCTbio riopTyrajibCKOH HMnepHH,
CTpaAaBiuen OT 6opo3AHBiiiHx 6e36pe>KHbie npocTopbi OKeaHOB npoTecTaHTCKHX
K O p c a p O B H OT OTCyTCTBHH A ^ H e r , B n O / m e p > K K e CO C T O p O H b l CJIHIUKOM CHJIbHOrO

coceAa, a He B 6opb6e c HHM. CBHAeTejibCTBOM TOMy cjiyacHT, BepoHTHO, e q e B
6ojibiueH CTeneHH, qeM co6biTHH 1578—1580 roAa, HX npoAOJDKeHHe, AJiHTejibHbiH CHM6HO3 IlopTyrajiHH c HcnaHneii, KOTopbiH 6biji pa3pyineH, a BepHee,
OKa3ajica noA yrpo3on TOJibKO B pe3yjibTaTe KaTacTpocJ) 40-x TOAOB XVII BeKa*.
He 6yAeM 3a6bmaTb, HTO Tenepb HcnaHHH 6bijia CAHHOH H ee npoBHHijHH He
Bpa^cAOBajiH Me>KAy CO6OH (BpeMH Aji^cy6appoTbi**, o KOTopon Macro BcnoMHHaiOT B 9TOH CBH3H, A^BHO npoimio), TaK HTO nopTyrajiHJi Morjia coxpaHHTb CBOK)
He3aBHCHMOCTb, TOJibKO BCTynHB B COH33 c npoTecTaHTCKHMH Aep>KaBaMH, JIa
Pouiejibio, TojuiaHAHeH, Ann/men. HcnaHijbi HaMepeHHO noAnepKHBajiH 3TOT
(J>aKT, HO H nopTyrajibUbi ero npeKpacHO co3HaBajin. IlonbiTKH n p n o p a KpaTy
B03BpaTHTbCH B CBoe KopojieBCTBO noTepnejiH BnocjieACTBHH HeyAany H3-3a Toro,
HTO OH npnnjibiji TyAa Ha 6opTy aHrjiHHCKoro Kopa6ji5i, HTO OH Bcrynnji B croBop
c BparaMH PnMa, HTO B 1590 roAy OH Aaace Beji neperoBopbi c TypKaMH...

* PHA cenapaTHCTCKHx BoccraHHH B IlopTyrajiHH H B caMOH HcnaHHH.
** ripn Aji>Ky6appoTe B 1385 roAy nopTyrajibCKHH Kopojib HoaHH (>KyaH) I pa3rpoMmi
KaCTHJIbCKHe BOHCKa.

BoHHayxoflHT M3 qeHTpa CpeAH3eMHOMopbfl

349

IlepeBopoT 1580 ro^a
KapAHHaji TeHpHx cKOHqajica B (J)eBpajie 1580 ro/ja. ^Boe HJIH Tpoe H3 Ha3HaqeHHbix B ero 3aBemaHHH pereHTOB 6buiH no/jKynjieHbi OHJiHnnoM I I 1 5 \ CO6HpajiCH JIH nocjieAHHH ocTaBHTb 3a 3THMH pereHTaMH pemeHHe Bonpoca o npeCTOJiOHacjieAHH? HJIH nepe^aTb ero HaycMOTpeHHe nanbi, usitSiBJinBuiero >Ke;iaHHe BbiCTynHTb B po;iH TpeTencKoro cyzjbH? Ha caMOM /jejie <I>H;iHnn II CMHTaji,
HTO oGjia^aeT HepyiiiHMbiM, CBbiuie caHKijHOHHpoBaHHbiM npaBOM, KOTopoe He
no/yie>KHT HHKaKOMy yTBep>K£eHHio co CTopoHbi pereHTOB HJIH KopTecoB. O H
He Hy^KAajicfl H B TaKOM ap6HTpe, KaK nana, nocKOJibKy eMy He3aneM 6buio npH3HaBaTb ero CBeTCKoe BepxoBeHCTBO. C Apyroft CTopoHbi, Kopojib, 3aKJiioqHBIIIHH MHp Ha CpeAH3eMHOM Mope, yBepeHHO qyBCTBOBaBiiiHH ce6a B OTHOUICHHHX c HH^epjiaHAaMH, OpaHijHeH H AHiviHeH, Mor paccqHTbmaTb Ha nepeAbiuiKy
B yc/iOBHHX KHiuainen onacHOCTAMH EBponbi. IlopTyrajiHH 6biJia y Hero B KapMaHe, npH OAHOM ycjiOBHH: OH AOJI^KCH 6bui AeftcTBOBaTb 6biCTpo, K neMy no6y>Kj\2u\ ero KapAHHaji IpaHBejuia c MOMeHTa CBoero npHe3#a B ScKopnaji. O H ToponHJi co6biTHH eme CHjibHee, neM ero noBc/iHTejib, H HMCHHO OH HacTOHJi Ha TOM,
MTo6bi BO niaBe apMHH 6bui nocTaBjieH npecTapejibin r e p u o r Ajib6a, penyTaijHfl
KOToporo Ka3ajiacb 3ajioroM ycnexa, XOTH OH H 6bui B HCMH^OCTH. OAHO H3 AOCTOHHCTB TpaHBejuibi 3aKJiiOHajiocb B TOM, HTO OH yMeji, npH cjiyqae, 3a6bmaTb o
CBOHX jiHMHbix qyBCTBax. BO3MO>KHO, OH, KaK HHOCTpaHeu,, HcnbiTbmaji Heo6xoflHMOCTb m a ^ H T b CaMOJIK)6He o 6 H / J M H B b I X H C n a H I j e B C MX OnaCHbIMM KJiaHOBblMH

H e OT Hero JIH Hcxo^HJia HHHqnaTHBa npHHHTHH MHrKHX Mep B OTHOuieHHH AHTOHHO n e p e c a H npHHiieccbi 3 6 O J I H ?
nopTyrajibCKan BOHHa Bejiacb B COOTBCTCTBHH C npeAHanepTaHHbiM miaHOM,
KaK jierKan nporyjiKa. npHrpaHHHHbie nperpa^bi najiH caMH CO6OH, H 12 HKDHH
HcnaHCKaa apMHH BCTynHJia Ha TeppHTopHio nopTyrajiHH B panoHe Ea^axoca.
MouniaH KpenocTb Sjmaiu, a 3aTeM OjiHBeH3a CAajincb 6e3 6oa: nyTb Ha JlHcca6OH qepe3 AOJiHHy 3aTama 6MJI oTKpbiT. TeM BpeMeHeM, 8 HIOJIH acKa^pa HcnaHCKHX Kopa6jien H rajiep noKHHyjia nyapTO-fle-CaHTa-Mapnio, OBJia^ejia JlaryuieM
Ha no6epe>Kbe nopTyrajibCKOH npoBHHijHH AjirapBH H BCKope noHBHJiacb B ycTbe
Taxo. J\OH AHTOHbio, npHop KpaTy, 19 HIOHH npoB03rjiaineHHbiH B CaHTapeHe
KopojieM, Boiueji B JlHcca6oH KaK noBejiHTejib, 6jiaroflapa noA/jepacKe Hapo/jHbix
HH30B. O/niaKO /yiH yzjeptfcaHHfl orpoMHoro ropo/ja, HcnbiTbiBaioujero nepe6oH
c npo^OBOJibCTBHeM H Ha npoTH>KeHHH HecKO^bKHx MecnqeB onycTOinaeMoro
qyMOH, OTpe3aHHoro nocjie npHxo/ja HcnaHCKoro (})jiOTa OT BHeumero MHpa,
Tpe6oBajiHCb qpe3BbiqaHHbie Mepbi, a TaioKe BpeMa. 3a qpe3BbiqaHHbiMH MepaMH, oco6eHHO (})HCKajibHbiMH, Aejio He crajio: 6buiH KOHcf>HCKOBaHbi cpe^CTBa
qepKBeft H MOHacrbipen, o6ecu,eHeHa fleHeacHan e/ndHHija, ocymecTBJieHbi npHHyzjHTejibHbie 3aiiMbiyToproBueB... H o BpeMeHH KaTacTpo(f>HHecKH He xBaTajio.

CBH3HMH.

350

Hcnaiio-TypeuKHe nepeMHpHH: 1577—1584

Kpax npeTeH/jeHTa 6bui npeAonpeAejieH nocneumbiMH ACHCTBHHMH HcnaHijeB,
a He ero MHHMOH ycrynnHBOCTbio (B nacTHOCTH, B 3aBH3aHHbix nepe3 nocpeAHHKOB neperoBopax c repuoroM Ajib6oH, qejibio KOTopbix 6buio KaK pa3 BbiHrpaTb
BpeMn). HHCJIO npe/jaTejien M OTcrynHHKOB B ero OKpyaceHHH MHO>KH;iocb. ATaKOBaHHbiH c Mopfl H cyuiH CeTy6aji CAaJicn 6e3 6OH, MTO, BnponeM, He cnacjio ero
OT pa3rpa6^eHHH. ApMHH 3axBaTHHKOB BbiuiJia, TaKHM o6pa30M, Ha lore K HH3OBbHM Taxo, KOTopbin pa3JiHBaeTCH 3Aecb KaK He6o;ibiiioe Mope; 3TO Morjio 6bi
CTaTb cepbe3HbiM npenaTCTBHeM, ec;iH 6bi He (JXTIOT, 6e3 Tpyzja AOcraBHBiiiHH B
KauiKaHin Ha ceBepHOM 6epery ycTbfl HecKOJibKO HcnaHCKHX OTp^AOB. B xoAe
onepaijHH CTo;iHU,a noABepniacb Hana^eHHio c 3anaAa H no npaBOMy 6epery Taxo.
Ron AnTOHbio c ropcTKOH cojiAaT nonbrrajicn nperpaAMTb Aocryn B JIncca6oH
Ha MOCTy AjiKaHTapa. H o B TOT >Ke Benep ropoA CAajica Ha MHjiocTb no6eAHTejia.
Iloc^eAHHH nomaAHJi crojiHixy, BO BCHKOM cjiyqae, rpa6e>Ky no/jBepniHCbTOJibKO
npe^MecTbH.
PaHeHHbiH npHop 6e>Kaji nepe3 ropoA H c^ejiaji ocTaHOBKy B coceAHefi AepeByuiKe CaKaBeH, iyje eMy OKa3ajiH noMoqb. O H co6paji CBOHX CTOPOHHHKOB H
OTnpaBH^CH B KoHM6py, 3aTCM npo6Hjicn B llopTy, r^e npo6bui 6ojibiiie Mecflija.
3£ecb OH CHOBa nonbiTajicn opraHH30BaTb conpoTHBjieHHe H CTOJiKHyjica c TCMM
ace MejiKHMH MHoroHHC^eHHbiMH H3MeHaMH, HTO H B JlHccaGoHe. KaBajiepHHCKHH pewA CaHHO ^aBHjibi 3acTaBHJi npHopa 23 OKTfl6pn noKHHyTb nocjie^Hee
y6e>KHme H HCKaTb npnioTa Ha ceBepe crpaHbi, nona 3a HHM He npHimio aHniHHCKoe cyAHO.
HTaK, /yiH oKKynaiiHH llopTyrajiHH noTpe6oBajiocb Bcero qeTbipe Mecnija.
JXaBan OHjinnny II coBeTbi, TpaHBejuia HanoMHHaji eMy, HTO U,e3apb, He acejian
Tep^Tb BpeMeHH, He 3aHHMaji 3aBoeBaHHbie ropoAa, a AOBOJibCTBOBajicn B3HTHeM 3ajio>KHHKOB. rioxo>Ke, HTO B 1580 roAy 3axBaTHHKaM 6bijio AOCTaTOHHO npoABHraTbCH BnepeA TOJibKo TaM, r^e 6jiaroAapn npe^aTejibCTBy nepe/j HHMH OTKpbmajiHCb ABepn: CTopoaceH xBaTajio cpeAH caMHX nopTyrajibijeB. Cepbe3Hbie
noAKpen^eHHH H yqacTHe co3BaHHoro H3 upHrpaHHMHbix ceHbopoB onojiqeHHH
He noHaAo6HJiHCb. IIOBTOPHM: llopTyrajiHH KanHTyjiHpoBajia, OHa CAajiacb.
npoHBHB npeAycMOTpHTe^bHOCTb, ^Pujiuuu II eme AO 1580 roAa noATBepAHJI coxpaHeHHe CTapHHHbix npHBHJierHH nopTyrajibijeB; OH AapoBaji HM HOBbie
npHBH^erHH nojiHTHnecKoro H 3KOHOMHMecKoro xapaKTepa. llopTyrajiHH He
6buia npHcoeAHHeHa K KacrnjibCKOH KopoHe. OHa yzjep>Kajia 3a CO6OH npeacHioio
CHCTeMy ynpaBjieHHH, npe>KHHe yqpe>KAeHHH H nop^AKH. B o6meM, KaK H ApaTOH, H Aaace B 6o^biuen CTeneHH, neM AparoH, HecMOTpn Ha ocymecrBjieHHe
OHJinnnoM II JIHHHOH yHHH, OHa ocTajiacb TOH >Ke caMOH. OHa 6buia TO^bKO «HCnaHCKHM AOMHHHOHOM» lr>4. 3 T O He onpaBAbiBaeT 3aBoeBaHHH 1580 roAa — npo6;ieMa He B 3TOM, — HO o6-bHCHHeT npoqHOCTb ero pe3y;ibTaTOB, o6ocHOBaHHOCTb
TaKoro peuieHHH.

BoHHa yxo/uiT M3 ueHTpa CpeAH3eMHOMopbfl

351

HHflHHCKHe KO^OHHH, nOJiyHHB H3BeCTHe 0 6 yHHH, npHCOeAHHH^HCb K HeH

6e3 conpoTHB^eHHH. TaK nee nocTynnjia Epa3HJiHH, KOTopoft coneTaHHe AByx
KopoH cyjiHJio xopouiHe uiaHCbi, yqHTbmafl ee orpaHHneHHbie BO3MO>KHOCTH Ha
3ana^e. Cepbe3Hbie TpyzjHOcra BO3HHKJIH jinuib B OTHOIUCHHH A3opcKHx ocTpoBOB. J\ejio B TOM, MTO pe3Koe yBejiHMeHHe BJiaAeHHH Onjinnna II (;iy3HTaHCKHe
Ultramar*, npH6aBHBiiiHCb K ncnaHCKHM, cAejiajin ero XO3HHHOM AByx KpynHenUIHX KO^OHHajibHbix HMnepnn CBoero BpeMeHH) nocTaBHjio Bonpoc o rocnoACTBe HaA ATJiaHTHKOH. MHoroHaqHOHajibHan HMnepHH Onjinnna II 6ojiee HJIH
MeHee oco3HaHHO Ao;i>KHa Gbijia TnroTeTb K oxeaHy, KOTopbiH 6bui HCO6XOAHMWM ycjioBneM ee cymecTBOBaHHH, OCHOBOH ee npeTeH3HH Ha 3BaHHe «BceMHp155
HOH MoHapxHH», BbiCKa3biBaBiiiHxcH eme n p n >KH3HH Onjinnna II .
HcnaHHH oTBopaHHBaeTCH OT Cpe,a;H3eMHoro Mopn
Bee 3TO yBOAHT Hac OT cpeAH3eMHOMopcKHx npo6jieM.
B TOT A^Hb, Kor^a Onjinnn II o6ocHOBajiCH B JIncca6oHe, OH cj)aKTHHecKH
nepeHec ueHTp CBoen HMnepHH Ha 6epera orpoMHoro OKeaHa. JIncca6oH, r^e
Kopojib HaxoAHJicH c 1580 no 1583 roA, npeKpacHO noAxoAHji ^a ynpaBjieHHfl
HcnaHOH3biMHbiM MHpoM, Gyzjynn jiyHiue pacnojio>KeH H ocHameH c TOHKH 3peHHH HOBoro npoTHBo6opcTBa, 3aBH3biBaBuierocH Ha OKeaHCKHx npocTopax, neM
Ma^pHA, OKpy>KeHHbiH KacTHjibCKOH TeppHTopnen. Pa3Be 3pejinme HenpepbiBHOH BepeHHqbi npoxoA^mnx cyAOB, AOCTynHoe MOHapxy H3 OKHa ero ABopiia H
onncaHHoe HM B npejiecTHbix nocjiaHH^x, aApecoBaHHbix ero AOHepHM-HH(})aHTaM, He 6buio noyHHTejibHbiM noBceAHeBHbiM ypoKOM no 3KOHOMHHCCKHM OCHOBaM >KH3HH HMnepHH? ECTIH MaApHA 6ojibme npnroAeH A-flfl c6opa HOBOCTCH O
TOM, HTO TBOPHTCH Ha CpeAH3eMHOM Mope, B HTajiHH, B rjiy6HHe EBponbi, TO
JIncca6oH MoaceT cjiyatHTb npeKpacHbiM Ha6;noAaTejibHbiM nyHKTOM Rjin o6o3peHHH OKeaHa. CKOJibKo npoBOJioneK, a TO H KaTacTpocj), MO>KHO 6buio 6bi H36eHcaTb, ecjiH 6bi Onjinnn II ycBOHJi 3TO K TOMy MOMeHTy, KorAa CHapa>Kajiacb Heno6eAHMaH ApMaAa, ec/in 6bi OH He ocTaBajicn npHBH3aHHbiM K MaApnAy, AaJieKOMy OT TeaTpa BoeHHbix ACHCTBHH!
nepeopneHTauHH ncnaHCKOH HOJIHTHKH Ha 3anaA, ee ycTpeMjieHne B A^JIH
AT^aHTHKH; A3opcKHH KOH(|)JIHKT 1582—1583 roAa, B xoAe KOToporo apxnnejiar
6bui yAep>KaH, H OAHOBpeMeHHo, BCJieACTBne nopaaceHHa OrpoiniH**, noxopoHeHa MenTa o c})paHU,y3CKOH Bpa3HjiHH; BOHHa B HpjiaHAHH, TepnejiHBO noAO* 3aMopcKwe 3eMJin.
** On/innno CrpoiwH (1541—1582), cj)paHuy3CKHH BoeHana^bHHK, Bbicrynmi B 1582 roAy
K A3opcKHM ocTpoBaM mix ncwjep^KKH npeTeHAeHTa Ha nopTyrajibCKHH npecTOJi, nonaji B
ruieHH norn6.

352

HcnaHO-TypeuKHe nepeMHpHH: 1577—1584

rpeBaBiuancH c 1579 ro^a j\o KOHrxa CTOJICTHH; ncwoTOBKa K BOHHC C A H H I H C H H

n^aBaHHe HenoGeAHMOH ApMa^bi B 1 5 8 8 roAy; noxoAbi O n j i n n n a II npoTHB aHrjiHnaH B 1591—1597 ro/jax; HcnaHCKoe BMemaTejibCTBO B Aejia OpaHriHH, o c o 6OH niaBOH KOToporo crajia HacTHHHan oKKynaijHfl BpeTaHH; KOHTpMepbi aHrjiHnaH H rojuiaHAUeB; 6ecHHHCTBa npoTecraHTCKHX KopcapoB Ha BceM OKeaHCKOM
npocTpaHCTBe — Bee 3 T H co6biTHH, npoHCxoAHBiiiHe 3a npeAejiaMH CpeAH3eMHoro Mopa, 6buiH jyin Hero AajieKO He 6e3pa3JiHMHbi. EC;IH Ha HeM Bouapnjicfl
noKOH, TO Ha coceAHHX TeppHTopHHx 6ymeBajia BOHHa: B 3anaAHOH AiviaHTHKe,
a c BOCTOKa — B 30He nepcHACKOH rpaHHijbi H Ha HHAHHCKOM oKeaHe. OTKJIOHCHHK) MaaTHHKa TyperjKOH nojiHTHKH Ha BOCTOK cooTBeTCTByeT TaKoe nee n e p e miiOHeHHe HcnaHCKHX HHTepecoB Ha 3ana^. Co6biTHHHan HCTopnn He MOHCCT
oG^HCHHTb npHHHHbi 3THX KOJie6aHHH B CHJiy CBoeft npnpoAbi. Pa3yMeeTCH, BO3MO>KHbI H A p y r H e 0 6 ' b H C H e H H H , OTJIHMHbie OT n p e ^ O H C e H H b l X B 3 T O H K H H r e . H o

Hejib3H He BH/jeTb co Been OTHeTjiHBocrbio 6eccnopHoro cymecTBa npo6;ieMbi:
A i l H T e ^ b H O e n p O T H B O C T O H H H e COBOKynHOCTH H C n a H C K H X H T a K O H HCe COBOKynHOCTH T y p e U K H X CHJI B C p e A H 3 e M H O M O p b e HeO^KHAaHHO 3aKOHHHJIOCb, H B O H H a

BCJIHKHX AepacaB, c 1 5 5 0 n o 1 5 8 0 roA HBJIHBIUSUICH iviaBHOH nepTOH e r o HCTO-

pHH, npeKpaTHJiacb.

IIPHMEHAHKH
1

3TO oGBHHeHwe 6buio BbiABHHyro B OAHOM H3 nHceM Kapjia IX. CeH-Iyap nycicaeTCH B
npocTpaHHbie oG-bHCHeHHH no 3TOMy noBOAy B rincbMe K Kopo^io (MaApHA, 24 (|>eBp. 1574 r.,
B. N., Paris, Fr. 16106). ECJIH ncnancKHe areHTbi 3aMeneHbi Ha co6paHHHx MHTCJKHHKOB,
cjieAyeT 3axBaraTb oAHoro H3 HHX HJIH BbiHCHMTb ero HMH. Pacnojiaraji 3THMH HMeHaMH, OH
CMOHceT HaTpaBMTb na HHX HHKBH3HL;MIO, «TaK HTO eft npwAeTCH nocraBHTb noA Bonpoc CBOIO
penyTauHK) HJIH BbiCTynHTb npoTHB caMoro Kopojifl, ecjin OH AencrBHTCJibHO crpoHT noA 0 6 H b i e K03HH, BO HTO H He MOiy nOBepHTb...». B HX HaMepeHHH BXOAHT, HeCOMHeHHO, B36y-

Aopa^KHTb 4>paHi;nio: «H no^araio, HTO HX oneHb 6bi ycrpomio, HTO6W Bame BejinnecTBO
nOCTOHHHO HCnblTblBaJIO 3aTpyAHeHHH B CBOeM AOMe, TaK KaK OHH AyMaiOT, HTO 3TO IIOMO-

)KeTHM HaBecTH nopMAOKyce6H...». He Bbi3biBaeTCOMHeHHHTaiOKe, Ao6aBjineT CeH-Iyap,
«HTO B rocyAapcTBeHHbix Aejiax GbmaioT AonycTHMbi HJIH no MeHbiueH Mepe TepnHMbi HCAOCTOHHbie nocrynKH». MOHCCTJIH Onjinnn II BCTynHTb B croBop c ryreHOTaMH, KorAaoHyTBepacAaeT, HTO «npeAnoHTeT noTepnTb HwAep;iaHAbi, HOKCJIH AonycTHTb Bemw, npoTHBHbie pejiHrnH w KaTOJinnecKOH Bepe»? Aecjin OH 3aiuiK)Hmi «COK)3 npoTHB Baniero Be/inneCTBa B ero CO6CTBCHHOM Kopo;ieBCTBe, TO H nojiaraio, CKopee c TCMH HeMHoroHHCJieHHbiMH
pa360HHHKaMH, KOTOpbie H e npHHHMaiOT HHHbK) CTOpOHy H H e Co6HpaiOTCH CJI)0KHTb HH

Bory, HH BauieMy BejinnecTBy, XOTH H HaxoAflTCH B apMHH HJIH B npoBHHUHH noA npeAJioTOM 3amHTbi KaTOJinnecTBa c opy}KHeM B pynax, Aa6bi Aep3KO HacbiTHTb CBOIO HencTOByK)
ajiHHOCTb». — Ho HTO CKa3aTb o IeHpnxe HasappcKOM, o lOiOAe AK> Bype? CM. Bbime, nacTb II,

c. 42-43.

npHMenaHHH

353

2

A. O. Meyer, England u n d die katolische Kirche, I, p. 28, UHrapoBaHo y Platzhoff,
Geschichte der europ. Staatensystems, p. 42.
3
riwcbMO IlecKapbi Kopojiio OT 12 HIOHH 1570 r., Simancas E° 1133.
4
B Moefi KonHH HMH He HHTaeTCH.
5
,HoHeceHHe MapjibHHH, 11 (J)eBp. 1578 r., Simancas E° 489.
6
/loHeceHHe 06 3cTe(J>aHo IIanaAony;io, Ma^pwA, 21 HIOHH 1574 r., «...y es menester
mirar les mucho a las manos [He;ib3H cnycKaTb c HHX n/ia3]...», Simancas E°488.
7
Cp., Hapn^y c npoHHM, H. Watjen, op. cit., p. 67—69.
8
3anncKa AK> Bypa, Hen. nep., 1576 r., A. N., K 1542.
9
riwcbMO CejiHMa BToporo, HMnepaTopaTypoK, AOHy XyaHy ABcrpHHCKOMy «c npwjio>KeHweM noAapKOB, KorAaoH6buireHepajioMxpHCTHaHCKOHapMHH», B. N., Paris, Fr. 16141,
P 440-446.
10
Lo que refierejuan Curenzi.., 30 HIOHH 1573 r., Simancas E° 1063, f° 35.
11
riwcbMO enHCKona^aKCKoro Kopojiio, KOHCT., 16 HKDJIH 1573 r., E. Charriere, op. cit.,

Ill, p. 405.
12

nHCbMOToro5Ke./iHijaTOMy>KejiHuy, KOHCT., 26 HKXTIH 1573 r., ibid., p. 41S—416.
IlHCbMO Kopo;no, BeHeijHH, 26 (J>eBp. 1574 r., ibid., p. 470, note.
14
CM. npHMenaHHe 11.
15
IlHCbMO enHCKona ^aKCKoro EicaTepHHe MCAHHH, KoHcraHTHHonojib, 17 cJ)eBp.
1574 r., E. Charriere, op. cit., Ill, p. 470 et sq.
16
Pietro Egidi, Emanuele Filiberto, op. cit., II, p. 128 et sq.
17
IlHCbMO enHCKona ^.aKCKoro Kopojiio, 18 ceiiT.1574 roAa, E. Charriere, op. cit., Ill,
13

p. 572.
18
Ibid.,p.572.
19

IlHCbMO K Kopojiio, ibid., p. 424—427, KoncTaiiTHiionojib, 4 ceHT. 1573 r.
nncbMOToro>Ke;iHuaTOMy>Ke.7iHijy, ibid., p. 470—475, 24 MapTa 1574 r.
21
O KpynHOM HHi;HAenTe c «(J)opTOM» IllH6eHHK, ibid., 17(J)eBp. 1574 r., p. 462—470.
22
CM. Bbiuie, npHMenaHHe 20.
23
E. Charriere, op. cit., Ill, p. 467.
24
17 (})eBp. 1574 r., ibid., Ill, p. 4 6 2 - 4 7 0 .
25
Relacion que hizo Livio Celino.., 1574, Simancas E° 1333.
26
riwcbMO IpaHBejuibi Kopojiio, Heano;ib, 6 (J>eBp.l575 r., Simancas E° 1066,/JoBOJibHO
neccHMHCTwqecKHe nporH03bi KapAHHajia. Ilocjie CMeHbi npaBHTejm npHAercH o63aBOAHTbCH
20

HOBblMH miaTHblMH OCBeAOMHTCrtHMH, HTO nOBJieHCT 3 a C 0 6 0 H HOBbie paCXOAbI, KaK H flJlX.

HMnepaTopa, KOTopoMy npHAeTca AoGnBaTbcn noATBep^KAeHHH CBoero MHpHoro AoroBopa.
HoBOMy MOHapxy, MypaAy, 28 JieT, «OH HacTpoeH BOHHCTBCHHO, noA^aHHbie ero JHO6HT...».
27
KoHCTaHTHHono^b, 8 MapTa 1577 r., A. d. S. Venise, Secreta Relazioni Collegio, 78;
nHCbMO TycMaHa Ae Cn/ibBbi Kopo^io, BeHeijHH, 28 anpejin 1577 r., Simancas E° 1336, rAe
coo6maeTCH o npoe3Ae AOHa MapTHHa, Ha3BaHHoro 3Aecb A. IapcneH AC AjcyHbH, KOTopbiH
OTnpaBH^CH B KoHCTaHTHHonoAb c nponycKOM jyisi BbiKyna nvieHHbix, HO Ha caMOM ACJie
fljin neperoBopoB o nepeMHpHH y a salido con la resolution dello por cincos anos [H BepHyji-

12.3aKa3^?2220.

354

Hcnano-rypeuKHe nepeMupmi: 1577—1584

CH c pemeHHeM o nepeMnpHH Ha nHTb JICT] ... Bo c})paHi;y3CKHX H3BCCTHHX O npn6biTHH
A. MapTHHa B KoHCTanTHHonojibyKa3biBaeTCH HeBepHan AaTa —15 MapTa.
28
SimancasE°159,f°283.
29
rincbMo Mon^exapa AHTOHHO llepecy, Heanojib, 30 anpejin 1577 r., Simancas E° 1074,

P31.
^KOHCT., 2 Man 1577 r., nepeAano, HCCOMHCHHO, T. Ae CnjibBOH, Simancas E° 1336.
31
CM. npHMenaHHe 29.
32
ITncbMo MapTHHa AnyHbH Kopojiio, MaApwA, 6 HIOHH 1577 r., Simancas E° 159, f° 35.
33
rincbMo Cn^bBbi Onjinnny II, BeneijHM, 19 HIOHH 1577 r., Simancas E° 1336.
34
rincbMo AOHa MapTHHa Ae AicyHbH E. B., MaApnA, 1578 r., 6e3 yTOMHeHHH AaTbi.
Simancas E° 159, f 283.
35
IlncbMO MoHAexapa Onjinnny II, Heanojib, 13 aBrycTa 1577 r., Simancas E° 1073,
P136.
36
FernandBraudel, «La mort de Martin de Acuria», in: Melanges en l'honneur d e Marcel
Bataillon, 1962. Cf. F. RuanoPrieto, «D. Martin de Acuna», in: Revistacontemporanea, 1899.
37
IlncbMO JXTK. MapjibHHH AHTOHHO llepecy, KoHcraHTHHono;ib, 30 anpejiH 1578 r.,
Simancas E° 489.
38
Cf. Gerlachy Tagebuch, p. 539; E. Charriere, op. cit., Ill, p. 705.
39
/ta^bHeniijee H3Jio>KeHHe ocHOBaHo Ha npocrpaHHOH 3anncKe MapjibHHH 3a cjjeBpajib
1578 roAa, Simancas E° 488.
40
E. Charriere, op. cit., Ill, p. 705.
41
rincbMo TeHpHxy III, KoHcraHTHHonojib, 22 HHB. 1578 r., E. Charriere, op. cit., Ill,
p. 710.
42
O p . cit., p. 1 6 0 ; / W. Zinkeisen, op. cit., Ill, p. 499.
43
Lo q u e se tratto y concerto entre el Baxa y j u a n Margliano, 7 (J>eBp. 1578 r., Simancas E° 489. Konnn 3Toro AOKyMeHTa, CAejiaHHan, BO3MOHCHO, B 1579 r., Capitoli che si sono
trattati fra 1'111-mo Src Meemet pascia (di) buona memoria.., Simancas E° 490.
44
Lo que ha de ser resuelto sobre lo de la tregua (1578), Simancas E° 489; 06 OTcyrcTBHH
3KOHOMHnecKHX AoroBopeHHOCTen CM. nncbMO Map^bHHH (AHTOHHO llepecy?) OT 11 cJjeBp.
1578 r., Simancas E° 489.
45
Simancas E° 489. CpaaceHHe n p n >KaM6jry cocTOHJiocb 31 HHB. 1578 r.
46
Relation de lo q u e ha passado en el neg° de la tregua y suspension de armas con el
Turco y lo que para la conclusion della llevo en com011 don J u a n de Rocafull y el estado en que
al presente esta (1578), Sim. E° 459, f° 28 (HJIH 281). 3 T H TCKCTM AOJDKHbi AarapoBaTboi
nepnoAOM Me>KAy HIOHCM H 12 ceHT. 1578 r., B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT3aAep>KKH noHTbi: AJIH cpaBHeHHH, OAHO H3 nnceM MapjibHHH, aApecoBaHHoe AHTOHHO llepecy H3 KOHCT., 9 ACK. 1578 r.,
6buio AOCTaBJieHO eMy 31 MapTa 1579 r., nponyTeuiecTBOBaB 3 Mec5ma H 22 AHH.
47
O BTopoH H3 npeAHa3HaneHHbix JUIH Hero HHcrpyKUHH CM. HH^ce, B npHM. 4 9 . 0 AOHe
X. PoKacj)y;ie H AOHe XyaHe AC PorBa H3 BajieHCHH roBopHT Iep;iax, H,HT. yj. W. Zinkeisen,
op. cit., Ill, p. 500.
48
rincbMo AOHa XyaHa Ae KapAOHbi Onjinnny II, BapcejiOHa, 1 HOH6. 1576 r., Simancas E° 335, f° 58 «...y con correo por tierra o r d e n a n d o a Don J u a n de Rocafull hizieze

355

ripHMenaHMH

despalmar las nueve galeras [H C cyxonyTHbiM KypbepoM npMKa3aHO AOHy XyaHy Ae PoKacJjyJIK> npocMO^HTb HOBbie ranepbi]».
49
Instruction segunda a Don J u a n de Rocafull, Madrid, 12 ceHT. 1578, Simancas E°489.
50
/ W. Zinkeisen, op. cit., Ill, p. 500.
51
E. Charriere, op. cit., Ill, p. 777.
52
nHCbMoXyaHaPiAnaKeca<I>H;iHnnyII, BeneijHfl, 5(})eBp. 1579 r., A. N., K1672, G 1,
n°22.
53
riwcbMO Xyana HAnaneca OHJinnny II, BeneuwH, 4 MapTa 1579 r., A. N., K 1672.
54
E. Charriere, op. cit., Ill, p. 852, npHM., HO H3BecTMe OT 9 HHB. 1580 r. MOHCCT OTHOCHTbCH KaK K npoiimoMy, TaK H K 6yaymeMy. To >Ke caMoe H npwBeAeHHbiH HaMH Bbime TCKCT
1579r.,npHM.4S.
55
IlHCbMo3HeHBappHKMap;ibHHH, TacarBa, 2ceHT. 1579 r., A. N., K1672, G 1, n° 117.
nHCbMOToro>Ke;iHLjaTOMy>Ke;iHiry, KapaBaHcapa (sic!), 2ceHT. 1579 r., ibid., n° 118, r^e
OH acajryeTCH na «bellaco» [HeroAHH (ucn.)] BpyTH.
56
IlHCbMo MapjibHHH AHTOHHO Ilepecy, Ilepa, 2 ceHT. 1579 r., Simancas E° 490.
57
IlHCbMo^KepMHHbH Kopojiio, BHHorpaAHHKH Ilepbi, 16 ceHT.1579 r., Recueil, p. 8 et sq.
58
BnponeM, HOBOCTb o ero CMepTH npnuma B KoHcraHTHHono-JibTOJibKO B Hanajie anpeJIH 1580 r., nncbMO ^>K. Map;ibHHH BHi;e-Kopo;no Heano^H, BHHorpaAHHKH Flepbi, 9 H
14 anp. 1580 r., A. N., K 1672, G 1, n° 166.
59

KOHCT., 4 HK3JIH 1579 r., HT. KOHHH, A. N., K 1672,

G 1, n°

81a.

60

E. Charriere, op. cit., Ill, p. 782 et sq., note. O noABHrax «reHepajia» ;no Bypa CM.
nacTb II, c. 42—43.
61
62

Ibid.,p.885etsq.

IlncbMO Be^HKoro KOM. KacTHjiHH Onjinnny II, 9 HIOHH 1580 r., Simancas E° 491.
IlncbMO Map^bHHH A- XyaHy Ae CyHbnre, 3 (|>eBp. 1580 r., Simancas E° 491.
64
IlHCbMo MapjibHHH BHue-Kopojiio Heanojm, 15 OKT. 1580 r., Simancas E° 1338.
65
IlHCbMo Toro TKG jinua TOMy >Ke JiHiry, 2 (JjeBp. 1580 r., KaHijejinpcKoe pe3K)Me, Simancas E° 491.
66
E. Charriere, op. cit., Ill, p. 872 et 876, note.
67
KOHCT., 26 4>eBp. 1580 r., Simancas E° 1337.
68
IlncbMO MapjibHHH BejiHKOMy KOMaHAopy, BHHorpaAHHKH Ilepbi, 27 (})eBp.l580 r.,
Simancas E° 491, Konna.
69
IlHCbMo Toro ace jinija TOMy ace Jiniry, 7 MapTa 1580 r., Simancas E° 491.
70
IlHCbMo Toro nee jiHua TOMy ace Jiniry, 29 OKT. 1580 r., Simancas E° 1338; nncbMo )KepMHHbH Kopojiio OT 24 MapTa 1580 r., E. Charriere, op. cit., Ill, p. 885.
71
nHCbMOTorotfcejiHuaTOMyacejiHiry, 12 MapTa 1580 r., Konnji, Simancas E° 491.
72
CM. npeAbiAyuiee npHMenaHHe.
73r
lHCbMOToro>KejiHi;aTOMy>Ke^Hiry, 18 MapTa 1580 r., Simancas E° 491.
74
IlHCbMo K. Cajiacapa OHjinnny II, BeHeijHH, 18 MapTa 1580 r., Simancas E° 1337.
75
IlncbMa MapjibHHH Be^HKOMy KOMaHAopy OT 23 H 25 MapTa 1580 r. (Simancas E° 491)
He coAep>KaTyKa3aHHH HaTOHHyio AaTy noAnncaHHH. Ho>KepMHHbH nyHicryajieH, 24 MapTa
1580 r., E. Charriere, op. cit., Ill, p. 8 8 4 - 8 8 9 .
63

12*

356

HcnaHo-iypeijKHe nepeMnpun: 1577—1584

76

2 Mail 1580 r., A. Vaticanes Spagna n° 27, f°88.
llHCbMO K Kopojno, 17 Mafl 1580 n, E. Charriere, op. cit., Ill, p. 910—911.
78
M. Philippson, Ein Ministerium u n t e r Philipp II, p. 404; L. von Pastor, Geschichte d e r
Papste, t. IX, 1923, p. 273; H. Kretschmayr, op. cit., Ill, p. 74.
79
J. W. Zinkeisen, op. cit., Ill, p. 107.
80
9 H 14 anp.1580 r., A. N., K 1672, G 1, n° 166.
81
Ibid.
82
Ibid.
83
(Anp. 1580 r.), Simancas E°491.
84
IlncbMo MapjibHHH BHi;e-Kopo.7iio Heanojin, Ilepa, 29 OKT. 1580 r., Simancas E° 1338.
85
IlHCbMOToro>Ke^Hi;aTONfy>Ke^Huy, Ilepa, IOACK. 1580 r., Simancas E° 1338.
86
IlHCbMaToro>KejiHuaTOMy>Ke Jinny, Tlepa, 20, 21, 26 ( 2 9 H ^ H 30) AeK. 1580 r., KaHijejiapcKoe pe3K)Me, Simancas E° 491.
87
Bee 3TH noApo6HOCTH nonepnHyTbi H3 nncbMa Map;ibflHH BejiHKOMy KOMaHAopy (KOHeu. AeK. 1580 r.), A. N., K 1672, G 1, n° 169.
88
FlncbMO BapTOJiOMeo ITycTep^bi Aony XyaHy Ae CyHbnre, H3BecTHe H3 JleBaHTa, 4 4>eBp.
1581 r., in: Cartasyavisos.., p. 53—54.1lHCbMo>KepMHHbHKopo^io,4(J)eBp. 1581 r.,Recueil..,
p. 31; E. Charriere, op. cit., IV, p. 26—28, note, iyje roBopHTCH o «HOBWX SCKVAO, OTneKaHeHHWX B AparoHe», KOTopbiMH MapjibHHH njiaTHji namaM. H3BecTHe H3 JleBaHTa, 4 4>eBp.
1581 r., Simancas E° 1339.
89
IlncbMa MapjibHHH Aony XyaHy Ae CyHbnre, 4 H 5 (JjeBpajin 1581 r., Cartas y avisos..,
p. 55; 5 (J>eBp. 1581 r., Simancas E° 1339. B CBOCM TeKCTe n npoHHTaji Sciaous Pacha, a He
Scianus, KaK nHiueT aHOHHMHbiH H3AaTejib Cartas...
90
CM. Bbime, npHMenaHHe 88.
91
IIucbMo AOHa XyaHa AC CyHburu OHjinnny II, Heanojib, 3 MapTa 1581 r., nojiyneHO B
To6appe 23 MapTa, Simancas E° 1084.
92
IlHCbMO AOHa XyaHa AC CyHbwrH MapKH3y AnbKaHwcacy OT 4 MapTa 1581 r., Simancas E° 1084.
93
E. Albert, op. cit., I, V, p. 328.
94
IlucbMo ucnaHCKOMy HVHUHIO, PHM, 11 UK>JIH 1580 r., A. Vat., Spagna 27, f° 123... il
passar con silentio nel fatto de la tregua e stata buona risolutione poiche il fame querella in
questo tempo non potria sinon aggiungere travaglio a S. Mta senza speranza di frutto [O6OHTH Mo^naHHeM 4 ) a K T nepeMHpwH 6buio xopoiiiHM pemeHHeM, H6O pa3AysaTb BOKpyr Hero
CTpacTH HeB03MO}KHO, He upuHUHHH BpeAa E. B-By 6e3 BCHKOH no^b3bi].
77

95

Op. cit., p. 181.

96

Flo KpawHeH Mepe B 1584 roAy ero npoA-JieHHeM 3aHHMarccH caM Map^bHHH, ecjiw Mbi
HMeeM npaBO BOJibHO HcrojiKOBbmaTb OAHO 3aMenaHHey. von Hammer, op. cit., VI, p. 194—
195. ConiameHHe 6buio B03o6Hoa7ieHo Ha Asa roAa B 1587 r., HO XaMMep He Ha3bmaeT CBoeTO HCTOHHHKa.
97

KaK no;iaraji B 1624 r. r-H ^ e BpeB, E. Charriere, op. cit., IV, p. 28, note.
H HMeio B BHAy pa6oTy Franz Babinger, «Suleiman der Machtige», in: Meister der Politik,
2 vol. Stuttgart-Berlin, 1923.
98

npHMenaHHH

357

99

y. von Hammer, op. cit., VII, p . 70. Bee 3TH npo6;ieMbi ocBemeHbi B He6ojibiuoH, HO
y6eAHTe^bHOM KHHre W. E. D. Allen, op. cit., I, p . 105, n. 2.
100
y von Hammer, op. cit., p . 77.
101
B. N., Paris, Ital., 1220.
102
Ibid.,f°317v°(oKo^ol572r.).
103
y von Hammer, op. cit., VII, p . 75.
104

Ibid., p. 80; Voyage dans le Levant de M. d'Aramon, op. cit., I, p. 108.
IlHCbMo^e TpanTpn #e IpamiiaHa r-ny j\e Oya, KOHCT., 30 aBrycTa 1569 r., E. Charriere,
op. cit., Ill, p. 6 2 - 6 6 .
10b
y von Hammer, op. cit., VII, p. 81. BcrapHHHOMTpyAeXaMMepaA-JiHOCBemeHHHriepCMACKOH BOHHbi Hcno^b3yioTCH ijeHHbie HCTOHHHKH MHHaAya (Minadoi) H BHHHCHUO Ae105

^bH AjieccaHApw, aTaioKe COHHHCHHH BOCTOHHbix HCTOPHKOB Am\ M riepneBH. CTOHT;IHIII-

HMM pa3 OTMeTHTb npeBoexoACTBO 3TOM CTapofi KHwrH HaA pa6oTaMM 6o;iee no3AHHx aBTOpoB, H. B. UnHKaw3eHa M H. H o p r a .
107
Ilepa, 9 ACK. 1578 r. (nwcbMO MapjibHHH Jlepecy, nojiyneHHoe 31 MapTa 1579 r.),
SimancasE°489.
los I J T O C K a 3 a j I 5 b I H a 3 T O T cneT 3MHjib-<J>e;iHKC ToTbe?
109
BeHeiniH, 7 HUB. 1579 r., A. N., K 1672, G 1.
110

KOHCT., 4 $ e B P . 1579 r., A. N., K 1672, G 1.

111

KOHCT., 24 MapTa 1579 r., ibid.
112
nHCbMoXyaHaHAHaKeca4>H,FiHnnyII, BeHeuHH, 21 MapTa 1579 r., ibid., n°35.
1,3
riHCbMoK. CajiacapaOH^nnnyll, BeHeijHfl, 8HK>JI5I 1579 r., ibid., n°84.
114
MapjibHHH (TOHHaw ccbijiKayTepHHa).
115
ITncbMo X. HAwaKeca OHJinnny II, BeHem™, 29 anp. 1579 r., A. N., K 1672, n° 56,
KOnHfl.
116
riHCbMo}KepMHHbn Kopo^io, Ilepa, 16ceHT. 1579 r., Recueil, p. 10; R e l a c i o n d e l o
que ha succedido al capitan de la mar Aluchali desde los 17 d e Mayo q u e partio de aqui d e
Constantinopla asta los 6 de agosto sacada de las cartas que se ha recibido de J u a n de Briones
yAydar Ingles, A. N., K1672, G 1, n° 115. ( 3 T O >Ke H3BecTne, Simancas E° 490.) Relacion de
lo que h a s u c e d i d o de los 9 de agosto hasta los 28, A. N., K 1672, G 1, n° 116. YibA>K-ajiH
BepHyjioi B KoncraHTHHonojib 10 ceHT. (cp. nwcbMO >KepMHHbn, LjHTHpoBaHHoe B Hanajie
3Toro npHMenanHH) c 13 rajiepaMH.
117

118

KOHCT., 29 a n p . 1579 r., A. N., K 1672, n° 56, KOHHH.

IlHCbMoMap.7ib5iHHAHTOHHonepecy, TTepa, 2 MapTa 1579 r., Simancas E° 490.
119
nncbMOToro>Ke^nuaTOMy>Ke^Huy, 5ceHT. 1579 r., ibid.
120
llHCbMo X. Kopnocbi E. B., BeHeuHM, 17 OKT. 1579 r., A. N., K 1672, G 1, n° 142 a.
121
nwcbMoCajiacapaOHJinnnyll, BeHeu,n5i, 7ceHT. 1579 r., ibid.
122
Ibid.
123
rincbMO^CepMHHbHKopojiio, llepa, 16ceHT. 1579 r., Recueil.., p. 10.
124
CM. npHMenaHHe 121.
125
IlHCbMo >KepMHHbH BejiHKOMy MarHCTpy MajibTbi, Ilepa, 8 OKT. 1579 r., Recueil..,
p. 17—18. Ho 06 3py3ypyMe roBopwTy. von Hammer, op. cit., VII, p. 96.

Hcnano-TypeuKHe nepeMnpna: 1577—1584

358
126

/ von Hammer, op. cit., VII, p. 97.
Ibid., p. 98.
128
O H yMep 27 anp. 1580 r., E. Charriere, op. cit., Ill, p. 901.
129
Tpn nncbMa MapjibHHH AonyXyaHy Ae CyHbnre, 27 H 30 anp. 1580 r., Simancas E° 491.
no
J. von Hammer, op. cit., VII, p. 104.
131
Ibid.
132
Ibid., p. 112.
133
R. Hakluyt, op. cit., II, p. 171.
]M
J. von Hammer, op. cit., VII, p. 113, note 1.
135
Ibid., p. 223.3T0 03Hanajio noGeflyTypoK. G. Bolero, op. cit., p. 188 v°, npeACTaBJifleT
ee ce6e cneAyiomHM o6pa30M: «H6O XOTH TypKH 6buin HeoAHOKparao pa36nTbi H o6pameHbi
B 6ercTBO, yKperumH nocTeneHHo CBOH no3HijHH, OHH 3axBaTHJiH 6o;ibiiiyio TeppnTopnio H
B KOHi;e KOHLJOB B35UIH 6ojibiuoH ropoA Te6pH3, rAe nocrponjiH KpynHyio H MomHyK) qHTaAejib. A TaK KaK y nepcoB HeT Kpenocren H uHTaAejien, OHH .JiHiuHJincb CBOHX 3eMe;ib H ropo127

AOB».
136

Karl Brockelmann, Geschichte d e r islamisch. Volker u n d Staaten, 1939, p. 282; Erich
Brdunlich, Zwei tiirkischeWeltkarten.., Leipzig, 1937.
137
K co^KajienHio, 3Ta (J)opMyjinpoBKa Bee HecKOJibKO ynpomaeT. H o MO)KCM JIH MM 3Aecb
BXOAHTb B noApo6nocTH? BHTopnny MarajibHHHiii Yoj\m\h\o, KOTopbiH TOTOBHT o6o6maiom»H TpyA 06 HHAHHCKOM OKeane B XVI BeKe, coo6mH;i MHe, HTO nopTyra^bCKHe (JMOTHJIHH
COCTOHJIH H3 napycHHKOB, cKa^KeM TaK, aTJiaHTHnecKoro THna, H3 CVAOB Ty3eMHoro o6pa3ua
H Aaace rajiep... 3TO 6buiH c;io>KHococTaBHbie 3CKaApbi, npeAna3naHeHHbie /VIH AOCTHHCCHHH pa3HOo6pa3Hbix qe^en.
138
M. A. HedwigFilzler, «Der Anteil d e r Deutschen an d e r Kolonialpolitik Philips II in
Asien», in: VierteljahrschriftfiirSozial-und Wirtrschaftsgeschichte, 1936, p. 254—256.
139
JIncca6oH, 22 cj)eBp. 1588 r., Arch. port, or., Ill, n° 11, uHTHpoBanoy M. A. H. Filzler,
art. cit., p. 256.
140
Cp. W. E. D. Allen, op. cit., p. 32—33 H npHMenaHHH, r/;e OH ncnpaBJineT OUIHGKV,
AonymeHHyio MHOH B nepBOM H3AanHH.
141
14 MapTa 1588 r., Arch. port, or., Ill, n° 43, uHTHpoBano y M. A. H. Filzler, art. cit.,
p. 256.
142
M. A. H Filzler, art. cit., p. 256.
143
Pierre Chaunu, art. cit., in: Revue du Nord, 1960, p. 288 et Conjoncture, p. 629 et sq.
144
M. Philippson, op. cit., p. 62; Correspondance de Granvelle, VII, p. 353.
145
IlncbMo rpaHBejuibi MaprapnTe IlapMCKOH, 12 aBrycra 1579 r., Philippson, op. cit.,

p. 71.
146

Hx HHCKo;ibKO He npoMCHMeT cKopocnejiaH H npHCTpacmafl KHHra Louis Bertrand,
Philippe II. Une tenebreuse affaire, Paris, 1929. Eojibiuon Bonpoc 3aKJiioHaeTCfl BTOM, noAjiHHHbiH HJIH HeT IaarcKHH MaHycKpnnT. IIpeKpacHaM KHHra G. Maranon, Antonio Perez,
2 vol., Madrid, 2 c edit., 1948, B03BpamaeTCHK3THMnpo6;ieMaM, HO HC CHHMaeT HX nojiHOCTbK).
147

M. Philippson, op. cit., p. 104 et p. 224.

npuMenaHHH

359

148

Tenepaji Dastagne, «La bataille d'Al Kazar-El-Kebir», in: Revue Africaine, t. 62, p. 130
et sq., H oco6eHHo H3jio>KeHHe co6biraH y Queiroz Velbso, D. Sebastiao, 2 c ed., Lisboa, 1935,
chap. IX, p. 337 et sq., noBTopeHHoe TeM ace aBTopoM B TOMe V de THistoria de Portugal, de
Damido Peres.
149
Ch. A.Julien, H. de l'Afrique du Nord, p. 146.
150
rincbMO MepKypHaHo OmiHnny II, 11 HHB. 1579 r., Simancas E° 934; nHCbMo Toro TKC
^Hi;aTOMy >Ke;iHu;y, PHM, 28 anp. 1579 r., ibid.; M. Philippson, op. cit., p. 92, note 2 et p. 93,
note 3.
151
rincbMOBe^HKororepuoraTocKaHCKoroOH^Hnnyll, O-JiopenuriH, 17HK>HH 1579 r.,
Simancas E° 1451. CM. TaiOKe R. Galluzzi, Istoria del Gran Ducato di Toscana, III, p. 345 et

356.
152

riopTyrajiHH o6cny>KHBajia HyxcAbi HcnaHHH nocjie KpH3Hca 1550 ro#a, nocne TpwyM(|)a Ge^oro MeTajuia H3 AMepHKH. B ropo^ax HcnaHHH, M OCO6CHHO B CeBHJibe, 6buio MHOTO
nopTyrajibCKHX 3MnrpaHTOB.
153
R. B. Metriman, op. cit., IV, p. 348, Ac/iaeT Ba^KHbie pa3TjKCHeHH5i, ccbuiaacb Ha nepenHCKy OyrrepoB, The Fugger News-Letters, p. p. V. vonKlarwill, 1926, t. II, p. 38.
154
CM. B 3TOH CBH3H, saMeHdumsi Juan Benito Perez, Los medios de culturay la centralizacion
bajo Felipe II, Madrid, 1927, p. 121 et sq.
155
3Ta B2UKH2LH npo6;ieMaxopouio o6pucoB2LH3.yJacques Pirenne, Les grands courants de
Thist. universelle, II, 1944—1945, p. 449 et sq.

VI
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365

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366

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367

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anpejiH yseAOMjinjin rpacpa Ajib6y: «Mapa6yT npoAOJi^caeT 6opb6y, — nnmyT
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368

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ropo^a, BKjiioqaH namy. KpenocTb ocTajiacb 3a TypnaMH, KOTopbie OKa3ajiHCb 3anepTbiMH B HeH». OacHAaiOT, HTO K HMM GyzjeT BbicjiaHa noMomb H3 Kanpa no
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49
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1592-M, ec;iH HaiiiH HCTOHHHKH TOHHW. He 6buio JIH B 3TOM HHKaKOH HyacAbi HJIH
CHapaaceHHe TaKOH 3KcneAHijHH npeBbiuiajio pea/ibHbie BO3MO>KHOCTH TypijHH?
OaKT TOT, HTO ceBepo-acjjpHKaHCKHH KpH3HC B KOHije KOHIJOB npHHec 6ojibiue
BbiroA TypKaM, neM Ty3eMijaM, 3aKpenHB noHTH nojmyio aBTOHOMHio ocMaHCKHX
rapHH30HOB H He6ojibuiHx KOJIOHHH. HM npnxoAH-Tiocb Bee 6o;ibiiie paccHHTbiBaTb Ha co6cTBeHHbie CHJIW H pecypcbi. Yloj\o6HyK> 3BOJHOH,HIO nepe>KHBaeT, HaCKOJibKO MOJKHO cyzjHTb, Ajiacnp, r&e Bepx OAepnca/ia pecny6jiHKa pencoB, mati(pay HTO npHBe;io K yBejinneHHio Macurra6oB nnpaTCTBa. To ace npoH30iiuio H B
TyHHce, r^e nnpaTCTBO pacijBeTaeT K KOHuy CTOJICTHH. 06pncoBbiBaiOTCH xapaKTepHbie oco6eHHOCTH 6ep6epcKHx pereHTCTB, HanojiOBHHy He3aBHCHMO pacnopn^caiomnxcH B CBOHX BJiaAeHH^x55... B TO nee BpeMH He no,zyie^cHT COMHCHHIO,
HTO no Mepe oc^a6^eHHH CBH3en c KoHcraHTHHonojieM CeBepHan AcJ>pHKa CTaHOBHTCH Ha Hcxo^e BeKa 6o^ee AOCTynHOH, no cpaBHeHHio c npoiu^biM, RJIR TopTOB^H H n p O H C K O B X p H C T H a H , 6 o J i e e O T K p b l T O H RJIH BOHCAeJieHHH H n J i a H O B CBO-

370

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qejibin ropoA, BeA>KaHio5(\ Kopojib KyKO TOTOB ycTynnTb HecKOJibKO nopTOB B
O6MCH Ha noMomb npoTMB A/DKnpa57. B 1607 ro/jy TocKaHCKne rajiepbi 6e3 conpoTHBjieHHH pa3rpa6njiH BoHy... 3aKOHqHJiacb OAHa H3 3nox B HCTopHH CeBepHOH AcjDpHKn. PHTM ee >KH3HM pa3omejiCH c PHTMOM >KH3HH BocTOKa.
<X>HHaHCOBbIH KpH3HC B TypiJHH
OcTacTC5i npe/jcTaBHTb ce6e, KaKHM o6pa30M Kpn3nc 1590—1593 ro/ja BnHcbmaeTCH B HCTopnio TypijHH B HCJIOM. Be^b Hap^Ay c MecTHbiMH npHMHHaMH (B
TOM

MHCJIC H npOHBHBLUHMH C e 6 f l B C e B e p H O H A c } ) p H K e ) , y H e r o AOJI>KHbI 6bIJIH

6biTb H 6ojice o6mne KopHH, cyzja no TOMy, HTO onarn 3Toro Kpn3nca, HecMOTpa
Ha Bee ycujiHH BjiacTen noAaBHTb HX, nocTOHHHO BcnbixHBaiOT BHOBb noHTH BO
Bcex npoBHHiiHflx TypeuKoro Mwpa. B nacTHOCTH, B Majiow A 3 H H , 3aHHMaBiueH
OAHO H 3 n c p B b l X M e C T n o M f l T O K a M H BOJIHCHHHM, a TaiOKC B K o H C T a H T H H O n O J i e ,

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npHMepy FlepcHH, KOTopoe npoBc/io oAHOMOMeHTHyio AeBajibBaiinio CBoeft MOHeTbi Ha 50 npoqcHTOB. Bo BCHKOM c/iyqae, 30JiOTbie MOHCTW (qeKaHHBiiiHecfl
eme H3 acbpHKaHCKoro 30JiOTa), KOTopbie TypKH nojiynajiH H3 Kanpa H3 pacneTa
OAHH cyjimauun = 43MauduuoG, BbiAaBajincb co;iAaTaM B KaqecTBe njiaTbi n o Kypcy
85 MaHAHHOB, HTOyKa3bmaeT HaTaKyio >KC ACBajibBaqHio, KaK B FlepcHH, — 50 npoqeHTOB. BnpoqeM, w BeHCLniaHCKHH qexHH, KOTopbin npHpaBHHBajicn K cy;iTaHHHy, TaioKe CTaji CTOHTb 120 acnpoB BMecTo 60. Acnpbi, MejiKan cepe6pHHaii
MOHda, CTaHAapTHa^ ACHOKHaji cAHHHija TypiiHH H rjiaBHoe cpeACTBO BbinjiaTbi HcajiOBaHHH cojiAaTaM, noABeprajincb nepenjiaBKe. K HHM npHMCiuHBajiM Bee
6ojibiue MeAH H CHH>KajiH Bee: OHH craHOBHjiHCb «JierKHMH KaK JIHCTWI MHHAajibHoro AepeBa H AeiueBbiMH KaK Kanjin pocbi», nHca/i TypeijKHH HCTopHK 3Toro
BpeMeHHb0. H e 6buiH JIH CBH3aHbi BOJIHCHHH cnarn B 1590 roAy c 3THMH Bbi6pocaMH B o6opoT HcnopqeHHon MOHeTbi? CyAH no BeHeunaHCKOMy coo6meHHK> Toro
>Ke roAa61, AeHOKHbie MaHHnyjinijHH 3aTpoHyjin TaK>Ke TypeiiKHH Tajiep (TO ecTb
nnacTp, HJIH zpyui), KOTopbin B Hanajie XVI BeKa CTOHJI 40 acnpoB. B ijapcTBOBaHne MexMCAa III (1595—1603) naAeHne ACHOKHOH eAHHHijbi npoAOJiHCHJiocb:
nexHH noAopo>Kaji co 120 j\o 130, 3aTeM AO 220 acnpoB, B TO BpeMH KaK Ka3Ha
no-npe^cHeMy HenpemioHHO B3HMajia Hajiora no CTapoMy Kypcy B 110 acnpoB.
«HMnepHH TaK o6eAHejia H wcromnjiacb, — nncaji HcnaHCKHH nocoji B BeHeIJHH 6 2 , — HTO e A H H C T B e H H O H XOA^HCH M O H e T O H T a M OCTaJIHCb JIHUIb a c n p b i H 3

371

TypeijKHe npoG^eMbi H 3a6oTbi

HHCToro >Kejie3a». 3 T O HBHOC npeyBejiHqeHHe, HO OHO no-CBoeMy CBHAeTejibCTBye T O TOM B H y T p e H H C M p a C C T p O H C T B e , K O T O p O e o 6 b I H H O 6 b I B a e T 0 6 0 H ^ e H 0 B H H MaHHeM 60JIbUI0H HCTOpHH.

IlepHOA Me>KAy 1584 H 1603 IDAOM

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n o MeHbiueH Mepe AByMH AGHOK-

HblMH K p H 3 H C a M H H , n O M H M O K O J i e 6 a H H H K y p c a CHCTHOH e/JHHHIJbl, TJDKCJieHIUH-

MH cf>HHaHCOBbiMH cnaAaMH. C HeKOTopbiM 3ano3AaHHeM BOCTOHHan nojiOBHHa
CpeAM3eMHOMopbH CTOJiKHyjiacb c TeMH nee TpyzjHOCTHMH, HTO H 3anaAHan. ORHaKO, HTo6bi cnpaBHTbc^ c HHMH, OHa HC pacnojiarajia B03MO>KHOCTbio npH6erHyTb K HOBbiM pecypcaM, B OTJIHHHC OT H6epHHCKoro nojiyocrpoBa, nepeA KOTOpbiM 6bijiH pacnaxHyTbi npocTopbi OKeaHa, OTKy^a nocTynajio aMepHKaHCKoe
cepe6po. Iio3TOMy MO>KHO npeAnojioacHTb, HTO oc;ia6jieHHe H 6aHKpoTCTBO TypUHH HanaHyHe 1590 roAa, conpoBO>KAaeMoe HemiaTexcaMH BOHCKaM H CHHHCCHHeM BJIHHHHH qeHTpajibHOH BJiacTH, npHBejiH K 6bicTpo pa3pacTaiomeMycH KpH3Hcy Hepe3 npopBaHHyio HJIH roTOByio npopBaTbcn njiOTHHy crajiH npoHHKaTb
B pa3Hbix MecTax noTOKH HeAOBOJibCTBa BCHKoro po^a: nojiHTHqecKoro, pejiHrH03Horo, 3THHMecKoro, HaKOHeu,, couHajibHoro. Bc/ieA 3a yna/n<OM ACHOKHOH
CHCTeMbi orpoMHyio HMnepHio noTpac p^A MHTOKCH H CMyT63.
Ho 3TO jiniiib npeABapnTejibHoe OGTIHCHCHHC Ero Hy>KHO AonojiHHTb, yTOHHHTb H , B H e BCHKOrO COMHCHHH, K O p p e K T H p O B a T b . B e e 3 T O OCyiljeCTBHMO TOJIb-

KO B npoqecce yrjiy6jieHHoro o6cjieAOBaHHH TypeijKHx apxHBOB.
1593—1606 ro,a;i>i: B03o6HOBJieHHe Kpyirabix BoeHHbix
Ha BeHrepcKOM c|>poHTe

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Ha KOHTHHCHTajibHbix rpaHHixax TypijHH, npoTHHyBiiiHXCH OT AApHaTHKH AO
HepHoro Mopa, BOHHa noc/ie nepeMHpnn 1568 roAa HHKorAa OKOHqaTejibHO He
3aTHxajia. BnponeM, penb imia o CBoero poAa cyxonyTHOM nnpaTCTBe. O H O 6bijio
npoMbicjiOM qejibix HapoAOB, 3apa6aTbiBaBmHX ce6e Ha >KH3Hb TaKMM o6pa30M:
yCKOKOB H M a p T O J I 0 3 0 B H a A^JIMaTHHCKOH H B e H d J H a H C K O H r p a H H L j a x ; aKHHA>KH*

(npeATeqn 6aiiiH6y3yKOB) H raHAyKOB Ha npnrpaHHHHbix npocTopax BeHrpnn;
TaTap H Ka3aKOB Ha o6iiiHpHbix cnopHbix 3CMJIHX Me>KAy n o ^ b i u e n H MOCKOBHeii, c OAHOH cTopoHbi, H /fyHaeM H HepHbiM MopeM, c ApyroH. 3Ta HecKOHnaeMaa napTH3aHCKafl BoiiHa pacn,Bejia nbiiiiHbiM IIBCTOM BO BpeMfl A->iHTe;ibHOH nay3bi, OTCHHTbiBaBiueHCH c MOMeHTa nepeMHpHH 1568 roAa, KOTopoe 6buio 3aKjnoneHO Ha BoceMb jieT, a 3aTeM npoA-neBajiocb B 1579 H 1583 roAax.
K TOMy >Ke, noc;ie 1578 roAa CHJibi TypoK 6buiH cocpeAOToneHbi B A 3 H H : rpaHHixa c HX CTopoHbi oKa3ajiacb 6e3 npncMOTpa, H 3Aecb cpa3y HaqajiHCb 6ecnoP^AKH, KOTopbie no CBoeMy xapaicrepy OTJinqajincb OT CXOAHWX co6biTHH B Ce* TypeuKMe MapoAepw.

372

CpeAH3eMnoe Mope Ha O6OHMHC 6o;ibiiioH HcropnH

BepHOH A(J>pHKe, HO 6buiH Bbi3BaHbi TeM >Ke oc;ia6;ieHHeM BjiacTH. B HIOHC
1590 ro^a CHHaH-nauia OGT^HCHHCT STO KopojieBe AHIVIHH B CBH3H C nojio>KeHHeM Ha no;ibCKOH rpaHHije: «Bo BpeMH BOHHM C nepcHeft, — nHcaji OH, — B xoAe
KOTopoft Ero BejiHqecTBO CyjiTaH He no>Ke^aji Becra cpa^ceHHH Ha Apyrnx ^poHTax, nojibCKHe K03aKH u Apyrne Bopbi HenpecraHHO TpeBOHCHjiH noAflaHHbix TypU,HH». F l o 3aBepiIieHHH nepCH^CKOH BOHHbl Cy^TaH B03HaMepHJICH HaKa3aTb 3THX

npecTynHHKOB. OAHaKO B cjiyqae c FIojibuieH OH corjiacHJica yjiaAHTb KOHCJJJIHKT
nojno6oBHO (TaKOH AoroBop ^eHCTBHTejibHO 6bui noAnHcaH B 1591 roAy64) HCKJiK)MHTejibHO no npocb6e KopojieBbi, 3aHHTepecoBaHHOH B no;ibCKHx AC/iax
Bc^eACTBHe Toro, MTO ee noAAaHHbie nocraBjunoT B 3Ty cTpaHy xjie6 H nopox.
CHHaH HeynoMHHaeT o noAapKax, npHBe3eHHbix nojibCKHMH nocnaMH, H 06 o6emaHHH nOJIbCKOrO KOpOJIfl HaKa3aTb npOBHHHBIUHXCfl K03aKOB.

To, MTO npoHexoAHJio Ha nojibCKO-TypeqKHX py6eacax, pa3opeHHbix HenpepbiBHbiM rpa6e>KOM cKOTa H AepeBeHb, noBTopsuiocb H Ha BceM npoTH>KeHHH
rpaHHixw. Eme 6o;ibiiiHe pa3Mepbi npnHHMajin noAo6Hbie HBJICHHH B ueHTpe H
Ha 3anaAe, Ha rpaHHije c HMnepHen Ia6c6yproB, 6o;iee onacHbiM coceAOM, qeM
nojiHKH H pyccKHe, AeJiaBiiiHe Ha6erH Ha lore qacTO ynce Ha onycTeBiiiHe 3CMJIH
HJIH Ha TeppHTopHH PyMbiHHH, KOTopbie TypKH HenocpeACTBeHHO He KOHTpojiHpoBajiH. Pa3yMeeTC5i, TypKH He Bcer^a BbiCTynajin B KanecTBe ncepTB; napTH3aHCKaii BOHHa He BeAeTca B OAHOM HanpaBjieHHH. ECJIH nocjiyuiaTb HMnepqeB,
BHHOBaTbi 6bijiH Bcer^a TypKH. Ha TypeqKOH rpaHHije He 6bmo 6ea, Bjia/jejibija
caMoro noc;ieAHero 3aMKa, KOTopbin He ynacTBOBaji 6bi B 3TOH jioKajibHOH BOHHe, r^e OH 6bm caM ce6e XO3HHHOM, pacno;iaraji CBOHM BOHCKOM, CBOHMH CBH3HMH, C06cTBeHHbIMH OnOpHblMH nyHKTaMM. BjiaAeJIblJbl XpHCTHaHCKHX 3aMKOB Ha

rpaHHqe, cnaBOHCKHe H xopBaTCKHe «6aHbi», HTo6bi TaM HH roBopHjiH, He AOBOJibCTBOBajiHCb OTpa>KeHHeM Bpa>KecKHx Ha6eroB, HX npeceneHHeM HJIH «npeAynpe>KAeHHeM», KaK rpacf) Ho3e<|> TypH H 6aH TaMaui 3pe/mn, KOTopbie pa3rpo65
MHJIH TypeiiKHe 6aHAbi B KapHHTHH B OKTH6pe 1584, H ABa roAa cnycrn, B j\eKa6pe 1586 roAa. Ha Aejie KaacAbin cTapajicn H30 Bcex CHJI, H HHorAa MecTHbie
CTbiHKH nepepacTajiH B opraHH30BaHHbie no BceM npaBHJiaM 6aTajiHH, KOHHaBuiwecH 3axBaTOM COTCH H Aa>Ke TMCHM njieHHbix. B xoAe 3THX CTOJIKHOBCHHH BCH
BeHrpHH, c xpncTHaHCKOH H Mycy^bMaHCKOH CTopoHbi, noABeprjiacb crpauiHOMy onycTomeHHio, TaK ace KaK H KapHHTHH, rpaHHijbi LIITHPHH, MapKH CjiaBOHHH, XopBaTHH H KpaHHa, npoxoAHBiuaii no KOTopbiM no;ioca 3aMKOB H yKpenjieHHbix ropoAOB, paccbinaHHbix cpeAH XOJIMOB H GOJIOTHCTWX peqHbix AOJIHH,
He 6buia coBepiueHHO HenpoHHiLaeMOH66. Bopb6a He 3a™xajia, noKa A-NHJICH 6;iaronpHHTHbiH A^IH 6oeBbix ACHCTBHH ce30H. H o H 3HMHee 3aTHiiibe He 6bijio HepyuiHMbiM. B pe3y^bTaTe, KaK MO>KHO ce6e npeACTaBHTb, npHrpaHHHHbie 30Hbi
CTajiH HanoMHHaTb nycrbiHio. BeACHHe 6oeBbix onepaiiHH KpynHbiMH cnjiaMH
CTajio 3Aecb HeB03MO>KHbiM. HanpHMep, j\j\a CHa6>KeHHH nepeAOBoft KpenocTH

TypeuKHe npo6;ieMbi n 3a6oTbi

373

TpaH * CHapn^KajiHCb 6ojibiiiHe KapaBaHbi 6WKOB. H O ec/in xpHCTHaHaM yzjaBajiocb
HX nepexBaTHTb, TO 3eMjienamiibi Ha BeHrepcKOH paBHHHe, y KOTopbix 6pajin
>KHBOTHbix, JiHuiajiMCb pa6onero CKOTa H 3anparajiH BMCCTO Hero B njiyr CBOHX
>KCH. 3 T O 6buia 6ecnoinaAHaa, GecqejiOBeHHa* BOMHa. Kor^a B nocneAHeM jxecnTHjieTHH XVI Bexa OHa B03o6HOBHjiacb B nojiHOM MacuiTa6e, AJifl TypoK 3TO 6buio
noBTopeHHeM BOHHW B IlepcHH, CTo;ib ace TH^cejibiM H /joporocTOflmHM, H B AOBepmeHHe Bcero, CTOJib >Ke 3aTH>KHbiM (1593—1606).
,3,0 3Toro MOMeHTa, HecMOTpn Ha TO, HTO B xoAe napTH3aHCKOH BOHHW nocjie^Hee CJIOBO qacTo ocraBajiocb 3a xpncraaHaMH, HMnepcna^ no;iHTHKa ymiaAbiBajiacb B paMKH MHpoBoro corjiameHHH 1568 roAa. B 1590-M 6biJia AOCTnrHyTa AoroBopeHHOCTb o ero BO3O6HOBJICHHH Ha BOceMb ;ieT B O6MCH Ha BbinjiaTy
o6biMHOH A^HH B 30 000 AyKaTOB, Aono^HHBiueHCH oco6biM no^apKOM B BH/je
cepe6pHHbix H3Ae;iHH. 3Ta flBHan ACMOHcrpaiiHfl cjia6ocTH, TpaAHUHOHHoro
KOMnjieicca HenojiHOiieHHOCTH 6buia HacneAHeM npoiimoro, OHa He Hy>KAaeTCH B
oco6bix o6rbHCHeHUHx.
HTO MeHee noHHTHO, 3TO no3HU,H*i TypoK. IlpeAnojiarajiocb, HTO noc/ie MHpa
c nepcaMH OHM cHOBa BepHyTcn Ha 3anaAHbie py6e>KH. 0 6 3TOM cBHAeTejibCTBOBajiH HX rpoMKHe 3aflBJieHH5i H xBacTjiHBbie peqH. H o BeAb onacHocTb Morjia 06pyuiHTbCH, CKanceM, Ha OAHy BeHeijHio? CnHbopHH npHBejia CJXJIOT B COCTOHHHC
6oeBOH TOTOBHOCTH; BecHOH 1590 roAa OHa nocneiiinjia yKpenHTb KaHAHio, a B
67
1591-M HanpaBHJia TyAa cpa3y ABe THCHMH nexoTHHijeB . <I>paHiry3CKHH H aHrJIHHCKHH noc;ibi y6e>KAajiH cyjiTaHa noc;iaTb CJXJIOT Ha CpeAH3eMHoe Mope. B
1589 68 , a 3aTeM B Haqa/ie 1591 roAa B KoHcraHTHHonojie roBopHjiH o noAroTOBKe 300 rajiep jyin 0Ka3aHHH noMOiini MopHCKaM, HKO6W BOCcraBiiiHM B HcnaHHH69.
TeM He MeHee Tyna nouuia Ha ceBep.
npHMHHOH TOMy, 6biTb MoaceT, nocjiy>KHJio nopa>KeHHe ry6epHaTopa BOCHHH
TaccaHa noA CTeHaMH CncaKa B 1593 roAy B XopBaTHH. B npeAiuecTByiomHe roAbi
OH npoBOAHJi uiHpoKOMaciirra6Hbie onepaiiHH npoTHB ycKOKOB70; B 1591 roAy
OH pa3opHji MecTHOCTb Me>KAy KpenueM H CBaHHneM H noBTopHJi TO >Ke caMoe
BecHOH 1592 roAa71. BO3MO>KHO, STO 6buiH HaMepeHHbie npoBOKaijHH. HaKOHeij,
B HK)He 1593 roAa B KoHcraHTHHonojie crajio H3BCCTHO, MTO o6biHHbie KapaTe^bHbie onepaqHH B 3THX ace o6^acTHx 3aKOHHHJiHCb nojiHbiM pa3rpOMOM Ha
6eperax Kynbi. CaM IaccaH n o r n 6 B 6010, H C HHM THCHHH TypoK; no6eAHTejiHM
Aocrajiacb orpoMHaa Ao6bina.
3Ta HOBocTb HapyuiHjia AO Toro y>Ke xpynKHH 6ajiaHC Me>KAy CTopoHHHKaMH
MHpa H napTHeft BOHHW, BO n/iaBe KOTopon CTOHJI CnHaH-nauia, 3aKJiHTbin Bpar
HMnepqeB H xpncraaH Boo6me, BeTepaH BeHrepcKOH BOHHW H craBjieHHHK apMHH, no HacTOHHHio KOTopon OH 6biji Ha3HaneH BCJIHKHM BH3HpeM. He c/ieAyeT
* ScTeproM.

374

CpeAH3eMHOC MOpe Ha o6oHHHe GoJIbUIOH HCTOpHH

HeAOOUCHHBaTb poJiH 3Toro HeyroMOHHoro aji6aHixa, xHTporo ynpaMoro CTapnKa, 6e3 ycTajiH KonHBiiiero CBOH coKpoBHma. BbiTb MO>KCT, OUIU6K2L HMnepijeB
3aKJnoqajiacb KaK pa3 B HeAOOijeHKe ero BJIHHHHA B xoAe neperoBopoB, HaqaBiiiHxcH B 1591 roAy. TeM He MeHee, B03BpameHne CnHaHa K BjiacTH He npnBejio K
HeMeA-^ieHHOMy pa3pbmy. KoHcyjibTaijHH c HMnepcKHM nocjiOM CJDOH KpeKBHijeM
npoAo;i>KajiHCb. nocpeAHHKOM Ha HHX Aaace cjiyacHJi CWH CnHaH-nauiH, 6enjiep6eH PyMejiHH.
Bbi3Bajio JIH H3BecTHe o CHcaKe 6ypio, y>Ke A^BHO Ha3peBaBinyio H npH6jin>KeHHe KOTopoft 6buio GjiaroTBopHbiM j\jin KoHCTaHTHHono^H? OKOHqaHHe EiepCHACKOH BOHHW nocTaBHjio nepeA npaBHTejibCTBOM cyjiTaHa BCC Ty ace npo6jieMy pocnycKa H HOBoro ncnojib30BaHHH BOHCK. Heo6xoAHMO 6buio noracHTb 6yHT
coji^aT, He nojiyqaBiiinx >KajioBaHH5i. B 1590 roAy HX BOJIHCHHH pa3pocjiHCb AO
peBO^ioqHOHHbix MaciiiTa6oB. 3Ta CHTyaijHH, KaK H MeHHiomeecfl HacrpoeHne
Mypa/ja III, cKa3biBajiacb Ha COCTOAHHH HMnepnn H npnBOAHJia K qexapAe BejinKHX BH3HpCH, Ka6HHCTOB, KaK Mbl 6 b l CKa3aJIH. H e o 6 x O A H M O C T b 0CB060AMTb CTO-

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M e p B CBOeH CTapHHHOH KHMrC, 6/IH3KO C^CAyiOmeH 3 a HCTOHHHKaMH H nOJIHOH

aHeKAOTOB, paccKa3biBaeT, KaK BCJIHKHH BH3npb OepxaA (OH 3aHHMaji 3TOT nocT
coBceM HCAOJiro B 1594 roAy) Hayjiniic noABeprcfl HanaAeHHio cnarH, pa303JieHHbix ero OTKa30M BbinjiaTHTb HM >KajiOBaHbe. BH3Hpb OTBeqaji HM: «CrynaHTe Ha
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nncbMax H3 KoHcraHTHHonojifl roBopHjiocb, MTO «pacnymeHHOCTb H Aep30CTb
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MOHCeT HATH JIHUIb B o6lIjeM H LjeJIOM.

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npeACTaBjiHJi CO6OH oGuinpHyio 30Hy OT AApnaTHKH AO KapnaT, c o6eHx CTopoH
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HW,

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iiiHpoKoro HacTynjieHHH Ha npoTHBHHKa. IlpHqHH 3TOMy HecKOJibKO. FlepBan H3
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ripoH30iii^H TOJibKO J\B2L HJIH TpH KpynHbix co6biTHH: 3aH5rrne rpaHa H rieiirra
xpncTHaHaMH, B3HTHe 3pjiay* H nepexoA rpaHa (1605) o6paTHO K TypKaM... B
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cpa>KeHHe Ha paBHHHe Kepecrem, npoAJiHBiueecn Tpn AHA, C 23 no 26 OKTfl6pa
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npeKpameHHe BoeHHbix ACHCTBHH Ha 3HMy 3acTaBHJio cyjiTaHa OTBCCTH BOHCKa K
ByAe H BejirpaAy.
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nopociuen JiecaMH, RO Apyron, TaioKe noKpbiTOH qamaMH H TpyAHonpoxoAHMOH.
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376

CpeAH3eMnoe Mope Ha O6OHHHC 6ojibiiioH HCTOPHH

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HHneM He Jiyquie, HO nyxb 3Aecb yAoGHee H npoKopMHXbcn Jierne. llpeHMymeCXBO B XOM, qxo ee onpy>Kaiox ycMnpeHHbie MCCXHOCXH.
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KOTopoMy nana AaBaji A^HbrH H KOTopbiH MeqTaji opraHH30BaTb KpecTOBbiH noXOA, HaMenaBiiiHHCH Ha 6eperax /fyHaa82; AapoH, BoeBOAa MojiAaBHH, H, HaKOHeu, TpyAHO noAAaiomancH aHajiH3y H TCM 6ojiee oijeHKe cfmrypa BejiHKoro MHxaa Xpa6poro, rocnoAHHa BajiaxHH H o6uiHpHbix COCCAHHX 3eMe;ib.
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383

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cocTaBJieHa AJiHHHaa HCTopHHecKan cnpaBKa o co6biTHnx B Mapce;ie c 1591 no
1595 roA155 c qejibio OTTeHMTb po;ib «AHKTaTopoB» JlyH A'3Kca H Ka30, BMXOAqeB H3 CTapHHHbix ropoACKHx (f>aMHJiHH, KOTopwe cyMe;iH BOCCTaHOBHTb nopnAOK H KaTO^HqecKHH MHp, onnpaacb Ha CBOIO poAHK), Apy3en H HapoA Mapce;iH.
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nocHraTe;ibCTB» 156. B TO BpeMH KaK IeHpnx Byp6oH nojiynnji npomeHHe OT nanbi
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3ano;iHHJicfl 6e>KeHn,aMH, cpeAH KOTopbix «BbiAaiomHHCfl yqeHbift, IbcnoAHH Ae
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390

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391

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392

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(Tana^i >Ke He;ienocTb, KaK Bee ocTajibHoe). BbiTb Mo^ceT, ecjin anneTHTbi TypoK
6yAyT 6ojiee CKpoMHbiMH, OHH yAOBOJibCTByiOTCfl BeHeiineH HJIH MajibTOH, yqnThlBZLH, HTO p b l l j a p H HCAaBHO 3 a X B a T H J I H raJIHOH C n a J I O M H H K a M H , n j I b l B y i U H M H B

MeKKy1S5. BeHeiiHaHqbi onacajincb 3a KaHAHio, r^e, KaK OHH roBopnjiH, HanpaBjmKm\necH B JleBaHT xpHcrnaHCKHe Kopcapbi Bcer^a HaxoAHjiH npHiOT H noAAepaacy180. HecMOTpn HaycHJina BeHeiinaHCKHX BjiacTen, c/ieAyeT Ao6aBHTb...
HecoMHeHHO 6o;iee ocBeAOMjieHHbin XyaH CeHbH nncaji H3 KoHcraHTHHOnojin, HTO TypKH CTpoHT rpaHAH03Hbie npoeKTbi, HO He Ha 3TOT roA187. Cy^TaH
B3HJI Ha ce6fl nHCbMeHHbie o6fl3aTe;ibCTBa nepeA KopojieM OpaHijHH w aHiyiHH188
CKOH KopojieBOH, HO penb B HHX iiuia o BecHe 1592 ro^a
. IlpHroTOBJieHHfl pacT^rHBajiHCb Ha AJiHTejibHbiH cpoK. B qacTHOcrn, cyjiTaH HaMepeBajica — HO penb
ux/ia TOJibKO o HaMepeHHMX — npHHHTb p*m ^)HCKajibHbix Mep: co6paTb «Ao6poBo;ibHbie» no>KepTBOBaHHH naiuen H caHA>KaK6eeB, BBCCTH AonojiHHTejibHbie
c6opbi c eBpeeB H Apyrne Hajiorn, o KOTopbix CJIOHCHO CKa3aTb HTO-JIH6O 6o;iee
onpeAe;ieHHoe, onnpaacb Ha 3anaAHyio HCKaaceHHyio HHC^opMaijHio189.
B ACHCTBHTCJIbHOCTH, C C e p e A H H b l HIOHfl BCflKHe TOJIKH O C H a p $ D K e H H H BeCCH"

Hen apMa^bi npeKpaTHjincb 19°. BbicrynHT JIH B noxoA MajibiH CJXJIOT191? HeH3BecTHO. O H BbiH^eT, HO noceTHT TO/ibKO ErnneT H Bep6epHK), BO3MO>KHO IlpoBaHC192. HaBp^A Jin B HeM 6yACT 6o;ibiiic 40-60 rajiep, ^a H Te B njioxoM COCTOHHHH, KaK coo6mHji B BeHeijHH OpaHCHCKO Bepe, OAHH BbixoAeu, H3 Ilepbi 193 . B
Hanajie Man HacrpoeHne crajio 6o;iee onTHMHCTHnecKHM. Crajio H3BCCTHO, HTO
TypKH, HecMOTpn Ha npnxoA Tenjioro BpeMeHH roAa, BOBce He cneuiaT CHapnacaTb CBOH cyna H, no Been BHAHMOCTH, He rop^T >KejiaHHeM noAroTOBHTb HX
Aaace K cjieAyiomeMy ce30Hy1<J4. B Mope AOJDKHbi 6buin oTnpaBHTbca He 6o;iee
ABa/nxaTH Kopa6jien J\JIH Toro, HTOGM HCCTH crpa>Ky B (3rencKOM) Apxnnejiare,
TO ecTb o6ecneHHTb 6e3onacHOCTb TypeiiKHX ToproBbix nyTen ly5 .
IlpaBAa, B TOM ace coo6meHHH roBopnTca, HTO no-npe^cHeMy XOAHT cjiyxn o
TpexcTax rajiepax, K KOTopbiM roTOBbi npncoeAHHHTbCfl ABCCTH aHrjiHHCKHx eyAOB1%. 3 T H cjiyxn conpoBO^cAajiHCb ApyrHMH, o TOM HTO B KoHcraHTHHonojibCKOM apceHajie CHOBa KHnm pa6oTa H TyAa npnGbuia maestranza* H3 Apxnnejiara: CBeAeHHH OTHOCHTCH K Hanajiy MapTa 1591 roAa 197 . B anpejie TypKH 3aKa3ajiH
B TpaHCHjibBaHHH orpoMHoe KOJinqecTBO jibHa H neHbKH. J\jin nero ace eme, KaK
He A^IH napycoB H CHacTen 6yAymen apMaAbi198? B HIOHC B ApceHajie CHOBa Ha6jiK>R2uiocb OHCHB^eHHe. Ha MepHOM Mope Hanajiocb CTpoHTejibCTBO rajiep. IlpoBOAHjiacb H noMHHKa CTapbix. B KoHCTaHTHHonojib npw6biBajiH rpy3bi napycoB 199 .
rioKa 6oHTbCH Sbi^o Henero, a B 6yAymeM? XOTH B 1591 roAy TypKH He npeAnpnHHJIH HHHero cepbe3Horo (B Mope BbiuiJiH HecKOJibKO CTopoxceBbix rajiep, a
* Tpynna MacTepoB.

400

CpeAH3eMHOe MOpe Hao60HHHe 6oJIbIUOH HCTOpHH

15 HIOHH B KoHcxaHXHHonojib n o o i e nyxeiuecxBHH B Bep6epHio BepHyjincb 6 rajiep c 3KHna^caMH, ncxomeHHbiMH ox rojio^a, consumidas de hambre* 2 0 0 ), 6ecnoKOHexBO B xpHcxHaHCKHx cxpaHax pocjio. MenaxxH 201 paccKa3biBaex, HXO B
1591 roAy B BeHen,HH ijapHji cxpax nepeAxypicaMH. Flo KpaHHen Mepe, He noAJie)KHT coMHeHHio, HXO BeHeiniaHijbi Boopy^KajiHCb, roxoBHJiH rajiepw, nocbuiajiH
BOHCKa B KaHAHK)202.
3xa 03a6oqeHHOCXb noHHXHa. Pa3 TypijHfl 3aBepuiHJia BOHHy B IlepcHH, HyacHO 6buio yqHXbiBaxb B03MO>KHOcxb Bxop>KeHHH. TeM 6ojiee, HXO xypKH, no-BHAHMOMy, HaMepeHHO inaHxaacnpoBajiH H BBOAHJIH xpncxnaH B 3a6jiy>KAeHHe, HXO6bi npHHy^HXb HX K npHHHXHio oxBexHbix Mep H Aep>Kaxb B HanpjDKeHHH. A MOHcex 6bixb, H Hxo6bi ycKopHXb npne3A HcnaHCKoro nocjia RJIK neperoBopoB o
HOBOM nepeMHpHH H RJin nojiyneHHfl ACHOKHMX cyMM, Koxopwe o6biHHO BpynajiHCb nauiaM B xo/je xaicnx neperoBopoB. B 1591 roAy Hcxeicajio npe>KHee corjiauieHHe, H HVHCHO 6buio 3aKJHonaxb HOBOC Mbi y>Ke roBopnjiH o npHcyxcxBHH B
KoHCxaHXHHonojie XyaHa AC CeHbH c MeHopKH, Koxopbift 6biji OAHOBpeMeHHO
ocBeAOMHxe^eM, uinnoHOM H npeACxaBHxejieM HcnaHHH203. B nncbMe OpaHCHC204
KO Bepbi
oxMeneHO Hajinnne eme OAHOIX) HcnaHCKoro areHxa, rajieainjo BepHOHa (xaK OH Ha3BaH B OAHOM HcnaHCKOM xeKCxe). 3xox nejiOBeK, que avisa y
scrive en Constantinopla**, 3aMenaex HcnaHCKOMy nocjiy, HXO, ecjiH BO3O6HOBHXca, KaK roBopax, BOHHa c FlepcHeH, xo He3aneM 6yAex nocwjiaxb B KoHCxaHXHHonojib XyaHa H Cxec})aHO O e p p a p n , «o npne3Ae Koxopwx B TypijHH H3BecxHO».
He 6biji JIH HMCHHO OH areHxoM, KOxopoMy nopynnjiH BO3O6HOBHXB nepeMHpHe?
B nHCbMe /I,>KOBaHHH KacxejiHHa205, eme OAHOIX) HcnaHCKoro areHxa, HxajibHHqa, HaxoAHM eme HecKOJibKO CJIOB, 3axparHBaiomHx 3xox HencHbiH juin Hac Bonpoc. «CHHaH(-nauia) cnpauiHBaex, — coo6maex OH 2 0 6 , — Kyj\a. 3anponacxHJicn nocjiaHeu, HcnaHHH, KoxopbiH HHKaK He e^ex. Cenqac caMoe BpeMH, qxo6bi OH npnexaji c ACHbraMH»207. TaKHM o6pa30M, Bonpoc o xypeijKO-HcnaHCKOM nepeMHpHH
ocxaBajiCH npe/wexoM ^najiora H AeaxejibHOCxH AHnjiOMaxHnecKHx areHxoB. H o
6bijio JIH OHO no/tfiHcaHO B 1591 roAy na onepeAHOH xpexjiexHHH cpoK? YxBepacAaxb Mbi He MO)KeM.
Bo BCHKOM cjiyqae, BecHa 1592 ro^a npouuia cnoKOHHO. npaB/ja, OHjiwnn II B
CBoeM nHCbMe ox 28 HOfl6pa 1591 ro/xa ^aji npHKa3 BHije-Kopojno Heanojifl, rpa(J)y MnpaH^e, 6bixb HaroxoBe, nxo6bi n p n HCO6XOAHMOCXH npnnxH Ha noMoqb
Majibxe. TaKOH Heo6xoAHMOcxn He B03HHKHex, B03paacaex BHije-Kopojib208. /JetfCXBHXeJIbHO, B 3XOM IX)Ay ACTIO OrpaHHHHJIOCb OAHOH-ABVMfl BbUia3KaMH HeCKOJIb-

KHX xypeuKHx rajiep noA KOMaHAOBaHHeM Mnrajibi 209 . B OKxn6pe HOBWH rjiaBHOKOMaHAyiomnw MOPCKHMH cHjiaMH 6biji B BajioHe210, HO yHHXbiBaa no3AHee Bpe* (Hen.).
** KoTopbiw coo6maeT M nHiueT M3 KoHCxaHXHHonojin (ucn.).

3aBepmeHHe BOHHLI Ha Mope

401

11. <T>ii,urnii II JU pauoioii, 20 MiiBapn 1569 ro/ja
JXBC peMapKH Ha IIOJIHX nHCbMa, a/rpecoBaHHoro Kopo;ieM repnory fl'A/ibKajia, BHijeKopo;iio Heanojin, H3 MaapHfla 20 flHBapfl 1569 roAa, Simancas E° 1057, f° 105: 1" «en
las galeras que el C(omendador) M(ay)or os avisare [Ha rajiepax, KaK Bac VBCHOMHT BeJIHKHH KoMaHflop]»; 2° «y serabien que hagais tener secreto lo de Gran(a)da porq(ue)
no llegasse a Costantinopla la nuevay hiziese dar priesa al armaday puedese decir q(ue
e)stas galeras vienen a llevar al archi duq(ue)». ft nepeBcuy BTopoe 3aMenaHHe: «Ebi;io
6bi xopouio, ecjm 6w Bbi coxpaHHJin B TaiiHe IpaHa/jcKoe aeno, HTo6bi 3Ta HOBOCTb He
AOiiuia %o KoHCTaHTHHono^H H He ycKopHJia Bbixo/ja (TypeuKOH) apiuaflbi (H) MO>KHO
6buio cKa3aTb, HTO STH rajiepu onrnpaBJiflioTCfl 3a 3pirrepu(oroM)». IpaHa#a BoccTa/ia B
HOHb na Po>KAecTBO 1568 ro^a. Ho BecTb o BoccraHHH yace pa3Hecnacb no yjiHijaM
Heanojifl, Koraa Tyfla 6buio AocraBJieHO KopojieBCKoe nHCbMO.

402

CpeflH3eMnoe Mope Ha O6OHHHC 6ojibiiiOH MCTOPHH

12. <£HJIHIHI II 3a pa6oTOH, 23 OKTA6PH 1576

ro^a

B 3TOH co6cTBeHHopyHHon 3armcKe AHTOHHO riepeca OHJiHnny II OT 23 OKTfl6pn
1576 roAa roBopHTca 06 OTbe3Ae AOHa XyaHa ABCTpHHCKoro B HwAepjiaHAbi H O ABOHKOH npocb6e SCKOBCAO. OnjiHiin II Ha nojiax OTBenaeT no nyHKTaM. HanpoTHB nocneAHero (3cKOBeAO npocHTTaioKe OTnycTHTb ero B HHAepjiaHAbi) Ominnn II nwuieT: «muy
bien es esto y asi dare mucha priesa en ello [oneHb xopouio, H HaAO ero noToponHTb]».
Simancas E° 487. Pa3Mepbi cxpaHHiibi Ha HameH KonHH 3HaHHTe;ibHO yMeHbiueHbi.
YnoMUHaeMbiH 3Aecb SCKOBCAO 31 MapTa 1577 roAa 6bui y6HT. OaKCHMHJie sroro TeKCTa 6biJio ony6jiHKOBaHo X. M. IyapAHeH B ero H3AaHHH Antonio Perez, L'art de gouverner,
Paris, 1867, p. LIV.

3aBepmeHHe BOHHW Ha Mope

403

MH roAa, OH npnuieji Ty^a TOJibKO 3a o6biqHbiMH noAapnaMH. Bee >Ke MnpaH^a H3
npeAOCTopo^KHocTH npHKa3aji co6paTb B MeccnHe 16 rajiep. CaMa no ce6e 3Ta
qn(})pa, BBH/jy oTcyTCTBHH 6ojiee TOHHbix cBeACHHH, cBH/jeTejibCTByeT o He3HaHHTejibHOCTH CH;I HHrajibi. BnponeM, TaK KaK HeHacTbe noMeuiajio xpHCTnaHCKHM rajiepaM HeMeAJieHHO omjibiTb H3 Heanojin B CHIJHJIHIO, OHH ycnejin y3HaTb 06 OTMeHe nojiyqeHHoro npnKa3a, B CBA3H C TCM, HTO Hnrajia ymeji B KOHCTaHTHHonojib211. HTO TKC cjie/jyeT H3 3THX BTopocTeneHHbix noApo6HOCTen?
ECJIH 6bi B 1591 roAy cymecTBOBajio (JjopMajibHoe corjiaiueHHe, OnjiHnn II He
CTaji 6bi OT^aBaTb TaKOH CTporHH npHKa3, a rpac|) MnpaH^a — OTnpaBjiHTb rajiepw B MeccHHy. K TOMy ace HH OAHH H3 HHX He ynoMHHaeT o AoroBope H O CTeneHH BepOflTHOCTH erO C06jII0AeHH5I npOTHBHOH CTOpOHOH. CyBepeHHOCTbK) MO)K-

HO CKa3aTb, HTO neperoBopHbie HHTpnra B KoHCTaHTHHono;ie He npepbmajiHCb.
BepoHTHO, K OpaHqecKO Bepe BCTIH KaKHe-TO HHTH TyMaHHoro ACJia JlHnnoMaHO 2 1 2 , KOTopbin 6bui, no Been BHAHMOCTH, areHTOM HcnaHHH H, cxBaqeHHbin
BeHeqnaHqaMH B KoHCTaHTHHonojie, npeAnoneji noKOHMHTb c CO6OH Ha nyra
AOMOH. CMyTHbie noApo6HOCTH 3Toro ACJia He no3Bo;ifliOT HaM niy6>Ke npoHHKHyTb B o6cTOHTe;ibCTBa neperoBopoB, BCAIUHXCH B TypeijKOH CTOJiHije.
MO>KHO npeAno;io>KHTb, HTO HeyAana 3THX neperoBopoB nocjiy^KHJia npHHHHOH AeMOHCTpaTHBHbix ACHCTBHH TypoK, a HMCHHO pa3opeHHa B 1593 roAy 6eperoB Kajia6pHH TypeijKHM CJDJIOTOM. BoBpeMa nojiynHBuiHe npeAynpe>KAeHHe
CHI;HJIHH H Heanojib B Hy)KHbiH MOMCHT npHHfljiH TpaAHijHOHHbie Mepbi npeAOCTOPO>KHOCTH. OAHaKo, CAejiaB jio>KHbiH BbinaA B CHIIHJIHH, TypeqKan 3CKaApa B
cocTaBe COTHH cyAOB Heo>KHAaHHO noHBHJiacb OKOJIO MeccHHbi, B Oocca-CaH,3|>KOBaHHH, pa3rpa6HJia PeA>Ko H 14 oKpecTHbix AepeBeHb213, a 3aTeM, He noKyuiancb 6o;ibuie Ha omeraHMBiueecfl 3amHTOH no6epe>Kbe, BepHyjiacb B BajioHy.
TeM caMbiM 6bui A^H CTapT Heo6'b5iBJieHHOH BOHHC, 6;ieAHOMy noAo6Hio HacTonmeft BOHHbi Me>KAy TypeqKOH H ncnaHCKOH 3CKaApaMH, KOTopaa B AajibHeHineM
npaKTHnecKH He 3aTyxa;ia. Mbi He 3HaeM B TOHHOCTH KorAa, BO3MO)KHO, B
1595 roAy214, ranepbi CHU,H;IHH H Heanojia c JIHXBOH B3HJIH peBamn, onycToniHB
FlaTpbi H coBepiuan KopcapcKne peHAbi Ha BOCTOK. Ha 6opTy OAHOH H3 rajiep
repuora MaKCAbi ynacTHe B STHX nnpaTCKHx Ha6erax npHHHMaji AJIOHCO KOHTpepac, c^y>KHBuiHH CO^A^TOM 3a Tpn cKyAO >KajiOBaHb5i; no B03BpameHHH H3
OAHoro H3 HHX eMy Aocrajiacb «injiana, AO KpaeB HanojmeHHafl peajiaMH»215. FIoBceAHeBHbie noApo6HOCTH STOH MZUIOH BOHHW OT Hac ycKo;ib3aiOT; HepeAKO B
Hen npHHHMajin ynacTHe (c TypeijKOH cTopoHbi) 3MHrpaHTbi-MopHCKH, a TaioKe
HCHTCJIH 6ecnoKOHHOH Kajia6pnH, BAOJib 6eperoB KOTopoft, KaK coo6maioT AOHeceHna, no HonaM KypcnpoBajiH noA03pHTe;ibHbie cyAa c 3a>K>KeHHbiMH orHaMH 2 1 ( \ Ho 3TO 6buia He HacToanjaji BOHHa.
B 1594 roAy CJMOT Hnrajibi CHOBa Bbimeji B Mope 217 He no3AHee niojia; 22 aBryCTa OH npnGbui B nyspTO OnrepeAO 218 . H3BecTHe o noHBueHHH TypoK Bbi3Bajio

404

CpeAH3eMHoe Mope Hao6onnHe 6o;ibiiioH ncropnH

naHHKy B KopojieBCTBe CHL^HJIHH 21y, KOTopoe B 3TOT MOMCHT ocrajiocb 6e3 3aqHTbi. B caMOM Acne, 9 ceHTH6pa B Heanojie e q e Hc^ajiH npH6biTHH rajiep KH*3H
JXopuu220. ECJIH 6bi qpe3BbiqaHHoe nojio>KeHHe npoAJiHJiocb, HcnaHijaM npHuuiocb 6bi Hec^aAKO. H o K cepeAHHe ceHTH6pH HacTynHjio 3aTHiiibe, TaK HTO OTp^Abi onojiqeHHH 6biJiH BbiBeAeHbi c no6epe>KbH CHIJHJIHH H OHO ocrajiocb noA
oxpaHOH TOJibKO gente ordinaria* 221 . TypeiiKHH (JXJIOT, B KOTopoM, no cjiyxaM,
HacHHTbiBajiocb 90, 100 H Aa>Ke 120rajiep, CKopo BepHyjica B KoHcraHTHHOnojib 222 . 8 OKTH6PH 2 500 HeanojiHTaHijeB, npH3BaHHbix A-TCH c;iy>K6bi B JIo\i6apAHH H 3aAep>KaHHbix Ha MecTe j\o 3Toro BpeMeHH, onpaBHjiHCb Ha ceBep.
B 1595 roAy CHOBa noAHHMajiacb jio^KHan TpeBora. 31 HKXTIH TypeiiKaa 3CKaApa HaxoAHjiacb B MOAOHC, KOTopbiH cjiy^KHJi ee 6a30H H Ha6jnoAaTejibHbiM nyHKTOM 223 . HTajiHH HeMeA^ieHHO 6bijia noAHjrra Ha HorH. HcnaHUbi HaMepeBajiHCb
co6paTb rajiepbi B MeccHHe 224 . H o nocrynHjio ceKpeTHoe coo6meHHe, noATBepAHBiueecH B AajibHenuieM, HTO TypKH He noKHHyT sus mares **225; HcnaHCKHH (J>JIOT
cnoKOHHO npoAO^>KHJi CBOH nepeB03KH Ha 3anaA, a TypeiiKHH — CBOH MaHCBpbi,
KOTopwe peajibHo HHKOMy He yrpo>KajiH220.
ABrycT-ceHTH6pb 1596 ro,a;a: ^ ^ c o s a H AH^pea ^ o p n a
He CTaHeT TpaTHTB CHJIBI Ha pa3rpoM Typeijicofi apMa^bi
KaK Mbi noMHHM, 1596 TOA 6bm TpyAHbiM TOAOM TypeiiKOH KaMnaHHH B BeHrpHH, TOAOM TJDKejioro cpaaceHHa npH Me3eKepecreiue. TypKH B 3TOT MOMCHT,
TeM He MeHee, 3aHjuiH CBOHD o6biHHyio CTopo^KeByio no3HriHio Ha no6epe>Kbe
IpeiniH. Ha 3TOT pa3 cneAOBajio onacaTbca yrpo3bi, HAymefi He TOJibKO c xpncTHaHCKoro 3anaAa, HO H H3 Aji6aHHH, KOTopa^i 6ypjiHjia, KaK, BepoHTHO, HHKorAa 3a nocjieAHHe CTO JICT, Boo6iiie He 3HaBuiHe 3aTHiiibH227. Aji6aHHH 6buia Ha
rpaHH BoccTaHHH. B PHMC H OjiopeHiiHH BO3HHKJIH njiaHbi BbicaAKH Ha ee TeppHTopHH. H o B Ha3peBaioiiieM KOH(J)jiHKTe 6buiH 3aMeinaHbi HHTepecw BeHerxHH,
KOTopan CTpeMHJiacb ocTaTbca HenTpajibHOH H He BBH3biBaTbca B aBaHTiopy OKOJIO CBOHX rpaHHri, a TaK>Ke noMeiuaTb ee pa3BHTHio. HcnaHiibi Me>KAy TCM HcnbiTbiBajiH A^B^eHHe co CTopoHbi nanbi, >KejiaBiuero, HTo6bi OHH noMepjuincb CHjiaMH c TypeqKHM (JUIOTOM 228 . B CBoe BpeMH, B 1572 roAy, PnMy He yAajiocb AOGHTbCH AonojmeHHH BOHHW Ha Mope BOHHOH npoTHB TypoK Ha cyiue. B 1596 roAy
OH CTaJIKHBaeTCH C HeB03MO>KHOCTbIO A O n O J I H H T b C y X O n y T H y i O B O H H y B B e H r p H H

BoeHHbiMH ACHCTBHHMH Ha Mope. Ha noAo6Hbie npH3biBbi ,3,>KOBaH AHApea^opna jieTOM 1596 roAa OTBenaeT, npHKpbiBaacb no;ryqeHHbiMH HHcrpyKriHHMH.
noABepraacb jxaBjieumo co CTopoHbi PnMa, OH o6pamaeTCH K OwjiHnny II, HO
* 06bIHHbIX rapHH30HOB.

** CBOHX BOA (ucn.).

3aBepmeHHe BOHHM Ha Mope

405

ero nwcbMa CBHAeTejibCTByeT, HTO e\iy yace H3BCCTHO MHeHHe MOHapxa: «B
KOHqe npouuioro Meonja a nHcaji BameMy Be;iHHecTBy CeroAHfl xony Ao6aBHTb,
HTO 2 MMCJia npHiiuiM rajiepbi BejiHKoro repijora H Ero CB5rreHiuecTBa. O HaMepeHHHx nepBbix MO)KHO cyAHTb no KonMH nncbMa BejiHKoro repijora, AOCTaBjieHHoro MHe c HHMH. He 3Haio, HTO CKaaceT Ha 3TO npe3HAeHT KopojieBCTBa CHIJHM H , KOToporo H TOTnac >Ke yBeAOMHji. Ero CBHTeHiuecTBO HcejiaeT, HTo6bi H
BbicTynHji HaBCTpeqy HenpHHTejibCKOH apMa/je H cpa3H^cn c Heft, HO TaK KaK OHa
pacnojiaraeT 6ojibiiiHM npeBocxoACTBOM B HHCJICHHOCTH rajiep, H B AonojmeHHe
K HMeiomHMCH Ha 6opTy BOHCKaM MO^KeT npHHHTb CTOJibKO noAKpenjieHHH c
no6epe>Kbfl, CKOJibKo COHTCT Hy>KHbiM, H He CHCJI 6jiaropa3yMHbiM noAHHHHTbca
3TOMy npHKa3y. B TO ace BpeMH Ero CBHTeHiuecTBO xoneT, MTo6bi H BbicaAHJi BOHCKa B Aji6aHHH, onHpaacb Ha cBeAeHHH, co6paHHbie AJIH Hero B 3TOH MCCTHOCTH.
JI OTBCTHJI, HTO He no;iyHHJi OT Bauiero BejiHnecTBa HHKaKHx yKa3aHHH Ha 3TOT
cneT, 3a HCKJiiOMeHHeM noBe^eHHH oxpaHATb CBOHMH rajiepaMH xpHCTHaHCKHe
6epera...» 229 .
B caMOM ACJie, /JacoBaH AHApea/JopHayAOBOJibCTBOBajica nocbuiKOH HecKOJibKHX OTpnAOB rajiep B JleBaHT, HTOGM OTBjienb npoTHBHHKa. Ilocjie 3Toro OH cnoKOHHO o>KHAaji pa3BHTHH co6biTHH B MeccHHe. 13 aBrycTa230 OH H3BecTHJi O H jinnna II, HTO «ecjiH HeT HCOGXOAHMOCTH BbiCTynHTb HaBCTpeny HenpH5rrejno»,
TOH

TO OH OTnpaBHTCH CO BCeM CBOHM (J)JIOTOM B H c n a H H K ) , KaK H nOCTynHJI HeCKOJIb-

KO no3>Ke, B ceHTH6pe231. Typeu,KHe rajiepw B STOM >Ke Mecnije npnuuiH B HaBapHH. KaK H yTBep>KAaji nana, OHH 6buiH He B jiynmeM COCTOHHHH. O H H He BMXOAHJIH B Mope 232 H c npH6;iH>KeHHeM HeHacTHOH noroAbi BepHyjiHCb AOMOH 233 .

1597—1600 roABi
HoBbie onaceHHH xpHCTHaH Bbi3Bajio B Hanajie 1597 roAa coo6meHHe o npeAcroflmeM npHxoAe 35-40 TypeijKHX rajiep 234 . Ha 3TOT pa3 n p o r a o 3 noHTH B TOHHOCTH c6bIJICH, HO, B03M02KHO, 3TO 6bIJIO JIHUIb COBnaACHHeM, nOTOMy HTO Apy~

rne coo6meHH5i — 6o;iee onTHMHCTHnecKHe — yTBep>KAajiH, HTO TypeijKHH $JIOT
Boo6me He noflBHTCfl235. B Hanajie aBrycTa B BeHeijHH CTajio H3BCCTHO, HTO (J)JIOT
yace noKHHyji KoHcraHTHHono;ib B coKpameHHOM cocTaBe, HTo6bi npoBecTH
onepaqnio npoTHB MajibTHHCKHx rajiep, HbH peH^bi «npo6yAHjiH cmnnero», KaK
nHcaji HcnaHCKHH nocoji B BeHeijHH236. IIOHHTHO, HTO RJIH HcnaHijeB B 3TO BpeMH 6buio 6bi npeAnoHTHTejibHee, HTo6bi TypKH ApeMajiH H AaJibiue. XOTH HX (J)JIOT
CTaji MeHbine, 3TO MOHIO noBbiCHTb ero Mo6H;ibHOCTb H 6oecnoco6HocTb, TaK
KaK, ACHCTByn HanoAo6He KopcapcKOH (JDJIOTHJIHH, OH Mor npHHHHHTb eme 6o^buie BpeAa, HeM nojiHoneHHan apMaAa. BcKope CTajio H3BCCTHO, HTO OH COCTOJUI
H3 30 rajiep H 4 rajiHOHOB noA KOMaHAOBaHHeM MaMH-nauiH H HTO OH Bbimeji H3
KoHCTaHTHHono^H 2 nK)Jin. B ero 3aAany BxoAHJia 6opb6a c noHeHTHHCKHMH

406

CpeAH3eMHoe Mope na o6onnHe Go^biuon ncropnn

KopcapaMH, HO npH cjiyqae OH AOJDKCH 6bui caM npHHCKaTb noAXOAflmyio Ao6biqy. TaKHM o6pa30M, BOHHa BCTIHKHX Aep>KaB npoTeKajia B (|)opMe 6aHajibHoro
nnpaTCTBa. HHbHro MeH/joca 3aAaeTcn Tenepb BonpocoM, a He no6y>KAaeT jm
TypoK BOopy^caTbCH naccHBHOCTb ncnaHijeB H oBJiaAeBiiiHH HMH pyx HenpoTHB^eHHH2"?

KaK 6bi TO HH 6buio, dpjior MaMH-naiun, KOHCHHO, He Mor cpaBHHTbcn c KopcapcKHMH acKa^paMH aji>KHpqeB H C caMoro OTnjibiTHH He 6bui K 3TOMy AOCTaToqHO noAroTOBJieH. Be/n> HeB3Hpan Ha nepBOHaqajibHbie HaMepeHHH TypoK, HX
rajiepbi oqeHb 6bicTpo BepHy;iHCb B nopT, npnqeM no Aopore 6buiH H3pflAHO
noTpenaHbi 238 .
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KoHCTaHTHHonojib noA npeABOAHTejibCTBOM Hnrajibi 240 FIpoHAH CeMH6aiueHHbiH
3aMOK, acKaApa 3aAep>Kajiacb H3-3a HeAOCTaTKa npoBHaHTa H Aener, HO 3aTeM
npoAOJDKHjia CBOH nyTb, HecMOTpa Ha qyMy, KOTopaa, KaK roBopHjin, npoHHKJia
Ha Kopa6;iH241. Bcero B Hen HacqHTbmajiocb 45 rajiep, ocHameHHbix jiyqine, HCM
B npomjioM roAy, qTo, BnpoqeM, e q e HHqero He o3Haqajio. B ceHTn6pe Hnrajia
npnuie.71 K 3aKHH(J>y242, HO HHKaKHx ACHCTBHH npoTHB xpHCTHaH He npeAnpnH5ui, noTOMy qTo COCTOHHHC ero rajiep, 6e3ycjioBHO, He no3BOJi5uio243 OTBa>KHTbCH Ha A-flHTejibHbie nepexoAbi. HTaK, H B 1598 roAy TypeinoiH (J)JIOT HanpacHO
OTnpaBHjicfl B njiaBaHHe, a BOHHa TaK H HC 6bijia o6i>HBJieHa. B KoHcraHTHHonoJie co CTopoHbi HcnaHHH onflTb OTMeqaiOTCfl nonbiTKH AoroBopwTbCH o nepeMHpHH, Tenepb qepe3 >KHBymnx B TypeuKon CTOJinije eBpeeB 244 .
B 1599 roAy — TO >Ke 3aTHiiibe. B 1600-M Hnrajia BbicrynHji c 19 rajiepaMH, H3
KOTopbix npH noAxoAe K CeMH6aineHHOMy 3aMKy ocrajiocb Bcero 10. 3KHna*CH H
CHacTH pa3yKOMn^eKTOBaHHbix 9 rajiep nomjiH Ha yKpenjieHne ApyrHX245. H a 3anaAe napnjio nojiHoe cnoKOHCTBne. B HcnaHHH Aa>Ke njiaHnpoBajin nocjiaTb rajiepbi BO OjiaHApnio, B OTBeT Ha npocb6bi a p n r e p u p r a Ajib6epTa24<i.
1601 r o ^ : jioxoiaH T p e s o r a HJIH ynymeHHan BO3MCOKHOCTI>?

KaK HH cTpaHHO, Ha cjieAyiomnH TOA HcnaHHH npHcrynnjia K BoeHHO-MopCKHM npnroTOBjieHHHM. npnB;ieKJia JIH ee BHHMaHHe K CpeAH3eMHOMy Mopio BOHHa TeHpnxa IV npoTHB CaBonn H3-3a Cajiyijnp 247 , HJIH nocaraTejibCTBa Ha TocKaHy;
a 6biTb MO>KeT, Heo6xoAHMOCTb KOHTpojiHpoBaTb nyTb H3 BapcejiOHbi B TeHyio, a
TO H npocTO TOT (J>aKT, qTo HcnaHHH pa3BH3ajia ce6e pyKH B BOHHC C OpaHLjneH
H CMOivia npnjio>KHTb HOBbie CHJIW Ha BHyTpeHHeM Mope — BO BCHKOM cjiyqae B
1601 roAy 3Aecb Ha6;noAajiacb paHee HeBHAaHHan aKTHBHOCTb HcnaHueB. BCH
HTajiHH no npHKa3y H3 MaApnAa Hacrponjiacb Ha BOCHHWH jiaA248. BeHeuHH HCnbiTbmajia no 3TOMy noBOAy oco6oe 6ecnoKOHCTBO, TeM 6ojiee qTo HeMeinoie

407

3aBepmenHe BOHHW Ha Mope
cojiAaTbi

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B MnjiaH,

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CKaMH. E c T e C T B C H H O , MTO H B e H e i J H a H I J b l , B CBOK) O H e p e A b , CTaJIH BOOpy>KaTb-

ca24<J. Ipacj) OyaHTec nbrrajicn HX ycnoKOHTb, MTO 6bmo TaK >Ke ecTecTBeHHO, XOTA
H 6ecnojie3Ho 250 . 3 T H BoeHHbie npHroTOB;ieHHfl, nepeABH>KeHHH BOHCK H tyjioTa, cpa3y nocTaBHJin HTajiHio, CJIHUIKOM paHHMyio H qyBCTBHTejibHyio KO BceMy,
HapyuiaiomeMy ee noKofi, Ha rpaHb o6mero KpH3Hca. OqeBHAHo, MapcejibCKHH
peHeraT BapTOJiOMe KopeHCH251, nocjiaHeu, H6parHM-nauiH 252 , KOTopbiH B anpeJie no6biBaji B BeHeijHH npoe3AOM BO OjiopeHijHio H JIHBOPHO, HecnpocTa HanpaBjnuicfl BO OpaHUHio H B AHIVIHIO.
TeHpHx IV, B CBOK) oqepe/n>, He CMHTaji, MTO ACJIO naxHeT BOHHOH: ecjiH 6bi
rpacj) Oy3HTec 3aTeflJi MTO-JIH6O B HTajiHH, nniueT OH r-Hy BH;uibe 25 \ OH HacrpoHJI 6bi npoTHB ce6n nany, «6e3 noMomn KOToporo Ha3BaHHOMy Kopojno npHuuiocb
6bi Tyro». BnponeM, 3>HJiHnn III He 3aHHTepecoBaH B HapyuieHHH CHOKOHCTBHH.
«Ilo npaBAe roBopn, — nncaji TaioKe IeHpHX IV BHJuibe 16 Maa 1601 roAa 254 , — a
HHKorAa He AyMaji, MTO ncnaHijbi XOTHT HanaTb BOHHy B HTajiHH HJIH r^e-TO eme,
He yjiaAHB CBOH j\ejid B I InAepjiaHAax, BecbMa o6peivieHHTejibHbie RJIH HHX, a #eHer y HHX He 6ojibiue, qeM y ApyrHx». K 3TOMy BpeMeHH, OAHaico, CTpaxH HTajibjmueB yjierjiHCb. BeHeiiHH pa3opy>KHJiacb255. KpH3HC (J)aKTHHecKH 3aBepuiHjic5i,
KorAa OmiHnn III 27 Mafl CKpenmi, HaKOHeu, cBoeft npHcaroH BepBeHCKHH MHp25(i.
Ho;ieTOM Kpn3Hc, CHanajia oxBaTHBiiiHH HTajiHio, pacnpocTpaHHjicH HaTeppHTOpHK) MOpH. H3BCCTHH H3 KoHCTaHTHHOnOJIH, KacaiOUJHeOI H a 3TOT p a 3 H e

BOCTOMHbix, a 3anaAHbix jxeji, coo6maioT HaM o noAroTOBKe B cepe^HHe HIOHA
MoqHoro HcnaHCKoro cJ)jiOTa, KOTopoMy Hnrajia, K CBoeMy BejiMKOMy crbmy, Mor
npoTHBonocTaBHTb He 6ojiee 30-50 rajiep, Aaace c npHBJieqeHHeM KopcapoB 257 .
Bo OpaHUHH 6buio H3BecTHO o KOHU.eHTpan,HH HcnaHCKoro (JDJiOTa. «3cKaApa,
KOTopyio co6HpaioT B IeHye, — nncaji IeHpnx IV 25 HIOHH 2 5 8 , — yrpoacaeT TypeqKHM Bjia^eHH^M H Bbi3bmaeT noA03peHHH y coceAen, HO H Ha^eiocb, MTO OT Hee
6y/jeT 6o;ibiiie uiyMa, neM HenpHHTHOcreH, Kan H OT Bcex ocTajibHbix 3aTeft rpa(J)a O y 3 H T e c a » . T y p K H n p H H J U I H CBOH n p e A O C T O p O > K H O C T H , B b l A B H H y B T p H AeCHT-

Ka rajiep K ocrpoBy TCHCAOC *25U, KOTopbiH HaxoAHTCfl B ycTbe ^apAaHejm. OpaHqy3CKHH Kopojib MaHeBpbi TypoK He npHHHji Bcepbe3. «Ilo-MoeMy, — nHiueT OH
15 niojifl, — pa3roBopoB 6yzjeT MHoro, a TOJiKy Majio»2()0.
MTO AO xpncTHaHCKOH apMa^bi, TO OHa Morjia BHymaTb 6ojibme onaceHHH,
HO Bee 3aAaBajiHCb BonpocoM, KOMy >Ke OHa HaHeceT yAap, XOTH BeHeijHaHijbi H
yTBep^cAaJin HaBepHoe, HTO (JXJIOT noHAeT B Aji6aHHio, HTo6bi OBJiaAeTb KacTejibHyoBO261. 5 aBiycTa KHH3b ^^KOBaH AHApea ^ o p n a co CBOHMH Kopa6jiHMH noKHHy^ TpanaHH262. B KoHcraHTHHono;ie npeyBe^HHHBajiH onacHOCTb, H npHBbiqHaH CHTyaqHH noBTopHjiacb Ha ceft pa3 c TOHHocTbio AO Hao6opoT. ToBopHJiH o
* CoBp. TypeuKoe Ha3BaHwe — Bo3A>KaaAa.

408

CpeAH3eMHoe Mope Ha o6oHHHe 6o;ibiiiOH HcropHH

HajiHHHH B xpHCTHaHCKOH 3CKaApe 90 rajiep H 40 rajiHOHOB263. H Hnrajia c e r o
40 rajiepaMH, npuj\n B HaBapHH, 6jiaropa3yMHO He noKa3biBaji HOC H3 nopTa 264 .
TeM He MeHee, o HOBOM JlenaHTO p e n n He 6biJio. Cyzjfl y)Ke n o OTnpaBHOH
TOHKe ,HopHH, TpanaHH, 3a6oTy HcnaHHH cocTaB;i5ui He JleBaHT, a CeBepHan
A4>pHKa. H AewcTBHTe^bHO, HcnaHCKHH (J)JIOT 6bui HaijejieH Ha AjDKwp, B HaAe>KAe 3acTaTb nwpaTCKyio CTOJiHuy Bpacnjiox 265 , HO noro#a B oqepe^HOH pa3 onpoKHHyjia Bce pacneTbi. OcTopo^cHocTb KOMaHAyiomero cnoco6crBOBajiaTOMy, HTO
apMa^a pa3BepHyjiacb B o6paTHyio cTopoHy. 14 ceHTH6pH (J>paHuy3CKHH nocoji 266
B HcnaHHH coo6maji o npoBajie 3KcneAnu,HH, «KOTopaa, no ocfmijHajibHOH BepCHH, 6buia copBaHa uiTopMOM, 3acTHruiHM 3CKa^py B qeTbipex MHJIHX OT MecTa
Bbica^KH H TaK pa36pocaBiiiHM H noTpenaBiiiHM rajiepbi HcnaHiieB, HTO HM npHuuiocb OTKa3aTbCH OT CBOHX HaMepeHHH». Bbuia nu 3TO eme OAHa ynymeHHan
B03MO>KHOCTb H 3 JXJlUUHOrO

C n H C K a n O A 0 6 H b I X n O n b l T O K X p H C T H a H B 3 H T b AjIHCHp,

6e3ycneuiHO npeAnpHHHMaBiiiHxcfl j\o 1830 roAa? TaK n o KpaHHen Mepe CHHTaPnMe, OTKy^a r e p n o r Cecca H3BCCTHJI, KaKoe oropneHHe B 6eceAe c HHM
BbicKa3aji Ero CBHTeninecTBO «no noBO/jy HecnacTbH, cjiyHHBiiierocfl c apMaAOH»267. Bojibiue Bcero nany neqajiHJio, HTO AUBepcHH B A(})pHKe noMemajia sdp(J)eKTHBHOMy BMeuiaTejibCTBy B jieBaHTHHCKHe ACJia... JIio6onbiTHO, HTO TaKHM
o6pa30M B Haqajie XVII BeKa Ha noBepxHocTb CHOBa BcnjibmaiOT BeHHbie pa3AOpbi Me^cAy HcnaHqaMH, 3aHHTbiMH A(J)pHKOH, H HTajibHHixaMH, KOTopbix 6ecno-

JIH B

KOHT BOCTOHHblH B O n p O C . . .
3 a M e T H M , HTO 3KCneAHE[H5I B A / I > K H p — H 3 T O C H M n T O M a T H H H O C TOHKH 3 p e -

HHH H3MeHHBineHCH CHTyaijHH B CpeAH3eMHOMopbe, — ecjiH 6bi OHa yBeHHajiacb
ycnexoM, Bce paBHO BbijiHJiacb 6bi B p^AOByio JioKajibHyio BOHHy. HcnaHCKHH (JXTIOT
He nouieji 6bi HaBcrpeny TypeijKOMy. Bojibuian BOHHa 3CKaAp, ycHjieHHbix rajiep
H rajiHOHOB 6e3B03BpaTHO ymjia B npoiiuioe. Ee HOBMH AoporocToamHH BcnjiecK,
He3aBHCHMO OT o6cTOHTejibCTB, BOJIH jnoAeii, HX npoeKTOB H pacneTOB, BCTynaji
B npoTHBopeqne c Bpa>KAe6HOH eMy H BceMorymen o6men TeHAemjHeH 3noxH.
Bbipo>KAeHHe 6ojibinoH BOHHW no-CBoeMy npeABeuxaeT rpaAymHH ynaAOK Bcero
CpeAH3eMHOMopbH, npH3HaKH KOToporo craHOBHTCH HBHO 3aMeTHbiMH B nocjieAHne roAbi XVI CTOJieTHH.
CMepTb <I>HjiHnna I I 1 3 ceHTH6pn 1598 ro^a 268
PaccKa3bmaii o co6biTHnx, CMCHABIUHX Apyr Apyra Ha cpeAH3eMHOMopcKOH
cqeHe, MW He KOCHyjiHCb B cooTBeTCTByiomeM pa3Ae;ie OAHoro H3 HHX, npHTOM
Ba^KHeHiuero, ceHcaiXHOHHaa BecTb o KOTopoM o6;ieTejia Bce yrojiKH Mopa H Becb
Mnp: KOHHHHbi Onjinnna II, HacTynHBiueH 13 ceHTn6pfl 1598 roAa B ScKopHajie,
Ha 3aKaTe npoAo;i>KHTe;ibHoro ixapcTBOBaHHH, Ka3aBiuerocH e r o HeApyraM 6ecKOHeHHblM.

3aBepmeHne BOMHW Ha Mope

409

YnymeHHe? Ho npnBejia JIH CMepTb Myzjporo MoHapxa K CKo;ib-jiH6o 3aMeTHWM nepeMeHaM B HcnaHCKOH no;iHTHKe? B OTHOiueHHHx c BOCTOKOM OHa ocraBajiacb qpe3MepHO ocropo>KHOH, H36eraiomeH OTicpbrroro KOH(J)^HKTa c TypKaMH269
(noxoA npecTapejioro /JopnH Ha AJDKHP B 1601 ro#y He AOKa3biBaeT o6paTHOro). McnaHCKHe areHTbi no-npe^CHeMy njieTyT CBOH HHTpHrH B KoHcraHTHHonoJie, Ao6HBancb 3aKJiioqeHHfl HeAOCTH)KHMoro MHpa H ycneumo CTapaacb H36e>KaTb TpeHHH... ECJIH peqb 3axoAHT o BOHHC, TO 3TO BOHHa npoTHB 6ep6epoB,
orpaHHHeHHaa, KaK Mbi y6e>KAaeMca, y3KHMH paMKaMH. BHyTpn caMOH McnaHHH
H 3 M e H e H H H T a i O K e H e n p O H C X O A H T . C o 6 b I T H H p a 3 B H B a i O T C 5 I n O A BJIHHHHeM B C e

Tex >Ke CHJI, KOTopwe AaioT O ce6e 3HaTb y^ce MHorne roAbi. Bo BceM uapHT npeeMCTBeHHOCTb, Aaace B ABH^KCHHH K MHpy, HecMOTpa Ha ero 3aTopMO>KeHHOCTb,
HMnyjibc K KOTopoMy 6bui A^H 6ecnopnAOHHbiMH, HO MOiijHbiMH ycH^HHMH noc^eAHHx^eT npaBjieHHH <I>H^Hnna II. BepBeHCKHH MHp 1598 roAa 6biJi AeTHmeM
noKOHHoro Kopojia, MHp c AHrjiHeH 3ano3Aaji Ha uiecrb ;ieT (1604), MHp c Coe A H H e H H b l M H I I p O B H H q H H M H — H a O A H H H a A U a T b ( 1 6 0 9 ) . H O n y T b K HHM HaHaJICH

rop3aAO paHbiue.
HaBpHA^iH HTO-TO MO>KCT oxapaKTepH30BaTb 3araAOHHyio (f>Hrypy Onjinnna II
jiyqiiie, neM ero yAHBHTejibHafl CMepTb, crojibico pa3 H C TaKHM nacJ)ocoM onncaHHaa, HTO He xoqeTcn CHOBa noBTopHTb ee BOJiHyiomne noApo6HOCTH. 3TO 6buia,
6e3ycjioBHO, CMepTb Kopojia H xpHcrnaHHHa, HenoKOJie6HMO yBepeHHoro B cnjie
3acTynHHMecTBa U,epKBH.
npH nepBbix 6o^e3HeHHbix npHcrynax HeAyra, B HKDHC, HecMOTpa Ha conpoTHB^eHHe Bpaneft, Kopojib npnKa3aji nepeBe3TH ce6a B ScKopnaji, rAe OH CO6Hpajioi npocTHTbCH c }KH3Hbio. naTbAecaT TpH AHA npoAOJiacajiacb 6opb6a c 3apa^ceHHeM KpoBH, KOTopoe yHecjio ero B Mornjiy nocjie AOJirax crpaAaHHH. 3Ta
CMepTb HHCKOUbKO He 6buia oTMeneHa ropAbmen, STHM HAOJIOM Beica Pe(f>opM b l 2 7 0 . K o p O J I b OTnpaBHJICH B 3 c K O p H a J I H e flJIH T O r O , H T o 6 b I 3 a K O H H H T b CBOH

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MHpa cero, CBHAeTe;i5iMH ero aroHHH. 3 T O 6buia npeAe;ibHO ny6jiHqHaji KOHMHHa, npHJHOAHan H oTpoKHcenpoBaHHan, B xopoiueM CMbicne cjiOBa, HacKOJibKO
6biJio BO3MOHCHO. He IbpAbiHH, OAHHonecTBO H Boo6pa^ceHHe, KaK roBopnjiH,
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ro H AyxoBHoro, ero Bparn nepHHjiH 6e3 3a3peHHH COBCCTH ero HMH caMOH He;ienofi KJieBeTOH, a ero noHHTaTe;iH CJIHIIIKOM nocneuiHO HarpaAHjiH ero HHM6OM,
HO 3Ta >KH3Hb 6biJia npo^KHTa B HeH3MeHHOH npeAaHHOcra HHCTeHiueMy pejiHrn-

410

Cpe,AH3eMHoe Mope na O6OHHHC Gojibuioft

HCTOPHH

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p a M K H o 6 p a 3 a 3 a M K H y T O H H C K p b l T H O H JIHHHOCTH, CpOCILICrOCH C O H J I H n n O M I I .

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npOAOJI>KHTeJIb-

HOH, 6 o r a T O H C o 6 b I T H 5 I M H H M H O r O H H C J i e H H W M H OTpa^KCHHHMH, OT T H I J H a H O B a

nopTpeTa npHHija AeBATHaAUaTH jieT OT poAy Ao 6e3>KajiocTHOH H BOjmyioineH
KapTHHbi naHTOxH Ae Jia Kpyc, KOTopafl noKa3WBaeT HaM TeHb npe^CHero rocyAapn Ha 3aKaTe ero AHCH...
^ocrynHbiH jijiH Hac o6pa3 Kopojin — 3TO npaBHTCJib, HcnojiHHiomHH CBOH
ixapcrBeHHbiH AOJir H Ha.xoj\nu\ui\cn B ueHTpe BOAOBopoTa, B KJiyGne HOBOCTCH,
HbH nyTaiomHecH H nepeceKaioinnecfl HHTH cnjieTaiOTcn nepeA HHM B nojiOTHO
co6biTHH, npowcxoA^mMx B e r o HMnepHH H BO BceM MHpe. 3 T O HHTaTejib 3a
CBOHM pa6oHHM CTO^OM, ACJiaioiiiHH CBOHM CKopbiM nonepKOM noMeTKH B 6yMarax, npoBOA^mHH MHorne nacw B OAHHonecTBe, BAajiH OT JIIOACH, B pa3MwuuieH H H , B A H a J I O r e C T B O p f l l H e H C H H C T O p H e H , K O T O p a H HHTHMH H O B O C T e H TflHeTCH K

HeMy co Bcex yrojiKOB CBeTa. H a caMOM ACJie

OH HBJIHCTCH

BomiomeHHeM Bcex

CHJIbHblX H CJia6bIX CTOpOH C B O e H H M n e p H H , MCJIOBeKOM, n O A B O A H m H M H T O r H .

Ka^KAbiH H3 e r o noMoqHHKOB, r e p n o r Ajib6a, no3AHee OapHe3e B HHAep^aHAax, AOH XyaH Ha CpeAH3eMHOM Mope, BHAHT jiHiiib ccf>epy npHJio^ceHHH co6C T B e H H b l X CHJI, OAHy H 3 H a C T e f t BCeM FHraHTCKOH M a i U H H b l . B 3TOM 3aKJIIOHaeTCH

pa3JiHHHe Me>KAy AwpH>KepoM H cojiHcraMH opnecTpa...
O H HC 6biji nejiOBeKOM, oAep>KHMWM BCJIHKHMH HACHMH: CBOIO nejib OH BHAHT
B 6ecKOHeMHOH npopa6oTKe AeTajieH. Bee e r o noMeTKH CBOAHTCH K yTOHHeHHio
BTopocTeneHHbix cJ>aKTOB, npHKa3aM, peMapnaM H Aaace wcnpaBjieHHio OIIIH6OK
npaBonHcaHHH H reorpacJmH. H3-noA ero nepa HHKorAa He BWXOAAT o6mHe HACH
HJIH rpaHAH03Hbie miaHw. H AyMaio, HTO B e r o MWCJIHX CJIOBO «CpeAH3eMHOMopbe» HHKorAa HC accoLuinpoBajiocb c TeM coAep>KaHHeM, KOTopoe npHnncbiBaeM eMy MW: C o6pa3aMH CBeTa H CHHCH BOAW, C KOMnjieKCOM oupeAejieHHwx

IIpHMeHaHHH

411

npo6;ieM HJIH c ACHOH nojiHTHHecKOH KOHijenrTHeH. Ieorpa(|)HH B CO6CTBCHHOM
CMbic/ie He BxoAH^a B Kypc BocnHTaHHH rocyAapeft. Bee 3TH cooGpaaceHHfl yica3bmaiOT Ha TO, HTO A-flHTejibHan aroHHH, 3aKOHHHBinaiiCH B ceHT5i6pe 1598 roAa,
He CTajia BbmaiomHMCfl co6biTHeM cpeAH3eMHOMopcKOH HCTopwH. JIHUIHHH pa3
Mbi y6e>KAaeMC5i B TOM, KaK BCJIHKO paccTOHHHe MeacAy HCTopneH B >KH3HeonHcaHHHX H H C T O p H e H C T p y K T y p , a T e M 6 o ^ e e H C T O p H e H T e p p H T O p H H . . .

IIPHMEHAHHJI
1

T h e rise of the Spanish Empire in t h e old a n d in t h e new world, 4 vol.
IlHCbMO llapyxbi AO>Ky, PHM, 7 HOH6. 1592 roAa, La legazione di Roma... p. p. Giuseppe
diLeva, 1887,1, p. 6 - 9 .
3
Emilio Garcia Gomez, «Espanoles en el Sudan», in: Revista d e Occidente, oct. dec. 1935,
p. 111.
4
Muerte del Rey de Franc ia por un frayle dominico, Simancas E° 596; E. Lavisse, op. cit.,
VI, 1, p. 298.
5
IiHCbMoA. KyHHHOKA-oIIapyxe, BeHeijHH (ceHx. — OKX.) 1589 r., A. d. S. Venise, Let.
Com.XIIter.
b
H. Kretschmayr, op. cit., Ill, p. 42—43, na3biBaex Mecniibi aBiycx H Hon6pb. npHeM coCXOHJICH, OAHaKO, no Bceft BHAHMOCXH, BHHBape 1590 roAa, CM. nHCbMO O-KO AC Bepbi O H jinnny II, BeHeiniH, 20 HUB. 1590 r., A. N., K 1674.
7
L. von Pastor, op. cit., X (HCM. H 3 A ) , p. 248.
8
IlHCbMO H. MenAOCbi Onjinnny III, BeneiiHH, 19 AeK. 1598 r., A. N., K 1675.
9
G. Megatti, op. cit., II, p. 814.
10
H no Aopore npnHHHHiomHxo6biHHoe 6ecnoKOHCXBO «...comee il lorosolito». A. d. S.
Genes, L. M. Spagna 10. 249.
11
Simancas E° 487.
12
FL Hakluyt, op. cit., II, p. 285—289, cxbiHKa Ha uiHpoxe naHxejuiepnH.
13
06biHH0 perHcxpHpyeMbie (*paKXbi eme MeHee 3HaHHxejibHbi. CM. J. von Hammer, op. cit.,
VII, p. 192—194 et 194, note 1; L. C. Feraud, op. cit., p . 86, Koxopbie coo6maiox, HXO B
1584 roAy, nocjie y6nncxBa xpnnojiHxaHCKoro naiun PaMaAaHa ero aceHa HJIH cecxpa noKHAaex ropoA. Ha CBOIO rajiepy ona norpy3HJia 800 000 AyKaxoB, 400 xpncxnaHCKHx pa6oB H
40 ACByiiieK. Flo nyxn B KoncxaHXHiionojib ee npHBexjiHBO npHHHMaiox Ha o. 3aKHH(j), HO
6JIH3 KecJ>ajiHHHH rajiepa noABepraexca HanaAeHHio co cxopoHbi 3 M O , KOMaHAyiomero BeHeunaHCKHM (JXJIOXOM. CyAHO 6bijio 3axBaneno, MycyjibMaHe HCxpe6jieHbi. EjiaroAapH BMeuiaxejibcxBy cyjixamiiH HHUHACHX 6bui yjiaacen nojno6oBHo; OAHaKO 3 M O JIHIIIHJICH rojioBbi,
a e r o npH3B03BpameH HJIH KOMnencnpoBaH. CorjiacHo K Hakluyt, op. cit. (II, p. 190), KOXOpbiH OXHOCHX 3xox 3nH30A K OKX. 1585 roAa, B xoAe e r o 6buio ocBo6o>KAeHO 150 njieHHbix.
Ha 6opxy rajiepbi HaxoAHJincb A»a aHrjiHnaHHHa, KoxopbiM 6biJio HacnjibHO CAejiaHO o6pe3aHHe Ha /t^epGe no npnKa3y cbina PaMaAana.
14
Charles-Andrejulien, Histoire de TAfrique d u Nord, op. cit., p . 538.
2

412

CpeAH3eMHOe MOpe Ha 0 6 0 H H H e 6oJIbIUOH HCTOpHH

15

L. C. Feraud, op. cit., p . 83.
Charles-AndreJulien, o p . cit., p . 537.
17
IlncbMO XyaHa KopHocw Onjinnny II, BeneiniH, 4 (J>eBp. 1589 r., A. N., K 1674.
18
IlHCbMO MnpaH/jbi Onjinnny II, Heanojib, 18 (J)eBp. 1589 r., Simancas E° 1090, f° 21.
19
nncbMO XyaHa KopHocw Onjinnny II, BeHeijHH, 9 Man 1589 r., A. N., K1674.
20
IlHCbMO MHpaHAbi Onjinnny II, Heanojib, 12 anp. 1589 r., Simancas E° 1090, P 35.
21
rincbMO Toro ace Jinija TOMy ace Jinny, ibid., f° 53. IlHCbMO A^ejiaHTaAO KacrajiHH
Onjinnnyll, InGpajiTap, 13 Man 1589 r., Simancas E° 166, f°72.
22
IlHCbMO XyaHa KopHocbiOnjinnny II, BeHeijHH, 9 Man 1589 r., A. N., K1674. BMXOA
B Mope 30 rajiep. KOHCT., 22 HIOHH 1589 r., A. N., K 1674; nncbMo MnpaHAbi Onjinnny II,
8 HIOJIH 1589 r., Simancas E° 1090, P 83; nncbMo 4>-KO Bepbi Ominnny II, BeHeijHH, 8 HIOJIH
1589r.,A.N.,K1674.
23
IlHCbMO MnpaHAbi, CM. npeAbiAyuiee npHMenaHHe.
24
IlncbMo MnpaHAbi Onjinnnyll, Heanojib, 14 HIOJIH 1589 r., Simancas E° 1090, f°89.
25
H3BecTHH H3 JleBaHTa, 27 HIOJIH H 1 aBrycTa 1589 r., A. N., K 1674.
2b
IlncbMo O-KO Bepw Onjinnny II, 5 aBrycTa 1589 r., A. N., K 1674, Taicoeace coo6meHne; nncbMo MnpaHAw Onjinnnyll, Heanojib, 12 aBrycTa 1589 r., Simancas E° 1090, P 105.
27
IlncbMo BHue-KopojiH CHUHJIHH (Ominnny II?), IlajiepMO, 17aBrycra 1589 r., Simancas E° 1156.
28
CM.npHM.26.
29
IIo3TOMy Mepw 3amHTbi, npeAnpHHHTbie rpa(J)OM Ajib6on, BHije-KopojieM CHUHJIHH,
OKa3ajiHCb H3JIHIUHHMH: nncbMo Anb6bi Onjinnny II, IlajiepMO, 22 Man 1589 ro^a, Simancas E° 1156.
30
IlncbMoX. KopHocbiOHJiHnnyII,BeHeuHH, 13 Man 1589 r., A. N., K1674.
31
IlncbMo Toro>KejiHi;a TOMy >KejiHiry, BeHeijHH, IOHIOHH 1589 r., ibid.
32
IlncbMo MnpaHAbi Onjinnny II, Heanojib, 8 ceHT. 1589 r., Simancas E° 1090, f° 124.
33
Relacion del viaje que hizieron las galeras de la religion de Sant J u a n que estan al cargo
del comendador Segreville en ausencia del General de la Religion, 1589, Simancas E° 1156.
34
IlncbMo MnpaHAbi 4>HJinnny II, Heanojib, 18 ceHT. 1589 r., Simancas E° 1090.
35
KOHCT., 8ACK. 1589 r., A. N., K1674, nncbMoO-KO Bepbi Onjinnny II, BeHeijHH, 2 ACK.
1589 r., A. N., K 1674; nncbMOToro ace jinqaTOMyjKe Jinuy, 22 AeK. 1589 r., ibid.
%
IlajiepMO, 25 HOH6. 1589 r., Simancas E° 1156.
37
Alphonce Rousseau, AnnalesTunisiennes, op. cit., p. 33.
38
KOHCT., 2 MapTa 1590 r., Simancas E° 1092, f° 18.
16

39

KOHCT., 16 Map T a 1590 r., A. N., K 1674.

40

IlncbMo O-KO Bepw 4>HJinnny II, BeHeinin, 31 MapTa 1590 r., A. N., K 1674.
41
IlHCbMorpa4)aAjib6biOHJiHnnyII, IlajiepMO, 7 anp. 1590 r., Simancas E° 1157.
42
IlHCbMO O-KO Bepbi Onjinnny II, BeHeunn, 14 anpejin 1590 r., A. N., K 1674.
43
rincbMO MnpaHAbi Onjinnny II, Heanojib, 14 aBrycTa 1589 r., Simancas E° 1090, f° 15.
44
IlncbMo JIoHrjie Kopojiio, Ma^pHA, 15 aBrycTa 1590 r., p. p. A. Mousset, op. cit., p. 401.
46

KOHCT., 27 anp.1590 r., A. N., K 1674.

npHMenaHHH

413

46

25 anp. 1590 r., Relacion q. yo J u a n Sarmiento hago para informacion d e V. Ex a del
viaje q u e hize para la isla de Tabarca en Berveria d e orden d e V. Ex a , Simancas E° 1157.
47
Ibid.
48
FlHCbMO Kopojuo, Simancas E° 1157.
49
KOHCT., 25 M2LH 1590 r., A. N., K1674; nncbMO Ajib6bi Onjinnny II, FlajiepMO, 2 HIOHH
1590 r., Simancas E° 1157.
^IlHCbMoAjibGbiOH^Hnnyll, IlajiepMO, 5 Man 1590 r., Simancas E° 1157.
51
Simancas E° 1092, f° 32.
52
A.N.,K1674.
53
llncbMo AjibGbiOmiHnnyll, FlajiepMO, 2 HIOHM 1590 r., Simancas E° 1157.
54

KOHCT., 8 HIOHH 1590 r., A. N., K 1674.

55

F. Braudel, in: Rev. Afric, 1928.
IlHCbMO J\TK. A. /Jopnn OH^Hnny II, 6 HIOHH 1594 r., Simancas E° 492.
57
CM. no noBOAy 3Toro Kopo;iH KyKo npeAbmymee npHMenaHne H aHajiH3 3Toro AOKVMeHTa B CTaTbe F. Braudel, «Les Espagnols en Algerie», in: Histoire et Historiens de l'Algerie,
56

1930, p. 246. AHa/iorHHHbiM HHUHACHT B CBH3H C yKperuieHHHMH B ropoAKe A(J)pHKa, KOTO-

p u e Heo6xoAHMo 6buio CHCCTH, onncaH B nncbMe repupra MaiceAbi On/innny II, MeccHHa,
12 aBrycTa 1598 r., Simancas E° 1158.
58
J. von Hammer, op. cit., VII, p. 264.
59
J. W. Zinkeisen, op. cit., Ill, p. 802.
60
Ibid.,p.803.
61
nHCbMoO-KoBepbiOHjiHnnyII,BeHeu.HH, 14 anp. 1590 r., A. N., K 1674 «...con q u e
havian baxado los talleres diez asperos cada u n o [npw STOM Tajiepw CHH3HjiHCb B iieHe Ha
AecHTb acnpoB] / ».
62
FlHCbMO A- HHbnro AC MeHAOCbi Onjinnny II, BeHeirHH, 9 ceHT. 1590, aBT., A. N., K
1677.
63
CoBpeMeHHoe COCTOHHHC Bonpoca ocBemeHO B CTaTbe Vuk Vinaver«Der venezianische
Goldzechin in der Republik Ragusa», in: Bolletino dell'Istituto di Storia della Societa e dello
Statoveneziano, 1962.
64
12 MIOHH 1590 r., FL Hakluyt, op. cit., II, p . 294—295. ConnameHHe 6buio 3aKJnoneHO B
1591 roAy,/ W. Zinkeisen, op. cit., Ill, p . 657.
65
J. W. Zinkeisen, op. cit., Ill, p . 582.
66
Ibid.
67
IlHCbMO 4>-KO Bepw OnjiHnny II, BeHeu,HH, 3 MapTa 1590 r., A. N . , K 1674;
J. W. Zinkeisen, op. cit., Ill, p. 623.
68
IlncbMO Toro ace jiHijaTOMy nee JIHLTV, BeHeijHH, 3 c e m \ 1589 r., A. N., K 1674.
69

70

KOHCT., 5 HHB. 1591 r., A. N., K 1674.

J. W. Zinkeisen, op. cit., Ill, p . 581.
71
Ibid., p . 585.
72
J. von Hammer, op. cit., VII, p . 297.
73
A.N.,K1677.

414

CpeAH3eMiioe Mope na O6OHHHC 6o;ibiiioH ncropHH

74

KOHCT., 18 anp. 1601 r., A. N., K 1677.

75

KOHCT., 4 Man 1601 r., ibid. Flo noBOAy HHUHACHTOB 1601 roAa, HX npnHHH H npeAiueCTBOBaBuiHx HM co6biTHH CM. TaioKe KOHCT., 27 MapTa 1601 r., A. N., K1630; nncbMO Hnbnro AC MenAocbi Onjinnny III, BeHeuna, 13 Maa 1600 r., aBT., K 1677; nHCbMO JleMOca
Onjinnny III, Heanojib, 8 Man 1601 r., K 1630; iiHCbMa 4>-KO Bepbi Onjinnny III, BeHeijHa,
5 Man 1601 r., K 1677 H KOHCT., 29 HOH6. 1598 r., K

1676.

7b

J. von Hammer, op. cit., VII uj. W. Zinkeisen, op. cit., t. III. HeKOTopbie A^TW: 1594 TOA,
B3HTne HMnepuaMH HoBnrpaAa; 1595, B3arae /l^aBapHHO TypKaMH K BeAHKOMy oropneHMK) xpncTnan, G. Megatti, op. cit., II, p. 799; 1598, B03BpamenHe /JacaBapHHO, Simancas E° 615; 16 Maa 1598 r., nucbMo H-o MenAocbi E. B., BeHen,na, A. N., K 1676; 5 ACK.
1598 r., nncbMO HHbnro M. Kopojno, BeneuHa: yAOBJieTBopeHHe BeHen.HaHn.eB no noBOAy
H3BecTHH o cuaTHH HMnepn/aMH ocaAbi c ByAbi; 28 HOH6., nncbMO H-o MenAocbi E. B., TypKH CHHJIH ocaAy c BaAapHHO (Bapa^KAHii?), HMnepn.bi — c ByAbi, A. N., K1676; 20 OKT., JIOTKHoe (noAaBaeMoe3aBepHoe) H3BecraeoB3aTHHEyAbi, nncbMoH.MeHAOCbi, A. N.,K 1676;
4 HOH6. 1600 r., nncbMO 4>-KO Bepbi E. B., BeHeuna, A. N., K1677, B3aTHe KaHH3HH (HaAbKaHH^Ka?)TypKaMH 22 oicra6pa; 11 aBrycra 1601 r., H3 BeHbi A. N., K1677, pa3rpoMTpaHcmibBaHueBHMnepqaMH npn Ibpocjio (FIopocjio?); 21 OKT. 1601 r., A. N.,K 1677; 10 noa6.1601 r.,
pa3rpOM «KHHHCHHKa» H3bIAHCH, OTMeneHHblH 6oJIbIUHMH npa3AHeCTBaMH, KoHCTaHTHHO-

no^b, A. N., K 1677; 10 noa6. 1601 r., COMHCHHH B pa3rpoMe KHHHCHHKa. rincbMo O-KO
Bepbi E. B., Beneuna, A. N., K 1677; 1 J\CK. 1601 r., HeyAanHbin iiJTypM KaHH3HH HMnepn.aMH, nncbMO O-KO Bepbi E. B., BeHeuna, A. N., K 1677.
77
KOHCT., 4 Ma# 1601 r., A. N., K 1677. Penb imia, npaBAa, Bcero o neTbipex ra/iepax.
78
G. Megatti, op. cit., II, p. 789, 809.
79
Ibid., p. 790. OTHOCHTejibno MHCCHH KapAHHana Bopre3e B HcnaHHH CM. HHCTpyKUHio KjiHMenTa VIII, 6 OKT. 1593 r., p. p. A. MorelFatio, L'Espagne au XVIC et au XVTIC siecle,
p. 194etsq.
80
Consejo sobre cartas de Fco de Vera, Man 1594 r., Simancas E° 1345. HcnaHn.bi TaioKe
ynpeKajiH BeHen.Hio 3a ee noco6HHnecTBo IeHpnxy IV.
81
J. W. Zinkeisen, op. cit., Ill, p. 587.
82
G. Megatti, op. cit., II, p. 800 (1595), N. lorga, op. cit., Ill, p. 211.
83
N. Iorga, Storia dei Romeni, p. 213.
84
G. Megatti, op. cit., II, p. 801.
85
rincbMO 4>-KO Bepbi Onjinnny III, Benei^na, 5 Man 1601 r., A. N., K 1677.
80

87

KOHCT., 17 M apTa 1601 r., A. N., K 1677.

BnacTHOCTH, BHanajie 1600 r. 6;iH3THMHiiioapbi, CM. nncbMOA- HHbnro AeMeHAOCbi
OnAHnnylll, BeHeuna, 26 cjjeBp. 1600 r., A. N., K 1677, aTaioKe B 1598 roAy n p n noAAep>KKeTpaHCHJibBaHueB,3HMOH (3aHBapa 1598 r.), A. N., K 1676.
88
Be H a, 28 MapTa 1598 r., A. N., K 1676.
89
P. Paruta, op. cit., p. 15 et 16.
90
rincbMO H n b n r o MeHAocw Onjinnny III, BeHeuna, 19ACK. 1598 r., A. N., K 1676.
91
nncbMO Toro >Ke jiHua TOMy >Ke AHqy, 11 niojia 1598 r., ibid. (11, a He 18 Hiojia, KaK
yKa3ano B apxHBHOH KJiaccHc^HKauHn).

npHMenaHHH

415

92

IincbMo XyaHa j\c CeiibH Ae MeHopKa Onjinnny II, KOHCT., 3 HOH6. 1597 r., A. N.,
K 1676.
93
y. W. Zinkeisen, op. cit., Ill, p. 609. CjiyxH o Mupe: nwcLMO repiiora Ceccbi OmiHnny III,
PHM, 14HIOJIH 1601 r., A. N., K 1630; nHCbMO A- HHbHro AC MeHAOCbi 4>MJiHnny III, BeHeIIHH, 1 aBiycTa 1600 r., K 1677; nHCbMOToro ace jiHixaTOMy^KejiHiry, BeHeuHH, 27 Man 1600 r.
(eoiH HMnepaTop He nojiyHHTAenoKHOH noMomn, oH3aiuiioHHTMHp), ibid.
94

KOHCT., 17 HIOJIH 1601 r., A. N., K 1677; B OAHOM H3 nnceM H3 AHKapw OH Ha3BaH

TojidJiu, IOACK. 1600 r., ibid. Eme AO 9Toro HiibHro MeHAOcaynoMHHaeT o HeM B nncbMe K
Kopojiio, BeneuHfl, 8 aBrycra 1598 r., K 1676, HO 6bui JIH nejioBeic, Ha3biBaBiunH ce6n cyjiTaHOM MycTacj)OH HJIH BbiAaBaBiiiHH ce6n 3a nero, KHHJKHHKOM?
95

AHKapa, 10 AeK. 1600 r., KOHHH, A. N., K 1677.

96

KOHCT., 8 H 9 ceHT. 1601 r., A. N., K 1677.

97

KOHCT., 21 OKT. 1601 r., A. N..K1677, opa3rpoMeKnH>KHHKaraccaH-naiiiOH. IlncbMO
repupraCeccbiOHjinnnylll, PHM, 9 AeK. 1601 r., A. N., K 1630, OTOM, HTO IaccaH-nauia —
OAHH H3 cbiHOBew MexMeTa COKOJUIH.
98

/ W. Zinkeisen, op. cit., Ill, p. 6 1 3 - 6 1 4 .
Paul Morel, Histoire de Toulon, 1943, p . 8 1 - 8 2 .
100
Maurice Wilkinson, T h e last phase of the League in Provence, London, 1909, p . 1.
101
Muerte del rey de Francia, Simancas E° 597.
102
Charles Dufayard, Le Connetable de Lesdiguieres, Paris, 1892.
103
15 aBiycTa 1595 roAa OH CKOHHajica, E. Lavisse, op. cit., VI, 1, p . 399.
104
O A'3nepHOHe CM. LeoMouton, Le Due et le Roi, Paris, 1924.
105
IiHCbMOA. IIeApoAeAKyHbH<I>HJiHnnyII, Pocac, 19ceHT. 1590 r., Simancas E° 167,
P 218. HenoroAa noMemajia CHCCTH cJ>opT BpwcKOH. ^oHeceHHe A- MapTHHa AC IycMaHa co
CTIOB npn6pe>KHbix jiouMaHOB; rajiepbi He AOJimibi B03BpamaTbCH paAH 3Toro BBHAy HeHacTHOH noroABi, KOTopaM npoA-flHTCM ABa HJIH TpH MecHija y entrar en el golfo de Narbona y
costearle es mucho peor [a BOHTH B Hap6oHHCKHH 3ajiHB n ocTaBaTbcn y ero GeperoB ropa3AOxy>Ke]. MapKH3 ToppnjibH (AiiApea ,Hopna) B nncbMe E. B., IlajiaMoc, 28ceHT. 1590 r.,
Simancas E° 167, f° 223, yKa3bmaeT Ha TpyAHocTb 6jiOKHpoBaTb no6epe>Kbe JIaHreAOKa n p n
n^oxow noroAe. flncbMo Toro TKC Jinrxa TOMy >Ke JiHiry, ibid., f° 221 o TOM, KaK CJIO>KHO nonaCTb B (J)OpT BpHCKOH.
106
IlncbMO coBeTHHKOB BapcejioHbi Onjinnny II, 17 HIOJIH 1588 r., Simancas E° 336,
f° 157. Lista del dinero y mercadurias q u e h a n tornado los d e Mos. d e Envila a cathalanes
cuyo valor passa de 30 U escudos (1588). Simancas E° 336, (s. f°), nwcbMO MaHpHKe? K MOHMopaHCH, 26 anp. 1588 r., Simancas E° 336, f° 152.
107
HcnancKoe AOHeceHHe OT 8 Man 1590 r., A. N., K 1708.
108
HcnaHuaM AOCTajiacb jiOAKa, 3arpy>KeHHaji opyacneM B JIHBOPHCKOM 3aMKe, nwcbMO
AHApea/],opHH Onjiwnny II, Pocac, 13 aBrycra 1590 r., Simancas E° 167, f° 219.
109
A.N.,K1708.
110
Man 1590 r., A. N . , K 1708.
111
riwcbMO >Kyane3a MapTHHy TycMaHy, Hap6oHHa, 12 HIOHH 1590 r., A. N., K 1708.
112
IlHCbMo }Kyane3aE. B., 22 HIOHH 1590 r., Simancas E° 167, f° 154.
99

416

CpeAM3eMHoe Mope Ha OGOHHHC 6ojibiuoH HCTOPHH

113

llHCbMO )Kyawe3a A- MapTHHy &e H^HaKecy, Hap6oHHa, 10 HIOJIH 1590 r., A. N.,
K 1449, aHajiorHMHan HOTa A- X. AC HAwaKecy.
114

IlHCbMo}KyaHe3a<I>HJiHnnyII, Hap6oHHa, IOHIOJIH 1590 r., A. N., K 1449.

115

ITHCbMO A- FleApo Ae AicyHbH On/innny II, Pocac, 13 aBrycra 1590 r., Simancas E° 167,

P220.
116

IlHCbMO FleApo HcyHCbi Kopojno, llepnHHbHH, IS aBrycTa 1590 r., A. N., K 1708.
nHCbMOA-X.AeKapAOHbi<I>HJiMnnyII, MaApuA, 30aBrycra 1590 r., Simancas E° 167,
fM89.
118
E. Lavisse, op. cit., VI, 1, p . 353. Cp. Samazeulh, Catherine d e Bourbon, regente d e
Beam, 1868. AHTOHHO Ilepec H e r o Apy3bH Ha6pajiH BOHCKa B BeapHe ... Antonio Perezy
otros caballeros q u e benieron a Bearne hazen hazer esta gente en favor de los Aragoneses
[AHTOHHO Ilepec H Apyrne Ka6ajibepo, KOTopbie npwexajiH B BeapH, Hcno;ib30BajiH 3THX
^K)AeHA^HaparoHCKoroAejia]... H3BecTHe, 1592,SimancasE° 169.
119
E. Lavisse, o p . cit., VI, 1, p . 352.
120
rincbMO ZlaHAajibAerH, noaanHHKa BHjuiapa, KaTOJinnecKOMy Kopojiio, BpHOH,
117

4 HOH6. 1592 r., KOHHH, A. N., K 1588.
121

Ibid.

122

IlncbMO ^ n e r o H6appbi OH^nny II, IlapHHc, 5 c})eBp. 1593 r., A. N., K 1588. flo/io^KeHHe Been Jlnrn B 3TOT MOMCHT noKOJie6ajiocb, CM. nncbMO MapKH3a Bwjuiapa <I>HJiHnny II,
(OIII?),
123

5 4>eBp. 1593 r., A. N., K 1588.

Iepijor >KyaHe3 yMep B HHBape 1592 r. H O B U H r e p u o r (ero CWH HJIH 6paT?) AH>K,

KOTOpblH CH5UI paAH BCTVnVieHHH B HaOieACTBO pHCy KanyHHHa, BCTpeTHJICH C MOHMOpaHCH

B Ma-A'A3Hne w OjiOH3aKe. lloAnHcaHHoe noc/ie 3Toro nepeMwpHe He 6buio HapymeHO. Iepijor >KyaHe3, yAajiHBUiHCb B Ty;ry3y, BO3O6HOBHJI TaM 6opb6y npoTHB IeHpHxa IV (CM. nHCbMO>KyaHe3aOH^HnnyII,Ty^y3a, lOMapTa 1593 r., A. N., K 1588). EroycjiyrH no-npeacHeMy oruiaHHBajiHCb HcnaHHefi.
124
Victor L. Bourrilly et Raoul Busquet, Histoire de Provence, Paris, 1944, p . 92.
125
Ibid.
12(i
8 Ma^ 1590 r., A. N., K 1708.
127
V. L. BourillyetFL Busquet, op. cit., p. 9 1 , R Busquet, Histoire de Marseille, Paris, 1945,
p. 224 et sq.
128
V. L. Bourilly et R. Busquet, o p . cit., p . 9 2 - 9 3 .
129
Ibid., p . 93.
130
IlncbMO AOHaCecapaA'ABajiocaOnjiMnny II, 3KC, 4 MapTa 1592 r., Simancas E° 169,
f°103.
131
IlHCbMO Toroace jiHija A-X. AeHAHaicecy, A H T H 6 , 7aBrycra 1592 r., Simancas E° 169,

fM5.
132

IlHCbMO AOHa Xycene Ae AicyHbH K A. JX-O H 6 a p p e , 13 ceHT. 1592 r., KOHHH, A. N.,
K 1588.
133
V. L. Bourilly et R Busquet, o p . cit., p . 93.
134
E. Lavisse, op. cit., VI, 1, p . 384.
135
LeoMouton, o p . cit., p . 40.

ripHMenaHMH

417

136

A. N., K 1596, N2N2 21 H 22, UHrapoBaHHbie y Leo Mouton, op. cit., p. 42 et note,
p. 43. Tpe6oBaHHH «KaTOJiHKOB» llpoBaHca, 8 Aeic. 1594 r., A. N., K1596. PeineHne IbcyAapCTBeHHoro CoBeTa 1 cjjeBp. 1595 r., A. N., K 1596.
137
Accordi di Mon e de Pernone con S. Mta, (J)paHuy3CKaH KonHH, CeH-MaKCHMHH,
10 HOH6. 1595 r., A. N., K 1597, CM. LeoMouton, op. cit., p. 44, note 2. ConiaiueHHe c CaBOHeH 6LIJIO 3aic7iioMeHo He no3AHee aBiycTa 1595 roAa (Disciffrati del Duca de Pernone,
CeH-Tpone3,11 ACK. 1595 r., A. N., K1597). Cp. HeAaTHpoBaHHbiH AOKyMeHT A. E. Esp. 237,
fM52.
138
Estat des villes qui recognoissent Tauthorite de Monseigneur le due d'Epernon, A. N.,
K1596 (3AecbyKa3aHbi Taioice «ropoAa», KOTopbiMH OH B^aAeeT B/Io(J)HHe, TypeHH, AuryMya, CeHTOH^Ke). TOT TKG AOKyMeHT Ha ncnaHCKOM H3biKe Lista de las villas de Provenza...
A. E. Esp. 237, f* 152. Memoire sur ce qui est sous le commandement de Mr d'Epernon, s. d.

A. N., K 1598.
139

IIIap;ib Ae CaBHHbH, cbep Ae POH; O ero pojiw B cpaaceHHH npH OoHT3H-OpaHce3e CM.
T. A. dAubigne, op. cit., IX, p. 55 et sq.
140
12 ceHT. 1594 r., KonHH, A. N., K 1596. O HCO6XOAHMOCTH A^H IeHpHxa IV OTnpaBHTbCH B JIHOH. Nuevas generales que han venido de Paris en 26 de noviembre (1594, A. N.,
K1599).
141
E. Lavisse, op. cit., VI, 1, p. 401.
142
Ibid., p. 405; LeoMouton, op. cit., p. 47.
143
LeoMouton, op. cit., p. 47.
144
Ibid., p. 4 7 - 4 8 .
145
Etienne Bernard, Discours veritable de la prise et reduction de Marseille, Paris et
Marseille, 1596.
146
B OAHOM HeAaTHpoBaHHOM AOKyMeHTe (A. N., K1708) ynoMHHaioTca npocb6bi MapcejibiieB o AOCTaBKe xjie6a H3 OpaHa HJIH C CHHHJIHH. IbpoA npocHT TaiOKe ocBo6oAHTb ero
OT AByx rajiep A'3nepHOHa, KypcHpyiomnx Ha iuwpoTe nopTa.
147
R Busquet, op. cit., p. 226 et sq.
148
Ibid.,p.231.
149
Nuevas de Provenza, 1594, Simancas E° 341.
150
Ibid.
151
B 1593 roAy H3 CHIJHJIHH 6bmo nojiyneHO 10 000 cajibM 3epHa, A. N., K 1589.
152
riwcbMo Jlyw A'3Kca, UlapjiH AC Ka30 H )KeaHa Taccw <J>minnny II, Mapcejib, 16 HOH6.
1595 r., A. N., K1597.3-roMy nooiaHHio npeAiuecTBOBajio peKOMeHAaTejibHoe nwcbMO AHApea^opHH K OH^Hnny II, IeHya, 13 HOH6. 1595 r., A. N., K 1597 B 83.
153

A.N.,K1597B83.

154

FL Busquet, op. cit., p. 240. Ho rciaBHoe, corjiaiueHwe c HcnaHHew roTOBHJiocb3aAOJiro AO Toro, CM. npwM. 151 H nHCbMO KapAHHajia Ajib6epa OunHnny II, Mapcejib, 7 ceHT.
1595r.,A.N.,K1597.
155
Be3 AaTbi, A. N., K 1597 B 83.
156
Ibid.

14.3aKa3M»2220.

418

Cpe,zjn3eMHoe Mope na O6OHHHC 6o;ibiiioH ncxopnn

157

IlMCbMO AHXOHHO KwHOHeca Onvmnny II, Mapcejib, 1 HHB. 1596 r., A. N., K 1597;
nwcbMo Kap^o^opHH OHJiHnny II, Mapce-ib, 1 HHB. 1596 r., A. N., K 1597.
158
Puntos de lo de Marsella, A. N., K 1597.
159
Los diputados de Marsella a Don J u a n de Idiaquez, EapcejiOHa, 12 cj)eBp. 1595 r.,
Simancas E° 343, f* 92 (KaHue;iHpcKoe pe3io\ie).
160
R. Busquet, op. cit., p. 245.
161
Ibid.
1()2
E. Lavisse, op. cit., VI, 1, p. 264; ibid., p. 342 etsq., o no/vbeMexoproBJin.
103
Be3 Aaxbi, OKO^O 1595 ro^a, Simancas E° 343.
164
Bea Aaxw, A. N., K 1597 B 83.
165
A. N . , K 1 5 9 6 .
lb6
CM. npHMenaHne 163.
167
B xeKcxe 06 o6-bHBJieHHn nepeMHpnn ox 3 HIOJIH 1596 roAa, A. N., K 1599, yica3biBajiocb, HXO K2OKJ\2UI H3 cxopoH 6yAex co6npaxb ACHbrw B noAKOHxpojibHbix en 3CMJIHX. /JeHbrn AOJiacHbi 6bixb BbicnaHbi, HJIH Mepnep 3anpocnx Mnpa. IlncbMO MeHAO j\e JleAecMbi
Onyinnny II, 20 HHB. 1598 r., A. N., K 1601. BnncbMeMepKepaOnTmnnyll, Manx, 24 Mapxa 1598 ro^a (A. N., K 1602) on cooGujaex o Mnpe c IeHpnxoM IV H npocnx Hanxn eMy
cjiy>K6y B BeHrpnn.
lb8
IlHCbMoOn7iHnnaIIrepnoryAjib6yKepKe, MaApnA, IOHIOJIH 1595 r., SimancasE° 175,

f>290.
lb9

,ZtoHeceHne IbcnoAHHy Tpac^y OyaHxecy, 12 Mapxa 1595 r., A. N., K1599.
Declaration des causes qui ont meu la royne d'Angleterre a declarer la guerre au roy
d'Espagne, KJIOA Ae MoHxpen, 1596 r., A. N., K 1599.
171
IlncbMO MeH/;o J\G JleAecMbi O n j i n n n y l l , HaHx, 25 HIOHH 1597 r., A. N., K 1600.
172
E. Lavisse, op. cit., VI, 1, p. 410.
173
C (JDeBpajia nepecxa^n riocxynaxb ACHbrn (Relattione summaria del d a n a r o che si
presuppone manca nello stato di Milano, 12 (J)eBp. 1597 r., Simancas E° 1283). O nepe6pocKeBoncKCM. BnHCbMeOnjinnnaIlKOHiiexa6;iK)KacxnjinH, MaApnA, 7 a n p . 1597 r., Simancas E° 1284, f° 126. IlHCbMoxoroHce ./inixaxoMy ace Jinny, 2 Mail 1597 r, ibid., f° 1265. IiHCbMOKOHHexa6^HOH^nnnyII, MnjiaH, 12 Maa 1597 r., ibid., f°86.
174
O noMoiirn CaBonny CM. nncbMO Onvinnna II KOHHexa6jno KacxHJinn, Cen-JIopaH,
28 anpcnn 1597 r., Simancas E° 1284, f° 116; nncbMO KOHHexa6jiH Kopojno, MnjiaH, 12 Man
1597 r., f° 83; ero ace nncbMO Kopojuo ox 23 HIOJIH, f° 55; nncbMO Kopojin KOHHexa6jno, 8 aBrycxa 1597 r., f° 122.
175
nncbMoBe^acKoOnjiHnnyII, Mnjian, 16 HOH6. 1597 r., Simancas E° 1283, f°2. OxHocnxe/ibuo OeppapcKoro Bonpoca CM. ero nncbMO ox 4 HOH6. (f° 5) w Relacion de las
prevenciones que S. S d ... OX5HOM6. 1597r. (E° 1283 6e3yKa3aHHHf°). IIonoBOAyiiiBeHLjapqeB CM. nncbMa Onjinnna II ox 31 HKXTIH (E° 1284, f° 123.) H KOHHexa6jin ox 23 HKXTIH
(E° 1283, f° 55) n ox 7 OKX. (ibid., f° 4). 0 6 AMbeue, ero OHCLMO OX 25 OKX. 1597 r. (E° 1283).
CjieAyex oxMexnxb nepe6pocKy BOHCK B 1597 roAy H3 Hxajinn B Hcnannio, B nacxHoexn,
HeanojinxaHCKon xepcnn A- Cecapa Ae 36OJIH, Koxopan 7 aBrycxa npn6bi;ia B AjinicaHxe Ha
6opxy HecKO^bKHX pary3CKnx HaB. nncbMO A- Xopxe IlnuiHHbi? Onvmnny II, AnnicaHxe,
8 aBrycxa 1597 r., ibid. (6 pary3CKnx naB). 3axeM 3xn HaBbi «q. llevan el tercio de Cesar de
170

npHMenaHMH

419

Eboli [KOTopbie nepeB03HTTepcHK) Cecapa 36OJIH] » 6buiw HanpaBJieHbi B OeppoAb (nwcbMO KHH3H ^ o p n n <J>H.flnnny II, Ka^Hc, 21 aBrycTa 1597 r., Simancas E° 179). O npHxoAe
KOHBOH (2 KopaGjiH npHruibuiH M3 HcnaHHH B Kajie, 40 AOAHCHM npH6biTb c 4 000 ncnam;eB
BoniaBec A- CaHno AC JICHBOH H, BO3MO>KHO, C AenbraMn): riHCbMo OpaHA>KnnaHH KAnbAo6paHAHiio, Bpiocce^b, 27 cj)eBp. 1598 r., Corresp., II, p. 298—299.
176
CM. jno6onbiTHbie 3aMenaHHH YHAbHMa PoA>Kepa, aApecoBaHHbie B 1593 roAy «BepAH» H 3cceKcy (n3 oKpecTnocTeH JlyBbe, 1 Man 1593 r., A. N., K1589), H eme 6ojiee BaacHbie
CBeAenMH o Aeneaaioft noMomn, HanpaBjineMOM M3 HTajiHH B Ia/uiaHAHK) M IeHpHxy IV,
nncbMo X. B. TaKCHca <J>njinnny II, JIanApecn, 26 HUB. 1593 r., A. N., K1587, c noMeTKaMH
<E>MJiHnna II.
177
R. Galluzzi, op. cit., V, p. 302, Berthold Zeller, Henri IV et Marie d e Medicis, Paris,

1877, p. 17.
178

BcBH3ncMOHMpyKonncHbiMCOHHHeHneM (1922) «BepBeHCKHHMnp», peAaKTHpoBaBiiiHMCH noA ero pyKOBOACTBOM.
179
CM. no OeppapcKOMy Bonpocy: nncbMO H-o MeHAOCbi OHAHnny II, BeHerjHH, 3 HHB.
1598 r., A. N., K1676, (oTJiyneiiHeA. He3ape).Lo platicadoyresuelto en materia deFerrara
en consejo de Estado.., 7 HHB. 1598 r., o noAHMnenHH He3ape A'3CTC, Simancas E° 1283,
nwcbMo H-o MeHAOCbi On;innny II, BeHeiniH, 10 HHB. 1598 r., A. N., K 1676. Accordi fatti
fra la Santa Sede Apostolica et D. Cesare d'Este, 13 HHB. 1598 r., ibid. nucbMO H-o MeHAOCbi
OwAHnny II, BeHeinin, 24 HUB. 1598 r., A. N., K1676; nHCbMOToro ace JiwrjaTOMy ace Jinny,
31 HHB. 1598 r., ibid.
180
25 ceHT. 1597 r., Corresp., II, p. 229.
181
PaTH(j>HKau;HH BepBencKoroMwpaKopo;ieM <I>paHu;nn, napwac, 5 HIOHH 1597 r., A. N.,

K1602.
182

0 6 I I ; H H onepK npo6jieMbi CM. y Pierre Chaunu, «Sur le front de l'histoire des prix au
XVFsiecle: de la mercurialede Paris au port d'Anvers», in: AnnalesE. S. C , 1961.
183
J. W. Zinkeisen, op. cit., Ill, p.124.
184
HcnancKoe H3BecraeoT5HHB. 1591 r., A. N., K 1675. MHoroHHCJieHHbie noApo6HoCTH OTHOCHTe^bHO 3THX AeMapmew, KOTopbie, H nojiaraio, MO)KHO onycTHTb (J. W. Zinkeisen,
op. cit., Ill, p. 629 et sq.).
185
CM. npeAbiAymee npHMenaHne.
186
nncbMoX. CeHbHAeMeHopKaOHAHnnyll, KoHCTaHTHHono^b, 7HHB. 1291 r.,A. N.,

K1675.
187

nHCbMaoT7nHB., 19 HHB. 1591 r., ibid. H3KoHCTaHTHHonojiH, 19 HHB. 1591 r.,ibid.
IlepexBaHeHHoe nHCbMO cyjiTaHa (J)paHiry3CKOMy Kopojuo, HTaji. Konun, HHB. 1591 r., ibid.,
aTaiOKe nHCbMO cyjiTana aHrjiHHCKoft Kopo;ieBe, ibid.
188
CM. npeAbiAymee npuMenaHHe.
189
H3Becrae H3 JleBaHTa, nepeAaHHoe BeHeuwaHCKHM nocjiOM, A. N., K 1675.
190
H3Becrae H3 KOHCT., 16 4>eBp. 1591 r., A. N., K 1675.
191
nncbMo O-KO Bepw E. B., BeHeuHH, 2 MapTa 1591 r., A. N., K 1675.
192
nucbMO ToroHcejiHuaTOMy^Ke^Hiry, BeHerjHH, 16 MapTa 1591 r., ibid.; H3Becrne H3
KOHCT., 16 MapTa 1591 r., nepeAaHO HMnepcKHM noc/iOM, ibid.
193
nucbMO 0>-KO Bepw E. B., BeHeimn, 30 MapTa 1591 r., A. N., K 1675.
14*

420

CpeAH3eMHoe Mope Ha O6OHHHC 6ojibuiOH HCTopun

194

riMCbMOToro5Ke^HuaTOMy5Ke^Huy, BeHeijHH, 4 Man 1591 r., A. N., K 1675.
11 Man, ibid.
196
Ibid.
197
KoHCTaHTHHono^b, 2MapTa 1591 r., A. N., K1675.
198
FlHCbMO 4>-KO Bepw Onjinnny II, BeneuHH, 30 MapTa 1591 r., A. N., K 1675.

195

199

KOHCT., 12 HIOHH 1591 r., ibid.

200

K O H C T . , 15 HIOHH 1591 r., ibid.

201

O p . cit., II, p. 785.
/ W. Zinkeisen, op. cit., Ill, p. 623.
203
CM.n P HM. 186,187.
202

204

BeHeuHH, 8 HIOHH 1591 r., A. N., K 1675.

205

Ero nwcbMO yica3aHO Bbime, B npHMenaHHH 200. HMH KacTe^H (?) c jinraTypoH HaA i —
MOH TpaHCKpnnuHH, KOTopyio He 6buio BO3MOHCHOCTH npoBepHTb.
206
H npHBoacy 3Aecb KaHijejinpcKoe pe3K)Me Ha o6opoTe nwcbMa, a He caM TCKCT, npnCJiaHHblH H3 KoHCTaHTHHOnOJIH.
207

...Quevengacondineros.
Heanojib, 15(})eBp. 1592 n, Simancas E° 1093, f° 8.
209
riwcbMo MwpaHAbi OwjiHnny II, Heanojib, 8 ceHT., 1592 r., ibid., f° 79.
210
IlHCbMOToro}KejiHuaTOMy>KejiHuy, Heanojib, 25OKT. 1592 r., ibid., ^ 9 1 .
211
rincbMO Toro ace Jinija TOMy ace JiHiry, Heanojib, 16 HOH6. 1592 r., ibid., P 9 3 .
212
IlHCbMo O-KO Bepw OwjiMnny II, BeHeunn, 29 HIOHH 1591 r., A. N., K 1675.
213
Pietro Giannone, Istoria civile del Regno di Napoli, La Haye, 1753, t. IV, p. 283, penb
HAeTO 1593, a H e o 1595 ro^e, KaKCKa3aHoy A. Ballesterosy Baretta, op. cit., cp. npHM. 226.
208

214

CM.HPHM.226.

215

Les aventures d u capitan A. de Contreras, trad, et edition par Jacques Boulenger,
op. cit., p. 14.
216
21 ceHT. 1599 r., Archivio storico italiano, t. IX, p. 406.
217
IlHCbMa O-KO Bepw Owjinnny II, BeHeijHH, 6 aBiycTa 1591 r., Simancas E° 1345 H
20 aBiycTa, ibid.
218
IlHCbMo Kapjio A'ABajioca On^innny II, OTpaHTO, 25 aBrycTa 1594 r., Simancas E° 1094, f° 89.
219
IlHCbMo OjiHBapeca OwjiHnny II, IlajiepMo, 8 ceHT. 1594 r., Simancas E° 1138. Iloacap B PeA^KO H 3axBaT HecKOJibKHx Kopa6;ieH Ha peMAe MeccwHbi OTHOCHTCH K 3TOMy BpeMeHH, nwcbMo Kapjio Hnrajibi rpac|)y OjiHBapecy, XHOC, 3 HOH6. 1594 r., Simancas E° 1158 H
peTpocneKTHBHbie AaHHbie, 15 HHBapn 1597 r., Simancas E° 1223, G. Megatti, o p . cit., II,

p. 789-790.
220

IlHCbMo MwpaHAbi OnjiMnny II, Heanojib, 9 ceHT. 1594 r., Simancas E° 1094, f° 99.
riHCbMoOjiHBapeca4>HjiHnnyII, IlajiepMo, 15 ceHT. 1594 r., Simancas E° 1158.
222
nHCbMoMHpaHAbi0HjiHnnyII, Heanojib, 11 OKT. 1594 r., Simancas E° 1094, f° 110.
223
IlHCbMo O-KO Bepw OHAwnny II, BeHeijHH, 19 aBiycTa 1595 r., Simancas E° 1346.

221

npHMenaHHH
224

421

IlHCbMO MnpaHAbi Onjinnrry II, Heano^b, 19 aBrycTa 1595 r., Simancas E° 1094,

P181.
225

rincbMO Toro ace Jinija TOMy >Ke JiHiry, Heano;ib, 24 aBrycTa 1595 r., Simancas E° 1094,

P170.
226

R J\OJI7KGH cocnaTbca Ha CBeAeHHH, npwBOAHMbie y A. Ballesterosy Baretta, op. cit., IV,
1, p. 169, oTHOCHTejibHO pa3rpa6jieHH5i H pa3opeHHH Pe/raco HnrajiOH B 1595 r. H IlaTp HCnamjaMH B KanecTBC OTBCTHOH Mepbi, o neM H He nameji ynoMHHaHHH B npocMOTpeHHbix
MHOHflOKyMeHTax.TaK KaK AaHHoe yTBepacAeuHe HHHCM He noAKperuieHO, MHe TpyaHO CKa3aTb HTO-;IH6O no 3TOMy Bonpocy. CM. npnM. 213.
227
V. Lamansky, op. cit., p. 4 9 3 - 5 0 0 .
228
KoTopbin TOJibKO HTO npnineji K HaBapHHy. IlncbMo OjiHBapeca Onjinnrry II, Heano^b, 24 CCHT. 1596 r., Simancas E° 1094, P 258.
229
IlHCbMO J\WL. A. /],opHHOHJiHnnyII, MeccHHa, 8 aBrycTa 1596 r., Simancas E° 1346.
230
IlHCbMO Toro>Ke;iHu;a TOMy )Ke;iHiry, MeccHHa, 13aBiycTa 1596 r., ibid.
231
IlncbMO O^HBapeca On;iHnny II, Heano^b, 24 ceHT. 1596 r., Simancas E° 1094, f* 258.
232
Ibid.
233
rincbMO HubHro MenAOCbi E. B., BeneijHH, 7ACK. 1596 r., A. N., K 1676.
234
IlHCbMOToro>KC^Hi;aTOMy >Ke;iHi;y, BeHeijHH, 5anpejiH 1597 r., A. N., K 1676.
235
IlncbMo Toro nee j\i\i\a. Touy ace JiHiry, BeHeunn, 14 HIOHH H 5 HIOJIH 1597 r., A. N.,

K 1676.
2%
IlncbMo Toro>KejiHi;aTOMy >Ke^Huy, BeHeijHH, 2 aBrycTa 1597 r., A. N., K 1676.
237
9 aBrycTa 1597 r., ibid.
238
18 OKT. 1597 r., ibid.
239

IlncbMa OT 14 4>eBp., 14 anp., 4 HIOJIH H 8 aBrycTa 1598 r. o nepeMemeHHnx Hnrajibi,

ibid.
240

BeHeuHH, 29 aBrycTa 1598 r., ibid.
IlncbMa OT 12 ceHT. 1598 r., ibid.
242
30 ceHT. 1598 r., ibid.
243
IlncbMo MaKe/jbi Onjinnny II, MeccHHa, 28 ceHT. 1598 r., Simancas E° 1158.
244
/. von Hammer, op. cit., VII, p. 362 et note 2.
245
IlncbMo H. MeHAOCbi 3>H;iHnny III, BeHeijHH, 19 aBrycTa 1600 r., A. N., K 1677.
24()
IlncbMo 3pi;repuora A/ib6epTaXyaHy Kapn^bo, Epioccejib, 14 ceHT. 1600 r., Aff. des
Pays-Bas, t. VI, p. 33. IlncbMo IeHpnxa IV K Pomno, TpeHo6jib, 26 ceHT. 1600 r., Lettres
inedites du roi Henri IV a M. de Villiers, p. p. EuguneHalphen, Paris, 1857, p. 46.
247
IlncbMo IeHpnxa IV K Bnjuibe, 27 cj>eBp. 1601 r., ibid., p. 12—13.
248
IlncbMo X. B-biTaKCHcaOnjinnnylll, IlapnHc, 5 MapTa 1601 r., A. N., K 1677.
249
IlncbMo O-KO B e p u E. B., BeHeirHji, 31 MapTa 1601 r., ibid.
250
IlncbMo Toro ace ;iHu;a rpa(J)y OyaHTecy, BeHerjHH, 14 anpe;m 1601 r., ibid.
251
HJIH Kope3H, nncbMO <I>-KO Bepbi Onjinnny III, BeHeijHH, 21 anpejin 1601 r., ibid.;
OH Bbiexaji H3 BeHeuHH 2 Mail (nncbMOToro>Ke.7iHu;aTOMy5Ke.7iHiry, 5 Man, ibid.).
252
IlncbMo Toro ace jiHija TOMy acejiHiry, 14anpe;iH 1601 r.,ibid.
241

422

C p e A H 3 e M H O e M O p e H a o 6 o H H H e 6oJIbIUOH HCTOpHH

253 24 anpejiH 1601 r., Lettres inedites d u roi H e n r i IV a M. de Villiers, op. cit., p . 19.
254
Ibid., p. 29.
255
IlHCbMo O-KO Bepbi OnjiMnny III, BeHerjHH, 5 Mail 1601 r., A. N., K 1677.
256
IlHCbMO IeHpHxalVBHJuibe, 16 Man 1601 r., Lettres... du roi Henri IV.., op. cit., p. 26.
257

KOHCT., 17 H 18 HIOH* 1601 r., A. N., K

258

nucbMO K Bujuibe, Lettres... d u roi H e n r i IV.., op. cit., p. 36.

259

KOHCT., 2 H 3 HIOJIH 1601 r., A. N., K

1677.

1677.

260

nncbMOKPomno, Lettres... du roi H e n r i IV.., op. cit., p. 98.
261
nwcbMo O-KO Bepw 4>H^wnny III, BeiieirnH, 28 Maa 1601 r., A. N., K 1677, nHCbMo
TeHpHxalVBH^Jibe, 3 ceirr. 1601 r., Lettres... , op. cit., p. 44—45.
262
nHCbMoCeccbi<I>HjiHnnyIII, PHM, 17aBrycTa 1601 r., A. N . , K 1630.
263

KOHCT., 26 H 27 aBrycra 1601 r., A. N., K 1677.

264

KOHCT., 8 H 9 ceHT. 1601 r., ibid.
265
A. d'Aubigne, op. cit., IX, p. 401 et sq.
266
nHCbMoIeHpHxaIVBH.Juibe, OoHTeii6.no, 27ceHT.1601 r., Lettres... op. cit., p. 48.
267
IlHCbMo Ceccw OnjiHnny III, PHM, 6 OKT. 1601 r., A. N., K 1630.
268
Haw6o;iee nojiHbiM HappaTHBHbiM HCTOHHHKOM no 3TOMy Bonpocy HBJIHCTCH P. de Sepulveda, Sucesos del Reinado de Felipe II, p. p . / . Zargo, Ciudad de Dios, CDC — CXIX. Historia
de varios sucesos y de las cosas (ed. Madrid, 1924). H3pa6oTcoBpeMeHHbixHCTopHKOB,/<?an
Cassou, Laviede Philippe II, Paris, 1929, p. 219etsq. w Louis Bertrand, Philippe Ilal'Escorial,
Paris, 1929, chap. VII, «Comment m e u r t u n roi», p . 228 et sq.
269
O TOM, HTO XoaH Ae CeHbH j\e Menopna Bee euie npncyTCTByeT B KoHcraHTHHonojie,
CBHAeTe^bCTByeTOAHO H3ero nnceM K Onjinnny II, OT 3 HOK6. 1597 r., A. N., K1676. HaKaHyHe TpnAUaTH^eTHew BOHHU HMnepubi nbrraioTCH OKOHnaTcnbHo ocBo6oAHTb Hcnannio
OT 3Toro 6peMeHn, BepHee, OT 3TOH yrpo3bi, B TaKOM /ryxe AencTBycT 6apon Moji;iapT. B
1623 roAy neperoBopbi BejiHCb,Zl>KOBaHHH EaTTHCTOH MoHTajib6aHO, cymecrBOBaji npoeKT
3aKJIK)HHTb BeHHbIM M H p C TypKaMH H yBCCTH C nOMOUJblO nOJIHKOB TOprOBJIK) npHHOCTHMH C

E;iH)KHero BocTOKa. Cp. H. Watjen, Die Niederlander.., o p . cit., p. 67—69.
270
Jean Cassou, op. cit., p. 228.

3AKJIIOHEHHE
ripoumo yace noHTH ABa^uaTb ;ieT c MOMeHTa nepBOH ny6jiHKau,HH 3TOH KHHTH; Ha Hee ccbmaioTCfl H ee ocnapHBaiOT, ee KpHTHKyioT (oneHb Majio) H xBajiflT
(qacTO H3JiHiuHe). KaK 6bi TO HM 6buio, H pacnojiaraji B03MO>KHOCTbio B noAaBjifllouieM 6o^buiHHCTBe cjiyqaeB /jonojiHHTb npe/yiaraeMbie B Heft OGT^HCHCHMH,
noflicpenHTb BbicKa3aHHyio TOHKy 3peHHH, nopa3MbicjinTb Ha^ npHH5iTbiMH peiueHHHMH H HcnpaBHTb OUIH6KH. 5\ BHHMaTejibHo nepenHTaji CBOIO pa6oTy, c TeM
qTo6bi ycoBepmeHCTBOBaTb ee c no3HiiHH ceroAHHiiiHero AHA, H BHec B Hee MHOro H3MeHeHHH. Ho He no,zyie>KHT COMHCHHIO, HTO KHHra Be#yT He3aBHCHMoe OT
aBTopoB cymecTBOBaHHe, HTO y HHX CBOH, oxzjejibHaa >KH3Hb. Hx MOKHO nepenncbmaTb, 3anojiHHTb npHMenaHMMH H no/jpo6HOCT5iMH, KapTaMH H HJuiiocTpaUHHMH, HO npHHUHnHaJIbHO H3MCHHTb HeJIb3fl. B B e H d l H H HaCTO KanMTaJIbHO

nepe^ejibiBajiH KynjieHHbie 3a npe/jejiaMH pecny6jiHKH Kopa6jiH, npH^aBajiH HM
HOBbiH O6JIHK C noMombio onbiTHbix njioTHHKOB, H TeM He MeHee cyzjHO ocTaBajiocb TaKHM ace, KaKHM OHO BWIUJIO C BepcJ^eH ,3,ajiMaijHH H IbjuiaHAHH, Bcer^a
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HecMOTpn Ha MHoroHHC/ieHHbie nonpaBKH, HHTaTejiH 3TOH KHH™ B ee nepB03AaHHOM BH/je 6e3 Tpyzja y3HaiOT ee H Tenepb. Ee BbiBOAbi, ee Ha3HaneHHe, ee
CMWCJI — Te ace, HTO H paHbiue. B uePi BBOAHTCH B o6opoT 6ojibiuoe KOJIMHCCTBO
HOBbix, BnepBbie CTaBiiiHx AOCTOHHWCM ny6jiHKH AOKyMeHTOB, ocBemaiomnx
npoTHBopeqHBbiH nepnoA CTaHOBjieHHH HOBoro MHpa Ha orpoMHOM cpeAH3eMHOMOPCKOM npocTpaHCTBe. B Hew TaKHce c^ejiaHa nonbiTKa no^oHTH K IVIO6ajibHOH HCTOPHH B Tpex ee Hnocracnx, paccMOTpeTb ee Ha Tpex ypoBHflx, HJIH
jiynnie CKa3aTb, c TOHKH 3peHHfl Tpex no-pa3HOMy npoTeKaiomHX BO BpeMeHH
npoueccoB, c TeM HTo6bi COOTHCCTH MOK^y CO6OH, BO BCCM HX CBoeo6pa3HH,
OT^ejibHbie BpeMeHHbie pnTMbi HCTOPHH, noKa3aTb, KaK OHH cocymecTByiOT, B3aHMOAeHCTByioT, CTajiKHBarc)TCH Apyr c ^pyroM, KaK iviy6oKO H BcecTopoHHe OHH
CBH^eTejibCTByioT o npoimiOM. HcropHH, Ha MOH B3rjiH^, 3TO MHororo^ocHoe
npoH3BeAeHHe, B KOTopoM, npaB^a, OT^ejibHbie rojioca CJIHUIKOM HacTO nepe-

424

3aKJirc>HeHHe

KpbmaiOT Apyr Apyra. B STOM xope He BcrpeTHiiib COJIHCTOB, KOTopwe 3ByqajiH
6bi HHCTO, 6e3 BCHKoro aKKOMnaHeMeHTa. KaKHM o6pa30M, B TaKOM c/iyqae, pa3J I H q H T b B C H H X p O H H 3 M e Ka^CAOrO M r H O B e H H H H I i p H T O M AOCTaTOHHO OTHeTJIHBO

OTAe^bHbie njiacTbi HCTOPMH, KOTopwe B peajibHOCTH cjiHTbi Apyr c ApyroM? JI
nonbiTajiCH nepe/jaTb 3TO CAHHCTBO C noMombio nepHOAHqecicoro noBTopeHHH
BO BCeX HaCTHX 3 T O H K H H r H H e K O T O p b l X CJIOB H n O H C H e H H H RJIK HJUHOCTpaiJHH

jxjin Hee TeM H MOTHBOB. H O cjioacHocrb COCTOHT B TOM, HTO cymecTByioT
He ABa HJIH Tpn, a ACCHTKH BpeMeHHbix njiacTOB, H KaatAbin H3 HHX Hy>KAaeTcn B
OCO6OM HCTopnqecKOM H3Jio^ceHHH. Dio6ajibHaH HCTopHH npeAcraBjiaeT CO6OH
cyMMy 3THX npoueccoB, H3yqaeMbix coBOKynHOCTbio HayK o qejioBeKe (a HCTopn-

O6IIJHX

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I
HHKTO HeynpeKaji MCHA 3aTO, HTO B 3TOT HCTopHHecKHH TpyA BmiioqeH oqeHb
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peajiHHMH c nepBow AO noc/ieAHeH crpaHHijbi. CpeAH3eMHoe Mope, OTKpbiToe
jijiH co3HAaHHH, c ero npeAejibHO AOCTynHbiMH BOAHWMH AoporaMH (aBTOMaTH3MOM CBo6oAHoro o6MeHa, KaK Bbipa>KaeTCH 3pHecT JIa6pycc), c pa3Hoo6pa3HeM
ero TeppHTopHH, OAHOBpeMeHHo noxoacHx Apyr Ha Apyra, c ropoAaMH, BO3HHKIIIHMH H 3 n O T p e 6 H O C T H B ABH>KeHHH, C e r o n p H p O ^ K A e H H O H H e n p H B e T ^ H B O C T b K )

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npoTHBo6opcTBO c 6ecnpeAejibHbiMH npocTpaHCTBaMH HHAHHCKOTO H ATjiaHTHqecKoro oKeaHOB...
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425

BceAHeBHOCTH. O H H cjiy^caT OTnpaBHOH TOHKOH H npHBHjiernpoBaHHbiM 3jieMeHTOM Hameii pa6oTbi, ee Han6ojiee npKHMH o6pa3aMM, cnHCOK KOTopbix jienco
flonojiHHTb. CymecTByn KaK 6bi BHe BpeMCHH, OHH npncyTCTByiOT H B ceroAHjmiHeM MHpe H (J)HrypHpyiOT B 3anncKax nyTeuiecTBeHHHKOB H B KHHrax Ia6pH3JiH
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Ha caMOM j\ene HaxoAHTca B ijeHTpe e r o 3aMenaTejibHoro poMaHa «XpncTOC ocTaHOBHJicH B 3 6 O J I H » , TepaeTCH BO TbMe BeKOB. MecTenKO 3 6 O J I H (OT KOToporo
npoH30iue;i KHJDKCCKHH THTyji Pya ToMeca) pacnojio>KeHO Ha no6epe>Kbe, He^ajieKO OT CajiepHO, TaM r^e Aopora OTKJIOHHCTCH OT Mopn H pe3KO noBopanHBaeT
B ropy. XpncToc (TO ecTb u,HBHjiH3aiiH5i, 3aKOH, >KHTencKHe 6jiara) He CMor noAHHTbCH B ropHyio nacTb JlyKaHHH, B cejieHne Kajibjmo, «rHe3Aflmeeca HaA o6pbiBaMH 6ejioH rjiHHbi», ueyKjxy JinuieHHbiMH TpaBbi H AepeBbeB cmioHaMH. 3Aecb,
KaK H BO Bee BpeMeHa, HeHMymnn AepeBeHCKHH JHOA npe6bmaeT B nojmoH 3aBHCHMOCTH OT C O B p e M e H H b l X X 0 3 H C B >KH3HHI a n T C K a p H , B p a n a , UIKOJIbHOrO y H H T e JIH — BCeX 3 T H X JIIOAeH, K O T O p b l X K p e C T b H H H H H 3 6 e r a e T H 6 o H T C f l , C K O T O p b l M H

OH roBopHT Ha pa3Hbix H3biKax... 3Aecb no-npe>KHeMy B xoAy BeHAe-rra, nepBO6biTHbie opyAHH TpyAa H cnoco6bi BeAeHHH xo3flHCTBa. B 3Ty noHTH 3a6biTyio
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yrjioB CpeAH3eMHOMopbH MO>KHO nepeAaTb, He npn6eran K noMomH reorpacf>a
(nyTeuiecTBeHHHKa HJIH poMaHHCTa).

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BTopaa Hama 3aAana — H3yqeHHe KOJiJieKTHBHbix cyAe6 CpeAH3eMHOMopbn B
XVI BeKe, ero «cou,HajibHOH» HCTOPHH B nojiHOM CMbicjie cjiOBa — nocTOHHHO,
OT Hanajia H AO KOHija, CTajiKHBaeT Hac c KOBapHOH H Hepa3peuiHMOH npo6jieMOH AerpaAauHH ero MaTepnajibHOH >KH3HH, C npo6jieMOH noonepeAHoro ynaAKa TypqHH, HCJiaMCKHx CTpaH, HTajiHH, c yTpaTOH H6epHHCKoro nepBeHCTBa —
eCJIH n O J I b 3 0 B a T b C H B H e p a i l l H H M A3bIKOM H C T O p H H , HJIH, eCJIH B b i p a ^ C a T b C H H 3 b l KOM C O B p e M e H H b l X 3KOHOMHCTOB, C K p H 3 H C a M H H K a T a C T p O ^ a M H B e A y U J H X XO-

426

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3 f l H C T B e H H b I X OTpaCJICH ( r O C y A a p C T B C H H b l X (J)HHaHCOB,

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roTOBHOCTbio OTBenaiOT, HTO cymecTByeT o6T»eKTHBHbiH npoiiecc ynaAKa, flpnaHIIIHM npoHB^CHHCM KOToporo HBjineTcn y^ce cyAb6a pHMCKoro yHHBepcyMa. lloMHMO Bcero nponero, BCHKHH yna^OK (Verfall), corjiacHO 3pHKy Be6epy, KOMneHCHpyeTCH OAHOBpeMeHHbiM no^eMOM (Aufstieg), TaK HTO C TOHKH 3peHHH
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}KaH OypacTbe, )KaH MapneBCKn). ECJIH MM nocjieAyeM 3a HHM, TO HeMeAJieHHO
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427

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ocHOBaHHH, HTO B Ka^KAOM co6biTHH — HanpHMep, y6HHCTBe IeHpnxa IV B
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430

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cnyjaeT c e 6 e TOHHbiH OTHCT B orpaHHHeHHOCTH CBOMX B03MO>KHOCTeH, He nbiTaeTCH BMHTH 3a MX npeAe;ibi M Mcnojib3yeT cnjiy HeoTBpaTHMoro, coe/rHHHH e e c o
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BHAHTCH, HTO «6ojibmoe BpeMH» Bceivja o^ep>KHBaeT Bepx. OrceHBafl MHOHCCCTBO
Bcex Tex coGbiTMM, KOTopbie He nona^aiOT B e r o CTpyio H 6e3acajiocTHO OTBepraIOTCH MM, OHO, 6e3ycjiOBHO, orpaHHHHBaeT CBo6oAy BOJIH qejiOBeKa M flaace po;ib
cjiyqan. Flo TeMnepaMeHTy a «CTpyKTypajiHCT», MCHH Majio 3a6oTMT co6biTHe, M
noMTH cTOJib >KC Majio KOH-bioHKTypa, KOTopan npeACTaBJineT CO6OM rpynny co6bITHH OflHOH HanpaBJieHHOCTM. H O 3TO «CTpyKTypaJIM3M» MCTOpMKa, KOTOpblM

He HMeeT Hnnero o 6 m e r o c OAHOMMCHHOM npo6jieMaTHKOH, BOJiHyiomeii ApyrHe
oSmecTBeHHbie HayKH6.
26 U70HH 1965 zoda

IIPHMEHAHKH
1

Beitrage zum Problem des Wirtschaftsverfalles, 1934.
Pa6oTa roTOBHTCH K nenaTH.
3
Felipe Ruiz Martin, in: Anales de Economia, segunda epoca, Hianb—ceHTfl6pb 1964 r.,
p. 685-686.
4
Op.cit.,p.382etsq.
5
«I1 trend economico nello stato di Milano durante i secoli XVI e XVII. II caso di Pavia»
in: Bolletino dellaSocieta Pavese di Storia Patria, 1950.
6
Cf.Jean Viet, Les methodes structuralistes dans les sciences sociales, 1965.
2

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pa3bicKaHHM j\j\n AonojiHeHHA, conocraBJieHHa pe3yjibTaTOB H Heo6xoAHMoro KOHTpojin.
TeM He MeHee HaiiiH npeAbi^ymne H CBOKHC Hcc/ieAOBaHHH /jajieKO He ncnepnajiH orpoMHbitt HeH3AaHHbiH MaTepHaji, xpaHHiuHHca B apxHBax. H o Monio JIH 6biTb MHane, ecjiH HMeTb
B BH/jy 6e3rpaHHHHOCTb Hauiero cioaceTa?
XOTH a noHTH uejiHKOM B35UI Ha BOopyaceHHe 6oraTyK) HHCJxjpMaijHio napHaccKHX xpaHHJIHIH, (oco6eHHo qeHHeHuieH cepwH K Haumx HaiiHOHajibHbix ApxHBOB, KOTopaa Tenepb
BepH)7iaCb B H c n a H H K ) ) , npOCMOTpeJI nOHTH BCe, HTO MO>KHO 6bUIO HaHTH B IlOJIHTHHeCKHX

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ECJIH BOcnpoH3BecTH Tonorpac{)Hio MOHX IIOHCKOB Ha KapTe, TO cpa3y craHyT 3aMeTHbi
nycTOTbi Ha iore H Ha BOCTOKC, KOTopbiH cocraBjifleT cymecTBeHHbiH npo6eji BO Bcex pa6oTax, nocB^meHHbix Cpe/4H3eMHOMopbio B XVI Beice. B caMOM ACJie, ecTb 6oraTeHiiiHe, BCJIHKOJienHbie TypeijKHe apxwBbi, 3aTparaBaiomHe, MOKjjy npoHHM, HCTOpHio KaK MHHHMyM
no^oBHHbi Bcett cpeAH3eMHOMopcKOH TeppHTopwH. O^HaKO AOCTyn K HHM 3aTpy^HeH, H OHM
H)0KAaiOTC5I B KJiaCCH(|)HKaUHH. JXJISI paCCMOTpeHHH TOH C(J)epbI, K KOTOpOH OHH OTHOCHTCH,

HaM npHiiuiocb npH6erHyTb K HCTopHnecKOH jiHTepaType, 3anHCKaM nyTemecTBeHHHKOB, K
6ajiKaHCKHM apxHBaM H TpyzjaM TaMouiHHx aBTopoB — H B eme 6ojibineH CTeneHH K HaiiiHM
3anaAHbiM HCTOHHHKaM. TaKHM o6pa30M, Mbi MoniH BH^eTb HCTopHio TypijHH H no^BJiacT-

432

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HblX eH CTpaH TOJIbKO H3BHe, KaK 6 b l M e p e 3 3aMOHHVK) CKBaMCHHV, B TOH M e p e , B KaKOH OHa

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B3HIHAOM H3BHe (npHcyTCTByiomHM, HanpHMep, B Pejwu,URx BeHeunaHCKHX nocjiOB, pacTHpaMcnpoBaHHbix nacTbiM uHTnpoBaHHeM B Haiunx Tpyzjax) H BSHIHAOM HaTe ace COGMTHH BO
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no6)0KAaeTJIHUIHHH p a 3 o6paTHTbCH KTVpeUJCHM, 6aJIKaHCKHM, CHpHHCKHM, erHneTCKHM,

ceBepo-a(J)pHKaHCKHM HCTopHKaM c npocb6oH 3aHHTbCH ero 3anojmeHHeM H noMOHb HaM B
AOCTHMCeHHH 3TOH IjeJIH, T p e 6 y K > m e H npHJIOMCeHHH KOJUieKTHBHblX H A^IHTe^bHblXyCHJIHH.

HBHbie ycnexH 6buin yMce npoAeMOHcrpnpoBaHbi EMep J1K)T(J)H BapKaHOM H ero yneHHKaMH, Po6epoM MaHTpaHOM, DIHCOH El7ie30BHH, BncTpon A. LjBeTKOBOH, Bepoft n . MyTacJ)HneBOH, Jl. OeKeTe H R. Ka/ibAH-HaAeM — nooieAHHe Asa BeHrepcKHx HCTopHKa HBJIHIOTCH
coaBTopaMH 3aMenaTe^bHbix Rechnungsbiicher tiirkischer Finanzstellen in Buda, 1550—

1580, 1962.
CTapbiH onepK, nocBameHHbiH TypeijKHM apxHBaM (B mnpoKOM CMbic;ie) B KH. Histoire
et Historiens, Paris, 1930, noAnncaH }K. /JeHH; ero Mce pa6oTa «A propos du fonds araboturc des Arch, du Gouv. Gen. de rAlgerie», Revue Africaine, 1921, p. 375—378.0 Typeinoix
apxHBax B IICJIOM CM.: P. Vittek, Les archives de Turquie, Byz., t. XII, 1938, p. 691—699 H
nyreBOAHTejib no apxHBaM Ha TypeijKOM H3biKe: Topkapi, Sarayi Miizesi Archivi Kilavuzu,
Istanboul. O eraneTCKHx apxHBax CM. J. Deny, Sommaire des archives turques du Caire, 1930.
IIoABecTH O6IITHH HTor 3THX npo6jieM MO)KHO c noMombio/. Savaget, Introduction a
l'histoire de l'Orient musulman, 1943.

COKPAIHEHHBIE OB03HAHEHHH APXHBOXPAHHJIHIH
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A. d. S. — IbcyAapcrBeHHbiH apxHB (um.)
A. E. — ApxHB HHOcrpaHHbix ACJI, IlapHMc
A. H. N. — HauHOHajibHbiH HCTopHnecKHH apxHB, MaApHA
A. N. K — Hai;HOHajibHbie apxHBbi, IlapHHC, cepnn K
B. M. — BpHTaHCKHH My3en, JIOHAOH
B. N. — HaijHOHajibHaH 6H6jiHOTeKa, F. (4>jiopeHijHfl), M. (MaApwA), 6e3 yTOHHe-

HHH — IlapHHC

9. G. G. A. — BbiBmee reHepaji-ry6epHaTopcTBO B AjiMcnpe
10. P. R. O. — IIa6jiHK PeKopA OCJMJJHC, JIOHAOH

11. Sim. — CHMaHKac.
12. Sim. E° —CHMaHKac, cepnn Estado (IbcyAapcTBeHHbie)

HCTOHHHKH

433

I . HCIIAHCKHE APXHBM

1. DiaBHBiii apxHB B CnMaHKace
OrapbiM nyTeBOAHTe^b Mariano Alcocer Martinez, Archivio General de Simancas, Gufa
del investigador, Valladolid, 1923, cjieAyeT 3aMeHHTb coBpeMeHHOH pa6oTOH Angel Plaza,
Gufa del investigador, 1961. HMeeTCH TaioKe pnA nacTHbix KaTajioroB, co3AaHHbix B CBoe
BpeMH 6;iaroAapfl 6;iaropoAHbiM VCHJIHHM apxMBapwyca Xy^HaHa Ilaca. B STHX KaTajiorax
npoBOAHTCH anajiH3 AOKyMeHTOB H, KaK npaBHJio, npwBeAeHbi noApo6Hbie Ha3BaHHH, MHorAa H Hcno;ib30Baji HX KaK caMbie HacroHmHe HCTOHHHKH. H3 KaTanoroB XyjinaHa Ilaca Ha30BCM: Diversos de Castilla, p. p. Revistade Archivos, Bibliotecas e Museos, 1909; Negociaciones
con Alemania p. p. la Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien; Negociaciones con
Francia, p. p. lajunta para ampliation de estudios (3Aecb onucaHa npeacHHH cepwn K cJ)paHiry3CKnx HaunoHajibHbix apxHBOB, KOTopan c 1943 ro^a CHOBa HaxoAHTCH B CnMaHKace);
Negociaciones deFlandes, Holanday Bruselas 1506—1795, Paris, Champion, 1912; Patronato
Real, 1912, Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas e Museos, 1912. KpoMe Diversos d e Castilla,
Bee 3TH iieHHbie KaTa/iorM nepeH3AaHbi (1942—1946). Tpyzjbi Apyrnx apxHBHCTOB: Angel
Plaza, Consejoyjuntas de hacienda (1404—1707); G. Ortiz deMontalban, Negociaciones de
Roma (1381—1700), 1936; TenepeiiiHHH AHpeicrop CwMaHKaca, RicardoMagdaleno, Napoles,
1942;Inglaterra, 1947; Sicilia, 1951; C Alvarez Teran, Guerray Marina (snoxaKapjia IIHTO-

ro), 1949.
MOM pa3bicKaHHH B CnMaHKace 6buiH AonojmeHbi B AajikneHiueM H3yneHHeM MHoroHHcJieHHblX MHKpO(|)H.7IbMOB. OAHaKO B 3TOM apXHBHOM (J)OHAe OCTaJICH OrpOMHblH AOKVMeH-

TajibHbiH MaTepnaji, KOTopbin eme npeACTOMT wccjieAOBaTb, OCO6CHHO 3TO KacaeTCH cJ)HHaHCOBblX, 3KOHOMHHeCKHX H aAMHHHCTpaTHBHblX AOKVMeHTOB. B o BpeMH CBOHX n e p B b l X
OnblTOB H nO^VMHJI AOCTyn TOJIbKO K HeKOTOpbIM CBH3KaM, HMeiOmHM OTHOIlieHMe K 3KCnOD-

Ty iuepcTH B HTa/iHio, H K coM<ajieHnio, RJIH MCHH He CMOHTIH oTbicKaTb Aejia, xapaKTepH3yiounie ToproBJiio nepueM. H no ceft AeHb He Bee 3TH AOKyMeHTbi KJiaccH(|)HUHpoBaHbi BBHAy
HX MHoroHHoieHHOCTH, TaK HTO Ha STO eme noTpe6yeTCH BpeMH.
Bo BpeMH MOHX nocjieAHHX noe3AOK B CHMaHKac (B 1951 H 1954 roAy) H uiHpoKO HCno^b30Baji 3TH BaM<Hbie cepwn (CM. HHJKC, N° 12).
nEPEMEHb H 3 Y H E H H b I X CBJI30K
1. Corona de Castilla Correspodencia (1558—1597), legajos 137—179.
2. Corona de Aragon Correspondencia (1559—1597), legajos 326—343.
3. Costas de Africa y Levante, OTnacTH pa3po3HeHHan cepHH, 1559—1594, legajos 485—
492.
4. Negociaciones de Napoles (1558—1595), legajos 1049—1094.
5. Negociaciones de Sicilia (1559—1598), legajos 1124—1158.

434

ripMJIO>KeHHH

6. Negociaciones de Milan (1559, 1597-1598), 3 legajos, 1210 (1559), 1283-1285
(1597-1598).
7. Negociaciones de Venecia (1559—1596), legajos 1323—1346.
(Cjiejjycr oTMeTHTb, HTO 3HaHHTe;ibnafl nacTb nepenncKH c BeneuneH iiaxoAHviacb KOIAa-TO B riapH>Ke.)
8. Negociaciones con Genova (1559—1565), legajos 1323—1346.
9. Negociaciones deToscana, oneiib nenoAHbie, legajos 1446—1450.
10. Napoles Secretarias Provinciates (1560—1599), legajos 1—8. (/toKVMCHTbi, nacTHHuo
onyG^HKOBanHbieMapnaHoAjibKOcepoM), legajo 80 (1588—1599), COCTOHT H3 no/yiHHHbix
VKa30B.

11. C o n t a d u r i a d e rentas. Saca de lanas. Lanas, 1573—1613.
12.Consejo y Juntas de Hacienda; Contaduria Mayor de Cuentas (Primera epoca —
Segunda epoca); Expedientes de Hacienda.

2. HaijHOHajibHbiH HCTopHHecKHii apxHB B Ma^pHAe
H ne CMor npocMOTpeTb Confederacion entre Felipe II y los Turcos (Gula, p. 40), rioCKo^bKy Ha MecTe HaxoAflTCH To;ibKo AOKyMeiiTbi XVII BeKa.
Mow n3biCKannfl orpaiiHHn^HCbAOKyMcnTaMH HHKBH3HU;HH, no Kpannen MepeTeMH,
KOTopbie coxpanHJincb H3 ee orpoMHbix apxHBOB. HHKBH3HU.HH Eapcejionbi (libro I); Bajiencnn (libro I); Kajiaoppbi n Jlorponbo (legajo 2220); KanapcKnxOCTPOBOB (legajos 2362—
2365); KopAOBbi (legajo 2392); TpanaAbi (legajos 2602-2604); Jlbcpenbi (legajo 2700);
MypcHH (legajo 2796); CeBnvibH (legajo 2942); BajibHAOJiHAa (legajo 3189).

3. HariHOHajiBHaH 6n6jiHOTeica B Ma^pH^e (OT^eji pyKoiraceii)
Pa3po3Hennbie(J)OHAbi. H x o 6 m n n BKJI<\JX neBCJiHK. G/ieAyeT oTMeTHTb, HTO CaHnec AJIOHco npHBOAHT nop^AKOBbiH nepenenb 3THX pa36pocanHbix AOKyMenTOB B CBoefi KJiaccnnecKOH pa6oTe Fuentes d e la Historia espanola e hispano-americana, Madrid, in-8°, 1927. B
CBOIO OHepe/u>, H onycTHJi MHoroHHC/iennbie KOIIHH (OCO6CHHO AOKyMeHTOB, BbiiueAiunx H3noAnepaAHTOHHO n e p e c a ) , Koropbie MnoroKpaTHO6bmnony6;inKOBaHbi M ripoKOMMeHTHpoBanbi. MHOIO ncnoAb30BaHbi:
— Memorial que un soldado dio al Rey Felipe II porque en el Consejo no querian hacer
mercedes a los que se havian perdido en los Gelves y fuerte de la Goleta (s. d.). G. 52,
1750.
— Instruccion de Felipe II para el secretario de estado Gonzalo Perez, s. d. G. 159—988,
f°12.
— Memorial que se dio a los teologos de parte de S. M. sobre differencias con Paulo IV,
1556, K K - 6 6 V 10819 22.

HCTOHHHKH

435

— Carta de Pio V a Felipe II sobre los males de la Cristiandad y danos que el Turco hacia
en Alemania, Roma, 8julio 1566, G. 52, 1750.
— Relacion del suceso de la Jornada del Rio de Tituan q u e D. Alvaro de Bazan, Capitan
General de las galeras de S. M. hizo por su m a n d a d o la qual se hizo en la manera
siguiente (1565), G. 52, 1750. ony6jinKOBaHO 3/ryapoM Ka AOBOJibHo He6pe>KHO B
Mission bibliographique en Espagne, Paris, 1891.
— Carta de Felipe II al principe de Melito sobre las prevenciones q u e d e b e n hacerse
para la defensa de Cataluna, 20 marzo 1570,476.
— Capitulos de la liga entre S. Santidad Pio V, el Rey catolico y la Senoria de Venecia
contra el Turco 1571, ibid.
— Las causas que movieron el Sr. D.Juan de Austria para dar la batalla de Lepanto, 1571,
ibid.
— Advertencias que Felipe II hizo al Sr. Covarrubias c u a n d o le eligio Presidente del
Consejo 1572 (KOUUH XVIII BeKa), 140-11261 b.
— Carta de D.Juan de Austria a D.Juan de Zuniga, embajador de Felipe II en Roma
sobre la paz entre Turcosy Venecianosy sobre los aprestos militares hechos en Italia
para ir a Corfu contra los Turcos, Messina, abril (1573), KK. 39, 10454, f° 1080.
— IlncbMOA. X. AcCyHbHTHA- X. ABCTPHHCKOMV, PHM, 7anpe;w 1573 r., ibid., f° 1070.
— Instruction al Cardenal Gran vela sobre los particulares que el legado ha tratado de la
juridicion del Reyno de Napoles (Ha MTaji.) Konnn XVII Bena, 8870.
— Representation hacha al Serior Felipe II por el licienciado Bustos d e Nelegas en el
ano 1574 (06 OTny>KAeHnn iiepKOBHbix HMymecTB), KonHH XVIII Bena, 3705.
— Correspondencia de D.Juan de Gurrea, gobernador de Arago con S. M. el Rey Felipe II
(AeK. 1561 — ceHT. 1566), KOYIUH XVI BeKa, V 12.
— Instruction de Felipe II al Consejo Supremo de Italia 1579, E 17, 988, f° 150.

4. HcTopHHecKan aica^eMHH (Or/jeji pyKonHceii)
Hn>Ke npuBe^eH nepeneHb BbinncoK, CACnaHHbix jym MCHM JX. MnrejieM BopAOHO TOJibKO M3AOKyMenTOB, OTHOCHII;HXCH K A/DKupy, McnaHCKHM (J)opnocTaM H CeBepHOH A(})pnKe.
CcbuiKH B3HTbi H3 KaTajiora PoApureca BHJibM.
— Relacion del estado de la ciudad d e Argel en 1600 p o r Fr. Antonio d e Castaneda

— BerberiasigloXVI, (114-4-8).
— Instruction original dada por Felipe II a D . J u a n de Austria sobre los fuertes de
Berberiaysocorrode Venecianos, ano 1575. Ibid.
— C a r t a d e l c o n d e d e A l c a u d e t e a S . M., a n o 1599. Ibid.
— Relacion de Fr. Jeronimo Gratia de la Madre de Dios sobre cosas de Berberia, ano 1602.
Ibid.

436

IlpHJICOKeHHH
— Carta de Joanetin Mostara al Duque de Medina Sidonia con noticias d e Fez, ano 1605.
Ibid.
— Carta original del Duque d e Medina Sidonia a Felipe III con noticia de la muerte del
Jarife, a n o 1603. Ibid (f°42 v°).
— Relacion del estado d e la ciudad de Berberia (sic) escrita en italiano, a n o 1607 con
2 pianos. Ibid (f° 45).
— Sobre asuntos d e Africa en tiempos del Emperador, anos 1529—1535. A. 44 (f°55).
— Cartas y documentos sobre la conquista d e O r a n p a r Cisneros. Letra del siglo XVII
11-2-M1 (f°65v°).
— Documentos y cartas dirigidas o emanadas d e Felipe II, 12-25-5 = C—96.
— Papeles originales sobre gobierno de Oran. A. 1632—1651, 12-5-1—K. 63-66-65,
3volumenes(f°102v°).
— Sobre Oran, Berberia, Larache... comiencos del siglo XVII. 11-4-4 = 8. Instruccion a
Don J u a n d e Austria sobre cosasdeArgel, a n o 1573 11-4-4 (f° 172 v°).
— Relacion de las dos entradas hechas en 1613 p o r el Duque d e Osuna en Berberia y
Levante, ibid. (f° 176 v°). Aviso sobre Argel, ano 1560, Collection Velasquez, tomo 75
(f°242v°).
5. ^ p y r n e Hcnojib30BaHHbie H npocMOTpeHH&ie (J)OHAI>I B H c n a m i H

KoMMyHajibHbie apxHBbi BajibHAOJiHAa, Majiarn, TapparoHbi (enapxHajibHbiH apxnB),
Bapce^OHbi, BajiencMH (noyKa3aHHHM SpjiaJXyK. XaMmrroHa), KapTaxeHbi, Byproca, MeAHHbi-Aejib-KaMno (EoAbHuijaCHMOHaPyHca). FIocTieAHHH KOJUICKIJHH, KoppecnoHAeHijHH
CHMona Pynca, B nacTOHiiiee BpeMH xpaHHTCH B o6pa3u,OBOM nop^AKe B ripoBMHuriajibHOM
apxHBe Bajib^AOAHAa.

II. APXHBW OPAHIJHH
IJapujtc
Hau,HOHajiBHBie apxHBbi
FIpHMeHHTe^bHo KcepMH KH cjiejiyio nop^AKy, npHHHTOMy B KaTajiore Ilaca (B UCAOM,
xpoHOAorHnecKOMy). B HacTO^mee BpeMH Bee 3TH AOKyMeHTbi naxoAHTCH B CHMaHKace c
TeMM }Ke uiH(J)paMH. B HauHOHajibHbix apxHBax IlapHHca HMeeTCH nojiHbiH MHKpocJ)HAbM
AOKyMeHTOB, KOTopbift o6ecnenHBaeT jierKocrb AOCTyna K HHM.

K 1643.
K 1447-1448-1449-1450-1451-1426.
K 1487-1488-1489-1490-1491-1492.
K 1493-1603; K 1689-1707-1629-1708.

HCTOHHHKH

437

K1692. EleperiHCKa MapKH3a BnjibH(j)paHKH, BHn,e-Kopojm Heanojin, 1534—1536; K1633;
K 1672—1679; BeHeuHancKaH KoppecnoHAeHUHH, K 1630—1631; PnMCicaji KoppecnoHAeH-

UHH, 1592-1601.
ByMarw MHCCHH Tnpana AB XIX 596 Majio HTO A^IOT. H jmuib npocMOTpeji cKyAHbie
apxwBbi MopcKoro (|)jioTa no CpeAH3eMHOMy Mopio B XVI BeKe. A 2, A 5 IV, V, VI, B 4 I,

B 6 I, 77, B 7, 204, 205, 473, 520, B 8 2-7, D 2, 39, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55.

HaijHOHajibHan 6n6jiHOTeKa
OnncaHHe KpanHe pa3po3HenHbix C})OHAOB MOIVIO 6bi CAejiaTb nepeneHb naiiinx HCTOHHHKOB Hpe3MepHO Ar^IHHHblM.
Tpn (J)OHAa: cj)paHuy3CKHM, coicpameHHo F. Fr., ncnaHCKHH, F Esp. H HTajibHHCKHH, F Ital.
1° <PpaHV,y3CKUu (pond. — 51 ncpeHHTan co6cTBeHHopyHHbie nncbMa (J)paHuy3CKHX nocjiOB
BHcnaHHH, Ce6acTbeHaAe^b'06ecnHHa, 1559—1562 M CenTyapa 1572—1580. HTOKacaeTCH CeGacTbeHa AC* Jib'OGeciiHHa, Konnn ero BaacHbix nHceM, CAejiaHHbie r. OBCH AC TpaHuiepoM c opnrHiiajioB MMnepaTopcKOH 6H6JIHOTCKH B CaHKT-neTep6ypre, xpaHHTCH noA
uincJ)paMH Esp. 347 H Esp. 348 B A. E.
C yneTOM BO3MO)KHOH ny6jiHKau.nn, H nocraBHji nepeA CO6OH 3aAa^y OTbicnaTb B Han,.
Bn6jiHOTeKe Bee opnrHHajibHbie nncbMa H 6yMarn Ce6acTbena Ae jib'06ecnHHa, a66aTa Bacc<I>OHT3Ha, a BnooieACTBHH enncKona JlHMO^ccKoro; HX cnncoK AOBOJibHO BCJIUK. Pa3Hbie
AOKyMeHTbi 4398 (f° 133); 4400, f° 330; 15877, 15901, 16013, 20787. OTMCTMM nonyTHo
nocojibCTBO B BpaHAen6ypr 3121. Ero MHCCHH B Hcnaunn: 3880, f° 294; 3899, f° 82; 3951,

f> 26; 4737; f° 91; 10753, 15587, 16013, 16121, 16598, 17830, 20991, 23406, 23517; nocojibCTBO B IllBeHuapHio, 20991, 23227,23609, AHruioMaTHHecKHH iiiHcf>p, H. a. 8431; 2937

(37), 3114 (102), 3121, 3130 (52 H 88), 3136 (10), 3158 (51, 54, 59, 76), 3159, 3174 (90),
3185 (102), 3189 (19), 3192, 3196 (26), 3216 (27), 3219 (2, 117), 3224 (82), 3226 (27),
3249 (73, 92), 3320 (96), 3323 (76, 119), 3337 (144), 3345 (55, 70), 3390 (15), 3899 (11),
3902 (88), 4639,4641,6611,6614,6616,6617,6618,6619,6620,6621,6626,15542,15553,
15556,15557,15559, 15784, 15875, 15876, 15902, 15903, 15904, 16016, 16017, 16019,
16021, 16023.
KoppecnoHAemjHfl CeHTyapa, c 16104 no 16108.
/tonojiHHTejibHbie H3bicicaHHH no cjieAyiomHM nyHKTaM:
a) ^HruiOMaTHHecKaii nepenncKa OpaHUHH c PHMOM, 17987, H3BJieHeHHH H3 MaTepnaJIOB OTAejibHbix neperoBopoB nocnoB B PHMC (1557—1626).
3492—3498. ^OHeceHHH r-Ha j\e EenoHa, nocjia B PHMC
6) H nonbiTajiCH AonojiHHTb ony6jiHKOBaHHyio IIIappbepoM KoppecnoHAeHijHio c TypijHeH H BeHei;HeH, XOTA Macro HaTajiKHBa^cn Haynce BocnpoH3BeAeHHbie HM nncbMa. TaKHM o6pa30M, H npoHHTa/i nanicy 16142, f" 7 - 8 , 32 H 32 v°, 3 4 , 4 3 - 4 4 v°, 4 8 - 4 9 , 58, 6 0 - 6 1
HnncbMa)KepMHHbH, 16143, nncbMallojiHAeOya, 16080, HAioOeppbe, 16081.

438

YlpUJIOTKeHUH

ft npoHC/i TaiOKe nepenncKy enncKona^aKCKoro, KOTopyio OH BCH Ha npoTH>KeHHH CBOeHApaMaTHHecKOHMHCCHH 1571—1573 TOAOB (16170).
B) ft Hcno;ib30Baji pnj\AOKyMenTOB cpeAHett HCHHOCTH, nanpHMep, 6121, f° 2—15, o KOHCTaHTHHono^e, Dupuy, II, 376, oIOioAeAioEype, 16141, f° 226—272 v°. Advis d o n n e au Roi
Tres Chretien par Raymond Merigon d e Marseille p o u r la conqueste d u royaume d'Alger;
na 12240. Oc^Hunajibiibie AOKyMeiiTbi H nepenncKa n o noBOAy BacTHOH j\c O p a n c Majio
3aTparHBaiOTXVI BeK, H/VIH iiamero HCcneAOBaiiHH HC HMeeT6ojibiuoro3iiaHeHHH paGoTa
}Knpo, HanncanHafl naocnoBe 6yMar ceMencTBa Jlanm. ft Bocnojib30Bajicn A»yMH KOHTpaKTaMH Ominnna II c reHy33CKHMH KynnaMH, 3aKJiiOHenHbiMH BMae 1558 ro^a, 15875, f°476

H 476 v°, 478-479.
2° McnancKuu (pond: AOKyMeiiTbi onncanbi, KaK npaBHjio TOHHO, B KaTajiore CeKijHH, coCTaBJiennoM A. Mopejib O a ™ o H HMeiomcMCH B HecKOJibKHx Konnnx. XapaKTep HX BecbMa
CMemaHHbiH. B BHAe Konnn 3ACCb coAepacHTCH Miioro H3BecTHH, AOHCCCHHH, nnceM repijoraA/ib6bi... H3K)MHHKy3Toropa3po3HeiiHoroco6paiiH5icocTaB^HeTnpocTpaHHoepacc)OKAeHHe o neano^HTancKHX Acnax (Esp. 127), KOTopoe c TpyAOM noAAaeTCH TOHHOH AarapoBKe H ero nponcxoacAeHHe RJIH MCHH Hencno.

3° HmajihRHCKuu (pond: OH eiiie 6orane ncnancKoro, HO H3o6n;iyeT KOHHHMH H AOKyMenTaMH, KOTopbie TpyAHO AarapoBaTb H Miiorne H3 KOTopwx 6bL7iH yace ony6jiHKOBaHbi H HCnojibsoBaHbi. ft HHTaji pyKonncn 221, 340 (Knnp 1570 r.), 427,428 (KopcJ)y B 1578 r.), 687,
772, 790 (o6ynpaBJieHHH HeanojieMnpn A- IlbeTpoAnTojieAO, 1220, 1431,2108).
MHHHCTepCTBO HHOCTpaHHBIX #eJI
Konnn H noA^iHHHbie AOKyMeiiTbi ncnancKOi o (J)OHAa, c 1932 roAa HMCCTCH HAeajibHO
cocTaB^eHHbiH nepenenb, Julian Paz, C. d e doc. espanoles existentes en el Archivo del
Ministerio d e Negocios Extranjeros d e Paris, Madrid, 1932. 3 T H AOKyMeHTbi coGpaHbi B
ueAbiH pMA 6oAbiiiHx perncTpoB. Mbi AaeM coKpamennbie CCMJIKH na HHX KaK A. E. Esp.
(Aff. Etr. Espagne). Hcnojib30BajiHCboieAyioinHeperHCTpbi, 138,216—219,222—224, 227—

229, 231-238, 261, 264 (P s 51, 60, 70, 120), 307.
ft yxce roBopnji o perncTpax Esp. 347 H 348, B KOTopbix coAepacaTCH Konnn nnceM enncKona JlHMO^KCKoro.
ft HHTaji TaioKe TOMa «BeneriHH 46,47 H 48» H3 nepenncKe 3 p o AC Macca, nocAa OpanUHH B BeHeuHH B 1589—1594 roAax, 3TO Konnn, opnrHnajibi KOTopbix HaxoA^TCH B IlapH>KCKOH HaqnoHa^bHOH GnGjiHOTeKe.

Mapcejih

ApxHBbi ToproBoii najiaTBi
HeMHoroHHCJieHHbie nncbMa KOHrjaXVI BeKa, He HMeiomne oco6bix uiH(f)poB: B nacTHOCTH, nncbMO KoKpejifl, KOHcy^a B A/ieKcanApHH, KOHcyAaM MapceAH, AjieKcaHApun, 29 HOH6.

HCTOHHHKH

439

1599 r., opun; FIHCBMO JlyH Bo, Koncyjia B Ajienno, KOiicy;iaM Mapce^H, Arcenno, 1 cen.
1600 r., opnn, M np...

KoMMyHajibHbie apxHBbi
PeuieiiHM TopoACKoro coBeTa c 1559 no 1591 roA, BB40 —BB52 (perHcrpbi).
PflflflOKyMCHTOB, IiaXOAHUUlXCM B CTaAHH KJiaCCH(J)MUHpOBaHHH, H3 BatfCHOH C e p H H H H ,

BocoGeimocTH CBH3KH 243, HcanoBaiiHbic rpaMOTbi KapjialX, pa3pemaiomne ABopHHaM 3aHHMaTbCM ToproBJiefl 6e3 yTpaTbi CBoero 3Bann$i; 272, TpeTencKHH Hajior (jiecHan perajiHfl);
HKopiibiH c6op B AHTn6e 1577-1732; 273, Apjib, 1590-1786; 284, nncbMo TeHpHxa III,
pa3pcmaiomee BBIBO3 iuepcra; 307, ToproBjiH c AnrjiHeH, 1592—1778; 346 6uc, nwcbMO «KOpo;w» MapoKKO c npocb6on iia3iiaHMTb Koncyjia; Tynnc, pa3noo6pa3Han KopecnoHACHUHji;
351, 2%-M c6op B KoncTanTHHono^e, 1576—1610; 367, 3axBaTbi KopaGjieft H rpy30B; 465,
ABH^ceHHe B nopTy, nocrynjieHHe TOBapoB B 1577 roAy. K 3TOMy cnHCKy iiyyviuo Ao6aBHTb
p^A nHCCM H3 Ajienno, Tpnno;in, CnpHH M A/ieKcaiiApeTrbi, KOTopwe UHrapyiOTCH c yna3aHHeM A^Tbi (2 nacTb, r;iaBa III), HO KOFA^ K pa6oTaji B Mapcejie, HM eme ne 6buiH npncBoenbi oKoimaTCJibHbic muc^pbi, H H Ha3Ba;i HX BpcMeHHO (})OHAOM OeppaHa (Ferrenc).

flenapTaMeHTCKHe apxHBbi Byni-^io-PoH
Tpn neHHbix AOKyMeirra:
1° IlepBbie AOKyMeHTbi KoncyjibCTBa B Aji>KHpe, K KOTOpbiM npHBJieK BHHMaHHe nccjieAOBaTejien P. BIOCKC

2° P e r n c r p , coAepacamnH oGiiHBJieHHe o BbiB03e TOBapoB H3 MapcejiH Ha BHyTpeHHHe
TeppHTopHH KopojieBCTBa B 1543 roAy MapcejibCKoe aAMHpajrreHCTBO, IX B 198 lev. B BTOM
AOKyMenTe naxoAHTCM Tpn nepeHHH: a) c 15 HHB. 1543 r. no 21 Maa 1543 r., cnncoK «TOBapoB H3 Mapce^M, KOTopwe BbiB03HTCH B KopojieBCTBO», B o6njeM 3KcnopT H3 MapcejiH BO
OpaHUHio no cyme, f° I—XLV; 6) c 15 HHB. 1543 r. no 28 Man 1543 r., cnwcoK TOBapoB,
nocTynHBiiiHx B MapceAb, no Mopio H no cyme, H3 KopojieBCTBa (f° XLVI—LXXVI);
B) c 16 HHB. 1543r.no 18 Man 1543 r., Mapce^bCKHH3KcnopT3apy6e>KnoMopio,PLXXVIII—

LXXXIXv".
3° PerncTpanHM cepracj)HKaTOB Ha pa3rpy3Ky TOBapoB (npHBe3eHHbix cyAaMH c 1609 no
1645 TOA), CTpaHHUbi He npoHyMepoBaHbi, Mapcc/ibcicoeaAMHpajiTewcTBO, B I X 1 4 .

Ajiotcup
ApxHBbi 6biBmero AjDKHpcKoro reHepaji-ry6epHaTopcTBa pacnojiaraiOT AOBOJibHO .711060nbiTHbiM co6paHHeM wcnaHCKHx AOKyMeHTOB, opuraHa^OB H KonHH, no^yMeHHbix BxoAe
MHCCHH TwpaHa 1841—1844 TOAOB. KaTajior, B KOTopoM nonaAaiOTCH Koe-KaKwe OUIH6KH,
6bui cocTaBJieH )KaKeTonoM.

440

npHJIOJKeHHH

3 T O T (J)OHA 6bui nojiHocrbio HaMH H3yneH, BK/nonafl AoicyMeHTbi, Bbixoj\HU\ue 3a paMKH
paccMaTpHBaeMoro B KHHre nepHOAa, HTO no3Bo^HJio BbiMBHTb pujx omn6oHHbix aTpn6yUHH B KaTajiore H MecTa, onymeHHbie B CBO6OAHOM nepeBOAe E. de la Primaudaie, Doc. inedits
sur l'histoire de l'occupation espagnole en Afrique 1506—1564. Alger, 1866, 324 p., iyje,
BnponeM, ony6;iHKOBaHo He 6o;iee n^Ton nacTH ajiacupcKHx AOKyMenTOB.

^pyrne Hcnojib30BaHHbie apxii BBI
Be3aHCOH, /lenapT. apxHB JXy; Ty;iOH, KoMMyHajibHbiH apxHB; OpamK, KOMM. apxHB;
IlepnHHbHH, ApxHB^enapTaMeHTa BOCT. IlHpeHen; PyaH, MynHunnajibHaH 6n6jiHOTCKa,
^enapT. M KoMMyH. apxHBbi; 3KC, En6;iHOTeKa Ae Jia MeacaH.

I I I . H T A J I B J I H C K H E APXHBBI
Ihtyn
rocyAapcTBeHHbiH apxHB
H c r a p e Ba^KHbie cepHH: 1° KoppecnonAeHijHH c HcnaHHett: 1559—1590, CBK3KH C 2.2411
(B neH coAep^KaTCH TOJibKO necKO^bKO AOKyMeiiTOB areHTa AnA>Ke^o JlepKapo 3a 1559 roj\)
no8.2417; BAaJibHeftiijeM BbinwcKH 6buiH CAejianbi H3CBH3OKAO 38.2247 n o 1647 r.; 2°ceKpeTHan nepenncKac KoHCTanTHHono^eM, npeAcraBjraiomafl Hpe3BbiHaHHbin Hirrepec, c 1558
no 1565 TOA, BKJIK>H3JI J\BC CBM3KH 1.2169 H 2.2170; yica3aHHbieABe cepnH OTHOCHTCH K pa3-

pnjjy Lettere Ministri n ACTIHTCH na py6pwKH Lettere Ministri Spagna H Lettere Ministri
Costantinopoli; 3° 6ojibuiaH, HO o6ManHHBaM cepHH Lettere Consoli; MeccMHa 1529—1609
(No 2634), Heanojib 1510-1610 (N> 2635), ELuiepMO 1506-1601 (No 2647), TpanaHH 1 5 7 5 1632 (No 2651), HHBHTaBeKKb* 1563 (N° 2665), Anbrepo 1510-1606 (No. 2668), KsuibapH
1519-1601 (N9 2668), A/iHKaHTe 1559-1562 (Ne 2670), EapccnoHa 1522-1620 (N? 2670),
HBHca 1512-1576 (N> 2674), Mawopica 1 5 7 3 - 1 6 0 0 (N? 2674), CeBHJibH 1 5 1 2 - 1 6 0 9
(N? 2674), n H 3 a 1540-1619 (N> 2699), BeneuH* 1547-1601 (N> 2704), JIOHAOH C 1651
(No 2628), AMCTepAaM 1563—1620 (N9 2567) — Ha caMOM Ae^e AOKyMeHTbi XVI Beica OTHOCHTCH K AHTBepneHy; 4° BaacHa* cepHH 6yMar Magistrato del Riscatto degli Schiavi (659 aKTOB), OTHOCHJUHXCH K noc^eAHHM roAaM CTOJICTUH.

FIOMHMO STHX cepnfi H npocMaTpHBaji Lettere Ministri, Inghilterra, CBM3Ka 1.2273 (1556—
1558); Diversorum Corsicae, CBH3Ka 125, w nnaBHoe, H cocTaBMJi onncauHe orpoMHbix perHCTpoB Venuta terrae (1526—1797), Caratorum occidentis (1536—1793), Caratorum Orientis
(1571—1797), Caratorum veterum (1423—1584), KOTopbie c 6ojibiiiOH TOHHocrbio oTpaacaK)T ABHHceHHe TOBapoB B orpoMHOM reHy33CKOM nopTy B nocjieAHeH TpeTH XVI Beica H no3AHee. B OKTfl6pe 1564 roAa MHe yzjajiocb OTbicnaTb p e r n c r p MopcKoro CTpaxoBaHHH. CM.
H. II,

c. 385.

HCTOHHHKH

441

IbpoflCKoii apxHB
B najiaijijo Pocco xpaHHTCfl AOKyMeHTbi, OTHocnmHecfl CO6CTBCHHO K ropoAy IeHye, K
AejrrejibHOCTH ee ijexoB (Arte della Lana, HaHHHaii c 1620 r.), K njiaBaHHHM 6apoK c Mbica
K o p C O , B03HBIUHM C OCTpOBa B IeHVK) JieC. 3ACCb HaXOAHTCH TaiOKe BHyiUHTCTIbHaH KMna

6yMar, xapaKTepn3yiomHX nviaBaHHH Mapcc/ibCKHX 6apoK: Consolato francese presso la
Repubblica-Atti relativi 1594—1597, N° 332. OpaHiry3CKoe KoncyjibCTBO, ocraBiueecfl B 1594—
1597 roAax 6e3 npwcMOTpa, 6buio, KaK HH CTpaHHo, npHmrro noA CBoe Kpbuio IeHV33CKOH
KOMMVHOH H HaxoAH^ocb noA ee ynpaBjienHeM; 3TO caMbiw 6oraTbiH H3 Bcex H3BecTHbix MHe
HCTOHHHKOB o MapcejibCKofi ToproBjie B 3anaAHOM CpeAH3eMHOMopbe. MHoroHHCJieHHbie
AOKyMeHTbi KacaK)TCH MapcejibCKnx ToproBbix CBH3eH C HcnaHHeH: naTpoHbi 6apoK cnpaiiiHBaioT, MOMCHO JIM ruiaBaTb B HcnaHHK), He HaxoAHTCH JIH OHa B COCTOHHHH BOHHbi? COOTBeTCTBeHHo, 6buio npoBeAeHO H3yHeHne KanHTaHOB CVAOB, B03BpamaiomHxcH H 3 CapAHHHH HJIH HcnariHH, KOTopoe noKa3bmaeT, HacKOJibKO KHiuejio 3ana/4Hoe CpeAH3eMHOMopbe
MapcejibCKHMM 6apKaMH.
Beney,UR
EbuiH Hcnojib30BaHbi cjieAyiomHe CBH3KH B IbcyAapcTBeHHOM apxHBe: Senato Secreta,
Dispacci Costantinopoli 1/A, 2 / B , 3 / C , 4 / D c 1546 no 1564 TOAI>I (apxHBbi 6aHJia). Senato
Secreta Dispacci Napoli I. Cinque Savii alia Mercanzia. Bycmu 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 26, 27.
Relazioni Collegio Secreta 31, 38, 78. Capi del Cons" dei Dieci, Lettere di ambasciatori,
Napoli, 58. Lettere ai capi del cons° dei X. Spalato 281. Lettere commerciali XII tery orpoMHoe CMemaHHoe co6paHMeToproBbix nHceM KOHijaXVI BeKa, HanncaHHbix B BeHeuHH, Llepe,
Anenno w CnpnMCKOM TpHnojiM. B n3AaHHH Archivio generate di Venezia, Venezia, 1873,
in-8°, npeACTaBjieHa o6maa opraHH3aunH xpaHeHMH. MHe nocnacTjiHBHJiocb Hairm B HoaTpnajibHOM apxwBe, KaK H npeacAe, COCAHHCHHOM C rocyAapcTBeHHbiM apxHBOM, B 6yMarax
HOTapnycaAHApeaAC KaTTH, 3661 (Hiojib 1590 r.), aKT, CBHAeTejibCTByiomHH ocyuiecTBoBaHHH KOMnaHHH 1 2 MOpCKHX CTpaXOBlIUdKOB.

Ilocjie nepBoro H3AaHHH 3TOH KHH™ a npoBeji MHoro MecarjeB B BeHeijHH, npocMOTpeB
3a nepHOA c 1450 no 1650 TOA 66jibmyio nacrb AOKyMeHTOB cepwM Senato Mar, Senato Terra,
Senato Zecca, Cinque Savii alia Mercanzia, 3aTeM BCK> nepenHCKy BeHeruiaHCKHX nocjiOB B
HcnaHHH AO 1620 roAa, H, HaKOHeii, AparorjeHHbie Beney^uancKueAHHCUIU, KOTopwe npeACTaBJiHiOT CO6OH cocTaBjieHHyio Ha ocHOBaHHH o(J)HUHajibHbix 6yMar jieTonHCb COGMTHH,
npoHcxoAHiuHx B ropoAe H B Mwpe, KOTopafl B o6uieM HBJIHCTCH npoAOJiaceHHeM ^ H C B H H KOB» CaHyAo. H TaiOKe npo30HAnpoBaji AOKyMeHTbi HoTapnajibHoro apxHBa H Quarantia
Criminale.
B BeHeuHH n AC/iaji H3BJieHeHHH H3 C|)OHAOB GHGJIHOTCKH MapnaHa M My3en Koppep
((J)OHAW/loHa ACJiJie Po3e H HHKOHbn).

442

npHJIOHCeilHfl

&AOpeuy,iui

rocyAapcTBeHHbiii apxHB
BCH MOH pa6oTa 6buia CBH3ana c (JJOHAOM MCAHHCO. H npocMOTpe;i cepHio CBH30K ncpcnHCKHcHcnanMeHC 1559 no 1581 roAcN°4896 noN° 4913 Bic/noHHTejibno (KaKH cBH3Ky
N° 4897 6uc) M npoAO^>Kii^ CBOM IIOHCKH J\O 1590 ro;;a, ncno;ib3yH 6oraTyio pyKonncnyio
onncb 3TOH 6o;ibiiioH cepHH. KpoMe nee 6biJiM H3ynenbi CBH3KH 1829, 2077', 2079, 2080,
2840,2862, 2972,4185,4221,4279,4322. B cB*3Kax 2077, 2079, 2080 c o A c p ^ a r a i nopxoBbie perncTpbi JInBopno, H3 KOTopbix CAejiaiibi 6ojibuiHe BbmepatKH B nameM H3Jio>KeiiHH.
BcepHnMisc. Medici CBM3Ka 123nenpeACTaBJiHeTHHKaKoroHHTepeca, BCBH3Ke 124 (f°44)
HaxoAMTCM A^TnpoBaHHoe 1589 TOAOM 3anpeu;enne HMnepaTopa CBOHM noAAamibiM ToproBaTb c anrjiHHanaMH. Ilocjie 1949 ro^a MHC AOBejiocb cnoBa pa6oTaTb B (fyoujxe MeAHneo,
npe>KAe Bcero c ceMennbiMH 6y\iaraMH, xpanninHMHCH B apxHBe.

HaijHOHajibHaH 6H6jiHOTeKa
Hpe3BbiHanno uennbin CJDOHA Kannonn 6bm npno6pcTen 6H6JIHOTCKOH OKOJIO 1935 roAa.
B Hero BXOAHT coGpaHMe ToproBbix KUUT 3TOI O BjiHMTe;n>Horo ceMeficTBa. TojibKO K HameMy nepnoAy OTHOCHTCH perHcrpbi c 12 no 90; co 107 no 109 H co 112 no 129, npuneM nocjieAHHH cepnn BKJiionaeTBCC6M KHHIH pa3Hbix KOMnanHH. 3 T O n.e;ibiH MHp. Bee H pa3Mepu
perwcTpoB He cnoco6cTByioT o6jierneHHK) pa6oTbi HCCJieAOBaTejiH, KOTopaji ynpocTHJiacb
6bi, CCJIH 6bi AOKyMeHTbi 6buiH nepeBeACHbi na MHKpoc})njibMbi. H H3yHHJi Jinuib OAHH H3
HHX, N° 41, Libro grande debitori e creditori di Luigi e Alessandro Capponi, Mariotto Meretti
e compagni di Pisa 1571—1587. B STOH 3aivieHaTe^bHOH KHHre yica3aHbi ijeHbi, o6MeHHbie
KypCbl, CyMMbI MOpCKOrO CTpaXOBaHHM, (j)paXTa, 3TO 0 6 3 0 p T O p r O B O H AeHTCTIbHOCTH, KOTO-

paa B paccMaTpHBaeMyio 3noxy BcerAa 6i,uia pa3Hoo6pa3Hofi.
B (})OHAe KannoHH coAep>KHTCH uejibin pnj\ BceB03M0>KHbix AOKyMeHTOB nojiHTHnecKOro, 3KonoMHHecKoro H HCTopHHecKoro xapaKTepa, KOTopwe H 6erjio npocMOTpeji. OAHO
nepeHHC^eHHe AOKyMeHTOB, KacaiomnxcH MCAHHH, OjiopeHTHHCKOH pecny6;iHKH, HcnaHHH, IlojibuiH, KHTaii, TypijHH H BejiHKHx co6biTHH XVI Bena 3aHHJio 6bi nejibifi TOM. YnoMHHeM3AecbcJ)jiopeHTHHCKyioxpoHHKyc 1001 no 1723roA ( K O A C K C C C X X X , 2T.);cBeAeHHH o <I>;iaHApHn H Owjinnne II B 1578 roAy (XXXIX, p. 360—375); o CHIJHAHH B 1546 roAy
(LXXXII, No 18), B 1572-M (XV, p. 6 3 - 1 1 2 ) , c 1600 no 1630 TOA (CLXXXIX, p . 148-196);
o BeneiniaHCKHx rajiepHHKax (XI, p. 153—157); o 3JioynoTpe6;ieHHHx npH o6MeHe, 1596 TOA
(XLIII, p. 274-287); o JlyKKe B 1583 roAy (II, p. 357-366); o TpaHcujibBaHHH B 1595 (XLV,
p. 423—428); paccy>KACHHe o Ienye B (Jx>pMe Anajiora Me>KAy OnjiHnnoM II H repnproM A/ib6OH (XXXVI, p. 205-269); o Ienye OKOJIO 1575 roAa (LXXXI, XVIII, II); BeHenHaHCKoe
Aonecenne 1558 roAa o K n n p e (XIII, p. 266—293); AOHeceHHe A. Owjinnno IlepHHCTeH,
HMnepcKoro noc/ia npH BCTIHKOM KHH3e MOCKOBCKOM (XIV, 232—253); onwcaHne nopTyrajibCKHx cyAOB, npHiucAiuHx B BHjib(f>paHiii (XXXIX, p. 61—67). Penb noc/ia cyjiTaHa na

HCTOHHHKH

443

OpaHK(J)ypTCKOM ceMMe 27 HOH6. 1562 roAa (XV, p. 274—277), o KOHTpaicre Ha KBacu.bi MOKAy nanon H KO3HMO MCAHHH, 16 HIOHH 1552 roAa (HUJHK 7a, N° XVIII), nwcbMO ToMMa30

LLIupjiH PyA>Kepo TyA^iaKy, aHnnHHCKOMy Kynuy B JIHBOPHO, Heanojib, 14 HIOAH 1606 roAa
(LXXXI, X2 23 6uc)\ 06 HcnanHH n p n Onjinnne II (XI); o ABope Onjinnna II, 1564
(LXXXII), 1576 (LXXXI, N° 9 6uc); 1577 (LXXXII, N? 3); 06 AHTOHHO n e p e c e H 3CKOBCAO
(XV, p. 262—269); o KOHTpaKTe Ha }Kejie3Hbie pyAHHKH ocrpoBa 3;ib6a, 1577 (HUJHK 8a,
N° H);AOHeceHHeo6ocTpoBe (CLXI);cMepTbBHHeHU,oCepu.ejuiH (1578), oAHoroH3caMWX 3iiaMeHHTbix GaHAHTOB CBoero BpeMeHH (CLXI, CCLVI, CCXXXVII); o TocKaHe anoXH OepAHnanAa I (CCL, CXXIV); o HOBbix xpncraaHax B nopTyrajiHH OKOJIO 1535 roAa
(XXXVI); o nopTyrajiHH B 1571 roAy (XXV, p . 109—127); o MopcKHx onepaijHHx B 1570—
1573 roAax (CCXV, CLXXII); noAapoK CejiHMa A. XyaHy nocAe JlenaHTO (XL, p. 41—44);
o OaMarycTe (LXXXII); oTypeuKo-BeHeunaHCKOM MHpe, onpaBAaHHe CnHbopnu — H O ruianax A- XyaHa; o ccope MeacAy MapKaHTOHHo KOJIOHHOH H JX. AHApea ^ o p n e n B 1570 roAy;
o n^aHHpyeMOM 3axBaTe nopTyrajiHH, 25 Maa 1579 roAa (XV, p . 1—61); o AOxoAax HeanoJIH, 1618 (CCLVIII); AOXOAW Kap;ia IlHToro (XI, p . 219-220); o ToproBJie AHKOHM (XXI,
p. 257—298); 06 o6Mene H Aeubrax (HIITHK 10a, N° XVI); o MnAaHe (XV); o npoTHBOAenCTBHH CBHToro npecrojia H36paHHio OepAnnaHAa HMnepaTopoM (LIX); npHHHHbi BOHHW
BBeHrpHH (LIX, p. 436—469);TypKO-nepcnACKatf BOHHa 1577—1579 roAa (LXXXII, N° 7);
Hnnpnano CapaHHHe;uin npocHT Omiunna II npeKpaTHTb BOHHy c OpamjHeH H o6paTHTbCH npoTHBTypoK (LVIII, 106—151).

JlaypemjuaHa
3AecbTaioKe naxoAflTCH BecbMa CMemaunbie (J)OHAbi, iiaHGojibuieH ijeHHOCTbio H3 KOTOpwx o6AaAaioT HCTopunecKHe co6paiiHH XVII H XVIII BeKa, HMeiomHe oraomeHHe KTocKaHe, Heano;iio, KpHTy, BajibTc/uiHiie, coGcTBeHHopynubie nHCbMa AneccaHApo OapHe3e
(1518—1585), ashb. 1691, Hen3AaHuaH 6pouuopa 06 o6Meue ( ^ o B a H H n ) CHJUIH, Pratica
di cambi, 1611, ashb. 647, AOHeceHwe o ErHnTe H KpacnoM Mope, La retenzione delle galee
grosse della Illustrissima Signoria de Venecia in Alessandria con le navigazioni dell'armata
del Turco dal Mar Rosso nell'India nel a n n o MDXXXVI, 37 f° Ashb 1484-1508 (Relatione
de Alessandria con la navigatione del Turco dal Mar Rosso nell'India, 1536, ashb. 1408,
Libro di Mercanzia XVI BeKa (ashb. 1894); TpaicraT o HaBHrau.Hn XVII BeKa, ibid., 1660;
nyTeuiecTBHe B CBMTyio 3eMAio XVI BeKa, 1654; KapTbi H AOKyMeHTbi IIopTyraAHH XVII BeKa,

1921.

CeMeHHbie apxnebi rBHHHapflHHH-KopcH-CajiBBHaTH
B j i a r O A a p H JIK)6e3HOCTH H UlCApOCTH M a p K H 3 a rBHMHapAHIIH H nOJiyHHJI B03MO>KHOCTb

npoBecTH HeKOTopoe BpeMM B 6oraTbix apxHBax ero ceMeHCTBa. ToproBbie KHHru 1,7,8,9—
15, 2 1 - 2 5 (c 1550 no 1563 rr.), 26 (Kunra CKJiaAa B Meccnne 1551-1552), 2 7 - 3 2 ( 1 5 5 2 -

444

FIpHJIO^KeHHM

1571); II, 3 3 - 4 8 , (1542-1559); III, 4 9 - 5 9 (1554-1559); IV, 6 0 - 6 4 (1565-1572); V, 6 5 67 (1582-1585); VI, 6 8 - 7 1 (1579-1590); VII, 7 2 - 1 0 2 (1587-1641); VIII, 103-130 ( 1 5 8 2 1587); IX, 131-135 (1588-1591); X, 1 3 6 - 1 5 5 (1590-1602); XI, 156-166 (15...P-1617);
XII, 167-172 (1589-1608); XIII, 173-202 (1592-1597). KaK H ToproBbie KHH™ KannoHH, OHH npeACTaBjiHioT CO6OH iicjibiH Mnp, He cHHTaji 200 6o^biiiHx perncTpoB, OTHOCHmnxcn K HameMy nepnoAy. H3O6HJIHC MaTepnajia o ijeiiax, nepeB03Kax, noicynKe H npoAaace
B KpeAWT, o ToproBjie IUCTIKOM, CHIJHJIHHCKHM xjie6oM, nepueM H npnHOCTHMH. no3Anee
3TH AOKyMeHTbi 6buiH nepeAaiibi B IbcyAapcTBenHbiH ApxHB OjiopeHijHH.
PUM

IbcyzjapcTBeHHMH apxus
H He CMor ncoieAOBaTb ABa HaMenennbix MHOH (j)OHAa, OAHH 6bui H36pan HayAany:
Annona e Grascia, 1595—1847 (Busta 2557), BTopon — c KOHKpeTHOH ue;ibio — nopTOBbie
perncrpbi MnBHTaBeKKbH; npaBAa, noc/ieAHHe MeHee HHTepecubi jyin nac, nocKOJibKy cnncKH TOBapoB OTHOCHTCH npeHMymecrBeHHO K nepBOH no-noBHHe XVI Bena.

Heanojih
IbcyRapcTBeHHbiH apxHB
R npocMOTpe^ B (jx>HAe Carte Farnesiane nepenncKy areHTOB MaprapHTbi FlapMCKOH H
repiiora llapMCKoro HanHHan c 1559 roAa, B c e p n n Spagna, CBH3KH c I no VII, H CACJiaji
nojiHyio KonnK) 3KcnopTHoro nepennH nopTa Bapn B 1572 roAy, Dipendenze dellaSommaria,
fascio 417, fascicolo 1°. Floc/ie naiunx nepBonanajibUbix H3bicKaHHH 6buiH H3yneHbi MHorne
AOKyMeHTbi CoMMapHH, noApo6HbiH KaTajior KOTopbix 6bui CAC/iaH jyisi Hac A. CHJibBecrpn,
H 3TO no3BOJiHjio nojiyHHTb MHoroHHCJieHHbie cj)OTOKonHH. 3 T H AOKyMeHTbi npeAcraBjiHioT
6ojibiuoH HHTepec c TOHKH 3peHHH HCTOPHH HeanojiH H BHyTpeHHero Mopn.

MyHHi^nnajibHbiH apxHB
CymecTByeTAeTajiH3HpoBaHHbiH KaTajior BapTOJiOMeo Kanacco, Catalogo ragionato dei
libri, registri, scritture esistenti nellasezione antica o prima serie deirarchivio municipale
di Napoli 1387—1808, Napoli, t o m o I, 1877, t o m o II, 1899, — npHMenaTejibHbiH CBOHMH
CBeAeHHHMH 06 yHpejKAeHHHx, HO TaM H CHM pa36pocanbi AaHHbie o ToproBO-npoMbimjieHHOH }KH3HH ropoAa. BaacHbie AOKyMeHTbi o CHa6aceHHH orpoMHoro ropoAa 3epHOM H MacJIOM, Acquisti de'grani, 1540-1587, N 514; 1558, N 515; 1590-1803, N 516; Acquisto e
transporto de'grani, 1600, N 518; 1591-1617, N 532; 1594, N 533.
TJcuiepMO

Bo BpeMH Moero npe6biBanHH 3Aecb B aBrycTe 1932 roAa IbcyAapcTBeHHbiH H KoMMyHa^bHblH apXHBbl 6bIJIH 3aKpbITbI, TaK HTO H CMOr n p o p a 6 o T a T b JIHIIIb HeCKOJIbKO AHeH B

HCTOHHHKH

445

nepBOM H o6o3peTb orpoMHbie peracTpbi BToporo. Bee CBOH emibi H nanpaBun Ha H3yneHHe
6oraTOH KoMMyHajibHOH 6H6^HOTCKH, r^e H npocMOTpeji: onncaHHfl IlajiepMO, Q q E 56 H
Qq E 31 (nocneAHee npnHa,zyie>KHT Aypnn BHHCHUO, XVII Beit), Successi di Palermo, IlajibMepHHO, Qq D 84; nncbMa Kopojin K BHi;e-Kopo;iK) CHUTUIHH C 1560 n o 1590 roA, 3 Q q E 34;
paccyacAeHwe o CHUH.TIHH, Q q F 221, Q q C 52, Q q F 80, Q q D 186, 3 Q q C 19, P 212 (H Ha

wcnaHCKOM, Qq D 190) (1592), Relazione del conte di Olivares (avertimenti lasciati dal
Conte Olivares, 1595), Qq C 16,3anncKa 06 ynpaBjieHHH OCTPOBOM, Qq F 29; nncbMa KopoJIH H BHiie-Kopo^H CHI;MJIHH, 1556—1563, 3 Q q C 35; pa3Hbie nncbivia 1560—1596, 3 Q q
E 34; nHCbMo repiiora Anb6yKepKe, HKX/ib 1570 roAa, 3 Q q C 45, n° 25; Q q H 113 (n° 15,
n° 17) H Qq F 231; 3 Qq C 36, n° 22; 3 Q q E 11 Camilliani, Descrizione delle marine, Qq F
101;Itinerario..., Q q C 4 7 ; P u g n a t o r e , I s t o r i a d i T r a p a n i , Q q F 6 1 . O ToproB^eCwqHjiHH,
2 Q q E 6 6 , n° l;oToproB^e3epHOM, XVI HXVII Bena, Q q D 74; nncbMO repu;ora O e p n n o
3epHe (1603), 2 Q q C 96, n° 18; 3anncica AHTOHHHO MoHA^KHTope o CHIJHJIHHCKHX eBpenx,
Qq F 222, f° 213; AenyTaTbi Kopo;ieBCTBa c 1564 n o 1603 TOA, 3 Q q B 69, f° 339. O ToproBJie ocTpoBa MajibTbi, Qq F 110, f° 295; 06 H3MeHeHHHx Kypca cepe6pnHOH MOHeTbi B CHIJH^ H H C 1531 n o 1671 TOA, Q q F 113,f°22;opAOHaHCbirepn,oraMeAHHaCejiH, 1565, KonwH,
Qq F 113, f°32—40; o rpeKax, npnexaBiunx B CHIJHJIHK) H3 Aji6aHHH, 3anHCKa AHTOHHHO
MoHA>KHTope, Qq E 32, f° 81; 6worpa(j)HHecKHe CBeAeHHH o KoBappy6nace, Q q G 24, n° 43;
3anncKa XVIII BeKa o CTOHMOCTH KacrajibCKOH MOHCTM, Q q F 26, f* 87; o HacejieHHH CHIJHJIHH c 1501 no 1715 TOA, 3anncKa AHTOHHHO MoHA^CHTope, Q q H 120; o CHIJHJIHHCKHX

pa36oHHHKax (XVII BCK), Qq E89, n° 1; o HeypoacaaxH, B HacrHocra, o rojiOAe 1591 roAaB
IlanepMO, Q q H 14 bis, f* 144. Carta al Rey nuestro Senor d e Filiberto virrey d e Sicilia sobre
traer carne de Berveria, 10 avril 1624, Q q D 56, n° 21, f° 259.

JXpyrue noceiijaBinHecx H HcnojiB30BaBinHecH apxHBOxpaHHjiHiija
TypHH, riH3a, AHKOHa, MmiaH, JlnBopHO, Kajibapn, MeccHHa. Eo;iee noApo6Ho: MaHTyn (rocyAapcTBeHHbiH apxwB) H MoAeHa (rocyAapcTBeHHbin apxHB).

IV. BATHKAHCKHE APXHBbI
Onnpaacb Ha ny6;iHKau.HH HHOXOCM H OCO6CHHO o. JlynaHo CeppaHO Correspondancia
diplomatica entre Espana y la Santa Sede d u r a n t e el Pontificado d e S. Pio V, 1566—1572, SL
orpaHHHHJi CBOH H3biCKaHHH B BaTHKaHCKHx apxHBax HCCJieAOBaHHeM KoppecnoHAeHi^HH
HyHijHeB B HcnaHHH c 1573 no 1580 roA, B KOTopon, BnponeM, HMCIOTCH nponycKH (Spagna
7—27). MOH pa6oTa o6jierHa/iacb 6^aroAapa coBeTaM r-Ha TnccepaHa H 6e3rpaHHHHOH JIIO6e3HOCTH r-Ha MepKaTH: OCO6CHHO B nacTH H3roToa/ieHHH npenpacHbix (j)OTOKonHH.

446

FIpmio>KeHHH

V.

APXHBM

PAry3bi

Flo HeoAHOKpaTHoynoMHHaBiiiHMCH MHOH npHHHuaM, apxHBbi Pary3bi HaMHoro 6orane,
neM Bee ocrajibHbie H3BecTHbie naM xpaHnjinma CpeAH3eMHOMopbH. KaK n B Apyrnx MecTax, nojiHTHnecKHe AOKyMeHTbi coxpann-Jincb 3Aecb B 6ojibmoM KOJinnecTBe, B oco6enHOCTH nncbMa peKTopoB n HX coBeTHHKOB pary3CKHM nocjiaM n areiiTaM, aTaiOKe nncbMa noc^eAHwxnepBbiM. 3TaMacca6yMarAe;iHTCH naABecepHM, nncbMa c 3anaAa, n H3 JleBaHTa
(LP n LL, nooieAHHe Tonnee o6o3HaiiaioTCH OGUJHM na3BaHneM Lettere e commissioni di
Levante). Mbi npocMOTpc/in nncbMa c 3anaAa LP 1(1566) — LP 7(1593), B c e p n n LL TOJibKO perncTp LL 38, KOTopbin cooTBeTCTByeT 1593 roAy Te, KTO 3naKOM c 3THMH pary3CKHMH
6y\iaraMH TOJibKO no nyGjinKaijHH, nocBHmennoH OpaHnecKO TonAo^e, nocrcy Pecny6;iHKH
CBHToro Bjiacnn B Pnivie B anoxy JlenaiiTo, n noAroTOBjieHHon rpacJ)OM JI. BOHHOBHHCM,
Depeschen des Francesco Gondola, Gesandten der Republik Ragusa bei Pius V. u n d
Gregor XIII., Wien, 1909, HaBpKA^HCMoryTcocTaBHTbce6eTOHHoenpeACTaBJieHneocTH;ie BeAennn neperoBopoB Pecny6;iHKH, KOTopan npeACTaBjiHJia co6on ne TOJIBKO nojinTnnecKoe, HO n ToproBoe coo6mecrBO. Pary3CKne areHTbi BcerAa ocTaiOTCH KynijaMH, KOTOpbiM 3aKa3bmaK)TXJie6, cyKHO, 6apxaT, MCAI>, Kapn3eio B 3aBHcnMocTH OT oGcroflTejibCTB n
noTpe6HocTen. IloaTOMy B nx nepenncKe, B OTjinnne OT o6biHHoro TOHa BeHen.naHn.eB, HX
o6mnx paccy>KAeHHH o.THOA^TX H O BCJIHKHX Mnpacero, Mbi crajiKHBaeMCH c 6anajibHbiMn, no
nojie3HbiMH noBceAneBHbiMH MC/ionaMH.
OAHaKO rjiaBHbin nnTepec pary3CKnx apxnBOB 3aKJiioHaeTCH He B STOM. ToMy, y Koro
xBaTMT BpeMeHn H TepneHHH, HTo6bi npocMOTpeTb oGT^eMHCTbie Acta Consiliorum, OHH
AaiOT B03MO>KHOCTb npocneAHTb 3a >KH3Hbio na peAKOCTb 3amnmeHHoro cpeAneBeKOBoro
ropoAa. O n n no3BOjnnoT TaioKe no3iiaKOMHTbCH c yAHBHTe^bHbiMH AOKyMeHTaMH, coxpaHHBiiiHMHCH 6;iaroAapH Tpe6oBaiiHHM perncTpauHH H;IH iopnAnnecKHM cnopaM: 3aeMHbiMH nncbMaMH, 3aMeTKaMH, AoroBopaMH MopcKoro cxpaxoBannn, ycraBaMH ToproBbix 06mecTB, ynpeAHTejibHbiMH aKTaMH, 3aBemaHHHMH, KOHTpaKTaMH Haniwa cnyr... 3 T H AOKVMeHTbi ACTIHTCH Ha Tpn cepnn: Diversa d e Foris, Diversa di Cancellaria, Diversa Notariae.
JXse nocjieAHne H eABa 3aTponyji. Diversa di Cancellaria, perncTpw 132—145, c 1545 no
1557 roA- Diversa Notariae, perncTp 110, 1548—1551; 3aTOHoneHb TmaTCJibHO npocMOTpeji cepnio Diversa de Foris 3a nepnoA B OCHOBHOM C 1580 no 1600 TOA (xpoHOJiornHecKn
AOKyMeHTbi AOBO^bHO 6ecnopflAOHHO pacnpeAejieHbi Me>KAy oneHb 6o^buiHMH perncrpaMH c e p n n ) , MOM ncc^eAOBaHnn npocTnpajincb c HOMepa I n o HOMep XVI. .Hpyrne npo6HbiesaxoAbi: Libro dogana n° 10, 1575-1576, XXI, 1, 12; XXI, 7, 3 noco6eHHoXXII, 7,
4, o BB03e ncnaHCKon mepcTH, AOBOJibHO 3aTpyAHHTe^bHbie jyin paciiiH(})poBKH, HJIH BepHee, RJIX noHHMaHHH AOKyMeHTbi, c KOTopwx H CHHJI no^Hyio Konnio. HaKOHei;, HeAaBnee
npno6peTeHne, 1935 roAa, n° 44, Q u a d e r n u c c i o dove s'ha da notare le robe che vanno o
venghono aliagiornata, cossid'amici come lenostre, 20 AeK. 1590—2 anp. 1591 r.,npo^nBaeT CBeT Ha jno6onbiTHyio AearejibHocTb pary3CKnx KyniioB n nyTeiiiecTBeHHHKOB Ha AOporax BajiKaH.

HCTOHHHKH

447

H y>KC Bbipa>Ka;i 6AaroAapnocTb r. TpyxejiKe, pary3CKOMy apxHBapnycy, c KOTopbiM H no3naKOMM^CH 3HMOH 1935 roAa — M CBOM Apy>KecKne MyBCTBa B ero a^pec. Ho ero 3anpeT na
cJ)OTOKonHpoBaiiHe AOKyMeHTOB Hpe3BbinaMHO 3aTpyAHH^ MOIO pa6oTy. n o CHaoyiHBOH crcyHaHHOcra Mne y^a^ocb nojiynHTb MHKpocJ)mibM Been cepnn Lettere di Ponente, Diversa di
Cancellaria, Noli e Sicurta, KOTopbiH cennac xpaHHTCM B HcTopnnecKOM ueHTpe (VI ceKUHH), 54, yji. BapeHH, IiapH)K, VII. BiviecTe c Ajib6epTo TeHeHTH M npocMOTpeji 3TOT 6ecKoneHHbiH psiji, neiiHbix KonHH.

V I . EfiPOIIEHCKHE APXHBbI 3A nPE^EJIAMH
OPAHUjHH H CPEflHSEMHOMOPbJI
H CBGJl TOAbKO OTAaJieHHOC 3HaKOMCTBO C HeMeiJKHMH, aBCTpHHCKHMH H nOJIbCKHMH a p -

xHBaMM. Moefi ueAbio 6bmo AonojiHHTb MnoroHHCJieHHbie pa6oTbi, HMeiomHecn B HauieM
paCnOpH>KeHHH, npoGlIblMH pa3bICKaHHHMH B apXHBOXpaHHJIHmaX, HT06bI yAOCTOBepHTbCH

B npaBH^bHocTH onwcaHMH ToproBbix nyTeft, BeAymHx K CpeAH3eMHOMy Mopio, B nacTHOCTH no cyme, TO ecTb npoAejiaTb npHMeHHTejibHO K ApyrHM ropoAaM B cymHocra TV ace pa6oTy, KOTopyio MaAeMya3ejib CJJOH PaHKe npoAC/iajia B OTHOIUCHHH Kejibna. B o6./iacTH PeHHjiaHA coxpanHjiocb Majio AOKyMeHTOB: B AaxeHe HX nory6HJi noacap 1656 roAa, B BopMce —
6ecnopaAKH 1689-ro, HCTOHHHKM UlncHepa BocnpoH3BeAeHbi BTpyAaxXaHca3Hre./m, BnponeM, OHH MajioHHTepecubi. y MeHH HeTCBeAenHH o cJ)OHAax Ko6jienua, MaHHixa H OpaHK(J)ypTa-Ha-MaHiie, pacijBeT KOToporo B nocAeAnne ACCHTHJICTHM XVI BeKa npeACTaBAneT
CO6OH GoAbiuyio npo6;ieMy. B BepxHen IepMaHHH u n n e r o HeT B IllTyTTrapTe H MioHxeHe,
3aTo HiopHGepr, KaK H AyrcGypr, pacnojiaraioT 6oraTbiMH MaTepnajiaMH. Bbuio 6bi HHTepecHO, nocAe coHHiienHH IllTpHAepa H Bep Xeca, noApo6nee H3yMHTb pojib HCMCUKHX KynijOB
B ToproBjie c JIHOHOM H Mapce^eM. 0 6 YribMe MHe unnero He H3BCCTHO. BocroHHee, HanpoTHB, neiviajio HCTOHHHKOB xpaHHTCM B apxHBax JleHriLnira H ,Hpe3AeHa. OpaHuy3CKHe H HTa^bHHCKHe Kynijbi AO 1600 roAa nocemajiH apiviapKH OpaHK(f)ypTa-Ha-OAepe. C IOra Be3JiH
BHHO, IUCTIK H 6ou3cuihu„ HcnancKyio co^b, KOTopyio Ha3bmajiH 6HCKaHCKOH (BOH — 3TO BHCKann) H KOTopan iima, BepoHTHO, nepe3 IaM6ypr. ToproBjiM 3TOH co;ibio 6buia HMnepcKOH
npHBHjierHeH, H y HMnepaTopa BO OpaHK(J)ypTe-Ha-OAepe Aaace 6biji Bou^aumop (ToproBWH areHT). /jBa AOKyMenTa Ha 3TOT cneT, xpaHnmnecH B ropoACKOM apxHBe OpaHK(J)ypTaHa-OAepe, OTHOCJITCH K 1574 H 1597 roAy. npHMbie ToproBbie CBH3H BpoiyiaBa c HTajinen
npeKpaTHJiHCb, no Been BHAHMOCTH, nocAe 1450 roAa; nocAe 3Toro, corAacHO nocrpoeHHHM X. BeHATa, OHH CMecTHAHCb Ha 3anaA, B ropoAa Hexnn H ABCTPHH.
Han6ojiee npHMenaTejibHbie apxHBHbie (JJOHAW CpeAHen EBponw, CBHAeTeAbCTByiomHe
o ee KOHTaKTax co CpeAH3eMHOMopbeM, HaxoAHTCH B BeHe, KOTopaa 6biAa B XVI BeKe B
ropa3AO GoAbiuen CTenenn noAHTHnecKHM iieHTpoM, HOKCAH SKOHOMHHCCKOH CTOAHUCH,
OAHaKO n o nOJIHTHHeCKHM H AHHaCTHHeCKHM C006pa>KeHHHM 3AeCb C 0 6 H p a A H BCK) MaAO-

MajibCKH ueHiiyio HH(J)opMai;Hio. KHHrn H ny6jiHKauHH AajieKO He ncnepnajiH orpoMHbix

448

IlpHJIOHCeHHH

6oraTCTB Xayc-, XocJ>- H LLlTaaTC-ApxHBa, ero nepenHCKH c HcnanneH (Hof Korrespondenz;
KorrespondenzVaria), c BeHeirneH, Typunen, PHMOM —c MajibTOH, Faszikel 1 (1518 (sic) —
1620), ParyaoH, f° 1 (1538-1708), IeHyen, f° 1 (1527-1710), HTajinen (MajibiMH rocyAapCTBaMH), Fasz. 7 (Neapel 1498-1599), CHHWIHH, I, 1530-1612; HetruscaI (1482-1620),
Lusitana I (1513—1702). He roBopa o cepnH Kriegsakten (Fasz. 21—33 3a nepnoA 1559—
1581)... OGcTOHTejibCTBa He no3BOJiHJiH MHe coBepuiHTb 3Ty noe3AKy H oueHHTb cpeAH3eMHOMopcKoe BJiHHHHe Ha MaTepHKe, B rjiyGHHe A^JieKHX ceBepHbix 3eMe;ib. Bee CKa3aHHoe
OTHOCHTCH ^Hiiib K npoeKTy npeAnojiaraeMOH pa6oTbi. G/ieAyeT Ao6aBHTb, HTO 3a paMKaMH
cepbe3Horo HccjieAOBaHHH He AOJiaciibi ocTaBaTbca ^aHirnr, JIio6eK, TaM6ypr H BpeMen,
HMeBiuHe MopcKHe H cyxonymHuecB5i3vi c BHVTPCHHHM MopeM. B ccj)epe Haiunx HHTepecoB
HaxoAflTCH TaioKe apxHBbi AHTBepneHa H aHniHHCKHX nopTOB (KOTopbie BaacHee ncnaHCKOro cJ)OHAa BpwTaHCKoro My3en, CM. KaTarcor n . TaHHHroca), apxHBbi HnAepjiaHAOB H CKaHAHHaBCKHx CTpaH, KaK H nojibCKHe apxuBbi, nocKo^bKy BCH EBpona npHHacma K HCH3HH
CpeAH3eMHoro Mopn H ocBemeHaero OT6;iecKaMH. Ilocjie 1949 roAa H HeHaAOJiro noceTurc
BeHy; HecKOJibKO AHen npopa6oTaji B AHTBepneHe, B,HaHi;Hre, BapmaBe H KpaKOBe. /IpcTaTOHHO AOJiro H c nojiixjoft H nopa6oTaji B JIOHAOHC (BpHTaHCKHH My3ew H IbcyAapcTBeHHbiH
apxwB). BjiaroAapn HajiHHHio ijeHHbix MHKpocJ)mibMOB H npocMOTpeji Bee co6paHHe 3AyapAa Oa6pa B >KeHeBe (ApxHBbi AOMa AjibTaMwpa), xpaHameecfl B ny6jiHHHOM H YHHBepcHTeTCKoft 6n6jiwoTeKe (cf. Tlnventaire.., p. p. Leopold Michel in: Bulletin Hispanique, 1914).
2. KapTorpa<J>HHecKHe HCTOHHHKH
rioAKapTorpa(|)HHecKHMH HcroHHHKaMH Mbi noHHMaeM KapTbi, cxeMbi, nviaHbi H onncaHHH no6epe>KHH H Aopor. OHM RCJIHTCH Ha ABC Gojibiune rpynnw: coBpeMeHHbie HCTOHHHKH
H CTapHHHbie HCTOHHHKH.
A. — CoBpeMeHHbie HCTOHHHKH. — FlepeHHCJieHHe coBpeMeHHbix KapT HHTaTejib HanAeT B cjieAyiomnx TOMax Geogr. Universelle, t. VII, 1, 2; t. VIII, t. IX, 1. HTO KacaeTCH KapT
HcnaHHH, TO H Hcnojib30Baji rjeHHbie CBCACHHH Revue de geographie du Sud-Ouest et des
Pyrenees, 1932. CjieAyeTynoMHHyTb Gojibiuyio CBOAHyio KapTy no OTroHHOMy HCHBOTHOBOACTBy B KH.: EUiMiiller, Die Herdenwanderungen im Mittelmeergebiet, Peterm. Mitteilungen,
in-8°, 1938, BocnpoH3BeAeHHyio B TOMe I, c. 107 HacT. H3A. OrHocHTejibHo ATjiaca Bep6epHH CM. KapTorpa(|)HHecKHe onbiTbi }K. ,Hpeina, OTJinnaiomHecH 6ojibiiiHM BHHMaHHeM K npoHBJieHHHM He^OBeHeCKOH ACHTCJIbHOCTH.
JXJIH cnpaBOK H nojib30BajiCH AByMH yAo6HbiMH KapTaMH, He HMCIOII^HMH OCO6OH HaynHOH ueHHocTH: KapTOH Majiofi A3HH (TypuHH, Cnpnn, TpaHcnopAaHHH, IlajiecTHHa, HpaK,
HH;KHHH ErnneT), MaciiiTa6 1:1.500.000, 2-e H3A-, >Knpap H Bappep; H KapTOH CpeAH3eMHoro Mopn B MacuiTa6e 1:5.000.000, MIOHXCH, Hpo-Oepjiar, 1940.
R iunpoKO Hcnojib30Baji BejiHKo^enHyio cepnio Instructions Nautiques rHAporpacj)HHeCKOH cjiy5K6bi (J>paHiry3CKoro cjxflOTa, N° 405 (HcnaHHH H H B ) ; 356 (AcJ)pHKa B); 345 (Hcna-

HCTOHHHKH

449

HHH 3 H 3 ) ; 360 (OpamjHH 3K>HA, A/DKHp, TyHwc); 368 (HTannn B); 408 (AapnaTHKa); 348
H 349 (BOCTOHHoe CpeAH3eMHOMopbe); 357 (HepHoe H A30BCKoe Mopn).
B. — CTapHHHbie HCTOHHHKH. — a) HauMOHajibHaii 6n6;iHOTeKa B IlapHace, OTJXCJI KapT
H ruiaHOB.

Ge B 1425

Ge AA 640

Ge B 1132

Ge B 1134
Ge C 5097

Ge AA 567

Ge C 5096

Hma/io-KamajioncKuu nopmyAan (XVI Beic).
CpeAH3eMHoe Mope, 3a HcioiiOHeHHeM no6epe)Kb5i CupHH; aTjiaHTHnecKHe 6epera OT HIoTJiaHflHH AO KaHapcKHx ocrpoBOB.
(B rmoxoM COCTOHHHH, yKpaiueH HcnaHCKHMH H nopTyrajibCKHMH ({)jiaraMH H acHBOTHbiMH, H3o6paHcaiomHMH A(J)pHKy.)
Tlopmyzajibcxasi Kapma, npunucueaeMcm PeunejiRM.
JIwueBaH CTopoHa: CpeAH3eMHoe Mope.
06opoT: AT^aHTHHecKHH OKeaH.
(OneHb 6oraTO yKpaiueHHan: cyzja c nopTyrajibCKHM KpecTOM, rep6bi,
BHAbi ropoAOB, BaBHJioHCKan 6aiiiHH, HepycajiHM, omeTHHHBiiiHHCfl
6ailIHHMH.)
Kapma Tacnapa Bhezaca, 1534 r.
3anaflHoe CpeAH3eMHOMopbe, ATjiaHTHKa.
(ykpameHa po3aMH BeTpoB.)
Kapma Tacnapa Bhezaca, 1534 r.
BocTOHHoe CpeAH3eMHOMopbe.
CpediueMHoe Mope, Kpacnoe Mope, Hepnoe Mope, 1534 r.?
AniaHTHKa OT IIIoTjiaHflHH ^o Boxa^opa.
(yKpaiueHa3ejieHbiMH ropaMH B (J>opMe KynojiOB.)
{dzeucxuu) Apxunejiaz (OT Boc(J)opafloFOHCHOIX) KpHTa).
JIMHHH no6epejKbH cmibHO cTHjiH30BaHa B BHfle 3y6upB (npnnncbiBaeTcnBberacy).
IJo npuMeuanuTO ua o6opome npunucueaemcR Bhezacy, 1534 r.
3anaAHoe CpeflH3eMHOMopbe, ATjiaHTHKa (OT TapaHTO AO A3opcKHX
OCTpOBOB).

Ge D 7898
Ge C 5086

Ge DD 2007

IJo npuMenaHum ua o6opome npunucueaemcn Bhezacy, 1534 r.
IpeuHH, nacTb ApxHne^ara.
Co6panue U3 8 anonuMHux nopmyAanoe.
IlopTyrajibCKHe, cyan no KapaH/jauiHOMy npHMenaHHio, KonHH KapTbi
^wero XoMeMa (1558) H3 EpnTaHCKoro My3en.
JIHCT N° 4: CpeAH3eMHoe Mope, 3anaAHan EBpona, A3opcKwe ocTpoBa.
3 Aucma, umajibuncKasi pa6oma XVI eexa, e KoxcanoM nepenjieme.
JIHCT 1:3rewcKoe Mope.
JIHCT 2: CpeAH3eMHoe Mope.

15.3aKa3Nb2220.

450

ripmioHceHHH

Ge F F 14 410
Ge F F 14 411
Ge C 5084
Ge AA 626

(C onenb KpacHBbiM ocj)opM.7ieHneM B BHAC c£>Hryp MOHapxoB, najibM,
oGbiHHbix pHcyHKOB ropoAOB H 6ojiee noApo6HbiMH BMAaMH MapcejiH
nBeneuMH.)
Arruiac 2eny93t^a Bammucmu Anhe3e (1543 r.), 12 JIHCTOB.
JIHCT 6: CpeAM3eMnoe Mope B 3 nacTHx.
To Me, 6ojibiuero cj)opMaTa.
Kapma BecKonme du Madwojio, IeHyH, 1547 r.
CpeAH3eMHoe Mope, AneKcanApHH — Tn6pajiTap
Andpeac XOMZM: Universa ac Navigabilis totius terrarum orbis descriptio, AnTBepneH, 1559 r. IOJIHCTOB.

Ge DD 2003

Ge D 4497
Ge DD 2006

JIHCT N? 4: CpeAH3eMHoe Mope, ApaBHH, KacnnncKoe Mope.
Arruiac JJuezo XoMeMa, 1559 r.
JIHCT 2:3anaAHoe CpeAH3eMHOMopbe.
JIHCT 3: CpeAH3eMHoe Mope.
JIHCT 4: BocTOHHoe CpeAH3eMHOMOpbe.
JIHCT 6: AApnaTHnecKoe Mope.
JIHCT 7: TpeuHH, ApxHnejiar.
(OneHbGoraToyKpauieHiibiH: pncyHKH rop, 3HaMeHa, BHAleHyH H np.)
TlopmyAan KpumRHuna Teopzusi Cudepu no np03euwy Ka/ianod, 1556 r.
CpeAH3eMHoe Mope.
Arruiac Ruezo XoMCMa (BeneijHH, 1574 r.), 7 JIHCTOB.
2:3anaAHoe CpeAH3eMHOMopbe.
3: HTajiHH, IO>KHaM AApnaTHKa, LJeHTpajibHoe CpeAH3eMHOMopbe.
4: AApnaTHHecKoe Mope.
5: BOCTOHHOC CpeAH3eMHOMopbe.

Ge DD 682

Ge B 1133

Ge AA 570

6: Apxnnejiar.
7: HcpHoe Mope.
(CnjibHO OT^HnaeTCH OT N° DD 2003: oneHb CKpoMHO
yKpaiuen: po3bi BeTpoB.)
ArruiacXoana Mapmuneca (MeccHHa, 1589 r.), 7 JIHCTOB.
6: CHUHJIHM, 3anaAHa*i Kajia6pHH.
7: CpeAH3eMHoe Mope.
(PncyHKH ropoAOB, acj^pHKaHCKHH 6ecTHapHH, Boo6pa>KaeMaH peica,
coeAHHHiomaii HepHoe Mope c PCHHOM H POHOH.)
riopmyAan BapmoAoueo OAueeca (MeccHHa, 1584 r.).
EBpona, CpeAH3eMHoe Mope.
(3aMeHaTe;ibHafl jiereHAa c ynoMHHaHHeM LJapnijbi CaBCKOH H npecBHTepa HoaHna H3 HHAHH.)
TIopmyjiaH Mameyca Tlpyneca, MajibopKa, 1586 r.

HCTOHHHKH

Ge C 5094

451

CpeAH3eMHoe Mope, no6epe}Kbe 3anaAHOH EBponbi H A(J>PMKH AO IaM6HH. (YKpameHa H3o6pa^ceHneM MOHapxoB B iiiaTpe, OT Kopojw Oeca
AO BejiHKoroxaHaTaTapHH, BOCceAaiomero HaC.-B. OTHepHoro Mopa,
MHoro ac})pHKaHCKnx 6ecTHapHeB, nepTOKH Mapcc/m, IeHyn, BeneH.HH.)
Mameyc Tlpynec, 1588 r.
CpeAH3eMHoe Mope OT AjieKcaHApnn AO MapoKKO, no6epe>Kbe IIopTyra^HH.

Ge C 2342

(OneHb npocTan, yKpameHHan po3aMH BeTpoB.)
HaeuzauuoHuaR uapma Xoana Ojiueu (MecHHa, 1598 r.?).
CpeAH3eMHoe Mope, BHAU BapcejioHbi. (Mapcejib, BeHen,nH, IeHya,
ApyrHe nopTbi, npeACTaBJieHHbie B o6biHHOM BHAC, najibMbi, jibBbi,
CJIOHbl.)

Ge C 5095

Fe FF 14 409

Ge DD 2012

Ge DD 2008

Ge DD 2009

Ge C 5085

Ge C 5100
Ge C 5083

Tlopmyjian BUHUUR JJeMempun BoAhy,un Pazy3en (in t e r r a L i b u a n i ,
1598 r.).
CpeAH3eMHoe Mope. OneHbTmaTejibHoe HSoGpaaceHHe/ta/iMauHH.
AHOHUMHUU nopmyzajvbCKUu arruiac, max ua3ueaeMuu «am/iac zepy,ozuHU
EeppuucKou» (KOHeu XVI — Hanajio XVII BeKa).
20 KapT B neperuieTe.
JI. 3: HcnaiiHH H 3anaAHoe no6epe>Kbe AjDKwpa, MapoKKO, 3anaAHaji
AcJ>pHKa.
AHOHUMHUU nopmyAau XVI eexa.
2 Jincra: CpeAH3eMHoe M SreftcKoe Mope.
(YKpameH po3aMH BeTpoB, TpOHHOH HyAewcKOH KanbBapweH /cijeHOH
pacnHTHflXpHcra/, BOo6pa>KaeMbiMH peKaMH.)
TIopmyzaAhCKUu nopmyAau XVI eexa.
1: CpeAH3eMHOMopbe, B neperuieTe.
2:3rencKoe Mope.
(YkpauieH cyjrraHaMM H nepeBH3HMn.)
AHOHUMHUU (ppaHKO-umaAbsincKuu nopmyAau, XVI eex?
4 jincra, cKJieeHHbie o6opoTHbiMH CTopoHaMH.
CpeAH3eMHoe Mope, Apxnnejiar, 3anaAHoe CpeAH3eMHOMopbe. (C 6jiaronecTHBbiMn KapTHHKaMH, HaKJieeHHbiMH Ha6yMary.)
AHOHUMHUU nopmyAau XVI eeua.
CpeAH3eMHoe Mope.
(YKpameH Bbipe3aHHon (JwrypoH Monaxa, HamieeHHOH Ha HcnaHHio.)
MmaAhHHCKUu nopmyAau XVI eexa.
CpeAH3eMHoe Mope.
AHOHUMHUU nopmyAau XVI eexa.
(OneHbTOHKHH pHCyilOK.)

15*

452

IlpHJIOtfCeHHH

Ge C 2341

reny33CKuu nopmyAan XVI eexa.
TpHnojiH M3o6pa3KeH npuHaAACttcamHM ncnamjaM.
(XyAOHcecTBeHHO yKpameH rep6aMH, (Jx/iaraMH; Ha KapTe HcnaHHH KOpojib Aep>KHT HcnaHCKoe opyacHe.)

Ge DD 2010

AHOHUMHUU nopmyAan.

Ge D 7887
Ge C 5093

CpeAH3eMHoe Mope.
2 AHCTa, CKJieeHHbie o6opOTHbIMH CTOpOHaMM.
nopmyAan Apxune/iaea.
He6o.7ibiiiHe BHAM ropoAOB, pHcyHOKTpon.
UopmyAan <Ppanu,ucKa OAUBU. MeccwHa, 1603 r.
CpeAH3eMHoe Mope.
(BoraToyKpaiueHHbiH, pwcyHKH MapceAH, BapcejiOHbi,
IeHyn, BeHeuHH; BOHHM, 3HaMeHan np.)

N. B. — EcTb nopTyjiaH Ge D 7889 CajibBaAopa OjiHBbi, npaBHAbHan AaTa KOToporo
(1635 r.) cTepTa H 3aMeHeHa 1535 r.
6) TeHepajibHbiH apxHB CHMaHKaca. PHA imaHOB H KapT:
1. CostastocantesaArgelyBujfa, 1602, E° 1951 a, 769 m.
2. rbiaH cj)opTa, npHCAaHHbifi ruieHHbiM coAAaTOM H3 Eep6epnn (MOKCT 6biTb, H3 Cyca?)
22 MapTa 1576 r., 0 m 490x0,461, Pianos, Carpeta, II, f°48.
3. Diseno del Golfo d e Arzeo, nepHHAa u KpacKH, 28 Aeica6pfl 1574 r., 0,490x0,424,
ibid. f° 102.
4. ILiaH A/i^KupaoKOJio 1603 r., 0,426x0,301, Carpeta, I, P 5 3 .
5. IIjiaH HMnepcKoro3aMKaBBeA>KaHe, 1548 r., 0,418x0,309, Carpeta, II, fos61—62.
6. IIjiaHbi yKpen^eHHH BeA>KaHH, ibid., f° 166 (0,392x0,294), f° 167 (0,326x0,284),
f 168 (0,514x0,362), 9 *HB. 1543 r.
7. nAaHbiMepc-3Jib-Ke6npa(OpaH,20AeK. 1574r.), ibid., f o s 98H99,1 m 1 7 4 x 0 , 4 3 2 0,580x0,423.
8. Nuovo disegno dell'arsenale di Messina, ibid., Ill, f* 58.
9. IlAaH MeAHAbH, nepHHAa H KpacKH, 0,445x0,320, E° 331.
10. ILiaH yKpenvieHHH MaAbTbi, E° 1145 (Pianos Carpeta, III, f° 61).
11. Disegno de la cittadiSiragusa (CnpaKy3bi), E° 1146, ibid., Ill, f 63.
12.Trazadel Reino de Murcia (OKOAO 1562 r.), E° 141 a, f° 183, 0,908x0,214.
13. HOBWH (J)opTTyHHca, nepHmiaH KpacKH, Pianos, III, f* 59,1574 r. (0,694x0,585).
H . D i z e n o d e l f u e r t e d e T u n e z y l a G o l e t a , PHM, 7aBiycTa 1574 r. (0,457x0,310), ibid.,
P21.
15.TrazadelaGoletadeTunez(HepHHJiaHKpacKM),oKOAO 1554r. (0,448x0,348), ibid.,
II,fM26.
16. Piano de Biserta (nepHHJia w KpacKH), 1574 r. (0,627x0,577), ibid., f° 60.

HCTOHHHKH

453

17. Pianta della citta di Palermo, E° 1146.
18. Dizenos (4) d e la laguna d e Melilla, hechos p o r el Fratin, Madrid, 4 OKT. 1576 r. (II,
f* 134-137), (0,533x0,431, 0,483x0,315, 0,439x0,318, 0,313x0,216).
19. Piano d e la Fortaleza d e Argel, 1563, 0,606x0,448,1, f° 72.
20. Piano de los fuertes d e la Goleta, 29 HOH6. 1557 (0,320x0,217). IIpoeKTbi, E° 483,
f° 174.
21.Trazade los torreones d e Melilla, 24 cj)eBp. 1552 r. (0,442x0,315), III, f° 56.
22. P l a n d u P e n o n de Velez 1564 r. (nepHHJia H KpacKH) 0,30x0,209, ibid., f° 19.
23. KapTa AApHaTHHecKoro Mopa, E° 540.

3 . Ony6jiHKOBaHHBie H C T O H H H K H

Mbi He npeTeHflyeM Ha TO, HTo6bi npHBeAeHHbin nepeneHb jiHTepaTypbi, nocBameHHOH
CpeAH3eMHOMopbio, 6bui HcnepnbiBaiomHM; OH Mor 6bi cocTaBHTb HecKOJibKO TOMOB H Bee
paBHO ocTaBajiCH 6bi Heno^OH. Ilocjie 1949 roAa noTOK ny6.JiHKau.HH 3HaHHTe;ibHO yBejinHHJICH. ECJIH roBopHTbTo^bKO 06 HcnaHHH, o pa3Maxe 3Toro npnpameHHH HaiiiHx 3HaHHH
MOHCHO cyAHTb no yKa3aTe^io Indice Historico Espanol, ocHOBaHHOMy B 1953 roAy X. BnceHCOM BHBCCOM. H o Mbi He B COCTOHHHH nepeHHC/iHTb H TOJibKO Hcno^b30BaHHbie HaMH ny6jiHKau.Hn; HX cnncoK TaK^Ke He ymiaAbiBaeTCH B paMKH, OTBeAeHHbie B STOM TOMC win 6 H 6 ^Horpa(J)HHecKoro pa3Ae;ia.
Kopone roBopn, Mbi orpaHHHHjincb nepeHHcneHHeM KpynHuxny6jinK2LHHvi AOKyMeHTOB
(nepBbiH pa3Ae;i A), KHHrH Hcc/ieAOBaHHH, cbirpaBiiiHxCBOIO pojibB caMoft opraHH3au.HH
Hamero Tpyzja, noc7i)0KHBiiiHX HecymHMH KOHCTpyKUHHMH ero 3AaHHfl (BTopoft pa3Aeji B) H
aji(|)aBHTHbiM nepenHeM jiHTepaTypbi, u.HTHpoBaHHOH B npHMenaHHflx HJIH B TeKCTe STOH
KHHrn (TpeTHH pa3Ae;i B).
A. KpynHhte doKyMenmcuvbHue ny6jiuKay,uu
EojiBinne KOJIJICKUHH. B KaacAofi CTpaHe, npnMO HJIH KOCBCHHO CBH3aHHOH co CpeAH3eMHOMopbeM, HMeioTCH 6oraTbie KOJUICKUHH AOKyMeHTOB XVI Beica.
Han6o;iee npHMenaTe^bHbiM no CBoeMy o6T>eMy H opraHH3auHH HBJIHCTCH H3AaHHe
Calendar of State Papers.
MoHyMeHT^uibHan Coleccion de documentos ineditos para la historia de Espana (coKpameHHO CODOIN), 112 TOMOB in-8°, flBjineTcn caMbiM GOJIMUHM H3 Haiiinx nenarabix HCTOHHHKOB. EjiaroAapn CTapaHHHM XyjiwaHa Flaca c 1930—1931 roAa HMeeTCH 3aMeHaTe.;ibHbiHKaTajior3Toroco6paHHHB2TOMax, Catalogode la coleccion.., 1.1, Madrid, 1930,728 p.
in-8°; t. II, Madrid, 1931, 870 p. in-8°, c yica3aTe;ieM HMCH, reorpacj)HHecKHX Ha3BaHHH H
npeAMeTOB. Ero ocHOBHoe coAepacaHHe noABeprHyro CHCTeMaTHHecKOMy aHajiH3y B iieHHOM 6n6jiHorpa(})HHecKOM pyKOBOACTBe P. CaHHeca AHOHCO, Fuentes de la historia espanola
e hispano-americana, BTopoe H3AaHHe KOToporo Bbiuuio B 1927 roAy H TpeTbe — B 1946-M.
HTajiHH, B CBOIO OHepeAb, pacnojiaraeT He MeHee MOHyMeHTajibHbiM H3AaHHeM Alberi,

454

npmioaceHHfl

Relazioni degli ambasciatori veneti al s e n a t e O H O CAejiajiocb paexoacefi MOHCTOH B HCTopHnecKHx Tpy/jax H J\O TaKOH CTeneHH BOUIJIO BO see noBecTBOBaHHH o XVI Bene, HTO HeBOJibHO BbipaGaTbiBaeTCH HCKaaceHnaji orjeHica ero peajibHbix 6oraTCTB. TeM He MeHee MOHCHO JIH
6e30rOBOpOHHO AOBepflTb 3THM BeHeiJHaHljaM, KOTOpblX npHHHCJIHIOT K OAHHM H3 JIVHIUHX,

ecjiH He K jiyniiiHM 3iiaTOKaM JIIOACH B XVI Bene? OAHO ACTIO HX AeneuiH, HO coBepuieHHO
Apyroe — AOHeceHHM, KOTopbie npeACTaBjiaioT CO6OH paccy>KAeHHH co BCCMH AOCTomiCTBaMH H neAOCTaTKaMH 3Toro Hcanpa H 3anacTyio npocTO KonHpyiOT pejiHijHH npeAmecTByiomnxnoc.7ioB... KoHeHHO, KpHTHKOBaTbjierHeBcero, HO He CTOHT 06 3TOM 3a6biBaTb. OneM
MOJKHO 6e3ycjiOBHO no>KajieTb, TaK 3TO O neyzjaHHOH, na Ham B3HIHA, HVMeparjHH c6opHHKa,
w 06 OTCVTCTBHH B HeM xopoiuero yKa3aTe^H. CymecTByeT, npaBAa, TaKOH yKa3aTejib, KOTOpblH OXBaTblBaeT n p o 6 j i e M b I 3KOHOMHHCCKOH HCTOpHH HTaJIMH, 3TO He6oJIbIliaH KHHHCKa

A. Pino Branca, La vita economica degli stati italiani nei secoli XVI, XVII, XVIII, secondo le
relazioni degli ambasciatori veneti, Catania, 1938, in-16°, 515 p.
Collection de documents inedits sur l'histoire de France npeAcraBJiena B Hacra, KacaiomeHCH CpeAH3eMHOMOpbH BTOpOH nOJIOBHHbl X V I BeKa, COJIHAHblMH TOMaMH, npOKAC BCe-

ro BHyuiHTejibHOH ny6jiHKauHen E. Charriere, Negociations de la France dans le Levant, Paris,
1840—1860, 4 vol. in-4°; TaKOH ace KJiaccHHecKoft pa6oTOH A. Desjardins, Negociations
diplomatiques de la France avec laToscane, Paris, 1859—1886,6 vol. in-4°, H3AanHeM Papiers
d'Etat du cardinal Granvelle, Paris, 1842—1852, 9 vol. in-4°, KaK H3BCCTHO, no;ie3HbiM BO
MHorwx oTHomeHH5rx; a TaioKe ny6jiHKaixneH Ae Jia Oeppbepa Lettres de Catherine de Medicis,
Paris, 1880-1895, 10 vol. in-4°.
B BejibrHH — HnAepjianAax, B KOHiie KOHIIOB ocraBiiiHxcH BepHbiMH OHjiHnny II u PHMCKOH LlepKBH, — 6biJiH ocyuiecTBJieHbi ny6jiHKairHH L. P. Gachard, Correspondance de
Philippe Usuries affaires des Pays-Bas (AO 1577 r.), 1848—1879, 5 vol. in-4°; Correspondance
de Marguerite d'Autriche avec Philippe II (1559-1565), 3 vol. in-4°; 1867-1881 (ecTb coBpeMeHHoe npoAOJiaceHHe >K. C. TeHceHa) — naKOHeii, 3AMOH Ily^jie H IDapjib I I H O ony6jiHKOBajiHB 12 TOMax. in-4° Correspondance du Cardinal Granvelle, 1566—1586,1877—1896.
Bee 3TH H3AaHna HMeioT KOCBenHoe oraouieHHe K HauieH TeMe.
H3 jiHTepaTypw Ha HCMCIJKOM H3biKe cjieAyeT ynoMHHVTb neTbipe Ha3Bann5i: npoH3BeAeHne nemcKoro HCTopHKa/. Susta, Die romische Kurie und das Konzil von Trient unter Pius IV,
Wien, 1904—1914, 4 vol. in-8°; G. Turba, Venetianische Depeschen vom Kaiserhofe, B 6oraTOH KOJuieKijHH Nuntiaturberichte aus Deutschland; KJiaccHHecKoe H3AaHHe nepenncKH Kap^allHToro, Jlamja: Correspondenz des Kaisers Karl V, III, 1550—1556, xx+712 p. in-8°.
HaH6o;iee nojie3HOH nopTyrajibCKOH ny6.;iHKaLrneH HBHJiHCb 10 TOMOB in-4° Archivo
diplomatico portuguez, B KOTopbix, B nacTHOCTH, coAepacHTCH nepenwcKa nopTyrajibCKHX
noc/iOB B pHMe c HX npaBHTejibCTBOM c 1550 no 1580 TOA.
flpyrHe ny6jiHKairHH AHiuioMaTHnecKHx AOKyMeHTOB. HapnAy c 3THM MacuiTa6HbiMH npoeKTaMH 6buia npoAejiaHa orpoMHa* pa6oTa no o6HapoAOBaHHK> MHoroHHc/ieHHbix
AHnvioMaTHHecKHx 6yMar. O H H B3biBajiH K BHHMaHHio H3AaTejieH, GVAVHH ^VMIIIC K7iaccnc})H-

HCTOHHHKH

455

LjHpoBaHbi no cpaBiieHHK) c flpyniMH HCTOHHHKaMM M HacTO KajuiHrpa(})HHecKn nepenHcaHHbiMH. PaccKa3bmaK)T, HTO OAHH 3HTV3nacT — H3AaTejib TCKCTOB npoimioro Bena B Bejibrun —
npocTO nepecbuiaji AOKyMeHTbi H3 apxHBa B THnorpa(J)Hio. 3a noc/ieAHHe nnTbAecHT-CTo
jieT, BO3MO>KHO, 6o;ibiiie, HCTopMKH pbHHO npeAaBajiwcb 3TOH AeHTejibHocTH, H ee pe3yjibTaTW cocTaBMJiH iicnyio anoxy B HCTopnorpacj)Hn, npoAO-JiacHBiuyiocH c 1850 roAa AO Hamux
AHeft.
3pyAHTbi HcnaHMH ony6;inKOBajiH MHoroHHOieHHbie AOKyMeHTbi, KacaiomHeoi B3aMMOOTHomeHHH H6epHMCKoro nojiyocTpoBa c PHMCKOM KypneH, cjia6o ocBemeHHbix B Coleccion
de documentos ineditos. OAHaKO Bbiiiieji .numb nepBbin TOM pa6oTbi Ricardo de Hinojosa,
Los despachos de la diplomacia pontifical en Esparia, ony6^HKOBaHHbin B 1896 roAy. O. JlynaHo CeppaHO, HanporaB, M3Aaji neTbipe 3aMenaTejibHbix TOMa: Correspondancia diplomatica entre Espanay la Santa Sede d u r a n t e el Pontificado de Pio V, Madrid, 1914, B KOTOpwx coAep>KaTC5i OAHOBpeMeHHO nepenHCKa HyHmieB B HcnaHHH H nncbMa HcnaHCKHX
nooiOB B P H M C HTO KacaeTCH B3aMMooTHomeHHH c BCHCKHMM Ta6c6ypraMH, TO K ny6jiHKaIJHHM CODOIN npn6aB^HeTCK La correspondancia inedita de Guillen de San Clemente,
embajador en Alemania, sobre la intervention de Esparia en los successos de Poloniay d e
Hungria (1581—1608), p. p. le marquis d e Aye rbe, Zaragoza, 1892. HaH6ojiee BaacHbiM HCnaHCKHM M3AaHneM HBjineTCH, HecoMHeHHO, ocyuiecTBe^eHHaii Kopo;ieBCKOH aKaAeMHew
HCTopHH ny6jiMKai4HH Awn^oMaTMHecKOM nepenncKH OpamjHH H HcnaHHM (no AOKVMCHTaM cepnH K, B03BpameiiHbiM (f>paHiry3CKHM npaBHTc/ibCTBOM B 1943 roAy) noA 3arojiOBKOMiNegociacionesconFrancia, 9 vol. (1950—1955), c 1559 roAa no OKTn6pb 1567-ro.
B HTajiHH 6buiH ocyuiecTBJieHbi TOJibKO ny6;iHKau;nH no nacTHbiM TeMaM: G. Berchet, La
Repubblica di Venezia e la Persia, Torino, 1865; Idem, Relazioni dei consoli veneti nella Soria,
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p. p. A. Dragonetti di Torres, Torino, 1931; Mario Brunetti e Eligio Vitale, Corrisppondenza
da Madrid di Leonardo Dona 1570-1573, Venezia, Roma, 1963, 2 vol., in-4°.
OTHOCHTejibHO pary3CKOM AnnvioMaTHH, Die Depeschen des Francesco G o n d o l a
Gesandten der Republik Ragusa bei Pius V. u n d Gregor XIII, 1570-1573,1909.
Ha HeMeuKOM H3biKe HMeeTCH crapHHHbiH TpyA Mattias Koch, Quellen zur Geschichte
des Kaisers Maximilian II., Leipzig, 2 vol. 1857; Viktor BibU Familienkorrespondenz
Maximilians II., H Dollinger, Dokuments zur Geschichte Kails V., Philips II. u n d ihrer Zeit,
Regensburg, 1862, in-8°.
HTO KacaeTCH xopomo n3BecTHbix nHceM By36eKa, HMnepcKoro noc/ia npH CyjieHMaHe,
TO H no^b30BajicH, 3a HenMeHHeM noA pyKOH Apyroro n3AaHHH, c})paHLry3CKOH ny6.7inKau;neH
Lettresdu Baron deBusbec, p. p. l'abbe d e Foy, Paris, 1748, 3 vol. in-12.
CpeAH 6ejibrHHCKHX pa6oT 3acji)0KHBaK)T ynoMnnaHHH TOM I Correspondance de la Cour
d'Espagne sur les affaires des Pays-Bas, 1598—1621, Bruxelles 1923, p. p. Lonchay et Cuvellier,
in-4°, M Correspondance d'Ottavio Mirto Frangipani, premier nonce d e Flandre (1596—
1606), BbiuiJiH 2 vol. (1596-1598), I, 1924, p. p. L. van d e r Essen; II, 1932, p . p. A r m a n d
Louant.

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ripHTIOHCeHHH

HaH6ojiee BaacHbiMH u MHoroHHCJieHHbiMH HBmiHCb 4>paHiry3CKHe ny6jiHKai;HH B cmiy
HX KO^HnecTBa H KanecrBa, aTaioKe KTHoneBoro reorpa(f)HHecKoro nojioaceHHH OpaHijHH no
OTHOiueHHio K CpeAM3eMHOMy Mopio. He Bna^aH B IIIOBHHH3M, MOMCHO yTBepng^aTb, HTO ee
nocjibi, AyxoBHbiejiHija, no3AHee BoeHHbie, KOTopbie npeAcraBjiJuiH Opamnjio 3a py6e>KOM,
OTJIHHaJIHCb 6bICTpOTOH nOHHMaHHH H yMCHHCM C 0 6 H p a T b HHCJJOpMaiJHIO, MCHBOCTbK) H paC-

cyAHTe^bHOCTbio... TaKHe, KaK <I>ypKBO B HcnaHHH — 6eccnopHO, He caMbiH 6necTHmHH H3
HHX, HO ocBe/jOMJieHHbiH Hexyace ero Kojuier H conepHHKOB B HTajiHH... 3aoiyMCHBaiOTynoMHHaHHH cjieAyiomne ny6jiHKau;HH: Alexandre Teulet, Relations politiques de la France et de
rEspagneavecl'EcosseauXVI e siecle, 5 vol. in-8°, Paris, 1862 (3anepwoAC 1515 no 1588 roA),
pa6oTa, opneHTHpoBaHHaii Ha CeBep B uiHpoKOM CMbioie, noaTOMy npeACTaBJiniomaH JUIH
Hac jiHiub HacTHHHbiH HHTepec; KaK H Correspondance politique de MM. de Castillon et de
Marillac, ambassadeurs de France en Angleterre (1537—1542), Paris, 1885, p. p.Jean Kaulek;
Correspondance politique d'Odet de Selve, ambassadeur de France en Angleterre (1546—
1549), p. p. Germain Lefevre-Pontalis, Paris, 1888; Ambassades de MM. de Noailles en
Angleterre, p. p. l'abbe Vertot, 1763, 5 vol., Corresppondance de la Mothe Fenelon,
ambassadeur de France en Angleterre de 1568 a 1575, 7 vol., Paris-London, 1838—1840
(noa peAaKunew Hap;ib3a nacTOHa Kynepa); Mission dejean de Thumery, sieur de Boissise,
1598—1602 (MHCCHH B AHrjiHw), p. p. P. Laffleur de Kermaignant, Paris, 1886 (MHoroTonHWX noApo6HOCTeH o nojiHTHKe B UCTIOM). BJIHMCC K HaiueMy npeAMeTy Jean Nicot,
ambassadeur de France en Portugal au XVIC siecle. Sa correspondance diplomatique inedite,
p. p. Edmond Faigarolle, Paris, 1897, H HenocpeACTBeHHO OTHOCHTCH K HeMy Correspondance
de Babou de la Bourdasiere, eveque d'Angouleme, depuis cardinal, ambassadeur de France
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Ferrare (1552—1554), ambassadeur de France a Venise (1555—1557); correspondance
politique, Paris, 1905, p. p. A. Vitalis; l'Ambassade en Espagne dejean Ebrard, seigneur de
Saint-Sulpice, p. p. E. Cabie, Albi, 1903; Depeches diplomatiques de M. de Fourquevaux,
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H LettresdeCharlesIXaM.de Fourquevaux, 1565—1572, Paris, 1897, TOT Mceny6;iHKaTop.
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HaXOAHTCH Ha rpaHH MOKAy nOJIHTHHeCKOH HCTOpHeH H HCTOpHeH AHnVIOMaTHH; 4-H, 5-H H

6-H pa3Ae^bi 3TOH ny6^HKauHH npHMO 3aTparwBaiOT Hamy anoxy H Haiuy TeMy. H He CMor

HCTOHHHKH

457

npHBecTH B TeKCTe I niaBbi I n a c r a H I rjiaBbi III nacTH Bee Heo6xoAHMbie ccbuiKH Ha 3Ty
npeKpacHyio pa6oTy: p. 3 1 8 , 15 Man 1 5 5 6 roAa, ruianeBHoe COCTOHHHC HpaBOB M HeBeaceCTBO KopcHKaHCKoro AyxoBeHCTBa; p. 277—281: 3aKJiioHeHHe nepeMHpHH c IOJIHCM III 2 9 anpejiH 1552 roAa, K KOTopoMy Kap;i n^TbiH npHCoeAHHHJiCH 15 Man BenepoM, OCBO6OAHJIO
pyKH cj)paHuy3CKHM cwjiaM, 3aHHTbiM B IlapMe; OHO o6-bHCHHeT co6biTHH B CweHe 26 HIOJIH
1552 roAa; (J)paHiry3bi H HMnepijbi cTapaiOTCH 3aHHTb BbiroAHbie no3HH.HH Ha HTajibHHCKOM
no;ie: «Ycnex cneHCKoro npeAnpnflTHH Heo6biKHOBeHHo noBbicmi npecra^K Kopojia B HTaJIHH, neMy oco6eHHO paAyiOTca n a n a H BeHeiniaHCKaH CHHbopHH», nHCbMO KapAHHajia B
aBrycTe 1552 roAa, p. 2 8 1 . H e BonpocaMH JIH npecTH^ca o6-bHCHHeTC5i TaioKe peiueHHe 0 6
3KcneAHUHH Ha KopcHKy B 1553 roAy? Mniuejib OpaHcya B03BpamaeTcn B CBH3H C 3TOH «HeyMecTHOH» 3aTeeH (p. 2 8 9 , n o t e 1) K o6"bflCHeHHio, npHBe^eHHOMy HM B e r o 3anHCKe: Albisse
del B e n e , surintendant des finances francaises e n Italie, 1551—1556 (B. d e l'Ec. d e s Chartes,
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3KcneAHi;HH cpeACTBa H3 CBOHX co6cTBeHHbix 3anacoB. HeyMecTHOH? MHorHe AeTajiw H
npHMenaHHH n o noBOAy CHeHCKoro Bonpoca no3BOJi5iiOTy5iCHHTb nojiHTHKy HenoTOB FlaBjia IV H norpy3HTbCH B aTMOc(})epy PHMa 3noxH «6e3paccyAHoro» IlaBJia IV. 3aMeTHO, KaK
nocjie 1559 roAa pe3KO MCHHCTCH TOH KapAHHajia j\e TypHOHa, BepHee, H3o6paacaeMbiH HM
4>paHUy3CKHH nOJIHTHHeCKHH KJIHMaT. HaHHHaeTCH Apyra^I 3 p a . /IpCTaTOHHO COCJiaTbCH Ha

CTpacTHoe nooiaHHe KapAHHajia Kopojno OT 14 HIOHH 1 5 5 9 roAa (p. 3 9 7 ) o epeTHnecKOH
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CHOIlieHHH. Pe3yjIbTaTbI H3bICKaHHH B ApyrHX o6jiaCTHX He CTOJIb 6-TieCTflmH. O H H BeCOMbI B
TaKHX OTpaCTIHX, KaK nOJIHTHHeCKail HCTOpHH H 6HOrpa(J)HH BeJIHKHX JIH3ACH, HO HeAOCTaTOHHbl J\J\5l OCBemeHHH 3KOHOMHHCCKOH, o6lIieCTBeHHOH H KVJIbTVpHOH 3KH3HH, a TaiOKe HCTOpHH TeXHHKH.

1° HTO KacaeTCH FIopTyrajiHH, cjieAyeT TeM He MeHee ynoMHHVTb Historia tragicomaritima, Bernardo Gomes de Brito, l rc edit., Lisboa, 2 vol., 1735-1736, 2 edit., 1 9 0 4 -

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2° B HcnanHH HMCIOTCH CTapoe nennoe H3AaiiHe Nueva Recopilacion de las leyes; co6paime Actas de las Cortes de Castilla, 1563-1623, 39 vol., Madrid, 1861-1915 (KOTopoe c;ieAyeT AonojiHHTb, npHMenHTejibHo K nepnoAy Ao 1563 ro^a, TOMOM V Cortes de los antiguos
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(J)paHLry3CKoro LJeHTpa HcropHnecKHx HCCJieAOBaHHH VI CCKIJHH IIpaKTHHecKOM uiKo;ibi
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510

npuJioaceHHH

B jiarepnx B 6ojiee HJIH MeHee cuocHbix ycjiounnx no cpaBHeHHio c 6ecHejiOBeHHbiM noAO>KeHHeM COBCTCKHX rpa^KAaH. J l H U i e H H b l H C B 0 6 0 A W , M O J I O A O H B p O A e J I b HMC7I B03MOHCHOCTb
H e TOJIbKO H H T a T b JieKLJHH n o HCTOpHH CBOHM COTOBapHUjaM n o 6 a p a K y , HO H 3 a H H M a T b C H

HayHHoft pa6oTow. FIoBepHT JIH MHe HHTaTeAb, ecjin H CKaacy, HTO EpoAeAb noAb30Bajicn
npaBOM no^ynaTb neo6xoAHMyio J\JIH nero nayHHyio .TiHTepaTypy H3 HeMeijKHX yHHBepcHTCTCKHX 6H6AHOTCK H peryjiapno OTCbuiaTb BO OpanqHio OeBpy CBOH TeTpaAH, coAepacaBnine n/iaBbi MOHorpacJ)HH, HaA KOTopon OH HHTCHCHBHO pa6oTaji? TaKHM o6pa30M, 1940—
1945 roAw 6bijiH peuiaiomHM 3TanoM B >KH3HH HCTopHKa, KOTopbift B KOHije KOHLJOB B03BpaTMJICH H3 njieHa c HaynnbiM TpyAOM, najioacHBiuHM HeH3iyiaAHMbiH OTnenaTOK Ha HcropHHecKyio MbicnbToro BpeMeHH.
3TOTTOM, 3amHmeHHbiH B Cop6oHiie B KanecrBe AOKTopcKott AnccepTan.HH B 1947 r.,
noHBHjicH B nenaTH AByMH roAaMH no3Anee. Ho Ha 3TOM pa6oTa BpoAeAH HaA KHHroH AaJieKO He 3aKOHHHjiacb, H B 1966 r. 6buio npeAnpuHHTO BTopoe, pacuiHpeHHoe H nacTHHHO nepepa6oTaHHoe H3AaHHel.
Ilo npH3HaHHio caMoro BpoAC/iH, KHHra 6buia nepBOHanajibHO, B 30-e TOAW, 3aAyMaHa
KaK BnojiHe TpaAHijHOHHoe HCC/ieAOBaHne HOAHTHKH OmiHnna II B CpeAH3eMHOMopbe, HO
3aTeM, nocne onpeAejieHHbix pa3MbmuieHHH H He 6e3 BJIHHHHH OeBpa, 3aMbice;i ee cymeCTBeHHO H3MeHHJicH. He HcnancKHH Kopojib H ero no^HTHKa, HO CTpaHbi H napoAW CpeAH3eMHOMOpbH, HXttCH3Hb, CBH3H H n p O K A C BCerO 3KOHOMHKa H M a T e p H a J I b H a f l UHBH7IH3ai;HH

BbicTynHJin Ha nepBbiH ruiaH.
MOHCHO npoBecTH H3BecTHyio napajuiejib MOKAy 3aMbicjioM EpoAejin H 3aMbiCAOM OAHOro H3 HCTOPHKOB, KOTopux OH oco6enHo noHHTaji, — AHpH nnpeHHa. (MeacAy npoHHM,
o6CTOHTeJIbCTBa, B KOTOpblX paGOTaJI B p O A e ^ b BO BpeMH B T O p O H MHpOBOH BOHHbl, — T a K H e

Hce, B KaKHx BO BpeMH nepBOH MHpoBOH BOHHbi, To^Ke B HeMeijKOM Jiarepe fljin BoeHHoruieHHbix, nncaji CBOK) «HcTopHio EBponbi» AnpH nHpeHii). noAo6HO TOMy KaK nwpeHH HCCAeAOBaji B03AeHCTBHe Ha eBponeficKyio ToproBJiio H ropoAa apa6cKOH 3KcnaHCHH B CpeAH3eMHOMopbe, KOTopan B Hanajie CpeAHHx BCKOB npepBajia AaBHHe KOMMepnecKHe CBH3H MOKAy
3anaAOM H BOCTOKOM, TdK H BpoAejib o6pamaeTCH K H3yHeHHio HCTopHH CpeAH3eMHOMOpbH B XVI cro-JieTHH, KorAa 3KOHOMHHecKoe H pejiHrH03HO-KyjibTypHoe eAHHCTBO 3Toro 06iiiHpHoro perHOHa 6buio HapymeHO TypeuKHMH 3aBoeBaHHHMH.
ABTop — HeyTOMHMbiH Tpy>KeHHK, HCKaTejib apxHBHbix MaTepnaAOB, pa6oTaBmHH B xpaHHJiHmax AOKyMeHTOB MHorax CTpaH H ropoAOB. KHHra onnpaeTCH Ha H3yneHHbiH BpoAeAeM iiiHpoKHH Kpyr Heony6jiHKOBaHHbix HCTOHHHKOB, BnepBbie BBeAeHHbix HM B HaynHbin
O6ODOT.
O A H a K O , n p H BCeH CBOeH CJ)yiIAHpOBaHHOCTH, K H H r a H e JIHUieHa n 0 3 T H H H O C T H . BeAHKO-

jienHbiH CTHAHCT, BpoAe^b co3AaeT cBoero poAa nosiviy, BOcneBaiomyio BeHHoe CpeAH3eMHOMopbe. npeAHC^OBHe K nepBOMy H3AaHHio H HaMHHaeTCH c o6"b5iCHeHH5i B JIK)6BH K CpeAH3eMHOMopbio, KOTopoe noA nepoM aBTopa o>KHBaeT, o6peTaii «xapaKTep», «^HUO», «6HOrpac})Hio», «cyAb6y». 3Aecb Ka^KeTCH yMecTHbiM npHBecTH CBHAeTeAbCTBO MaAaM BpoAeAb,
KOTopan y>Ke nocAe cMepTH My>Ka BcnoMHHajia ero CAOBa: pa6oTan HaA TCKCTOM «CpeAH3eM-

A. H. rypeeuu. OepHan EpoAejib, neBen, CpeAH3eMHOMopbH...

511

HOMopbH», OH omymaji c e 6 n He cTOJibKo yneiibiM Hcc/ieAOBaTcneM, CKOJibKo no3TOM H xyAO>KHHKOM.
MoHorpacJ)MH EpoAejin HMcrcaycnex, noncTHHe 6ecnpen.eAenTHbiH jyiH COHHHCHHH n o
HCTopuH. B OAHOH cTaTbe o EpoAejie H e r o TBopnecTBe H npoHHTaji, HTO ecjin 6bi npncBanBajiw Ho6e;ieBCKyio npeMHio n o HCTOPHH, T O , HCCOMHCHHO, e e 6bi 6buiyAOcroeH HMCHHO

OH. Co6cTBeHHO, BbiABHranocb npeA-^OKeHne npncyAHTb eMy Ho6ejieBCKyio npeMHio n o
SKOHOMHKC B CoeAHHeniibix IUTaTax cymecTByeT LJenTp OepnaHa EpoAC/iH /yin H3yneHHH
3KOHOMHKH, HCTOpHHCCKHX CHCTeM H UHBH.7IH3an.HH, KOTOpblH H 3 £ a e T CBOH « } K y p H a J I »

(Review). HMCHHO B nepnoAaKTHBnoH nayHnoH H opraHH3aTopcKOH AeHTe/ibHoc™ EpoAeJIH VCHJIHJIOCb B03AeHCTBHe «AHHaJIOB» H a MHpOBVK) H C T O p H O r p a ( J ) H I O . O ^ H H H 3 H O M e p O B

«Review» (1978) 6bui cneijHajibHO nocBnmeH 3TOH TCMC
A BOT HeCKOJIbKO 3 n H T C T O B , KOHMH 6bUI Harpa^KACH 3TOT M 3 T p (J)paHny3CKOH HCTOpH-

necKon imcojibi: «KHH3bHCTopnn», «nepBbin H3HcropHKOB», «nejiOBeK, KOTopbin n e p e c o 3 Aaji HCTopMio», H Aaxce: «ne^OBeK, H3MCHHBIIIHH XOA HCTOPHH»; o e r o BK/iaAe B HayKy: «3nonen Kopo;iH BpoAejiH», «EpoAe;ib — HOBaTop». CpeAH Tex, KOMy npnHaA^iOKaT 3TH Bbicica3bmaHHH, — MHorae BeAymne HcropHKH. Pa3yMeeTCH, HCJII>3H 3a6bmaTb o TOM, HTO EpoACJib
noAH5L/i aBTopwTeT(J)paHny3CKOH ncropHHecKOH uiKOJibi, yKpenH.71 no3HijHH «AnHajiOB» B
MaTepHajibHOM H HHCTHTyn.HOHajibHOM OTHOiueHHHX, noAAep>Kaji H BbiABHHyji ruie^Ay HCTopnKOB, KOTopwe HbiHe aKTHBHo pa6oTaiOT.

KoHi^eni^HH BpeMeHH n o Epo.zje.7iio:
C H H X p O H H O C T B r e T e p O r e H H B I X .TJJIHTeJIBHOCTeH

H o KaKOBance npo6;ieMa, H3ynaeMaH BpoAejieM? — noA^eM H ynaAOK cpeAH3eMHOMopCKoro apea/ia Ha npoTnaceHHH «AJiHTe./ibHoro XVI CTO^CTHH», H3yHaeMbie, n o BbipaaceHHio
a B T O p a , «B KOMRTieKCHOH TOTaJIbHOCTH».
0 6 l l I H p H b I H H p a 3 H O p O A H b I H KOpnyC AOKVMeHTOB H)OKAaJICH B O p r a H H 3 a i J H H H BHVTpeH-

HeM pacHJieHeHHH, H BpoAejib B KOHue KOHIJOB Hame^ KJIIOH, C noMoinbio KOToporo OH cyMCJI no-CBoeMy ynopKAOHHTbxaoc HaKonjieHHbix HM AaHHbix. KJHOH 3 T O T nocreneHHO 0 6 -

pe;i B KOHi;eni;HH EpoAC/iH peuiaiomyio SBpncTHHecKyio pojib. Ero HMH — BpeMH.
Ka3ajiocb 6bi, B noAHepKHBaHHH pojin BpeMenn HeT HHHero HOBoro A>IH HCTopHKa. H o B
nocTpoeHHH EpoAejin BpeMH (})HrypHpyeTy>Ke He B KanecTBe aTpnGvTa HejiOBenecKoro co3HaHHH H He B po;iH cj)opMajibHoro npn3Haica ncropHHecKoro n p o u e c c a , a, CKopee, KaK caMoe e r o coAep^KaHHe. H e cjiyMawHo 3nnrpa(J)OM K CBOCH CTaTbe H Bbi6paji npH3HaHwe, CAejiaHHoe BpoAe^eM aHr^HHCKOMy HCTopHKy n w T e p y Bepicy: BpeMH — CO6CTBCHHO, niaBHbiH
npeAMeT e r o pa3MbiiujieHHH, H TaKOBbiM OHO 6buio RJIH Hero H B copoKOBbie, H B ceMHAecHTbie roAbi, TO ecTb Ha npoTnaceHHH Been e r o TBopnecKOH >KH3HH 2 . O c o 6 o e 3HaneHHe OH
npHAaeT «BpeMeHH 6ojibiuoH A7iHTe^bHOCTH». HMCHHO 3Ta MajionoABH^CHan A-JinTejibHOCTb
( l a l o n g u e d u r e e ) . HcTopHKyAe^neT BpeMeHH o c o 6 o e BHHMaHHe, nenoABH^KHOcTb BpeMeHH, e a r n yroAHO, e r o OTpnijaHHe, napaAOKcajibHbiM o6pa30M HajiaraeT caMbin MOIUHMH OT-

512

ripmiotfceHHH

nenaTOK HaxoA Bemen. B paMKax 3TOH KOHijenirHH BpeMH yace He ncHxojiorHnecKHH (J)aKTop, HO caMOCTOHTCJibHaji cymHOCTb. IloAoGHaH peH(J)HKaiiHii BpeMeHH H onpeAejineT TO
pacHJieHeHHe MaTepnajia HCTOPHH, KOTopoe npeAnpHHHTO B KHHre o CpeAH3eMHOMopbe w
CpeAH3eMHOMOpCKOM MHpe B X V I B e K C

«ToTajibHOCTb» HCCJieAOBaHa B Tpex ruianax H, COOTBCTCTBCHHO, B Tpex o6mnpHbix qacTHX MOHOrpa(J)HH. Ka^KAblHypOBeHb HCTOpHHeCKOH ACHCTBHTe^bHOCTH, COHiaCHO MblCJIH

BpoAejiH, HMeeT co6cTBeHHbie pHTM H BpeMH, CBOK) cneqH(J)HHecKyio A^iHTejibHOCTb, H, HCXOAH H3 xapaKTepHbix RJIH AaHHoro ypoBHH BpeMeHHbix PHTMOB, EpOAC/ib opraHH3yeT co6paHHbiH HM orpoMHbiH (J)aKTHHecKHH MaTepnaji.
IlepBaH nacTb — «PojibcpeAbi», reorpac})HqecKoro OKpyaceHHH qe;iOBeKa, KOTopbiH B3aHMOAeHCTByeT c npwpoAOH. B 3TOH nacTH npeAnpHHHT aHanH3 (|)H3HqecKHx yc/iOBHH *CH3HH:
nepeA HHTaTejieM npoxoAHT 6oraTeHiuaH nanopaMa MHOFOJIHKHX neH3aaceH CpeAH3eMHOMopbH, ropbi, njiaTO, paBHHHbi, Ha KOTopwx MecTHbie HCHTCJIH 3aHHMaioTCH 3eMJieAe;iHeM H
CKOTOBOACTBOM, Mope, ocrpoBa, 6eperoBan ^HHHH; KJiHMaTHHecKHe30Hbi, CMeHbi BpeMeH
roAa. ITocjie 3Toro BecbMa AeTajiH3HpoBaHHoro reorpacj)HHecKoro BCTynjieHHH HACT onHcaHHe MopcKwx H cyxonyTHbix nyTew, MoperuiaBaHbH, noAOHceHHH ropoAOB. Ha 3TOM ypoBHe
XOA HCTOPHH noHTH He3aMeTeH, nepeMenw npeAC/ibHO MeAJieHHbi H ycKOJib3aiOT OT nejiOBenecKoro B3opa. 3TO cKopee ncropHH nocroHHHbix noBTopeHHH, BCHHO B03BpamaiomHxcH H
B0306H0BJI5H0mHXCH IXHKJIOB, «HCTOpHH 6 e 3 BpeMCHH», HCTOpHH CTa6mibHbIX, KBa3HHenOA"

BH>KHbix «CTpyKTyp». npnpoAHan cpeAa, BcecropoHHe o6pncoBaHHaH B nepBOH qacTH HCc^eAOBaHHH, He ocTaeTCH Jinuib (|JOHOM, Ha KOTopoM 6yAeT 3aTeM noKa3aHa a<H3Hb JHOACH
cpeAH3eMHOMopcKoro apeajia, — ecTecTBeiiHO-reorpacJjHqecKaH «crpyKTypa» caMa BbiCTynaeT B KHHre EpoAC/iH B KanecTBe CBoero poAa HcropHHecKoro nepcoHaaca.
MomHoe noAHepKHBaHHe EpoAC/ieM po^H npHpoAHO-reorpa(|)HHecKOH cpeAbi B HCTOpHqecKOH >KH3HH jiiOACH, HecoMHeHHO, ero 3ac;iyra. Hbme, cnycrH 6ojiee nojiycTOJieTHH
nooie nepBoro H3AaHHH ero KHHrn, 3Ta Mbic/ib eAsa JIH HyacAaeTCH B AOKa3aTe;ibCTBe. 3KOjiorHH H CBH3aHHbie c Heio 3a6oTbi H TpeBorH — B noBecTKe AHH. /tpyroe ACTIO — nepeHOC
BpoAejieM ueHTpaTHtfcecTH c HCTiOBenecKOH AeHTejibHocra Ha reorpac})HHecKoe oKpy>KeHHe.
Ha 3TOM ypoBHe aHajiH3a EpoAejib CKJIOHCH o6xoAHTbcn 6e3 JHOACH. npoftAeT BpeMH, H B
pa6oTax BbiAaiomerocn <J>paHu.y3CKoro HCTopHKa 3MMaHio3;iH Jlepya JIaAiopH Mbi BcrperaM
OTro^ocKH KOHi^eni^HH EpoAe.7iH: Jlepya JlaAiopn nncaji o «6e3JiK>AHOH HCTopHH» KJiHMaTa,
paBHO KaK H O «HenOABH)KHOH HCTOpHH» O p a H I I H H X T V — X V I I I BeKOB.

Ho 3TH paccpKAeHHH BpoAe^H noABOAHT Hac H K 6o;iee o6men npo6;ieMe. HcropHKaM
CBoftcTBeHHO CTaBHTb 3HaK paBeHCTBa Me^KAy HCTopweH H ABH>KeHHeM, H3MeHeHHeM, pa3BHTHeM. OTCyTCTBHe 3THX npH3HaKOB nOAHaC paCUeHHBaeTCH KaK OTCyTCTBHe CaMOH HCTO-

pwH. noAo6HbiH B3niHA, ecrecTBeHHO, C^O>KH^CH Ha 3anaAe B HoBoe BpeMH, KorAa TeMn
HCTOpHqeCKOrO pa3BHTHH pe3KO yCKOpHJICH. Me^KAy TeM, H3MeHeHHH B >KH3HH ^KDAeH H Ha-

poAOB B 6o^ee AaJieKHe OT nac anoxH noAHHHHJiHCb HHWM pHTMaM H, KaK npaBH^o, MorjiH
6biTb HecpaBHeHHO 6o^ee MeA^ieHHbiMH. YqacTHHKH HcropwHecKoro npouecca He 3aMenaJIH eroxoAa H H3MeHeHHH, KOTopue OH C CO6OH npHHOCH^. noTOMy-TO KJIOA JleBH-Orpocc

A. SI. rypeeuu. OepHaH EpoACJib, neBeu; CpeAH3eMHOMopbn...

513

npoTHBonocTaB^5m «ropHHMe» o6mecrBa o6mecrBaM «xojioAHbiM». FIocjieAHHe, o6mecrBa
TpaAHUMOHHbie, nepOKHBaiOT H3MCHeHHH CTOJIb MCZVieHHbie, HTO JlK>fl,U HX H e BOCnpHHH-

MaioT; oTCiOAa MH(j)bi o BCHHOM B03BpameHHH. MeMCAy TeM o6mecTBa «ropHHwe», npeHMymecTBeHHO 3anaAHoeBponewcKoro Twna, ABHMcyTCH B TaKOM pHTMe, HTO HCJIOBCK omymaeT,
H noAHac 6o^e3HeHHO, npoHCxoAHmne CABwrH H nepeMenbi, H noTOMy HMCHHO C HHMH, C
3THMH KaTaKJin3MaMH, B nepByio onepeAb accouwHpyeTCH XOA HCTopMH.
llocTpoeHHfl EpoAejia no6yMCAaiOT Hac Bcepbe3 BAyMaTbCH B TOT (J)aKT, HTO Ha caMOM
Ae;ie B HCTopwH neperuieTenbi H coneTaiOTCfl AHHaMHKa H craraKa. OAHH ypoBHH coijHa^bHOH ACHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH nOABepMCCHbl H3MeHeHHHM, TOr^a KaK A p y m e ypOBHH OCTaiOTCH

HenoABHMCHbiMH HJIH TpaHC(})opMHpyiOTCfl B ropa3AO MeHbiiieH CTeneHH.
B no;ie 3penHH EpOAejin BO BTopon Hacra KHHrH, o3anjiaBJieHHOH «KojuieKTHBHbie cyzjb6bi HyHHBepcajibHbie CABnrn», — «cou.HajibHbie crpyKTypbi», T. e. o6mecTBO H 3KOHOMHKa
CpeAH3eMHOMOpbH B XVI BeKe: HHcneiiHbiH cocTaB, ruioTHOCTb, pa3MemeHHe H ABHM<eHHe
HacejieHHH, CHCTeMbi KOMMyHHKauHH H uHpKyjiHpoBaHne KoppecnoHAeHUHH, 3eM7ieAe^He,
peMecjia, ToproBjin, ACHOKHoe o6pameHHe, ijeHbi (He 3a6yAeM, HTO XVI BeK B EBpone 03HaMeHOBaTicH «peBo^K)qHeH i;eH» B pe3y;ibTaTe npHTOKa orpoMHoro KOJiHHecTBa AparoueHHbix MeTa^JioB H3 HoBoro CBeTa); AaJiee cjieAyeTxapaKTepHCTHKa cpeAH3eMHOMopcKHX HMnepHH, HcnancKOH HTypeuKOH, HXJIIOACKHX H MaTepnajibHbixpecypcoB, ijHBH.7iH3au;HH H
B3aHMOAeHCTBHHMeH<AyHHBHJIH3aHHflMH, HX 3KCnaHCH5I, BOHHbl, nHpaTCTBO.

BpeMH Ha 3TOM ypOBHe npoTeKaeTXOTH H MeA-JieHHO, HO omyraMO, H6O «crpyKTypa»,
xapaKTepH3yiomaHCH «BpeMeHeM 6o;ibiiioH A^iHTejibHocTH» (la longue duree), coneTaeTCH
3Aecb, «BcrynaeT B Awajior» c «KOH-bioHKTypoH», BpeMeHeM 6biCTpbiM, KpaTKHM (le temps
COUrt) 3 . 3 T H KOHT>IOHKTypbI MeHHJIHCb Ha npOTHM<eHHH «AOJirOrO» X V I CTOJieTHH, OXBaTbl-

Baiomero no cyTH Ae;ia Asa CTOJICTHH — HanHHan co BTopofi nojioBHHbi XV BeKa H KOHnaii
nepBOH nojiOBHHOH XVII BeKa.
HeTpyAHO 3aMeTHTb B 3TOH nacTH AncnponopijHH B ocBemeHHH pa3Hbix CTopoH Toro,
HTO BpoAe^b HMeHyeT «cou,HajibHOH HCTopHew». CO6CTBCHHO comiajibHafl CTpyKTypa H3yneHa cyMMapHo; B nacTHOCTH, o KpecTbHHCTBe, cocraBJLHBiueM noAaBjunomee 6o^buiHHCTBo
HacejieHHH pernoHa, KaK H Boo6me o TpyAOBOM HacejieHHH, cKa3aHo HeMHoro H Bcero Ha
HecKOJibKHx CTpaHHuax. K arpapHow HCTopHH y EpoAejra HBHO HCT HHTepeca, H 3Aecb BO3HHKaeT n p O T H B O p e H H e MOKAy HCTOpHHeCKOH ACHCTBHTe^bHOCTbK) X V I BeKa, nOHTH BCe
KOpHH KOTOpOH yXOA^T B AepeBHIO, H C03AaHHOH HCTOpHKOM CXCMOH, 3Ty ACpeBHIO nOHTH

BOBce HrHopnpyiomeH. OopMbi BCACHHH BOHH 3aHHMaiOT aBTopa, noMcajiyn, B 6ojibiueH Mepe,
HeMcejiH xapaKTepHCTHKa u,HBH.;iH3au;HH. MaTepHajibHO-3KOHOMHHecKaii CTopOHa MCH3HH
npeo6^aAaeT B H3JioM<eHHH B 3TOH nacTH MOHorpa(j)HH. Ho npH paccMOTpeHHH SKOHOMHKH
npeHMymecTBeHHoe 3HaneHHe npwAaeTca TOproBjie H noTpe6jieHHio, a He npoH3BOACTBy;
ropoACKoe XO3HHCTBO AOMHHHpyeT HaA cejibCKHM. 3Aecb on^Tb-TaKH HeBOJibHO BcnoMHHaeTCH AHpn riHpeHH.
MacTbTpeTbH — «Co6biTHK, nojiHTHKa H HapoA» — KaK 6bi B03BpamaeT Hac KTpaAHi;HOHHOMy noHHMaHHio HCTopwH, K HCTopHH «no MepKe HHAHBHAyajibHoro nejioBeKa». Co6bi17.3aKa3tf?2220.

514

llpHTIOHCeHHH

THHHan HCTOPHH pncyeT OAHH To^bKO noBepxHOCTHbie noTpnceHHH, 3TO, no CJiOBaM BpoAeJIH, — «3nHflepMa HCTOPHH», HCTOPHH 6bicTpbix, BHe3anHbix, HepBHbix Ko^e6aHHH, neHa,
nopo^KAaeMan MoujHbiM H 3aqacTyio 6e33ByHHbiM ABHHCCHHCM niaBHbix MaccHBOB. 3TO ;iHiub
HpKO BcnbixHBaiomHe H GbiCTpoyracaiomne HCKpbi, «MejibKaiomHe CBCT;IHHKH». Flo ero on.eHKe, nojiHTHHecKaa ncropHH — caMbin «KOBapHbiH»4 BHA HCTopwH, BBOAHIUHH Hac B 3a6;iy>KAeHne OTHOCMTe^bHO no/yiHHHbix HCTopHHecKHX npoi^eccoB, ycKOJib3aiomnx OT AOBepHHBblX HCTOpHKOB.
HTaK, HCTopHH paccenena na paanHHHbie ruiaHbi, B COOTBCTCTBHH C npncyiijHMH KaacAOMy ILJiaHy C06CTBeHHbIMH BpeMeHHblMH pHTMaMH. BpOAe^bCneillHTOrOBOpHTbCHI HCTOpHH

eAHHa, H BbiAejieHne HM ypoBHeft ecTb jiniiib cnoco6 opraHH3an,HH H npenoAHeceHHH MaTepnajia, oAHaKo npHMeHeHHe MACH MHoacecTBeHHOCTH BpeMeHHbix PHTMOB, no eroy6eH<AeHHK), BeAeT K co3AaHHK) oco6oro poAa ncropHH — «TOTajibHOH HcropHH». ToTajibHan
HCTopwH oxBaTbiBaeT, no 3aMbicjiy HccneAOBaTC/iH, Bee acneKTbi HCTopHnecKon ACHCTBHTe^bHOCTM, OT npnpoAHbix AO KyjibTypHbix. Ho nocKOJibKy pa3Hbie acneKTbi >KH3HH JHOACH
noAHHHHiOTCH pa3HOMy TeneHHio BpeMeHH, HX naAiie>KHT HCCJieAOBaTb B Tpex pa3Hbix
«perncTpax», HaTpexypoBHHx, Bbipaacaiomnx TpH pa3Hbie KOHuenuHH BpeMeHH, — BpeMH
npHpoAHO-reorpa(})HHecKoe, BpeMH coijHajibHoe H BpeMH HHAHBHAyajibHoe. ToTajibnan HCTopHH — 3TO «MHororojiocHaH necHb», H B AencTBHTejibHOCTH cymecTByiOT He Tpn, HO AK>
3KHHbi BpeMeHHbix PHTMOB 5. B KanecTBe ynoMHHyTbix Tpex «perncTpoB» BbmejieHbi jiniiib
niaBHbie, npocj)miHpyiomHe THnw TeMnopajibHOcra.
HACH pacqjieHeHHH BpeMeHH HCTOPHH Ha pa3Hbie ypoBHH HJIH perncrpbi, nopa3HBiuaH
HHTaTejieft KHHI-H HenocpeACTBeHHo noc/ie ee noHBjieHHH HacBeT, He npHHaAJiexcHT ijejiHKOM OAHOMy JIHIlIb BpOAeJIK). MblCJIb O MHOrOELJiaHOBOCTH B p e M e H H , 0 6 OAHOBpeMeHHOCTH

pa3HOBpeMeHHbix CTpyKTyp, 6buia HecKOJibKO paHee pa3BHTa B TpyAax H3BecTHoro pyccKO(J)paHuy3CKoro counojiora >Kop>Ka IypBHna, KOTopbin, OAHaKO, CBH3biBaji cocymecrBOBaHHe
pa3Hbix TeMnopajibHOCTen c counajibHbiMH crpyioypaMH (CM. 06 3TOM HH^ce npHM. 18).
Me^KAy TeM EpoAe;iH counajibHaH npnpoAa BpeMeHH He 3aHHMaeT. B Kpyr BonpocoB, H3yneHneM KOTopbix OH noniomeH, HanpHMep, He BXOAHT pa3JiHHHH B nepe>KHBaHHH BpeMeHH
peMecjieHHHKaMH H KynijaMH HJIH ero BoenpHHTHe KpecTbHHaMH H ropoxcaHaMH. 06cy>KAeHHe 3Toro, Ha MOH B3HIHA, Hpe3BbiqaHHO cymecTBeHHoro acneKTa npo6;ieMbi couHajibHoro
BpeMeHH 6buio BnepBbie npeAnpHHHTO BO cf)paHuy3CKOH HCTopnorpacJDHH npeAcraBHTejieM
cjieAyiomero noico;ieHHH «aHHajiHCTOB» — >KaKOM Jle rocJx^OM. O H niy6oKO H y6eAHTejibHO
npoAeMOHCTpnpoBaji MCTOAW counajibHoro KOHTpojin naA BpeMeHeM, npncymne uepKBH, c
OAHOH CTopoHbi, H noAHHMaBiiiHMCH B XIV Bene KynijaM H peMec^eHHHKaM, c Apyroft.
CBH3H Me>KAy HaMeneHHbiMH EpoAejieM ypoBHHMH npoTeicaHHH BpeMeHH c/iOHCHbi H, no
ero oiOBaM, HeoAH03HaHHbi. TeM He MeHee, OHH onpeAejieHHbiM o6pa30M conoAHHHeHbi.
KaKHce cooTHeceHbi MencAy CO6OH co6biTHHHbiH ypoBeHb HCTopHnecKOH >KH3HH, ypoBeHb,
Ha KOTOpOM AeHCTByiOT^IOAH, HHAHBHAbI, H CTpyKTypHbie ypOBHH 3KO^OrHH H 3KOHOMHKH?

B nepcneKTHBe aHajiH3a STHX MomHbix CTpyKTyp, o6^aAaiomHx orpoMHbiMH A^iHTejibHOCTHMH H npeBpamaiomnx HCTopnio B KaK 6bi HeABH>KHMbiH MaccHB, po^b, KOTopyio BpoAe^b

A. SI. rypeeuu. OepHaH EpoAejib, neBeu. CpeAH3eMHOMopbH...

515

OTBOAHT HHAHBHAyajibHOMy co6biTHio, cTaHOBHTCH B Bbicuiefi cTeneHH cKpoMHOH. 3TO, no
ero cjioBaM, Bcero To^bKo HOCHMbie oKeaHOM HCTOPHH O6JIOMKH KopaGjieKpyiueHHH, 3(J)eMepHaa 6jiecTHmafl noBepxHocTb. H 3TO no-CBoeMy BnojiHe jiorHHHO. OnpeAejiHiomHe TeHACHIJHH HCTopwH oGHapyacHBaiOTCH HccjieflOBaTejieM He Ha «HejiOBeHecKOM ypOBHe», a B
r/ry6HHax cynepHHAHBHAyajibHbix npHpoAHO-reorpacJ)HHecKHX H MaTepHajibHO-SKOHOMHnecKHX CTpyKTyp. Ha (})OHe 3THX CTpyioyp, pa3BopaHHBaiomHxcH c 3nnHecKOH Me/yieHHOCTbio,
JUORU KaK 6bi TepniOTCH; HX ACHTejibHOCTb npeAonpeAe^ieHa MaKponpoijeccaMH6.
Ho B TaKOM c/iynae, HTO ace ocTaeTCH OT HejiOBenecKOH CB060AM? HTO 03Hanajia CBo6oAa
B HcnaHHH XVI Bena? KaKOH CTeneHbio CBOGOAM o6jiaAajiH Ominnn II HJIH^OH XyaH ABCTpHHCKHH? — 3a^aeT ce6e Bonpoc EpoAejib H oTBenaeT: «JIio6a5i H3 3THX Tan Ha3biBaeMbix
CBOGOA HanOMHHaeT MHe OCTpOBOK, nOHTH TK)pbMy».

He OTpnuaeTCH JIH TCM caMbiM Boncaji CBo6oAa HHAHBHAyajibHoro ACHCTBHH B HCTOPHH?
HeJIOBCK ACHCTBHH — 3TO TOT, KTO HeTKO OC03HaJI CBOH OrpaHHHCHHH H Bbl6paJI OAHy H3
OCTaBIUHXCH B03MOHCHOCTCH, — TOBOpHT EpOACJIb, — 3TO TOT, KTO CnOCo6eH H3BJieHb nOJIb3y

H3 HeH36e^KHoro. Bee nonbiTKH HATH npoTHB npeo6jiaAaiomeroTeHeHH5i, rjiy6oKoro CMbioia
HCTOPHH 3apaHee o6peneHbi Ha npoBaji. HcTopHH HHAHBHAOB C ee 6biCTpbiMH HepBHbiMH
pHTMaMH — 3({)eMepHa. «IIo3TOMy, Kor^a H AyMaio 06 HHAHBHAC, — npoAOJiacaeT EpoAejib, —
OH Bcer^a BHAHTCH MHe njieHeHHbiM cyAb6on, Ha KOTopyio OH He B COCTOHHHH BO3ACHCTBO-

BaTb». B HCTOPHH B KOHCHHOM HTore HeH3MeHHO no6eHCAaeT A-JiHTejibHOCTb. CBo6oAa HHAHBHAa orpaHHneHa, pojib cjiynaH HHHTOHCHa. «Ilo CBoeMy TeMnepaMeHTy H — "cTpyKTypaJIHCT", Co6bITHH H Aa^Ce KpaTKOCpOHHbie KOHT>K)HKTypbI MaJIO MCH5I npHBJieKaiOT...», — Ta-

KHM npH3HaHweM 3aBepmaeT OH CBOIO KHHry7. He npaBmibHO JIH 3aKJiK>HHTb, HTO EpoAejiH
npHBjieKaeT HCTopnfl 6e3 JHOACH?
n p H HTeHHH 3THX CTpOK HCBOJIbHO BCnOMHHaiOTCH 3HaMCHHTbie CJIOBa « C B o 6 0 A a — 3TO

oco3HaHHaii Heo6xoAHMOCTb». ^ajieKHH OT MapKCH3Ma BpoAejib H3ynaji «KanHTaji» H Apyrae TpyAbi MapKca H MHoroKpaTHO conyBCTBeHHO Ha HHX ccbijiajicn. Ho H3 H3BecTHoro Te3Hca MapKca, rjiacnmero, HTO HCJIOBCK OAHOBpeMeHHO H aBTop, H aKTep pa3birpbiBaeMOH B
HCTOPHH ApaMbiH, OH H3BjieK, KaK KaaceTCH, jiHiub nocjieAHioio nojiOBHHy: no BpoAeJiio, nejiOBeK — He 6ojiee, neM aKTep, BbinojiHHioinHH pojib, KOTopaii npeAnncaHa eMy He HM COHHHeHHbiM cqeHapneM. npnxoAHT HayM paccyacAeHHH 06 HCTOPHH JlbBaTojicroro, npOTHBOnocTaBJiHiomero MyAporo KBHeTHCTa KyTy30Ba HanojieoHy, KOTopbift MHHT ce6n TBopijoM
HCTOPHH, a Ha caMOM ACJie CMaxHBaeT Ha pe6eHKa, Aepraiomero iimypoK B KapeTe, BOo6paacaji, 6yATO ynpaBjineT ee ABH^KCHHCM. H O 4)HJiococ{)CKo-HCTopHHecKHe 3KCTpaBaraHTHocra
CKopee Ha MecTe B «BOHHC H MHpe», HOKCJIH B cneijHajibHOM aKaAeMHHecKOM nccjieAOBaHHH.
IIpH3Haiocb, 3KOHOMHKO-reorpacJ)HHecKHH ACTepMHHH3M BpoAejiH —jiHAepa «HOBOH
HCTopHHecKOH HayKH», npeeMHHKa OeBpa, noBepraeT MCHH B HeAoyMeHHe.
Pa3yMeeTCH, BpoAejib He sjiHMHHHpyeT nojiHocTbio nejiOBeKa H3 HCTOPHH. ,2JeTajibHO
onwcbiBa^ ^aHAiua4)Tbi, OH He BbicrynaeT B KanecTBe reorpa(J)a, B 3TOM OTHOUICHHH OeBp
npaB: B ero KHHre noApa3yMeBaeTCH ne^oBeK; «npeHCAe Bcero HCJIOBCK, a He 3CMJIH, He Mopn
17*

516

IlpHJIOMCeHHfl

H He He6o», H KaacAoe 3aMenaHHe no noBOAy npeAMCTOB HeoAymeB;ieHHbix TyT ace BJieneT 3a
C 0 6 0 H m e A p y K ) M nJlOAOTBOpHyiO MblCJIb, OTHOCHIIjyiOCH K JlK>fl,5iM» <J. O T H a C T H 3TO B e p H O .
riOMCaJiyH, HHKOIAa AO EpOACTIfl HCTOpHKH H e pHCOBaJIH CTOJIb ACTaJIbHO H BMeCTe C TeM

CTo^bMce BAOxHOBenno npHpoAHyio cpeAy. HcropnH rocyAapcTB H o6mecrB pa3BepTbiBaeTCH B ero MOHorpacJ)HH He B «6e3B03AyuinoM npocTpancTBe», a B npeAejibHO ACTajibHo o6pncoBaHHOH, HacwmeHHO njiOTHOH npupoAHOH cpeAe. TeM caMbiM ACJiaeTCH omyraMbiM npHpoAHO-reorpa(J)HHecKHH KaAp, B KOTopoM >KHByT H ACHCTByioT^ioAH. B 3TOM CMbic^e BpoACJIb OTKpblBaeT HOByK) CTpaHHUy B HCTOpHH.
H TeM He MeHee, noBTopnio, c yTBepMCACHHeM OeBpa MOHCHO con/iacHTbCH Jiniub oTHacTH. H60 AaJibiiie xapaKTepHCTHKH npnpoAHbix ycjiOBHH, B KOTopbix o6HTaeT nejiOBeK, Mbi
npH HTeHHH KHHrw EpoAe;iH ne npoABHraeMCH. /J,ocTaTOHHO CKa3aTb, HTO nepeA HHM He
B03HHKajio Bonpoca: KaK JIIOAH XVI BeKa OTHOCH-Jincb K npnpoAe; HHane roBopn, H 3Aecb OH
H e BHAHT n p o 6 j i e M b I MCHTaJIbHOCTH, MHpOOmyU^eHHH. r i p H HTeHHH n p O H 3 B C A e H H H 3 T O r O

yneHoro MCHH He ocTaBJineT oiuymeHHe, HTO Mbicjib ero ABHMCCTCH CKopee BKCTCHCHBHO, neM
HHTeHCHBHO: OH CTpeMHTCH CKOHLjeHTpHpOBaTb MaKCHMaJIbHO 6oJIbUIOe HHC7IO (J)aKTOB, KOH-

KpeTHbixyKa3aHHH HCTOHHHKOB, HO orpaHHHHBaeTCH npenMymecTBeHHO noBepxHOCTHbiM
cjioeM coAepMcameHCH B HHX HH(jx)pMan,HH, He AOKanbiBancb AO ee noTaeHHbix niy6HH. 3Aecb
yMecTHO OTMeTHTb, HTO HH B na3BanHH MOHorpacJ)HH EpoAejin, HH B 3aro^oBKax ee pa3AeJIOB H niaB Mbi, KaK npaBHjio, He HanAeM HaMeKa Ha npo6;ieMbi, KOTopwe 3aTparHBaiOTCfl
HCTOpHKOM.
HwMce Mbi y6eAHMCH B TOM, HTO, AaBaa B CBOHX nocjieAyiomnxTpyAax iuHponaniiiyio naHopaMy MHpa Bemen, co3AaHHbix;noAbMH H jyi* HHX npeAHa3HaneHHbix, EpoAejib He npeAnpHHHMaeT nonbiTKH CBH3aTb 3TH npeAMeTbi c BocnpHHTHeM HX HCTIOBCKOM. CTaHAapTbi,
npnjiaraeMbie HM K HCTOPHH, KaacyTCH Hecopa3MepnbiMH c nejioBenecKHM cymecTBOM u ero
nCHXHKOH.
rio3TOMy 6poAe^eBO noHHMaHne «TOTajibHOH HCTOPHH» BHyuiaeT COMHCHHH. «ToTa/ibHan» HJIH «nio6ajibHai! HCTopHH» — He cyMMa, cocraBjiniomaHCH H3 MHorax c/iaraeMbix, HO
CHHTe3, a CHHTe3 He AOCTHraeTCH nepenHCJieHHeM KOMHOHCHTOB. Heo6xoAHMO noKa3aTb
HX BHyTpeHHioK) B3aHMOCBH3b H B3aHMHoe npoHHKHOBeHHe. 3Toro-TO B TpyAe BpoAejiH H
He o6HapyMCHBaeTC5L
B n p O H e M , HeTOCHOBaHHHyAHBJIHTbCH. EjIHH<eKKOHIXy}KH3HH (OH CKOHHaJICH B 1 9 8 5 T.)

BpoAe^b oAHaacAbi j\aji o6-bHCHeHHe CBoew CICJIOHHOCTH npwAaBaTb 3HaneHHe npeHMymeCTBeHHO JIHIUb TaKHM a C n e K T a M H C T O p H H , K O T O p b i e AaJieKH OT C 0 6 b I T H H H HHAHBHAa C HX

KpaTKHM BpeMeHeM. IlpHHHHa, no cjiOBaM BpoAe;w, KopeHHTCH B ero CO6CTBCHHOM >KH3HeHHOM onbiTe. l l o ero npH3HaHHio, ero BHAenne HCTOPHH oKOHHaTC/ibHo onpeACJiHJiocb
BO BpeMH npe6bmaHHH B HCMCUKOM ruieHy, — 3TO noHHMaHHe HCTopwH 6buio «eAHHCTBeHHO
B03MOMCHOH MCH3HeHHOH peaKinieH Ha TO TparHHecKoe BpeMH». HyncHO 6IAJIO OTBeprHyTb
Bee npoHCxoAHBiiine BOKpyr co6biTHH: «JXOJIOPI co6biTwe, oco6eHHO THrocTHoe! — nwiueT
BpoAeAb. — MHe HyacHO 6buio BepHTb, HTO HCTOPHH, HTO cyAb6bi nejioBenecTBa CBepiuaiOTCH Ha 3HanHTe^bHO 6o^ee niy6oKOM ypoBHe...». «B HeBoo6pa3HMOH J&JIVL H OT Hac, H OT

A. JI. rypeeuu. OepHaH EpoAejib, neBei; CpeAH3eMHOMopbH...

517

HauiHx noBceAHeBHbix 6eA TBopunacb HCTOPHH, Bepma CBOH HeTopon/iHBbiH o6opOT, TaKOM
HCeHeTOporUIHBbIH,KaKTaApeBH5I5I>KH3HbCpeAM3eMHOMOpbH, HbK) HeH3MeHHOCTb H CBOe-

ro poAa Be^HHaByio HenoABH>KHOCTb H CTo;ib nacTO omymaji. BOT TaK H H npHiueji K co3HaTe^bHbiM noncKaM HaH6o;iee niyGnHHoro HCTopHnecKoro H3biKa...»1().
CoGbiTHMHan MCTopwH, onwcbiBaiomaM nocrynKH moRevi, ApaMaraHHa, TorAa KaK HCTOpHH CTpyKTyp, MC/yiCHHblX H HeTOporUIHBblX pHTMOB, OrpOMHblX BpeMCHHblX n p O T H ^ C e H H O

CTeH — o6biHHO ^HiueHa pe3KHX cpbiBOB H KaTacTpocJ). Bpo^ejib npeAnoHHTaeT OTKa3aTbcn
OT H3yHeHHH MCTOpHH JlK>fl,GU C MX KpaTKHM B p e M e H e M J 3TO «BpeMfl n o M e p K e H H A H B H ^ a ,

BpeMH noBceAHeBHocTH, BpeMH HaiiiHx MJUII03HM H 03apeHHH, — BpeMH xpoHMKepa H acypHaJIHCTa». «C0U,U2LJIhH2LH HCTOpHH CTpaiUHTCH Co6bITHfl, H H e 6 e 3 OCHOBaHHH, BGRh KOpOT-

Koe BpeMH — HaH6ojiee KanpH3Hoe H o6MaHHHBoe H3 Bcex (J)opM BpeMeHH»u. OTKa3 OTCO
6bITHHHOrO B p e M d l H B n 0 ^ b 3 y «HeABH>KHMOH» HJIH «KBa3HHenOABH2KHOH HCTOpHH» — Ta-

KOB cnoco6 BpoAejiH-MCTopHKa H Hc/iOBeKayHTH, H36aBHTbcn OTTHrocreH HCH3HH... TaKOBa,
ecjiH eMy BepnTb, ncnxojiornqecKafl ocHOBa ero «reoHCTopHn» M TeopHH «AOJiroro BpeMeHH».
H o COMHeHHH H B03pa^KeHHH n p H HTeHHH « C p e A H 3 e M H O M O p b H » B b I 3 b I B a e T H e TOJIbKO

HerH6KHH, acecTKHH H BceoxBaTbmaiomHH AeTepMHHH3M, CBoero pofla «reorpac})HHecKHH
peAyKi;HOHH3M».

* * *
KaK Mbi BH/;e;iH, nHTbACCHT c JIHIIIHHM jieTTOMy na3aA «CpeAH3eMHOMOpbe» npocjiaBHJIO Bpo^ejiH KaK BbiAaiomerocn HOBaTopa, cymecrBeHHo o6oraTHBiuero H o6HOBHBiuero HCTopHHecKyio nayKy. Ero ropano no/mepacajiH M3Tpbi cf>paHiry3CKOH HCTOpHorpacJ)HH JliocbeH OeBp H 3pHecT JIa6pycc, ne noxcajieBiiiHe JXJIH KiinrH H aBTopa BbiconaHiiiHx noxBaji.
O e B p Ha3BaJI 3Ty KHHiy o 6 p a 3 l J O B b I M HCTOpHHeCKHM T p y ^ O M , HCTOpHHeCKHM HCCJieAOBaHH-

eM HOBoro THna. «GnoMaHbi caMbie CTapbie H caMbie noHTeHHbie TpaAHijHH; xpoHOJiorHHecKHH nopHAOK 3aMenen AHHaMHnecKHM H reneTHHecKHM, — nwcaji OeBp. — 3TO peBO.7iiOH.H5i
B noHHMaHHH HCTOpHH, nepeBopoT B Haiuen npoKHew npaKTHKe, "ncropHHecKaH Myraixwn"
KapAHHajibHOH Ba^KHocTH.., orpoMHbiH nporpecc, cnacHTejibHoe o6HOBJieHne. H yBepeH B
TOM, HTO 3TO npOB03BCCTHHK HOBblX B p e M e H » 1 2 . FTo yTBepHCACHHIO KOMHCCHH C o p 6 0 H H b I ,

npHcyAHBmeH EpoAe;no ynenyio cTeneHb AOKTopa nayK, ero pa6oTa npeACTaBJineT CO6OH
TpyA, KOTopbitt CAejiaeT snoxy B MHpOBOH HCTopHorpacf)HH.
B «CpeAH3eMHOMOpbC» ACHCTBHTCTIbHO o6Hapy>KHJIHCb HOBbie HOAXOAbl K HCTOpHH. T o ,

HTO B ueHTpe HHTepecoB EpoAC/in HaxoAH^HCb ne rocyAapcTBO c ero HOJIHTHHCCKHMH H
npaBOBbiMH yqpoKAeHHMMH, He BbiAaiomnecH JXCHTCAU 3noxH H He HauHOHajibHan HCTOpnn, HO orpoMHbiH apea/i, HejiOBenecKoe H 3KOJiorHHecKoe npocTpaHCTBO — HenpHBbiHHbiH
CK>7KGT HCCJieAOBaHHH, — n p O H 3 B e ^ O O r p O M H O e B n e q a T J i e H H e H a HCTOpHKOB. «reOHCTOpHH»

H H3yneHHe «MaTepHajibHOH UHBH^H3aqHH», c oco6biM aKi;eHTOM Ha ropoAa H TOBapHoe
o6pameHHe, Ha BpeMH yTBepAHJiHCb BO (J)paHiry3CKOH HCTopHqecKoft HayKe.

518

IlpmicttKeHHfl

HMCHHO BpoAejieM c HCKJiiOHHTejibHOH HacroHHHBOCTbio 6bui nocTaaneH Bonpoc o npHHUHnwajibHOH Ba^KHOCTH HCCJieAOBaHHH TpyAHO noAAaiomnxcH BO3ACHCTBHIO BpeMeHH njiacTOB HCTopuqecKOH ACHCTBHTejibHOCTH, o CTa6wjibHbix CTpyKTypax, THroTeiomux K HenoABH^KHOCTH. Bbiiue yace roBopmiocb o Hpe3BbinaHHOH 3HaHHMOCTH npo6jieMbi cooTnoiueHHH
AHHaMHKM H CTaTHKH B HCTopwH H 06 OAHOCTOPOHHOCTH TaKoro noAXOAa K ee HecneAOBaHHK), KOTOpblH (J)HKCMpyeT BHHMaHHe npeHMymeCTBCHHO HJIH HCKJIIOHHTeJIbHO Ha OAHHX

To;ibKO H3MeHeHH5rx. Cmibi TpaAHijHH, MeAJieHHbix, noAcnyAHbix nepeMeH, 3aMeTHbix Jiniiib
npn npHJio^KeHHH oneHb 6ojibinoro BpeMeHHoro MacuiTa6a, CHJibi «roMeocraTHHHbie», co3AaK)mHe B03MOHCHOCTb nOBTOpeHHH, CTOHHH5I Ha MCCTe, HenOABHJKHOCTH HJIH KBa3HHenOA"
BHXCHOCTH, — 3TH HCTOpHHeCKHe CHJIbI CTOJIb >Ke p e a j I b H b l , KaK H CHJIbI pa3BHTH5i; OnaCHO

HeAOOijeHHBaTb H Te, H Apyrne. HcTopHH — 3TO HayKa 06 H3MeHeHHax, HO TaioKe H O cj)yHKUHOHHpoBaHHH, BKJHonan 4>yHKH,HOHHpoBaHHe Ha npe^KHen OCHOBC
B TaKOH nocTaHOBKe Bonpoca — HCCOMHCHHO 6ojibinaji 3acjiyra EpoAejiH. Mnorne HCTOPHKH 6biJiH npHBjieneHbi 3TOH npo6jieMaTHKOH. Bbime 6bijiay}Ke ynoMHHyTaTeopHH «HenoABH^KHOH HCTOPHH» XTV—XVIII BCKOB, pa3BHBaeMa*i 3MMaHK)3JieM Jlepya JlaAiopn. JXpyTOH BHAHbift npeACTaBHTejib IIlKOJibi «AHHajioB» — >KaK Jle Ibcjxj) — BbiABHHyji HAeio «oneHb
AOAroroCpeAHeBeKOBbH», KOTOpoeA-^Hjiocb, noeroy6e>KAeHHio, BnjioTb j\o KOHija XVIII
HJIH Aa^ce AO Hanajia XIX BeKa. Ho npn 3TOM HCO6XOAHMO OTMeTHTb, HTO Jle Ib(})cj) HMCJI B

BHAy He OAHH TOJibKo MaTepnajibHbie oTHOiueHHH H 3KOHOMHnecKHe CTpyKTypbi, H Boo6me
He CTOJIbKO HX, — OH nOAHepKHBaJI npe^KAe BCerO yCTOHHHBOCTb TpaAHlJHOHHOH KapTHHbl

MHpa, npHcymen 6ojibuiHHCTBy HacejieHHH EBponw Aaace H B nepnoAbi PeHeccaHca H ITpoCBemeHHH. HHWMH cjiOBaMH, 3aHMCTBOBaHHoe Jle IOCJHJDOM y BpoAejin noHKrae la longue
duree HanojiHneTCH cymecrBeHHo HOBLIM coAep>KaHHeM.

«KHHrH HMeioT CBOK) cyzji»6y»
EoJIblHOH BKJiaA BpOAeJIH B pa3BHTHe HCTOpHHeCKOH MblCJIH HeCOMHeHeH. H o MOHCCT JIH

HCTopHK, MHTaiomHH ero TpyAbi Ha py6eace XX H XXI CTOJICTHH, oijeHHBaTb HX TaK ace BbiCOKO, KaK oijeHHBajiH HX B nocjieBoeHHOH OpamjHH? Tenepb MW npHHy>KAeHbi paccMaTpnBaTb HX B cymecTBeHHO HHOH nepcneKTHBe, noA ApyrHM yrjiOM 3peHHH.
IIoxBajibi H BOCToprn no aApecy «CpeAH3eMHOMopbH» BO (J)paHuy3CKOH HcropHorpacj)HH
6buiH CTOJib eAHHOAymHbi, HTO KHHra cpa3y ace CAejiajiacb KJiaccHKOH. TaK, KcraTH, ee oijeHHBaji H caM BpoAejib. O H noBTopaeT 3Ty oqeHicy B npeAHCJiOBHH KO BTopoMy H3AaHHK>:
HeKOTopwe Apy3bH oTroBapHBajiH ero HTO-JIH6O MeHHTb B TeKCTe, CAeJiaBiueMCH KJiaccHHecKHM. O H npH3HaBaji, HTO ero TpyA nopoAHJi Maccy nocjieAOBaTejien H npoAOJitfcaTejien. n o
cjioBaM BpoAejiM, B aApec «CpeAH3eMHOMopbH» 6buio BbicKa3aHO «CJIHUIKOM MHoro KOMITJIHMeHTOB H CJIHIIIKOM MaJIO KpHTHKH»...
BnponeM, eABa JIH OH Bnojme npaB. KpHTHKa 6buia H OTHiOAb He HecymecTBeHHan. LJeJIMH pHA pei;eH3eHTOB, pa3AejiHH BaacHocrb BBeAeHHH B ncropHHecKoe nccjieAOBaHHe npnuijnna MHOHCCCTBCHHOCTH BpeMeHHbix AflHTejibHocreH, BMecTe c TeM OTMenajiH, HTO OHH He

A. SI. fypeeuu. OepHaH EpoAejib, neBeu, CpeAH3eMHOMopbH...

519

B COCTOflHHH IIOCTHrHyTbTOrO, KaK O p r a H H 3 0 B a H a H e p a p X H H pa3HbIX pHTMOB H KaKOBbI COOTHOIlieHMH MOKAy «CTpyKTypaMM», nOAHHHHK)li;HMHCH «BpeMeHH 6o^bUIOH npOTH>KeHHO-

CTH», M «KOHT>ioHKTrypaMH», B KOTopbix AeficTByeT BpeMH cpaBHHTejibHO 6ojiee KpaTKoe. B
3TOH CBH3M B03HHKajio onaceHwe: He pacnaAaeTca JIH H3yHaeMaji BpoAejieM «TOTajibHaii HCTopHH» Ha Konr^oMepaT pa3po3HeHHbix HBJieHHH H npoqeccoB, o6pa3yiomHX He jioraHecKH
CBH3Hoe u,e;ioe, a necrpyio M03aHKy? B neM BHyTpeHHHH CBH3b MeacAy TpeMH ypoBHHMH —
reorpa(J)HHecKHM, coijHajibHbiM H co6biTHHHbiM? FIoKa 3Ta CBH3b, no cjiOBaM KPHTHKOB,
ocTaeTCH Hey6eAHTejibHOH, H nepexoAbi OT OAHoro ypoBHH K ApyroMy — HeacHbiMHls.
3TH Bonpocw, coMHeHHH H HeAoyMeHHH 3aTparHBaiOT caMoe cymecTBO npo6jieMbi. H6o
ecnH ypoBHH paccMOTpeHHH npHpoAHO-reorpacJDHHecKOH cpeAbi, xo3HHCTBa, couwajibHOH
CTpyKTypw, MaTepnajibHOH i;HBHJiH3ai;HH, rocyAapcTBeHHoro crpofl H HHCTHTyroB, nojiHTHHecKHx co6biTHH H MeHTajibHocTeft o6oco6jieHbi H He o6Hapy>KHBaK)T CBH3en Me^KAy co6 o H , TO HTO >Ke OCTaeTCH OT npOKJiaMHpOBaHHOH EpOACTieM «TOTaJlbHOH HCTOpHH» H Ha HeM

AepncHTCH eAHHCTBo HapHCOBaHHoft MM naHopaMbi MHpa CpeAH3eMHOMopbH B anoxy 3>H^nnna II? H He npaB Jin B TaKOM cjiynae aMepHicaHCKHH HCTOPHK XeKcrep, KOTopbift, noABepraa 3TOT TpyA paAHKa^bHoft KpHTHKe, yTBepacAaji, HTO B HeM HeT eAHHCTBa npo6jieMaTHKH?H
Majio 3Toro, XeKCTep OTMenaji, HTO caMoe pacnpeAC/ieHHe EpoAcneM HCTopHnecKHx
4)eHOMeHOB Ha «CTpyKTypHbie», «KOHTjK)HKTypHbie» H «Co6bITHHHbie» C HK06bI COOTBeTCTBy-

romHMH Ka^KAOH KaTeropHH oco6biMH BpeMeHHbiMH AAMTejibHocTHMH (HJIH, KaK BbipaacaeTCH X e K C T e p , «A^IHHHbIMH», «CpeAHHMH» H «KOpOTKHMH» «BOJIHaMH») BCCbMa CnOpHO, H 6 O

H npHpoAHbie HBjieuuH Moryr oTjinnaTbcn KpaTKOBpeMeHHOCTbio (npHMepu — H3BepaceHHe
Be3yBHH HJIH JIwccaGoHCKoe 3eM7ieTpHceHHe), H nojiHTHHecKHe HHCTHTyTbi Moryr OKa3aTbCH B pa3pHAe «BpeMeHH oneHb 6ojibiuoH npoTH>KeHHOCTH» (HanpHMep, MOHapxH^). KTOMy
ace, pa3Ae^eHHe HcropHHecKHx (J>eHOMeHOB Ha nojiHTHHecKHe, coijHajibHbie HJIH pejinrao3Hbie noAnac npow3BOJibHO. KaKoft (J)eHOMeH npeACTaBjinjiH CO6OH Te ace MOHapxwH CpeAH3eMHOMopbH B H3yMeHHyK) BpoAejieM anoxy — no^HTHnecKHH, pejiHrH03HbiH HJIH COUHajibHbiH? 1 5

R no;iaraio, HTO 3TO B03pa^KCHHe cymecrBeHHO. nocrpoeHwe KHHrn o CpeAH3eMHOMOpbe npeACTaa/iHeTCH HCKyccTBeHHbiM, a pacnjieHeHHe HCTopHnecKoro BpeMeHH HaypoBHH —
npoH3Bo^bHbiM. BbiAe^eHHbie BpoAejieM ypoBHH AeficTBHTejibHOCTH He cBH3aHbi MeacAy
CO6OH, H npeAno^araeMbiH xapaKTep HOAO6HOH CBH3H He HaMeneH Aaace H TeopeTHnecKH.
«ToTajibHaH HCTopHH», ecjiH ee noHHMaTb He KaK HameTaHHe BO3MOHCHO 6o;ibiiiero HHC/ia
pa3po3HeHHbix cJ>aKTOB, a B KanecTBe CHHTe3a, ocTaeTca 6;iaraM noacejiaHweM H OTHiOAb He
peajiH3yeTCH.
OAHaKO CKa3aHHoe He 03HanaeT, 6yATO B ocHOBaHHH B03BeAeHHoro BpoAejieM rpaHAH03Horo coopy^KeHHH BOo6me HCBO3MO5KHO o6Hapy>KHTb HHKaKoro o6mero npwHUHna. TaKOH npHHunn BcerAa TaK HJIH HHane 3a/io>KeH B HCTopHnecKOM HccjieAOBaHHH, H 6bijio 6bi
Hejieno 3anoA03pHTbyqeHoro Maciirra6a EpoAejin B OTcyTCTBHH TeopHH — OHa HMeeTCH H
c^opMyjiwpoBaHa c AOCTaTOHHOH onpeAejieHHOCTbK).

520

llpHJIOtfCeHHfl

TeM 6ojiee, HTO nepe3 HecKOJibKO jieT noc/ie ony6;iHKOBaHHH «CpeAH3eMHOMopbH» EpoAc/ib BbiCTynH/i c TeopeTHHecKOH CTaTbew «HcTopH5£ H coijHajibHbie HayKH: BpeMH 6o;ibuiOH
^7iHTejibHOCTH»16. JXojimfi nyTb oTAejmeT 111. B. JIaHiviya H III. CeHbo6oca — TeopeTHKOB
n03HTHBH3Ma B HCTOpHH — OT M a p K a BjIOKa, aBTOpa 3HaMeHHTOH «AnOJIOrHH HCTOpHH», B
KOTOpOH OH 0 6 0 C H 0 B b I B a e T Heo6xOAHMOCTb paflHKaJIbHOrO o6HOBJieHHH MeTOAOB HCTOpH-

necKoro Hcc/ieAOBaHHH. Ho KOJieco He ocraHOBHJiocb H nocjie EjioKa, roBopHT EpoAejib17. B
3TOH CTaTbe, yBHAeBiueH CBCT B 1958 roAy, T. e. — OTMCTHM 3TO coBnaAeuHe — oAHOBpeMenHO co «CTpyKTypHOH aHTpono;iorHeH» JleBH-CTpocca, EpoAejib nbiTaeTCH o6ocnoBaTb co6CTBeHHoe noHHMaHwe HayKH ncropHH H MecTa, KOTopoe OHa 3aHHMaeT, HJIH AOJDKHa 3annMaTb, B paay ApyrHx HayK o neAOBeKe. AnajiH3 KaTeropHH BpeMeHH, H cpeAH HHX B nepByio
onepeAb «la longue duree», noMor 6bi, Ha ero B3IVIHA, Bbipa6oTaTb H3LIK, O6II;HH /LIH HCTOpHH UJUIH COUHaJIbHblX HayK ( S K O H O M H K H , COUHO^OrHH, nCHXOJIOrHH, ACMOrpa(J)HH, 3THO-

^orHH, aHTponojiorHH, HeAOBenecKOH reorpacj)HH...)18.
JXJIH 1558 roAa TaK ace, KaK H JX^JIH 1958 ro/ja, HCTopHKy BaacHO onpeAcnHTb nepapxnio
emi, TeneHHH, ABHHCCHHH H ycTaHOBHTb (J)opMy HX KOHCTC^JIHUHH. JXJIH 3Toro HCO6XOAHMO
H3yHHTb p a 3 H b i e BpeMeHHbie pHTMbl H CB5I3aTb HX C COOTBeTCTByK>mHMH ypOBHHMH HCTOpH"

qecKOH pea/ibHocTH. nepexoA OT nappaTHBHOH HCTopHH, KOTopaji cocpeAOTOHHBaeT CBoe
BHHMaHHe HaC06bITHH, COBepUiaiOmeMCH B «KpaTKOM B p e M e H H » , KHCTOpHH rJiy6HHHOH, K

HCTopHH 3KOHOMHHecKHx H coHHanbHbix cTpyioyp, Tpe6yeT nepeKJiKDHeHHH Ha «BpeMH jyiwTejibHoe» — BpeM5i xo3HHCTBeHHbix UHIOIOB, nepnoAOB ACMorpa(J)HHecKHX noA^eMOB H cnaAOB.
«CTpyKTypa» JUIH HCTopwKa ecTb KOHcrpyKT, nnuieT EpoAejib. H o BMecTe c TeM H npe>KAe Bcero OHa npeACTaBJiaeT CO6OH peajibHOCTb, CBH3aHHyio co BpeMeHeM 6o;ibiiiOH npoTHaceHHOCTH. Crpyiaypbi npnAaioT cj)opMy HejiOBenecKOH *CH3HH, nperorrcTByH ee «pacno;i3aHHK)», OHH craBjiT eft npeAejibi, 3a KOTopwe nejiOBeK H ero onbiT He Moiyr BWHTH. 3 T O KacaeTCH H npnpoAHo-reorpa(J)HHecKHX, H GnojiorHHecKHX KOHcraHT; Ha npoTHaceHHH BCKOB
HC/IOBCK ocraeTCH mieHHHKOM miHMaTa, roAHHHbix IJHKAOB, pacTHTejibHoro Mwpa H ypo>KaeB, norojiOBbH CKOTa, THna 3eMJieAeJiHH H yc/ioBHH npoH3BOACTBa. «Ho H onpeAejieHHbie
(J)opMbi MeHTajibHOCTH, — 3aMenaeT BpoAejib, ccbuiajicb Ha pa6oTbi JIiocbeHa OeBpa, CJJHJIOjiora 3pHCTa-Po6epTa Kypunyca H HCTopHKa HCKyccTBa nbepa OpaHKacrejifl, — TaioKe MOryro6pa30BbiBaTbTeMHHUbi BpeMeHH 6ojibiuoH npoT5DKeHHOCTH»ly.
BpoAejib HCXOAHT H3 MMCJIH (3Aecb H B03Bpamaiocb K ero «CpeAH3eMHOMopbio»), HTO
npnpoAHbie H reorpa<J)HHecKHe yc/ioBHH BKyne c Ma i cpiKUibHO-3KOHOMHHecKHMH AamioCTHMH BCeueAO H BCeCTOpOHHe ACTepMHHIIJ)\ IOT AeflTeJIbHOCTb JHOAefi. OTCK>AaTe3HC O CBH-

3aHHOCTH, HecBo6oAe HHAHBHAOB H HcvioBenecKHx rpynn, npHH)OKAeHHbix Bbi6npaTby3KHe
TpOnHHKH CpeAH HeABH>KHMbIX MUCCHBOB npeAOnpeACAeHHOH HCTOpHH. OTCIOAa npHHUH-

nnanbHoe npeHe6peaceHHe coobiTHeM: OHO nponcxoAHT B «KOPOTKOM BpeMeHH», a noTOMy
HKOGbl H He MOHCeT OKa3bIBa 1 b BAHHHHH Ha MOlUHbie UeHTpa/IbHbie TeHeHHH HCTOpHHeCKOrO

npouecca, Hac})yHKUHOiiiipoBaHHecy6cTaHi;HOHajibHbixcTpyKTyp. ECJIH (})aKTbi, coBepuialomnecH B «KOPOTKOM upcMeHH» co6biTHHHOH HCTopHH, — He 6oAee, neM «nbuib» (BpoAejib

A. H. Fypeeuu. OepnaH BpoAeAb, neBeu; CpeAH3eMHOMopbH...

521

MHoroKpaTHO npn6eraeT K 3TOMy ynoAo6jieHHio: poussiere d'evenements, poussiere d'actes,
poussiere de faits divers), «nbuib», eABa;iHiiib npHKacaiomaacH K IICWIHHHOM noHBe HCTOpHH, TO HCTIOBeHeCKafl HHHUMaTHBa, KOTOpaa BeAbTOJIbKO B HHX, B KOHKpeTHblX H 6 b I C T p O
TeHHblX Co6bITHHX, H MOHCCT npOHBAHTbCH, MHHHMH3HpyeTCH RO TaKOH CTeneHH, HTO HCTO-

pHK, KaK OH no;iaraeT, BnpaBe eio npeHe6penb.
CTpaHHbiM o6pa30M M3Tp «HOBOH HCTopHHecKOH HayKH» npHAepacHBaeTOi BecbMao6BeTmaBiuero no3HTHBHCTCKoro MHCHHH, coniacHO KOTopoMy HcropHHecKHH (f)aKT npeACTaBJIHGT CO6OH CBoero poAa «aTOM», o6oco6jieHHyio H He3aBHCHMyio OT Apyrnx nacTHHKy. A
MOKAy TeM cpeAM 3THX «(J)aKTOB» B XVI M XVII Beicax 6buiH BoccraHHH, Pecj>opMau;HH, BOHHbl, — «(})aKTbI» HCKJHOHHTC/IbHO CJIOtfCHbie, H HTO A^JiaTb C HHMH, HCXOAH H3 n03HIJHH BpO"

AejiH?20 O H BOo6me, HO-BHAHMOMV, He CKAOHCH OTrpaHHHHBaTb noHHTne «co6biTHH» OT noHflTHH «HCTOpHHeCKOrO (})aKTa», T. e . HBJieHHH HCTOpHH OT C03AaBaeMOH HCTOpHKOM KOH-

CTpyKUHH. 3TO BecbMaoAHOCTopoHHee, noBepxHocrnoe H, noBTOpaio, AaBHOycTapeBiuee
noHHMaHwe (J)aKTa, BbiABHraeMoe nocjie Bcex MeTOAOJiorHnecKHx AHCKVCCHH, KOTopwe pa3BepTbiBajiHCb Ha npoTaacenHH nepBOH noAOBHHbi XX CTOJICTHH 21, npH3HaTbCH, VAHBAHCT H
craBHTBTynHK...
IIpaBAa, B CBeTc AaJibneHiiiero pa3BHTHH IIIKOJIW EpoAejin BbiMCHneTCH, HTO He Bee «cf)aKTbi» noABepraioTCH ocTpaKH3My. ripeHe6peraioTjiMiiibMHoroo6pa3HbiMH, HHAHBHAyajibHO
OKpameHHbiMH (jjaicraMH. ECAH TKG OHH OAHOPOAHW, noBTopnioTCH H yKJiaAbiBaioTCH B «cepwn», a noTOMy Moiyr 6biTb noABeprnvTbi cneTy H HHMM onepaijHflM, ecjin HX «npHMVT»
KajibKyjiHTop H KOMnbiOTep, TO OHH BO3BOAHTCH B paHr «HayHHbix (J)aKTOB» H noA-Jie>KaT HCcjieAOBaHHio. TaKoro poAa «cepHHHbie cj>aKTbi», noAnaAaiomne noA ACHCTBHC «la longue
duree», OAHHTOAbKOAoporncepAUy «HOBbixHcropHKOB» 6poAe^eBCKoroTOAKa —Ilbepy
IIIOHK) HJIH Opancya Oiope... 3Aecb, Ha MOM B3r;iHA, pacKpbiBaeTca TanHa OTBpameHHH
BpoAeAH H ero nocjieAOBaTeAen K «(})aKTy-co6biTHio», coBepmaiomeMyoi B «KpaTKOM BpeMeHH»: 3TO OTBpailieHHC K HHAHBHAyaJlbHOMy B HCTOpHH.
Pa3rpaHHHeHHe neoAHHaKOBbix MOAanbHocreH HcropHHecKoro BpeMeHH MOHceTOiyHCHTb
noAe3HbiM HHCTpyMeHTOM npn pacH^eHeHHH MaTepHajia. Ho OHO nojie3HO jinuib B icaneCTBe noACo6Horo cpeACTBa H — nnaBHoe — npH VCJIOBHH, HTO He npeBpamaeTCH B napaMeTp
AeftcTBHTeAbHoro, o6T.eKTHBHoro npoTeKaHHH HCTopHHecKoro nporjecca. MencAyTeM npn
H3yHeHHH «CpeAH3eMHOMopbH» (H 3HaMeHHTOH CTaTbH 06 HCTOPHH, coquajibHbix HayKax H
«la longue duree») noAnac co3AaeTCH BnenaT/ieHHe, HTO «crpyKTypbi» w «KOHT>ioHKTypbi» c
npncymHMH HM HeoAHHaKOBbiMH (J)opMaMn A^HTejibHOCTH o6peTaioT cy6craHu;HOHajibHOCTb
H cymecTByioT noMHMO roAOBbi CKOHCTpyHpoBaBiuero HX HCTopHKa (HecMOTpn Ha TO, HTO
EpoAe;ib3aBepHJi, HTO «BpeMH H IIpocTpaHCTBocyTbAHiiibcpeACTBa»).
HenpaBOMepHoe ncnoAb30BaHHe MOACACH H «HAeajibHbixTHnoB», KOTopwe H3 Aa6opaTopHH yneHoro nepexoA^T Ha CTpaHHUbi ero noBecTBOBaHHH, HapyuiaeT >KHByio TKaHb neJIOBeneCKOH HCTOpHH. CTpyKTypaJIH3M, 3aHMCTBOBaHHbIH H3 AHHrBHCTHKH H 3THOAOrHH,
TAe OH npHMeHHJICH KH3bIKOBbIM H CHMBOJIHHeCKHM (J)OpMaM, K HeOC03HaHHbIM (JjeHOMeHaM

KOjmeKTHBHoro noBeAeHHH, nepeHeceH BpoAeAeM B HcropHHecKoe HCCAeAOBaHHe H npe-

522

ripmicoKeHHii

BpameH B yHHBepcajibHbiH HHCTpyMeHT OGTJHCHCHHH. H O 3TOT nepeHoc He6e3onaceH. O H
npHBOAHT KO BceoxBaTbmaiomeMy, acecTKOMy AeTepMHHH3My H, KaK BHAHM, OTpnijaeT nejioBeHecKyio cBo6oAy, He ocraBJiHH npocTpaHCTBa jyin Bbi6opa H TBOpnecTBa.
ConiacHo 6poAejieBCKOMy AeTepMHHH3My, Te imacTbi peajibHOCTH, KOTopwe MeHee Bcero MeHHioTCH, — npnpoAHO-reorpa(J)HHecKHe yoiOBHH — BMecTe c TeM B HanGojibiueH creneHH onpeAe^HiOT HejiOBenecKyio >KH3Hb. O T HHX 3aBHCHT 3KOHOMHKa H coqwajibHaii CTpyicryp a . H e M KOpOHe p H T M b l , KOTOpbIM n O ^ H M H e H TOT HJIH HHOH y p O B C H b ACHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH,

TeM B MeHbuieft Mepe 3TOT ypoBeHb 0Ka3bmaeT CBoe B03AencTBHe Ha ncropHHecKHH npouecc. HepapxHH BpeMeHHbix A-JiHTejibHocreH cooTBeTCTByeT, no BpoAeAio, nepapxHH npnHHHHO-CJieACTBeHHblX CBH3CH B HCTOpHH.
Ho 3TOT HcnoBeAyeMbiH «reoHCTopHKOM» BpoAejieM BHA ACTepMHHH3Ma He y6e>KAaeT,
H BecbMa CTpanHo, HTO OH, no-BHAHMOMy, npomeji He3aMeneHHbiM OeBpoM, KOTopwn B CBoe
BpeMH peiiiHTejibHO H cnpaBeAJiHBO KpnTHKOBaji PaTiiejiH — HeMeuKoro reorpacj)a H HCTOpHKa — 3a HeHTO noAo6noe H yac HHKaK He 6bui CKJIOHCH CBOAHTb TBopnecTBO H noBeAeHHe
JIiOTepa H Apyrnx BbiAaiomnxcH ACHTejieH PecJDopMaijHH H Bo3po5KAeHHH K naccHBiion pojin
noccH6HJiHCTOB. BcnoMHHM, c KaKow nocjieAOBaTejibHOCTbio peajiH30Baji BJIOK B CBOHX HCCJieAOBaHHHX MblCJIb O B3aHMOAeHCTBHH HeJIOBCHCCKOH HHHUHaTHBbI C o6-beKTHBHbIMH y O
AOBHHMH, 0 6 HX « B 3 a H M O n e p e c e H e H H H » , BCHKHH p a 3 HHAHBHAyaJIbHO-HenOBTOpHMOM, KO~
T O p O e TOJIbKO H A ^ e T B03MO)KHOCTb nOHBJieHHH HOBOrO, — H Mbl y6eAHMCH B TOM, HaCKOJIbKO

AajieK BpoAeAb OT CBOHX npeAuiecTBeHHHKOB.
H Bee ace H nojiaraio, HTO npeAmecTBeHHHKaMH 6bui yace OTnacTH HaMeneH nyTb, no KOTopoMy noiueji BpoAejib. OeBp MHoro roBopnA o CGJIHHCCHHH HCTOPHH c ApyrHMH HaynaMH
o nejiOBeKe. npaBAa, OH HMCJI B BHAy npn STOM nojie3Hyio H Aaace Heo6xoAHMyK) AJIH HCTOpHH noAHAHCunnAHHapHocTb, a OTHiOAb He pacTBopeHHe HCTopHnecKoro peMecAa B Apyrnx AHCu,HnjiHHax. TeM He MeHee onpeAejieHHaji TeHAenuHH K 3KcnaHCHH HCTOPHH 6buia
yace HajiHuo. BpoAejib ace npoHHKca na(jx>coM TaKoro ajiwrnca HCTOPHH c coijHajibHbiMH
HayKaMH, npn KOTopoM oHa nrpajia 6bi pojib jiHAepa. Ho 3a 3Ty pojib BcerAa BOAbHO HJIH
HeBOJibHO npnxoAHTCH «ruiaTHTb». JXJIH Toro HTo6bi HCTOPHH CAejiajiacb BeAymeii counajibHOH HayKOH, en HyacHO noAseprHyTb ce6n BHyTpeHHen peKOHCTpyioiHH H H36aBHTbcn OT
Tex nepT, KOTopue O6OCO6AHIOT ee OT coijHOJiorHH HAH SKOHOMHKH, T. e. OT HCCJieAOBaHHH
4>aKTa, co6biTHH, HHAHBHAyajibHoro, HenoBTopHMoro. BAOK H OeBp BoeBajiH npoTHB (J)aKTorpa(J)HHecKOH 6ecnpo6jieMHOH HCTOPHH, HO eABa JIH OHH HaMepeBajincb BOo6me noKOHHHTb c HCTopneH co6biTHH. npeeMHHK OeBpa Ha nocry AHAepa «AHHajioB» BO3BCA OTpnixaHne co6biTHH B npHHijHn. H OH, H ero nocAeAOBaTeAH KaTeropwHecKH BbiCTynajiw npoTHB
«HCTopHH-paccKa3a».
npeAnpHHHMaH noAo6Hyio nepecrpoHKy npHHiinnoB H MCTOAOB HCTopHnecKoro HCCAeAOBaHHH, BpoAejib H ero npoAOJDKaTCJiH «He 3aMeTmiH» Toro, KaK H3 HCTOPHH CTajio yjieTyHHBaTbCH caMoe cymecTBeHHoe, o neM cTOJib y6eAHTejibHO H HacTOHHHBO nncajin OeBp H
BJIOK, — ee }KHBoe, HejioBenecKoe coAep>KaHHe. HejiOBeK, B rjia3ax aBTopa «CpeAH3eMHOMOpbH», npeACTaBJineT CO6OH a6cTpaKH.Hio, H6O OH ecTb He 6ojiee, neM «nepeceneHHe BpeMe-

A. SI. rypeeuu. OepHaH EpoAejib, neBeu, CpeAH3eMHOMopbH...

523

HH H npocTpancTBa», yc^OBHH H napaMeTpoB ero ACHCTBHH. O H OTCTynaeT B TeHb nepeA
HenpemiOHHbiM AeTepMHHH3MOM npHpoAHoro OKppKeHHH T2. Mepbi, Beca, TOHHaacH Kopa6jieft, TOBapHbie HCHHOCTH, CKopocTH, paccTOHHHH H noAo6Hbie MaTepHajibHbie (})aKTopbi —
He OHH nw HBJIHIOTCH niaBHbiMH H aKTHBHbiMH nepcoHaacaMH 3Toro pa3pa6aTbiBaeMoro EpoAejieM HOBoro rana coi^najibHOH HCTopHH?
Ilo3TOMy Bno^He no-CBoeMy jiorHHHO H nocneAOBaTejibHO EpoAejib HrHopHpyeTTO, HTO
6buio BBeAeHo B HcropHHecKyio npocJ)eccHio ero npe/nuecTBeHHHKaMH, _ HCTopHK) MeHTajibHocTen.
B caMOM AC/ie, nero pa^H BbiacHHTb cnoco6bi MnpoBoenpHHTHH, OCOGCHHOCTH «AyxoBHOrO BOOpy^KeHHH» H CneUH(J)HKy 3MOH,HOHaJIbHOH HCH3HH JIIOACH AaHHOH 3nOXH, eCJIH HX

B03AeHCTBHeM HaxoA HCTopHH Bno;iHe MOHCHO npeHe6peHb KaK «6ecKOHeHHO Majion BCJIHHHHOH»? ConiaCHBIlIHCb C MblOIbK) O TOM, HTO HCJIOBeHeCKHe Co6bITHH npOHCXO/HIT B «KO-

POTKOM BpeMeHH», KOTopoe He cnoco6HO Hajio^KHTb CBOH OTnenaTOK Ha «CTpyKTypbi», Mbi
6buiH 6bi BnpaBe npeHe6penb H HcropHeH MeHTajibHOcreH.
H BOT pe3y^bTaT. He^OBeK KaK6bi Hcne3aeT, a «cTpyKTypbi», «KOH-biOHKTypbi», «AAHTejibHOCTH», reorpac})HHecKHe npocrpaHCTBa — nepcoHajiH3yiOTC5i2:\ Bee 3TH HOHATHH cyTb «BejiHKHe nepcoHa^KH», H BOKpyr HHX, HacTaHBaeT Bpoflejib, AOJDKHa nepecTpoHTbcn HCTopHHeCKaH HayKa, HCTOpHKH AO-JIHCHbl H3MeHHTb CTHJIb CBOerO MbHlIJieHHH, C(J)OpMyjIHpOBaTb
HOBOe nOHHMaHHe COIJHaJIbHOCTH, «nepeOCMbIC7IHTbTOTaJIbHyiO HCTOpHK)» 24 .
KaKHM 7KG 0 6 p a 3 0 M B KOHTeKCTe n 0 A 0 6 H 0 H MeTOAOJIOrHH o6l>HCHHIOTCH (J)eHOMeHbI

AyxoBHOH HCH3HH? CioaceT BpoAejiH, KaK Mbi yxce 3HaeM, —XVI BeK. KaK 06'bHCHHTb, HanpHMep, TOT (})aKT, HTO HaHBblCIIIHH nHK paCIJBeTa KyjIbTypbl Bo3pO>KAeHHH npHXOAMTCH B H T a -

JIHH Ha nepnoA ee 3KOHOMHnecKoro ynaAKa? IlbiiuHbie ijBeTbi H,HBHJiH3au,HH, 3aMenaeT BpoAe^b, o6biHHO npoH3pacTaioT noA MpanHbiMH, npeAsemaiomHMH 6eAy He6ecaMH. 06i>HCHeHHe, KOTOpoe OH AaeT, TaKOBO. B yCJIOBHHX CBepTblBaHHfl 3KOHOMHHCCKOH aKTHBHOCTH B

HTa^HH H B HcnanHH B KOHije XV H Hanajie XVI BeKa npeAnpHHHMaTejiH, o6jiaAaBiiiHe
6o^biiiHMH cyMMaMH AeHer, KOTopwe OHH He cyMejiH nycTHTb B TOBapHoe o6pameHHe, MorJIH n03BOJIHTb C e 6 e TpaTHTb HX Ha HCKyCCTBO H MdjeHaTCTBO. H XOTCfl 6 b l OIUH6HTbCH, HO

HHKaKoro Apyroro 06'bHCHeHHH Ky^bTypHoro pacijBeTa B 3noxy Bo3po>KAeHH5i H B KHHre He
o6Hapy>KHJi...
IIpHxoAHTCfl KOHCTaTHpoBaTb: OepHaH BpoAe^b, Ha npoTH>KeHHH A-flHTejibHoro BpeMeHH KaK 6 b l OJIHIjeTBOpflBIUHH IIJKOJiy «AHHaJIOB», o6oiIie.7ICfl B CBOHX HCCTieAOBaHHHX 6 e 3

niaBHoro 3aBoeBaHHH 3TOH LLlKOJibi — HcropHKO-aHTponojioraHecKoro noAXOAa, BK/HOHaiomero H3yneHHe MeHTajibHocren, KapTHH MHpa. 06ome;i ero CTOPOHOH, Aaace He noABeprHyB ero ncnbrraHHio «Ha npoHHOCTb», He nocTaBHB Bonpoca, B KaKOH Mepe njiOAOTBopHO
HaMeneHHoe OeBpoM H BJIOKOM HanpaaJieHHe noHCKa25.
51 y6encAeH B TOM, HTO MHorae KpHTHnecKHe HanaAKH na IllKOJiy «AHHajiOB», He BcerAa
HecnpaBeA^iHBbie, ocHOBaHbi Ha CBoero poAa HeAopa3yMeHHH, Ha HenpaBHJibHOH onraKe.
IIo nacTH cyAHT o UCTIOM, OIIIH6OHHO CMeiuHBaa pa3Hbie TCHACHUHH B STOM HayHHOM Ha-

npaB^eHHH. BpoAejib, npH BceM ero orpoMHOM aBTopHTeTe, He 6bui BoruiomeHHeM cyme-

524

YlpvuioyKeuna

CTBa IllKo^bi «AHHajioB», ecjiH CHHTaTb ee cymecrBOM MeTOAOJioraio MapKa Bjiona H JIIOCLeHaOeBpa (cKOJib6bi HH OTJinnajincb OAHH OT Apyroro 06a ocHOBaTejin «AHHajiOB»).
ECJIH HanpaBJieHHe, y HCTOKOB KOToporo CTOHT EJIOK, MoaceT 6biTb oxapaKTepn30BaHO
KaK HOBblH BHA COIJHaJIbHOH H C T O p H H , O p r a H H H C C K H BKJHOHaK)meH B Ce6fl HCCJieAOBaHHe

noBeAeHHH H MeHTajibHocren JIIOACH, TO «reoHCTopHH» OepHaHa EpoAejin npeACTaBjifleT
CO6OH coneTaHHe 3KOHOMHnecKoro MaTepnajiH3Ma c reorpac})HHecKHM AeTepMHHH3MOM. IIOA
HOBbiMH HaHMeHOBaHHHMH npenoAHOCHTCH He TaKoe )OK opHrwHajibHoe coAepncaHHe — OTp H i ; a H H e Me^OBeneCKOH aKTHBHOCTH H HHHIJHaTHBbl, H r H O p H p O B a H H C pOJIH C03HaHHH HH-

AHBHAOB H rpynn B HCTopHHecKOM npoqecce.
BpoACJib 6bui npaB, Ha3biBan ce6n CTpyKTypajincTOM. B KOHije 50-x H B 60-e TOAI>I CTpyKTypaJIH3M OKa3a7I MOIIJHOe B03ACHCTBHe H a M H O r H e OTpaCJIH 3HaHHH, B TOM HHCJie H H a HCTO-

pHio. Bo3AeHCTBHe 3TO 6buio OTHacTH njioAOTBopHbiM. H o BMecTe c TeM Hejib3H He o6paTHTb BHHManHH H Ha Apyryio CTopony MeAajiH. OrpyKTypHbiH noAxoA K TeKyneH H MCHHIOUieiiCH HCTOpHHeCKOH AeHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH H e B COCTOHHHH yJIOBHTb (})aKTOpbI ABHHCCHHH,

OH (J)HKCnpyeT npeHM)Ti;ecTBeHHO 3jieMeirn>i CTaTHKH, HenoABHHtHbie HJIH Ka^cymnecM nenOABHJKHblMH «nOCTOHHHbIC BCJIHHHHbI». A nOTOMy npHMCHHMOCTb 3TOIX) MCTOAa K HCTOpHH He Mo>KeT He 6biTb BecbMa orpaiiHHeHiioH. OAHaKO Ae.no He TOJibKO B 3TOM. CymecTByeT
onacHOCTb peHcJjHKan.HH CTpyKTyp, npeBpameHHH HX H3 cpeACTB HayHHoro aHajiH3a H opraHH3ai;HH MaTepHajia B caMOCTOHTejibHbie cymHOcra. IlpHMeHeHHe CTpyKTypHoro noAxoAa
BpoAejieM, KaK KaaceTCH, He 6buio CBO6OAHO OT 3TOH OUIH6OHHOH HHTepnpeTainiH.

Hbine «CpeAH3eMHOMopbe», BnojiHeecrecTBeHHO, HHTaeTca HCTCMH nia3aMH, HOKe^H
TorAa. Mbi o6^aAaeM HHWM onbiTOM, H B nopoacAeHHOH HM nepcneKTHBe MHoroe oijenHBaeTCH no-HOBOMy. Ho TpyAHO yPim H OT npeAnojioaceHHH o TOM, HTO B o6craHOBKe Bceo6mero
BocxBajieHHH BpoAe/iH H ero TpyAOB, co3AaBiueHC5i BO (J)paHuy3CKOH HCTOpworpa(J)HH (H He
TOJibKo B Hen), cepbe3Ha*i KpHTHKa ero nocrpoeHHH 6buia BecbMa 3aTpyAHena, ecjin Boo6me
B03MO>KHa. He no^b30BajiCH JIH pyKOBOAHTejib IIIecTOH CCKLJHH H rjiaBHbin peAaKTop «AHHa;ioB» «nancKOH HenorpeuiHMOCTbio», AorMaT o KOTopoft OXOTHO noAAepncHBajiH ero MHOroHHCJieHHbie nocjieAOBaTejin? noA noKpoBOM 3Toro AorMaTa, B03BbiiuaBiuero (J)paHuy3CKyio
HCTOpHHeCKyK) IUKOJiy, OHH pa3BHBaJIH CBOH T e o p H H . KoH(j).7IHKT}Ke MOKAy M3TpOM H TCMH

H3 «MOJiOAbix», KOTopbie ne noimiH no ero CTonaM, 3aMajiHHBajioi, — TO 6buia, cyan no BceMy, «Ta6yHpoBaHHan» TeMa26. TaKOBon OHa, KaK KaaceTcn, ocraeTCH H noHbme.

Epofle;ib nocjie «CpeflH3eMHOMopbH»
«CpeAH3eMHOMopbe» — HCCOMHCHHO, caMoe BaatHoe H apKoe H3 Bcex npoH3BeAeHHH
BejiHKoro HCTopnKa. BpeMH co3AaHHH 3TOH KHHrH — «3Be3AHbiH Hac» ero BHyTpeHHero pa3BHTHH. Ho nepeA HCCJieAOBaTejiHMH TBopnecKoro nyTH EpoAejw ;iorHHHO B03HHKaji Bonpoc:
6bL7in JIH OTMeneHHbie Bbime OCO6CHHOCTH ero HCTopHHecKOH KOHuenuHH npwcymHMH oj\HOMy TOJibKO «CpeAH3eMHOMopbio» JIH6O ace HX MOJKHO o6Hapy5KHTb H B 6ojiee no3AHHx ero
COHHHeHHHX? 27

A. fl. rypeeuu. OepHaH BpoAeJib, neBei; CpeAH3eMHOMopbH...

525

B HeMeubmeH Mepe nepTbi 3KOHOMHHecKoro MaTepHajin3Ma npoHBmiHCb B ApyroM n p o
n3BeAeHHM BpoAe^H «MaTepnajibHaji u,HBHJin3auHH, 9KOHOMHKa H KannTajiH3M (XV—
XVIII BeKa)»2H. CnHTaH noHHTHe «cou.HajibHaH HCTOPHH» HeacHbiM w pacruibiBHaTbiM, OH
npeAnoHHTaeT eMy Apyroe — «couHajibna5i 3KOHOMHKa» (socio-economies) -J. ToproBJia, MOpexoACTBO, KOMMyHHKai;nH, ropoA, AenoKHoe o6pameHHe, nwma, noTpe6.neHne, uenbi,
>Kn^nma, Apyrne acneKTbi noBceAHeBHOH >KH3HH — TaKOBbi niaBHbie nepcoHaatH 3Toro KanHTajibiioro TpyAa, ocHOBaHHoro, KaK w npeAbiAymnw, Ha n3yHeHHH Ko^occajibHbix apxwBHbix 6oraTCTB. W 3Ty KHHry, iiecoMHeimo, MOJKHO Hcno;ib30BaTb B KanecTBe ijeHHoro cnpaBOHHHKa, H3o6HJiyiOmerO KOHKpeTHblMH CBeAeHHHMH.

EpoACJib HaHHHaeT CBoe nccjieAOBaHHe nocraHOBKOH oneHb BaatHoro Bonpoca: cymeCTByer^H HCKHH npeAe;i, orpaHHHHBaiomHH BCio>KH3Hb JHOACH, «noTOJiOK», KOToporo TpyAHO AOCTHHb H KOTOpblH Cll^e TpyAHCe npeOAOJieTb?'M)OAHaKO 3Ty « r p a H b MOKAy B03MO>KHbIM
H HeB03MOHCHbIM» OH UU\GT HCKJIIOHHTeJIbHO B C(J)epe MaTepHaJIbHO-3KOHOMHHeCKOH, OCTaB"

JIHH 6e3 aHajin3a BCK> o6;iacTb nc/iOBeHecKHX Mbic/ieH H 3MOU.HH, ncnxojiorHH w ueHHOCTew
(XOTH H Aejian Ha HHX rjiyxwe ccbuiKw). HHMMH c/iOBaMH, CTaBH Bonpoc o CBo6oAe nejiOBeKa
(pa3Be He cocroHTOHa, B Hacmocra, B TOM, HTOGW nbiTaTbCH npeoAOJieTb «HeB03MOHCHoe»
H CAe;iaTb ero «B03MO>KHbiM»?), EpoAe;ib pemaeT ero 3a npeAeJiaMH STOH CBo6oAbi.
JIio6onbiTHaH Bemb: EpoAejib H3ynaeTTaKHe AOKyMeHTbi, KaK nepenHCKa Kynups, pacneTHbie KHHrw, AOKJiaAbi KOHcynoB, — HCTOHHHKH, B KOTopmx Apyrwe HCCJieAOBaTejiH HaxoAflT, HapHAy c uw^paMH H nponew HHCTO KOMMepnecKOH HHCJjopMaijHeH, HeMajio_yKa3aHHH
na MeHTajiHTeT HX aBTopoB, — on ace npoxoAHT MHMO noAo6nbix CBHAeTe;ibCTB KaK HecymeCTBeHHbix, OHM He 3aAeBaioT ero BHHMaHHH, He B036y>KAaK)T HHTepeca.
H o ACTIO He TOJIbKO B TOM, HTO HCCJieAOBaTeJIb COCpeAOTOHHBaeT CBOe BHHMaHHe Ha OA"

HHx^Hiiib MaTepna/ibHbix acneicrax uHBHJiH3ai;HH. B KOHije KOHLJOB K3OKJXL>IPI HcropHK BnpaBe
Bbi6paTb HHTepecyiomHH ero paKypc. IIpo6jieMa, noBTop^K), B TOM, OT nero a6cTparHpyeTCM BeAymnH npeACTaBHTejib «HOBOH HcropHHecKOH HayKH», npeTeHAyiomeH Ha TO, HTO OHa
OXOTHO H >KaAHo B6HpaeT B ce6a HOBbie npo6jieMbi H MeTOAbi. H 3Aecb MHe npeACTaBJiaeTCH
AonycTHMbiM H noyHHTCJibHbiM npoBecTH Koe-KaKHe conocraBJieHHH.
JI no3BOJiio ce6e npoBecrw AsaTaKHx conocraBJieHHH.
IlepBoe.
«MaTepnajibHaH uHBHjiH3aunH, 3KOHOMHKa H KannTajiH3M» 6buia 3aBepuieHa npHMepHO
B Te TKG roAW, KorAa AOCTOHHHCM HayKH CTajia pa6oTa Apyroro aBTopa, B CBOK> onepeAb H36paBiuero cioaceTOM Hcc^eAOBaHHH 3anaAHoeBponeHCKyio uHBH^H3auHK) XVI — XVIII CTO^eTHH, — KHHra HeMeuKoro coijHOJiora M HCTopHKa Hop6epTa 3^Haca «IIpoijecc qHBHjiH3aUHH» sl . 3^nac H BpoAejib npHHaAJie>KaT K OAHOMy noKo^eHHio. KHHra 3^Haca 6buia BnepBbie ony6;iHKOBaHa B 1936 roAy, HO mnpoKHH pe30HaHC no^yHH^a npH6jiH3HTejibHO^Hiiib
3040 jieT cnycTH, KorAa 6biJia nepeH3AaHa H TOTnac nee nepeBeAeHa Ha pnA H3WKOB.
B ueHTpe BHHMaHHA 3^Haca— «aKKyjibTypauH5i» eBponenua, nocTeneHHaii Bbipa6oTKa
MM Tex uHBHjiH30BaHHbix HaBbiKOB, MaHep H HopM noBeAeHHH, KOTopwe cTajiw xapaKTep
HbiMH jxjia Hero B HoBoe BpeMH. 3TOT A^iHTejibHbiH npoijecc nepecTpoHKH HejiOBenecKOH

526

ripHJIOXCeHHH

JIHHHOCTH, ee «caMoo6y3AaHHH» H «npHpyHeHHH», Sjmac w Ha3breaeT «npon,eccoM UHBHJIH3aunH».
I1OAO6HO EpoAcnio, HCMCUKHH con.HO.Jior H3ynaeT HaKonjieHHe HOBWX npHBbineic H MaH e p B XOAe H3MCHCHHH MaTepnaTIbHOH, nO^HTHHeCKOM H COUMaJIbHOH HCH3HH. H o B TO BpeMH

KaK BpoAejib Bee BHHMaHne OT/jaeT cc})epe Bemeft, 3jiwac crpeMHTCH pacuiH(j)poBaTb iviy6HHHbie MeHTajibHbie, coi;HajibHO-ncHxojiorHHecKHe nepeMeHbi, KOTopwe KpoiOTCH 3a noHaneHHeM HOBbix npeAMeTOB o6HxoAa, 3a H3MeHeHHeM BHCIUHHX (jx>pM 6biTOBoro noseAeHHH.
OAHH H3 acneKTOB n,HBHJiH3an,HOHHoro nponecca, H3yneHHbix 3;iHacoM, — 3acTOJibHbie
MaHepw eBponewueB KOHna CpeAHeBeKOBbH H Hanajia HoBoro BpeMeHH. OcraHOBHMCH
BKpaTqe Ha cnoco6ax HX aHajiH3a, — 3TOT npHMep noKaaceT HaM MeTOAo;iorHK) 3jinaca H
BMecTe c TeM 6o;iee Bbinyicrco BbiCBeTHT MeTOAbi caMoro EpoAejiH.
B EBpone Toro nepwoAa nojiynaeT pacnpocTpaHeHwe acaHp HacraBJieHHH jyin K)HomeCTBa: KaK HaAJie>KHT BCCTH ce6n BO BpeMH COBMCCTHOH Tpane3bi? O T 6;iaropoAHoro nejiOBeKa o}KHAaeTCH 6;iaronpHCTOHHoe noBeAeHHe. CHAH 3a CTOJIOM, OH He AOJDKCH pwraTb, njieBaTbCH H CMopKaTbCH, yrapancb pyKOH HJIH no^OH KacJ)TaHa; He;ib3H 6jieBaTb, He yzjajinncb
OT cTOJia; HenpHJiHHHO KJiacTb HaAKycaHiibiH KycoK Mnca B 6JIIOAO, BbiCTaBjieHHoe jyisi o6mero nojib30BaHHH; Hejib3H pa36pacbmaTb o6rjiOAaHHbie KOCTH; Kpafi Ky6Ka, KOTopbiH nepeAaeT OAHH coTpane3HHK ApyroMy, H)OKHO o6TepeTb nocjie Toro, KaK Bbinmi H3 Hero, H T. A- 3 T H
oneBHAHbie Hbme MaHepw, B TO BpeMH, BHAHMO, AaJieKo He cpa3y H He jierKO npHBHBa/iHCb
Aaace B ABopHHCKOH cpeAe.
ripHHUHa ocpKAeHHH AypHoro noBeAenHH BO BpeMH COBMCCTHOH Tpane3bi 3aic7iioHa7iacb,
no MHeHHio 3;iHaca, He B rHrHeHHHecKHx coo6paaceHHHx, — OHM npHiiuiH HaMHoro no3AHee
H KaK 6 b l «3aAHHM HHC^OM». I l p H H H H a KOpeHHJiaCb B COUHaJIbHblX OTHOUieHHHX H yCJIOBHO-

CTHX: rpy6bie MaHepw ocKop6jinioT COCCACH, B OCO6CHHOCTH HaH6o;iee 3HaTHbix coTpane3HHKOB. llocTeneHHO HOBbie KypTya3Hbie HpaBbi, Bbipa6aTbiBaBiiiHecH npH KHH^KCCKHX H KOpo^eBCKHx ABopax, nepecTajiH 6biTb AOCTOHHHCM OAHHX jinuib 6jiaropoAHbix H pacnpocrpaHHJiHCb B 6ioprepcKOH cpeAe. OHH oTjinnajiH juojxePi BocnHTaHHbix OT npocro/noAHHOB,
npe^KAe Bcero KpecTbHH, KOTopwx aBTopbi TpaKTaTOB o 3acTOJibHbix MaHepax HMeHOBajiH
«CKOTaMH».
Ho MTO nee CKpbiBaeTCH 3a AByMH CTonb pa3^HHHbiMH cnoco6aMH 3acTO^bHoro noBeAeHHH H HX CMeHOH? 3jiHac noKa3biBaeT, HTO «He3pHMan rpaHHija, OTAejiHioman OAHO nejioBenecKoe cymecTBO OT Apyroro», B CpeAHHe BeKa npoxoAHJia HeTaM, rAe MM npHBbiKJin omymaTb ee B HoBoe BpeMH. HHAHBHAM B Ty anoxy He 6buiH pa3o6meHbi «6apbepoM CTWA^HBOCTH», KOTOpblH 3aTeM 6bL7I B03ABHrHyT MOKAy HHMH. H o 3 T O M y e A a H3 o 6 m e H MHCKH HJIH

KOTCJiKa, nHTbe H3 OAHoro Ky6Ka 6buiH ecTecTBeHHbi, TaK ace, KaK nojib30BaHHe jiniiib HO}KOM H AOHCKOH, HO He BH7IKOH. HoC^eAHHH ( H 3TO, KCTaTH, AOKyMeHTaJIbHO AOKa3aHO B p O -

Ae^eM) — AOBO^bHO no3AHHH rocTbH B 3anaAHOH EBpone. 3^wac B 3TOH CBH3H ynoMHHaeT
MajieHbKHH KOH^HKT, HMeBiiiHH MecTO B BeHeuHH B 60-e — 70-e roAbi XI BeKa. BH3aHTHHCKan npHHi;ecca, npeACTaBHTejibHHua 6ojiee pa3BHTofi i;HBHJiH3auHH, 6buia BpancAe6HO

A. SI. Fypeeuu. OepHaH EpoAejib, neBeu. CpeAH3eMHOMopbH...

527

BCTpeneHa B ropoAe najiaryHe, TaK KaK no/ib30Bajiacb BHJIKOH, K KOTopow Merman apHcroKpaTHH He 6biJia npHyneHa H B KOTopoH ycMOTpejiH HCHTO Hecoo6pa3Hoe H Bbi3biBaiome
6oronpoTHBHoe. XpoHHCT, KOTopoMy MW o6fl3aHbi 3THM paccKa30M, npH6aBJineT: He 3aMeAjimia Kapa IbcnoAHH, H TCJIO rpeinHHijbi 6buio nopaaceHO rHueHHeM32.
Te3nc o TOM, HTO B paccMaTpHBaeMoe BpeMH HHAHBHA He 6bui neTKO o6oco6jieH OT Apyrax, HaxoAHT CBoe A2L7ibHeHiuee o6ocHOBaHwe H B ycrpoHCTBe acwjiHiija. Ha npoTnaceHHH
CTOJICTHH ne B03HHKajio HCOCXOAHMOCTH ^ejiHTb BHyTpeHHee noMemeHHe Ha pa3ropoaceHHbie KOMHaTbi: HCTIOBCK He wcnbiTbiBaji noTpe6HocTH B O6OCO6JICHHH H yeflHHeHHH. no3ToMy H cnajiH BnoBajiicy, BMecTe ijejion ceMbeft. JXeru 6buin CBHAeTejiHMH ceKcyajibHOH acH3HH
B3poc/ibix, H HHKoro 3TO He iiiOKHpoBajio. 3aTeM BHyTpeHHee noMemeHHe AOMa HanHHaiOT
ACKHTb Ha KOMHaTbi, OAHaKO, OTKpblTbie H H e H30JIHpOBaHHbie. I l o C e T H T e ^ H CTapHHHblX

ABopuoB H ycaAe6 H ceHnac Moiyr B 3TOM y6eAHTbC5i: noKOH B HHX, KaK npaBHJio, npoxoAHbie, coeAHHHiomHecH B aH(J)HJiaAbi, H IIH B OAHOH H3 KOMHaT HeT nojiHoro yeAHHeHHH. Pa3yMeeTCH, npwHHHa He B «HeyMeHHH» apxHTeicropoB HJIH crpoHTejieH, npwHHHa B ApyroM —
B OCO6OM caMOomymeHHH HHAHBHAa, nocTOHHHo ocraBaBiuerooi Ha BHAy H He TepneBiuero
OT 3Toro HHKaKwx MopajibHbix HeyAo6cTB33.
HaMHoro no3AHee noHBJifliOTCH o6oco6jieHHbie 3aKpbiBaiomHecH noKOH, KOMHaTbi, B
KOTopwx crurr cynpyacecKHe napbi, a He BCH ceMbH, BKJiioHaBiiiafl H cjiyr, H Haxjie6HHKOB. W
TorAa ace JHOAH nepecTaiOT cnaTb narHiuoM, KaK npeacAe, H 3aBOA^T ce6e HOHHbie py6axw. H
TorAa ace 3HaTb o63aBOAHTCH cajicjjeTKaMH H HocoBbiMH ruiaTicaMH. HHAHBHA HaHHHaer cmibHee HcnbiTbisaTb noTpe6HOCTb B yeAHHeHHH, B privacy, B TOM, HTo6bi H30JiHpoBaTb ce6n H
CBoe Tejio OT Apymx. «YXOA» HHAHBHAa B nacTHyio acH3Hb Haiueji OTpaaceHHe H B acHBonHCH: ecjin cpeAHeBeKOBbie xyAoacHHKH nwcajiH HC/iOBeKaHayjiHiie, nepeAero AOMOM, TOTCnepb noflBJiHHDTCfl cueHbi BHVTPH AOMa, B HHTepbepe.
npouecc uHBn/iH3aunn meji MeA^ieHHo H HepaBHOMepHO. B ropoAe 6wcTpee, neM B ACpeBHe. Ha KapTHHe EpeHrejiH «KpecTbHHCKaH CBaAb6a» JIHXO OTiuiHCbiBaiOT MyacHKH c 6a6aMH. H TVT ace KOC-KTO H3 MyacHHH, eABa OTOHAH K CTeHe AOMa, cnpaBJineT Majiyio HyacAy.
3TO HHKoro He Kopo6HT H He ocKop6jiHeT, STO — B nopHAKe Bemew. ripoHAeT BpeMH, H noAo6Hbie HBJICHHH CAe^aioTCH HeAonycTHMbiMH.
H He 6yAy MHoacnTb npHMepw. Mbicnb 3;iHaca, H3JioaceHHa5i MHOIO npeAejibHO KpaTKO H
no Heo6xoAHMocTn HecKo^bKo cxeMaTHHHO, noHHTHa. npoqecc uHBmiH3ai^HM B ero noHHMaHHH — STO npeacAe Bcero npouecc (J>opMHpoBaHHH HOBoro rana JIHHHOCTH, «aTOMH3HpoBaHHOH», o6oco6jieHHOH, yxoA^meH B ce6n H K ce6e. Orapbie TpaAwqHOHHbie (JjopMbi «KOJI^eKTHBH3Ma» 0Ka3biBai0TCH HeBbiHOCHMbiMH w H3acHBaioTCH. n o KpawHeH Mepe, B onpeAe^eHHOH H nocTeneHHO pacuiHpHiomeHCH coqwajibHOH cpeAe.
3;iHac noAHepKHBaeT: ero Ha6^iOAeHH5i CBHAeTe^bCTByiOT He o «pocTe GMTOBOH Ky^bTyp b l » H «H3aCHBaHHH AMKOCTH» HJIH «npHMHTHBHOCTH», H 6 O n O A 0 6 H b i e npOAHKTOBaHHbie

coBpeMeHHOCTbio oueHOHHbie cyacAeHHH He noMoiyr HaM oqeHHTb cou,HajibHO-ncHxo;iorHnecKoe coAepacaHHe H BHyTpeHHHH CMWCTI npowcuieAiuHx nepeMeH. 3jiHac OTKpbui BaacHbie
CTopoHbi TpaHC(})opMauHH HejiOBenecKOH JIHHHOCTH, coBepiuaBiiieHCH B KOHTeKCTe niy6o-

528

IlpHJIOHCeHHH

KHX counajibHbix H nojiHTHHecKHX nepeMeH, KOTopbie nepencHJio eBponeficKoe o6mecrBO
npn nepexoAe OT CpeAHeBeKOBbH K HoBOMy BpeMeHH.
KcTaTH, 3a 3TH TpaHC(f)opMai;MM 6buia ynjianeHa BbicoKaa ncHxojiorHHecKaa ijeHa, noCKOJibKy, o6oco6;iHHCb, HHAHBHA nepexoAHJi OT 3KCTpaBepTHoro noBeAeHHH K noBeAeHHio
HHTpaBepTHOMy. /JocTaTOHHO cpaBHHTb BMOijHonajibHO Heo6y3AaHHoro pbmapn, c xapaKTepHbiMH JXA* Hero BHe3anHbiMH BcnbiiiiKaMH npocra HJIH BeceAbfl, Jienco cMeHHBiuerocH
CJie3aMH, C npHABOpHbIM, KOTOpblH 6bI.7I BbIH)OK£eH nOCTOHHHO CAep>KHBaTb CBOH SMOqHH H

BbiBep^Tb Ka^KAbift CBOH nocTynoK, AJIH Toro, HTo6bi cTajio HCHO, o neM H^eT penb. YcTaHaBjiHBaioTCH 6ojiee crpornn KOHTpojib H caMOKOirrpojib naA 3MOUHOHajibHOH >KH3Hbio, H CAe^aBiuaHCH Heo6xoAHMOH BHyrpeHHHfl AHCUHruiHHa nocnyacHJia HCTOMHHKOM ncHxojiorHHeCKHX npoTHBopeHHH H HepBHbix CTpeccoB. Ho 3Ta cTopoHa Aejia BbixoflHT 3a Kpyr paccMaTpuBaeMbix cennac BonpocoB.
B 3aioiiOHeHHe 3Toro KpaTKoro 3KCKypca noAnepKHeM rjiaBHoe H pemaiomee: 3^Hac 3a
BemaMH HaxoAHT jiiOAen H 3a BHCIIIHHMH MaHepaMM — ncnxojiorHHecKoe coAepacaHHe. Ero
MeTOA AaeT B03MOHCHOCTb BCKpblTb MCHTaJIbHOCTb^IOACH, nOAC03HaTCJIbHbie CTHMyjIbl HX

couwa^bHoro noBeAeHHH H, cneAOBaTejibiio, npHAaeT 6ojiee iyiy6oKHH CMWCJI aHa;in3y MaTepHaJlbHOH UHBH.7IH3an.HH.
ATenepb B03BpaTHMCH K KHwre hpojxcjin. B Hen — «MoH6;iaH» cj)aKTHHecKoro MaTepnajia. HM co6paHbi HHTepecHbie Aannbie o nHTaHHH H 3acTo;ibHbix Manepax, o Bcex acneKTax
6biTa, o >KHjiHme H o6cTaHOBKe ero. Flo BpeMeHaM EpoAeJib nnmeT 6yKBajibHO o Tex ace caMbix cioaceTax, HTO H 3^nac. Ho — Aa npocTHT MCHH TeHb BejiHKoro HcropHica! — no cymeCTBy MaTepHaji 3TOT He npoaHajiH3npoBaH H He o6-bHCHeH. Mbi ocraeMCH Ha noBepxHOCTH
(J>eHOMeHa, HaypoBHe ueH, ToproBbix nyTeft, KOMMepnecKHX npeAnpHATHH, ruiaHOB ropoAOB, reorpa(J)HHecKHx KapT, npeAMeTOB o6HxoAa. OAHano Bonpoc o TOM, KaKHM o6pa30M
Mnp Bemen CBH3aH c AyxoBHbiM MnpoM JUORCPI H KaK OHH B3aHMOAeHCTByK)T, Aaace ne nocraa/ieH.
BTopoe conocTaBjieHHe.
BpoAejib npocjiaBJieH CBoen Teopnen «la longue duree». Co BpeMeHH nyCjiHKauHH «CpeAH3eMHOMOpbH» H 3HaMeHHTOH CTaTbH «HCTOpHH H COIJHaJIbHbie HayKH» JIK>60C HCTOpH-

HecKoe^BJieHHe, o6;iaAaiomee 6o;ibiiJOH BpeMeHHOH npoTH}KeHHocTbio, Mnorne HCTOPHKH
KBa^H(})HUHpyK)T — H KCTaTH, H HeKCTaTH — KaK «la longue duree»... Ho, KaHceTca, HHKTO He
o6paTH^ BHHMaHHH Ha TO, HTO noHTH OAHOBpeMenHO ApyrnM yneHbiM TOHce 6bijia cc})opMyjinpoBaHaTeopHH «6o;ibiiioro BpeMeHH». Ee aBTopoM 6bui M. M. BaxTHH. «Bo;ibiiioe BpeMH» no BpoAC/uo H «6o;ibiiioe BpeMH» no BaxTHHy — KaK He cpaBHHTb?
Ho, c Apyron CToponbi, KaK HX H cpaBHHBaTb?
BpoAejib BHAHT B «6ojibiuoM BpeMeHH» AJiHTejibHocTb, npe6biBaHHe B COCTOHHHH HenoABH>KHOCTH HJIH KBa3HHenoABH>KHOCTH orpoMHbix npnpoAHO-reorpacjjHHecKHX H OTnacTH COUHaJIbHO-3KOHOMHHeCKHX MaCCHBOB. 3 T O CTaTHKa HJIH KBa3HCTaTHKa B HCTOpHMCCKOM

npouecce, nocKO^bKy HCJIOBCK Ha npoTJDKeHHH HCH3HH He ycneBaeT 3aMeTHTb nepeMeH, npoHCXOAHII^HX B «CTpyKTypax». HaA «6o^biiiHM BpeMeHeM» «CTpyKTyp» npoKaTbiBaioTcn BOJI-

A. H. rypeeun. OepHaH BpoAeJib, neBen, CpeAH3eMHOMopbH...

529

Hbi 6ojiee o6o3pnMoro BpeMeHH «KOHi>ioHKTyp», TaK CKa3aTb, BpeMeHM «cpeAHen npoAOJi>KHTe^bHOCTH», a Hafl HHM B cBoio onepeAb npoHCxoA^T KpaTKHe napoKCH3Mbi «HepBHoro»
co6biTHHHoro BpeMeHH no^HTHHecKOH HCTOPHH. EpoAejieBCKoe «6ojibiuoe BpeMH» npeAcraBJiHeT CO6OH CKopee BueBpeMeiiHOCTb, COCTOHHHC oraocHTejibHoro noKOH. B H3BCCTHOM
CMbicjie, 3TO «nycToe BpeMH». OHO Jiniueno BHyTpeHiien AnajieKTHHHocTH H HanpHxceHHOCTH, — Tanan nanpjDKennocTb MoaceT co3AaTbCH, CO6CTBCHHO, «Ha CTbiKe» «6ojibiuoH A-JIHTejibHocTH» H BpeMeHH Gojiee AHHaMHHHoro. Ho, KaK MM BHACJIH, 3Ta AnajieKTHKa EpoAe^eM He BCKpbiTa.
llo3TOMyy MCHH cymecTByioTonpeAe^eHHbie COMHCHHA OTHOCHTejibHO KOHCTpyKTHBHOH 3BpHCTHHecKow CHJibi noHHTHH «la longue duree».
A HTO TaKoe «6ojibiuoe BpeMH» no EaxraHy?
OH roBopHT o «6oJibiuoM BpeMeiiH» B ncropHH KyjibTypbi, BpeMeHH, B KOTopoM pa3BepTbiBaeTCH coAepacaTCTibiibiH Anajior KyjibTyp. KaatAoe 3HanHTejibHoe HBJieHne KyjibTypbi
HCHBeT He TOJibKO B HacronmeM MOMeHTe CBoero B03HHKHOBeHHH, — OHO Hacjie/jyeTCH H ycBaHBaeTCH Apyron KyjibTypoti, BOcnpnuHMaeTCH JIK>AI>MH nocjieAyiomnx snox, nojiynaii OT
HHX CBOK) oiieHKy. BeJiHKoe TBopeHne npoiiuioro 3anoBO npoHHTbmaeTCH H nepe(j)opMyjiHpyeTCH, no-CBoeMy HHTepnpeTnpyeTCH B KOHTCKCTC HHOH KyjibTypbi. B HeM pacKpbmaiOTCH
Aocejie HeBe/joMbie cMbicjiOBbie niy6nHbi, H6O OHO HencqepnaeMO. TeM caMbiM OHO o6peTaeT HOByio >KH3Hb. 3Ta ero cnoco6HocTb B03po>KAaTbCH, oAHOBpeMeHHo MeHHHCb, o6peTaH
HOBUH CMbic/i H o6orau;aHCb HOBLIM coAepacanHeM, o6-bHCHHeTCM ne OAHOIO jiniiib reHHajibHOCTbio co3AaBiuero ero aBTopa, HO npeacAe Bcero caMoio npnpoAOH TpaHCJiflijHH KyjibTypHblX UeHHOCTeH M.
Rnzuior KyjibTyp B03MOHceH, BHAHMO, npn yoiOBHH, KorAa HbiHe >KHBymHH HHTepnpeTaTop B KaKOH-TO Mepe cnoco6en noHHTb, BO-nepBbix, H3HanajibHbiH CMMCJI OTAejibHoro TBOpeHHH HJIH uejioH KyjibTypbi, T. e. TOTCMMCJI, KOTopbiH ona HMejia «J\JIH ce6fl», B csoe co6CTBeHHOe BpeMH, BOBTOpblX, CMblCJI 3TOrO TBOpeHHH HJIH IjeJIOH KyjibTypbi, KOTOpblH OHa

nojiynajia B nocjieAyiomee BpeMH, B BocnpHMTHH ee Hac/ieAHHKOB, HeH36e>KHO ee nepeKOAHpOBaBIIIHX H nO-HOBOMy OCBaHBaBIIIHX, H, B-TpeTbHX, CMblCJI, KOTOpblH 3TOT (J)eHOMeH A3Jie-

Koro npomjioro npno6peTaeT «RJIH Hac» H jyjin Hauien coBpeMeHHOCTH. Ho He B 3TOM JIH
3aKJHOHen rjiy6nHHbiH CMbicji H3yqeiiHH ncropHH KyjibTypbi KaK nepeKJiHHKH snox?
3THX B03MOHCHOCTCH 6pOACJieBCKaH HAeH « B p e M e H H 6oJIbIIIOH A^IHTeJIbHOCTH» H e OT-

KpbiBaeT. H60 «la longue duree» xapaKTepH3yeTCH HHepiiHOHHOCTbio, TorAa KaK 6axTHHCKoe «6ojibiuoe BpeMH» — 3TO BpeMH TBopnecKHx H3MeneHHH, HenpeKpamaiomerocH TpyAa
KyjibTypbi no OCBOCHHIO H nepepa6oTKe KaKyHacjieAOBaHHoro, TaK H co6cTBeHHoro coAep}KaHHH. B npoTHBonojioacHOCTb HacwmeHHOMy KaqecTBeHHbiMH CABHraMH «6ojibiuoMy BpeMeHH» BaxTHHa, BpeMeHH KyjibTypbi, «6ojibiuoe BpeMH» EpoAejin o6jiaAaeT jiniiib MexaHHnecKOH npoTH>KeHHOCTbio, 3TO JiHiueHHan BiiyTpeHiiero coAep>KaHHH AJiHTejibHOCTb, <j>opMaJIbHblH npH3HaK HCTOpHH.
npoBeAeHHbie cenqac conocTaBJieHHH HMCIOT AAH MCHH TOJibKO OAHH CMbic/i. OHH noKa3biBaioT, HacKOJibKo KOHqenTyajibHbiH annapaT BpoAejin He pa3pa6oTaH jyisi Toro, HTo6bi

530

FIpmioaceHHH

nocTaBHTb cymecTBeHHbie H aioyajibHbie npoGjieMbi HCTopHH Ky/ibTypbi H MeHTajibHOcreH,
M CKOJIb 3TOT HCTOpHK AaJieK OT HHX B CBOHX nOCTpOCHHHX.

* * *
H, HaKOHeu, coBceM KpaTKO o no3AneM EpoAejie, EpoAejie, yAajiHBiueMCH OT pyKOBOACTBa >KypnajiOM «AHHajibi», M6O HanpaBJieHne «HOBOM MCTopMnecKOH HayKH», rpoMKO 3aaBHBiuee o ce6e H CBOMX npHHnjinax, peuiHTejibHO pa3oiimocb c ero co6cTBeHHbiM noHHMaHHeM HcropHH. «yHeHHKH He noc/ieAOBajin MOHM coBeTaM... — c ropenbio 3aHBJiHJi Bpo^ejib
B 1985 r. — Me>KAy MHOIO H MOMMM npeeMHHKaMH — orpoMHbiH pa3pbm»3r\ BpoAejib MenTaeT 06 ocHOBaHHH coBceM Apyroro acypHajia.
Ho, nopsaB c paAOM BeAymnx npeAcraBHTejien «TpeTbero noKOJieHHH» IllKOJibi «AHHaJIOB», BpoAejibocHOBbmaeT HOBHH naynHbiH ijeirrp —/JOM HayK o HejiOBeice, rjiaBOH KOTOporo OH ocTaBajiCH BnviOTb AO CBoetf KOHHHHW B 1985 r.
B TBopnecKOM OTHOUICHMH 3TOT nocjieAHHH nepHOA ACHTejibHOCTH yneHoro o3HaMeHOBa^CH pa6oTOH HaA MHOFOTOMHOH MOHorpacJDweH noA O6IIJHM Ha3BaHHeM «MTO Tanoe OpaHUHH?» (L'identite de la France) 3fi . L'identite — HAeHTHHHOcTb, caMOTOHCAecrBO, caMo6biTHblH XapaKTep. B e p H b l H CBOeH CKJIOHHOCTH nepCOHH(})HUHpOBaTb HCTOpHHeCKHe H HCTOpH-

KO-reorpacJ)HHecKHe HOHMTHH (CpeAH3eMHOMopbe, HanpHMep), BpoAejibxoHeTo6Hap)0KHTb
HHAHBHAyajibHOCTb OpaHm™. Ho HTO 3TO 03HanaeT B AaHHOM cjiynae?
Ieorpa(J)HH, TOHHee roBopH, reorpacj)HHecKHH ACTepMHHH3M, AeMorpac|)HH, nyTH coo6meHHH, ToproanH H npon3BOACTBO, yp6aHH3au,HH, ropoAa — no-npe>KHeMy ocraiOTCH AOMHHHpyiomHMH cio>KeTaMH. ABTop KaK 6bi npHiviamaeT HHTaTejw nocjieAOBaTb 3a HHM B CBoero
poAa nyreiiiecTBHe no OpaHnnn — CTpaHe, xapaKTepw3yiomeHCH, Ha ero B3IVIHA, OAHOBpeMeHHO MHoroo6pa3weM H CAHHCTBOM. H3O6HJIHC (})aKTHHecKoro MaTepHajia, co6paHHoro
niaBHbiM o6pa30M AAH Toro, HTOGW npoAeMOHcrpnpoBaTb MHoroBeKOBbie nnic/ibi B HCTOpHH O p a H i ; H H . Tpa(j)HKH, KapTbl, HJUIKDCTpanHH. O n i H H H e 3TOrO HTOrOBOrO COHHHeHHfl OT

npeAbiAymnx TpyAOB EpoAejia 3aKjnoHaeTCH B TOM, HTO 3Aecb OH npeAnpnHHMaeT o630p
HHTepecyiomnx ero acneicroB MCTopnH OpaHUHH, y>Ke He orpaHHHHBancb XVI—XVIII BeKaMH, HO Ha npoTHHceHHH Bcett ee ncropHH H Aa^ce AOHCTopwHecKoro nepHOAa (oAHaKO c oco6biM ynopoM, KOHCHHO, Ha no3AHee CpeAHeBeKOBbe H HoBoe BpeMfl), a noTOMy onnpaeTCH
He CTO^bKO Ha co6cTBeHHbie H3biCKaHHH, CKO^bKO Ha o6uiHpHyio jiHTepaTypy.
n o cymecTBy ace — no MeTOAy, noAxoAy H npo6jieMaTHKe — nepeA HaMH Bee TOT ace BpoAejib. He CTOJibKO JIIOAH, CKOJibKO Bemw non/iomaiOT ero BHHMaHHe. «JIIOAH He AC/iaioT HCTOpHK), 3TO HCTOpHH MX ACJiaeT...» 3 7 . TaKHM, Ha MOH B3I7IHA, B BblCUieH CTeneHH AByCMblCJieH-

HbiM Te3HcoM 3aBepmaeTC5i ero nocjieAHee npoH3BeAeHHe3H. HAeHTHHHOCTb BpoAejifl-wcTopwKa, BepHocTb pa3 HaBcerAa npoB03iyiaiueHHbiM (J)H^OCO(J)CKHM npHHUHnaM, He BHyiuaeT
HH Ma/ieHiuero COMHCHHH...

«/Ir7iH Bora-OTi^a TOA He B CHCT; BCK noAo6eH MHry eAHHOMy H HHTepecyiocb noHTH HenoABHHCHOH HCTopHen (l'histoire quasi immobile), HCTOpHen noBTopniomeHCH, KOTopan
npowcxoAHT noA noKpoBOM noBepxHocTHOH HCTopHH (J)^ioKTyai;HH H co6biTHH». 3 T H CJIO-

A. fl. rypeeuu. OepHaH EpoACJib, neBen, CpeAH3eMHOMopbH...

531

Ba—KaK 6bi 3aBemaHHe OepHana EpoAejiH; OHH npoH3Hecenbi He3aAOJiro AO CMepTH, H HMH
OTKpbiBaeTCH c6opHHK CTaTen «HHTaTb BpoAejiH»:w. B c6opHHK BOIIUIH pa6oTbi, nocBnmeHHbie 6worpa(})HH BpoAejin, aHajiH3y ero TpyAOB H BbiABHHyTbix HM KomjenijHH H noHHTHH.
BO3MO>KHO, HTO B KaKOM-TO CMbicjie mix Bora He B cneT KopoTKoe BpeMH HejiOBenecKOH
HCH3HH, H conocTaBjieHHe c BeHHOCTbio o6ecueHHBaeT BpeMH JHO6OH .zyiMTejibHOCTH. Ho Bee
ace, nojiaraio, H B rjia3ax caMoro TBopqa OHO o6ecn.eHHBaeToi TOJibKO B onpeAejieHHOM CMUCjie, a ne BOBCC BpoAejin nee BOo6me He HHTepecyeT KopoTKoe HejiOBenecKoe BpeMH, KaK He
HHTepecyeT ero H HCTopHH COGMTHH H n3MCHeHHH, — B uenTpe ero BHHMaHHH — «l'histoire
repetitive*. He 6yay iiiyTHTb HaTeMy, HTO OH ynoAo6;meT ce6n Bory w B CBOCM npeHeGpeaceHHH BpeMeHeM Aaace xoneT npeB3on™ Ero. Ho ocMejiiocb yTBepHCAaTb, HTO BpoAejin He
3aHHMaeTTO, HTO Mbl, HCTOpHKH, n o CTapHHKe npHBbHCTIH Ha3bIBaTb HCTOpHeHI C06bITHe,

BpeMH 6bicTpbix H3MeHeHHH, HC/iOBeHecKaji aKTHBHOCTb, HHHi;HaTHBa, KopoHe roBopn, ne^OBenecKoe coAepacaiiHe HCTopHH.

* * *
H 6ecKOHenHo AaJieK OT Toro, HTo6bi noABepraTb COMHCHHIO BKJiaA BbiAaiomerocn yneHoro B pa3BHTHC TaKoro HOBoro H Ba^Kiioro iianpaBJieiiHH HCc/ieAOBaHHH, KaKHM HBJIHCTCH
reoHCTopHH HJIH HCTopHHecKan reorpa(J)HH4(). HccneAOBaHHe MM paHHeft HCTopHH KanwTajiH3Ma yace 6buio noABeprHyTO B Hauien JiMTepaType BcecropoHHeMy pa36opy41.
OcTaeTCH OTKpbiTbiM Bonpoc: KaK COOTHOCHTCH HAew aBTopa «CpeAH3eMHOMopbH» c
HOBOH npoG^eMaTHKOH H MeTOAOJiorHett, KOTopwe nojiyHHjiH pa3BHTwe H KOHKpeTHoe
o6ocHOBaHHe B TpyAax coBpeMeHHbix npeAcraBHTejieH LIlKOJibi «AHHajioB»? B ueHTpe HX
BHMMaHHH — npo6jieMa CHHTe3a B HCTOPHH; CBH3b coi^wajibHOH HCTopHH c HCTopHeH AyxoBHOH HCH3HH, Kyjibrypbi, MCHTajibHocTeH; H3yHeiiHe noBeAeHHH HHAHBHAa H Mace, rpynn
JHOACH, — H3yneHHe, nepcneKTHBbi KOToporo 6biJiH HaMeneHbi MapKOM BJIOKOM H JliocbeHOM OeBpoM. PaccMOTpenHe 3TOH npo6jieMbi npHBCJio K AOBOJibHO HeoacHAaHHOMy — tym
MeHH ace caMoro — pe3yjibTaTy. A HMCHHO: neH3MeHHO Bbicrynan B KanecTBe npoAOJi^KaTejiH
H «npaBonpeeMHHKa» OeBpa H BJIOKH, Bepnoro HX HACHM H nporpaMMe o6HOBjieHH5i HCTOpHHecKoro 3HaHHH, npeBpameHHH HCTopHH B «Hayicy o nejioBeKe», EpoAejib Ha caMOM ACJie,
He3aBHCHMO OT Toro, nojiHOCTbio JIH OTAaBaji OH ce6e B 3TOM OTHCT HJIH HCT, paAHKajibHO
peBH30Baji MeTOAOJiornio OeBpa H EjioKa B ee n/iaBHeHiueM, ijeHTpajibHOM nyHicre.
BpoAejib HrHopnpyeT HCTopHio MenTajibHocreH H O6XOAHT cropoHOH Hcropnio KyjibTypw. CaMO no ce6e 3TO MOHCHO noHHTb: y Hero—Apyraa cneunajibnocTb. OAHaKo, ocraBaacb
TOJibKO HJIH n o n p e H M y m e C T B y HCTOpHKOM-3KOHOMHCTOM, «reOHCTOpHKOM», HCTOpHKOM

MaTepwajibHOH uyiBvumsauyiu, on ne MOHCCT npeTeHAOBaTb 11a H3yMeHHe «TOTajibHOH» HJIH
«nio6ajibHOH HCTopHH». H60 ecnn 3TO noH^Tne o6;iaAaeT peajibHbiM coAepacaHHeivi w 3BpnCTHHeCKHM nOTCHUHaJIOM, TO nOJIb3yiOmHHCH HM HCTOpHK eABa JIH B n p a B e OTBJieKaTbCH OT

H3yneHH5i MeHTajibHOCTen.
«JIiocbeH OeBp roBopwji: "HcTopHH — 3TO nejiOBeK". HTO KacaeTCH MCHH, — 3a5iBJiHJi
BpoAejib B 1984 r., — TO H CKa3aji 6bi: "HcTopHH — 3TO nejiOBeK H Bee ocTajibHoe. Bee —

532

npmioaceHHfl

HCTOPHH, H 3eMJiM, H KJiHMaT, H reojiorHnecKHe cABHrn"»42. Ka3ajiocb6bi, Bee npaBHjibHO,
HO Kor^a «Bce ocrajibHoe» OTTecHneT nejiOBeKa H CJTV>KHT AOKa3aTejibCTBOM ero 6CCCHAHH,
H6OacecTKOonepHHBaeTrpaHHiry Me>KAy «B03MO>KHbiM» H «HeB03MO>KHbiM», TOTe3HC EpoAejiH o6Hapy>KHBaeT CBOIO ABycMbicjiennocTb. Boiocb, HTO ero c/iOBa: «To, HTO H Aejiaio, —
npoTHB HejiOBenecKOH CBo6oAbi» 4: \ MOHCHO 6buio 6bi B3HTb B KanecTBe annrpacjja K ero TBODnecTBy. H e CHMnTOMaTHHHo JIH TO, HTO coBpeMeHHbie «AnHajibi», no e r o co6cTBeHHOMy
npH3HanHio, CAe/iajiHCb B KOHue ero >KH3HH «ny>KAbiMH» HX 6biBiueMy MHoroAeTHeMy rjiaBHOMy pe^aKTopy?44
OqeHKa pojin nejiOBeKa B HCTOPHH BpoAejieM — neBLjOM AOJiroBenHbix, noHTH HenoABH}KHbIX «CTpyKTyp», n p e 6 b I B a i O m H X BO « B p e M e H H 6oJIbIUOH npOTH>KeHHOCTH», — HaCTOJIb-

KO HH3Ka, HTO B nojie ero 3peHHH, Bnojnie jiorHHHO, MeiiTajibHOCTH ne BXOAHT. TeM caMbiM
CHHMaeTCH H Becb KOMH/ieKC ueHTpajibiibix, peiuaiomnx npo6jieM HCTopHHecKoro no3HaHHH,
TaK HJIH nnane 3aiiHMaBiiiHx HCTOPHKOB co BpeMeH EjioKa H Oespa: KaKHM o6pa30M nponcXOAHT HCTOpHHeCKHe H3MeHeHH5I? KaKOB B03MO>KHbIH VAeJIbHblH BeC HCJIOBeHeCKOH HHHII.HaTHBbl? KaKOBO COOTHOUieHHe MOKAy KapTHHOH M H p a B C03IiaHHH JIIOAeH H HX COUHaJIbHbIM

noBeAeHHeM? MMCJIHM JIH CHHTC3 B HCTopHH, H ecjiH Aa, TO HTO HMeHHO CAV>KHT fljin Hero
«KaMHeM CBOAa»?
« H e r a T H B H b I H O n b I T » , KOTOpblH MOHCHO H3BJieHb H 3 03HaKOMJieHHH C MCTOAOJIOrHCH

BpoAejiH, noATBep>KAaeT, Ha MOH B3rjiHA, BWBOA, HTO nonbiTKH HrHopHpoBaTbynoMHHyTyio
npo6jieMaTHKy npHBOAHT K neyAane. HecMOTpn na noncTHHe GecnpeqeAeHTHbiH ycnex, KaKHM B CBoe BpeMH noAb30Bajiocb «CpeAH3eMHOMopbe», H BbiHyacAen KOHCTaTHpOBaTb: HOBH3HaTeMbi, iunpoTa oxBaTa MaTepnajia, H3O6HAHC apxHBHbix 6oraTCTB H AHTepaTypHoe
MacTepcTBO aBTopa, Bbi3BaBiiiHe 3TH BOCToprn, He BbmepacHBaioT HcnbrraHHH «6ojibiuoro
BpeMeHH», OHH He cnoco6Hbi HCKynnTb «HnmeTy (J)HJIOCO(J)HH». MeTOAOJiorHHecKne npocneTbi, OTnacTH OTMeneHHbie KPHTHKOH (B OCO6CHHOCTH aMepHKaHCKon), CAHUIKOM one-

BHAHbi. TpyA BpoAeAH, penpe3eHTaTHBHbin jiniub RJIH OAHoro H3 HanpaBJieHHH «HOBOH
HcropHHecKOH HayKH» BO OpaHirnn, ne MOHceT cjiyncHTb o6pa3UOM, no KOTopoMy cjieAOBaJIO 6bi oueHHBaTb ee B uejiOM.
KaK CKa3aHO B npeAHCJioBHH K c6opHHKy «HnTaTb EpoAejui», He3aneM npeBpamaTb ero
TpyAbl B a6cOJIK)T HAH B HCKyiO CBHTblHK), B H e nOAJIOKaUJHH AHCKVCCHH TCKCT 45 .

IIPHMEHAHHJI
1

BraudelF. La Mediterranee et le monde mediterranean a l'epoque de Philippe II. Paris,
1949. 2 c ed.,2vols., 1966.
2
BurkeP. The French Historical Revolution: The «Annales» School, 1929—1989. Cambridge,
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3
Epodejih <P. CpeAH3eMHoe Mope H cpeAH3eMHOMopcKHH Mnp B anoxy Onjinnna II. Hacrb I:
Pojib cpeAw. M., 2002. IlpeAHCJioBHe K nepBOMy H3AaHHio. C. 20 H ITpeAHCJiOBHe KO BTopoMy
H3AaHHK). C. 25.

A. SI. Fypeeuu. OepHan Epo/jejib, neBeii CpeAH3eMHOMopbH...

533

4

TaM>Ke. C. 21.
B Apyrott pa6oTe EpoAeJib 3aMenaeT, MTO counajibHoe BpeMH AeJiHTca «na TWCHMV 6UCTpbix H MeA^ieHHbix pyneHKOB, KOTopbie He HMCIOT n o n r a HHKaKoro KacaTejibCTBa K noBceflneBHbiM pHTMaM xpoiiHKH HAH Tpa^HijHOHHOH HCTopnH». BraudelF. On History. Chicago, 1980.
P. 12.
6
O BAHHHHH 6poAejieBCKoro noHHMaHHH «CTpyKTypbi» Ha 3anaAHorepMaHCKyio HCTopnorpa(})HK) H o KpHTHKe ero CM.: Sieder R. Was heiKt Sozialgeschichte? Briiche und Kontinuitaten in der Aneignung des «Sozialen» / / Osterreichische Zeitschrift fur Geschichtswissenschaften. 1. Jg., H. 1, 1990. S. 35 ff.
7
rTpHBeflfl cnoBa TpefiHKe «JIK>AH TBopaT HaropHK>», Epo/jejib B03paacaeT: «HeT, HCTOPHH
TaioKe jienHT JHOACH H cJjopMHpyeT HX cyAb6y, — anoHHMHaa HCTopnn, pa6oTaioma5i B nry6HHe
H no 6ojibiueH Hacrn MOJina...», BraudelF. Position de l'histoire en 1950 / / BraudelF. Ecrits
sur l'histoire. Paris, 1969. P. 21. Ka>KeTC5i, c 3THM yTBep>KAeHHeM MOJKHO 6bmo 6bi cornacHTbCH, H eABa JIH KTO-Hw6yAb CTaA 6bi Hbme B03po>KAaTb KyjibT repoeB HAH «nojiy6oroB» (no
BbipaHceiiHio Epo/;e;ifl), CBO6OAHO jienfliirnx HCTopHio, HO HacroHHHBocTb, c Kaicon Epo^ejib
OTpnuaeT HejiOBenecicyio CBoGoAy H nocjieAOBaTejibHO noAHepKHBaeT 6eccHAHe HHAHBHAa ne5

p e A AHHHOH H KOJUieKTHBHOH C V A b 6 o H , H a B O A H T H a p a 3 M b H I U i e H H H .
H

MapKC K., dmejibc 4>. COM. T. 4. C. 138.
<PeepJI. CpeAH3eMiioe Mope H cpeAH3eMHOMopcKHH MHp B 3noxy OnjiHnna II / / <Peep JI.
BOH sa HCTopHio. M., 1991. C. 181, 183.
10
Bpodejih 0. CBHAeTejibCTBo HCTopHKa / / <J>paHiry3CKHH e>KeroAHHK 1982. M., 1984. C.
178, 179.
11
BraudelF. Ecrits sur l'histoire. P. 45—46.
12
FebvreL. Un Livre qui grandit / / Revue historique T. 203. 1950. P. 215, 222, 224. Cp.
Labrousse E. En guise de toast a Fernand Braudel: Aux vigntcinq ans de la Mediterranee! / /
Melanges en l'honneur de Fernand Braudel: Histoire economique du monde Mediterranean
1450-1650. Toulouse, 1973. P. 717.
13
U,HTaTbi H3 peiieH3HH co6paHbi B CTaTbe: HexterJ. H. Fernand Braudel and the Monde
Braudelien / / Thejournal of Modern History. Vol. 44. 1972. P. 531-532.
14
XeKCTep nojiaraeT, HTO «CpeAH3eMHOMopbe» HanHcaHo TaK, HTO KHHiy BOBce He o6fl3aTeAbHo uiTyAHpoBaTb BHHMaTe;ibHo H nocjieAOBaTe^bno OT nanajia AO KOHija; HHTaTejib MOaceT 3ar^«AbiBaTb B TOT HJIH HHOH pa3Ae;i, c TeM HTo6bi no3HaKOMHTbCfl c coAep>KaHHeM OTAejibHbix He6o;ibuiHx nccjieAOBaHHH, Ha KOTopbie H pacnaAaeTCfl TpyA BpoAeAH. ^AHHHbie,
noA^ac HecKOHMaeMbie nepenHH (reorpacfmnecKHx H JIHHHWX HMCH, npeAMeTOB H T. A ) oTpa^caioT HewcToiitHMyio paAOCTb aBTopa, BnepBbie pa3bicKaBiuero B apxHBax 3TH MaTepnaAbi H c
Hacjia^KAeHHeM AeMOHcrpnpyiomero CBOH apxHBHbie 6oraTCTBa. Ho AeT&nn HarHeTaioTca paAH
HHX caMHX, He npoABHraa BnepeA MbicAb. HexterJ. H. Op. cit. P. 522 ff., 528. Cp.: Trevor-Roper
H. R Fernand Braudel, the Annales, and the Mediterranean / / Thejournal of Modern History.
Vol.44. 1972. P. 476.
15
HexterJ. H. Op. cit. P. 533.
16
BraudelF. Histoire et sciences socials: La longue duree / / Annales. E. S. C. 1958. JM° 4
(= BraudelF. Ecrits sur l'histoire. P. 41-83).
17
BraudelF. Ecrits sur l'histoire. P. 55.
18
KaKy^ce oTMeneHO Bbiiue, HACK MHOKCCTBCHHOCTH BpeMeHHbix PHTMOB, npHcyiiurx pa3HWM CAOAM counaAbHOH peajibHocTH, 6biJia BbicKa3aHa H o6ocHOBaHa ^>paHi;y3CKHM CJDHAOCOC})OM H coiiHOJioroM >Kop>KeM (TeoprHeM /JaBbiAOBHHeM) TypBHHeM. C M . Gurvitch G.
Determinismes sociaux et Liberte humaine. Paris, 1955; Idem. La multiplicity des temps sociaux.
9

534

npmioxceHHfl

Paris, 1958; Idem. T h e Spectrum of Social Time. Dordrecht, 1964. BcneA 3a MapcejieM MOCCOM
IypBHH BHAeJi npeAMeT couHOJiornn B H3VHCHHH «nejiocTHbix coirnajibHbix (j)eHOMeHOB», KOTopbie Ha/yie^CHT HCcneAOBaTb Ha Bcex «rjry6HHHbix ypoBHHX». 3 T H M ypoBHHM COOTBCTCTBVKDT pa3Hbie TeMnopajibHOCTH. CM.: BraudelF. ecrits sur l'histoire. P. 78 sq., 119 sq.
19
BraudelF. Ecrits sur l'histoire. P. 51.
20
KinserS. Annalist Paradigm? T h e Geohistorical Structuralism of Fernand Braudel / /
T h e American Historical Review. Vol. 86. N° 1. 1981. P. 94 ff.
21
CM.: IypeeuuA. JI. HTO TaKoe HCTopHnecKHH (J>aKT? / / HcroHHHKOBeAeHHe: TeoperanecKHe H MeTOAHHecKHe npo6jieMbi. M., 1969. C. 59—88; Bu6jiepB. C. HcropHHecKHH (J)aKT
KaK (J)parMeHT AewcTBHTejibHOCTH (JIorHnecKHe 3aMeTKn) / / TaM ace. C. 89—101.
22
KinserS. O p . cit. P. 6 7 - 6 8 .
23
HexterJ. H. O p . cit. P. 5 1 8 - 5 1 9 .
24
BraudelF. Ecrits sur l'histoire. P. 54.
2:)
TaK O6CTO5UIO ACTIO B njiaHe HccjieAOBaTeAbCKOM. A B njiaHe opraHH3au,HOHHOM, BHVTpn
pe^aKUHH «AHHajioB»? H3 pe^aKUHH 6bui yAajien P o 6 e p MaHApy, OAHH H3 BeAymnx npeAcraBHTe;ieH MCTopHKO-ncHXOAorHHecKoro HanpaBAeHHH BO cj)paHiry3CKOH HcropHorpa(j)HH.
26
EAHHCTBeHHoe niyxoe ynoMHHaHHe B nenaTH 06 3TOM KOHCJXJIHKTC KOTopoe MHe H3BCCTHO,
3TO 6yKBajibHo necKOAbKO CJIOB >Kaxa Jle Ibc}xj)a. CM.: Le GoffJ. L'appetit de l'histoire / / Essays
d'ego-histoire. Paris, 1987. P. 238.
27
CM. 3Map M. OAHH BpoAejib HJIH necKOJibKo? / / HcropHHecKaa Hayxa Ha pyGexce BCKOB.
M., 2001. C. 1 9 3 - 2 0 8 .
28
BraudelF. Civilisation materielle et capitalisme (XV1—XVIIP siecle). Paris, 1967. PerrotJ. C.
Le present et la duree dans l'<x.aivre d e Fernand Braudel / / Annales. E. S. C , 36° annee. N° 1,
1981.
29
CM. 06 3TOM: Stoianovich T. Social History: Perspective of the Annales Paradigm / / Review,
1 , 3 / 4 , 1978. P. 21.
3(1
EpodeAh 0 . MaTepnajibHaa irnBHJiH3airHfl, 3KOHOMHKa H KanHTajiH3M. XV—XVIII BB. T. 1:
GrpyKTypbi noBceAHeBHocTH: Bo3MO>KHoe H neB03MO>KHoe. M., 1986. C. 37. CM. 0 6 STOH KHHre: ConoAoea M. H. HcropHHecKaa Teopna <E>epHaHa BpoAeAH / / OpaHiry3CKHH eaceroAHHK
1972. M., 1974; Ee Me. CoBpeMeHHaa c})paHuy3CKaji HCTopnorpacJDHfl. M., 1979; ROAUH B. M.
HCTOPHKH OpaHUHH XIX—XX BCKOB. M., 1981; Acpanachee K>. H. OepnaH Bponejih VL ero BHAeHHe HCTOPHH / / EpodeAh 0. MaTepnajibnafl HHBH/[H3auHH, 3KOHOMHKan KanHTajiH3M. T. 1.
M., 1986. C. 528.
31
Elias N. Uber d e n Prozess der Zivilisation. 2 Bde. Frankfurt / M., 1981—1982. PVCCKHH
nepeBOA — 3AuacH. Ilpoijecc u;HBH.JiH3airHH. M., 2 0 0 1 .
32
CM. Jaritz G. Zwischen Augenblick u n d Ewigkeit. Einfuhrung in die Alltagsgeschichte des
Mittelalters.Wien-Koln, 1989. S. 177.
33
O 6 0 BceM STOM npoHHKHOBeHHo nncaji euie Jl. OeBp. OeepJI. BOH 3aHcropnio. M., 1991.

C. 288.
34

Eaxmun M. M. 3creTHKa cnoBecHoro TBopnecTBa. M., 1979. C. 31 c;ieA., 369.
UHT. n o KH.: DosseF. L'histoire e n miettes: Des «Annales» a la «nouvelle histoire». Paris,
1987. P. 15.
36
BraudelF. L'identite d e la France. Espace et Histoire. Paris, 1986; Les H o m m e s et les
Choses. 12. Paris, 1986. 3 T O COHHHCHHC 6buio 3aAyMaHO B neTbipex nacTHX, HO BpoAejib He
ycneji HanncaTb TpeTbio H neTBepTyio Hacra («rocyAapcTBO, KVAbTypa, o6iiiecTBO» H «OpaHUHH 3a npeAe^aMH OpaHUHH»).
37
BraudelF. L'identite d e la France: Les H o m m e s et les Choses, 2. P. 4 3 1 .
3:1

A. SI. Fypeeun. OepHan Epo/jejib, neBeu; CpeAH3eMHOMopbH...

535

38

B 3TOM cMbicrce He6e3biHTepecHo conocTaBJieHHe KOHuenijHH BOSHHKHOBCHHH KanHTa^H3Ma, Bbi^BHHyTbix MaKCOM Be6epoM H Epo/jejieM. KaK H3BCCTHO, Be6ep npH^aBaji orpoMHoe 3HaneHHe npoTecraHTCKOH 3THKe, «/ryxy KanHTajiH3Ma», T. e. MeHTajibHOCTH avant la lettre,
KaK HeoTbeM^eMOMy KOMnoHeHTy pa3BHTHH. BpoAejib He noiuc/i 3THM nyTeM, ocraBiiiHCb Bceuejio B paMKax 3KOHOMHHCCKOH HCTOPHH. Ilo ero npn3HaHHK>, KOHijenijHfl Be6epa Bbi3biBajia
y Hero ajuieprnio. CM. SteinerPh. Capitalisme et modernite: l'impasse sur Max Weber? / / Lire
Braudel. Paris, 1988. P. 133-156.
39
Lire Braudel. P. 1.
40
CM.: AymardM. Braudel (Fernand) / / La Nouvelle Histoire: Sous la dir. de J. Le Goff,
R. Chartier, J. Revel. Paris, 1978. P. 83-86; RaisonJ. P. Geographie historique / / Ibid. P. 1 8 3 194; Espace et histoire. Hommage a Fernand Braudel / / Annales. E. S. C , 41 c annee. N° 6.
1986. Cp.: dePlanholX. Geographie historique de la France. Paris, 1988.
41
CM. Acpanacbee K). H. OepHaH Epoaejib H ero BH/jeHbe HCTOPHH / / Bpodejih 0. MaTepHaJIbHafl UHBHJIH3aUH5I, SKOHOMHKa H K a n H T a ^ H 3 M . T . 1 .
42

I_JHT.: Dosse F. Op. cit. P. 157. «J\j\5i MCHH, — nHcaji Bpo^ejib, — HCTOPHH MoaceT 6biTb
noHHTHaTo^bKO B n H3MepeHHHX», KaK «MHoroMepnaH HcropHfl». BraudelF. Ecrits sur l'histoire.
P. 191.
43
UHT.: Dosse F. Op. cit. P. 114, 155.
44
BraudelF. Entretien / / L'Histoire. Septembre 1982.
45
Lire Braudel, p. V. OAHH H3 aBTopoB c6opHHKa (O. OypKe) 3a#aeT ce6e Bonpoc: «BpoAe^b — KpynHbiH yneHbiH, Mbic;iHTejib?» H oTBenaeT TaK: «HeT, OH — 6ojibiuoH XVAOHCHHK, BH3HOHep». FourquetF. Un nouvel espace-temps / / Lire Braudel. P. 92.

M.

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maiomwM. ECJIH Bepuxb c/iOBaM caMoro EpoAejiH, B IOHOCXH OH XOXCTI cxaxb He ncxopHKOM,
a BpanoM; 6;iaroAapfl oxixy, npenoAaBaxe;no MaxeiuaxHKH, xopomo 3Ha;i 3xox npe/jMex, oxciOAa, BO3MO}KHO, ero JiK>6ouh K UH(})paM. B H3o6pa^ceHHH BpoAejiH ero xBopnecKHH nyxb —
3xo uenb cjiynaHHocxeM, npaB^a, cjiyHawnocxb B ero noHHMaHHH — cxaxwcxHHecKH (J)HKCHpyeMoe nponaneHHe 3aKOHOMepHOCXH. HcxopHnecKHe 3aiiHXHH Ka3ajiHCb lOHOiue-EpoAejiio
nycxoH xpaxoft BpeMCHnr\ a Kor^a OH Bee ace nocxynHJi B Cop6oHHy, xo yHHJicn «6e3 3Hxy3Ha3Ma» H HcnoBe/jOBaji Bnojme xpaAHijHOHHyio npHBepaceHHoexb K «co6bixHHHOH» H 6HOrpacJ)HHecKOH wcxopHH. Epo/jejib paccKa3bmaex o xex co6bixHHx, Koxopwe, c OAHOH cxopoHbi, BnHCbmaioxcH B pyxHHy ero noBceAHeBHofi >KH3HH, a c Apyroft, cxajiH noBopoxHbiMH H,
KaK noKa3ajio AajibHeftiuee, 3HanHMbiMH JUIH ero 6Horpa(})Hn. B 1925—1926 ro^ax OH cxyHCHJI B apMHH B PenHJiaHAe (xaM ace, r^e no3AHee no6biBaji B njieHy) H 3a 3xo BpeMH nojiio6HJI, KaK OH npH3Haexcfl, IepMaHHio. 3xn Asa ro^a cxajiH nepepbiBOM B HanaBiueMCH H 3axeM npoAOJi>KeHHOM npenoAaBaHHH B Ajiacwpe. Apa6cKHH H3biK, B OXJIHHHC ox HeMeixKoro,
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6e3 3amwxbi HeB03MO}KHO 6buio cxaxb npenoAaBaxejieM Cop6oHHbi. IepMaHCKyio xeMy BpoAejib, ypoHceneu; cnopHOH xeppHxopHH JIoxapHHraH, oxBepr H3 coo6paaceHHH «no;iHXKoppeKXHOcxH», qxo6bi He 6bixb npncxpacxubiM, H H36paji cio>Kex, npoAHKxoBaHHbiH ero CHMnaxHHMH K IOry: «3>HJiHnn II, HcnaHHH H CpeAH3eMHOMopbe». KxoMy ace, B riapHHce xpaHH^HCb HcnaHCKHe (})OHAbi apxHBa CHMaHKac, BbiBe3eHHbie eme B Hano;ieoHOBCKoe BpeMH.
YcneuiHOH pa6oxe B apxHBax, Koxopofi BpoACJib 3aHHMajiCH Ha KaHHKyjiax, cnoco6cxBOBajio
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HanncaHHH HayHHoro xpyAa, CKpoMHO 3aMenaex BpoAejib, xpe6oBajiacb, KpoMe xoro, «nocxaHOBKa KaKHx-xo npo6;ieM»". K nocxaHOBKe npo6;ieM OH noAOiueji, npenoAaBaa B 1935—
1937 roAax Kypc wcxopHH iiHBHJiH3aiiHH B yHHBepcuxexe CaH-ITayjiy. riepeHocy aKijeHxa c
no^HXHMecKOH HCxopnH Ha perHOHajibHyK) cnoco6cxBOBajio cyAi>6oHOCHoe coBMecxHoe nyxeiuecxBue c JIiocbeHOM OeBpoM Ha Kopa6;ie H3 Epa3minH (1937) (EpoAejib no3HaKOMmicn
c HHM xo jrn B 1933, xo JIH B 1934 roAy8; Apyroro ocHOBaxc/in acypHajia «AHHajibi», MapKa
B^oKa, ^HHHO OH noHXH lie 3Haji4)).
TaKHM o6pa30M, K 1939 roAy 37-jiexHHH ncxopnK pacnojiaraji BceM Heo6xoAHMbiM JUIH
3amHxw AOKXOPCKOH AHccepxauHH, Koxopan, oAHaKO, Bo^eio o6cxoiixejibcxByBHAejiaCBex
^Huib ACCHXHJiexne cnycxH. B 1940 roAy, nocjie nanajia BOHHW, EpoAejib nondui B HCMCI;KHH
^arepb B MaHHue, a B 1942-M «jioxapnHrcKaH HenoKopHocxb», KaK OH Bbipa^KaexcH, npwBejia. ero B KOHueHxpaunoHHbiH jiarepb oco6oro pe^KHMa B JIio6eKe 10 .06 3XOM nepwoAe CBoeft
)KH3HH, KOXOpblH B p O A e ^ b CHHXaeX «Hpe3BbIHaHHO BaaCHbIM H nOJie3HbIM» C XOHKH 3peHHH

ero 4>opMnpoBaHHM KaKyneHoro, OH coo6maex eme 6ojiee CKyno. KaK nHmex M. 3\iap, EpoAejib «oneHb cxapajiCH cxepexb Bee c^eAbi CBOHX 3aHMXnn B njieHy», XOXH H roBopwji, HXO
6e3 HHX HanHcaji 6bi Apyryio KHHiy11. Bo BCMKOM cjiyqae pa6oxa H 3Aecb npoAOJi^Kanacb, npHXOM BecbMa aKXHBHO — B qacxHocxH, 6^aroAapn (|)eHOMeHajibHOH naMHXH njieHHoro, a xaK>Ke xoMy, HXO Koe-KaKne ycjiOBHH A^IH Hee coxpaHHJiwcb — B jiarepe HMejiacb GnGjinoxeKa,
KyAa nocxynajiH HOBbie KHHrH (npHneM BpoAejib Mor nepecwjiaxb peueH3HH Ha HHX B 11a-

538

ripHJICttKeHHH

pH>K12), 6biJio pa^HO, /jaace «noAnojibHoe», MOHCHO 6bmo BCCTH AOBOJibHO aKTHBuyio nepenwcKy c Opamjuefi ls H HHTaTbJieKiniH. BpoAejib npoHHTaji CBOMM coTOBapHmaM ABa Kypca
no 20 jieiojHM CHanana B MaiiHije, a 3aTeM B JIio6eKe. KaK nniueT 3\iap, 3a 3TO BpeMH EpoAe^b cocTaBMJi TpH H;IH neTbipe BapnanTa «CpeAH3eMHOMopbH», KOTopbie nepecbuiaji JUIH
03HaKOM7ieHHH JIiocbeHy OeBpy, 3anHCbiBa# HX na iuKOJibHbixTeTpaAHX. IIo3AHee OH, «no
CBOeMy o6bIKHOBeHHK), yHUHTO^KHJI pyKOnHCH» 14.

TeKCTbi HecKOJibKHxyuejieBiiiHx BBOAHMX JICKIJHH EpoAC/iH cpaBHHTejibHO HeAaBHoyBHAe;iH CBeT B c6opHHKe «AM6HU,HH HCTOPHH» noA 3arojiOBKOM «HcTopHH, Mepa no3HaHHH
MHpa»1:\ OHM AaiOT npeAcraBjieHHe o Tex HAenx, KOTopwe ccJ)opMHpoBajiHCb y (J)panuy3CKoro HCTopHKa K 3TOMy BpeMeHH H B nojmoH Mepe HaiiuiH OTpa^ceHHe B «CpeAH3eMHOMOpbe», 3aHHMaiomeM cJ)aKTHHecKH uenTpajibHoe MecTO B ero TBopnecKow 6worpa(J)HH1(i.
CyTb 3THX HAeii Bbipaacena BO cj)pa3e H3 nwcbMa K aceHe, oTnpaBjieHiioro H3 MaHHua
15 cj>eBpajw 1941 roAa: «Hy>KeH uiHpoKHH B3ITIHA, Hiiane 3aneM BOo6me HcropHH?»17. IIIHPOKHH B3HIMA, o6pameHHe K «Be;iHKOH HenoABH}KHOCTH», KOTOpan HaxoAHT npoHB;ieHHe B
MeA^eHHbix HCTopHHecKHx npoijeccax, noMorajiH 3aKunoHeHHbiM HeMeijKoro KomyiarepH
o6pecTH KaKyio-TO AyxoBHyio onopy B cyMpaHHbie AHH HacrynjieHHH (J)aiiiH3Ma no BceMy
(})poHTy — yBHAeTb, TaK CKa3aTb, 3a AepeBbHMH COGMTHH rpaHAH03Hyio TO^my «jieca» HCTOpHH. B03HHKaJia B03M05KHOCTb BbipBaTbCH H3 CCrOAHHIIIHerO AHHI «JlHHHO MHe, BO BpeMH

AOBo;ibHo THHCKoro npe6biBaHHH B njieHy, — nHiueT EpoAC/ib, — npnimiocb HeMajio nocTapaTbCH, HT06bI OTBJieHb CBOe BHHMaHHe OTXpOHHKH 3THX MpaHHblXJieT ( 1 9 4 1 — 1 9 4 5 ) » 1H.

3TO B o6meM^ro AOcraTOHHo CBoeo6pa3Hoe yTeuieHwe, BeAi> «6o;ibiiiaH HcropHH», HCTOpnn, yBHAeHHan c nTHHbero nojieTa, BOBce ne ACMOHcrpHpyeT Top>KecTBa cnpaBeAJiHBOCTH
H MOpaJIH. KCTaTH, 0 6 3TOM TOBOpHT CaM EpOAC/Ib, oGoCHOBblBaH OTKa3 OT OUeHOHHblX C)QK-

AeHHH: «HcTopHK AO^^ceH He cyAHTb, a o6T>HCHHTb H noHHMaTb. Mbi He >Ke./iaeM Go^biue
cjibimaTb o Cyae HCTOPHH c nponwcHOH C» ly . YTemeHHeM B AaHHOM cjiynae CJI)OKHT CKopee
paBHOAyuiHe ncropHH, acepHOBa KOTopon nepeMajibmaiOT Bee, H Aypnoe H xopomee — 3TO
CBoero poAayTeiueHHe Mormibi, ecjiH OHO MoaceTOiyacHTbTaKOBbiM.
Bo BCHKOM oiynae HCHO, HTO B nepnoA n;ieHa HayKa c/iyacHjia A^IH EpoACJiH cnacHTcrcbHOH OTAyiUHHOH H nOBOAOM &JIH HHTCHCHBHblX pa3MbII!JJ[eHHH, KOTOpbie 3aTeM nOJiyHH^H

CBoe OTpa^KeHHe B «CpeAH3eMHOMopbe» H cnoco6cTBOBanH ero nonyjrapHocTH.
HOBWH, KaKTorAa Ka3aJiocb, B3ni5iA Ha HCTopwio, 6bui Bbipa6oTaH, ecTecTBeHHO, He To;ibKO OepHaHOM BpoAe^eM — 3TO 6bm OAHH H3 B03M0>KHbix OTBeTOB Ha (J)yHAaMeHTajibHbie
Bonpocbi, 3aHHMaBiuHe H 3aHHMaiomHe HCTOPHKOB, H uiwpe — npeACTaBHTejiett pa3Hbix 06mecTBeHHbix HayK — ec^H He OT BeKa, TO no KpaftHeft Mepe Ha npoTHHceHHH nocAeAHHx nojiyropacTa jieT. B TeKCTe «CpeAH3eMHOMopbii», KaK H ApyrHx COMHHCHHH BpoAejin, Mbi HaXOAHM npOTHBOnOCTaBJieHHe 6oJIbUIOH HCTOpHH H HCTOpHH nOBCeAHCBHblX, MHMOJieTHblX

coGbiTHH, BBeAeHHe noHHTHH «CTpyKTypbi» — npoTHtfceHHoro BO BpeMeHH KOMnjieKca COUHaJIbHO-npeAMeTHblX RAH COUHaJIbHO-npOCTpaHCTBeHHblX OTHOIIieHHH, «KOHl»IOHKTypbI» —
IJHKJIHHeCKH nOBTOpHK>meHCH TeHACHUHH B pa3BHTHH TOM HJIH HHOH COUHaJIbHOH CCj)epbi;
HaXOAHM HACK) p a 3 H 0 0 6 p a 3 H H (j)OpM npOTH^KeHHOCTH HCTOpHHeCKOrO B p e M e H H , n p H 3 b I B

M. IOCUM. OepHaH EpoAejib: nyTb K «CpeAH3eMHOMopbio»

539

coeAHHHTb ycmiuH HcropnH H Apyrnx HayK o nejiOBeKe, Tpe6oBaHHe H3ynaTb o6mecrBO B
ero B3anMOAeHCTBHn c OKpyacaiomen cpeAOH.
HcKaHMH BpOAe^H BnHCblBaiOTCfl B 06llIHpHbIH HCTOpHHeCKHH KOHTCKCT pa3BHTHH HayKH XIX — XX BeKOB — cpe/jH ero npeAiuecTBeHHHKOB Ha3biBaioT HCMCIJKHX reorpac}>OB
Kapjia PHTTepa H OpHApnxa PaTijejiH, OAHOIX) H3 co3AaTe;ieH (J)paHuy3CKOH «couHajibHOH
reorpacJ)HH» (geographie humaine) n . BnAajib Ae Jia B^auia; EpoACflb BeAeT Anajior c 3KOHOMHCTaMH (H. IlIyMneTep, H. KoHApaTbeB), cou,HOJioraMH ( 3 . ,HiopKreHM, T. IypBHH), c
a B T O p a M H y H H B e p c a J I b H b l X T e o p H H —MapKCOM, JleBH-CTpOCCOM 2 0 . CaMHCTOpHK, TOBOpH

06 HCTOKax luKOJibi «AHHajiOB», MHoro MecTayAe^HeT(()Hjioco4)yAHpH Beppy (1862—1955),
KOTopbiH npeABOCXHTHJi ee noflBjieHHe y>Ke B KOHije XIX Bena w ocHOBaji B 1900 roAy «>KypHa/i HCTopHnecKoro CHHTe3a» (Revue de synthese historique). B OTJIHHHC OT nocjieAHero,
ocHOBaTe^H «AHHajiOB counajibHOH H SKOHOMHHCCKOH HCTOPHH» B 1929 roAy HaMepeBajincb BonjioTHTb B }KH3Hb HAeio yHHBepcajibHOH HayKH yace He nyreM OTBJieneHHbix AHCKVCCHH O MeTOAe, a C nOMOmbK) KOHKpeTHblX HCTOpHHeCKHX HCCJieAOBaHHH, «OnHpaHCb Ha

c})aKTbi H CHJiy npHMepa»: 3HaMeHaTejibHo, HTO nepBoe ACCHTH^eTHe «AHHajiOB» EpoACJib
CHHTaeT caMbiM n;iOAOTBopHbiM 6^aroAapn CTOHBLLIHM nepeA HHMH nojieMHnecKHM 3aAanaM — BO c}>paHuy3CKOH HayKeTorAa rocnoACTBOBajia «caMOAOBOJibHafl nocpeACTBeHHOCTb»,
a B KOJUIOK Ae OpaHC npenoAaBajin oTAe;ibHbie «HCTopHH», a He HcropHio21.
3TOT noHCK LJCTIOCTHOCTH B npeAcraBJieHHH HCTOPHH cocTaBJineT OAHy H3 caMbix npnBJieKaTejibHbix nepT B TBopnecrBe caMoro EpoAejin, H «CpeAH3eMHOMopbe» HBJIHCTCH nonbiTKoii TaKoro LjejibHoro npeAcraBJieHHH—XOTH MO)KHO no-pa3HOMy oueHHBaTb pe3yjibTaT.
CnHTeTHHecKoe 3HaHHe o npoiiuiOM — HenpeMeHHaii 3aAana HCTopnqecKOH HayKH BO Bee
BpeMeHa, HO cpeAcrsa JXJIH ee peiueHHH He BcerAa 6buiH OAHHMH H TCMH JKC ECJIH B 20-e

roAbi ynop Rejizuicn Ha no^HTHnecKOH HCTOPHH H 6norpacJjHHX BCTIHKHX JHOACH (a STH acaHpw Toace npeA^iaranDT ncropHHecKHH CHHTC3 CBoero poAa), TO A-NH EpoAejifl ecTecTBeHHO
6MJIO npoTHBonocTaBHTb HM reoHCTopHK), KO^HHecTBeHHyio H counajibHyio HCTopHK). ByAVMH )0Ke M3TpOM CBOCH IUKOJIbl, B CTaTbe, KOTOpyiO Ha3bIBaiOT CaMOH 3HaMeHHTOH, «HCTO-

pHH H HayKa. Bo^bman AAHTe;ibHOCTb» (1958), OH jxaer TaKyio (J)opMyjiHpoBKy cHHTeTHnecKOH HCTOpHH, KOTOpyiO MOHCHO CHHTaTb KOMnpOMHCCHOH: «JXjlH MCHH HCTOpHH — 3TO CVMMa
BCeX B03MO>KHbIX HCTOpHH» 22 . EcJIH B H A e a ^ e HCTOpHH AOJDKHa 6bITb BCeHAHOH, TO HV5KHO

CTapaTbCH coeAHHHTb Bee acaHpbi HCTopHnecKOH HayKH. Bojiee Toro, BpoAejib npH3biBaeT K
B3aHMOAeHCTBHK3 HCTOpHH CO BCCMH OTpaCTIHMH lyMaHHTapHOrO 3HaHHH, H H e TOJIbKO, HeMy

H nocBnmena Ha3BaHHaa CTaTbH. HayKH o nejiOBeKe, nnuieT OH, AOJUKHW yHHTbmaTb
BpeMeHHOH acneicr H3ynaeMbix HMH npeAMeTOB, a HCTOPHH — npHMeHHTb MCTOAW, Bbipa6oTaHHbie couHo^orHen, reorpacJ)HeH, CTpyKTypHOH JIHHFBHCTHKOH, nojiHTHHecKOH SKOHOMHen H ApyrHMH Anci^HnjiHHaMH. 3Ta HAen, OHCBHAHO, CBH3aHa c o6men A^IH BpoACJin H
Apyrnx «aHHajiHCTOB» noTpe6HOCTbio noKa3aTb no;ie3HOCTb CBoen HayKH, COCAHHHH npoumoe c HacTOHmHM — «HcTopHH — HayKa npoiimoro H HayKa ceroAHflumero AHH» l21\ I1OAO6Hyio ace 3aAany BpoAe^b cTpeMH^cn peuiHTb H B CBoen opraHH3aTopcKOH ACHTe^bHOCTH,—
noMHMO Toro, HTO c 1957 r. OH CTa^ BO niaBe «AHHajiOB», OH 6biJi ocHOBaTe^eM /toMa HayK

540

ripHJIOaCeHHH

o nejioBeKe, co3AaHHoro Ha 6a3e VI ceKu,HH Bbicuien IIIKOJIM npaKTHHecKHX nccjieAOBaHHH.
XOTH (JDyHAaMeHTajibHbiH TpyA BpoAejia yAOCTOHJicfl caMbix jiecnibix OT3WBOB24 H cnoco6cTBOBaji pacuBeTy >Kanpa HCTopHHecKOH perHOHajibHOH MOHorpa<j)HH, cro npH3biBbi K
COeAHHeHHIOyCH^HH M MOKflHCUHnjIHIiapHblM HCCJieAOBaHHHM B KOHCHHOM CHeTe H e 6bUIH

ycJibimaHbi HCTopHKaMH2"\ npoH3omeji noBopoT K H3yneHHio «MeHTajibHOcreH», BHHMaiine
HCTOpHKOB nepeKJIIOHHJIOCb Hd p O J I b Cy6-beKTHBHbIX (J)aKTOpOB B HCTOpHH H B HCTOpHHCC"

KOH HayKe; B STO BpeMH BpoAejib, coxpaHHBiiiHH BepHOCTb CBOHM npeacHHM npHHijHnaM H
BKycaM, OTXOAHT OT aAMHHHCTpaTHBHOH ACHTeJIbHOCTH 2f>.

TeM He MeHee aHajiH3 3THX npHHH.nnoB H HX Bon^omeHMH B HcropnHecKHX TpyAax
4>. BpoAejiH Ba^ceH jym noHHMaHHH coBpeMennoro nojioyaeHun H coBpeMeHHbix npo6jieM
HCTopHHecKOH HayKH, KaK B nepcneKTHBe, TaK H B peTpocneKTHBe.
KorAa B npeAnc^oBHH K I H3AaiiHio «CpeAH3eMiioMopbH» HHTaeuib paccKa3 aBTopa o
B03HHKHOBCHHH 3TOIX) 3aMbICJia H3 A H C C e p T a i J H H , nOCBHIHeHHOH BHeiUHeH nOJIHTHKe C>H-

jinnna II, HeBOJibHO BcnoMHHaiOTCH AHnjioMHbie H AwccepTaijHOHHbie paGoTbi coBCTCKoro
B p e M e H H , B KOTOpblX nOHTH o6H3aTCJIbHbIM T p e 6 0 B a H H e M 6bUIO H a J l H H H e , He3aBHCHMO OT

TeMbi — no nojiHTHHecKow, Ky^bTypnoH HJIH Apyroft ncropHH — pa3BepHyTOH xapaKTepncTHKH ycjioBHft 3noxn — B nepsyio onepeAb coijHajibHbix H SKOHOMHHCCKHX. MOHCHO CKa3aTb,
HTO «CpeAH3eMHOMopbe» EpoAejifl HanoMHHaeTTaKoe BBeAeiiHe, HenoMepHO pa3pociueecn H BbiuieAiuee Ha nepBbiw mian, TO ecTb 3acjiOHHBinee CO6OH nepBOHanajibHyio nocraHOBKy Bonpoca. B STOM CMbicne B KOHTCKCTC OTenecTBeHHOH HCTopnorpacJDHH noAXOA, npeA^io}KeHHbiH BpoAe/reM, BbirjiHAHT ne crojibyac peBOJiiou,HOHHbiM.
Boo6me, jyin oijeHKH MeTOAa (J)paHuy3CKoro HCTopHKa BOBce He o6fl3aTejibHO ncxoAHTb
TOJibKO H3 AeicnapHpyeMbix HM nocryjiaTOB, TeM 6ojiee HTO caM OH HOCTOHHHO oroBapHBaeTCH, HTO He npHHaAJieacHT K nnc/iy TeopeTHKOB H 4)HJIOCO(})OB 27— HHMMH cjiOBaMH, 3TH noCTyjiaTbi A^IH Hero — no6oHHbin npoAyKT nccjieAOBaHHH2H. KaK BCHKHH npaKTHKyiomnw HCTopHK, BpoAC/ib He MO^KeT OTopBaTbCM OT CTHXHH (J)aKTOB; HanpoTHB, OH norpyacaeTCH B
Hee, ne CTpamacbyTOHyTb, — OH nbiTacTCH ocBo6oAHTbCH OT ee BJiacrH, O6T>HBHB oTAejibHbie c})aKTbi, HJIH «co6biTHH» Maji03HanamHMH HTCM caMbiM npwHH>Kaji pojibTpaAHijHOHHbix «Be;inKHx co6biTHH». TaK BpoAejib nbiTaeTCH pa3peuiHTb OAHy H3 rjiaBHbix npo6jieM
HCTopHHecKOH HayKH — npo6;ieMy o6y3AaHHH xaoca 3MnnpHH. B caMOM Aejie KaacAbitf HCTOpHK AOJDKCH opraHH30BaTb H TaK HJIH HHane opraHH3yeT B CBoeM npeAcraBJieHHH npomjioe
CBOHM oco6eHHbiM, 6ojiee HJIH MeHee opnrHHajibHbiM H HHAHBHAyajibHbiM cnoco6oM. IloBHAHMOMy, caM BpoAe^b AyMaji HMeHno TaK, cyAfl no ero BbiCKa3biBaHHK) o TOM, HTO uiKOJia
«AHHajioB» 6buia CKOpee Bcero Jiniiib jiHTepaTypHbiM HJIH xyAoacecTBeHHbiM TeneHHeM, rpynnHpoBaBuiHMCHBOKpyrjiHHHOCTeHM. B^oKanJI. OeBpa 29 .
l l O H H T H O , HTO C TCKyHeCTbK), MHMOJieTHOCTbK) HCTOpHH MO)KHO C n p a B H T b C H , TOJibKO

BbiAejiflfl HeKHe CTa6njibHbie, MajionoABH>KHbie nepTbi peajibHOCTH, TO, HTO B HOBoeBponeHCKOH HayKe Ha3biBaeTCH «3aKOHaMH». Ho CJIOBO «3aKOH» He oneHb noAxoAHT BpoAejuo,
BepoHTHO, BCJieACTBHe onpeAejieiiHOH MeTa(J)H3HHHOCTH, npncymeH 3TOMy noHHTHio. Ben-

M. IOCUM. Oepnan EpoAe;ib: nyTb K «CpeAH3eMHOMopbio»

541

Hoe H HHKorAa He MenniomeecH He HHTepecyeT EpoAejiH, KaK nejiOBeKa, acejiaiomero no3naBaTb npaBHJia nepeMeH, XOTH 6bi iia ypoBHe reojiorHHecKHX anox. BMCCTO «3aKOHOB» OH
ynoTpe6^HeT H3o6peTeHHbiH B XX Bene H H3^io6jieHHbiH ero yneHbiMH TepMHH «CTpyKTypbi»; CTpyKTypa — 3TO ycroHHHBaii H noBTopjnomaHOi cxeMa HJIH npoijeAypa BO B3awMOOTHOiueHHHx o6mecTBa co cpe^oH mm BHyTpn caMoro o6mecTBa.
TeM lie Menee B nepBon nacra «CpeAH3eMiioMopbH», KOTopyio caM Bpo^ejib Ha3bmaeT
pacuinpeHHbiM BBeAeHHeM'M)K CBoeMy COHHHCHHIO, B 3HaHHTe^bHOH Mepe Mbi HMeeM ACTIO c
«KBa3HHenoABH}KHbiMH» peajiHflMH, He CTOJibKO c HCTopunecKHMH, CKO^bKO c reorpacfmnecKHMH CTpyKTypaMH — TaKHMH KaK pejibec}), KJiHMaT, jiaHAiuacjyrbi. B nepBOM BapwaHTe
npeAHCJioBHH K 3TOMy pa3Aejiy KHHrn31 aBTop eme 6ojibiue noAHepKHBaji npoTHBOCTOHHHe
HCTopHH H reorpacJ)Hn, nejiOBeKa u cpeAbi, npHneM reorpacjjHHecKafl cpe^a, HJIH «3eM/iH»S2,
BbiCTynaeT B pojiH ocoGoro HCTopwHecKorofleHTCJiH— 3Aecb npoHBJiaeTCH oneHb xapaicrepHbiH /yiH 6poAe^eBCKoro CTHJIH aHTponoMopcj)H3M — naAejieHHe HeoAymeBJieHHbix npeAMeTOB, npocrpaHCTBa, BpeMCHH, rop, Mopn H CpeAH3eMHOMopbn B IJCJIOM HejiOBenecKHMH
nepTaMH. He ecrbjin 3TO BbipaaceHHe oco6oro OTHOUICHHH (J)paHiry3CKoro HCTopHKa K npo6;ieMe «He;ioBeK B HCTOPHH»?
B coHHHenHHx BpoAejifl Mbi MOHCCM oTbiCKaTb o6menpHHHTyio ceroAHM, He B nocieAHioio
OHepeAi* 6jiaroAapH uiKOJie «AHH3JIOB», AeicnapaixHio o TOM, HTO iyiaBHbift H HCTHHHWH npe/jMeT HCTOpHH — HCTIOBCK SS . H o 3TOT TC3HC MOJKHO nOHHMaTb H npHMCHHTb COBepilieHHO nO~

pa3HOMy. OTAe^bHoro nejiOBeKa, HHAHBHAyyMa, KOTopbift Hcne3 H3 HayHHOH HCTopnorpac})HH
eme B XIX BeKe, H B coBpeMeHHbix yneHbix HcropHHecKHx Tpy^ax, Aaace nocBHmeHHbix
«MeHTanbHocTH», He TaK-To jierKo nawTH. Penb B HHX HACT npenMymecTBeHHO o KOJUICKTHBHOM, counajibHOM nejiOBeKe, 06 o6o6meHHOM HOHHTHH, KOTopoe ocTaercK HCTHHHBIM npeAMeTOM HCCJieAOBaHHK, Aaace KorAa penb HACT O «Ka3ycax», TO ecTb HCTOPHHX OTAejibHbix
JHOACH, BbinaAaiomHx H3 o6mero npaBHJia (XOTH Ha caMOM A^Jie OHM BcerAa BbinaAaiOT), HO
TeM caMbiM ero noAHepKHBaioiinix.
EpoAe;iH TaioKe HHTepecyeT, 6e3yc;iOBHO, He BHyTpemiHH, a BHCUIHHH, ycpeAHeHHbiH
HCJIOBCK, H HMeHHO AOJirocpoHHbie npHHHiibi H (})aKTopbi, onpeAejiHiomHe ero noBeAeHHe,
n03BOJI5IIOT CBH3aTb HCTOpHK) C COBpeMCHHOCTbK) H CAeJiaTb e e aKTyaJIbHOH. B03M0HCHbie

B03panceHHH aBTop «CpeAH3eMHOMopbH» npeABHAeji eme BXOAC ero noAroTOBKH, ijHTHpyn
B CBOHX JICKIJHHX c/iOBa >K. ^l,ioaMejiH o TOM, HTO HCTopHK — ne perwcTpaTop, a no3T, H
A. OpaHca: HCTopHH — jiynuiHH nopTpeT nejiOBeKa, a 3aHHTHH craTHCTHKOH HanoMHHaioT
pacHJieHeHwe TpynoB M. BpoAejib npoTHBonocTaBjineT MM BbiCKa3biBaHHH TaKHX nee «TpaAHUHOHHbix» B ero noHHMaHHH HCTopHKOB: >K. Mwiujie, npH3biBaiomero BHAeTb o6mecTBO B
UeJIOM, H B0CCK)3, KOTOpblH ynOMHHaeT O nOABOAHblX TeHeHHHX, HCnOABOJIb rOTOBHmHX

KpynHbie nepeMeHbi. no^HTHHecKan HCTopwH, cocpeAOTOHeHHan Ha nocTynKax BC^HKHX
^IOACH, Bbi3biBaeTy BpoAe^nycMeiiiKy; OHaHanoMHHaeTeMy KHHOxpoHHKy BpeMeH nepBOH
MnpoBOH BOHHW, KOTopyio OH Ha3bmaeT KapHKaTypoft Ha HCTopHK), npwHeM CKopee oropHHTe^bHOH, HeM 3a6aBHOH S5 .

542

IlpHJIO^CeHHH

IIo-HacTOHmeMy iviy6oKaji HCTOPHH — 3TO counajibHaH HCTopHH, HCTopHH He OAHoro
ne;iOBeKa, a Bcex JHOACH. PemeHHe Kaniyiepa EwcMapKa norH6nyTb B crcynae nopaaceHHH
n p n CaAOBOH, OT KOToporo 3aBHce;ia cyAb6a o6-beAHHeHHH IepMaHHH, EpoAe;ib o6-bHCHneT
He KaK^orHHecKHH BWBOA H 3 o6cTOHTe^bCTB 6Horpac})HH caMoro KaHiyiepa, a KaK «pe3y;ibTaT HCTopHH HeMeijKoro napoAa... BO>KAeM KOToporo OH 6bui, B TO BpeMH KaK HapoA 6bui e r o
BO^KAeM» % .
3 T H npHHuwnbi, x o p o i u o 3HaKOMbie COBCTCKHM HCTopHKaM, O6T>5ICHHIOT, noneMy B p o Aejib BHAHT r^aBHbiM o6pa30M noBTopeHHe OAHHX H Tex ace cueHapweB Ha HCTopHHecKOM
TeaTpe, H noneMy cjiynaHHOCTHM OH OTBOAHT He TaK MHoro MecTa. OAHaKO Bee 3TO He 03HanaeT, HTO 6poAejieBCKoe Ha/ioaceHHe HCTopHH XVI BeKa 6e3JiHKo H HTO eMy npwcym noc/ieAOBaTeJIbHblH ACTepMHHH3M. OAHO RCJIO — BbICKa3bIBaTb CBOH B3I7I5IAbI H npHCTpaCTHfl,

Apyroe — BoiuioiijaTb MX Ha npaKTHKe. O A H O RGJIO — yBHAeTb npoiiijioe c BWCOTW nTHHbero
nojieTa, B e r o O6UJHX KOHTypax, Apyroe — npHAaTb eMy HCTKO paanHHHMbie onepTaHHH.
OepHaH BpoAejib B3Bajimi Ha c e 6 n THTKCJIOG 6peMH co3AaHHH «MaKpoHCTopHH» — 3aAany
BejiHKyio )OKe n o Macurra6y - H B T O ace BpeMH nonbrrajicn HacbiTHTb 3Ty rpaHAH03Hyio HCTOp n i o cyryGo KOHKpeTHbiM!A7,3anacTyio (OCO6CHHO B «CpeAH3eMHOMOpbe») BnepBbie ony6jiHKOBaHHbiM MaTepnajiOM. Cjio^KHocTb H oAHOBpeMeHHo qeHHocTb onbiTa BpoAe^H COCTOHT B TOM, HTO OH CTpeMHJICH nHCaTb H e HaCTHyiO H Cnen,HaJIH3HpOBaHHyiO HCTOpHK), KOTOpOH BbIH)0KAeHHO 3aHHMaeTCH 6oJIbIUHHCTBO HCTOpHKOB

3H

, a HCTOpHK) « B O o 6 m e » , HCTOpHK)

orpoMHbix HejiOBenecKHx H Aaace «reocou.HajibHbix» o6mHOcreH. ECJIH oijeHHBaTb npaKTHnecKyio pa6oTy EpoAC/iH c TOHKH 3peHHH e r o KOHijenTyajibHbix ycrpeMjieHHH, TO MO>KCT
noKa3aTbC5i, HTO OH «OTCTynaeT OT npHHunnoB» H Aaace BXOAHT Koe-rAe B npoTHBopenHe c
caMHM CO6OH. H o 3TO He HenocjieAOBaTejibHOCTb, a CKopee AOKa3aTejibCTBO npoAyKTHBHoCTH e r o TBopnecKoro MeTOAa, nocKOJibKy HcropHHecKaH Mbicnb, KaK H caM n p o i j e c c HCH3HH,
npoTeKaeT B paMKax B3aHMOHCioiioHaioinHX Tpe6oBaHHH. Ee ABOHCTBeHHOCTb, CO6CTBCHHO,
H HBJIHCTCH yOIOBHCM ABHHCeHHH — y HCTOpHKa BCerAa eCTb B03M05KHOCTb nOCTaBHTb nOA

coMHeHwe ycTOHBiueecH MHeHHe, B3iviHHyB Ha npo6jieMy c HHOH TOHKH 3peHHH. /JpcrynHbie
HaM TeKCTbi n p o i i m o r o He MCHHIOTCH, HO 3aAana HCCJieAOBaTejifl — He CTOJibKo HX noBTopeHHe, cKOJibKO HTeHHe Me^cAy CTpoK — a OHO Bbi3bmaeT K HCH3HH c B o e r o poAa «OCHOBHOH
HHCTHHKT HCTOpHKa», HCC/iaHHe n p O B e p H T b H B 0 3 p a 3 H T b .

Mbi yace roBopHJiH, HTO BpoAejib n p o r a B MopajibHbix cyacAeHHH H ocyacAeHHH — n e r o
CTOHT e r o 3aMenaHHH n o noBOAy H3maHHH MaBpoB H eBpeeB H3 HcnaHHH, o6T>HCH5iiomHe
(CJIOBO «OnpaBAbIBaK)mHe» BCe >Ke H e nOAXOAHT) 3TH Co6bITHH 3aKOHaMH

B3aHMOAeHCTBHfl

UHBH^H3ai;HHStt. TeM He MeHee oijeHOHHbix cyacAeHHH B e r o KHHre npeAOCTaTOHHO, H OHH
OTHOCHTCH He TOJibKO K TpyAaM e r o Ko^jier — TaKHx oueHOK HCAaTb Bnojme JiorHHHO, HO H
MHMOXOAOM 3aTparHBaiOT HCTopHHecKwx nepcoHa>KeH, HanpHMep, cj>aBopHTa cyjiTaHa HOCH({)a MHKaca, KOToporo 6Horpa(j)bi, n o MHCHHK) EpoAejin, CJIHUIKOM HAeajiH3HpyK>T4(). B 0 0 6 me BpoAejib HepeAKO BCTynaeT B nojieMHKy c pacnpocTpaHeHHbiMH B HCTopHorpa(|)HH oueHKaMH—AonycTHM, n o noBOAy BbixoAa BeHeu,HH H3 CB^meHHOH JIHFH B 1 5 7 3 roAy 41 HJIH Tex
HJIH HHWX nocTynKOB O w j i n n n a II H e r o nojiHTHKH B uejiOM. OnpaBAaHHe 3 T H X ACHCTBHH

542

ripHJioaceHHfl

rio-HacTOHmeMy niy6oKafl HCTopuM — STO coixHajibHaa wcropHH, HCTopHH He OAHoro
ne^OBeKa, a Bcex JHOACH. PeiueHHe KaHiyiepa EwcMapKa norH6HyTb B cjiynae nopaaceHHH
npn CaAOBOH, OT KOToporo 3aBncejia cyAb6a o6-beAHHeHHH IepMaHHH, EpoAejib o6-bHCHHeT
He KaK jiorHHecKHH BWBOA H3 o6cTOHTejibCTB 6HorpacJ)HH caMoro KaHiyiepa, a KaK «pe3yjibTaT HCTopHH HeMeijKoro napoAa... BO^KAeM KOToporo OH 6bui, B TO BpeMH KaK HapoA 6bui ero
B05KACM» %.
3 T H npHHuwnbi, xopoiuo 3HaKOMbie COBCTCKHM HCTopHKaM, o6-b5icHHK)T, noneMy BpoAejib BHAHT rjiaBHbiM o6pa30M noBTopeHHe OAHHX H Tex ace cueHapweB Ha HCTopwHecKOM
TeaTpe, H noneMy cjiynaHHOCTHM OH OTBOAHT He TaK MHoro MecTa. OAHaKO Bee 3TO He o3HanaeT, HTO 6poAejieBCKoe H3JiOHceHHe HCTopHH XVI BeKa 6e3JiHKO H HTO eMy npwcym nooieAOBaTeJIbHblH ACTepMHHH3M. OAHO ACTIO — BbICKa3bIBaTb CBOH B3HIHAbI H npHCTpaCTHJI,

Apyroe — BoiuiomaTb HX na npaKTHKe. OAHO ACTIO — yBHAeTb npoimioe c BbicoTbi nTHHbero
nojieTa, B ero O6UJHX KOHTypax, Apyroe — npHAaTb eMy HCTKO pa3JiHHHMbie onepTaHHH.
OepHaH BpoAejib B3Bajimi Ha ce6n TH^Kcnoe 6peMH co3AaHHH «MaKpoHCTopnH» — 3aAany
BejiHKyio yace no MacuiTa6y - H B T O ace BpeMH nonbiTajioi HacbiTHTb 3Ty rpaHAH03Hyio HCTOpHio cyryGo KOHKpeTHbiMM7,3aqacTyio (oco6eHHO B «CpeAH3eMHOMopbe») BnepBbie ony6jiHKOBaHHbiM MaTepHajioM. G/ioHCHOCTb H oAHOBpeMeHHO ueHHOCTb onbiTa EpoAcnn COCTOHT B TOM, HTO OH CTpeMHJiCH nwcaTb He HacTHyio H cneuHajiH3HpoBaHHyio HCTopwio, KOTOpOH BbIHyH<AeHHO 3aHHMaeTCM 6oJIbIUHHCTBO HCTOpHKOB 3H, a HCTOpHK) « B O o 6 m e » , HCTOpHK)

orpoMHbix He^OBenecKHx H Aaace «reocoijHajibHbix» o6mHOcreH. ECJIH oijeHHBaTb npaKTHnecKyio pa6oTy EpoAejiH c TOHKH 3peHHH ero KOHuenTyajibHbix ycTpeM^eHHH, TO MOMCCT
noKa3aTbCH, HTO OH «OTCTynaeT OT npHHijHnoB» H Aaace BXOAHT Koe-rAe B npoTHBopeHHe c
caMHM CO6OH. Ho 3TO He HenocjieAOBaTejibHocTb, a CKopee AOKa3aTejibCTBO npoAyKTHBHOCTH ero TBopnecKoro MeTOAa, nocKOJibicy HcropHHecKaH Mbioib, KaK H caM npoijecc HCH3HH,
npoTeKaeT B paMKax B3aHMOHCicnioHaiomHXTpe6oBaHHH. Ee ABOHCTBeHHOCTb, CO6CTBCHHO,
H RBJIHGTCH yCTIOBHCM ABHH<eHHH — y HCTOpHKa BCerAa eCTb B03MOJKHOCTb nOCTaBHTb nOA

coMHeHHe ycTOHBiueecH MHeHHe, B3iyiHHyB Ha npo6;ieMy c HHOH TOHKH 3peHHH. /JpcrynHbie
HaM TeKCTbi npouuioro He MCHJUOTCH, HO 3aAana HcoieAOBaTejiH — He CTOJibKO HX noBTopeHHe, CKO^bKo HTeHHe Me>KAy CTpoK — a OHO Bbi3biBaeT K HCH3HH CBoero poAa «OCHOBHOH
HHCTHHKT HCTOpHKa», HCCTiaHHe n p O B e p H T b H B 0 3 p a 3 H T b .

Mbi yace roBopnjiH, HTO BpoAejib npoTHB MopajibHbix cyacAenHH H ocyacAeHHH — nero
CTOHT ero 3aMenaHHH no noBOAy H3maHHH MaspoB H eBpeeB H3 HcnaHHH, o6T>5iCHHiomHe
(CJIOBO «OnpaBAbIBaiOmHe» BCe XCe H e I I O A X O A H T ) 3TH Co6bITHH 3aKOHaMH B3aHMOAeHCTBH5I

UHBHJiH3ai;HH:VJ. TeM He MeHee oijeHOHHbix cyacAeHHH B ero KHHre npeAOcraTOHHO, H OHM
OTHOCHTCH He TOJibKO K TpyAaM ero KOJiJier — TaKHX oijeHOK >KAaTb Bnojme jiorwHHO, HO H
MHMOXOAOM 3aTparHBaioT HCTopHHecKHx nepcoHa^ceH, HanpwMep, c|)aBopHTa cy.rrraHa HOCHc})a MnKaca, KOToporo 6worpacj)bi, no MHCHHIO BpoAcnH, CTIHUIKOM HAeajiH3HpyioT4(). B006me BpoAejib HepeAKO BCTynaeT B nojieMHKy c pacnpocTpaHeHHbiMH B HcropHorpa4>HH oueHKaMH—AonycTHM, nonoBOAyBbixoAaBeHeuHHH3CBHmeHHOHJlHrHB 1573 roAy41 miHTex
H^H HHWX nocTynKOB <J>HJiwnna II H ero no^HTHKH B ijejiOM. OnpaBAaHHe 3THX ACHCTBHW

M. K)CUM. 4>epHaH EpoAejib: nyTb K «CpeAH3eMHOMopbio»

543

CBOAHTCH, eCTeCTBCHHO, K HX o6-bHCHeHHK), H B n e p B y i O O H e p e A b o6"bflCHeHHK> HX 3aKOHO-

MepHOCTH, orpaHHqeHHOCTH HMeiomerocH Bbi6opa, HaKOHeu, IIOHTH 6e3ajibTepHaraBHOCTH 42 . Ho penb H^eT, HTO Jiio6onbiTHO, BOBce He TOJibKO o BHenmeH o6ycjiOBjieHHOCTH nojiHTHnecKHx pemenHH — ne MeHee, ecnn He 6o;iee BCCOMOH npeACTaBjineTCH HX cy6-beKTHBHan
KOMnOHeHTa — AaBJieHHe CHIOMHHyTHOH KOH-blOHKTypbl, UHBHJIH3aUHOHHbIX (J)aKTOpOB,

HAeo^orHH, HaKOHeu, o6menpHHHTbix npaBHji, crpaTerHH H jiorHKH Hrpw. HrpoBa^TepMHHOJiorHH mnpoKO Hcno^b3yercH BpoAejieM B co6biTHHHOH nacra ero KHHra jyisi BbipaaceHHH JIHHHMX HHTepecoB H jiHHHoro ynacTHH nepcoHaaceft B npoHCxoA^meM.
HTO AO BOnpOCa 0 6 aJIbTepHaTHBHOCTH B HCTOpHH, TO OH, KaK HH CTpaHHO, BeCbMa 3aHH-

MaeT cj)paHiry3CKoro HCTopHKa, HecMOTpn Ha ero AeMOHcrpaTHBHyio norp)0KeHHOCTb B cyA*>6bi pernoHOB H H,HBH.JiH3auHH, AaJieKyio OT 3;io6bi J\HH. HHTepec y BpoAejin Bbi3biBaiOT Te
cjiynan, KorAa MO>KHO CTpoHTb npeAnojioaceHHH 06 WHOM pa3BHTHH rocyAapcTBeHHbix 06pa30BaHHH, AP>THMH c^OBaMH, ajibTepHaTHBHOCTb B no^HTHKe — npHneM TaM, rAe 3aTparwBaioTCH ero qyBCTBa cj)paHuy3a HJIH HCTopHKa HcnaHHH. TaK, OH paccMaTpHBaeT BepoHTHOCTb H B03MOHCHbie nocjieACTBHH o6-beAHHeHHH HcnaHHH noA3rHAOH nopTyrajibCKOH, a
He aparoHCKoii KopoHbi4S, BO3MO5KHOCTB Bbi6opa B KanecTBe CTOJIHUM JlHcca6oHa, a He MaApHAa — 3Aecb penb yace o BapnaHTax KOHKpeTHoro nojiHTHHecKoro pemeHHH. HacraHBafl Ha
HeH36e>KHOCTH yTBep^KAeHHH BCJIHKOH HMnepHH B EBpone XVI Beica, OH 3aAaeTCM BonpoCOM — HTO ecjiH 6bi na HMnepcKHH TpoH 6bui H36paH He Kapji V H Ha pojib eBponencKoro
rereMona CMorvia 6bi npeTeHAOBaTb OpaHLUin? ^
Bee 3TO, on^Tb-TaKH, BapnaHTbi c 3aMeHOH npeTeHAeHTOB Ha niaBHyio pojib, a caM XOA
nbecbi cymecTBeHHo ne MenneTCH. CpeAH3eMHOMopbio cyacAeHO 6buio B KaKOH^ro MOMCHT
BblCTynHTb Ha aBaHCUeHy MHpOBOH HCTOpHH, H B KaKOH-TO MOMCHT COHTH C H e e — HCTOpHK

nmeT oTBeT Ha Bonpocbi, KorAa HMCHHO 3TO npoH30iujio H KaKHe KOHKpeTHbie MexaHH3Mbi
ynpaBAHJiH 3THM npoueccoM. KaK H 6o^buiHHCTBO ero Kojuier, BpoAejib pa3JiHHaeT BO BceMHpHOH HCTOpHH KaK UHKJIHHeCKHe, TaK H nOCTynaTCJIbHbie ABHJKeHHH. n e p B b i e CBH3aHbI C

(J)yHKi;HOHHpoBaHHeM orpoMHbix perHOHajibHO-couHajibHbix o6mHocTeH, BnocjieACTBHH
BbiCTynaiomnxy Hero noA HMCHCM «MHPOB-3KOHOMHK», caMOCTOHTejibHbix SKOHOMHHCCKHX

MHpoB. BTopwe npooieacHBaioTCH BpoAejieM TaioKe B SKOHOMMHCCKOH c<j)epe H CBH3aHbi
npeHMymecTBeHHO c nepexoAOM OT HaTypajibHoro o6\ieHa K pbiHKy H 3aTeM K yTBepacAeHHio
rocnoACTBa cneKyjiHTHBHoro KanHTajia. XVI BeK HBJIHCTCH KjiioHeBbiM B STOM npoijecce, OH
ocraeTcn eme IJCAHKOM BO BjiacTH TpaAHijHOHHoro acH3HeycTpoHCTBa H BMecTe c TCM ACMOHCTpnpyeT, XOTH 6bi B 3apoAwme, MHorne (J)eHOMeHbi HoBoro BpeMeHH (KCTaTH, BpoAc/ib npeAnoHHTaeTynoTpe6jiHTb B KanecTBe npoTHBonojioacHoro TepMHHa He «CpeAHHe
BeKa», a «OrapbiH pe>KHM» HJIH «GrapbiH nopnAOK»).
n p n HTeHHH HeKOTopbix CTpaHHu. «CpeAH3eMHOMopbH» B caMOM Aejie HeBOJibHO HanpauiHBaioTCH napajmejiH c coBpeMeHHOH HCTopnen H Aaace GyKBajibHO c ceroAHHiuHHM AHCM.
PoccHHCKOMy HHTaTe^K) 6yAeT^io6onbiTHo no3HaKOMHTbCH c MexaHH3MOM cneKyjiHUHH rocyAapcTBeHHbiMH ueHHbiMH 6yMaraMH, peryji^pHO npHBOAHBiiiHx K 6aHKpoTCTBy HcnaHCKOro npaBHTe^bCTBa45, HaHTH HCHTO 3HaKOMoe B HMnyjibCHBHbix ACHCTBHHX nocjieAHero, KO-

544

ripHJIOaceHHH

Topoe nbiTaeTCH noBJiHHTb Ha CHTyaijHio BHe3KOHOMHHecKHMH MeTOAaMH, HO 3aTeM BcerAa
6 b I B a e T BbIHy>KAeHO nOAHHHHTbCH H e n p e O A O J I H M O H CHJie X03HHCTBeHHbIX 3aKOHOB — CaM

Bpo^e^b npoBOAHT cpaBneHHe c K»KnoaMepnKaHCKHMH poKHMaMH XIX BeKa46. Boo6me
onncaHne npHcrpacTHH H npoMaxoB BO BHyTpeHHen H Me>KAyHapoAHOH noJiHTHKe pyKOBOAHTejiew HcnaHCKOH HMnepnH naBOAHT na Mbic/ib o TOM, HTO noBeAeHHe BCTIHKHX AepacaB
Majio noABep^KeHO H3MeHeHHHM.
KapTHHbi, KOTopwe CTapaeTCH HapncoBaTb EpoAe;ib, 3TO 6o^bmne KOMno3Hu,HH, cocraBJ i e H H b i e H3 MeJIKHX KyCOHKOB M03aHKH. E e a B T O p CTpeMHTCH K eCTeCTBeHHOHayHHOH TOHHO-

CTH H no BO3MO>KHOCTH MaKCHMyM Mecra yAejineT Ko^HnecTBeHHbiM xapaKTepwcTHKaM onHcbmaeMbix (J>eHOMeHOB. KpacKH B ero najiHTpe no3aHMCTBOBaHbi npeHMymecTBeHHO H3 MHpa
npupoAbi, fljin coiinajibHbix HBJICHHH y Hero na H3biKe nocroHHHO roTOBbi cpaBHeHHH c
cj)H3HHecKHMH, MexaHHHecKHMH, A^>KeTexHHMecKHMn npoijeccaMH (ropoAaKaKaBTOMo6HJibHbie MOTopbi47). OAHaKO 3TH MeTacf)opbi, Hcnojib3yiomHe o6pa3bi Bcex neTbipexCTHXHH —
3CMJIH, BOAbI, B 0 3 A y x a H OrHH, — B b i r ^ H A ^ T HMeHHO KaKXyAOHCeCTBCHHbie CpeACTBa, 05KHB-

jimouxue OAHOo6pa3He Maccbi npiiBOAHMbix AaHHbix. 06pbiBbi H nojiorae CKJionbi KpHBbix
BpeMeHH, ruiaBHoe HJIH 6ypHoe TeneHHc SKOHOMHHCCKHX noTOKOB, 3aTyxaiomHe H CHOBa
pa3ropaK>mnec5i KaK KOCTpbi B na/ie onarH peMeceji, ;ieAHHKOBoe ABHHCCHHC H,HBmiH3aiiHH —
Bee 3TH HecKOJibKo Bbinypnbie cpaBHeiiHH KOMneHcnpyioT cyxocTb H craTHHHOCTb nepBOH H
BTopofi, ocoGeHHO Aoporofi RJIH BpoAe^H nacTH ero KHurH.
Ibpa3AO 6o./iee jierKHM H yBjieKaTejibHbiM MHe npeACTaBjuieTCfl HTeHwe TpeTben, «co6biTHHHOH» nacTH MOHorpacJ)Hn (J)paniiy3CKoro HCTOpHKa, rAe HeKOTopoe MecTO yAejieHO H
npKHM 6Horpa4)HHecKHM nopTpeTaM4H.
ripH 3TOM BpoAe^b, no ero npn3HanHio, Boo6me He XOTCJI ny6jiHKOBaTb ee, KaK MajiocymecTBeHHyK)4W. Bo BCHKOM cjiynae oHa noABeprjiacb HaHMeHbiiiHM H3MeHeHHHM no cpaBHeHHK) c nepBbiM H3AaHHeM. Ho Bee >Ke noA^iHHHoe OTHOiiieHHe BpoAejin K HCTopwHecKOMy
C06bITHK3 H e 6bUIO TaKHM OAH03HaHHbIM, KaK OH CaM 3^HBJIHGT'A). 3 T O MOJKHO npOHJUIIOCTpH-

poBaTb Ha npHMepe ero OLJCHKH GHTBM npn JlenaHTo, KOTopaji B paMKax TpaAHijHOHHOH
HCTopHH ocTaeTCH, no ero MHCHHIO, TpyAHOo6T»HCHHMOH H He HMeiomew noc/ieACTBHH. ECJIH
TKe OTBjienbCH, nHiueT EpoAe;ib, no^eMH3Hpyn c pacnpocTpaneHHOH TOHKOH 3peHHH, OT
CTOJibace n30^wpoBaHHbix H noBepxHocTHbix co6biTHH, nponciueAiuHX nocjie JlenaHTo H
HMeiomnx o6paTHbiH 3HaK — noTepio xpncraaHaMH MoAOHa, BbixoA BeHeijHH H3 cocTaBa
JlHrw, yTpaTy HcnaHweH JIa Ty^eTTbi H TyHHca51, TO HTor 6yAeT HHUM. B pe3y;ibTaTe JlenaHTo 6bi^ pa3BeHnaH MHCJ) O TypeuKOH MOIIJH — 3Aecb BpoAejib anejuiHpyeT K cy6i»eKTHBHOMy (J)aKTOpy HCTOpHH B HHCTOM BHAC
Tajiepbi xpwcTHaH nojiyMH^H Maccy rpe6n,OB, 3anaAHbie Kopcapbi BocnpnjiH; HaKOHeu,
Typei;KHH (J)^OT, no BHAHMOCTH B03po^KAeHHbiH HenocpeACTBeHHO noc^e nopa^KeHHH, Ha
Aejie TaK H He onpaBH^cn OT HaHeceHHoro e\iy yaapa H CO BpeMeneM pa3BajiHjicn, TaK KaK ne
Mor 6o^biue coBepmaTb 6e3HaKa3aHHbie 3KcneAHUHH B 3anaAHOcpeAH3eMHOMopcKHe BOAW r'2.
TaKHM o6pa30M, 3aMeTHbie co6biTHK o6peTaioT CBOH HCTHHHbiH CMWC^, ocBemaii cyMpaHHyio To;imy noAcnyAHbix npoiieccoB HCTOPHH, — BpoAejib cpaBHHBaeT 3TH co6biTHH co

M. IOCUM. OepHaH EpoAcnb: nyTb K «CpeAH3eMHOMopbio»

545

CBeT^HHKaMH, MepLjaiOIiniMH B HOHH 53 . O H H o 6 p e T a K ) T CBOH CMblCJI, CTaHOBHCb B pHA C MaO

COH Apyrwx, He CTOJib npKHx c{)aKTOB, KOTopbiMH RO npeAeJia 3anojiHeHO TBopeHHe BpoAeJIH. HTo6bi npeoAo;ieTb no3HTHBHCTCKHH KyjibT H30JinpoBaHHoro (f)aKTa, HCTopHK nbiTaeTCH paCTBOpHTb C06bITHH B MOpe HCTOpHH, H e COBCCM, nO-BHAHMOMy, OTAaBafl C e 6 e OTHeT B

HenocjieAOBaTejibHOCTH Tanoro noAxoAa. H3 Hero BbrreicaioT HeKOTopwe HeyAo6cTBa, UTIH
jiyqiue CKa3aTb, OCO6CHHOCTH H36paHHoro EpoAejieM >KaHpa. Ero TpyA npeAHa3HaneH, cyAfl
no BceMy, He TOJibKO jyw cneiniajiHCTOB, HO H3O6HJIHC CBeAeHHH, mrraT, TepMHHOB, nonepnHyTblX H3 OpHrHHaJIbHblX HCTOHHHKOB, yOIOHCHHCT e r O H T e H H C 3 T O (J>aKTHHeCKH 3HUHK-

^oneAHH CpeAH3eMHOMopbH B XVI Bene, nocTpoeHHan no TeMaTHHecKOMy npHHijHny (OTCIOAa nOBTOpbl), HO 3HH.HKJIOneAHH 6 e 3 oGliHCHCHMH OTACTIbHblX nOHHTHH H CTaTeH. K CO-

HcajieHHio, jno6afl nonbmca ijejibHoro npeAcraafleHHfl npouuioro — ecjiH ocTaBHTb B CTopoHe
HcropHHecKHe poMaHbi — B Hauie BpeMH HeocymecTBHMa 6e3 onpeAe/reHHoro Apo6jieHHH
MaTepnajia. KpoMe Toro, OAHOMy nejioBeKy noBTopeHHe onbua BpoAeJin craHOBHTCH Bee
MeHee no cnjiaM. CaM OH, KaK H BCHKHH yneHbin, BCTI CBOIO pa6oTy B KOJIJICKTHBC, COCTOHm e M H3 HCTOpHKOB pa3HbIX BpeMCH H HapOAOB. XOTH «CpeAH3CMHOMOpbe» B 3HaHHTCJIb-

HOH Mepe HanwcaHo Ha apxHBHbix MaTepnajiax, ero aBTop Macro ijejibiMH crpaHHijaMH BOCnpoH3BOAHT pe3yjibTaTbi cnen,HajiH3npoBaHHOH pa6oTbi CBOHX KOJDier.
B o6meM, TpyA BpoAejin BocnpHHHMaeTcn ceroAHH KaK OTHKW He peBOJiion.HOHHafl, HO
rpaHAH03Hafl H CMe;iajf no 3aMbic/iy nonbiTKa pa3peuiHTb BenHbie npoTHBopeHHH HCTopwnecKOH HayKH — onncaTb HenoBTopHMoe nepe3 o6mee — nnaBHbiH nacjjoc KOTopow 3aKJHOHaeTCH B CTpeMJieHHH noKa3aTb HBJICHHH BO BceM pa3Hoo6pa3HH HX npoHBJieHHH, qepe3 3TH
npoHB^eHHH, TO ecTb nocTaBHB HX Ha nepBoe MecTo, He CBOAH K OTaneneHHOH cymHOCTH M.
B 3TOM, notfcajiyw, OTJIHHHC 6poAejieBCKoro noAxoAa OT TpaAHijHOHHoro MapKCH3Ma, K KOTOpOMy B 0 0 6 m e - T 0 (J)paHUy3CKHH HCTOpHK — H 3TO ACTiaeT e r O COHHHeHHH OCo6eHHO HHTe-

pecHbiMH A^IH nocTCOBeTCKoro HHTaTe^H — AOBOJibHO 6JIH30K no CBOHM o6mecTBOBeAHecKHM npHHijHnaM.
B coBeTCKOH HCTopHorpa(J)HH BpoAejib noABeprajica KpHTHKe 3a HecoBnaAeHHe ero B3iywAOB c no3Hi;HeH opTOAOKcajibHoro MapKCH3Mar,\ H 3Ta KpnTHKa, no Bcew BHAHMOCTH, BM3biBajia HCKpeHHee yAHBjieHwe (J)paHny3CKoro yneHoro, KOTopbiH, no ero co6cTBeHHbiM CJIOBaM, Ao6pocoBecTHO H36opo3AH;i «oKeaH "KanwTajia"»r>6. B caMOM ACJie, BpoAejib iiiHpoKO
Hcno^b3yeT noHHTHH HCTopnqecKoro MaTepnajiH3Ma, HO Hcnojib3yeT HX KaK o6menpHHHTbie, He 3a6oTHCb 06 HX CTporoM onpeAejieHHH. IloHcajiyH, Hpe3MepHaa >KecTKOCTb B «npoCTOM H rpy6oM (pesant)»r'7 HaBH3biBaHHH a6cTpaKTHbiXTepMHHOB peajibHOCTH H OTrajiKHBaeT BpoAejiH B coBpeMeHHOM eivry MapKCH3Me. XOTH caM OH He qyacAaeTCH ynoTpe6jieHH5i
Bbipa^ceHHH «KJiaccoBaii 6opb6a» npHMeHHTC/ibHO K co6biTHHM XVI BeKa, OH paTyeT3a ero
BIOIIOHeHHe B HCTOpHHeCKHH KOHTCKCTI « B KOHUe KOHI^OB, Mbl, HCTOpHKH, ynOTpe6jIHCM

H3o6peTeHHbie HaMH c;iOBa — (peodcuiu3My 6ypMya3URy KanumaauaM — HacTo He OTAaBaii ce6e
OTneTa B TOM, HTO B pa3Hbie snoxH OHH CKpbiBaiOT 3a CO6OH pa3Hbie HBJieHHH. Bonpoc TepMHHO^orHH... ECJIH noA KJiaccoBOH 6opb6oH Mbi noHHMaeM nonpocTy 6paToy6HHCTBeHHbie
pacnpn, o6MaH, npncTpacTHoe npaBOcyAHe, TorAa nycTb 6yAeT KJiaccoBan 6opb6a. 3 T O Ha18.3aKa3Nj2220.

546

ripHJIOHCeHHH

3BaHHe HHHyTb He xyace, neM npeA^iaraeMoe coijHOJioraMH "couHaflbHoe HanpjDKeHHe". H o
ecjiH AaHHoe n o H n r a e , KaK H AyMaio, noApa3yMeBaeT onpeAejieHHyio creneHb co3HaTejibHoCTH, TO OHO BbiiviHAHT HCHbiM B rjia3ax HCTopHKa, KOTopbiH paccMaTpHBaeT 6ypHbie co6biTHH n p o i i m o r o c no3HUHH X X BeKa; OAHaKO jyin JHOACH XVI BeKa, ropa3AO MeHee npoABHHyTWX B STOM OTHoiueHHH, noHHTHe miaccoBOH 6opb6bi ocTaeTCH TyMaHHbiM»r'8. TeM He MeHee Bpo^ejib 6 e 3 o c o 6 b i x 3aTpyAHeHHH npwjiaraeT noHHTHe conHajibHOH peBOjnonwH, HJIH
«HeCKOHHaeMOH CKpblTOH peBOJHOUHH», COIJHaJIbHOH BOHHbl H e TOJIbKO K MaCCOBbIM B b l O
TyTLTieHHHM KpeCTbHH H BOCCTaHHflM TOpOflOB, HO H K pa36oHHHHeCTBy H R20Ke npOCTO K )TO-

jiOBHbiM npecTynjieHHHMr>9.
Jljisi Tex, KTO BoenpHHHMaeT MapKCH3M KaK cepbe3Hyio nonbiTKy H3BJienbypoKH H3 HCTOpwH, cooTBeTCTByiomne BbicKa3biBaHHH EpoflejiH npeACTaBjiniOT >KHBOH HHTepec, oco6eHHO e r o cpKAeHHH o KanHTajiH3Me, KOTopwe OH pa3BHBaeT Ha BceMHpHO-HCTopHHecKOM MaTepwajie B CBOCH 6ojiee no3AHew MOHorpacJ)HH «MaTepHajibHaH rjHBmiHsauHH, 3KOHOMHKa
H KanHTa;iH3M». 3Ta pa6oTa BO MHOTOM crana npOAOJiaceHHeM «CpeAH3eMHOMopbH», OTJIHHaacb OT Hero MaciiiTa6HOCTbio B3rjmj\3. VL xpoHOJiorHHecKoro oxBaTa (c X V n o XVIII BCK).
HecMOTpn Ha e m e 6ojiee BHyiuHTejibHyio 4>aKTorpac})HHecKyio 6a3y, 3Aecb MeHbine 3aHMCTBOBaHHH H3 opwrHHajibHbix apxHBHbix HCTOHHHKOB H HeMajio noBTopoB c OTCbmKaMH K npeAbi^ymeMy Tpyay. 3aTO B «MaTepnajibHOH n.HBHjiH3an.HH» BpoAeJibAaeTBOJiio CBOCH CKJIOHHOCTH K nocTpoeHHio rjio6ajibHbix KOHn.enn.HH, B TOM HHCJie CBoen KOHnenn,HH «KanHTajiH3Ma». 3Aecb HCTOPHKOTTa^KHBaeTCH OT onbiTaB. 3o\i6apTa H M. B e 6 e p a H, ecTecTBeHHO,
OT MapKca, HO B OTJIHHHC OT Hero noAnepKHBaeT cyG'beKTHBHbie H oTHocHTejibHbie nepTbi
KanHTa^HCTHHecKoro cJ)eHOMeHa.
Corjiamajicb c MapKCOM H JleHHHbiM n o noBOAy e r o OTAejibHbix xapaKTepHCTHK60, B p o Aejib BHAHT B KanHTanH3Me61 He onpeAejieHHbin o6mecrBeHHbiH crpofi, a BbipaaceHHe KpawHero couHajibHoro HepaBeHCTBa H KOHn.eHTpan.HH cpe^CTB B pyKax HeMHoroHHCJieHHoro
MeHbiiiHHCTBa. KanwTa7iH3M, n o EpoAejno, HBJI^CTCH nopoacAeHHeM pbiHOHHOH SKOHOMHKH, HO npOTHBOCTOHT e f t , KaK H HaTypaJIbHblH o 6 M e H («HepHbIH pbIHOK») 6 2 . O H B03HHKaeT

6jiaroAapn ycHJiHHM OTAejibHbrx Jinn. (ceMew) H rocyAapcrB, 6jiaroAapH HaKOiuieHHio AeHer
BCJieACTBHe (})HHaHCOBO-nOCpeAHHHeCKOH AeHTe^bHOCTH, TOprOBJIH Ha AaJieKHX paCCTOHHH5DC
H KpeAHTHbDC O n e p a U H H , OH CTpOHT o 6 M e H He CTOJIbKO Ha B3aHMHOCTH nOTpe6HOCTeH, CKOJIb-

KO Ha cooTHOiueHHH CHJI 6-\ M n p o B o e nepBeHCTBo eBponeHCKoro KanHTajiH3Ma CTajio pe3yjibTaTOM HepaBHOMepHocTH pacnpeAejieHHH MeacAyHapoAHbix pecypcoB H HCKyccrBeHHo
Haca^KAaBiiiHxcH MOHonojiHH, a He pa3BHTHH npow3BOAHTeAbHbix CHJI—TexHHnecKHe cpeACTBa XVIII BeKa 6biJiH H3BecTHbi H B ApeBHOCTH, H B ApyrHx perHOHax MHpa, HO K peBOJiioUHHM He npHBeJIH M.
CoMHeHHH BpoAejiH B yHHBepcajibHOH ueHHOCTH 3KOHOMHnecKoro jiH6epajiH3Ma, e r o
rHnoTe3bi o rpHAymeM OTKPWTHH C C C P H KwTaii A^IH MHpoBoro pbiHKa He Moiyr He npwBjienb K c e 6 e npncTajibHoro BHHMaHHH B HameH CTpaHe Ha py6ence III TbicnqejieTHH. B u,eJIOM, nonbiTKH O . BpoAejiH BWHTH 3a paMKH «TpaAHi;HOHHOH» HCTopHH, a n o c y r a ACJia —
npeoAOJieTb B onepeAHOH pa3 orpaHHHeHHbie BO3MOHCHOCTH HCTopHKa, BbiH)OKAeHHoro BOC-

M. K)CUM. OepHaH EpoAC/ib: nyrb K «CpeAH3eMHOMopbio»

547

npoH3BOAHTb c6biBiueecH, yHce cjiynHBiueecji, peuieHHoe H noAnncaHHoe — coxpaHHiOT CBOIO
aicryajibHOCTb H noyHHTe;ibHOCTb. KOHCHHO, TaKHe nonwTKH He Moryr 6biTb coBepmeHHbiMH yace BCJieACTBHe Toro, HTO npouuioe HenoBTopHMo, — HO y HejiOBenecTBa HeT Apyroro
MaTepHajia A-flfl CVHCACHHH o caMOM ce6e, KpoMe HCTopHnecKoro. IIo3TOMy COHHHCHHH M3Tpa (J)paHiry3CKOH HCTopHnecKOH UIKOJIW XX Beica, nepeHHBiune 3CTa(j)eTy npeAMAymero,
XIX CTOJieTHH, HaBepHHKa He ocraHyTCfl 6e3 oTmiHKa H npoAOJiaceHUH B Bene XXI.

IIPHMEHAHIM
1
H Hcno^b3yio Tanoe coicpameHHoe Ha3BaHHe MOHorpacJ)HH 4>. hponejin coniacHO TpaAHUHH, yace yKopeHHBiueHCH B oTenecTBeHHOH jiHTepaType, CM. HanpHMep: Acfianacbee K). H.
OepHaH BpoAe^b H ero BHAeHHe HCTOPHH / / Epodejth 0. MaTepnajibHaii irHBmiH3au;Hfl, SKOHOMHKa H KanHTajiH3M. T. 1: CTpyKiypbi noBceAHeBHocra: B03MO>KHoe H HeB03MO)KHoe. M.,
1986. C. 5—28; FypeeunA. JI. HcTopHnecKHH CHHTC3 H uiKOJia «AHHajioB». M., 1993. B no^HOM
Ha3BaHHH coxpaHeHHe cnoBa «CpeAH3eMHOMopbe» BCKO 6bi K TaBTo;iorHH, B OTJIHHHC OT c|)paHir/3CKoro opHrHHajia (n nepeBOAOB Ha HeKOTopwe H3WKH, B HacraocTH, aHniHHCKHH: The
Mediterranean and the mediterranean world in the age of Philipp II. Berkeley; Los Angeles; L.,
1995. 2 vol.), rae npHJiaraTejibHoe H Ha3BaHHe Mopa coBnaAaiOT.
2
BraudelF. La Mediterranee et le monde mediterraneen a l'epoque de Philippe II. 9 ed. P.,
1990. V. II. P. 3, chap. 6 (p. 469).
3
Ibid.
4
Epoaejib ynoMHHaeT 3TOT TepMHH B 3amiK>qeHHH CBOCH KHHrH, p. 519.
5
B nepByio onepeAb: Bpodejih <P. CBHAeTe;ibCTBo HCTopHKa / / <E>paHuy3CKHH eaceroAHHK
3a 1982 rofl. M., 1984. C. 174—188. 3TO nepeBOA ero 3aMeTOK, HanHcaHHbix RJIH K>6HjieHHoro
H3AaHH5i (K 70-^eTHK) HCTopHKa): Journal of Modern History. 1972. N° 4. B STOM ace BbinycKe
HaxoAHTCH pHA CTaTeii o TBopnecTBe EpoAejia, B TOM HHCJIC AOBOJibHo KpHTHHecKaji ny6jiHKa-

UHH JX>K. XeKCTepa.
6

TaMHce.C. 175.
TaM)Ke. C. 177.
8
TaMHce.C. 178 H 179.
9
TaM*e.C. 186.
10
TaMHce.C. 178.
11
AymardM. Preface in: BraudelF. Les ambitions de l'histoire. P., 1997. P. 15.
12
B nacTHOCTH, B 1943 r. B JIio6eKe jyin «AHHajioB» 6biJia HanncaHa peiieH3HH Ha KHHry
T. PynHejm «HcTopHH H cyAb6a», B KOTopoft Hcnojib30Bajiocb BaacHewiiiee jyin BpoAejin noHflTHe CTpyKTyp 6ojibiuoH A-flHTcnbHocTH. CM.: BraudelF. L'histoire, mesure du monde, in: Les
ambitions... P. 28.
13
Ee MaTepnajibi 6biJiH Hcno;ib30BaHbi B ny6;iHKariHflx aceHbi HCTopHKa Ilojibi BpoAejib B
HOBOM c6opHHKe: Autour de E Braudel. Perpignan, 2002, KOTopbiH MHe nona HeAOCTyneH.
14
AymardM. Preface... P. 21.
15
CM. npHM. 11 H 12.
16
Pa3VMeeTca, 3TO Mecro MOJKHO oiieHHBaTb no-pa3HOMy, yHHTbiBaji Ha/iHHHe B HacjieAHH
EpoAejia eiiie 6o;iee BHyuiHTe;ibHoro TpexTOMHHKa «MaTepHajibHaa u;HBHJiH3airHfl», KOTopbiH,
BO3MO)KHO, Bbir^HAHT ceroAHH aioyajibHee 6;iaroAapfl BbicKa3aHHbiM B HCM HACAM H TeopeTHqecKHM coo6pa^ceHHHM, a TaioKe HCOKOHHCHHOH pa6oTbi «HTO Tanoe OpaHirHfl?» (L'identite
7

18*

548

ripmioaceHHH

de la France), Hpe3BbinaHHO ;no6onbiTHOH c TOHKH 3peHHH noAxoAa K KOHKpeTHOH HCTopnH
(cTpaHOBeAeHHio). KaK 6bi TO HH 6buio, 6eccnopHO, HTO «CpeAH3eMHOMopbe» «co3Aajio IIIKO;ry H nocTeneHHO npnynHjio HCTOPHKOB K onpeAC/ieHHOMy cnoco6y ocMbicneHHH H onncaHHH
HCTopnH» (Aymard M. F. Braudel / / Dictionnaire d e s sciences historiques. P., 1986. P. 98);
HeKOTopbie BHAHT B HeM KJHOHCBOH TpyA turn noHHMaHHfl uiKOJibi «AHHajioB» (Kronsteiuer
Barbara. Zeit, Raum, Struktur: Fernand Braudel u n d die Geschichtsschreibungin Frankreich.
Wien-Salzburg, 1989. S. 15), H Aaace Te, KTO He pa3AejineT s r o r o MHCHHH H He cHHTaeT pa6oTy
BpoAe^H o6pa3iioM JUIH noApaacaHHH, paccMaTpHBaioT «CpeAH3eMHOMopbe» KaK «HaH6o;iee
KanHTajibHoe H opnrHHajibHoe H3 e r o TBopeHHH» (FypeeunA. Jl. YK2L3. COM. C. 133—134).
17
BraudelF. Les ambitions.., snnrpacj).
18
BraudelF. Histoire et science: La l o n g u e duree / / Les ambitions... P. 223.
19
BraudelF. L'histoire, mesure du m o n d e . . . P. 5 1 .
2()
CM. 0 6 3TOM, B nacTHocTH, yKa3. MOHorpa(j)Hio B. KpoHiirraHHep.
21
EpodeAh 0. CBHAeTejibCTBo... C. 183—185.
22
BraudelF. Histoire et science... P. 204.
23
«Histoire science du passe, science d u present*, oiOBa Jl. OeBpa UHT. no: Ibid. P. 209.
24
B nacTHocTH, c o CTopoHbi Taioix H3BecTHbix yneHbix, KaK Jl. OeBp, P. PoMaHo, T. TypBHH, E. Kyjia, KJI. JIec})op, CM.: Kronsteiuer B. O p . cit. S. 119.
25
AymardM. F. Braudel... P. 99.
26
Cp. 3aMenaHHH K). H. A(j)aHacbeBa (yka3. COH. C. 11) H A. 51. TypeBHHa (YKa3. COH. C. 125).
27
Cp. AymardM. Preface... P. 15.
28
CM. HanpHMep, paccyacAeHHH o cBo6oAe BOJIH (B Ayxe 3HaKOMOH HaM «oco3HaHHOH HeO6XOAHMOCTH») Ha nocjieAHHx CTpaHHuax KHHra, conpoBo^CAaeMbie 3aMenaHHeM o He>Ke.naHHH yrjiy6^HTbCH B AHCKyccnio. BraudelF. La Mediterranee... P. 3. P. 519—520.
29
FIocjieAHee HHTepBbio HCTopHKa 25 Hon6pfl 1985 r., 3a 10 AHeft AO CMepTH, ijHTHpoBaHO
y Kronsteiuer B. O p . cit. S. 18.
30
CM. nacTb nepByio HacTOHiiiero H3AaHHH. C. 3 1 .
31
T. e. B nepBOM H3AaHHH. CM.: TaM >Ke, CHOCKa* Ha c. 30.
32
G/IOBO, HHorAa ynoTpe6;iHeMoe npeACTaBHTc/iHMH HCTopHKO-reorpacJDHHecKoro HanpaB^eHHH, CM. HanpHMep: Braudel F. L'histoire, mesure d u m o n d e . . . P. 4 4 ( o BcerAaiuHew CBH3H
jnoAefi c nopoAHBiunx HX 3eMJieH), a TaioKe Kronsteiuer B. O p . cit. S. 19.
33
TaK, B CBOHX .narepHbix JICKITHAX OH irHTHpyeT cjioBa Jl. OeBpa «HcTopHH — 3TO ne;ioBeK» B noATBepacAeHHe npaBa ncropHHecKOH HayKH Ha Bceo6mHH CHHTC3, Ha «BoccTaHOBJieHHe >KH3HeHHoro eAHHCTBa» (Braudel F. L'histoire, mesure d u m o n d e . . . P. 127).
34
Ibid. P. 5 4 - 5 5 .
35
Ibid. P. 33.
36
Ibid. P. 44. «le p e o p l e qu'il conduit et qui le conduit».
37
OneHb nacTO yrjiyGjiHHCb B noApo6HocTH TOH HJIH HHOH HCTopHH, npwBOAHMOH HM KaK
6w B KanecTBe npHMepa, BpoAejib Ac/iaeT oroBopKy, HTO STO 4>aKT He3HanHTe;ibHbiH, H3 noBceAHeBHOH HCH3HH. 3 T O CBHAeTe/ibCTByeT, Bo-nepBbix, o TOM, HTO OH Bce-TaKH BbiAejineT
BblAaiOmHeCH C06bITHfl, H BO-BTOpblX, HTO 3HaHeHHe JIIo6bIX OTAeJIbHblX Co6bITHH OH CKJIO-

HeH, TeM He MeHee, npHHHacaTb (HanpHMep, npHBOAfl c conyBCTBHeM MHeHHe o TOM, HTO naAeHHe KoHcraHTHHonojifl «6buio ;iHiiib 3nH30AOM», BraudelF. La Mediterranee... P. 3. p. 16).
38
B cBoeft HCCJieAOBaTejibCKOH AeflTejibHocrH, B TO BpeMH KaK B o6pa30BaTe/ibHOH ccj>epe
OHH noHeBOJie crajiKHBaioTCfl c MacuiTa6HbiMH 3aAanaMH.
39
BraudelF. La Mediterranee... P. 2. p. 1 5 3 - 1 5 5 .

M. IOCUM. OepHaH EpoAejib: nyTb K «CpeAH3eMHOMopbio»
40

549

TlpaBAa H 3Aecb HCTOPHK npeAnoHHTaex Bbicica3biBaTbCfl ocTopojKHO, ibid. P. 3. p. 371 —

372.
41

Plaidoyer pourVenise, ibid., p. 415—416.
TaK, nny6HiiHOH npyacHHOH no^HTHKH On/innnaflBJiaeTCflee po;ib B nepeKamce aMepHKaHCKoro cepe6pa w nepepacnpeAejieHHH MHpoBbix 6orarcTB — pojib, c KOTopoH HcnaHHfl B
KOHenHOM cneTe He cnpaBJiaeTCfl. Ibid. Vol. 1. P. 2. p. 576. no;iHTHKa <J>HJiHnna II Bce-TaKH
ocTaeTCH crep>KHeBbiM CIOHCCTOM KHHra nocTOJibicy, nocKo;ibKy OHa BO MHOTOM onpeAejiHJia
42

« p a B H O B e C H e MHpOBblX C o 6 b I T H H » .
43

Ibid. Vol. 2. (P. 2). p. 19.
Ibid. p. 21.
45
Ibid. p. 39 H c;ieA.
4<i
Ibid. Vol. 1 (P. 2). p. 464.
47
CM. Hacroflmee n3AaHHe. M. I.e. 478.
48
HanpHMep, linn V B III niaBe: BraudelF. La Mediterranee... P. 3. p. 330-332.
49
Hanajio TpeTbefi Hacm: BraudelF. La Mediterranee... P. 3. p. 223.
r>0
Ero HHTepec K co6biTHHHOH HCTopHH npoHBHjicii B nocneAHHe roAbi >KH3HH, B xoAe pa6oTbi HaA HCTopnen OpamrHH, CM. oTpbiBKH, ony6./iHKOBaHHbie B: BraudelF. Les ambitions..,
UHT.
51
BraudelF. La Mediterranee... P. 3. p. 383.
52
Ibid.
r,M
BraudelF. L'histoire, mesure du monde... p. 35.
54
BOT KaK Bbipa>KeHa 3Ta Mbicjib B oTpbiBKe H3 nepHOBHKa He3aKOHHeHHOH «HcropHH
OpaHUHH»: «CMepTb, KOTopyio HCTOPHKH ceroAHH H3ynaioT npeHMymecrBeHHo B KanecTBe
Ky/ibTypHoro TecTa, B AepeBHe H B ropoAe BbicTynaeT B coBepuieHHO pa3Hbix o6;iHHbflx, Aa H
MOHCCTJIH 6biTb OAHHaKOBOH CMepTb 6eAHHKa H 6oraToro? B caMOM AeJie, cymecTByeT MHomeCTBO CMepTew, a He OAHa CMepTb, MHOJKCCTBO irnBHjiH3airHH, a He OAHa uHBHJiH3auH5i, MHO}KecTBO KyjibTyp, a He OAHa Ky;ibTypa. BenHaii AHJieMMa: onacHOCTb COCTOHT B TOM, MTOGU He
44

O X B a T H T b BCK) K a p T H H y B UCJIOM, B H A e T b TOJIbKO T O , HTO H a n O B e p X H O C T H , OCTaHOBHTbCfl, 3 a -

BopoHceHHOMy ee 6;iHKaMH». BraudelF. De l'Histoire de France inachevee / / Les ambitions...
55
CM.: A0anachee K). H. YKa3. COH. C. 18-24.
*6TaM>Ke.C. 28.
57
BraudelF. Histoire et science... p. 227.
r,H
BraudelF. La Mediterranee... Vol. 2. (P. 3). p. 79.
59
60

Ibid. p. 76-78.

K KOHitenriHH EpoAejia GjiHace TO, MTO JICHHH Ha3bmaji «HMnepHajiH3MOM», CM. KpaTKoe
H3JioHceHHe TpexTOMHHKa B ;ieKiiHOHHOM Kypce, B 1976 r. npoHHTaHHOM BpoAeAeM B CIIIA,
pyccKHH nepeBOA'. Epodejih 0. /JwHaMHKa KannTajiH3Ma. CMOJICHCK, 1993. C. 118.
61
O H o6pamaeT BHHMaHHe Ha OTcyTCTBHe caMoro TepMHHa y MapKca, TaM ace, c. 51.
62
Bpodejib 0. MaTepwajibHafl u,HBHJiH3airH5i 3KOHOMHKa H KanHTajiH3M. T. 1: Orpyioypbi
noBceAHeBHocTH: Bo3MO)KHoe H HeB03MO>KHoe. M., 1986. c. 35.
63
Epodejih 0. MaTepHajibHaa irHBHJiH3airnH, aKOHOMHKa H KannTajiH3M. T. 2: Hrpbi o6MeHa.M., 1988.C.6.
64
Epodejih 0. ,ZjHHaMHKa KanHTajiH3Ma... c. 113.

YKA3ATEAB
HMEH H TEOrPA^HMECKHX H A 3 B A H H H

AapoH, BoeB04a MoA^aBHH III 377
A66ac BeAHKHH, nepcn^CKHH max I 57, II 538, III 332, 333, 339
A64-aAb-MyMHH II 610
A64-3Ab-MaAHK, iuepHcj) III 344, 345
A6HCCHHHH I 241, 252, 254, 257, II 305,

610

A6paBaHeAb, eBpeHCKan ceMbn, noceAHBuiancH B HeanoAe II 655, 700
A6paBaHeAb, CaMK)3Ab II 658, 701
AGpymjH I 47, 49, 92, 102, 137, 463, II 44, 94, 330, 340, 359, 360, 513, 547, 551, 562,
III 116, 1 7 7 , 2 2 9 , 2 4 5 , 2 9 0
A6yKHp (6HTBa npn) 1 2 1 7
A6yAb-cyy4, TypeijKHH 3aKOHOBe4 II 477
AGy-Xopafipa, cnyTHHK MaroMeTa I 242
ABrycrHH, CB. I 215, II 611
ABepca, r. I 80, II 49
ABHAa I 43, II 75, 633
ABHHbOH I 293, 294, 356, 369, II 44, 284, 654, 679, 687
ABHUI, 4HHacTHfl II 348

ABora4po, rpacj) OrraBHO II 565
ABcrpaAHH II 595
ABCT P HH II 189, 254, 370, 462,

675

Ara4Hp, Mbic I 160
Ar4 I 295, II 746
ArHAa, 40H XyaH 4e, HcnaHCKHH areHT B HaHTe II 746
ArHAap II 239
ArHAOH rie4po, cenpeTapb nocoAbcrBa III 270, 301, 302
ArAa6H4bi, 4HHacrHH I 156
Arop4o, MecreHKO 6AH3 BeHeijHH II 104
ArpH4?KeHTo (/l^Hp4^eHTH), cTapHHHbift ropo4 B CHUHAHH I 348, II 332, 342, 728
A4aHa I 246
A44a, p. 181—83, 356, 390
A4eH II 301, 305, 310, 448, 656, III 238, 340
A4H4*e, p. I 76, 90, 282, 284, 386, 390, 435, 448, II 102
AAOpHO, /J>KOBaHHH II 679
A40PHO, OHAHnno II 205
A4pHaHonoAb (COB P . 94H P He) I 131, 273, 437, II 453, 457, 459, 528, 558, III 180, 228
A4pHaraHecKoe Mope, AapHaraKa 1 6 1 , 64, 66, 142, 150, 166—176, 196, 210, 222,
223, 276, 328, 344, 390, 396, 404, 4 1 1 , 427, 428, 429, 452, 495, II 29, 40, 63, 94,
111, 135, 338, 359, 360, 372, 385, 453, 564, 569, 596, 606, 618, 665, 719, 728, 751,

552

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa({)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

760, 761, 785, III 174, 176, 178, 179, 186, 219, 225, 262, 263, 266, 280, 287, 324,
371,374
AaoKep I 245
A3apo, 6paT MapnaHo, GocoHornn KapMeAHT II 312
A3eBe4y, Aycbio 4H, ncropHK II 653, 697
A3eBe4y, (fpen AyryniTHHbio, nopTyraAbCKHH aBrycTHHen, II 323
A3ep6afi4>KaH I I I 339
A3HH I 13, 4 1 , 55, 58, 113,

115, 214, 233, 314, 323, 327, 385, 388, 453, 468, 475,

II

46,

71, 180, 299, 314, 340, 470, 617, 619, 645, 672, 799, I I I 198, 331—333, 371, 378
A30B I I I 198
A30BCKoe Mope II 59
AsoAa, r. I 432
AsopcKne o-Ba I 148, 202, 235, 237, 300, 308, 326, 425, I I 325, 349, I I I 351
Aii4ap, HcnaHCKHH areHT I I I 325
AnH-BeH4a II 607
AftHH-aAH, <()HHaHCHCT cyATaHa AxMe4a I I I 533
AnTOHa, rpacj) 4e II 525
AnHAa, Aync TaHTaH 4e, BH3HTa4op I I 408
AHflonauia II 530
Ana6a I 244
AnanyAbKo I 304, II 47
AKBaBHBa, AHHa, cecrpa r e p u o r a KoHBepcaHo II 545
AKBHAa, r. I 49, 5 1 , 57, 77, 283, 463, II 44, 539, 551, 558
AKBHAa, eilHCKOII I I I 100
AKBHACH, r. I 132,

134

AKBHHO, BapTOAOMeO, HeailOAHTaHCKHH (f)HHaHCHCT I I 545
AKBHTaHH^I I 326
AKKepMaH CM. BeAropo4
AnoMaT H3 AHaTOAHH, TypeijKHH areHT I I I 313
AnyHbH, 40H MapTHH 4e, no npo3BHmy KyHbflAeTra H I 105, 128, 311, 312, 316—319,
321,353,354
AKyHbfl, 40H XyaH 4e II 522
AAaBa, OpaHcec 4e, IIOCOA OnAHiina II BO OpamniH II 146, 196, 277, 434, 626, 627,
691, 704, I I I 122, 133, 134, 153, 154, 164, 165, 169, 191, 198, 204, 210, 217, 227,
230, 231, 234—238, 241, 243—245, 247, 255, 257, 258, 269, 296—301
AAaHcoH, 9pKK)Ab-cI)paHcya BaAya, r e p u p r 4e, no34Hee repijor AH/KyncKHH II 42, 43,
204
AA6aHHH I 39, 42, 45, 47, 6 1 , 65, 69, 124, 130, 131, 166, 177, 196, 452, II 72, 361, 452,
488, 533, 558, 559, 719, 721, 751, I I I 104, 177, 188, 189, 261, 262, 288, 404, 405,
407
AArapBe (AArapBn) B nopTyraAHH I 158, II 69, 761, 762, I I I 105, 349
AAeaTH, 4>Ky3eniie H I 428
AAeKcaH4p III BeAHKHH I 216, 331
AAeKcaH4p VI, nana I 73, II 445
AAeKcaH4peTTa (HcKeH4epyH) I 74, 133, 428, II 323, 324, 326, 394, 422, 767,
AAeKcaH4pnH ErnneTCKafl I 132, 142, 152, 182, 193, 216, 223, 243, 244, 354, 358,
382, 414, 424, 476, II 23, 25—27, 3 1 , 59, 63, 120, 143, 152, 180, 207, 213, 214,
219, 252, 298, 303, 306—312, 316, 317, 321, 322, 326, 345, 355, 385, 4 0 1 , 4 1 1 ,

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacj)HHecKHX Ha3BaHHH

553

416, 485, 538, 558, 596, 597, 608, 610, 6 6 1 , 712, 746, 747, 755, 756, I I I 47, 125,
172, 176, 238, 239, 256, 365, 369
AAeHTe>Ky I I 69, 96, 349
AAemio (COB P . XaAeG) I 74, 113, 244, 254, 255, 343, 357, 386, 390, 396, 435, I I 56,
102, 118, 120, 206, 219, 267, 273, 303, 304, 3 1 1 , 3 1 7 , 321, 322, 324, 326, 456, 538,
5 5 8 , 6 6 1 , 6 6 2 , 1 1 1 4 8 , 121,336
AAeccaH4pHHo, Kap^HHaA I I I 172, 178, 186, 231, 235, 238, 241, 250, 253
AAeccHo (Aem) I I 606
A A * H P , r. H crpana I 22, 36, 4 1 , 55, 56, 6 1 , 66, 67, 70, 72, 96, 127, 150, 155, 157, 158,

160, 177, 178, 181, 184, 187, 195, 196, 198, 206, 207, 221, 224, 225, 230, 232, 249,
250, 252, 254, 256, 310, 326, 328, 346, 348, 388, 395, 412, 416, 426, 4 3 1 , 432, 435,
436, 457, 487, I I 26, 6 1 , 70, 88, 128, 156, 183, 191, 192, 213, 214, 267, 269, 270,
277, 337, 380, 386, 394, 397, 4 0 1 , 425, 485, 499, 500, 590, 5 9 1 , 596, 597, 608, 624,
627, 637, 709, 711, 712, 731, 734, 737, 738, 743—745, 748—751, 753—755, 758,
761—772, 786, I I I 22—26, 36, 47, 53, 54, 68, 104, 105, 109, 121, 125, 127, 132,
138, 140, 143—145, 178, 184, 185, 190, 193, 201—203, 205—207, 229, 233, 235,
236, 241, 242, 244, 253, 254, 266, 272, 278, 279, 291, 293, 301, 304, 306, 310, 324,
327, 345, 347, 363—365, 367—370, 398, 408, 409
AA>Ky6appoTa I I I 348
AAH 6eH XyceHH (CH4H-aAH peHc), a4MHpaA H HOST I I I 340, 341
AAH, HcropHK I I I 333, 357
AAH-6CH, MHp-aAH-Geft I I 324

AAHKaHTe I 62, 108, 143, 194, 198, 219, 261, 390, 410, 424, I I 27, 283, 339, 350, 376,
378, 385, 386, 391, 4 0 1 , 613, 730, 747, I I I 49, 268
AAH-nauia TeneAeHCKHH, nama .HHHHbi I 47
AAH-nauia, BeAHKHH I I I 120, 281, 313
AAH-IlopTyK, caH4>KaK I I I 175
AAHiipaH4H, Aopemjo, BeHeijHaHCKHH Kyneu I I 61
AAH(J)e, KHfl3b I 471
AAAerpeiTH, KpHcrocfaHo, pary3CKHH npHKa3MHK I I 304
AAb6a, r e p u o r OepHaH4o AAbBapec 4e ToAe40 I 225, 264, 394, I I 43, 199, 200, 202,
206, 212, 224, 279, 280, 281, 388, 419, 434, 435, 464, 469, 489, 517, 519, 599, 708,
709, 710, 713, 727, 805, I I I 54, 59—61, 67, 90, 92, 93, 113, 114, 117, 133, 136,
137, 153, 154, 159, 165, 169, 175, 183, 185—188, 193—197, 201, 220, 234, 236—
238, 257, 259, 267, 269—271, 273, 274, 296—298, 301—305, 309, 318, 328, 342,
343, 349, 350, 367, 368, 410, 412, 413
AAbGa, rpacj) Oa4pHKe (Oe4epHro) AAbBapec 4e ToAe40 I I I 304
A\b6aKH, Bo>K4b BoccraHHH B TpaHa4e I I I 209
A\b6aHH, 4 n H a I 366
AAbGappacHH, pafioH Aparona I I 69
AAb6eHra, nopT B AnrypHH I 132
AAbGepT, 3pujepijor, npaBHTeAb HH4epAaH40B I I I 390, 395, 396, 406, 421
A\b6epTH, ToMMa30, GOAOHCKHH Kyneu I 273, 275
AAb6H-H-TaAMiKoumo, rpacj) I I 513, 525
A\b6HccoAa I I 89, 762
AAbGpe, repijor 4 ' H I 36
AAbGpe, >KaHHa 4 ' , KopoAeBa HaBappcKan I I I 154

554

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa(()HHecKHX Ha3BaHHH

AAbGyKepne, Ta6pH3Ab 4e Aa Ky3Ba, r e p u p r 4 ' , ryGepHaTop MHAaHa I I I 245, 257,
297,301,418
AAb63H-6eH, TypeuKHH IIOCOA I I I 191
AAbrepo B Cap4HHHH I 162, 198, 348
AAb4HryaAa CM. TBapHHKC
AAb4o6paH4HHH, Kap4HHaA I I I 250, 396, 419
AAbe I I 569, I I I 386
AAb-H4pHCH I I 630
AAbKaAa 4e 9Hapec I I 172, 226, 476
AAbKaAa, FlepaccoH 4e PH6epa, r e p u p r 4 ' , BHije-KopoAb HeanoAJi I 138, 394, I I 208,
252, 518, 558, 582, I I I 101, 107, 112, 117, 122, 130, 159, 160, 168, 229, 237, 240,
245,247,260,298,401
AAbKaHTapa I 104
AAbKacap-KeGnp (9Ab-Kcap-3Ab-Ke6Hp), Mecro cpa>KeHH*i I I 716, I I I 309, 344, 345—
347
AAbKay4eTe, AAOHCO 4e I I I 127

AAbKay4eTe, rpacj) MapTHH 4 e I I I 104, 127, 163
AAbKay4eTe, ceMbH I I 739
AAbKoca6a, rie4py 4H, ceKpeTapb Oa3eH4bi I I I 345, 346
AAbKy4Ha I I 730
AAbMa4eH II 694
AAb-MaHcyp (9Ab-/taxa6n, AxMa4 «rio6e40HOCHbiH»), MapoKKaHCKHH uiepH(j) I I I 345
AAbMepHH I 158, 194, 199, I I 378, 631, 689, 748, I I I 201
AAbMOHecHA, o6Aacrb B AparoHe I I 624
AAbMopaBH4bi I 158, 248
AAbMoxa4bi, 4HHacTH*i I 158, I I 646
AAbIiepHH-/lOHrH, TyAAHO, HCTOpHK I I 624
AAbiiyxapa, ropbi I 42, 122, I I 625, 629, 6 3 1 , 689, 6 9 1 , I I I 209, 210
AAbiiw I 34, 35, 38, 40, 44, 48, 54, 56, 57, 6 3 , 64, 78, 8 1 , 82, 103, 117, 120, 121, 122,
127, 169, 209, 213, 264, 278—284, 286, 287, 290, 292, 293, 326, 364, 365, 368,
390, 401, 434, 458, I I 29, 97, 179, 225, 446, 559, 599, 602, 709, 798, I I I 45, 60, 6 1 ,
65, 257, 301, 363, 375, 385, 392
AAbTOMOHTe B KaAaGpHH I 188
AAbTyKapHH, areHT KapAa IX B KoHcraHTHHOiioAe I I I 274
AAb<|)aMeH B HcnaHHH I I 636
A\b({>apaHe, TycMaH 4e I 346, 387, I I 685
AAb(J)OHC I, KopoAb HeanoAfl, V BeAHK04yuiHbiH, KopoAb AparoHa 1 6 2 , 102, 162,
II 184,274
AM, r. Ha CoMMe I I I 62
AMa4op, Xyan, peHeraT H3 Ma4pH4a I I 754
A\iaAb(J)H, r. I 187, 447
AMaHTen, nopT B KaAa6pHH I 187
AMacb^i, r. B AHaTOAHH I I I 337
AMaT4H CaH OHAHIIIIO, FlbeTpo, HcropHK I 198, I I 226
AMepHKa I 57, 73, 76, 84, 94, 95, 119, 143, 159, 202, 256, 271, 304, 331, 342, 395, 406,
413, 456, 466, 467, I I 39, 46, 62, 73, 89, 130, 132, 144, 182, 190, 192—194, 205,
218, 219, 232, 234, 245, 247, 264, 270, 320, 334, 385, 407, 410, 414, 460, 468, 4 7 1 ,

yKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacjwHecKHX Ha3BaHHH

555

472, 477, 4 9 1 , 504, 512, 5 2 1 , 553, 595, 638, 657, 659, 665, 673, 737, 795, 802,
I I I 81, 1 8 4 , 3 5 9 , 4 2 5
AMMHpaTO, IIlHiiHOHe II 445, 584
AMiiaca, nopT B BOCTOHHOH A(J>pHKe I I I 341
A\iriyp4aH, 9Ab-AMiiyp4aH, onpyr I 86
AMcrepaaM I 57, 268, 269, 279, 285, 2 9 1 , 294, 440, II 96, 122, 172, 232, 399, 402, 404,
409, 410, 412, 413, 440, 500, 645, 647, 653, 659, 660, 664—666, 6 7 1 , I I I 394
AMbeH, r. I 334, II 147, I I I 392, 393, 395, 418
AHana I 125
AHaTOAH* 1 3 5 , 36, 7 1 , 110, 113, 114, 214, 239, 248, 336, 387, 390, I I 241, 4 5 1 , 527,
III 151,218,244,313,334
AHrAHH I 19, 55, 130, 135, 185, 225, 261, 266, 270, 271, 276, 278, 281, 291, 301, 305,
307, 312, 372, 395, 410, 414, 415, 422, 424, 437, 440, 455, 469, II 25, 46, 55, 57,
96, 103, 105, 109, 118, 123, 128, 155, 161, 195, 1 9 8 — 2 0 0 , 2 1 3 , 2 4 8 , 2 5 4 , 2 5 8 , 2 6 3 ,
266, 291, 298, 314, 320, 348, 362, 365, 367, 375, 376, 380—385, 387—393, 398,
399, 4 0 1 , 404, 408, 409, 414, 435—437, 462, 469, 474, 479, 500, 545, 565, 573,
583, 591, 595, 598, 600, 635, 642, 653, 660, 664, 668, 682, 705, 716, 748, 767, 796,
802, I I I 22, 24, 30, 35, 36, 43, 47, 50—52, 55, 56, 64, 66—70, 77, 89, 93, 135, 136,
182, 183, 185, 187, 195, 197, 217, 237, 267, 269, 279, 288, 309, 330, 347—349,
352,372,392,395,407,409
AHroAa I 203
AHryMya III 417
AH^aAycHH 1 7 9 , 86, 92—96, 105, 106, 115, 129, 137, 158, 159, 183, 186, 194, 209,
225, 234, 250, 305, 332, 334, 337, 339, 340, 355, 395, 420, 446, 449, 456, 457,
II 72, 97, 157, 196, 220, 240, 336, 348—351, 353, 376, 514, 560, 607, 6 2 1 , 623,
632, 635, 761, 762, 764, 765, I I I 105, 124, 192, 193, 195, 203, 259, 260, 344
AH4HKHTHpa (MepHroiTo), O-B II 757
AH4pa4e, XHAb 4e I I I 260, 281
AH4pa4H, KyneHecKaji ceMbH II 410
AH4pHH, r. B AnyAHH I 61
AH>Kep, r. II 542
An>Ky CM. KapA AH>KyHCKHH, rpac{) FIpoBaHCKHH
AH>Ky, TeHpHX, r e p u o r 4' CM. TeHpHX III
AHKapa, r. I 71, 115, 132, 390, II 6 6 1 , I I I 415
AHKHaAe, coBp. Ka3aAy, MecrenKO B KHAHKHH II 492
A H KOHaI61, 149, 169, 171, 1 7 7 , 2 2 2 , 2 9 3 , 3 4 4 , 3 9 0 , 3 9 7 , 4 3 4 , 4 5 9 , 1 1 4 4 , 4 5 , 1 8 2 , 3 1 1 ,
385, 538, 541, 655, 663, 666, 699, 703, 746, I I I 222, 266
AHHa ABcrpHHCKafl, KopoAeBa HciiaHHH, HeTBepTan H nocAe4Hfl*i >KeHa OnAHima II
II 107
AHHa BeHrepcKan, >KeHa HMiiepaTopa <t>ep4HHaH4a II 464
AHHOHH, TpaHciiopTHa*i (J)npMa I 287, 471
AHce40HH*i, 6OAOTO B TocnaHe I 134
AHTaAHH (I~IaM({)HAHfl) 1101
AHTBepneH I 143, 203, 261, 272, 278, 279, 282, 285—287, 291—294, 306, 316, 4 0 1 ,
417, 441, 459, 466, II 20, 22, 27, 32, 33, 35, 44, 6 1 , 65, 146, 168, 190, 197, 198,
199, 200, 201, 202, 205, 212, 219, 220, 225, 278—280, 284, 298, 302, 308, 309,
312, 319, 329, 349, 368, 375, 379, 380, 387, 390, 399, 4 0 1 , 407, 410, 4 1 1 , 430,

556

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa(j)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH
4 3 4 _ 4 3 6 , 609, 653, 660, 708, 716, 797, I I I 46, 5 1 , 57, 63, 80, 156, 183, 185, 269,
394

AHTH6 I 227, 293, 295, 425, 428, I I 385, I I I 385

AHTHBapH (Bap) I 64, I I I 262
AHTHAHBan I 47, 239
AHTHAbCKHe o-Ba I 300, 304, I I 265, 750, 783, I I I 301
AHTHOXHH (coBp. AnTaKbfl) I I 610
AHTOHeAAH, /J}KOBaHHH BaTTHCTa, BOeHHblH CTpOHTeAb I I 7 3 2

AHTOHHO (AHTOHbio) n e p e c , 40H, n p n o p KpaTy I I 517, I I I 233, 292, 295, 297, 298,
317, 321, 328, 342, 343, 346—350, 354, 355, 357, 382, 402, 416
AHbeAAo, ,4>KOBaHHH I I 158, 4 3 2

AHb^eAAo, 6HTBa npH I 55, 171, I I 60, 507, 799
AneHHHHbi I 35, 47, 49, 6 1 , 63, 8 1 , 82, 92, 117, 119, 122, 166, 209, 234, 238, 368, 390,
391, 435, 436, 495, I I 89, 445, I I I 46, 53, 57, 204
AimeHijeAAb, KaHTOH I I I 393
AnyAHH (nyAbe) I 6 1 , 102, 103, 109, 127, 129, 139, 166, 171, 172, 215, 223, 353, 355,
394, 427, 444, 450, 452, 472, 493, I I 6 1 , 99, 125, 163, 330, 334, 337, 338, 340,
344, 359, 360, 375, 564, 651, 655, 565, 728, 750, I I I 146, 151, 175, 190, 253, 262,
282, 290, 398
ApaBHH I 110, 111, 239, 241, 326, I I 310, 595, 609, I I I 238, 341
AparoH I 4 1 , 78, 97, 109, 380, 405, 457, 462, I I 49, 53, 55 56, 69, 78, 79, 90, 102, 196,
260, 443, 444, 459, 460, 512, 515, 517, 555, 559, 621—624, 629, 633, I I I 350, 355,
356
ApaMOH, Ta6pH3Ab 4 e AIOHH,, GapoH 4e, IIOCOA (J)paHu,y3CKoro KopoAH I I 26, I I I 38, 39
ApaH/ja, repijor 4e I I 624
ApaH4a, MnreAb XnMeHec 4 e Yppea, rpacj) 4 e I I 460, 624
ApaHxyac, r. I I 70, 688, 708, I I I 154, 260
ApapaT I 124
ApaxoBa, 4epeBHH Ha CKAOHC napHaca I 120
Apaui B 3aKaBKa3be I I I 335
A p r o c I 7 5 , 148
Ap4eiu, o6AacTb OpaHijHH I 327
Ap4eui, p. I 53, 369
Ap4HHreAAH I I I 72, 95
A P 4 p H I 22
Apeimo, r. I 390
ApnaHo, nepeBaA I 390
ApHKa, IIOpT py4HHKOB B nOTOCH I 3 0 4

ApHcro(J)aH I 342
ApKOC, r e p u o r 4 e I 225, II 516, I I I 208
ApAb I 87, 97, 108, 126, 294—296, 369, 435, 4 5 1 , I I 292, I I I 134, 383, 389
ApMeHH* I 57, 58, 115, 118, 150, 213, I I 63, 710, I I I 331, 337
ApMeHTepoc, /(Hero 4e, BH3HTa4op I I 408, 409
ApMOpHKCM. BpeTaHb

Ap H ayr-MaMH (MaMeT), penc I 127, 347, I I 758, 7 7 1 , 786
A P H O , p. 1 3 9 1 , 1 1 3 3 8

A p p a c I 343
AppHro, ArocrHHo I 366

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacJ)HHecKHX Ha3BaHHH

557

ApcAan, nama By^bi III 179
ApTa, 3aAHB 1 1 1 4
ApTeara, HHKBH3HTOP III 78

ApTya II 263
ApxaHreAbCK I 266
ApxHiieAar CM. 9reHCKoe Mope
ACKOAH, r. 151,394

AciiHAbKyaTa, MapTHH 4e, npo(()eccop CaAaMaHKCKoro yHHBepcHTeTa II 245
Acco, HHbncHO 4e I 116, II 53, 595
ACTH, r. I 280, 436, II 708

AcTHiiaAeji, O-B B 9reHCKOM Mope II 719
Acropra, r. II 126
Acropra, MapKH3 4e II 522
AcrpaxaHb I 154, 265, II 593, III 198, 333
AcrypHH I 420, II 353, 623, 632
AraH4H, 40H AyHiii 4H, BHije-KopoAb nopTyraAbCKOH HH4HH II 310
ArAaHTHKa CM. ATAaHTHHecKHH OKean
ATAaHTHHecKHH OKeaH (ATAaHTHKa) I 19, 31, 117, 147, 150, 157, 159, 163, 182, 185,
186, 202, 235, 236, 238—241, 259, 266, 276, 285, 286, 299—302, 304—306, 323,
325—327, 366, 392, 410, 416, 417, 422, 428, 430, 495, II 37, 42, 46, 88, 92, 123,
124, 192, 195, 197, 199, 231, 234, 263, 266, 297, 302, 314, 315, 319, 320, 325,
327—329, 373—376, 385, 386, 388, 395, 405, 406, 411, 413, 455, 459, 463, 466,
468, 470, 501, 572, 597, 672, 737, 742—744, 752, 767, 772, 773, 783, III 50, 52,
69, 70, 187, 195—197, 223, 259, 269, 271, 304, 331, 332, 341, 342, 344, 345, 348,
351, 352, 361, 363, 379, 383, 394, 424, 427
ATAac, ropw I 35, 36, 41, 46, 47, 63, 72, 119, 213, 233, 241, 343, 432
ATTHKa I 135

Ayrc6ypr, r. I 273, 277, 279, 286, 290, 299, 318, 321, 434, II 27, 32, 33, 196, 237, 298,
421, 466, III 28, 31—33, 37, 38, 46, 51, 55, 58, 86, 99, 183
AyrycTa II 725, 728, III 116
Ay4erepcre, IleTep BaH, (j)AaMaH4eu, <|>HHaHcoBbiH COBCTHHK OHAHima II II 128, 480
AyHbOH, MapKH3 4e I 468

Aypec CM. Opec
A(j)HHbi I 152, 166, 346, II 453
A(j>pHKa I 13, 29, 61, 150, 155—159, 161, 179, 193, 196, 197, 214, 215, 225, 237, 242,
251, 259, 296, 304, 327, 334, II 145, 185, 186, 219, 325, 342, 379, 460, 462, 485,
554, 593, 607, 611, 641, 647, 669, 672, 695, 711, 725, 736—739, 752, 781, III 37,
47,48, 116, 126, 130, 141,201,209,292,341,361,367,398
A(J>pHKa, ropo40K B TyHHccnoM CaxeAe III 24, 26—28, 37, 38, 87, 106, 413
A(j)(J)aHTaTH, ceMbfl I 286, II 121, 330, 418, 490
Axarrap I 245
AxMaT-nauia III 262
AxMe4 I, cyATaH II 533
AxMe4-Hayiii, TypeijKHH IIOCOA II 392

Ane Ha o. CyMaTpa II 327
AuiKeHa3H (40KTop CaAOMOH) III 312, 319, 320, 325, 326
A34o (Xa34o), 4nero 4e I 96, 346, 347, 395, 457, II 70, 184, 191, 570, 734, 749, 752,
764, 765, III 47, 124, 145, 189, 205—207, 242, 364

558

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacj)HMecKHx Ha3BaHHH

A*HHO, r. Ha KopcHKe I 4 5 3 , I I 52, I I I 132

Eaaui E., HcropHK I 420
Ba6-A3yH, K»KHbie BopoTa AA>KHpa I 432
Ea6aAHC, HepoHHMyc HoxaHHec 4e I I 207
Ba6-3Ab-MaH4e6 I I 308, I I I 341
Ba6-3Ab-y34, ceBepHbie BopoTa AA>KHpa I 431
BaBapHH I 365, 4 5 1 , I I 359
Bar4a4 I 242, 254, 311, 357, 435, I I 317, 321, 324, 609, I I I 339
Ba4axoc I 132, I I 5 1 , 570, I I I 76
Ba3aH, AAbBapo 4e, MapKH3 4 e CaHTa Kpyc I I I 77, 130, 138, 145, 148, 152, 167, 168,
221,240,260
BaseAb I 135, 277, 280, 299, I I 104, 280, I I 747
Ba3HAHKaTa I 124, I I 94
Ban Tamo I I 617
Bane I 312, 3 3 1 , 1 1 5 9 4
BaHH 6AH3 HeanoAH I 74, 165

BafloHHa I 185, 293, I I 20, 352, 653, 6 8 1 , 784, I I I 145, 152—155
BaKKHAbOHe, p. I 9 0

Bany I I I 338
BaAaHbe, ropHbift paftoH Ha KopcHKe OKOAO r. KaAbBH I I I 134
BaAeapcKHe o-Ba I 142, 158, 162, 176, 178, 191, 193, 196, 199—201, 219, 227, 230,
II 26, 376, 379, 461, 735, 762, I I I 23, 63, 124
BaAKaHbi (BaAKaHCKHH II-OB) I 29, 39, 42, 47, 49, 64, 72, 86, 110, 112—114, 120, 152,
166, 173, 196, 210, 213, 214, 233, 260, 265, 267, 268, 272, 273, 334, 343, 370, 390,
395—397, 399—401, 404, 437, 464, I I 49, 54, 64, 7 1 , 72, 206, 2 4 1 , 273, 448, 449,
450, 453, 458, 479, 488, 527—529, 5 3 1 , 612, 615, 616, 619, 672, 712, 718, 722,
742, 804, I I I 266, 331, 362, 375
BaATHftcKoe Mope I 235, 260, 276, 286, 301, 372, 373, 419, I I 297
BaAb4HHyMHH, /i,7K. I I 546
BaAb4yHHH-lleroAOTTH, OpaHHecKo I I 4 1 , 148, 427,
BaAbOHH, po4 I I 560
Ba\i6yK, o6Aacrb B Cy4aHe I I 190
BaHaT, o6Aacrb B Cep6HH I I 549
BaH4eAAO, Marreo 1 5 2 , 53, 85, 204, 212, 336, 337, 343, 356, 424, 453, 459, I I 7 1 ,
455,540,608,718,11166
BaH4K)(j), AHTyaH, naTpoH MapceAbcnoro cy4Ha I I 746
BaHTeAAa, IlbeTpo 4eAb, <j)AopeHTHeq I 438
BaHbHKaBaAAO, r. B PoMaHbe I I 360
Bap6apH, KaH4H40 4H I I 321
Bap6apHro, ArocTHHo, npoBe4HTop I I I 263
Bap6apo, MapKaHTOHHO I 458
Bap6apocca, 6paTb* Xafipe44HH H A p y 4 * I 155, 178, 230, 344, I I 376, 377, 7 3 1 , 765,
776, I I I 19, 22—24, 26, 47, 103, 104, 206, 222, 363
Bap4eHac PeaAec, creiib Ha rpaHHije AparoHa I 97
Bap4H, <f)AopeHTHHCKHe Kyimw I I 367
BapeAH, Xyan HAH /l^KOBaHHH, MaAbTHHCKHH pbiqapb I I I 310—312
Eap>KOAb I 79

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpac|)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH
BapH, r. I 6 1 , 166, 167, 434, II 6 1 , 94, 375, 525, 727, 759
BapAeira, r. I 6 1 , 390, 394, 478, II 270 726, 727
EapoHHo, Oe^epHKo II 675
Bappec, MopHc I 86, II 541
Bappya, o6Aacrb Ha ceB.-3an. OpamjHH I I I 39
BapceAOHa 1 5 4 , 62, 79, 121, 135, 162, 188, 191—193, 198, 217, 227, 228, 2 6 1 ,
388, 389, 390, 442, 4 5 1 , 462, 484, I I 24, 27, 30, 32, 43, 44, 144, 205—213,
240, 282, 284, 339, 351, 374, 375, 380, 381, 385, 432, 443, 444, 525, 537, 559,
594, 596, 597, 708, 729, 734, 784, I I I 49, 78, 125, 128, 140, 145, 148, 151,
175, 194, 259, 260, 279, 289, 343, 361, 389, 406, 415
EapTOHHo, BapTOAOMeo, Kyneu, H3 YuGpuu, >KHBymHH B TeHye II 600
Bacna, KaHaA I 82
Bacpa I 311, I I 304, 310, 322, I I I 340
BacreAHKa, r. B KopcHKe II 52
BacrH4, OpaHcya I I I 429
EacrHfl, r. I l l 48, 53, 64
EaTaHOH, MapceAb I 22, II 466, 599, 695, I I I 73, 74, 95

559

364,
234,
584,
159,

B a T O p H , >KHrMOH4, KHH3b TpaHCHAbBaHHH I I I 3 7 7

Eay3p, BaAbTep I 332
Bay3p, KAeMenc II 171, 494, 678
Ea-XaccyH, npeTeH^eHT Ha MapoKKaHCKHH TpoH I I I 47, 53
Easca, r. I l l 201
Earner, CWH CyAefiMaHa BeAHKOAennoro II 242, 457, I I I 103, 115, 121, 156
E a n P 4 I 262, 444, II 70, 270, 551, 582
BeapH I 123, II 56, 9 1 , I I I 382, 383, 416
Ee4>Ka, paBHHHa I I I 206
Ee4*aHH I 6 1 , 158, 187, II 183, 6 1 1 , 662, 734, I I I 23, 53, 54, 104, 370
EesaHcoH II 211, 225, 227, 284, 288, 492, 507
EesecTaH I 314,474
BeftKep, FlHTep, naTpon 6apKH II 390
EeftpaII 69
BefipyT I 99, 186, 363, 414, 424, II 63, 152, 298, 382, 416, 607
Eenepc M. II 534
BeAropo4 /iHecrpoBCKHH (AKKepMan) I 153
EeArpa^ I 268, 313, 350, 436, II 54, 151, 358, 453, 455, 458, 463, 528, 558, 606, 798,
I I I 180, 181,375
BeAAe, >KoaKHH 410 II 686, I I I 67
EeAAe, >Kop>K 4e, naTpoH raAHOHa I 428
BeAAbeBp, KaHivvep I I I 397
EeAOH 410 MaH, Ilbep I 36, 69, 142, 152, 217, 218, 246, 256, 337, 352, 354, I I 22, 23,
267, 268, 305, 306, 454, 648, 651, 659, 750
BeAox, KapA K)AHyc I I 77, 80—82, 154—156, 159
EeAbTpaMH, /laHH3Ae II 88
BeM6o, AAbBH3e, BeHeijHaHCKHH npoBe4HTop I 74, 172
EeHaBapp 1131
BeHaBeHT I 232, 394, II 545, 576
EeHaBH4ec, eBpeft H3 TypeijKOH KaHqeA^pHH I I I 325
BeHraAHH I 255

560

yKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacj)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

BeHHaccap B. II 161, 165
BeHTHBOAbo, AAeccaH4po I 356
BeHTHBOAbO, CeMMI II 560
BeHTOMHc, cbeppa 4 e III 210
Bepap, BHKTOP 1 5 1 , 390, II 17

Bep6epHH I 157, 160, 201, 208, 295, 414, 424, 429, II 63, 153, 184—187, 191, 274,
276, 342, 376, 379, 395, 397, 4 1 1 , 4 1 2 , 436, 595, 637, 642, 654, 727, 729, 736, 737,
745, 747, 751, 752, 753, 756, 757, 763, 764, 770, 775, 781, III 36, 37, 39, 111, 129,
202, 205, 209, 277, 290, 291, 293, 315, 365, 367, 368, 369, 399, 400
BepraMo I 126, 280, 282, 290, 461, II 49, 66, 67, 321, 429, III 188
BepeAb, PeHe, HcropHK I 67, 455, II 793, 794, 802, III 426
Bep>Kbe, >KaH-Opancya I 24, 286
EepKOBHuja II 530
BepAH, YHAbflM CecHA, Aop4 II 200, 278, 545, III 194, 395, 419
BepMexo (BepMexo), HMH nocAa AmyaHa Byp6oHa B Ma4pH4e III 136
BepMy4ec 4e FleApaca, OpaHCHCKO, HcropHK I 42, II 15
BepHaAb4ec, HcropHK KaTOAHHecKHx KopoAeft II 649
BepHap, 9TbeH, KopoAeBCKHH areHT B MapceAe III 388
BepHOH, TaAeam^o, ncnaHCKHH areHT B KoHcraHTHHOiioAe III 400
BeppH I 295
EepTOAOTTH, AAeCCHO, pa360HHHK II 567
BepTyHHH, OpaHnecKo AHTOHHO, KanyijHH II 500
EepijHreAAH, (j)AopeHTHHCKHe Kynijbi II 366
Eeccapa6H* I 258, II 366
EeraKa I 34, 93, 121, 179
EeTCKan Kop4HAbepa I 93, 117
EHryAbH, 6OAOTO Ha KopcHKe I 71
BH3epTa I 177, 181, II 33, 748, 770, III 25, 221, 259, 276, 279, 291, 294, 296
EHAb6ao I 62, 108, 434, 488, II 213, 350, 554
BHHC, npeno4. cyreu, 1 4 1 0
EHO, B llpoBaHce I 79
Enpar, ceMbfi (J>paHuy3CKHx BeAbMO>K HTaAbHHCKoro iipoHcxon^eHHH III 257
Enpara, KaHaA I 82
BHpna 6AH3 Kanpa I 252
BHCKafiH I 52, 158, 217, 306, 426, II 78, 79, 201, 244, 350, 375, 385, 476, 554, 623,
635,111271
EncKpa I 60, 309, III 206
EHTOHTO, r. B AnyAHH I 61

EnuieAbe, nopT Ha A4pnaTHKe II 728
EAaHiuap, PayAb I 38, 117
BAOK, MapK I 23, 45, 122, 123, 321, II 55, 273, 352, 575

EAOK-Bap6ypr I 122
EAya I 313, II 27, 32, III 36, 269
BoBe Aa OeH, >KaK 4 e III 385
Bor4HaHa CM. MoA4aBHH
EoreMHH CM. Hexna
Bo4eH, >KaH II 245, 497
Eo4eHxeM, Po4>Kep, KaiiHTaH 6apKH II 383

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa<j)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

561

BO3HO, MaAbTHHCKHH «6yp>Kya» III 39
BOHTHH, Aio^BHr II 398

BoKKaHHo 4>K. I 342, II 70, 743
EoKOHbHHO B KopcHKe II 52
B O K 3 P I 295, 296

BoAaH, MHiiiAHHa II 244
BoArapa, KaHaA I 82
BoArapHH I 40, 49, 86, 135, 387, 436, II 24, 345, 449, 451, 453, 610, 616, 618, 619
BoAOHbH I 60, 175, 176, 273, 293, 342, 391, 434, 465, II 66, 84, 85, 87, 143, 161, 366,
474, 494, 528, 674, 677, III 61, 172, 428
BoAbuaHo I 280, II 49, 168, 714
EoAbflCKo, 6AH3 TeHyH II 591
EOMHHO 4H Kb04>Ka, naTpoH GapKH III 219
BOH, Mbic I 351, II 736
BoHa (A H na6a), r. I 156, 224, 432, II 183, 734, 737, 763, 781, III 23, 25, 129, 206, 370
BOHBH3H CM. ByOHBH3H

BoHrap, )KaK II 724
BOHeAAH M H K e A e , OH TKe K a p ^ H H a A AACKCaH4pHHCKHH CM. A A e C C a H 4 p H H O

BoHH(j>aHo (BoH({)acHo) r. I 228, III 48, 49
BoHTeMiieAAH, AHTOHHO H HepoHHMO II 325
Bopre3e, Kap4HHaA KaMHAAo I 217, II 519, III 414
Bopre3e, ceMbH I 92
Bo P 4o II 22, 266, 302, 385, 653, III 257, 271, 302, 304, 391
BopeByap, KOMMyHa 6AH3 CeH-KaHTeHa III 62
BopAaH4H, OpaHKO II 363
BopAOTTH, /\m. CTe(()aHo H MHKeAaii4>KeAo II 217
BoppoMeo, rpa(j) Ay40BHKO II 541
BoppoMeo, rpacj) Oe4epHKO III 166
BoppoMeo, eiiHCKOii O. I 121
BoppoMeo, Kap4HHaA Oe4epHKo, apxHeiiHCKOii MHAaHCKHH I 122, III 128
BoppoMeo, KapAo CB., IIACMHHHHK Unn IV I 121, II 679, 687, III 171
Bopxa, 40H X. 4 e II 635, 782
BOCKO 6AH3 AAeccaH4pHH III 172
EOCHH* I 130, 333, 399, 436, II 4 5 1 , 452, 4 5 3 , 549, III 181, 214, 373

Boccf)op I 180, 273, 355, 378, 473, 475, 476, 495
BoTepo, 4*OBaHHH I 264, 438, 442, II 38, 68, 69, 72, 445, 660, 743
BoHKaH, HuiTBaH III 378
Bpa6aHTlI 108
Bpara4HHO, AHTOHHO II 316

BparaHca, KoHcraHTHHy 4H, BHqe-KopoAb nopTyra^xbCKOH HH4HH 1 4 1 8
EparaHccKan EnaTepHHa (BparaHua), repuorHH^i 4 e III 346
Epa4H, AopeHuo 4H I 56
Bpa3HAH^i I 143, 202, 218, 270, 300, 302, 420, 430, 459, 465, II 118, 191, 197, 411,
439, 499, 567, 646, 673, 694, 775, III 351
EpaHTOM, Ilbep 4e Byp4en, cbep 4e I 298, II 682, 683, III 150, 178
EpaTHaHy Y. H. II 610
EpaTAH K., 4aTCKHH HCTOpHK III 72, 73
EpauioB (KpoHeuiTa4T), r. B PyMbiHHH I 285, II 642

562

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa<j)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

Bpea, FIe4po, CAy^KaujHH Typeu,KOH KamjeAnpHH I I I 325
BpeB, OpaHcya CaBapH 4e, nocoA I 69, II 163, I I I 356
Bpe4epo4e, XeH4pHK BaH I I I 183
BpeMeH I 277, 278, 279, 285, 318, I I I 35
BpeMOH, reHepaA I 178, 245
BpeHHep I 238, 279, 282, 283, 393, 435, 448, I I I 45
BpeHTa, p. I 88, 280, 460
BpeHTaHo, (J>paHK(J)ypTCKHe 6aHKHpbi I 56
Bpec, o6Aacrb I I I 395
BpecAay CM. BpoiyvaB
BpeTaHb (ApMopHK) I 295, 354, II 55, 378, 474, 4 8 1 , 746, I I I 2 7 1 , 352, 380, 390, 392,
396, 397
EpeuiH* 1 4 4 , 76, 78, 122, 126, 280, 356, 444, 4 6 1 , II 49, 66, 67, 108, 111, 134, 169,
173,702
Bpnap, r. BO OpaHijHH I 292
BpHaTHKo, rpacj), BpeMeHHbiH ry6epHaTop B KaAa6pHH II 563
BpHAb, r. Ha o. BopH, B ycTbe Me3bi I I I 196, 270, 278
B P H H 4 H 3 H I 132,

149,

166,

167, II 385, 725, 726, 727, 728, I I I

178

BpHHKMaHH A. E., HCTOpHK II 673
BpHOHec, XyaH 4e, HcnaHCKHH areHT I I I 325
BpHCKOH, ({)OpT I I I 381, 415
EpHceaK, IIIapAb I 4e Kocce, rpacf), no34Hee repijor 4e I I I 40, 52, 65
BpHCTOAb II 380, 382, 399, I I I 394
BpHTo CM. ToMec 4e BpHTo BepHap4o
BpoH3HHo (AH4>KCAO T o p n ) I I 539
Bpocc, npe3H4eHT IIIapAb 4e I 92, 137
Bpyna (BpyKOAH), TOBapHbiH npHnaA B CHIJHAHH II 341, 342
BpyHo, 4>Kop4aHo II 600, 687
BpyTH, AypeAHO, HcnaHCKHH areHT I I I 319, 325
Bp3HAa, r. I l l 377
Bpiorre I 216, 305, 4 0 1 , 408, 414, 417, II 44, 57, 197, 349
BpioAe3, BHAb(j)pH4 I 4 0 1 , I I 121
EpioH (Brunhes), >KaH I 333
EpiocceAb I 339, II 22, 23, 27, 32, 278, 279, 280, 435, 504, 708, 710, 730, I I I 26, 32,
55, 57, 60, 70—72, I I I 84, 89—91, 106, 185, 196, 269, 270, 390
EyaccepoH 6 A H 3 AIOHCAH II

542

EyacraHe I I I 120
By4a I 313, II 455, 485, 650, I I I 180, 375, 414
Ey4BHu CM. HecKe Ey4eeBHije
Ey36en, CbKbe THCACH 4e, HMnepcKHH nocoA npH 4Bope CyAeiiMaHa II I 36, 7 1 , 114,
115, 336, 337, 386, I I 54, 69, 7 1 , 455, 596, 643, 723, I I I 116, 180
ByK (riop-4e-EyK), (j>paHuy3CKHH nopT I 435
EyAOHb I I I 30, 3 1 , 3 6 , 195
EyoHaKKopcH, <j)AopeHTHHCKHe Kynubi II 366
EyoHBH3H (BOHBH3H), Kyni^bi B AHOHC H AyKKe II 227, 285, 366
EyOH4eAbMOHTH, (})AOpeHTHHCKHH 4BOpHHHH 1119

Byp, KA04 4K) III 216, 217, 256, 312, 324, 352, 353

yKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpac|)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

563

BypGoH, AHTyaH, r e p u o r BaH^oMCKHH, no34Hee KopoAb HaBappw II 42, 43, I I I 88,
136, 137
Byp6oHH3 I I I 386
Byproc I 62, 304, 322, 352, 434, 443, 446, 468, 492, I I 2 1 , 27, 32, 75, 121, 147, 202,
204, 213, 350, 353, 487, 490, 506, 520, 537, 559, 780, I I I 97
BypryH^HH I 291, 293, 294, 295, I I 474, 509, 516, 542, I I I 39, 184, 390, 391
Eypace, 03epo I 282
Eyp^ya, 9MHAb I 22, II 741, I I I 395
EypKxapAT, H K O 6 I 117, 118, 255, II 162, 673, 680, 704

Bypca (Bpyca), r. B Typiinn I 36, 69, 393, 399, II 242, 459, 527, 804, I I I 378
EycKbfl, 40KTop, HCiiaHCKHH areHT B Pary3e I I I 117, 160
B y x a p e c T l 3 1 0 , I I I 377
Eyijep, MapTHH, pe(j>opMaTop I I I 43
Eyiu-UaHTHep P. II 358, 456, 533, I I I 18
Eyiubo, Koppa40 4eAb, npo(J)eccop rpa>K4aHCKoro npaBa I I 138
EyaHoc-Afipec I 304, II 685
BbHKHHeAAH, (j)AOpeHTHHCKHe KyiHJbl II 366
EbfiKopaAH, (J)AopeHTHHCKHe Kyniibi II 366
BbHH^paTa, AAOHCO, epeTHK II 688
EbflHKHHH, 4>K., HCTOpHK II 333, 343, 514, 526
BioHbOH, /iH^be I 241
BaBHAOH I 243
BaBHAOHHH II 303
Bara (ByoHaKKopcH), IlbepHHO 4eAb, ynenHK Pa(J>a3AH II 675
BareMaHH, 9pHCT II 72
Bafic6ax, B., HcropHK II 673
BaAaHCbeHH I 272, I I I 270, 273, 278
BaAaxHH I 40, 56, 95, 271, II 24, 273, 340, 396, 488, 492, 570, 722, I I I 376, 377
BaAeHCH* I 39, 62, 79, 85, 86, 96, 104, 126, 150, 157—160, 162, 186, 191, 194, 207,
209, 219, 227, 229, 232, 248, 256, 261, 330, 371, 372, 389, 390, 391, 405, 406, 4 1 1 ,
432, 4 5 1 , II 20, 30, 44, 75, 90, 144, 187, 189, 235, 240, 247, 2 5 1 , 254, 318, 331,
339, 340, 376, 432, 519, 525, 554, 555, 559, 570, 609, 613, 614, 621—629, 634,
635, 691, 693, 729, 730, 734, 746, 748, 754, 762, 785, 789, 804, 805, I I I 40, 44, 49,
54, 64, 78, 106, 124, 241, 244, 266, 354
BaAeHCHH, OpaHCHCKO^e, KOMeH^aHT Mepc-3Ab-Ke6Hpa II 741, 770, 775, 782
BaAHHKO, 3aAHB Ha KopcHKe I I I 131
BaAAe 4'OaxaKa, MapTHH KopTec, MapKH3 4e, cbm BpHaHa KopTeca I 49
BaAAe 4e Aa Cep^a, Aync II 98, 475, 518
BaAAopn B FIpoBaHce I 79, II 513
BaAAbe, <J>pa Facnap 4e, MapiuaA OBepHH I I I 38, 39
BaAOHa (BAepa), nopT B AA6aHHH I 171, 172, 177, 224, 390, 459, II 334, 345, 412,
661, 721, 748, I I I 108, 176, 177, 190, 232, 262, 290, 292, 319, 400, 403
BaAya, iipaBHiua* 4HHacTH* BO OpanuHH I 192, 207, 211, II 38, 198, 270, 475, I I I 46,
49, 135
BaAb BeHocra B MepaHCKHx AAbiiax I 368
BaAb Bn4>Keuuo B MHAHHCKHX AAbiiax I 56
BaAb 4'AM6po4>Ko I 77

564

yKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacj)HHecKHX Ha3BaHHH

BaAb KaMOHHKa I I 111
BaAb6oHHl79, I I 513
BaAb-4H-Kb*Ha I 59, 76, 77, I I I 53
BaAbMa3HHO B MHAaHCKHX AAbliaX I 5 6
BaAbTeAAHHa I 3 2 1

BaAbxep, Ho3e(J) I 368
BaAbH40AH4, r. I 79, 334, 339, 367, 372, 376, 379, 394, 434, 446, 466, 469, 477, 479,
II 20, 2 1 , 27, 30—32, 56, 75, 84, 85, 115, 116, 243, 283, 344, 352, 4 1 7 , 4 2 1 , 4 2 8 ,
430, 480, 505, 506, 520, 571, 6 0 1 , 696, 739, I I I 32, 54, 6 1 , 71—73, 75, 77, 79, 8 1 ,
84,260
BaH 4 e p Be, TepMaH I 407
BaH, 03. I l l 333
BaH4eHecce, >KaH 4 e I I I 72, 94
BaHTy, ropa I 128
BanpHo Ha p. A44a I 82
Bap, p. I l l 384
Baprac MeKCHa, XyaH 4e, IIOCOA cDHAHinia I I I I 204, 280, 6 0 1 , I I I 77, 101, 144
Bap4ap, p. I 77, I I 450, 453
BapeHHH 1 4 1 9
BapHa, r. I 152, 153,11356
BapmaBa I 24, 268, 270, 272, 274, 275, I I 33, I I I 267
Bacnec 4 e FIpa4a, BaAeHTHH 24, I I 35
BacKec XyaH, MHHHCTP OHAHima II I I I 92, 96
Bacnec, AAOHCO I 331
BacKec, AHTOHHO (Aenac) I 56

Bacnec, MaTeo, cenpeTapb I I 543, 581
BacTo, r. B A6pyu,u,ax I I I 177
BaTepAaH4, O6A. B HH4epAaH4ax I I I 270
Be6ep, 9pHK, HoropHK I I I 426
Bera, 40H TapcHAaco 4e Aa, oTeu, rpacj)a IlaAbMbi I I 522
Bera, XyaH 4e Aa, HMiiepcKHH IIOCOA, B 4aAbHeHiueM BHije-KopoAb CHLJHAHH I 135,
1 5 6 , 1 1 1 2 7 , 2 9 , 8 4 , 106
BesyBHHl 124,1167
Befira, Kyimbi I I 410
Beftra, CHMaH 4e, IIOCOA llopTyraAHH I I 349
BeAacKec, /Jnero 1 2 1 1
BeAacKec, rie4po, rAaBHbiH Bee4op I I I 277
BeAacKo, BepHap4HHo OepHaH4ec 4 e , KOHHeTa6Ab KacrHAHH, ryGepHaTop MHAaHa
111386,418
BeAacKo, 40H MnreAb 4 e I I 522
BeAacKo, 40H OpaHCHCKo 4 e I I 522
BeAacKo, 4-p, 3KcnepT I I 570, I I I 82, 97
BeAec CM. Aoc BeAec, MapKH3 4 e
BeAec, r. I l l 47, 131, 133, 141
BeAHKoe Mope CM. HepHoe Mope
BeAb3ep, AHTOH, H OCAHH, KoHpa4, ToproBbift 40M I I 298

BeAb3ep, MaTreyc I I 318
BeAbsep, ceMbH I 286, I I 121, 309, 318, 319, 325, 330, 364

yKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa(J)HMecKHX na3BaHHH

565

BeAb(J)AHH T., HCTOpHK HCKyCCTBa II 673
BeAbH (Kpn), O-B B /JaAMaijHH I 196, II 606
BeAbH, AHTOHHO 4 H , KaiiHTan pary3CKOH naBbi I 425
BeA3 BO OpamjHH I 54
Be H a I 24, 134, 223, 269, 286, 287, 299, 318, 368, II 24, 27, 32, 33, 55, 7 1 , 338, 370,
4 2 5 , 4 5 5 , 463, 596, 681, 723, 724, I I I 9 1 , 100, 109, 115, 118, 121, 123, 142, 144,
151, 175, 179, 180, 191, 192, 228, 260, 267, 273, 300, 310
BenrpHH 1 4 0 , 271, 272, 276, 318, 335, 339, 377, 381, 386, 398, 455, II 44, 7 1 , 179,
206, 271, 338, 358, 361, 455, 458, 477, 528, 558, 561, 598, 643, 650, 651, 719, 723,
743, 777, 799, I I I 24, 30, 33, 37, 43, 69, 76, 174, 175, 176, 178—180, 188, 228,
309, 362, 371, 372, 374, 375, 377, 378, 396, 404
BeHecy3Aa I 133
BeHeuH* I 24, 53, 55—57, 65, 66, 77, 78, 88, 9 1 , 95, 103, 118, 126, 133, 144, 146, 149,
154, 166, 168—177, 184, 187—189, 192, 196, 199, 200, 203, 204, 206, 216, 220,
222—224, 227, 231, 238, 255, 271, 274, 276, 278, 279, 282—284, 286—291, 293,
296—298, 304—306, 313, 316, 317, 321, 325, 336, 343, 344, 346, 350, 361—364,
373, 377, 378, 383, 386—388, 397—400, 402—405, 408, 410, 4 1 1 , 414—416,
422—425, 427—430, 432, 433, 437—444, 447—455, 457—460, 462—466, 470,
473, 480, 481, 483, 485, 486, 4 9 1 , 494, 495, II 22, 24, 27—31, 33—36, 44, 45, 47—
4 9 , 5 6 — 6 5 , 8 0 , 8 2 , 8 4 — 8 9 , 9 3 , 9 4 , 9 6 , 9 7 , 101—109, 111, 113, 118, 119, 122, 123,
125, 129, 131, 138, 144—146, 149, 152, 153, 163, 164, 167, 169, 175, 178, 180—
183, 187, 206, 213, 217, 223, 230, 2 3 1 , 234, 254, 255, 257, 269, 271—277, 279,
284, 286, 289, 292, 297, 299, 303, 304, 307, 309—317, 319, 320, 323—326, 2 7 1 —
277, 279, 284, 286, 289, 292, 297, 299, 303, 304, 307, 309—317, 319, 320, 323—
326, 329, 330, 336, 338, 340, 343—346, 348, 355, 356, 359, 361, 362, 364—368,
376, 377, 380, 381, I I I 17, 22, 23, 45, 55, 59, 70, 75, 88, 100, 101, 103, 114, 118,
120, 122, 123, 130, 152, 156, 164, 178, 188—190, 200, 207, 214—217, 219, 220,
222, 224, 225, 227, 232, 238, 245, 246, 249, 250, 253—256, 258, 262, 264—269,
276, 277, 279, 280, 285, 289, 295, 299, 306, 310—312, 314—316, 320, 323, 324,
326, 330, 331, 335, 336, 361—363, 365, 367, 368, 370, 373, 374, 394, 396, 399,
400, 404, 405, 407, 414, 423, 428
BeHTOTeHe, O-B 6AH3 HeaiioAn I I I 25
BemjoH, BeHeijHaHCKafl KOMMyHa B npoB. Y/iHHe II 338
BeHbep, p o ^ I I 719
BeHbepo, Ce6acTbHHo, KOMaH4yiomHH BeHeijHaHCKHM (J>AOTOM I I I 262, 263, 265, 266
Bepa, OpaHCHCKo 4e, IIOCOA OHAHiiiia II I 170, 223, 383, 485, 4 9 1 , II 422, 695, 786,
I I I 399, 400, 403, 411—414, 419, 420, 422
Bep4eH, r. I l l 44
Bep40H, p. B HH>KHHX AAbiiax I 128
Bepnop I 97
BepHaraAAH, ({)AopeHTHHCKHe Kynijbi II 366
BepoHa, r. I 78, 103, 126, 280, 288, 377, 386, 435, 447, 449, 4 5 1 , 455, 4 6 1 , II 66, 102,
108, 109, 166, 423, 559, 648, 654, 677
BepcaAb I 477
BepTax, p. 1 3 1 8 , 434
BepTO 4'06e({), a66aT, HCTOPHK I I I 150
BepxHHH I 108, 283, 284, 387, II 46, 222, 233, 298, 675, I I I 113
BepneAAH, r. I 280, 281, 293, II 169, 654, 708

566

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa(j)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

BecnpeM, r. B BeHrpHH III 179, 379
BeiTopH, llbepo, HTaAbfiHCKHH ryMaHHCT II 42
BnaTHC, BapTOAOMeo, Kyneu, I 287, 290, 318
BHBaAb40, /l>KOBaHHH BaTTHcra, reHy33eu I 428
BHBaHTH, Koppa40 I 483, II 63
BHBapa, O6A. OpamjHH I 54
BHBepo, r. B HcnaHHH I 484
BHBepo, Po4pHro, MapKH3 4eAb BaAAe II 68, 89, 265, 475, 476, 489
BHBCC, Aync, ncnaHCKHH ryMaHHCT 24
BnrAHyc (BerAe BaH AnTTa), npe3H4eHT I 285, 318
BH4aAb 4e Aa BAaiu, noAb I 63, 64, 120, 165, 258, 387
Bn4>KeBaHO B AoM6ap4HH III 172
BH4>KeAAa, yKpeiiAeHHe MCTKAY Bapn H OTpaHTO II 727
BH4HH, r. B BoArapHH I 436, II 530

BH4o6aH III 386
Bnenpa B FIopTyraAHH I 136
BneTpnc, nopT B KaMiiaHHH I 187
BH3aHTH* I 154, 161, 162, 209, 214, 220, II 180, 474, III 332
BHHrSHbOH (BHAAbr3HbOH), HHKOAJI /\,K>p2LH 4 e , (J)paHIjy3CKHH a4MHpaA I 1 19, I I I 51
BHKO, MapKH3 4eAb I 445, II 20, 577

BnKOAyHro I 82
BHAap, ribep I 24, II 581, III 426
BHAAa(j)OKKbflp40, KOMMyHa B FlbeMOHTe I I 5 1 5

BnAAbe, r-H 4e, IIOCOA (j>paHuy3CKoro KopoAH II 493, 495, III 407, 421, 422
BnAAbHeB, 3aMOK B IlpoBaHce II 548
BHAbHO (BHAbHIOC), T. I 268

BHAb$paHiu, r. I 142, 143, 217, 348, II 215, 333, 379, 708, 762, III 66
BnAbflGaHbec, 4epeBH*i B KacrHAHH II 85
BHAMIAOH, npMapKa III 82

BnAbHMe4HaHa CM. Tancnc, 40H XyaH 4 e
BHAb^HysBa, ToMac, BHue-nopoAb BaAeHCHH III 40
BnAbny (BeAbHiio), 40H Xyan AHTOHHO 4 e III 313
BHAbH(J>paHKa CM. ToAe4o, 40H Tapcn^i 4 e
BHH4HuiAaH4, O6A. Me>K4y CaBofl H /(paBOH B CAOBCHHH II 722
BnHbOAa, /t>KaKOMo Bapouno 4a, apxHTeKTop II 677
Bnpe, ribep, uiBenijapcKHH pecfopMaTop II 454
BHCKOHTH, po4 II 60, 540

BncAa, p. I 278
BHCC, AAbGepT, HMiiepcKHH areiiT B KoHcraHTHHOiiOAe III 142
BHTCAAH, Kap4HHaA III 114, 165
BHTeAAH, Kb^IIIIIHHO, HTaAb^HCKHH BOCHaHaAbHHK I 3 5 5 , I I I 2 5 8

BHTep6o, r. II 680
BnTopna, r. B npoB. AAaBa II 635
BnTopna, iipocfeccop II 245
BHHeHua, r. I 67, 103, 109, 136, 335, II 66, 108, 361, 677
BAepa CM. BaAOHa
Borepa, r. B AoM6ap4HH III 172
Bo4yane, >KaH-Ayn I 328

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpac()HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

567

BoKAK)3CKHe TOpbl I 128
BoAra, p. I 153, 220, 251, 260, 265, 266, 314, II 717, I I I 238
BOAOC, r. B AAbaHHH I 135, 219, 452, II 335, 340, 345, 426, 534

BoAbiHbI271
BoAbne, /l^KoaKKHHo 1 2 1 3
BoAbCKCKHe ropw I 64
BoAbTa4>Ko, reHy33CKafl TeppHTopna II 663
BoAbTep, OpaHcya-MapH-Apy3 II 561, I I I 17, 249, 266
BoAbTeppa, r. I 375
BopH, O-B B ycTbe p. Me3 I I I 270
BpouAaB (BpecAay) I 273, 287
ByKOBap, r. Ha /JyHae I I I 181
BbeHBHH, OpaHcya 4e Ceno, cbep 4e, COBCTHHK KapAa IX I I I 198
BbeHH, r. BO OpaHUHH I 369
BsTbeH, XepMaHH, HCTOPHK I I I 330
BiopTeM6epr I I I 40
Ta KoeH, HOCHCJ), Bpan II 662, 663, 697, 698, 700
T a a r a l 193,351
ra6ecI211
Ta6HaHO, EaAb4accape, BeHeunaHCKHH Kynen, I I 61
Ta6c6yprH I 173, 192, 211, 287, I I 24, 39, 196, 225, 227, 270, 447, 459, 463, 470, 4 7 1 ,
503, 720, 721, 741, I I I 23, 31—34, 40, 46, 49, 50, 56, 57, 59, 6 1 , 135, 136, 348,
372,376
TaBaHal 144,307
raBpI413,11202,387
TaHTH, O-B I 192
TaKAioHT, PHHap4 II 380, 382, 383, 384, 392, 395
TaKOH, CaMy3Ab, eBpeficKHH nenaTHHK B FIopTyraAHH II 650
TaAanarap, no 4opore H3 9cKopHaAa B Ma^pH4 II 43
T a . \ a u l 153,272
TaAepa B KopoAeBCTBe TpaHa4a I I I 207
raAHAeHlI 112,332
Ta.\Ho 6AH3 BHHeHUbi I 103
Ta.\HCHH I 52, 423, II 350, 352, 353, 432, 632, I I I 271
TaAHUHH I 3 9 , 4 0 , 2 7 1
TaAAH, /l>KaKOMO, pa3GOHHHK II 585
TaAAHnoAH (reAHGoAy), n-oB I I 340, 485, 726
TaAAHfl I 216
TaAAypa B Cap4HHHH II 52
TaAAyuuH, ilKono PHrynno I I 536
TaAbHp40 H BHKTOP, MaHysAb II 269
TaM6ypr 1277—279, 285—287, 290, 291, 318, 420, 458, I I 33, 266, 278, 319, 366,

398, 399, 402, 411, 431, 436, 438, 439, 647, 651, 660, 665, 666
TaH4HH, r. B npoB. BaAeHCHH II 624
TaH4HH, repijor 4e II 525

Tan I 54

568

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa<j)HHecKHX Ha3BaHHH

TapraHo (CaHT'An4>KeAo), ropa n Mbic B K»KHOH HTaAHH I 49, 166, 187, 188
Tap4aHH, r. B K>;KHOM AA>KHpe I 309
TapHHKa, coBeTHHK OHAHnna I I I 468
FapoHHa, p. I 326, I I I 198
TappeT, YHAbHM, anrAHHCKHH nyneu II 393
Tapcec, TocKaHCKHH nocoA n p n OnAHnne II II 2 8 1 , I I I 164, 232
TapuoHH, BeHeijHaHCKHH nocoA II 484
TacKOH, XyaH, XO3HHH 6pHra, nnpaT II 753
TacKOHb II 90, I I I 39
TacKyaHbH, noceAOK B npoB. Ky3HKa II 523
TaccaH BeHeunaHeu, TaccaH-ara, Kany4aH-nama I I I 365, 366, 368, 398
TaccaH, ryGepHaTop BOCHHH I I I 373
TaccaH-naiua, CUH MexMeTa COKOAH I I I 104, 105, 127, 145, 337, 378, 398, 415
racco, >KaK I 435, II 643
raTHHlI513
TaTTHHapa, <4>KOBaHHH BapTOAOMeo ApGopno 4H, BCAHKHH KaHUAep HcnaHHH II 464,
465
ray4eui CM. r o u u o
Ta(j)caII610
Tauiap, Ayn Flpocnep 1 1 1 8 , I I I 55
Ta3Ta, r. I 119, I I 44, 761, I I I 126, 143
TBa4aAaxapa, r. I 93, 94, 444, II 5 1 , 75, 150, 506, 520, I I I 76, 77, 97
TBa4aAKBHBHp, p. I 104, 137, 158, 371, 390, 418
TBa4aHbH, HTaAbHHCKHe Kynubi, >KHBym,He B AHOHC I I 542
TBap4H, (J)AopeHTHHCKHe Kynubi II 367
TBapHHKC (AAb4HraAa), COBCTHHK OHAHnna II I I 581
TBapHbepn /\m. 4>K. II 754, 757
TBCHTHH B CeB. A(f>pHKe II 607

rBH4HHHOHH, /[^OBaHHH I I 582
TBHHeH I 148, 203, 253, II 185, 277, I I I 301
TBHnycKoa, npoBHHUHfl I 126
rBHHnap4HHH, HTaAbHHCKHH Kyneu I 75, II 115, 493
rBHHnap4HHH, OpaHHecKo I 212, II 69, 364, 445
rBHHHap4HHH-KopCH, CCMbfl I 439, II 417
TeBapa, AHTOHHO 4e, enncKon MoH40He40 I 333, I I 20, 682
TeBapa, Fle4po 4e II 635
Te4H3, p. B riaM(j)HAHH 1 1 1 2
TeHHec, / t n e r o 4e, noAKOBOH Ka3HaneH II 224
TeAAecnoHT CM. /(ap4aHeAAbi
TeAbuep X. II 473
TeHpHx BeapHCKHH, EeapHeutAt. TeHpHx IV, KopoAb OpaHUHH
TeHpHx (9HpHKe) MopenAaBaTeAb, nopTyraAbCKHH npHHu I 147, 201, II 185
TeHpHx (9HpHKe), Kap4HHaA, KopoAb IlopTyraAHH I I I 327, 345, 346, 349
reHpnx II, KopoAb OpaHUHH I 119, II 22, 39, 510, 653, I I I 36, 39, 45, 46, 64—69, 92,
93, 103, 108,391
TeHpnx III, KopoAb OpaHUHH (AH>Ky, reHpnx) I 275, I I 2 1 , 36, 204, 280, 284, 392,
467, 784, I I I 66, 93, 255, 323, 362, 380, 383, 390

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa^nnecKHx Ha3BaHnn

569

TeHpnx IV, KopoAb Opamjnn (reHpnx EeapHCKnn, EeapHen.) I 211, II 4 3 , 129, 400,
500, 654, 784, I I I 136, 362, 380—383, 385, 386, 388—392, 394—397, 406, 407,
414,416—419,421,422,429
TeHpnx VII AaHKacrep II 472
TeHpnx VIII, KopoAb AnrAnn II 477, I I I 22, 32, 354
r e n T l I 7 0 8 , 1 1 1 5 5 , 7 1 , 108, 185
Teny* I 24, 53, 55, 56, 63, 77, 123, 143, 146, 149, 154, 162—165, 176, 177, 188, 192—
195, 198, 206, 207, 216—218, 226—229, 2 3 1 , 233, 276, 279, 282, 283, 286, 291,
293, 296, 305, 318, 345, 347, 348, 352, 358, 364, 387—390, 405, 408, 410, 414,
424, 425, 432, 434—438, 440—442, 449, 450, 455, 462, 464—468, 482, 492, II 27,
32, 33, 43, 48, 57, 58, 60, 62, 65, 8 1 , 102, 106—108, 115, 123, 133, 144, 153, 163,
180, 182, 183, 202, 205—210, 213, 214, 215, 217, 219, 220, 222, 226, 227, 228,
229, 234, 235, 240, 254, 271, 276, 279, 281—287, 293, 298, 308, 309, 317, 336,
340—342, 3 5 1 , 359, 366, 374—376, 380—382, 386, 387, 391, 397, 400, 429—432,
435, 436, 447, 474, 496, 498, 515, 526, 527, 539, 548, 565, 591, 596, 600, 6 4 1 , 655,
662, 663, 665, 675, 678, 708, 710, 761, 769, 774, 784, 786, 788, 804, I I I 26, 32, 45,
46, 48, 49, 5 1 , 66, 89, 92, 107, 108, 112, 113, 115, 121, 122, 128, 131, 133, 134,
138, 141, 148, 165, 172, 176, 181, 193, 195, 2 0 1 , 215, 221, 228, 232, 247, 250, 260,
261, 288, 289, 295, 304, 310, 320, 343, 363, 393, 406, 407
rep6epuiTeHH, O p n ^ p n x (|>OH I I 777
TepKyAecoBbi cTOAiibi CM. Tn6paATap
TepAax P. II 484, 490, 507, I I I 320, 323, 354
TepMaHHK 1 2 1 6
repManH* I 19, 22, 44, 57, 135, 223, 262, 264, 271, 273, 277, 283, 285—291, 296, 319,
331, 394, 396, 400, 432, 437, 443, 476, 480, II 44, 55, 57, 62, 89, 105, 155, 190,
195, 197—199, 210, 211, 218, 222, 223, 248, 271, 286, 297, 298, 320, 391, 400,
411, 447, 455, 463, 465, 500, 5 5 1 , 598, 602, 6 5 1 , 654, 655, 664, 668, 6 7 1 , 676, 680,
711, 715, 716, 743, 799, I I I 2 1 , 22, 28, 30—36, 40, 43, 46, 50—52, 55—58, 69, 70,
74—76, 135, 182, 183, 185, 188, 194, 197, 237, 258, 271, 272, 274, 376
Tepo40T II 595
TepneroBHHa I 4 1 , 64, 130, 333, II 453, 549
TeTe H. B. I 238, 335
Tern,, BnAbreAbM, reorpa(J) I 366
TnGpaATap (repnyAecoBbi croAiibi), npoAnB I 16, 34, 147, 150, 157, 159, 165, 177,
189, 251, 260, 261, 300, 305, 308, 326, 350, 416, 417, 464, II 36, 92, 124, 354,
367, 375, 377, 378, 386, 403, 409, 412, 436, 586, 592, 717, 744, 7 5 1 , 762, 764, 767,
775, III 22, 23, 47, 105, 124, 130, 240, 320
TneHb (rnneHb), iipoBHHn,n*i BO OpanijHH II 552, I I I 5 1 , 198, 381, 383
TH3, TeHpnx I AoTapnHrcKnn (1550—1588), III r e p u o r 4e, no npo3Bnmy BaAa^pe,
Kan n ero oTen. II 549, I I I 178, 386
TH3, KapA (1525—1574) 4e, Kap4HHaA AoTapnHrcKnn II 147, I I I 257
TH3, KapA AoTapHHrcKHH (1571—1640), IV r e p u o r 4e, CMH TeHpnxa I I I I 375, 386
TH3, KapA AoTapnHrcKnn (ManenH) (1554—1611), r e p u p r ManeHHCKnn, 6paT TeHpnxa I I I I 383, 385, 390, 392
TH3, OpamjncK I AoTapHHrcKHH (1519—1563), II r e p n p r 4e, no iipo3BHin,y EaAa^pe
(neAOBeK co mpaMOM) I I I 39, 60—62
TH3bi, ceMMi II 204, 516, I I I 65, 114, 115, 217, 390
rnneHb CM. TneHb

570

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa(j)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

THAbTe6paH4T, OHAHIIII I 73

THMaAaH I I 37
THMepan, KOMaH4op, MaAbrancKHH pbiqapb I I I 106, 107, 123, 157
Tup, Mbic B CeB. A$pHKe I I 4 0 1 , 4 1 1 , 703, 737, I I I 271
THCAbepH, Kap4HHaA CM. FIHH V
TMioH4eH, r. B ABCTPHH II 723

THe3Ho, r. B FIoAbiiie I 269
Toa I 232, 306, I I 149, 310, 323, 598, 6 4 1 , 656
TOGHHO, A. 4e I 251

ToAKOH4a, r. B H H 4 H H I 58

ToAAaH4HH I 189, 193, 210, 408, I I 97, 258, 367, 380, 398, 404, 408, 410, 412, 414,
500,718,111348,419,423
TOAAIO, AyH I 369

ToAb40HH, KapAO, 4paMaTypr I 460
ToMep I 38, I I 743
ToMec 4a CHABa, Pyn, I I P H H U 9 6 O A H I I 313, 517, 519, 522, 713, I I I 60, 68, 83, 93,

118, 122, 136, 137, 182, 191, 193, 1 9 4 , 2 1 0 , 2 3 4 , 2 4 3 , 2 6 0 , 2 9 8 , 3 4 2 , 4 2 5
ToMec 4e BpHTO, EepHap4o (BpHTo) I I 326, 579
ToHrymja 4eAAe KacreAAe, /J;K. E., ncnaHCKHH areHT I I I 206
TOH4H, HepoHHMo I I I 257, 275

roH40Aa, KynenecKaH ceMbfl H3 Pary3bi II 45
ToH3ara, BecnacHaHo, KH*i3b, Bnqe-KopoAb HaBappbi I I 780, I I I 257, 271
ToH3ara, KapAO, r e p u p r HeBepcKHH (HeBep) I I 500
ToH3ara, A1040BHK0, repijor HeBepcKHH I I I 65
ToH3ara, ceMbH I I 59, 183, 366, 565, 572
ToH3ara, OeppaHTe I I 726
ToHcaAec, ToMac I I 75, 76, 155
TopaijHH I 74
TopHcA. II 168,212
TopHlJHfl I I I 181
roTbe, Teo(|)HAb I 5 1 , 148, 182, 336, I I 560, 596
ToTbe, BMHAb-OeAHKc I 22, 129, 178, 209, 215, 250, 388, I I 610, 645,
Toiwo (ray4em), O-B 6AH3 MaAbTbi I 155, I I I 38, 111, 116, 148, 149, 160
roinjo4HHH, BeHo, no4ecra MHAaHa I 82
TpaBAHH, r. I I 408, I I I 62, 64
Tpa4eBOHa, npHxo4 Ha 03. KOMO I 56
rpa4eHHro B., BeHeunaHeu II 583
TpaH, Kpeiiocrb B BeHrpHH (coBp. 9creproM) I I I 373, 375, 377, 379
TpaHMa I 36, 4 1 , 42, 50, 85, 118, 153, 158, 207, 348, 349, 391, 4 4 3 , 447, 462, I I 20,
51, 70, 76, 159, 353, 444, 456, 460, 4 7 1 , 488, 5 2 1 , 548, 559, 570, 586, 612, 6 2 1 ,
622, 623, 625, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 630, 6 3 1 , 632, 633, 668, 692, 712, 730, 762,
799, I I I 8 1 , 97, 196, 200, 201, 203, 204, 206, 207, 209, 210, 213, 220, 223, 240,
241, 243, 245, 259, 266, 399, 401
TpaHBeAAa, AmyaH FleppHO, cbep 4 e , eiiHCKOii AppaccKHH, Kap4HHaA I 380, I I 40,
148, 194, 281, 467, 469, 470, 480, 504, 558, 562, I I I 34, 50, 70, 7 1 , 83, 84, 88, 89,
94, 97, 160, 173, 183, 222, 227, 235, 250, 254, 259, 260, 262, 266, 267, 276, 279,
286, 289, 293—295, 297—300, 303—307, 313, 316, 317, 342—344, 349, 350, 353,
358

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpac()HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

571

rpamuaHO. I l l 219
TpacHaHo, AHTOHHO II 313

TpacHC, Kap^HHaA III 250
Tpacce I 79
Tpe40C, cbeppa 4e II 520
TpeHap, OepHaH II 640
TpeHo6Ab I 292, 369
TpeHbe, AAb6ep II 452
rpemwi I 34, 39, 40, 47, 49, 56, 61, 66, 73, 118, 120, 135, 154, 161, 170, 177, 186, 208,
213, 222, 272, 324, 328, 329, 338, II 156, 335, 346, 452, 453, 530, 610, 672, 715,
719, 750, III 143, 151, 189, 225, 281, 367, 404
rpeiueM, ToMac II 59, 199, 200, 278, III 159
TpHropHH XIII, PHMCKHH nana II 566, 716, 769, III 279, 289, 293, 300, 347, 362
TpHMaAb^H, /JacaH 4>KaKOMO HAH XyaH II 223, 238, 444
TpHMaAb4H, KapAO, repijor MoHaKo II 333
TpHMaAb4H, HHKOAO, KHH3b CaAepHCKHH, TecTb BaAb4accape AOMCAAHHH II 198,
203, 205, 287, III 79
TpHMaAb4H, ceMbH I 468
TpHMaAb4H, OpaHHecKo, CHH4HK ACHTHHH II 539

TpHMMeAbcray3eH, XaHC JIKO6 KpHCTocj) (j)OH II 557
TpHM04e, OpaHcya, a4BOKaT H3 AHacepa II 542
TpHTTH, AAOH3HO, <J>aBopHT BeAHKoro BH3HpH H6parHM-nauiH II 455
TpHTTH, HHKOAO, riocAaHHHK III 156
TpHTTH, Flbepo, BeHeunaHCKHH IIOCOA 1 4 1 0 , 482, II 146
TpHTTH, Tpna4aH I 74
TpHUHOTTH KpeHMaHH, /t^CHHH I 480, II 794
TpoHHHreH III 194
TpocceTO, r. I 59, 76, II 340
TpoTraMMape, KOMMyHa B npoB. ACKOAH II 340
rpy3w» III 333, 334, 337, 339
Ty4>KapaT, H-OB II 301, 306, III 340
TyHOH-Ay6aH, >K. I 477, II 504, III 70
TycMaH, 9HpHKe 4e, CM. OAHBapec, rpacj) III 257
ryrreH, YAbpnx (|>OH, HeMeijKHH ryMaHHcr II 716
TyTbeppeui, AHTOHbK), nopTyraAbCKHH Kyneu,, >KHBym,HH BO OAopeHijHH II 410, 440,
T36Aep, KoHpa4 II 75
HOHOH CoAHMaH, naTpoH (j>paHuy3CKOH 6apKH II 350
TioHTep P. T. I 366
TflH4>Ka, r. B FlepcHH III 339
4'OAOH3aK, MecreHKo Ha lore OpaHijHH III 416
4'3nepHOH, }KaH-Ayn 4 e Horape, repupr III 380, 381, 383, 385, 386, 390, 415, 417
4 a TaMa, BacKO, MopeiiAaBaTeAb I 144, 255, 300, 302, II 60, 306, 309, 364, 377, 455,

457,672
4 a Ae3e, MnKHeAb, BeHeunaHCKHH Kyneu, II 186
4 a OeAbTpe, BepHap4HHo, (fpaHUHCKancKHH nponoBe4HHK II 678
4aBaHuara II 229, 250,
4aBHAa, CaHHo, rAaBHOKOMaH4yiomHH Ha no6epe>Kbe TpaHa4bi II 730, III 350

572

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa(J)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

4 a r e p p , KpHCTHHa CM. 4e Co
4arecraH I I I 333, 337, 338
4aKCKHH eiiHCKoii (OpaHcya 4 e Hoan) 1 1 2 1 , 2 1 9 , 222, 223, I I 340, I I I 75, 103, 258,
266—268, 272, 286—288, 298, 302, 305, 313—315, 353
/JaAAb'OAbMo, BeHeijHaHCKHH KOHcyA B AHccaGoHe I I 315, 420
4aAMauHH I 65, 66, 99, 130, 170—172, 174, 175, 1 9 0 , 2 2 3 , 3 9 8 , 4 1 6 , I I 111, 3 6 0 , 3 6 1 ,
569, 615, 719, I I I 219, 220, 244, 245, 261, 262, 287, 288, 423
4aMacK, r. I 113, II 27, 49, 303, 317, 417, 456, 558, I I I 378
4aMbeTra I I 326
/JaH^OAo, AH^pea, BeHeunaHCKHH 6aHA I I 346, 424
/JaH40AO, Mapno, BeneijHaHCKHH IIOCOA I 281, 317
4aHHHl320,421,II266
/JaHcep (CHMOHCCH CHMOH), H3 4 o p 4 p e x T a I I 765, 767

4 a n T e I 132,11639
4aHTbiiueK, Hn, IIOCOA noAbcnoro KopoAfl CnrH3MyH4a I I I I 261, 278, 301, 312, 316,
334, 376,
4aHiinr (COB P . T4aHbCK) I 72, 185, 262, 264, 267—272, 276, 278—290, 312, 313, 316,
423, 485, I I 254, 328, 366—368, 398, 399, 402, 430, 439, I I I 333
4ap4aHeAAbi (reAAecnoHT), npoAHB I I 25, I I I 226, 263, 265 290, 407
4apMyrI418
4appeAA, AopeHc I I I 425, 428
4 a p p o n a B AparoHe I I 49
4apbeH (rapbHH) B TpHiioAHTaHHH I I I 105, 107
4 e Aa BHHb, (J)paHuy3CKHH IIOCOA I I I 92, 103, 104

4 e Aa Tap4, FIOACH, KOMaH4Hp (J>paHuy3CKHx raAep I I I 22, 40, 44, 47, 48, 154, 270,
304
4 e Aa KopHa, AcKaHHo I I I 149, 174
4 e Aa Mapm, THHOM I I I 270

4e
4e
4e
4e
4e
4e
4e
4e

Aac HaBac, MapKH3 I I 518, 522
AHAb, a66aT I I I 320
Ayna, rpac{) I I I 118, 121, 144, 160
Ma44aAeHa, AAb4o I I 793
Ma4>KHc, (J>aKTop ryGepHaTopa o. Ta6apKH CnnpoAo I I I 368
M3cc, 9 p o , IIOCOA OpaHUHH B BeHeuHH I 126, I I 437, 504, 585, I I I 362
Cepp, OAHBbe, HcropHK I 79
Co, KpHCTHHa ( 4 a r e p p ) , rpa(j)HHH I I I 384

4 e OpaHKHC TopTOpHHO, OpaHHeCKO, reHy33CKHH HOCAaHHHK I I I 1 0 1 , 156
4CBOAK)H, TOpHblH MaCCHB B 4 ° ( I ) H H e ^ 9 7

4eKKep, TeHpHx I 40
4eAH-XaccaH, upaBHTeAb BncKpbi I I I 206
4eAAa Mapna, CiiepaHua, ^pMapoHHbiH ToproBeq I I 50
4eAAa PoKKa, PeHyMno I I 512
4eAAa OaftAAe, ceMbw I 287, 288, 4 0 1 , I I 412
4eAAa-CaiiHeHH,a, O-B I I I 290
4eAOc, O-B I 366
4eAb6pioK, TaHc, HcropHK I 178, I I 552
4eAK)MO, >KaH I 24, I I 572
4eMeTHKO, rpen, nepeB04HHK c apa6cKoro, >KHBymHH B IlapH>Ke I I I 36

573

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa(|)HHecKHX Ha3BaHHH
/leHHH, MapKH3 I I 6 3 7 , 6 9 3

4ep6eHT I I 593, I I I 335, 337, 338
/lepMHHbH, AyH I I 472
/Jeca, 40H Fle^po 4 c npe3H4enT rpaHa4CKOH Ay4HeHCHH, no34Hee Kap4HHaA I I 630,
III 203
4>KaBapHHO B BeHrpHH I I I 414
/l>KacJ)ap-iiaiua, ryGepHaTop TyHHca I I I 338, 369
/J>Ka({)ap-iiaiiia, KOMaH4Hp TypeijKoro 3Kcne4HU,HOHHoro nopnyca B IlepcHH I I 269
ZlyKe6eAb-/lpy3 1 1 1 4
Zl>Ke6eAb-Ta(j)paH I I 607
/t>Ke6Ae B CnpHH I I 49
4>Ke44a ( 4 * H 4 4 a ) , r. I 245, 254, 311, I I 305, 306,
4>Ke4yaH «TypoK», (j>paHu,y3CKHH KOHcyA B AAemio I 343
/J>KeHKHHCOH, aHrAHHCKHH l i y T e i n e C T B e H H H K

II 308

/JtfCeHKHHCOH, 9 H T O H H , aHrAHHCKHH KyiieU,, >KHByiU,HH B A A e i H I O I I I 4 8

/J>KeHTHAe, reHy33CKHH GaHKHp I I 198
4>KeHTHAe, KocraHTHHo I I 279, I I I 80
4*ep6a, O - B I 149, 155, 156, 177, 181, 203—205, 211, 232,432, II 17,641, 731, 752,
11125,26,37, 103, 106, 109—112, 114, 115, 117—119, 126, 138, 139, 142, 165,
233,291,411
4>KepH4, p. I 367,
4 > K e p H H H , CeMbfl (j)AOpeHTHHCKHX

KyilLJOB I I 5 3 6

4>KH44a CM. 4>Ke44a
4>KH4^eAAH, IIOpT OKOAO KoHCTaHTHHbl I 155, 3 4 5
4>KHAAH,

4>^0BaHHH

ArOCTHHO,

TaHHblH

reHy33CKHH

areHT

B

KoHCTaHTHHOIlOAe

11309,419
4>KHp4>KeHTH CM. ArpH4>KeHTO
4>KOBaHHa, KopoAeBa HeaiiOAHTaHCKan I I 5 5 8
4>KOBH, nepeBaA B TocnaHCKHx AueiiHHHax I 4 3 5 , 4 3 6
4>Ky4ep-iiaiua I 2 5 4
4>Ky4HHH, MapnaHTOHHo H 4>KOBaHHH BaiTHCTa II 2 1 7
4>KyM6o, acj)pHKaHCKHH nopT I I I 341
4>Kyp4>Kypa, ropHan ijeiib I 3 6
4>KyCTHHHaHO, lipOBe4HTOp I 71
4*ycrHHHaHo, H e s a p e , IIOCOA T e n y n I 2 2 3 , 2 2 9 , 3 4 5 , I I 158, 2 8 9 , 2 9 0 ,
43aKKO, OpaHCHCKo, pary3CKHH epeTHK II 6 0 1
4 3 a H e , HepoHHMo, BeHeunaHCKHH (|)A0T0B04eu I 4 8 5 , I I 4 2 3 , I I I 2 2 5 , 2 2 7 , 2 4 6 , 2 8 5

43aHTe (3aKHH(J)), O-B I 149, 167, 196, 230, 427, I I 383, 385, 387, 3 9 1 , 402, 4 2 3 , 427,
438,720,111 111, 120, 149, 1 6 8 , 2 8 1 , 2 8 3 , 2 8 5 , 2 8 8 , 3 0 5 , 3 1 1 , 4 0 6 , 4 1 1
4 3 e H , Flbepo, BeHeijHaHen II 3 2 8 , 3 9 4
/fcyKaTo, Ta6pH3Ab, peHeraT I I 5 9 2
4 H TOKKO, BHTTOpHO, HCTOpHK 1 2 1 2
4 H a c , 6paTbH AAOHCO H X y a n II 6 0 1
4 n a c , 3pHaH4ec I I 601
4 H * O H I 292, III 34
/jHAAHHreH, r. I 2 8 4

4HHapHHCKHe AAbiibi I 35, 166, 279, I I 616, 722
4Hy I 255, 430, I I 301, 323, 592, I I I 24, 340

574

yKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpac|>HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

4 o 6 p o n Ha4e>K4bi, MWC I 144, 300, 302, 306, II 219, 297, 327, 395, 455, 499
4o6py4>Ka, r. I 273
/Jo3aHc, r-H ^e, nocAaHHHK EKaTepHHbi Me^HHH npH 4Bope OnAHnna II III 140
4 o A b I 2 1 9 , 223, 370
4oAb(j)HH, HepOHHMO, GaHKHp I 9 0
/ l o A b n e , A040BHK0 I I 6 7 5
4oMHHrec OpTHC (AHTOHHO) II 510

p. I 220, 265, III 238, 338
/JoHa HAH /loHaTo, AeoHap^o, BeHeijHaHCKHH ceHaTop I 397, II 144, 231
4OH,

4oHro, iipnxo4 Ha 03. KOMO I 56

4 o p n a , AH4pea, KH*i3b MeAb(f)HHCKHH, reHy33CKHH a4MHpaA, rAaBHOKOMaH^yiomHH
(})AOTOM OHAHima I I I 181, 354, 462, II 281, 569, 746, 755, 764, 787, III 23, 27,

32, 37, 40, 44, 45, 48, 50, 53, 54, 113, 124, 143, 417
4 o p n a , AHTOHHO III 112, 119, 165, 166

4opna,
210,
148,
261,
4opna,
/lopna,
4opna,
/lopna,

/JjKOBaH An^pea, KH*i3b MeAb(f)HHCKHH, a4MHpaA I 347, 352, 421, II 145, 208215, 263, 333, III 90, 108, 112, 116, 124—126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 138—141,
149, 158, 160, 165, 166, 199, 221, 222, 225—227, 229, 233, 246, 247, 260,
264, 265, 279, 285, 291, 306, 366, 389, 404, 405, 407—409, 413
KapAO, repijor TypcnncKHH I 349, III 417
FlaraHo, MapKH3 ToppHAMi III 130
CrecfmHo III 134, 166
ToMMa30 II 288,

/Jopna, OHAHIIIIO II 183

4o<j)HHe I 54, 69, 123, II 70, 542, 548, 566, 687, III 380, 381, 390, 417
4paBa, p. II 722, III 181
/IparoHepac, O-B III 282
4paryr, KaiiHTaH TypeuKoro <(>AOTa I 155, 247, II 761, III 25—28, 37, 45, 47, 48, 52,
84, 101, 105—107, 109, 110, 123—125, 140, 146,363
4paK, aAbiiHHCKan pena I 369
4peHK, cap OpaHCHC I 419, II 41, 480, 744
4penaHOH CM. TpanaHH
4pHH, p. II 453, 606
/ t y n p l l 145,408,11195
4yAAaH BO OpaHijHH III 392
4yAbHHHbo, nopT III 262, 268
4 y n a n 1 7 1 , 153, 211, 213, 238, 263, 264, 267, 392, II 340, 453, 601, 606, 616, 680,
710, 722, 723, III 175, 181, 230, 371, 376, 379
4 y p a i w o (coBp. 4yppec), r. I 71, 77, 149, 172, 222, 390, II 452, 453, 528, 748, III 52,
176,262
4 y p o , Me3apeo O. I l l 116, 141
4 y x a p 4 , PeH3 (PeHaTa), ncropHK I 401
4 b e i m I 264, 313, II 378, 379, 386, 401, 436, 748, III 185, 269
4 i o B 3 p , rHHOMlI741
4 i o OaftAb, Ho3Ab II 245, 581
4 i o Oeppbe, ApHO, IIOCOA OpaHqHH B BeHeqHH II 213, III 167, 244, 313
4 K ) 9TH. I 370
4ioracT, MapKH3a I 298
4K)MyAeH, KOMMepcaHT I 78

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacj)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

575

4 K ) H K e p K l 4 2 1 , I I 4 0 8 , 748
4iopaHc, p. I 79, 97, 128, 134, 369, 460
/Jiopep, AAb6pexT I 284, II 674
EBreHHH CaBOHCKHH-KapHHbHHO, npHHu II 723, I I I 375
EBKCHHCKHH rioHT CM. HepHoe Mope
EBpona I 13, 3 1 , 44, 45, 57, 58, 150, 159, 202, 214, 233, 236, 237, 254, 259, 260, 264,
267, 276, 283, 286, 298—300, 305, 306, 327, 352, 361, 372, 374, 397, 440, 4 4 1 ,
444, 447, 448, 450, 455, 465, 469, 476, II 23, 30, 40, 57, 62, 64, 7 1 , 72, 88, 89,
101, 105, 107, 109, 114, 120, 126, 130, 140, 163, 180, 186, 189, 191, 219, 223, 227,
234, 240, 248, 252, 260, 262, 265, 271, 291, 309, 318, 340, 354, 396, 414, 415, 454,
455, 459, 460, 462—464, 466, 468, 472, 485, 496, 499, 5 1 1 , 512, 528, 529, 536,
557, 559, 597, 601, 643, 647, 660, 669, 676, 680, 6 8 1 , 684, 716, 717, 794, 800,
I I I 28, 29, 32, 34, 35, 39, 43, 50, 57, 99, 109, 123, 135, 137, 144, 178, 182, 184,
187, 192, 195, 198, 202, 258, 275, 286, 321, 324, 331—333, 340, 347, 349, 351,
364, 376, 396, 398, 428
EB(J)paT, p. 1 2 5 4 , 331, 390
ErHiieT I 37, 85, 118, 155, 177, 181, 201, 2 1 5 , 2 3 9 , 241, 244, 2 5 1 , 2 5 4 , 2 5 6 , 257, 311,
330, 332, 334, 352, 354, 357, 377, 400, 424, 429, 475, II 44, 59, 60, 65, 156, 179,
181, 191, 219, 220, 267, 268, 299—301, 303, 304, 307, 308, 311, 317, 320, 322,
326, 331, 340, 345, 356, 358, 377, 382, 395, 448, 455—458, 549, 5 9 1 , 594, 595,
639, 651, 714, 742, 747, I I I 151, 189, 199, 266, 340, 399
EnaTepHHa, cecrpa TeHpHxa IV I I I 382
EAH3aBeTa (H3a6eAAa, HcaGeAb) BaAya, HcnaHCKaji KopoAeBa, aceHa OHAHiiiia II
I 261, 298, 307, II 393, 394, 446, 459, 460, 476, 480, I I I 153
EAH3aBeTa I, aHrAHHCKa* KopoAeBa I 264, 351, II 199, 200, 266, 278, 713, 776, I I I 93,
187,194, 197, 217, 237, 267, 347, 362
EAH3aBeTa, B40Ba KapAa IX, B40BCTByiomaji KopoAeBa OpamjHH I I 520, I I I 65, 66,
71,76
EHH Ken, noceAOK Ha eBponencKOM Gepery Boccfopa I 476
EprHH, OcMaH I 431
2KaM6AyIII321,354
)KaHAHc, >KaH 4e AHce, cbep 4e I I I 273, 274
)KapHaK, r. I l l 198
)KeB04aH, HcropHHecKafl npoBHHijHfl Me>K4y BeA3 H BHBapa II 90
>KeBpH B BypryH4HH I 126
>KeAe3Hbie BopoTa II 453
>KeHeBa I 277, 280, 281, 283, 293, 299, 321, 4 4 1 , II 48, 98, 127, 162, 6 0 1 , 660, I I I 74,
234
>Kepap, naTpoH HopMaH4CKOH HaBbi I I 379
)KepMeHa 4e Oya, HCiiaHCKan KopoAesa, BTopan aceHa Oep4HHaH4a KaTOAHHecKoro
II 780
}KepMHHbH, (j>paHuy3CKHH IIOCOA B KoHcraHTHHonoAe I I I 324, 325, 327, 329, 355—
357
)KHOHO, >KaH I I I 425

}KHTBaTopoK B BeHrpHH I I I 377
>Ko3e(J), oTeu, npo3BHm,e OpaHcya AeKAepKa 410 Tpa\i6Ae I 43, 267, I I 500

576

yKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacj)HHecKHX Ha3BaHHH

>KOAH, BapTeAeMH I 335, II 90

>Kop* n . I 59, 95
}Kyane3, r e p u p r 4e I I I 140, 166, 380, 382, 383, 415, 416
/KyaH I, KopoAb FIopTyraAHH I 158
>KyaH III, KopoAb FIopTyraAHH I 158, I I 299
>Kbe p. npHTOK POHW I 369
}KK)ne, ceKpeTapb <j>paHu,y3CKoro nocAa B KoHcranTHHonoAe I I I 323
/KiopbeH 4e Aa TpaBbep, }KaH-EaTHcr-94MOH I I I 150, 264
3aropa, ropHan o6Aacrb I 64, 65
3 a r p e 6 , r . 1 1 6 0 6 , 6 1 5 , 722
3arpoc, ropbi B HpaHe I 60, 111
3aKHH(j) CM. / f a a H T e

3aAbu6ypr I 280
3ana4Ha*i A(j>pHKa I I 197
3 a p a (3a4ap), r. B /JaAMaijHH, npHHa^AOKaBiiiHH BeHeijHH I 99, 142, 149, 174, I I 27,

29, 32, 86, 174, 187, 719, 720, III 219, 245, 262, 315
3apa, /t>KepoHHMO 4H, HanaAbHHK BeHCKoro ApceHaAa I I 723
3aTam, 40AHHa B FIopTyraAHH I I I 349
3aTAep, AH4pea 1 4 1 7
3ayepMaHH, Teopr, HCMCIJKHH KoppeciiOH4eHT n e 4 p o Pynca 4 e Aa MOTW I I 465
3axay, 9 4 y a p 4 , apxeoAor I 357
3eAaH4HH, O-B B /laHHH I I I 83, 95
3eAaH4H*i, npoB. HH4epAaH40B I 193, I I 319, 399, 4 0 1 , 408, 435
3eAeHoro Mbica, o-Ba I 202, II 325
3eMMyp, cKaAa B nciiaHCKOH Caxape I 245
3eMHHHH, CraHHCAaB, noAbCKHH Kyneu H3 KpaKOBa I 272
3eHOK CM. CeHb
3eT6eep, A40Ab(J) I I 244
3nrcJ)pH4, AH4pe I 327
3oAAe, Tepxap4, reorpacj) I 365
3OAOTOH Por, 6yxTa I 4 3 1 , 473, 475

3oAb(j)a B FlepcHH I 57, 58, 128
3oM6apT, BepHep, ncropHK I 466, II 665
3oH4CKHe o-Ba II 318, 410
3pHHbH, HHKOAafi (MHKAOIU) I I 722, I I I 181
3yapa B CeB. A(j>pHKe I I I 38
H6appa, OpaHCHCKo 4e, reHepa.\bHbiH BoeHHbiH KOMHecap B HciiaHHH I I 40, I I I 132,

184
H6epHHCKHH II-OB I 29, 85, 94, 110, 158, 162, 195, 209, 210, 212—214, 233, 261, 265,

269, 286, 301, 302, 306, 331, 389, 417, 465, 495, II 64, 88, 91, 222, 271, 294, 316,
347, 352, 365, 414, 460, 482, 487, 621, 669, 781, 801, III 70, 184, 301, 371, 427
H6H-A66a4, MycyAbMaHCKHH IIOBT I I 639, 686
H6H-AcKap, MycyAbMaHCKHH arnorpa({) XVI Bena I 44
H6H-Bepra, nncaTeAb XVI Bena I I 649
H6H-XaA4yHl 187,11610
H6parHM-nauia, BCAHKHH BH3npb I I I 378, 407

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa<j)HHecKHX Ha3BaHHH

577

HBaH Tpo3HbiH I 1 5 4

HBHca (H6nua), O-B I 163, 196, 205, II 283, 376, 385, 746, 783, III 117, 128
HBpe*i B IlbeMOHTe I 281
H4HaKec, 40H XyaH 4 e II 148, 194, 273, 279, 482, 635, III 323, 343, 355, 357, 389,
416
HepycaAHM I 125, 362, 363, 435, II 71, 383, 660, 759
H3a6eAAa BaAya CM. EAH3aBeTa BaAya
H3a6eAAa KaTOAHHKa, KopoAeBa KacrHAHH I 225
H3ep, p. I 282, 369
H3MaHA, Kpeiiocrb Ha /lyHae III 377
H3MHTCM. HHKOMC4HH

HAb-4e-d)paHC I 335
HH4, p. I 111, 216, 240, 241, 256, 495, II 305
HH4HHCKHH OKeaH I 58, 235—237, 239, 241, 254, 255, 259, 300, 302, 392, 420, II 42,

46, 297, 300, 301, 303, 305, 307, 309, 310, 314, 320, 322, 323, 395, 396, 400, 403,
457, 672, III 24, 198, 286, 309, 321, 331—333, 340, 352, 358, 394, 424
HH4HH I 13, 48, 58, 72, 94, 95, 111, 143, 144, 201, 238, 242, 254, 255, 265, 300, 304,

306, 309, 321, 398, 413, 417, 418, 421, 435, 437, 465, II 37, 42, 46, 59, 89, 91,
114, 128, 143, 171, 180, 194, 216, 219, 234, 236, 246, 263, 271, 300, 301, S O S SOS, 307—309, 313, 317, 318, 322, 323, 325, 326, 395, 404, 410, 421, 422, 439,
465—467, 476, 499, 543, 592, 596, 609, 612, 645, 665, 717, 719, III 80, 81, 198,
271,302,341
HH40He3HH I 34, 254, 304, II 114, 180, 303, 327, 328, 404
HHH, p. I 282, II 179
HHc6pyK, r. II 27, 32, 338, III 43, 46
HH(J>aHTa40, repijor 4 e II 517, 520, III 76
HoaHH (XyaH) I, KopoAb AparoHa I 191, III 77
HoaHH (XyaH) II, KopoAb AparoHa I 462, II 472, 444
HoHHHecKHe o-Ba II 719
HoHHHecKoe Mope I 150, 166, 176, 177, 181, 196, III 280
Hoc, O-B B 9reHCKOM Mope II 719
HpaKl241,II300
H p a H l 6 0 , 101, 109, 1 1 3 , 2 3 9 , 2 4 1 , 2 5 6 , 2 5 7 , 2 5 9 , 1 1 5 9 5
HPAaH4HH I 301, 307, 484, II 55, 414, 591, 716, III 326, 330, 351
HpMH, BaATa3ap, 6a3eAbCKHH Kyneq I 135
HcH4op, CB. 1 2 1 2 , II 602
HcKeH4epyH CM. AAeKcaH4peTra
HcKbH, nopTl 149, II 761, III 25
HcAaH4HH I 184, II 751, 767, 789
HcMaHA, nepcH4CKHH max III 332
HcnaHH* I 19, 22, 26, 34, 37, 41, 45, 51, 54—56, 62, 63, 79, 85, 93—95, 105, 114, 126,
131, 132, 135, 142, 143,150, 159—163, 176, 179, 181, 185, 186, 199, 200, 205,
209, 210, 212, 214—216, 218, 225, 234, 248, 260, 261, 281, 289, 291, 292, 294,
296, 301, 305—308, 321, 324, 326, 328, 336, 338, 343—345, 347, 348, 351, 371,
372, 375, 377, 380, 389, 390, 393, 395, 404, 405, 407, 410, 411, 419, 420, 424, 426,
428, 432, 434, 440, 44U 452, 454, 458, 466, 468—470, 477, 484, 495, II 20—22,
26, 27, 30, 39, 41, 42, 44, 49, 62, 64, 65, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 84, 89—91, 93,
95, 96, 98, 100, 107, 110, 113, 116, 119, 123, 124, 126, 137, 139, 144, 146, 155,

578

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacj)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

163, 167, 182, 183, 187, 194—202, 203, 205, 206, 208, 209, 210, 213, 214, 215,
216, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 227, 229, 234, 236, 237, 239, 243, 246, 248, 249,
250, 258—260, 262, 263, 265, 266, 270, 271, 277, 283, 284, 286, 287, 308, 315,
316, 317, 319, 325, 330, 333—337, 339, 340, 350, 351, 353, 354, 357, 367, 372,
375, 376, 377, 378, 388, 394, 398, 400, 402, 404, 406, 408, 410, 413, 444, 447,
459—464, 465, 467—470, 474—477, 479—482, 486—490, 493, 497, 499, 501,
505, 510, 513—516, 519, 520, 525, 526, 532, 536, 537, 541—544, 547, 553, 554,
559, 560, 570, 571, 573, 594, 595, 598—602, 605, 609, 610, 615, 621—623, 627,
628, 630—633, 635—638, 641, 644, 646, 648, 650, 651, 654, 655, 657, 662, 664,
667—671, 681—684, 689, 694, 697, 700, 705, 711—715, 731, 736—741, 743, 752,
754, 760, 762, 771, 773, 775, 781, 782, 793, 796, 798—801, III 25—27, 29, 32, 36,
46, 5 1 , 52, 54, 56, 57, 60, 6 1 , 64, 67—76, 78—84, 86, 92, 95, 99, 100, 104, 112,
114, 115, 118—120, 122, 124, 126—131, 133—140, 144, 150, 152—157, 165, 173,
174, 178, 181, 183—188, 190, 192, 196—198, 200—209, 213—216, 218, 220,
222—224, 236, 239—241, 243, 253, 254, 256—260, 267, 269, 273—279, 286—
289, 291, 294—296, 298, 300, 302, 309, 310—312, 314, 315, 317—319, 321, 322,
324—326, 330—332, 335, 342, 343, 346—348, 359, 361—363, 366, 368, 373, 376,
379—382, 384, 386—389, 391, 392, 394—396, 398, 400, 403, 405, 406, 408, 409,
414,416—419,427,429
HcrpHH Ha KopcHKe I I I 132
HcrpHH, o6AacTb I 64, 65, 130, 170, 192, 196, 282, 427, II 54, 57, 66, 1 1 1 , 7 1 9 , 720,
I I I 287
HafaxaH, r. I 111,11593
HTana, O-B I 38
HTaAHH I 25, 29, 37, 46, 49, 5 1 , 53, 55, 57, 6 1 , 63, 66, 75, 85, 108, 110, 114, 133, 142,
150, 162, 166, 168, 171, 173, 175—177, 179, 188, 190, 193, 197, 198, 203, 208,
210, 212—215, 218, 225, 234, 238, 262, 273, 274, 278, 281—284, 286, 288, 289,
291, 292, 294, 298, 305, 312, 317, 324, 328, 329, 338, 376, 377, 387, 391, 393, 394,
395, 400, 401, 405, 407, 428, 447, 449, 453—455, 4 6 1 , 463, 464, 470, 472, 477,
I I 21—23, 46, 48, 54, 58, 64, 65, 67, 70, 72, 77, 80, 83, 89, 9 1 , 96, 100, 109, 113,
119, 137, 139, 147, 155, 159, 160, 164, 195, 196, 201, 205, 206, 209—211, 213,
215, 216, 218, 219, 222, 234, 235, 241, 246, 248, 256, 258, 266, 271, 280, 282, 287,
312, 318—320, 329, 337, 347, 355—357, 359—361, 363, 364, 367—369, 376, 398,
410—414, 439, 443—447, 452, 4 6 1 , 462, 464, 465, 468, 480, 493, 494, 504, 510,
511, 521, 528, 538, 539, 554, 556, 559, 560, 566—569, 571—573, 583, 594, 595,
597—600, 602, 606, 641, 642, 648, 654—657, 661, 665, 666, 671, 674, 675, 680,
681, 683, 711, 714, 725, 726, 735, 739, 743, 757, 766, 771, 772, I I I 2 1 , 34, 36, 37,
39, 40, 43—45, 49, 50, 52, 55, 56, 60, 65, 66, 68, 69, 72, 74, 101, 107, 117, 118,
124, 127, 128, 135, 139, 141, 157, 175, 178, 182, 190, 198, 200, 203, 204, 208, 220,
221, 226, 234, 235, 257, 259—261, 264, 265, 271, 274, 276, 277, 279, 283, 286,
290, 302, 312, 314, 317, 324, 331, 351, 362, 363, 367, 380, 383, 392, 393, 395, 396,
404, 406, 407, 418, 419, 425, 427
H^)pHKHH CM. TyHHC
He3epo, 03. Me>K4y AapnccoH H BOAOCOM I I 534
HeMeH II 308, 310, I I I 199, 232, 315
HepcKHe o-Ba I 196, 295, 329
HoHre, HoxaHHec KopHeAHc 4 e II 398

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacj)HHecKHX Ha3BaHHH

579

H o p r a H. I I 615, I I I 316, 357, 374
Ka6HAHH, Ka6HAHHl34, 36, 38, 40, 4 1 , 111, 1 1 4 , 3 4 1 , 4 5 7 , 1 1 6 1 0 , 1 1 1 104, 105,206
Ka6o-Herpo, Mbic Ha 3ana4e Ac[>pHKH I I 379
Ka6pepa 4e Kop^oBa, Aync I 371, II 692, I I I 54
Ka6pepa, pbi6aiiKafl 4epeBHH B KaTaAOHHH I 190
Ka6pHepI 122
Ka6pHAb, ^epeBHH B KaTaAOHHH I 190
KaBaAAaI219,11426,485
KaBaAbKaHTH, TBH^O I 132

KaBeH4Hiu, ceMbfi 1 4 1 9 , II 545
KaBKaa I 35, 42, 57, 120, 125, 211, 261, 263, 368, I I 324, I I I 199, 331, 335, 337, 338
KaByp, KaMHAAO BeH30, rpacj) I 84
Ka4HC I 178, 192, 225, 307, 308, 354, 406, 416, 418, 420, 426, I I 26, 4 1 , 261, 350, 367,
375, 380, 383, 385, 387, 389, 3 9 1 , 4 0 1 , 409, 4 1 1 , 428, 434, 4 3 5 , 436, 736, 7 8 1 ,
I I I 130, 156, 157,344
Ka^ope, o6AacTb Ha ceBepe HTaAHH I 457
Ka3a, /J>KOBaHHH 4eAAa II 501, I I I 59
Ka3aAbMa4>Kope B AoM6ap4HH I I 57, 152
Ka3aHbI265, 314, I I I 198
Ka3BHH B FlepcHH I I I 336
Ka3o, UlapAb 4e I I I 387—391,417
Kanp I 37, 242—244, 252, 253, 254, 309, 357, 388, I I 28, 60, 7 1 , 219, 267, 303—306,
309, 317, 418, 456, 485, 538, 607, 639, 6 6 1 , 662, I I I 363, 367, 368, 370
KafipyaH I 247, I I I 26, 106, 110
KaHTO PaMa4aH, cap4HHCKHH peHeraT, ryGepHaTop TyHHca I I I 207
KaftHHO, /loMeHero 4 e , Kyneu, H3 Ilepbi I I I 191
KaKca 4e AepyaAa, MnreAb I I 98
KaKCHH, Mbic Ha 3ana4e A\>KHpa I 157, 159
KaAa6pH* I 39, 46, 98, 124, 187, 188, 370, I I 102, 454, 487, 488, 547, 548, 558, 559,
561-564, 641, 651, 761, 783, I I I 62, 9 3 , 113, 262, 403
KaAaTpaBa, op4eH I 104, I I 351, 524
KaA^efipa, nopTyraAbCKoe ceMeftcTBo I I 319, 658
KaAe, nopT I 261, 410, II 25, 28, 4 0 1 , 436, I I I 5 1 , 63, 90, 95, 392, 397, 419
KaAHKyT, r. I I 298, 305, 306, 322
KaAAO, >KaK, xy^o^KHHK II 557
KaAopHHfl I 374
KaAbBH I 56, I I I 48, 50, 52
KaAbBHH, >KaH I I 20
KaAbBO, BapTOAOMeo II 205
KaAbBO, -HKOIIO, CHUHAHHCKHH Kopcap I I 759

KaAb^eTec, pbiGauna^i 4epeBHH B KaTaAOHHH I 190
KaAbAOHbo, OpaHnecKo, 3py4HT XVI Bena I 103, 317
KaAbflHO, 4epeBH^ B AynaHHH I I I 425
KaAbjipn, r. I 198, 199, 348, 428, I I 52, 438
KaMapaca, B KaTaAOHHH I 80
KaMapra, 3anoBe4HHK I 93, 97, 131, 136, 369, 377
KaMape B BoKAK)3e I 294

580

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa(j)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

KaM6aHH I 255, II 305
KaM6epAeH4, /l>Kop4>K KAH({)(|>op4, repupr Ka\i6pe 1 4 1 8
KaMeHeu (no40AbCKHH), r. I 272
KaMOBHC, Aynm Bac 4e I 212, III 286
KaMiiaHa, He3ape III 94, 106
KaMiiaHeAAa, ToMMa3o I 370, II 548
KaMiianHH I 63, 64, 70, 75, 85, 91, 92, 136, 137, II 67, 514, 558, 568, 572
KaMIIOAHMeAbO, /J/KepOHHMO, reHy33CKHH IIAeHHHK B AA>KHpe I I 5 9 1

KaHaK, p. B Tpy3HH III 334
KaHaAb, KpHCTO(J)opo 4a, BeHeunaHCKHH a4MHpaA I 184
KaHaAb, Oa6H0 4a, BeHeijHaHCKHH a4MHpaA II 54, 151
KaHapcKHe o-Ba I 202, 203, 233, 300, 308, II 325, 351, 385

KaH4HH (K P HT), O-B 142, 142, 155, 170, 177, 182, 184, 195, 200, 203, 204, 206, 229,
230, 231, 338, 354, 367, 417, 426, 427, II 26,^28, 32, 59, 63, 83, 87, 103, 136, 145,
161, 164, 269, 326, 346, 356, 360, 376, 382, 383, 385, 391, 392, 402, 427, 565, 595,
603, 700, 719, 720, 746, 761, 786, III 225, 226, 262, 263, 281, 283, 296, 315, 367,
373,399, 400
KaH4HH (coBp. HpaKAHOH), nopT Ha KpHTe II 26, 392
KaHeTe, XyaH, BaAeHcneu,, XO3HHH 6pHra II 753
KaHH3HH CM. Ha4bKaHH>Ka
KaHHbi I 295, III 385
KaHo, ToMe I 142, II 263, 499
KaHTa6pHHCKHe ropbi I 41, II 621
KaHTanysHH, MnxaHA II 492, 493, 538
KaHTaAb I 51
KaHTapaHa, p. B PyccHAbOHe I 87
KaHTHMOpH, 4CAHO, HCTOpHK II 601
KaHTOH (ryaHbH>Koy) II 38
KaH(j>paHK, 6ypr B npoB. YacKa II 196
KaHbH4ac, OHAHIIII, Kopcap II 760
KaH3, OHAHIIII 4e, cbep 410 OpeH I 69, 168, II 331, 641, 654, III 284, 290
Kan-BAaH, MMC II 185
KaiiHTaHaTa, npoBHHqHH B HTaAHH II 94, III 177
KaiiMaHH H 4e MoHTiiaAay, AHTOHHO 4e I 442
Kano4HcrpHfl II 657
KanoAHBepn Ha 9Ab6e III 48
KamioHH, ceMencTBO I 439, II 217, 366
Kanyn, r. I 77, 235, III 245
Kapa Mycracfa III 131
Kapa Jl3bi4>KH, KHH)KHHK, Bo>K4b BoccraHHH B MaAOH A3HH II 549, III 378, 414, 415
Kapa6ax, o6AacTb Ha KaBKa3e I 57, III 339
KapaMaH, r. B AHaTOAHH 1 1 1 3
KapaMaHHH 1 1 1 3 , III 189, 199, 218
KapaH4e, PaMOH I 24, 406, II 76, 286
Kapacfxfa, Kap4HHaA KapAO III 58—60, 92, 172
Kapa-Xo4>Ka, Kopcap III 262
KapaHHOAO, /(>KOBaH BaTTHcra, xy4C»KHHK II 679
KapanHOAO, OpaHqHCK CB., ocHOBaTeAb KOHrperauHH MHHOPHTOB II 679

yKa3aTeAb HMen H reorpa(j)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

581

Kapr, ToMac, areHT OyrrepoB B HcnaHHH I I 236
Kap40Ha, XyaH 4e, KOMaH^Hp CHIJHAHHCKHX raAep I I 781, I I I 147, 199, 240, 277, 293,
354,416
Kapn6po4, oGAacTb B BoArapHH I I 618
KapHAbo, XyaH 4e, cenpeTapb TOACACKOH HHKBH3HH,HH I I 6 3 3 , I I I 421

KapHHTHH I I I 372
KapKaKaH4eAAa, AH4pea, rpenecKHH Kyneu, H3 KoHcraHTHHonoAH I 272
KapKaccoH I 383, I I I 382
KapA I I , aHTAHHCKHH KOpOAb I I 4 1 4
KapA I I , HCIiaHCKHH KOpOAb I I 7 0 2
KapA I I I , HCIiaHCKHH KOpOAb I 137

KapA IX, 4>paHuy3CKHH KopoAb I 168, 2 3 1 , 268, 313, 379, I I 2 1 , 36, 144, 243, 279,
280, 340, 687, 784, I I I 75, 168, 180, 194, 202, 229, 230, 234, 235, 240, 2 4 1 , 244—
246, 256—258, 272, 273, 288, 296, 298, 302, 305, 307, 347, 352
KapA V, HMiiepaTop I 162, 181, 2 0 1 , 2 1 1 , 212, 217, 225, 278, 3 0 1 , 347, 395, 416,
II 39, 60, 92, 106, 158, 167, 174, 194, 196—198, 205, 222, 225, 245, 259, 262, 263,
267, 270, 314, 375, 380, 386, 428, 433, 446, 447, 454, 455, 457, 462—469, 476,
490, 504, 513, 518, 525, 539, 568, 623, 644, 652, 653, 662, 696, 709, 722, 731, 732,
737, 781, I I I 20—23, 26—34, 38, 40, 4 3 , 4 5 , 50, 5 1 , 54, 55, 57, 58, 62—64, 69,
70—74, 76, 77, 86—92, 96, 103, 109, 135, 182, 205, 259, 291, 314, 343
KapA VI, (j>paHH,y3CKHH KopoAb I 202, 223
KapA VIII, (J)paHuy3CKHH KopoAb I 74, 469, I I 58, 8 1 , 444, 445, 446, 594, 7 1 1 , 798,
799
KapA AH^KyncKHH, rpa(j) IlpoBaHCKHH (AH>Ky) I I I 217, 391
KapA BaAya (OpAeaH, rpeuor), r e p u o r OpAeaHCKHH, cbm OpaHijHCKa I I I I 30, 155
KapA, apurepiior I I I 181
KapAOc AparoHCKHH (KapAoc 4e AparoHa) I 331, I I I 146, 155, 237
KapAOC, 40H, npHHu. AcrypHHCKHH, cbm OHAHima I I I 118, I I I 68, 83, 196
K a p A o r r a l 136, 137
KapAiirra4T (coBp. KapAOBau,), r. I I 722
KapA-9MMaHyHA, repijor CaBOHCKHH I I 333, I I I 384, 393
Kapo Bapoxa, XyAHO 24, I I 629, 635, 696, 697
KapnaHTpa I 291
KapnaTbi I I I 374, 375
Kappapa, 4BOPHHCKHH po4 I 444

KappeTro, AAb(j)OHc II 4eAb, MapKH3 OnnaAe I I 515
Kapc, KpenocTb B ApMeHHH I I I 336
KapcaH, r-H, 3eMAeBAa4eAeu H3 r. ICteeca I I 542
Kapcec, >KaH 4 e IloHTeB, rpa(J) 4 e , rAaBa KaTOAHHecKOH napTHH B FIpoBaHce I I 548,
III 132,380,385
KapTaxeHa, r. B HcnaHHH I 348, 380, 446, 484, 486, I I 23, 27, 3 1 , 127, 208, 263, 2 8 1 ,
283, 312, 339, 378, 380, 385, 391, 554, 688, 708, 730, 736, 738, 776, I I I 49, 127—
129, 133, 145, 148, 167, 234, 259, 260
Kap<f>areH I 159, 160, 164, 165, 178, 179, 207, 215, 354, 425, I I 70, 590
KaciiHHCKoe Mope 1 1 1 1 , 263—266, I I 308, 324, 593, I I I 331, 333, 337, 338, 340, 362
KaccHc B IlpoBaHce I 191, I I 746
KaccHTepH4bi, o-Ba (CHAAH) I 300

KacreAHHa, /ITKOB^HHH,

HTaAbflHCKHH areHT B KoHcraHTHHOiioAe I I I 400

582

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpac{)HHecKHX Ha3BaHHH

KacTeA^xaMMape, nopT na CHIJHAHH II 341, 342, 728
KacreAAeTro B MoH({)eppaTe II 663
KacTeAAO /J^KOBaHHH B a n n c r a , apxHTeKTop H3 BepraMo I 53
KacreAAo, BapTOAOMeo, XO3HHH TpaHcuopTHOH (j)HpMbi I 287
KacreAbHyoBo II 720, I I I 103, 176, 177, 218, 407
KacreAbOH, MapKH3 4e II 613
KacTep, >KHAb II 795, I I I 428
KacTHAH* I 39, 63, 79, 93, 104—106, 108, 109, 110, 162, 209, 237, 337, 348, 349, 405,
406, 443, 446, 449, 462, 495, II 20, 30, 39, 5 1 , 53, 55, 75—79, 83, 85, 88, 94, 97,
100, 102, 105, 115, 116, 119, 126, 129, 130, 155, 167, 1 9 0 , 2 0 9 , 2 2 1 , 2 3 4 , 2 6 0 , 2 6 2 ,
269, 290, 298, 344, 349, 350, 353, 365, 446, 459, 460, 468, 472, 476, 483, 488, 4 9 1 ,
512, 515, 516, 518, 522, 523, 524, 536, 543, 571, 585, 621—623, 629, 632, 634,
688, 762, 805, I I I 54, 80, 82, 83, 9 1 , 105, 118, 203, 213, 254, 271, 275, 303, 327,
355,386,393,418,427
KacrHAbo I"lHHTa4o, AAbBapo I 24, 482, II 78, 159, 172, 195, 283, 479, 491
Kacrpo, Kpenocrb BO BAa^enH^x r e p u o r a IlapMCKoro I I 337, 726, I I I 291
KacbiM-iiama I 474
KaTafi CM. KHTafi
KaTaAOHHH 1 5 0 , 66, 87, 186, 190, 191, 193, 194, 209, 212, 218, 227, 228, 320, 416,
456, II 56, 75, 90, 171, 196, 207, 265, 350, 353, 454, 512, 524, 547, 552, 555, 558,
559, 561, 581, 602, 610, 622, 624, 763, 764, I I I 23, 54, 106, 130, 138, 140, 142,
143,203,232,426
KaTaH43apo, r. I 98
KaTaHHH r. I 80, 149, II 82, 341, 342, 373, 725, 726, 728, 757, I I I 310
KaTaHHJi, /t^acj)ap I I I 106
Ka-rrapo (KoTop), IIO P T 1 7 4 , 149, 167, 168, 390, 397, II 40, 106, 146, 148, 720,
I I I 176, 1 7 7 , 2 1 8 , 2 8 5 , 3 0 5 , 3 1 5
KaiTH, /J>KOBaH AH4pea, BeHeijHaHCKHH HOTapHyc I 402
Ka(|>({>a B KpbiMy I 153, 219, 263, 268, 466, I I I 176, 338
Kanna, 4>KyAHo 4CAb, (f)AopeHTHHCKHH areHT B Ma4pH4e II 144, 280, 282, 575,
I I I 291, 297, 298, 300, 302—305
KauiMHp I 237, II 37
KBapHepo, 3aAHB I 196, 219, II 57
KBHPHHH, Mapno, npoBe4HTop I I I 263, 281
KBHpHHH, CeMbfl II 719
KeBe40, OpancHCKo 4e II 671
KCAHGHH B TyHHce I I I

143

KeAAeHGeHu, TepMaHH II 24, 122, 328,
KeAbH I 277, 283, 286, 290, 291, 321, 470, II 639, I I I 288
KeHHrc6epr (KaAHHHHrpa4) I 268, 421
KenpK)AK)3a4e, MexMe4 Oya4, HcropHK II 449
Kepecreui (IVteeKepecreui), cpa>KeHHe I I I 375, 376, 404
KepneHHa, o-Ba I 155, II 733, 747, I I I 109
KepKHpa CM. Kop(j>y
KepcH I I I 383
Kepco CM. Upec
KepioaAb, MapH, BKOHOMHCT II 794
Keca4a, KapHAbo 4 c KaiiHTaH HCiiaHCKOH apMHH I I I 130

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa(J)HHecKHX Ha3BaHHH

583

Ke(J)aAHHH*i (KecfaAOHHH), O-B I 149, 166, 167, 196, I I 137, 3 9 1 , 593, 720, I I I 2 3 1 ,
280,281,283,285,288,411
KHHHH, AecHOH MaccHB 6 A H 3 KapnaccoHa I 226, I I I 151

KHKAa4bi, o-Ba I 329
KHAHKHH I I 492
KHAHC|)H B BOCT. A(f>pHKe I I I 341
KHAHH B Beccapa6HH I 153, 268
KHHC, 9 4 r a p , HcropHK I I 602
K H I I P , O-B I 55, 7 1 , 112, 127, 132, 142, 154, 155, 182, 195, 196, 199—204, 216, 229,

231, 362, 377, 395, 415, 426, 429, 466, I I 59, 63, 99, 136, 155, 336, 379, 382, 384,
394, 425, 434, 493, 592, 593, 610, 656, 719, 720, 755, 757, 759, I I I 123, 144, 189,
190, 199, 200, 207, 213—217, 219, 2 2 1 , 224—226, 244, 245, 256, 257, 261—263,
265, 266, 285, 287, 288, 334, 363, 365, 425
KHpeHaHKa, r. I 328
KHPHAA AacKapHc, naTpHapx I I 696

KHpora, BH3HTa4op I 205, I I I 111, 158
KHTatt (KaTan) I 48, 58, 72, 202, 216, 218, 238, 239, 2 5 1 , 255, 416, I I 38, 219, 264,
305, 384, 404, 609, 610, 665, 783,
KHTHpa (Hepnro), O-B I I 214, 757, 786, I I I 149, 168, 280—282
Knxa4a, 40H Aync, HacraBHHK 40Ha XyaHa ABcrpHHCKoro I I I 96, 208
KAareH<j>ypT I 280
KAaMop, KaHaAbi I 80
KAaH^a B HcnaHHH I I 636
KAapa H3a6eAAa EBreHHH, upHHijecca TaGcGypr HcnaHCKan, 40Mb OHAHiiiia II
I I I 395
KACMCHC, ,4>K03e<j), aHrAHHCKHH ToproBbiH areHT I I 392
KAHMCHT VII (Me4HHH, /J>KyAHo), PHMCKHH n a n a I I 4 9 5 , 675
KAHMCHT V I I I , PHMCKHH n a n a I I 6 9 1 , I I I 393, 394, 396, 414

KAHeca, TypeqKoe noceAeHHe B XopBaTHH I 398
KAH<f)<{)op4, 4^op4>K 1 4 1 8
KAHHH, K)AHyc I 1 0 5 , 1 1 5 1 4

KAHHHxayc, TpaHcnopTHan (j)HpMa I 287, 318
KHH>KHHK CM. Kapa «H3bi4>KH

KoBappy6nac 4e AeHBa, 40H / t n e r o I I 476
KoBappy6nac 4e AeHBa, CeGacrbJiH I I 476
Ko4aAHH Ha KaHTaGpnncKOM no6epe>Kbe I 334
K04HHHK, MnmeAb, (j>paHqy3CKHH IIOCOA I I I 52
Ko3eHu,a I 49
KoHMGpa I I I 350
Koftpe (Kyp), cTOAHua KaHTona Fpay6jOH4eH I 280, I I I 288
Kona B HcnaHHH I I 56
KoAHHbH, Tacnap II 4 e IlIaTHAbOH, a4MHpaA I I I 59, 6 1 , 187, 197, 272, 273, 286, 297
KoAAeoHH, ceMbH H3 BepraMo I 126
KOAAHO 4H BaAbTpOMlIHH, KOMMyHa B AAbliaX I I 1 3 4
KOAAO B CeB. A(J>pHKe I 345
KoAOHHa, Kap4HHaA /t>KOBaHHH I 7 4

KoAOHHa, MapnaHTOHHO, BHue-KopoAb CHUHAHH I I 436, 487, 562, 763, 787, 788,
I I I 120, 161, 224—227, 246, 263, 266, 281—283, 285

yKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacj)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

584

KOAYMG, XpHcro({)op I 56, 74, 302, II 248, 460, 672, 739

KoAb6ep }KaH-BaTHcr I 297, 439, II 414, 500
KoMaKKbo, r. B 9MHAHH I 183
KOMMHH, OHAHIIII 4 e I 165, 221, 336, II

445

KOMO, r. I 83, 280, 443, 450, II 89, 135, 162, 167, III
KOMO, 03.1

172

56

KoMopH (coBp. KoMapHo), r. B BeHrpHH II 724
KoMopcKHe o-Ba II 403
VvoUAp'Aiurto V \ . A » dKOHOMMa 1 1 "792

KOH43, A1040BHK Byp6oH, npnHu, 4 e III 154, 187, 194, 197
KoHeAMiHO 6AH3 BeHeqHH II 658
KoHeqKe P., HcropHK III 330
KoHHKe, OpaHCHCKO 4e, Kyiieu,, >KHBym,HH B AHI\AHH II 409
KOHHA, r. Ha aTAaHTHH. no6epe>Kbe HcnaHHH I 225
KOHHH BAa3 OpaHCHCKO, pary3aHeu, IIOCOA 569, II 590
KoHcraHTHHo, KpemeHbiH eBpeft III 74
KoHcraHTHHOB, AACKO, 6oArapcKHH imcaTeAb II 617
KoHCTaHTHHoiiOAb (CraM6yA) 1 3 6 , 57, 118, 128, 152, 153, 155, 186, 189, 206, 207,
219, 220, 227, 231, 232, 264—267, 271—273, 313, 314, 320, 342, 344, 376, 379,
383, 386, 388, 390, 397, 402, 410, 427, 430, 431, 436, 437, 447, 453, 458, 462, 466,
469, 472—476, 486, II 24—26, 28, 30—33, 36, 40, 41, 59, 63, 71, 88, 92, 111, 145,
146, 148, 156, 161, 214, 267, 269, 273, 277, 295, 301, 308, 309, 316, 328, 335, 345,
346, 355, 356, 358, 376,377, 379, 385, 390, 392, 393, 395, 397, 401, 412, 413, 419,
433, 434, 443, 444, 450, 453, 456—458, 476, 477, 486, 490, 492, 493, 499, 531,
538, 593—597, 608, 620, 631, 640, 642, 650, 651, 655, 659—661, 666, 671, 672,
700, 702, 710, 712, 716, 721, 730, 734, 742, 749, 756, 759, 771, 774, 786, 800, 805,
III 16, 24, 26, 3 7 , 3 8 , 4 8 , 93, 101, 109—111, 115—117, 119—122, 127, 142, 144,
145, 147, 149, 151, 155, 156, 161, 167, 175—177, 180, 181, 188—191, 201, 202,
204—206, 216, 218—220, 226, 228, 230, 231, 233, 240, 242, 244, 245, 247, 253,
261, 266, 274, 285, 290, 291, 305, 309—314, 316—319, 322—329, 333, 335—337,
339, 353—355, 365—367, 369, 370, 373, 374, 378, 398—401, 403—406, 409, 411,
420, 422, 428
KoHCTaHu.1261,321
KoHTa-BeHecceH, oSAacrb BO OpamjHH 154,95
KoHTapHHH, AAeccaH4po, BeHeijHaHCKHH naTpHUHH I 303, II 387
K o H T a p H H H , 4>KyCTHHHaHO, BeHeLJHaHCKHH IiaTpHIJHH I I 3 8 7

KoHTapHHH, AeoHap4o, IIOCOA BeHeijHH B BeHe III 123, 167, 180, 230
KoHTapHHH, HHKOAO I 397, 399, 480
KOHTapHHH, IlaH40Ab({>0, BeHeUHaHCKHH I i p O B e 4 H T O p I 2 2 2
K o H T a p H H H , T O M M a 3 0 , rAaBHOKOMaH4yiOIHHH MOpCKHMH CHAaMH 1 2 1 6
KOHTapHHH, T O M M a 3 0 , IIOCOA B e H e H H H B AHrAHH I I 1 0 9 , 1 6 8

KoHTapHHH, OpaHHecKO, IIOCOA BeHeuHH B A0H40HC 3aTeM B KoHcraHTHHOiioAe
II 25, 145, 150,
KoHTpepac, AAOHCO 4 e I 463, II 568, 749, 759, III 403

KoHbH, r. B AHaTOAHH I 113, II 449
KonancKoe 03. B TpeijHH I 75
KopBaTa, 4>KyAHO Banncra, CHIJHAHHCKHH Kopcap II 759

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacjmnecKHx Ha3BaHHH

585

KopBaTa, FlbeTpo, CHIJHAHHCKHH Kopcap I I 759
KopBaTH 4>K. B., HTaAbflHCKHH 6aHKHp I I 210
Kop4HAbepbi B HcnaHHH I 35
K o p 4 0 B a I 9 4 , 104, 131, 136, 137, 158, 1 5 9 , 3 7 1 , 3 7 9 , 3 9 0 , 4 4 3 , 4 4 6 , 1 1 3 0 , 7 5 , 8 4 , 107,
108, 111, 506, 621, I I I 83, 201, 205, 207, 222
Kop40Ba, ToHcaAO OepHaH4ec 4e, npo3BaHHbiH Tpan KaiiHTaHo I I 461
KopeftcH, BapTOAOMe, MapceAbCKHH peHeraT I I I 407
KopHH<{> I I 97
Kopnija (ropne) B AA6aHHH I I 533, 534
KopHapo, AH4pea, BeHeijHaHCKHH Kyneu, I I 61
KopHeTo, nancKoe BAa4eHHe I 53, I I 337, 340
KopHOBH, AHTOHHO, BeHeijHaHCKHH Kyneu I I 61
KopHoca, ToMac 4e, HcnaHCKHH KOHcyA B BeHeqHH I I 333, I I I 238, 244, 245
KopHoca, XyaH 4e, HcnaHCKHH KOHcyA I 350, I I 419, 4 2 1 , 422, 425, I I I 357, 412
KopOAeBCTBO CM. HeailOAHTaHCKOe KOpOAeBCTBO
KopoH, BeHeuHancKHH (j)opiiocr na no6epe>Kbe TpeijHH I 98, 181, I I 301, 777, I I I 103,
365
KopoHa, OHAHIIIIO, CHIJHAHHCKHH Kopcap I I 759
Koppe4>KO (AHTOHHO AAAerpn), X)'40>KHHK I I 674

Koppep, /l>KOBaHHH, BeneuHancKHH Kyneu, I 221, I I 6 1 , I I I 236
KopcH, RKOUO H Bap4o, 6oraTbie (j)AopeHTHHCKHe Kynijbi I I 332
KopcHKa, O - B I 4 0 , 4 3 , 45, 50, 56, 7 1 , 7 6 , 9 2 , 121 — 125, 149, 150, 161—163, 195,200,
201, 206, 208, 228, 230, 233, 347, 465, I I 52, 5 3 , 56, 70, 155, 157, 3 3 1 , 359, 385,
429, 512, 558, 565, 569, 6 4 1 , 730, 761, 762, 788, I I I 25, 47—49, 52, 53, 65, 68, 72,
90, 122, 123, 131—133, 134, 143, 145, 146, 148, 193, 234, 272, 381
KopcHHH, BapTOAOMeo I I 332
KopcHHH, (|)AopeHTHHCKoe KyiienecKoe CCMCHCTBO I I 536
Kopco CaMiibepo I 206, I I I 48—50, 122, 123, 125, 131—135, 141, 161, 165, 193
Kopco, Taccan, KopoAb AA^upa I 127, 207, I I I 60, 126
Kopco, Mbic I 164, 186, 192, 296, 396, 456, I I 771, I I I 49, 50
Kopco, ToMac, (Aenne ToMac) 6paT OpaHcncno I 233, I I I 133
Kopco, OpaHCHCKo Tacnapo, ncnancKHH areHT I 50, 207, 232
KopTe Ha KopcHKe I I I 48, 131, 134
KopTec, 9pHaH, KOHKncnvtop II 518, 736
Kop(f>y (COB P . KepKHpa), O-B I 7 1 , 143, 149, 166—170, 196, 200, 203, 204, 216, 222,
223, 229, 338, 452, 495, I I I 119, I I 17, 28, 136, 187, 336, 346, 656, 720, 7 5 1 , 759,
I I I 145, 146, 176, 189, 225, 228, 229, 231, 244, 245, 247, 262—264, 276, 277,
280—283, 285, 290, 299, 305
KopHHH B IlOAblUe I I 164
KopnyAa (HT. KypuoAa), O-B H r. y GeperoB / l ^ M a u n n m 262
KOCMOHOAH CM. FIopTO-OcppaHO
KOCOBO IIOAC, MecTo 6HTBI>I II 453

Koccwl 135
Kocra, ArocrHHO I I 106
Kocryp, r. B BoArapnH II 529, 578
KoTaHTeH I I 548
KOTCBOA4C, rpa({)CTBO B AHrAHH I I 1 1 8
Kox, Ce6acTb*iH, raMGyprcKHH KOHcyA B TeHyc I 290

586

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpac{)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

KonnGen, a/\6aHCKHH iiHcaTeAb II 533
KOHHH B OCT-HH4HH II 42
Kourra, MaHy3A 4a, nopTyraAbCKHH Kyneu, II 410
KpaHHa (KapHHOAa) I 64, II 742, I I I 372
KpanoB I 24, 268—274, 287, 299, 335, II 36, 254, 338
KpanoHH, A^aM 4e, HH>KeHep-rH4paBAHK I 78, 134
KpacHoe Mope I 35, 235, 236, 239, 241, 253, 254, 259, 311, 329, 385, II 4 1 , 92, 268,
299, 300, 301, 303—307, 309, 310, 320, 327, 457, 717, I I I 24, 189, 198, 214, 321,
340
KpaTO (KpaTy) B flopTyraAHH II 517, I I I 346, 347, 349
KpaTOBo, r. B BoArapHH II 617
Kpeftu, r. B XopBaTHH-CAaBOHHH I I I 373
KpeKBHU, (J)OH, HMliepCKHH 1IOCOA I I I 3 7 4

KpeMa, r. II 66, 550
KpHT I 39, 4 1 , 47, 143, 154, 155, 196, 201, 229, 231, 466, II 26
KpHT CM. KaH4Hfl

Kpo, B npoBaHce I 97, 108, 134, II 71
KpoMBeAb, OAHBep II 55, 653
KponeiuTa4T CM. EpauioB
KpOTOHC (KpOTOH), IIOpT B KaAa6pHH I I I 1 16
Kpone, Bene4eTTo I 234, I I I 429
Kpya3-OT, nepeBaA I 292
KpyuuHHH Ha KopcHKe II 52
KpbiM I 123, 132, 153, 229, 263, 328, 375, I I 488, I I I 337, 339
Kyanoc B 9crpeMa4ype I I I 76
Ky6a II 657
Ky6aHb, p. I l l 338
KyK 4'AAOCT, Ilbep, (J)AaMaH4CKHH nyTeuiecTBeHHHK I 69
Kyno, KopoAeBcrBo B KaGHAHH I 114, 118, I I I 370, 413
KyMaHHA, r. B BoArapHH I 40
KyMaHOBo, r. B CepGnn I 40
Kyp CM. Konpe
Kyp4HCTan I 60
KypeHijH, XyaH, areiiT TpaiiBeAAbi I I I 313
KyTHa-ropa (HCM. KyrreHGepr) B Hexnn II 179
KyT-3Ab-AMapna B Hpane I 357
Kynop, naTpoii cy4Ha II 747
Ky3Ba, AAOHCO 4e Aa II 158,423,687,111 112, 161, 162,297
KyaHKa I 104, 106, 444, 447, II 5 1 , 75, 111, 125, 476, 523
Kbepn B nbCMOHTe I 293, I I I 40
K b 0 4 * a I 8 8 , 329, II 361
KbHBeHHa I 280, 282
KbnpaBaAAe I 82
KiocTeH4HA, r. B BoArapHH II 617, 618
KiOTaxbH, r. B a3HaTCKOH T y p u n n I 113, I I I 181
Aa BaAeiTa Ha MaAbTe II 748, 749, I I I 147
Aa TaAHTa (TaAHT), O-B I 155, 205

YKa3aTeAb HMen n reorpa<{)HHecKHX Ha3BaHHH

587

Aa ryAeira I 143, 247, 351, 379, 395, II 24, 70, 145, 158, 331, 593, 6 4 1 , 729, 732—
735, 738, 748, 779—782, I I I 26, 37, 48, 53, 106, 112, 115—117, 119—122, 125,
126, 130, 145, 146, 152, 162, 163, 167, 174, 176, 190, 206, 207, 217, 221, 238, 244,
249, 257, 290, 292—295, 368
Aa npeBesa I 167, 181,217, 495, II 345, 726, 752, 798, I I I 23, 103, 116, 177, 262, 290
Aa PomeAb, r. I 293, I I 302, 380, 388, 748, I I I 95, 257, 259, 2 7 1 , 301, 348
Aa Yr, MopcKoe cpa>KeHHe 1 2 1 7
Aa OaBapa, MapKH3 4 e I I I 139, 166
Aa6op4, AAeKcaH4p 4e I 336
Aa6pycc, 9pHecr I 22, II 802, I I I 424, 427
AaBaAeiT, >KaH FIapn30 4e, BCAHKHH Marncrp MaAbTHHCKoro op4eHa II 756, I I I 106,
146,157
AaBaAb, BepHap 4e, cbep 4e Co I 78
AarapTepa, 4epeBH*i B Cbeppe 4e Tpe4oc II 520
Aarocra, O-B B /laAMaunn I 169, 196
Aaryap, 40AHHa B BaAencnn II 624
AaryaT I 245, 309
Aarym B FIopTyraAHH II 185, 385, I I I 349
AanGax (coBp. AioGAJiHa), r. I 130, II 722
AanoMG, rioAb III 429
Aa-Kopynbn I 308, 446, II 506, I I I 236
AaAa MycTa(j)a, HacraBnnK CeAHMa II I I I 215, 379
Aa-MaMopa B MapoKKo I 160 II 744, 766
AaMaHCKHH, BAa4HMnp HBaHOBHH I 175, 231, II 603, 604
AaMaHHa B HcnaHnn I 105, 106, II 632
Aa-MaHin, npoAHB I 150, 157, 158, 260, 301, 307, 372, 417, 4 2 1 , II 297, 367, 385,
402,111 197
AaM6e3a, 4peBnnn ropo4 B A\>Knpe I 41
AaMGepm, naoAo I 312, 313
AaMiie4y3a, O-B I 149, I I I 148
AaHre40K I 54, 66, 68, 78, 79, 87, 9 1 , 110, 122, 135, 210, 294, 295, 297, 328, 329, 334,
335, 369, 371, 372, 389, II 74, 100, 101, 103, 512, 542, 544, 559, 574, 654, 7 5 1 ,
761, 762, I I I 244, 271, 380—383, 415
AaH4pnaHO, rpacj) 4e I I I 118
AaHcaK, r-H 4e I I I 154, 198
AaHCA6ypr 6AH3 CeH->KaH-4e-MopbeHH I 281
AaHy, OpaHcya 4e, BO>K4b ryreHOTOB no iipo3Bnmy >KeAe3Han Pyna II 567, I I I 270,
362, 396
AaH(f>paHKH, KynenecKoe ceMencrBo BO OAopemjHH II 366
AaHqa, FIe4po, Kopcap II 759
AaHnaHo B AGpyquax II 49, 50, 111, 658, 667
A a n e n p , AHpn, ncropHK I 24, II 624, 636
Aapam (9Ab-ApaHin) B MapoKKo I 160, II 4 0 1 , 737, 748, 766, I I I 209, 344
Aaprbe, Aeo I 328
Aape40 I 301, 446, II 198, 201, 202, 407, I I I 72, 73, 76, 79, 80, 9 1 , 94, 95, 271
Aapncca, r. B OeccaAHH I I 534
AaypaHa (BpaHe) B /laAMaunn II 719
Aac})OHT3H, >Kan 4e I I 609

588

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa(J)HHecKHX Ha3BaHHH

Ae BpeTOH, MapceAbCKHH a^BOKaT I I I 390
Ae AaHya, 9 4 y a p I 366, 367
Ae KaTAe 62
Ae Myp4>Ke, iiAaTo B AiiyAHH I 61
Ae FIpHep, naTpoH HopMaH4CKon HaBbi I I 379
AeB A^pHKancKHH nyTemecTBeHHHK I 36, 69, 123, 205, 343, 393, I I 69, 185, 342, 662,
AeB X (/l>KOBaHHH Me4HHH), PHMCKHH nana I 132, I I 678
AeBaHT I 6 1 , 156, 161, 163, 169, 175, 182, 217, 223, 224, 229, 232, 238, 267, 296, 305,
321, 350, 414, 417, 439, 449—452, 465, 467, I I 44, 58, 6 3 , 108, 112, 163, 178, 180,
181, 206, 207, 213—215, 218, 219, 265, 267, 298, 303, 3 1 1 , 316—318, 320, 323,
324, 329, 330, 340, 345, 355—357, 360—362, 373, 377, 378, 380—383, 385, 386,
390, 391, 393, 395, 400, 402, 403, 4 1 1 , 4 1 2 , 426, 455, 457, 538, 593, 608, 6 4 1 , 646,
649, 652, 656, 657, 659, 6 6 1 , 662, 709, 719, 725, 746, 755—757, 759, 760, 764,
786, I I I 22, 113, 120, 136, 149, 160, 167, 174, 225, 254, 255, 265, 266, 2 7 1 , 276,
277—279, 285, 293, 304, 3 1 1 , 3 1 2 , 324, 356, 399, 404, 405, 408, 412, 419
AeBanqo, O-B I 155
AeBH, KapAo, nncaTeAb I I 584, I I I 425
Aeracnn, MnreAb Aonec 4e, GacKcnnn MopjiK I I 308
Ae4epep, TpaHcnopTHafl (f>npMa I 287, 318
Ae4nrbep, OpaHcya 4e BOHH, r e p u o r 4 e , KOHHeTaGAb, ry6epHaTop <4o(|)HHe I I 566,
I I I 380, 381, 383—386, 390, 393
Ae>KaH4p, Mopnc I 209
Ae3HHa (XBap), O-B B /taAMaunn I 205, I I I 262
AeHBa, Ile4po 4e, KOMaH4yiomHH CHIJHAHHCKHMH raAepaMH I 428, I I 760, 787
AefiBa, CaHH0 4 e I I 7 4 7 , I I I 108, 116, 121, 129, 163, 1 6 6 , 2 0 9 , 4 1 9
Aen4eH I 288
AeHMbepn, ,4aBH4, Kynen,, yKHBymnn B AMcrep4aMe I I 409
AenMbepn, FIe4po, Kynen,, >KHBymnn B AHFAHH I I 409
A e n i m n r I 271, 273, 277, 290, 291, I I 49, 228
Aenac CM. Bacnec, AUTOHHO
AeKKa, /l>KOBaHHH IlaOAO 4 a , KOpCHKaHCKHH 4BOp>IHHH I I 5 1 2
AeH4HHapa 6AH3 PoBnro I 90

AeHKe, ToMac CM. Kopco, ToMac
AeHKOBHH, XaHc I I 722
AeHTHHH, oGAacTb B CHUHAHH I I 339, 539

Aeon, oGAacTb B HciiaiiHH 1 4 1 , 52, 104, 106, 126, 2 8 1 , 334, I I 75, 102, 126, 353
AeiiaHTo, GHTBa n p n I 167, 181, 188, 217, I I 24, 92, 391, 469, 643, 650, 709, 712, 713,
716, 752, 759, 773, 798, 799, I I I 16, 249—252, 258, 259, 2 6 1 , 264—268, 279, 280,
282, 285—287, 291, 293, 299, 313, 314, 342, 344, 362, 408
A e p n B nbCMOHTe I 84
Aepn4a, r. I 79, 80, 85
AepMa, repupr I I 239, 512, 519
Aepya Aa4K)pn, 9MMaHy3Ab I 24, 87, 122, 371, 372, 374 I I 74, 574, 793, I I I 426
AecGoc, O-B I 155
AecKaAoiibe, Ilbep, (J)paHH,y3CKHH nyTemecTBeHHHK 1 4 9 , 118, 142, 285, 4 7 3 , 474,
1124,71
AecKapGo, Mapn, (J)paHn,y3CKHH AHTepaTop H nyTeiiiecTBeHHHK XVII Bena I I 245
Aecnec, Pene, reorpacf) I 22, 157

yna3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacj)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

589

AeTH, TperopHo, HCTopHK I I I 72, 94
Ae<j>Kac (CaHTa-Maypa), O-B I 149, 196, I I 345, 661, I I I 280, 293
Aex, p. 1318, 434
Aenne, r. B AnyAHH I 6 1 , I I 174, 726, I I I 317
Aeui CM. AxeccHO
AHBaH I 47, 69, 71, 111, 187, 249, 363, 435
AHBaHepec, 4epeBHH B KaTaAOHHH I I 190
A H B C P o 6 e p I 4 6 0 , I I 611
A H B H H I 176,239,311
A H B H O B EOCHHH I 64

AHBOPHO, nopT B Tocnane I 53, 67, 76, 128, 144, 146, 149, 163, 164, 176—178, 184,
185, 187, 193, 195, 198, 206, 217, 218, 224, 225, 229, 232, 296, 358, 359, 360, 361,
382, 390, 396, 405, 408, 424, 426, 428, 449, 462, I I 26, 27, 3 1 , 92, 182, 214, 216,
219, 277, 283, 302, 314, 332, 340, 366, 367, 376, 378, 379, 380, 386, 387, 389, 390,
395, 397—399, 401—403, 4 1 1 , 413, 435, 436, 439, 597, 647, 6 6 3 , 664, 743, 745,
748, 758, 764, 766, 771, 804, I I I 49, 134, 148, 314, 3 8 1 , 407
AHropHO, apxHTeKTop II 677
A n r y p n n I 45, 227, II 89, 513, 762
AHKaTa B CHUHAHH II 341, 342, 728, I I I 48

AHAAb I 288
AHMO>K I 293

AHMyaeH I 54, I I 22
AHHrBeTra, Mbic B AA6aHHH I 166
AHHTeCTH (AHHTeillTb), I\ B PyMblHHH I 271
A H H T e i l l T b CM. A H H T e C T H
A H H U I 277, 280, I I

722

A H O H II 2 1 , 22, 24, 28, 33, 36, 48, 49, 50, 65, 103, 115, 147, 154, 196, 199, 204,

205,

212, 225, 227, 228, 234, 284, 285, 302, 542, 681, 686, 710, I I I 132, 258, 417
A H O H H 3 , o6AacTb I I 542, I I I 380
AHOHCKHH aaAHB I 146, 161, 3 0 1 , 345, 348, I I 196, I I I 381

AnnapcKHe (AnnapHHCKHe) o-Ba I 149, 193, 196, I I 562, I I I 123
AnnnoMaHo, areHT HcnaHHH B TypijHH I 218, 221, 422, I I I 403
AHnnoMaHo, /JyKHpoAaMo, BeHeuHaHCKHH nocoA I 281, 297, I I 317
AHccaboH I 37, 148, 192, 203, 221, 286, 293, 300, 304—306, 308, 3 3 1 , 410, 418, 419,
457, 459, 460, 466, 477, I I 28, 30, 32, 33, 46, 47, 6 1 , 69, 96, 114, 118, 122, 125,
128, 142, 143, 149, 162, 190, 197, 201, 223, 227, 277, 280, 282, 283, 289, 298, 299,
303, 306, 307, 309, 312-320, 326, 331, 333, 348, 349, 354, 364, 367, 368, 376, 385,
387, 399, 4 0 1 , 406, 410, 412, 418, 427—29, 436, 439, 468, 544, 5 9 1 , 595, 658, 664,
666, 685, 700, 770, 804, I I I 70, 105, 286, 300, 343, 348—351
AHTBaI270, 271
AHTTpe, MaKCHMHAHaH IlOAb 9MHAb I 1 15, I I 162
AoGaHa, EayracTa, KapTorpa^) I I 636
AorpoHbo, r. B HcnaHHH I I 780
A04H, r. I I 58, 67, 444
A040BHK0 Mopo (C(J)opua), npaBHTeAb MnAaHa I 83
Aoacp I 328
AOKK, ,4>KOH, aHTAHHCKHH n y T e U i e C T B e H H H K I I 3 8 3

590

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpac{)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

AoM6ap4HH I 77, 81—84, 135, 209, 256, 278, 287, 319, 330, 370, 376, 390, II 49, 57,
61, 152, 225, 363, 567, I I I 107, 108, 113, 292, 404
AoMeAAHHa, oGAacTb B 40AHHe I~IO I 83, 208
AoMeAAHHH, BaAb4accape, 3*iTb H. TpHMaAb4H I I 202, 205
AoMeAAHHH, BaTTHcra II 205
AoMeAAHHH, ceMbH I 205, 466, 468
A O M e A A H H O , r e H y 3 3 C K H H KOHCyA B M e C C H H e I I I 1 1 0

AoMeAAHHo, HHKOAO, coBeTHHK Aa3apo CiiHHOAbi I 492, II 200
AoHaK, 03. B HHJKHCM AaHre40Ke I 78
AoHrapec, 4epeBHH B AparoHe II 636
AoHrAe, l l b e p 4e CenoccoH, cbep 4e, areHT TeHpHxa I I I B HciiaHHH II 2 1 , 143, 209,
280,283,693,111412
A0H40H I 24, 143, 266, 274, 276, 279, 312, 4 J 4 , 418, 419, 447, 455, 469, 472, 477,
I I 28, 32, 33, 44, 45, 172, 273, 278, 279, 309, 375, 379, 382, 387—393, 397, 399,
412, 413, 435, 437, 536, 647, 653, 664, I I I 5 1 , 179, 187, 203, 394
AoHaaoMoIII 194, 197, 198
AoH-Ae-CoHbe II 225, 288, 708
Aone 4e Bera, OCAHKC I 211, II 570, I I I 127
Aonec 4e ToMapa, OpaHCHCKO II 245
Aonec 4e AeraciiH CM. Aeracnn
Aonec 4e na4HAbfl, TyTbeppe I I I 113
Aonec 4e Onrepoa I I I 260
Aonec 4eAb KaMiio, OpaHCHCKO I I I 82
Aonnec, Pyn, MappaH, ^KHBVIIJHH B BeHeijHH II 411
Aope4aHO, ribeTpo, BeHeunaHCKHH 4O>K I I I 220
AopeHuo BeAHKOAeimbiH CM. Me4HHH, AopeHijo
Aoc BeAec (BeAec), Aync Oaxap40 4e Aa Ky3Ba, MapKH3 4e, ryGepHaTop Mypcnn
1120,763,11147, 127,201,203
AOT, <Dep4HHaH4 I 388
AoTapHHrH* I 261, 292, II 279
AoTpeK, 0 4 e 4e Oya, BHKOHT 4e, ({>paHi4y3CKHH BoeHanaAbHHK I 74
A O T T H , O p a H H e C K O H M a p T e A A H , K a p A O , C O B A a 4 e A b U b I K p e 4 H T H O H (J)HpMbI I I 5 2 1

AoypeHC, ToMac 94Bap4 I 249
Ayapa, p. I 292, II 460, I I I 197
Ayro, r. B PoMaHbe II 360
Ay4ep, AHTOH, naTpoH HaBbi H3 TaMGypra II 438
Ay3HHbHH, 4HHaCTHH I 199, 202
Ay3HHb*iH, npen. oTeu 9TbeHH 4e I 199
AyH3a CaBOHCKan, MaTb OpaHuncna I II 798
Ayniu riopTyraAbCKHH, 40H, 4H4H Mapnn T1040P, CUH 9MMaHyHAa Y4aHAHBoro
I I I 50, 346
AyKaHHfl I I I 425
Aynac, 4>^OH, aHrAHHCKHH areHT Ha MaAbTe II 397
AyKKa, r. I 50, 59, 69, 133, 274, 391, 4 4 1 , 442, 463, 464, II 284, 366, 379, 437, 552,
582, 600, I I I 320
AyKKapn, HHKOAO, pary3aHeu I 438
AyKKHHH, KyuenecKaH ceMbH H3 BoAOHbH I I 366
AyAAHH, PaHMyH4 II 594

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacj)HHecKHX Ha3BaHHH

591

AyHH4>KaHa, r. I 45
AypHCTaH, npoBHHqHH Ha KaBKa3e I I I 339
AypMapeH I 122
AyuuaTo, /J>KHHO, HcropHK I I 96, 257, 293
Aynepa, r. B AnyAHH I 444, I I 49, 667
AbBOB I 271—274, 299, I I 214, 251, 328, 392, 804
Abe6peraT I 80
Abe>K I I 266
AbopeHTe, XyaH AHTOHHO, CB^mennHK H HCTOPHK I I 6 0 1 , I I I 76
A 3 H H , Ope4epHK C H I 480, I I 306, 717

AioGen I 193, 279, 420, I I 118, 266, 319, 383, 398, 399, 402, 765
A i o 6 e p o H l 4 2 , 122, 128
AIO6AHH I 269, 272, 274, II 722

A1040BHK II (AaHoiu), BcurepcKHH KopoAb I I 455, I I I 33
AlO^OBHK IX, (J)paHU,y3CKHH KOpOAb I I 444
A1040BHK XI, (J>paHuy3CKHH KopoAb I 293, 295, 469, I I 472
A1040BHK X I I , c[>paHuy3CKHH Kopo\b I 135, II 525, 799
A1040BHK XIII, (j>paHijy3CKHH KopoAb I I 4 6 1 , 683
A1040BHK XIV, $panuy3CKHH KopoAb I 143, 373, 477, I I 36, 88, 447, 483, 748
A1040BHK HaccaycKHH (Haccay), 6paT npHHija OpaHCKoro I I I 185, 196, 259, 268, 270,
274,297
AK)3aK, 3 A H II 398
AioKceM6ypr II 279, 708, I I I 44
AiOHeAb, 3 p o I I 542
AiOTep, MapTHH I 229, 262, 285, I I 463, 472, 716, I I I 22, 35
AIOT(J)H BapnaH, EMep, TypeijKHH HcropHK 1 2 4 , 134, 488, 4 9 1 , I I 67, 68, 154, 168,
172, 242, 358, 450, 4 5 1 , 479, 579
MaaccAt. Me3
MaBpHKHH, O-B I I 403
MaBpHTaHHH I I 609
MaraAMiHHiu rcvjHHbio, BHTopHHy, HCTOPHK 1 2 4 , I I 184, 192, 328, 416, 422, 427,
III 358
MareAAaHOB npoAHB I I 555
MarpH6 CM. CeBepHan A(j>pHKa
Ma-4'A3HH (Ae Ma 4 ' A 3 H H ) I I I 416

Ma^apnara, CaAbBa4op 4e I I 649
Ma4eH P a, O-B I 201, 202, 302, 375, I I 349, 376, 657, 658, 700, 701, 767, I I I 178
Ma4>KeHTa Ha p. THHHHO I 82

Ma4>Kope (Aaro Ma4>Kope), 03. I 83
Ma4pHraAb, A\bBapo 4e, BHi;e-KopoAb Cap4HHHH I I I 117
Ma4pH4 I 22, 5 1 , 55, 78, 123, 151, 168, 181, 218, 2 2 1 , 348, 350, 380, 389, 394, 4 4 3 ,
447, 4 6 1 , 469, 477, 488, I I 2 1 , 24, 30, 3 1 , 33, 35, 4 1 , 5 1 , 75, 79, 94, 143—146, 148,
158, 160, 162, 164, 171, 192, 216, 226, 230, 232, 235, 237, 275, 279—284, 288—
290, 293, 310, 318, 424, 434, 476, 4 8 1 , 499, 519, 520, 521, 525, 553, 556, 559, 570,
574, 575, 576, 577, 581, 583, 623, 630, 635, 664, 685, 687, 6 9 1 , 692, 693, 713, 733,
743, 754, 760, 779, 783, 785, 787, I I I 70, 7 1 , 83, 117, 120—122, 128, 129, 136,
141, 150—152, 155, 167, 174, 179, 191, 194, 200, 205, 206, 208, 210, 213, 224,

592

yKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa(j)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

247, 255, 257, 258, 260, 296, 273, 275, 278, 289, 291, 296, 317, 318, 322, 323, 342,
351,368,401,406,428
Ma3arpaH B AAaoipe I I I 126
Ma3aHbeAAO (AHbeAAO ToMMa3o) I I 526
Ma3acj)paH, p. B AA>KHpe I 72
MaHHOHH, (j>paHK(j)ypTCKHe GaHKHpbi I 56
MaKe4a, r e p u p r 4e I 486, I I 519, I I I 403, 413, 421
MaKe4a, 40H XaftMe, 6paT r e p u p r a Mane^bi I I 519
ManeAOHHH I 5 1 , 93, 130, 213, I I 345, 618
MaKHaBeAAH, HHKKOAO I 212, I I 445, 446, 4 6 1 , I I I 158

MaKCHMHAHaH I, HMiiepaTop I I 454, 582
MaKCHMHAHaH II, HMiiepaTop I 171, I I I 32—34, 55, 56, 69, 109, 123, 142, 144, 175,
179, 1 8 0 , 2 4 2 , 2 4 4
MaAa6apcKHfi 6eper I I 300, 305, 318, 327
MaAara I 62, 108, 143, 159, 261, 312, 349, 389, 406, 424, 4 8 3 , I I 133, 338, 350, 3 5 1 ,
375, 378, 387, 398, 425, 428, 480, 506, 554, 711, 738, 762, 774, I I I 49, 122, 126,
128—130, 143, 145, 164, 193, 210, 233, 234, 241, 261
MaAa*i I 29, 34, 60, 111, 112, 114, 178, 210, 214, 233, 243, 246, 357, 382, 396, 414,
596, I I 69, 72, 156, 331, 448, 449, 458, 485, 549, 609, 620, 720, 742, 748, I I I 226,
370, 378
MaAen, MMC B Mopee I 148, 150
MaAHlI 183, 185
MaAHiibepo, AH4pea, KOHcyA B CupHH I I 245, 429
MaAAa XaccaH 9AbK>Ka4H, 6OCHHHCKHH nncaTeAb I I 533
MaAb, 9MHAb II 674
MaAbBa3HH (MoHeMBacHH), r. I 296, 415, I I 719, I I I 125, 281, 282
MaAbBeH4a, FIe4po 4c I I 239, 319
MaAbBeH4a, ceMb* I 468, I I 202, 204, 330, 490, 537
MaAbBeH4a, OpaHcncKo 4e II 238, 319
MaAbBeu,u,H, BHP4>KHAHO, nocoA HMiiepaTopa Oep4HHaH4a B KoHcraHTHHOiiOAe
I I I 26
MaAbopKa, O-B I 196, I I 385, 729, 753, 785, I I I 47, 119, 146, 161
MaAbTa, O-B 1 3 7 , 142, 149, 155, 181, 200, 215, 229, 232, 343, 346, 3 5 1 , I I 26, 267,
381, 387, 390, 397, 561, 667, 709, 712, 724, 733, 743, 745, 748, 749, 752, 758, 786,
1 1 1 2 3 , 3 8 , 3 9 , 4 0 , 7 2 , 9 9 , 103, 106, 107, 109, 111, 112, 116, 144—152, 157, 160,
171, 174, 176, 179, 182, 190, 217, 220, 244, 261, 318, 320, 357, 367, 368, 399, 400
MaAbTpya, r-H 4e I I 245, 246
MaAbTycT. P. I I 100
MaMH-nauia I I I 405, 406
MaHaccHH 6eH H3pa3\b, IIOCOA B AoH40He I I 647
MaH4eAAO 4H Kaopcn, AH4pea, rpa(J) I I 541
MaH4eAbe B IlpoBaHce I 79
MaHHAHX CrapiiiHH H3 Ayrc6ypra I I 311
ManocK B IlpoBaHce I 79
MaHpHKe 4 e Aapa, XyaH BepHap4HHo I I 522
MaHpHKe, X y a H 4 e I I I 9 3 , 113, 153, 1 6 9 , 2 3 8 , 4 1 5
MaHcaHapec B HcnaHHH I 135

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa<{)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

593

MaHcc{)eAb4, r. B CaKCOHHH I I 179
MaHC(j>eAb4, FleTep 9pHecT, KHH3b (])OH, reHepaA I I 224
MaHTpan, PoGep I 24, 431
MaHTy, noAb I 438
MaHTyn, r. I 55, 103, 285, 432, 465, I I 7 1 , 108, 111, 360, 548, 566, 648, 653, 654, 675,
I I I 236
MaH(J)pe4, KopoAb CHUHAHH I I 341
MaH(|)pe40HHfl, r. B AnyAHH I I 344, 701, 726, 727
MaH^)pOHH, H., HCTOpHK I I I 150
MaHna PeaAb B AH4aAycHH I 137
MaoH Ha o. MeHopna I 200, 201, 232, 380, 382
MaparaTepHH, o6AacTb B AeoHe I 126
MapGeAbH, 4epeBHH 6AH3 A H B O P H O I I I 130

Mapra, 3aAHB B BreftcKOM Mope I I 426
MaprapHTa BaAya, KopoAeBa HaBappw, >KeHa TeHpHxa IV I I 600, 798, I I I 155, 216,
217
MaprapHTa FlapMCKafl, cecrpa OnAHnna II, npaBHTeAbHHija HH4epAaH40B, r e p u o r n HH napMbi H nbHHeHUbi I I 798, I I I 70—72, 83, 95, 183, 185, 234, 240, 358
MaprapHTa OpaHuy3CKan (CaBOHCKan), 40Hb OpaHUHCKa I, nepBan >KeHa repijora
CaBOHCKoro SMMaHyHAa-OnAnGepTa I I I 65
MaprHT, O-B B ycrbe TeM3bi II 435
MapeKKbH, p. B 9MHAHH I 390, 391
MapeAAaHO, GOAOTO 6AH3 Kanyn I 77

MapeMMa, o6Aacrb B TocnaHe 1 5 4 , 59, 7 1 , 76, 85, 134, 206, 459, I I 337, 385, 566,

III 47, 48, 52, 53
MapecKOTTo, MHAaHCKan ceMbH I I 541
MapeTTHMO, O-B 6 A H 3 CHI^HAHH I 155

Mapn, CTe(j)aHo 4e I I I 112, 114, 129, 165
MapnaHa, XyaH, HCTOPHK I I I 69
MapunaK, MHiiieAb4e I I 713, I I I 58
MapHHH, OAHBbepo II 217
MapHHO, CaAOMOHe, HCTOpHK I I I 39
MapHHo, ToMMa3o, reHy33CKHH Kyneu I I 163
MapnubHH, MecTo cpa>KCHHH 1515 r. I 53
Mapnua, p . I 386, II 25, 453, 618
MapHH BeHrepcKan, cecrpa KapAa V, >KeHa KopoAH BeHrpHH Aanouia II I I I 33, 34,
40, 43, 69, 76, 88, 94
Mapnfl Me4HHH CM. Me4HHH, Mapn^i
MapHH GrioapT, KopoAeBa IIIoTAaH4HH H OpaHUHH I I I 66, 135, 197, 202
MapHH Ti04op, KopoAeBa AHTAHH, >KeHa OR/\Hnna II I I I 50, 64, 66, 67, 69, 89
Mapne, npoBHHUHH HTa.\HH I 282, 457, I I 360
MapKHiia, r i e 4 p o 4e, cenpeTapb XyaHa 4e Aa Bern 1 2 1 8 , I I I 29
MapKbHHO, P o 4 p n r o 4 H , Mappan, >KHBymHH B BeHeunn I I 4 1 1 , 703
MapAHaHH, aBTop nyTeB04HTeAH no PnMy I I 676
MapAbHHH, /l>KOBaHHH, HcnaHCKiiH areHT B KoHcranTHHonoAe I I 392, I I I 310, 3 1 1 ,

316, 318—320, 322—329, 331, 336, 337, 353—358, 361

594

yKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacfHHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

MapoKKo I 34, 46, 47, 48, 50, 6 1 , 63, 124, 160, 248, 250, 329, 393, I I 68, 69, 97, 184,
274, 277, 313, 500, 569, 633, 639, 731, 737, 740, 7 8 1 , I I I 24, 36, 47, 53, 104, 115,
133,205,271,344,345
MappaKeui I 248, 254, I I 635, 647
MapcaAa, r. II 728, I I I 293
MapcaMynieT, GyxTa y o. MaAbTa I I I 147
MapcauiAOK, GyxTa y o. MaAbTa I I I 147
Mapccwb I 164, 165, 179, 187, 192, 193, 196, 198, 207, 208, 217, 228, 232, 233, 276,
279, 286, 291-297, 299, 320, 328, 345, 348, 349, 355, 3 7 1 , 389, 402, 412, 427, 428,
432, 435-438, 4 4 1 , 4 5 1 , 452—456, 462, 468, 489, 4 9 5 , I I 26, 28, 32, 96, 123, 302,
328, 375, 376, 379, 3 8 1 , 385, 391, 396, 422, 436, 553, 595, 596, 597, 654, 656, 657,
664, 708, 727, 746, 763, 764, 765, 770, 784, I I I 37, 50, 109, 114, 125, 129, 133,
154, 203, 257, 272, 274, 304, 383, 386, 387, 389—392
MapTe3aHa, KaHaA B AoM6ap4HH I 82
MapTeAAH, Banno, pbmapb op4eHa CB. CrecfaHa I I 562, 756
MapTeAAH, KapAO CM. AOTTH O. H MapTeAAH K.
MapTHr I 295, 435, I I 747
MapTOHH, 9MMaHy3Ab 4 e I 368
Mapycjxjx), ,4>KaHHHTO IlaoAo I I 217
_
MapueAA II, PHMCKHH nana I I I 54
MapnaHa Ha o. 3Ab6a I I 35, I I I 48
MapneBCKH, /KaH I I I 426
Mapiu, oGAacTb B BeAbrnn I I I 54, 57
MacappoH B HcnaHHH I I 378
Mac-a-Tbeppa, O-B B HHAH I 228

MaccaI391,III63
Maccen, $AopeHTHHCKHe Kynijbi I I 367
MaccoH, rioAb I I 267
MaTanaH, Mbic I 39, 142, I I I 280, 283
MaTepa, rpacj)CTBO I I 525
MaTH(j>y, Mbic B A,\>KHpe I 150, II 709, 734
MayponeHo, AeoHap4o, BeHeunaHCKHH naTpnunn I I 550
MaxaMeT Kancn I I I 367
Max3eH, npaBHTeAbCTBO cyATaHa MapoKKo I 46
Mauuapa, nopT B CHLJHAHH I I 341, 342, 728
MauiKapeHbflin, >KyaH KapBaAbio, nopTyraAbCKHH nyTeuiecTBeHHHK I 67
Ma-3Ab-AnHHH, \iapa6yT I 248
MeaH4p, 40AHHa p. I 112
Me4HHa CeAH (XyaH 4e Aa Cep4a), r e p u p r 4 e , Bnue-KopoAb CHLJHAHH I 156, I I 200,
201, 731, I I I 106—108, 110—115, 117, 125, 157—159, 166, 269, 271, 302
Me4Hna CH40HH*I, AAOHCO Flepec 4e TycMaH, r e p u o r 4 e I 225, 354, 355, 380, I I 407,
408, 409, 517, 520, 5 2 1 , 739, I I I 208
Me4HHa, l l e 4 p o 4e I I 520, 563
Me4HHa-4eAb-KaMno 1 6 2 , 2 6 1 , 333, 365, 389, 4 0 5 , 434, 4 4 1 , 459, 466, 468, 492,
II 47, 49, 56, 65, 121, 165, 173, 213, 216, 235, 273, 283, 298, 350, 368, 524, 537,
711,11163,271,293
Me4Hna-4e-PHo-CeKO I I 524

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacj)HHecKHX Ha3BaHHH

595

Me4HHH EnaTepHHa, KopoAeBa OpaHijHH, >KeHa TeHpHxa I I I 268, I I 480, 5 1 1 , 595,
688, I I I 120, 133, 136, 137, 140, 145, 152, 154, 155, 159, 165, 169, 194, 195, 217,
231, 236, 241, 268, 270, 273, 275, 288, 301, 302, 315, 353
Me4HHH, /l>KyAHaHo II 675
Me4HHH, /l>KyAHO CM. KAHMeHT VII
Me4HHH, KO3HMO I, BCAHKHH repijor TocnaHCKHH 1 5 3 , 76, 143, 163, 184, 196, 2 0 1 ,
208, 218, 231, I I 321, 357, 366, 368, 398, 539, 560, 562, 748, I I I 44, 49, 53, 66, 72,
139,267,314,387
Me4HMH, Aopemjo, no npo3BHmy BCAHKOACUHLIH I I 538, 800
Me4HHH, MapHH (Mapn* Me4HHH) I 217, I I 682, I I I 394
Me4HHH, npaBHmHH po4 OAopeHUHH 1 4 3 9 , 450, 464, 465, II 313, 495, 560, 566,
I I I 210
Me4HMH, Flbepo I I 357
Me4HHH, Oep4HnaH40 I 185
Me4HHH, OpaHnecKo I I I 256
Me3 (Maac), p. I 278, 295, I I I 270
Me30AHHa, r. B AAbiiax I 122
MeKaiTH /(>K., HcropHK II 569, I I I 400
MeKKa I 71, 245, 252, 253, 254, 357, I I 183, 305, 310, 322, 323, 345, 457, 595, 759,
I I I 399
MencHKa I 94, II 193, 595, 736
MeAHAbH I 159, II 732, 734, 738, 739, 741, I I I 53, 129, 257
MeAHH4a B nopTyraAbCKOH BOCT. A(j>pHKe II 593
MeAHHKH, (j)AOpeHTHHCKHe Kyilljbl II 367
MeAHxa, GyxTa Ha o. MaAbTa I I I 149
MeAAepHo, ceMbH I 56
MeAb(j)H, KHH3b CM. /Jopna, /t>KOBan Aii4pea
MeH4ec, eBpeHCKHe Kynqbi H3 OAopemjHH II 366
MeH4o 4e Ae4ecMa, 40H 4 H e r o I I 428, 480, 506, I I I 418
MeH4oca, BepHap4HHo 4e, HcnaHCKHH IIOCOA 1 3 1 6 , II 22, 143, 148, 252, 279, 294,
392,393,436,514,522
MeH4oca, 40H HHbHro 4 c IIOCOA OnAHima II B BeneuHH II 234, 285, 499, I I I 406,
413—415,419,421
MeH4oca, 40H I l e 4 p o 4e II 281, 563, 564
MeH4oca, 40H OpaHCHCKo 4e, reHepa.\-KaiiHTaH ncnaHCKHx ra/\ep II 580, I I I 128, 129
MeH4oca, 40H Xyan 4e MeH4oca H Bo6a4HAb>i, Kap4HHaA OpaHCHCKo II 196, 427,
541,580,111 107, 125, 126, 137, 141, 157, 160, 162, 166
MeH40ca, HepoHHMo 4e I 232, I I I 206
MeH4oca, ceMbH II 628
MeHeH4ec HAH MeAen4ec, Flepo (Menen4cc 4'ABHAec, rie4po), HcnaHCKHH a4MHpav\,
KOMaH4)rK)mHH HCIiaHCKHM (j)AOTOM I I 198, 201, I I I 195, 236
MeHeH4ec Mapnec, I l e 4 p o , HcnaHCKHH a4MHpaA I 422
MeHeH4ec FlH4a.\b, FoHcaAo I 129
MeHue, pary3CKan TpaHCiiopTHan (j)HpMa 1 3 1 8
MepeH40Ab, r. B FIpoBaHce I 122
MepHHH4bi, 6ep6epcKa*i 4HHacrHn I 248, II 184
MepKaHTyp B A\biiax I 34, 118
Mepnep, OHAHIHI 3\iMaHy3Ab AoTapiiHrcKHH, r e p u p r 4e I I 746, I I I 390, 396, 418

596

yKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa(j)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

MepKypHaHO, 9Bepap40, reHepaA op^eHa He3yHTOB I I I 346, 359
MeppHMeH, Po4>Kep E. I l l 361
Mepc-3Ab-Ke6H P I 159, 160, I I 425, 732, 733, 735, 738, 739, 7 4 1 , 779, 780, 782,
H I 127, 128, 148
MepTBoe Mope I 35
MeconoTaMHH I 85, 150, 256, 257, I I I 335
MeccHHa, r. I 39, 149, 217, 224, 325, 424, 449, 452, 453, 466, 489, 490, 492, I I 23, 26,
27, 45, 82, 158, 217, 256, 274, 332, 342, 369—371, 373, 376, 379, 383, 435, 438,
487, 538, 552, 561, 651, 711, 725, 726, 728, 734, 743, 747, 748, 757, 758, 759, 7 6 1 ,
774, 785, 787, 788, I I I 27, 38, 44, 48, 107—114, 118, 122, 125, 128, 138, 148—
150, 156, 158, 190, 207, 225, 226, 261—263, 266, 276, 277, 279, 282, 286, 289,
290, 292, 305—307, 311, 365, 403—405, 420
MeCCHHCKHH l i p O A H B CM. O o C C a 4 H C a H /(>KOBaHHH

Mecrpe 6AH3 BeneijHH I 88, I I 101
MeToxHH, paBHHHa I 126
MeTTepHHX, KHH3b 1 2 1 3
MexMe4 II 3aBoeBaTeAb, cyATan I 4 3 1 , I I 444, 453, 472, 531, 696, I I I 370
MexMe^ I I I , cyATaH I I I 377
MexMeT COKOAAH (COKOAH), naiua H BCAHKHH BH3Hpb I I 484, 492, I I I 40, 179, 181,

189, 191, 213—216, 233, 245, 253, 3 1 1 , 3 1 2 , 316, 337, 415
MexMeT-AAH, nepBbin nauia 37, I I 346, 393, 484, I I I 314, 321, 322, 324, 325
Meq, r. II 568, 708, I I I 44, 62, 274
Mequp, O-B 6AH3 Pary3bi I 186, 226, II 590
M3a6 B ceBepHOH Caxape I 232, 252, I I 645
M3epH6, 9Ab-My3efipH6, fipMapKa K»KHee <4aMacKa I I 49
MHaHH, 4>KeMMa II 478
MH44eA6ypr, r. B HH4epAaH4ax I I 319, 430
MH3ypaTa, Mbic B AcfpHKe I 224, I I 737, 781
MHKac (MHKHIU) (Hacn HOCHCJ)), repijor HaKCoccKHH I I 492, 493, 538, 650, 659,
I I I 191, 192, 200, 205, 215, 216, 245, 256, 257, 311, 313, 314
MnKeAoiwo, cKyAbiiTop I 174
MnKeAaH4>KeAo B. I I 674
MnKHeAb, BeneijHaHCKHH IIOCOA I I I 114, 159, 300
M H K p O , /(>KOBaHHH, HeailOAHTaHCKHH e p e T H K I I 6 0 2 ,

MHAaH 1 5 3 , 57, 81—83, 96, 126, 127, 198, 273, 277, 283, 284, 293, 306, 317, 3 2 1 ,
356, 388, 391, 437, 438, 443, 447, 453—456, 460, 462, 466, 468, I I 28, 32, 44, 57,
58, 60, 6 1 , 65, 67, 80, 88, 109, 155, 167, 168, 204, 209—211, 213, 227, 228, 256,
260, 312, 317, 339, 391, 443, 4 6 4 , 4 6 7 , 474, 527, 540, 5 4 1 , 543, 5 6 1 , 585, 654, 663,
7 1 1 , 1 1 1 3 0 , 5 5 , 5 7 , 6 0 , 6 1 , 7 0 , 7 9 , 8 0 , 107, 108, 134, 1 9 2 , 2 2 1 , 2 7 1 , 2 7 9 , 2 8 7 , 3 6 3 ,
386, 393, 407
MHAane3e, o6Aacrb c ijeHTpoM B MnAane I I I 393
MnAaijuo B CHIJHAHH II 728
MHACTI

152

MHAO, 4>KOBaHHH 4H, pary3aHeu, II 207
MHHrpeAHfil 152,220
MHHHO I 390, II 67

MnHbe, Opancya OriocT I I I 55
MnpaAH-Gen I I I 341

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacj)HHecKHX Ha3BaHHH

597

MHpaH4a, XyaH CyHbHra, rpacj) 4 e , BHije-KopoAb HeanoAH I I 436, 582, 693, I I I 366,
368,400,403,412,420
MHPaH40Aa I I 270, I I I 217, 244, 324
MHTH4>Ka I 67, 70, 72, 75, 93, 95, 432
MHTHAeHa (MHTHAHHH), r. Ha AecGoce I 429, I I 346, 426
MHUIAC >KioAb, HcropHK I 123, 2 1 1 , 227, 329, 336, 440, I I 696, I I I 17, 275, 341
MACT (HTaA. MeAe4a), O-B B /JaAMaijHH I 149, 190, 196
Mo, BO OpaHUHH I I I 84, 194
Mora4Hiuo, nopT B CoMaAH I I I 341
Mora4op I 160
Mo4eHa I 24, 391, 434, I I 152, 153, 654
Mo4HKa, rpacf) 4 e , CWH A\bMHpaHTe KacTHAHH I I 519
M040H, r. B M o p e e l 127, 181, I I 63, 321, 380, 721, I I I 111, 120, 168, 249, 262, 283,
2 8 5 , 3 6 5 , 398, 404
MoAap, CHMOH, aBTop c a m p I I 682
MoA4aBH* (Bor4HaHa) 1 5 6 , 95, 268, 2 7 1 , 399, I I 340, 396, 488, 492, 570, 722,
I I I 376, 377
MOAHH, OpaHnecKo 4e II 387

MOAHHO, OpannecKO, KaiiHTan E p e m n n I I 108
MoAAapT, 6apon I I I 422
MoAyKKCKHe o-Ba II 305, 318, 328
MoMGaca B A(j>pHKe I I I 341
MoHaKO I 143, 217, 218, I I 205, 333, I I I 138, 141
MoHacrap (BHTOAa) B MaKe40HHH I 47, I I I 319
MoHacrHp, nopT B CeB. A(J>pHKe I I I 27, 124
MoHBepan, npoTecTaHT H3 o6AacTH Oya I I I 392
MoH4exap, HHbHro, MapKH3, 3aTeM r e p u o r 4 e , rAaBHOKOMan4yiomHH TpaHa4bi,
no34Hee BHue-KopoAb HeanoAHTaHCKHfi I I 273, 279, 428, 561, 562, 563, 629, 630,
631, I I I 201, 203, 317, 318, 324, 354
MoH4yce, (J>paHuy3CKHH areHT B Hn4epAaH4ax I I 203, I I I 297, 302, 305
M o H e M B a C H H CM. M a A b B a 3 H f l

MoH-/KeHeBp, nepeBaA I 281
MoHKa4a, 40H MnreAb 4 c BHije-Kopo \b Cap4HHHH I I 730, I I I 260
MoHKa4a, Yro 4e I I 424, 739
MoHKOHTyp, MecTo cpa>KeHHH I I I 198
MoHKpeTbeH, AHTyaH 4e I I 194, 195, 436, 544, 557, 640
MOHAIOK 4e, cbm BAe3a I I I 178
MOHAIOK, BAe3 4e I I I 37, 153, 229

MOHAIOK, >Kan 4e, eiiHCKon BaAanca I 268, 315, I I 548
MoHAK)3Ab B oGAaCTH 9 H I I 225
MoHMeAbHH I I 225, 228, 288, I I I 393
MoHMopaHCH, A H H , r e p u o r 4 e , KOHHeTa6Ab OpanqHH 1 2 1 1 , I I I 32, 34, 35, 40, 59, 89,
198
MoHMopaHCH, AHpH I 4e, KOHHeTa6Ab I 334, I I 746, I I I 381, 382, 385, 415
MoHMopaHCH, po4 II 516, 746, I I I 65, 182, 274, 380
MOHOIIOAH B AiiyAHH I I 726, 728

MoHiieAbe, r. 1 9 1 , 2 9 1 , 293, 295, 330, 342, 412, 438, 4 4 1 , I I 22, 44, 104, 187, 654,
681,704,111381

598

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa<j)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

MOHC I I I 270, 273, 274, 278

MoHceAHne I 89
MoH-CeHH, nepeBaA I 279, 281, 292, I I 708
MOHCOH B HcnaHHH I I 210, 318, 781

MoHTaAbGaHo, /J^KOBaHHH BaiiTHcra, ncnaHCKHH areHT I I I 422
MoHTaAbTo, BAa^eHHe r e p u p r a FlapMCKoro I I 337, 340
MoHTaAbHHHO, KOMMyHa 6AH3 CHeHbl I I I 5 3

MoHTaHb, PoGep I 47, 86
MoHTaHb-Hyap, nacTb CeBeHHCKoro MaccHBa I 135
MoHTaHb^K 6AH3 Be3be I 52

MoHTeAeoHe, repijor 4e I I I 117, 160
MoHTeAHMap I 309
MoHTeAyiiH, TpaHcnopTHafi <j)npMa I 287
MoHTeHb, MHiueAb 9HKCM 4 e I 50, 52, 69, 76, 133, 336, 342, 386, 4 6 3 , I I 364, 598,

682
MoHTepHHH, YM6epTo I 368
MoiiTe-Po3a, ropa I 368
MoHTHHbH, OpaHcya 4e Aa Fpan>K 4'ApKbeH, cbep 4 e I I 146
MoHT-Me4>Ke3a, ropa I 123
MOHTOPHO, BaiTHCTa, reHy33CKHH Kyneu I I 106
MoHTopHO, rpac{) 4e, 6paT Kap4HHa.\a KapAO Kapacf)(j)bi I I I 59
Mon(J)eppaT, MapKH3aT B H T ^ X H H I 66, I I 474

MoHiuHKyp, IlIapAb II 607
MOO M., HCTOpHK I 448
MopaBa, p. I I 453
MopaBHH II 89
MopaH, FIoAb I 326
MopaT-Ara H3 TpHiiOAH I I I 39
MopaT-6eH, rAaBHOKOMaH4)TOIIIHH MOpCKHMH H CyXOliyTHblMH CHAaMH AA^HpCKOrO

KopoAeBCTBa I I 786
MopGenbo B AoM6ap4HH I 282
MopBHHe, coBeTHHK KapAa IX I I I 198
Mopenpa Ilac-CoA4aH, M. I I 249
Mope* I 55, 98, 333, 346, 399, I I 72, 174, 453, 488, 603, 655, 777, I I I 202, 218, 262,
265, 266, 276, 280, 281, 283, 284, 310—312, 365
Mopnu,, r e p n o r BCTTHHCKHH, Kypcfiopcr CaKCOHCKHH I I I 30, 34, 36, 43—45, 50, 56,
188
Mopo3HHH, An4pea, BeneuHaHCKHH IIOCOA II 278, 284, 315,
MopoHe, /J>KOBaHHH, Kap4HnaA I I I 165, 250
MopbeHH B CaBone I 281
MocKBa I 263, 264, 265, 312, 313, II 33, 254, 308, I I I 267, 300
M O C K O B H * I I I 3 7 1 , 376

Mocc, MapceAb I 346, II 589
MocraraHeM B A\>KHpe I 159, 309, I I 731, 754, I I I 105, 126
Mocrap B FepueroBHHe I 64, 431
MocyA 1311
MoxaMMe4 A6eH XyMenn ( H 6 H YMann^), Bo>K4b BoccTaBiunx MOPHCKOB I I I 200, 240
Moxan, 6nTBa n p n Moxane I I 528, 712, 798, I I I 33

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa<|)HHecKHX Ha3BaHHH

599

MoneHHro, ,4>KOBaHHH, BeHennaiicKHH IIOCOA B FIapH>Ke I I 582
MoneHHro, IlbeTpo, 4 0 * I 74, II 58, 187, I I I 288
MpaMopHoe Mope (riponoHTii^a) II 22
MpaMopHoe Mope 1 1 5 3 , 1 8 8 , 220, 4 3 1 , 473, II 22, 356
MyaH-CapTy II 513
My3aKH, aA6aHCKa^i ceMbJi II 452, 528
MyAaH MaxaMeT, 6paT MyAaii XaMH^bi, npaBHTeAb Tynnca I I I 294
MyAafi XaMH4a, KopoAb Tynnca I I I 205—207, 291, 292, 294
MyAaft XacaH, KopoAb TyHHca II 608, I I I 205
MyAaceH, ropa B HcnaHHH I 36
Mypa4 III, cyATaH II 485, 486, I I I 316, 339, 353, 374, 378
Mypa^, KopoAb aA>KHpcKHX KopcapoB I 221, II 242
MypaHo, O-B B BeHeuHH I 458, II 89, 102, 321
MypHAbo II 679
MypcHfl, r. I 79, 85, 224, 336, 355, 446, II 75, 6 2 1 , I I I 201
Mycra(j)a I, cyATaH II 754
Mycra(j>a KeMaAb 1 1 1 9
MycTacJ)a, CWH CyACHMaHa BeAHKOAeiiiioro I I I 24
MycTacj)a-Ara II 786
Mycra(j>a-iiaiua, cepacKup I I I 218, 325, 332, 334, 337
MyxaMa4 Xy4a6aii4a, nepcn^CKHH max I I I 332
MyiuepoH, BaATa3ap 4e, roAAaii4CKHH ap\iaTop II 400
Mbe4ac B HcnaHHH II 636
M 3 4 0 K , aHTAHHCKHH HyTeiUeCTBeHHHK I 2 5 4

MioAAep, BepHap4 I 284
MiOAAep, HoxaHHec I 286
MioAAep, Ma4Mya3eAb 3 A , \ H 1 1 1 0
MioAAep, ToMac, (J>aKTop OyrrepoB II 2 0 1 , 204
MioHxen I 64, 277, II 33, 6 8 1 , I I I 86
MioHuep, 40KTop HepoHHMyc, nyTeiuecTBeHHHK II 623
MiopaT, npHHu, copaTHHK HanoAeona I I 57, II 103
HaBa4>Kepo, AH4pea I 340, 424, II 69, 520
HaBa4>Kepo, BepHap^o, BeneunaHCKHH 6aHKHp II 62
HaBa4>Kepo, BepHap4o, BeHeunaHCKHH IIOCOA I I I 58, 70, 91
HaBapHH, Mbic II 721, I I I 116, 146, 280, 283, 284, 405, 408, 420
HaBappa I 45, 97, 126, 261, 405, II 78, 79, 352, 460, 623, 6 9 1 , 732, I I I 136, 137, 165,
257,271
HaBappo, n e 4 p o I 225, I I I 87
HaBac 4e ToAOca Aac, ceAeHHe B npoBHiiunH Xaen, Mecro cpa>KeHH>i I 158
HaBac, ceMbH II 522
HaBpy3CKHH nopor (Ha ioro-3aiia4e OpaHunn) I 34
Ha4HHO Ha no6epe>Kbe /la^wiauHH II 719
Ha^bKaHHyKa (KaHH3H*i) I I I 414
Hanccyc CM. H H I U

Hancoc, O-B I 205, II 659
HaHT I 293, II 480, 506, 653, 654, 746, I I I 258
Hao, Mbic OKOAO BaAeHCHH I 150, 157

600

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacj)HHecKHX Ha3BaHHH

HanoAeoH I BoHanapT I 123, I I 83, 456
HanoAbOH, CaHcoH I 208
Hap6oHHa, r. I 78, 9 1 , 188, 291, 295, I I I 151, 381, 382
HapBa, r. 1264, 266, 275, 313
HapeHTa (HepeTBa), p. I 64, 65, 173, 397, 480
HacH, HOCH(J) CM. MHKac
Haccay CM. A1040BHK HaccaycKHH
Haccycj)-Ara, 40BepeHHoe AHIJO FlHaAH-iiaiiiH I I I 115
HeaiioAHTaHCKoe KopoAeBCTBo (KopoAeBCTBo) I 122, 463, 472, II 49, 50, 67, 77, 94,
103, 120, 347, 443, 479, 488, 513, 539, 561, 569, 725, 726, 727, 729, 736, 785
HeaiioAb 1 2 4 , 37, 55, 57, 74, 77, 80, 86, 102, 109, 119, 124, 126, 143, 149, 156, 157,
162, 165, 166, 170, 171, 176, 177, 188, 193—196, 198, 199, 218, 228, 274, 283,
298, 302, 330, 334, 348, 354, 379, 388—390, 394—396, 424, 432, 4 4 1 , 447, 4 5 1 ,
452, 454, 466, 468—472, 477, 478, 480, 490, 493, II 2 1 , 24, 28, 32, 50, 72, 77, 8 1 ,
8 2 , 8 8 , 9 2 , 9 5 , 113, 122, 125, 136, 156, 161, 163, 164, 174, 178, 182, 1 8 4 , 2 0 6 , 2 0 7 ,
208, 210, 213, 228, 240, 243, 252—257, 259, 260, 265, 281, 291, 309, 312, 330,
337, 344, 347, 350, 360, 372, 379, 381, 385, 387, 390, 4 2 1 , 424, 425, 428, 436, 443,
445, 446, 452, 4 6 1 , 464, 467, 488, 504, 513-515, 522, 525—527, 532, 539, 542,
543, 545, 549, 552, 556, 558, 561—564, 569, 572, 584—586, 608, 633, 655, 656,
662, 667, 675, 677, 679, 693, 696, 698, 701, 724—729, 732, 733, 738, 746, 747,
748, 756, 760—763, 778, 787, I I I 25, 27, 36—38, 45, 46, 49, 55, 57, 58, 60—62,
70, 80, 89, 91—93, 107, 108, 111—113, 117, 119—122, 124—126, 139, 140, 142—
144, 146, 148, 149, 151, 156, 158, 159, 161, 163—168, 174—178, 185, 190, 192,
201, 220, 221, 224, 228, 229, 230, 232, 239, 245, 246, 259, 260, 261, 264, 266, 276,
277, 279, 286, 289, 292, 295 - 2 9 7 , 299, 307, 316—318, 323—325, 329, 365, 366,
393,398,400,401,403,404
HeaiioAb B PoMaHHH (HanoAH 4H PoMaHbH, Ha(j)iiAHOH) I 346, II 28, 32, 719
H e B e p I I 161
HeBep, repijor CM. ToH3ara
HerpH, HerpoH 4e, roHHTeAb eBpeeB B TeHye II 663
Herpon, A\i6po3Ho I 349
HerponoHTe CM. ShGen
He4>K, o6Aacrb ApaBHH I 249
HeMyp, >KaK CaBOHCKHH, r e p q o r 4e I 143, I I 2 1 , I I I 380
HeiiH, r. B oKpecTHocTjix PHMa I I I 172
HepH, CB. OHAHIIIIO II 679

HepHHrbji, AyKa H /IvKanoMo, naTpoHbi cy40B I I 439
HepTHKapo B KaAaGpHH I 188
HecJ), 4 * O H K)., HcropHK II 101, 102, 105, 190
Hecjrra, oa3HC Ha lore Tymica I 367
HHrep, p. I 216, 235, 241, II 183, 184, 185
HH4epAaii4bi 1 5 5 , 186, 262, 268, 285—287, 2 9 1 , 305, 306, 320, 3 2 1 , 3 3 1 , 351, 387,
3 9 6 , 4 2 1 , II 2 1 , 30, 42, 48, 96, 113, 119, 123, 147, 195, 197—203, 209, 211, 212,
218—224, 226, 234—236, 248, 254, 258, 260, 262, 263, 266, 279, 284, 286, 298,
309, 314, 387, 388, 404, 406, 408, 447, 462—465, 467—469, 492, 511, 599, 635,
641, 660, 681, 743, 796, 798, I I I 2 1 , 32—34, 39, 4 3 , 44, 46, 50, 52, 55, 57, 67—72,
77, 78, 82, 83, 94, 97, 154, 155, 171, 178, 181—186, 188, 193—197, 205, 230, 234,

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacj)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

601

236, 256, 257, 267, 269—272, 278, 288, 293, 295, 309, 324, 342, 343, 349, 352,
380,395,396,402,407,410
H H K C H I 71

HHKO, )KaH, $paHuy3CKHH IIOCOA II 143, 307, 308, 349, 595, 761, III 105
HHKOMC4HH (H3MHT) I 188, 220, II 335, III 244
HHKOCHH I 155, 203, 204, II 24, III 221, 226

p. I 71, 136, 241, 244, 252, 254, 256, 257, 311, 366, 367, 389, 391, II 301, 340,
345,457, 756

HHA,

HHHO, Po^pHro, IIOCOA KapAa V II 106, 167

HHOAO, oGAacTb Ha KopcHKe I 206
H n i m a l 118, 142, 1 6 3 , 2 2 7 , 3 2 1 , 1 1 2 2 , 7 4 , 3 3 3 , 5 9 6 , 6 8 3 , 1 1 1 2 3 , 4 5 , 6 4 , 6 6 , 115, 143,
314,384
Hniniie, <DpH4pnx I 18, II 605
HHIU (Hanccyc), r. B Cep6nH II 558, 606, III 180
HO6HAH, TocKaHCKHH IIOCOA II 144, 145, 148, 206, 281, 424, 434, 575, 583, 687, 692,

775, III 193, 205, 208, 210, 228—236, 241—243, 246, 297—300, 302, 304
HoBaAe3a, 4epeBHH B CaBofte II 708
HoBapa, r. I 83
HoBan I 62, II 49, 51, 189, 240, 254, 308, 326, 353, 632
HoBan HcnaHH* I 307, 331, II 89, 194, 264, 475, 519, 766, III 82
HOBH, r. II 227

HoBHrpa4 B BoArapHH III 414
HoBH-nasap I 396, II 56
HOBOCHAbHeB, pyCCKHH IIOCOA I 2 6 5

Horape 4e AaBaAeiT, BepHap 4e, 6paT repuora 4'9nepHOHa III 383, 384
Hon6ypr B BaBapHH II 601
Hoft30Ab (BaHCKa-BHCTpnua), r. B BenrpHH II 179
HoAa, r. B oKpecTHocr^ix HeanoAfi I 80, II 727
HoAbceTra, r. B HTaAHH II 727
HopBerHHl276,421,II399
H o p H 4 * I I I 183
Hop\iaH4HH I 262, 331, II 204, III 68, 237, 380
HyafioH III 62
HyMH4HH, OKpeCTHOCTH KOHCTaHTHHbl II 607
HyHbec, Pyn, nopTyraAbCKHH MappaH H3 AHTBepneHa II 411
Hyppa B Cap4HHHH I 48
Hbe6Aa, rpacjxrrBo II 517, 522, 761
HbeTo, XyaH, nepeB03HHK II 126
HbK)6epH, aHrAHHCKHH iiyTeiuecrBeHHHK XVI Bena II 268, 273, 321
HbionacA II 390
HbK)({)ayH4AeH4 I 184, 300, 302, II 389, 751, 768
HiOH-CeH-}Kop>K B BypryH4HH I 126
HiopH6epr 1 5 7 , 255, 269, 273, 277, 283, 284, 286, 287—291, 306, 319, 321, 468,
II 28, 32, 34, 44, 61, 298, 536, 642
06eciiHH, Ce6acTbeH 4e Ab\ <j>paHH,y3CKHH IIOCOA III 71, 157, 246
OBepHb I 51, 54
OBepu,, 9rH4Hyc (?), HH4epAaH4CKHH KOHcyA I 320

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yKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa<{)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

603

OpTa, /t>KOBaHHH, CHIJHAHHCKHH Kopcap II 759
OpTOHa-a-Mape, r. B AGpyinjax I I I 177
OpxHBa B HcnaHHH I I I 201
Oc6opH, 9 4 y a p 4 , AOH4C»HCKHH nyneu I I 392, 393
OcHen, r. B BeHrpHH I I I 181
OcMaH-naiua, ry6epHaTop /JarecTana I I I 335, 338, 339
OcMaHbi, ^HHacTHH I I 448, 449, 463, 470, 527, I I I 339
OcraAb, >KoaH, naTpoH KaTaAOHCKOH HaBbi I 228
OCTHH, nopT I 74, 9 1 , I I I 59, 92

OcyHa, l l e ^ p o PeAbec Xnpon, MapKH3 4e FIeHbH(J)beAb, r e p u o r 4e I I 333, 519, 773,
OcyHa, rie4po PeAbnc Xnpon, rpac[) YpenbH, r e p u o r 4e (IIOCA. ynoM.) I l l 348
OTpaHTo I 149, 166, 167, 168, 222, 469, 495, II 26, 444, 726, 727, 728, I I I 22, 108,
116, 226, 229, 259, 276, 290, 317
OTT, HepoHHMO H KpHCTO(j)opo, areHTbi OyrrepoB B BeHen,HH II 217
OTTO6OH, MapKo, BeHennaHCKHH cenpeTapb I 262, 269, 278, 290, 312, 315, 316, 318,
423, 485, I I 338, 366, 368, 425, 431
IlaBeA III (OapHe3e A.\eccaH4po, Kap4HHaA), PHMCKHH nana I 122, II 679, I I I 29, 3 1 ,
58,72,394,410
naBeA IV, PHMCKHH nana I 459, I I 655, I I I 54, 58—61, 74, 80
IlaBH*, r. I 8 1 , 126, 233, 447, II 84, 167, 169, 252, 447, 623, I I I 29, 428
ria-4e-KaAe, upoAHB II 29
n a 4 y * I 88, 103, 174, 303, 444, 4 6 1 , II 34, 66, 67, 96, 312, 551, 648, 654, I I I 305
naAaMoc B KaTaAOHHH 1 2 1 7 , 348, II 23, I I I 130
naAeHCHH II 84, 85
naAepMo I 56, 80, 126, 149, 156, 157, 161, 224, 480, II 24, 28, 32, 82, 136, 217, 255,
332, 341, 342, 349, 369, 379, 386, 423, 424, 432, 435, 436, 507, 548, 556, 562, 695,
725, 727, 748, 769, 7 8 1 , 788, I I I 6 1 , 114, 118, 162, 233, 276, 279, 290, 292—294,
303,365, 367
naAecrHHa (Chman 3eMA*i) I 37, 284, 329, 362, II 27, 71
IlaAAaBHHHHO C(j)opn,a, MapKH3 KopTeMa4>Kope, KOMaH4yiom,HH BOHCKaMH Ha BeHeUHaHCKOM <j)AOTe B 1570 r. I l l 227
IlaAAaBHHHHO, OpaiJHO, HTaAbflHCKHH GailKHp, yKHByilJHH B AHrAHH I I 3 9 0

FIaAAa4HO, AH4pea, apxHTCKTop I I 677
FlaAO, OTMeAb 6AH3 3yBapbi B A((>pHKe I I I 110
IlaAOMapec, AHueHunaT I I 480, 576, I I I 76, 81
IlaAOc, Mbic B upoB. MypcHH 1 2 1 9
IlaAOTa, KpenocTb B BeHrpHH I I I 179, 379
FIaAy4a, MapKH3 4 e AH I 138
FlaAbMa, FlaAbMaHOBa, BeHeunaHCKaH KpenocTb I I 721
naAbMa-4e-ManopKa I 193, 194, 201, 225, 230, II 377, 387, 697, 748
FIaM(J)HAHH 1101
FlaHaMCKHH nepeiueeK I 304
naHTeAAepHH, O-B I 155, 190, 229, 348, 349, I I I 47, 411
FlaHTOxa 4e Aa Kpyc, aBTop nopTpeTOB OnAHiina II I I I 410
FlapaiiaHbo, AHTOHHO, naTpoH naBbi I I 206, 438
Flape, AM6pya3, x n p y p r I I 568
FlapeHTH, /1/Ky3emie I I 258, 675

604

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacfmnecKHx Ha3BaHHH

napH>K I 22, 24, 57, 279, 291—294, 296, 297, 312, 313, 346, 388, 447, 469, 470, 472,
477, 478, 479, II 20, 22, 24, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 36, 41, 43, 143, 144, 148, 196, 202,
204, 205, 212, 227, 244, 262, 280, 284, 294, 514, 532, 549, 556, 560, 582, 639, 654,
664, 677, 680, 682, 759, 784, 786, 804, III 36, 62, 122, 181, 191, 258, 273—275,
380, 383, 390—392
IlapH3e, >Kop>K II 88
riapnc, /J>KHpaAb4o, HeMeijKHH npe/uipHHHMaTeAb II 318, 319
FlapMa, r. I 24, 176, 391, 434, II 674, III 37, 40, 48, 49
Flapoc, O-B II 719
napyTa, IlaoAo II 445, III 222, 362, 411
FIap(J)HHCKoe uapcTBO II 36
riapn, Mo3e(j), reorpacj) I 367
FlacKBaAHro, OHAHIIIIO, BeHeijHaHCKHH «KaiiHTaH 3aAHBa» II 772
llaccay, r. I l l 43, 46
riaccepo, Mbic B CHIJHAHH I 224, II 756, III 146
naTMOc, O-B I 189, 206, II 340, 346, 719
riaTpbiIII403,421
riaTTa, nopT B BOCT. A(j>pHKe III 341
n a n n , r. B CHIJHAHH II 728

IlayMrapTHep, XaHC, Kyneq II 375
naneKo, Kap4HHaA III 250, 276
IleroAOTTH CM. BaAb4yHHH-neroAOTTH
IleroMa, r. B FIpoBaHce I 79
lle4eAa6op4, Ilbep I 372
Ile4po MapTHp AHrHepcKHH 1 2 1 6 , 244
nesapo, r. I 166,11656
neseHac I 294, 295, 296
rieKK3, 6OAOTO B FIpoBaHce II 126
FleAaroca, O-B I 149, 205
FleAHOH, ropa B OeccaAHH I 190
rieAAerpHHH, apxHTeicrop II 677
neAonoHHec, II-OB I 38, 296, 393

FleH, OpaHcya, (J>paHijy3CKHH Kyueij II 378
FIeH4>Ka6 I 241
FleHHH, yneHHK Pacf)a3Afl II 675
neHbOH-4e-BeAec I 159, 247, II 378, 731, 734, 735, 763, III 53, 123, 129, 130, 133,
143, 144, 148
rieHbfl ArHAepa, 4epeBHH B KacrHAHH II 166
nepa, KBapTaA KoHcraHTHHoiioAH I 155, 165, 310, 431, 474, II 295, 304, 419, 424,
427, 437, 783, 785, 786, III 191, 321, 323, 325, 328, 399
FlepaAbTa, AAOHCO, CHH Aynca III 54
FlepaAbTa, Aync, ryGepHaTop Be4>KaHH III 54
IlepacTo, r. B /(aAMaqHH I 186
nepefipa, KapAo I 95, II 197, 460, 694
Ilepec, AHTOHHO CM. AHTOHHO, iipnop KpaTy
Ilepec, ToHcaAo, CAy^KHTeAb uepKBH II 476, III 168, 174
IlepeTH, /l>KOBaH BaTTHcra, CHCTOBO4 H3 BaHKa PnaAbTO II 115, 149
FlepexHAb, O-B 6AH3 Ceyrbi 1 1 6 1

yKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacfmnecKHx Ha3BaHHH

605

FlepH, /l>KOBaHHH /lOMeHHKO I I 1 2 0 , 2 2 9

FlepiiHHbKH, r. II 90, 162, 516, III 92
rieppy, OpaHcya II 149, III 426
riepawKHH 3aAHB I 235, 236, 254, 255, 259, 435, II 92, 180, 268, 301, 303, 308, 327,
403, III 340
nepcHH 1 5 7 , 111, 113, 150, 152, 153, 241, 254, 257, 260, 264, 265, 266, 329, 396,
398, II 118, 219, 268, 301, 304, 308, 311, 328, 395, 485, 500, 595, 609, 637, 656,
712, 742, 758, 799, III 21, 2 4 , 4 4 , 48, 52, 103, 114, 115, 120, 188, 198, 199, 238,
310, 321, 323, 324, 326, 331—335, 337, 340, 341, 362, 367, 370, 372, 373, 378,
400
IlepTJOH III 383, 384
Ilepy I 94, 106, 302, 304, 331, 437, II 245, 590, 595, III 79
Ilepy4>Ka, r. I 449, 462, 465, 492, II 494, III 61
IlepyiwH, EaAb4accape, apxHTeKTop II 677
IlecKapa, r. II 135, 169, 727, 781, 787, III 177, 219
riecKapa, Oep4HHaH40 OpaHnecKo 4'ABaAoc, MapKH3 (4H), BHije-KopoAb CHIJHAHH
III 221, 233, 240, 245, 246, 247, 259, 293, 296, 311, 353
riecKHMH, nopT Ha Mbicy TapraHo I 187
necraAOuuH, ceMencTBo I 287
FleTp BeAHKHH, poccHHCKHH HMiiepaTop II 447
IleTpeMOAb, c{)paHU,y3CKHH IIOCOA B TypuHH III 145
rieTpyHHH, KOMaH4op III 256
rien, r. B BeHrpHH III 181
rien, r. B Cep6HH I 436
neiirr (coBp. By4aneuiT), r. B BeHrpHH III 375
FlHaAH-iiauia, KOMaH4yiomHH TypeijKHM (J>AOTOM I 205, III 52, 64, 111, 115, 116, 120,
145, 149, 156, 175, 177, 186, 215, 290, 314
nnraHbOAb, Auaps III 17
IlH3a, r. 1 5 9 , 99, 149, 162, 163, 192, 198, 344, 461, 462, II 43, 381, 411, 425, 743,
748,11128,261
FlH3aHH, ceMbfl II 719
IlH3aHH-TbeiiOAO, GaHKHpbi II 255, 801
Unvi II, PHMCKHH nana II 680, III 173
I1HH IV, PHMCKHH nana III 118, 139, 144, 155, III 171—174

I1HH V (rHCAbepn, Kap4HnaA), PHMCKHH nana I 134, III 171—174, 184, 186, 187, 197,
219, 222—224, 227, 256, 277, 286, 292, 309, 362
IlHKap4HH I 119, 335, III 196, 273, 274
IlHKKaMHAbo, BiTope, reHy33CKHH Kyneu, II 238, 289
FIHKKOAOMHHH, AAb^oHco, repuor MoHTeMapnaHO, CHCHCKHH pa36oHHHK II 566

FlHMeHTeAb, AAOHCO, KaiiHTaH Aa TyAeTTbi II 331, 732, 738, 779, III 206, 241
FIHH4, ropw B TpeuHH I 39, 114
FIHHTO, 3aMOK 6AH3 Ma4pH4a III 318
FlHHTy, AHTOHbK), IIOpTyraAbCKHH IIOCOA I I 3 1 4
FlHHbepOAb (IlHHepOAO) I I I 6 6

IlHpeHeH 1 3 4 , 35, 38, 40, 4 1 , 45, 52, 110, 116, 117, 121, 124, 126, 188, 212, 342,
II 56, 69, 102, 444, 559, 561, 567, 570, 599, 606, 621, 624, 629, 669, 681, III 152,
153, 1 9 8 , 2 1 3 , 3 8 1 — 3 8 3 , 3 9 3
nnpeHH, AHpn, HCTOPHK I 22, 24, II 447, III 16

606

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacj)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

llHpec, /(Hero, A>KeMeccH*i II 652
IlHpH-peHC I I 301, I I I 340
FIHCTOHH, r. I I 109, 566

riHcy3pra, npHTOK p . / l y s p o I 79, I I 576
FLxaHbOAb, KcaBbe 4 e I 110, 138, 140
IlAaceHCHH B HcnaHHH I I I 76
FlAaccH, cpa>KeHHe n p n I I 59
nAa-rrep, ToMac I 73, 412, 454, I I 104, 542, 654
FlAaTTep, OeAHKC I 309, I I 654
IlAHMyT II 399
FlAiop B AAbiiax I 280
n o , p. I 47,63, 77, 80,81, 83, 90, 343, 370, 390, 434, 435, I I 331
no^BeTpeHHbie o-Ba (9ra4bi) I 149, 196
no4>KO, MapKbo 4H, ToproBeu, I I 357
no4OAHflI40, 271
n o 3 H a H b I 2 6 9 , 271
noAa B HcrpHH I 132, II 54, 111
nOAC3HHe B IipOB. PoBHro, HTaAHH I 1 0 3 , I I 9 6

noAHKacrpeAAO B KaAaGpHH I 188
noAHHbH I I 225, 288
noAO, Mapno I 248
noAbma I 19, 153, 189, 213, 262, 264, 267—276, 301, 313, 4 0 1 , I I 36, 55, 214, 243,
328, 338, 358, 367, 534, 535, 543, 598, 643, 646, 6 5 1 , 653, 655, I I I 232, 244, 286,
300,367,371,372,376,377
nOAflKOB, AeOH (AeB), HCTOpHK I I 670
noMer, O-B 6AH3 MapceAn I 345

noHce, AH4pec, opraHH3aTop HaGeroB B CeB. A(J>pHKe I I 740
noHTe, ArocTHHo 4a, BeHeijHaHCKHH Kyneu I I 325
noHTHHCKHe GoAOTa I 38, 64, 70, 72, 74, 131
n o H u a , O-B GAH3 HeanoAH I I 7 6 1 , I I I 25, 44, 125

nop4eHOHe BO OpnyAe II 658
nop-CeHT-9ciipH I I I 381, 382
nopTo BeKKbo Ha KopcHKe I I I 134
nopTO Fpyapo Me>K4y Tpa40 H BeHeu,Hen I 319, I I 338
nopTo 9pKOAe B TocKaHe I 143, I I 337
nopTOBHpo B ycrbe n o I 77
nopTo-AoHroHe Ha o. 9Ab6a I I I 48
nopTO-nHKKOAO I\ I l l 3 1 9

nopTo-OapHHa B TyHHce I I I 294
nopTo-Oeppafto na o. 9Ab6a (KOCMOIIOAH) I 196, 2 0 1 , I I I 48

nopTo<t>HHoII215, 591
n o p T y I 5 6 , 113,111350
nopTyraAH^i I 59, 7 1 , 106, 131, 187, 209, 261, 301, 305, 306, 338, 342, 390, 394, 406,
418, 441, I I 42, 49, 5 1 , 64, 65, 67, 69, 78, 79, 84, 88, 97, 128, 155, 185, 222, 236,
243, 248, 262, 265, 271, 298, 299, 302, 307—310, 312—316, 318, 326, 335, 348—
350, 352, 354, 376, 377, 402, 406, 413, 446, 447, 459, 460, 462, 474, 480, 488, 4 9 1 ,
497, 516, 517. 537, 543, 552, 559, 570, 571, 595, 598, 621, 638, 646, 648, 649, 650,

yKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa(j)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

607

652—655, 692, 694, 697, 7 1 1 , 8 0 1 , I I I 89, 96, 215, 300, 3 0 1 , 310, 324, 326, 327,
330, 331, 341, 345—350, 361, 427
nopTyraAbCKan H H 4 H H I I 122, 201

IlopiiiHeB B. 0 . , H c r o p H K l I 118, 119, 551, 552
FIocTeAb, THHOM, ryMaHHcr H BOCTOKOBC4 I I 598
FIocTOHHa B CAOBCHHH I 64
ITOTOCH, Mecropo>K4eHHe I 304, 430, I I 193, 194, 249, 590

FIoTbe, THHOM, GpeTOHeu, KaiiHTaH KopaGAJi I I 378
n p a r a I 273, 277, 290, II 179, I I I 238, 244
ripeCKOTT, yHAbflM, HCTOpHK I I I 72, 94
IlpH3peH, r. B CrapoH CepGHH I 436
IlpHAeii, r. B GrapoH Cep6nn I 436
llpHMOAaHO, T. B BHHeHTHHCKHX AAbliaX I 280
IlpHyAH n . , BeHeuHaHCKHH IIOCOA I I 143, 146, 685
IlpHyAH, AHTOHHO, BeneuHaHCKHH Kyneu, /KHByujHH B KoncraHTHHOiioAe I I 356
IlpHyAH, GaHKHpbi I I 257
IlpHyAH, 4>KHpoAaMo I 284, II 298
IlpHyAH, 3yaH I I 355
npoBaHc I 40, 46, 54, 66, 67, 69, 79, 87, 100, 108, 110, 125, 128, 163, 186, 196, 219,
225, 228, 294, 295, 297, 328—330, 336, 375, 383, 4 1 1 , 427, 429, 460, 462, 467,
495, II 69, 7 1 , 74, 83, 99, 157, 513, 542, 548, 596, 6 1 1 , 612, 654, 683, 687, 7 5 1 ,
762, 763,111 132, 139, 140, 154, 157, 244, 259, 271, 274, 380, 381, 383—386, 390,
391,399,417,426
ripo4aHeAAH, MapHHo, 6paT HHKOAO I I I 325
ripo4aHeAAH, HHKOAO, pary3aHCKHH Kyneu, I I I 318, 321, 325, 328
FIpoAor, ymeAbe I 64
FIpoiioHTH^a CM. MpaMopnoe Mope
FIpoHH^a, O-B B THppeHCKOM Mope I I I 63
nyaTyII513
FlyAbe CM. AnyAHH
IlyTHHbflHO, T. B AliyAHH I 61
nyapTo 4e CaH BHceHTe I I 83, I I I 129
FIy3pTO OHrepe40 I I I 403
ny3 P TO-4e-CaHTa-MapHH I 159, 406, 426, I I 312, 350, I I I 349
riyapTOAOHro I I I 284
FI(j)aH4Ab, AK)4BHr, HCTopHK I I I 34, 196
nbeMOHT I 84, 209, 213, 278, 321, I I 67, 80, 225, 333, 513, 515, 557, 600, 663, I I I 36,
44, 52, 57, 65, 66, 134, 257, 271, 272, 274, 393
n b e p A a r r I 309
IlbOMGHHo, r. 1 2 1 8 , 1 1 2 6 6 , 5 4 8 , 5 8 2 , 1 1 1 2 5 , 4 8 , 113, 139, 141,320
IlbOM6HHo, H3a6eAAa 4e MeH4oca, repuorHHfl 4H I I 266
IlbHBe, p. 1 8 8 , I I 721
FlbKHeHua, r. I 391, 434, 435, 4 4 1 , I I 48, 115, 132, 225, 228, 230, I I I 57
r i 3 p H C , M3TbIO (B OTeH. T p a 4 H U H H M a T B e H llapH>KCKHH), HCTOpHK I I I 3 9 5

Paa6, coBp. 4 t e p , r. B BeHrpHH I I 724
Pa6Ae, OpaHcya I 146, 233, 334, 395, I I 19, 596, 686, 712
PaBacKec, reHy33CKHH GaHKHp I I 257

608

yKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpac|)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

PaBeAb, npe^npHHHMaTeAb I 78
PaBeHHal 132,11541
PaBeHc6ypr I 62
ParaijuoHH, 4>KaKOMO, BAa4eAeu. cy4Ha II 387
ParainjoHH, HKOIIO, cenpeTapb BeHeuHaHCKoro CeHaTa III 253, 254
Parysa (4y6poBHHK) 1 2 2 , 50, 61, 64, 66, 74, 121, 126, 142, 149, 153, 167, 169, 171,
174, 175, 186, 187, 192, 194, 196, 222, 296, 318, 344, 355, 357, 358, 364, 390, 396,
397, 400, 404, 425, 428, 429, 430, 436, 437, 438, 441, 442, 451, 452, 456, 459, 463,
464, 467, 481, 485, II 24, 28, 32, 44, 45, 123, 125, 133, 137, 146, 189, 206, 213,
214, 274, 304, 308, 340, 344, 375, 385, 386, 392, 426, 435, 438, 484, 502, 538, 590,
601, 615, 642, 655, 656, 665, 685, 760, III 23, 117, 145, 161, 190, 219, 228, 233,
246, 247, 262, 268, 305, 313, 321, 324, 327
PaM6Aa, r. 6AH3 MaAarH II 338
PaM6yfie, IJIapAb 4'AH>KaHH, Kap4HHaA 4e, (J>paHijy3CKHH IIOCOA I 231, 355, II 21, 688,
III 75, 133, 246, 247, 255, 296, 300
PaHKe, AeonoAb4 $OH, HcropHK I 21, II 277, 447, 496, III 15, 17, 86, 189
PanaAAO I 226, II 591
ParaaHa, BO3M. coBp. IlaAaHKa, crapHHHbiH ropo4 B /JaAMauHH II 606
Payapc <D. $OH I 276, 277
Pac|>a3Ab II 674, 675
PaiJIJH C , HCTOpHK /lyGpOBHHKa II 601
Peap, p. B PyccHAbOHe I 87
PeBeAb (TaAAHHH), r. II 55
PeBorAapa, KaTepHHa 4H II 550
PereHc6ypr I 238
Pe4>K0 4H KaAa6pHH I 391, II 49, 562, 563, 726, III 45, 403, 420, 421
PeHMOH (PeHMOHT), AAb({>pe4 (j)OH, HCTOpHK I 76
PeftH, p. I 278, 281, 282, 285, 286, 292, 392, II 36, 234, 606, 639, 680, III 44
PeHHA3H4 HI 288
PeHHOca B KaHTaGpHHCKHx ropax I 52
PeKaAb4e, XyaH HyHbec 4e, KOMaH4yiomHH HCiiaHCKOH 3CKa4poH II 201
PeKaHara, r. B nancKHx BAa4eHH*ix I 170, II 49, 111
PeKeceHC, 40H BepeHryep 4e III 121
PeneceHC, 40H AyHC 4e, BCAHKHH KOMaH4op KacTHAHH I 173, 174, 176, 184, 227, 235,
239, 261, 267, 348, 349, II 20, 281, 293, 294, 775, III 279, 299, 301, 343
PeMe3HaHa, crapHHHbiH ropo4 B /laAMaijHH II 606
PeHaH, 9pHecT II 639
PeHap, CHMOH, HMiiepcKHH IIOCOA npn (j>paHuy3CKOM 4Bope III 35—37, 39, 40, 50, 61,
87—90, 92
PeHaTa OpaHqy3CKan, repqorHHH <J>eppapcKa*i II 600
PeHH, r. I 293
PeH04e, OnocreH, HcropHK 1 2 1 3
PeTHMHOH, nopT Ha o. KpHT II 392, III 262
Pn6aropca, rpac{)CTBO B AparoHe II 548
Pn6epa, ry6epHaTop Bapn H ChpaHTO II 759
Pn6epa, Xoce, xy40>KHHK II 679
Pn6epH, >KeaH, nopTyraAbCKHH cy40BAa4eAeq II 377
Pnra II 399

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacjmnecKHx Ha3BaHHH

609

PHrAb A., HCTOpHK II 673
PneKa CM. ObioMe
PHKa30AH, <})AopeHTHHCKHe Kynijbi II 367
PHKap, Po6ep I 22, II 736,
PHKap, CaMK)3Ab II 219, 286
PHKap^o, TocKaHCKHH areHT II 219, 398, 430
PHM I 37, 41, 47, 51, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 64, 77, 92, 93, 121, 132, 147, 155, 161, 164,
175, 176, 195, 199, 206, 209, 213, 215, 232, 237, 259, 283, 294, 321, 343, 348, 355,
356, 370, 379, 389, 391—393, 432, 434, 436, 441, 448, 454, 464, 469, II 21, 22, 24,
28, 32, 33, 35, 41, 44, 60, 81, 139, 143, 144, 189, 240, 245, 256, 290, 293, 306, 307,
340, 349, 359, 366, 376, 421, 430, 466, 467, 494—496, 527, 539, 543, 545, 550,
556, 561, 565, 566, 572, 583, 586, 600, 602, 606, 623, 644, 663, 666, 672-679, 681,
684, 688, 716, 764, 769, 775, III 17, 25, 29, 31, 58, 60, 61, 64, 74, 75, 136, 139,
141, 149, 150, 155, 173, 183, 184, 187, 190, 200, 207, 222, 227, 241, 242, 250, 255,
257, 267, 273—275, 278, 279, 290, 292, 299, 300, 309, 326, 329, 330, 343, 347,
361, 362, 394, 396, 404, 408, 428
PHMHHH, r. I 63, 166, 390, 391,

336

PHO 4e Aa IlAaTa I 304, II 264
PHO Ha o. 9Ab6a I 164
Pno-MapHHa Ha o. 9Ab6a III 48
Pnna TpaH4e, nopT I 164
PHCJ)I38,40,

119

PHinjo, He3ape, CHIJHAHHCKHH Kopcap II 759
Pnnap4 I AbBHHoe Cep4U,e, KopoAb AHFAHH I 36
PnuieAbe, ApMaH->KaH 410 IlAeccH, Kap4HHaA 4e I 267, 421, II 461, 713
PnuieAbe, Ayn-OpaHcya-ApMaH 410 IlAeccH, repijor 4e I 125
PoaH, r. I 292, II 147
PoBaAecKa, HTaAbHHCKHH KOMiiaHbOH OyrrepoB II 309, 319
POBHIX), r. I 90, II

66

P040C, O-B I 113, 142, 154, 182, 195, 205, 338, 354, II 23, 206, 358, 458, 661, 720,
747, 754, 756, 757, 759, 785, III 22, 37, 150, 226, 266, 280, 310, 365, 369, 425
P040CT0 I 153, II 214, 356, III 319
Po4pnra, /laHH3Ab II 666
Po4pnrec, /(Hero, MappaH, >KHBymHH » BeHeu,HH II 411
Po4pHrec, MnreAb BeHeijHaHCKHH eBpen I 397, II 658
Po3eTra B ErHirre II 326, 651
Po3MHTaAb, AeoH 4e, HCUICKHH 4Bop*iHHH II 83
PoKacfyAb, 40H XyaH 4e III 322, 323, 354, 355
PoK6pioH 6AH3 MeHTOHbi III 384
PoKpya, 6HTBa npn II 670
PoMaHo, 4>KyAHo, yneHHK Pa(J>a3AH II 675
PoMaHo, Py45Kepo I 24, II 100, 160, 165, 167, 364, 431, 793, 801
PoMaHo, XyaH OeAHiie, nepeB03MHK GeacaBiiiHX iiAeHHbix II 753, 754, 771
PoMaHbOAa II 359, 360
PoMaHbH I 55, 170, 172, 222, 390, 414, 457, II 63, 135, 360, 569
PoMerac, ManopeH 4'0-Ab'9cKiop, cbep 4e, MaAbTHHCKHH pbiijapb II 756
PoMepo, XyaH 4e III 125
PoMbe, AiocbeH I 68, 225, II 511, III 64
20.3aKa3Jfe2220.

610

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacjwHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

POH, llIapAb 4e CaBHHbH, MapuiaA 4e III 417
PoHa, p. I 54, 59, 70, 71, 78, 93, 134, 210, 281, 282, 286, 291, 294—297, 369, 371, 390,
427, 435, 436, 451, 495, II 126, 147, 338, 559, III 198
PoH4a B HcnaHHH II 639, III 210
PoHcap, Flbep II 715, III 67
PopHXT, P., HCTOpHK I 361
Pocac, npHMopcKan 4epeBHH B KaTaAOHHH III 128
POCCHH I 152, 263, 264, 266, 267, 270, 299, 467, II 383, 390, 643, III 198, 213,

214,

332,377
Poy, C3p ToMac, aHrAHHCKHH noBepeHHbiH B KoHcraHTHHonoAe II 766
PoHHeAAa B KaAa6pHH II 341, 342
PyaH, r. I 291, 293, 294, 312, 479, 483, 485, II 91, 151, 196, 302, 378, 379, 385, 436,
653,671,111 1 3 7 , 2 5 8 , 2 6 9
Py6eHH, /JaBH4, A^KeMeccnn II 652
PyGeHC, riHTep llayAb II 679
PyGnoc, FlaAacHoc, 3aKOHOBe4 II 476
Py40Ab(j), 3pu,repu,or, 3aTeM HMiiepaTop 1 2 1 7 , III 261, 377
PyHc 4 e Aa MoTa, lle4po, HMiiepcKHH cenpeTapb II 465
PyHc MapTHH, OeAHiie, HcropHK I 24, 309, 488, II 119, 154, 159, 164, 165, 167, 168,
170, 171, 172, 224, 285, 286, 288, 290, 421, 429, 431, 670, 793, 801, III 427
Pync 9M6HTO, KOCMC IIACMHHHHK CnMOHa Pynca II 239, 286

Pync, AH4pec, HCiiaHCKHH Kyneu II 204
Pync, CHMOH I 365, 382, 405, 485, II 34, 35, 47, 119, 148, 149, 154, 216, 239, 283,

285, 286, 320, 350, 368, 410, 417, 428, 430, 431, 440, 537, 540, 580, 683, 767
Pyncbi, ceMbfl I 468
PyAAO, /JoHaTO, BeHeijHaHCKHH Kyueu, II 61, 417
PyMeAH Xn3ap, 4epeBHH K lory OT Eoc(J)opa I 473
PyMeAHH I 86, II 530, 616, III 40, 339, 374
PyMbiHHH 1110, 449, III 372, 377
PyimeAb, TacTOH, HcropHK I 20, 87, 126, 367
PyccHAbOH I 86, 226, 350, 389, 451, II 572, III 143, 381
PycTeM-iiauia, BCAHKHH BH3Hpb II 355, 531, III 47, 101, 120
PycrHKyHHH, Kap4HHaA III 250
Py3pr I 45, 54, II 90
Pbi6apcKHH, P. 1 2 7 0 , 271
PK)6H, KAO4 4e, HcropHK AnoHa II 115

CaaBe4pa, 40H XyaH 4 e II 522
Ca6nHa, onpyr B HTaAHH I 137
CaBa, p. II 722, III 181
CaBapn 4e BpioAOH, HC. I 110, II 229
CaBHAbHH III 66
CaBofiH I 122, 281, II 210, 225, 227, 228, 279, 474, 654, III 57, 65, 66, 138, 274, 287,
386,393,406,417
CaBOHa, r. I 163, 193, 217, 462, II 216, 708, 761, III 134
Catty, AH4pe 3. II 220
CattHC, Ta6pH3Ab 4e, ceKpeTapb OnAHima I I I I 43, 203, 626, 691, III 210, 238, 241,

269,297,298,301

YKaaaTeAb HMCH H reorpacj)HHecKHX Ha3BaHHH

611

CaKaBeH, 4epeBHH 6AH3 AHCca6oHa III 350
CaKcoHHH I 285, 288, 468, II 56, 179, 271
CaAa4HH, cyATaH I 36
CaAaMaHKa, r. I 106, 444, 446, II 34, 75, 139, 476
CaAacap, KpncroGaAb 4 e II 312, 315, 420, 4 2 1 , III 355, 357
CaAacap, FIe4po 4e III 25
CaAax-peHC, KopoAb AA^npa I 254, II 192, III 47, 53, 54, 104, 206
CaAe B MapoKKo II 737, 748, III 104
CaAepHO, r. I 149, 187, II 49, 149, 525, 762, III 45
CaAOMOH, 4 0 K T O p CM. AlUKCHa3H

CaAOH, Mbic I 219
CaAOHHKH (CaAOHHK noAe, coBp. OeccaAOHHKH), r. I 70, 9 5 , 114, 390, 452, 458, II 59,

88, 111, 112, 335, 340, 345, 379, 412, 426, 443, 451, 538, 594, 597, 651, 661, 701,
CaAyijup, MapKH3 II 541
CaAymjo, MapKH3aT II 688, III 66, 257, 324, 406
CaAbBHaTH, ceMbH II 45
CaAb4ac 6AH3 AAbMepnn II 631
CaMapKaH4 II 609
CaMopa, r. B HcnaHHH II 75, 480, 481
CaMoc, O-B I 206
CaH MHKCAH, /l>KaH /(>KHpoAaMo HAH 3yan HepoiiHMo, HH^KeHep II 138
CaH-BbH4>Ko, 40AHHa MCTKAY A4H4>KC H I l o II 226

CaH-BnceiiTe B Bpa3HAHH II 197
CaH-BnceHTe, Mbic B IlopTyraAHH I 160, 221, 446
CaHrBeHa B OKpecrHOCTjix BepoHbi II 565
CaH4e, AAbBapo 4e, KOMaH4yiomHH ncnancKOH apMHen III 108, 115, 116, 121, 149,

174, 190
CaH40BaAb, Opan Aync, MOHax II 592, 685
CaH40MHp, r. I 274
CaH40HaT0 B KaAaGpHH I 188
CaH->Kop>KH-4a-MHHa, 3aMOK Ha no6epe>Kbe TBHHeH II 185
CaH-AopeHup B HcnaHHH III 306, 343
Ca H -AyKap-4e-BappaMe4a I 94, 159, 406, 418, 420, 426, II 47, 266, 377, 407, 409, 553
CaH-Ma<j)(j)eo-4eAb-HHAeHTo, nopT B KaAa6pnn I 187
CaHMHKeAH, apxHTeKTop II 677
CaH-CaAbBa4op, c[)opT y Mepc-3Ab-Ke6npa III 127
CaH-Ce6acrbHH III 194
CaHceBepHHo, 40H OeppaHTe, KH*i3b CaAepHCKHH III 45
CaHcenoAbKpo B TocKaHe I 390, 391
CaHcoBHHo, apxHTeKTop II 677
CaHT'AH4>KeAO CM. TapraHO
CaHT'AH4>KeAO, (J>opT Ha o. MaAbTa III 147
CaHT'SAbMo, cj)opT Ha o. MaAbTa I 4 7 1 , III 147—149, 152
CaHTa Kpyc (CaHTa Kpone), AypeAHo, ncnaHCKHH areHT I 425, II 733, III 246, 250,

260,293,298,317,319,321
CaHTa Obope FlaoAO, Kap4HHaA 4 e III 165
CaHTa-MaprepHTa, KOMMyHa 6AH3 TeHyn II 590
CaHTa-MapHH, MUC B AiiyAHH II 728
20*

612

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacJwHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

CaHTa-Maypa CM. Ae(j)Kac
CaHTaH4ep I 446, II 201, 202, 385, III 77, 195, 236
CaHTa-9AbH, 6ypr 6AH3 MaAarH II 338
CaHTHAbHHa, MapKH3aT I I 5 1 7

CaHTo Cre({>aHo B TocnaHe I 143, 465
CaHTO-/JoMHHro CM. TaHTH I 192, II 476, 595
CaH-ToMe, O-B I 192, 202, 302, II 700
CaHTbnro, (J>peH Xopxe II 143
CaHy4o, MapHHO, xpoHHcr I 410, 415, 427, II 29, 30,31, 35, 60, 87, 153, 362, 416, 784
CaH-<I>eAHy-4e-rHiiioAbc, r. I 191
CaHHec-AAb6opHoc, KAay/jHo II 669
CaHHO IV, KopoAb KacTHAHH H AeoHa II 274
CanaTa, 40H Ta6pH3Ab 4 c HcnaHCKHH ceHbop II 506, 522
CanoHapa, Pnimo 4H, rAaBapb pa36oHHHKOB II 562
Caparoca I 79, 80, 131, 387, 389, II 30, 56, 204, 210, 555, 559, 583, 621, 623
CapaeBO I 42, 431, 437, II 452
CaP4eAAa, llbep II 28-32, 34, II 111, 144, 169
Cap4HHHH, O-B 1 4 0 , 45, 46, 48, 71, 123, 142, 149, 150, 161, 162, 163, 176, 193, 195,
197—201, 206, 229, 230, 233, 245, 348, 349, 462, II 52, 54, 55, 80, 81, 179*, 213,
312, 336, 359, 385, 461, 569, 607, 641, 730, 754, 764, 771, III 25, 49, 105, 117,
119, 122, 128, 1 3 6 , 2 0 7 , 2 2 1 , 2 9 0
CapMbeHTo, AyHc II 429, 433, 644, 696
CapMbeHTo, XyaH, HCIIHHCKHH areHT III 368
CacnopTac, HKO6, paBBHH II 647
CacceiTH, OHAHIIIIO, (J)AopeHraeij, acHByujHH B HH4HH II 42
CayAH, BeH4HHeAAH III 112, 165, 166
CayAH, reHy33CKHH IIOCOA II 288, 429, 525, 692, 762, III 122, 133, 159, 160, 163, 164,
166, 201, 208—210, 239—243, 247, 271, 302—304
CayTxeMiiTOH, r. II 382, 386, 389, 435
Ca^>e4, croAHija TaAHAeH II 112
Ca<j>pa, <DepHaH40 4e, cenpeTapb H3a6eAAbi KacrHAbCKOH I 159, II 429
Caxapa I 30, 34, 101, 113, 114, 141, 1 5 6 , 2 0 9 , 2 1 0 , 2 1 3 , 2 3 2 , 2 3 6 , 2 3 9 — 2 4 1 , 2 4 3 , 2 4 4 ,
245, 248, 250, 252—254, 325, 326, 327, 368, 495, II 184, 186, 192, 607, 657, 662
CaxeAb I 66, 67, 72, 130, 247, 259, II 733, 734, 749, III 25
Canep40TH, BHTaAe, HcnaHCKHH ToproBeij I 321
CBaHHH, r. B XopBaTHH III 373
CBHTan 3eMAH CM. IlaAecTHHa
CBHTOH EAeHbi, O-B I 300, II 325

Ce6aurn>HH, 40H, KopoAb IlopTyraAHH II 310, 313, 716, III 266, 344, 345
Ce6pepoc, o6Aacrb B HcnaHHH II 56
CeBeHHbi I 54
CeBepHa*A<{>pHKa(MarpH6)I41,49, 66, 94, 106, 109, 110, 111, 113—115, 129, 147,
158, 176—179, 195, 200, 209, 210, 213—215, 225, 232, 233, 234, 238, 242, 246,
247, 249—252, 254, 256, 324, 326, 338, 355, 366, 368, 390, 428, 436, 450, II 26,
61, 65, 70, 71, 88, 156, 157, 179, 183, 184, 186, 190, 191, 192, 274—277, 367, 379,
460, 461, 549, 569, 590, 607—609, 610, 645, 646, 657, 661, 662, 696, 701, 712,
724, 730, 731, 734, 736, 737, 762, 780, 781, 799, III 22, 104, 105, 156, 202, 240,
253, 266, 276, 279, 291, 330, 364, 367, 369, 370, 372, 408

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa<}>HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

613

CeBepHoe Mope I 184, 260, 276, 285, 305, 307, 417, 737, II 57, 297, 385, 665, III 50,
69, 183
CeBHAbH I 94, 95, 104, 137, 158, 159, 189, 207, 261, 286, 293, 300, 304, 306, 312, 331,
340, 352, 354, 356, 371, 380, 388, 390, 406, 411, 416, 418, 421, 426, 437, 440, 443,
4 4 4 , 4 4 6 , 4 5 6 , 4 5 9 , 4 6 0 , 4 6 6 — 4 6 8 , 1 1 4 4 , 4 6 , 4 7 , 6 1 , 7 5 , 8 9 , 9 3 , 114, 116, 128, 149,
182, 186, 190, 194, 195, 197, 209, 216, 220, 221, 239, 246, 248, 264, 265, 283, 292,
348, 350, 351, 367, 368, 401, 404, 406-410, 412, 420, 428, 432, 440, 468, 487, 491,
518, 520, 523, 537, 543, 553, 555, 581, 601, 621, 633, 649, 664, 685, 693, 7 0 8 , 7 5 1 ,
761, 787, 796, III 23, 73, 80, 82, 97, 129, 145, 168, 192, 205, 208, 230, 246, 259,
359
CeroBHHl 104, 106, 108, 132, 1 3 5 , 4 4 3 , 4 4 6 , 4 4 7 , 1 1 5 1 , 5 6 , 7 5 , 8 4 , 102, 107, 108, 111,
158,234,518
Ce3HH, p. B llbeMOHTe I 82, II 719
CeH6y3a, p. B AA>KHpe I 347
CeftceAb, r. II 127
CeKKO, HHKOAO, HCIiaHCKHH HOBepeHHblH B TypiJHH I I I 1 0 1 , 3 1 0

CeAHM I, cyATaH II 268, 456, 457, 492
CeAHM II, cbm CyAefiMaHa BeAHKOAeimoro III 103, 121, 156, 181, 189, 191, 198, 213,
215,313,316,322,353
CeAAa, /loMeHHKo I 402, II 111, 169
CeAbB, 0 4 e 4e II 435, 600
CeAHHHKH, Mycra<J)a, TypeijKHH xpoHHcr II 531
CeHa, p. II 305, 460
CeH-BepHap, nepeBaA I 282
CeH-BaAepH-aH-Ko II 378
CeH-roTap4, nepeBaA I 279, 281, 282, 356
CeH-ryap, <j>paHijy3CKHH HOCOA 1 1 6 8 , I I 4 3 , 123, 144, 171, 203, 280, 598, 687,
III 270, 271, 273, 278, 301, 302, 304—307, 309, 352
CeH-/JeHH, cpaaceHHe npH III 194, 235
CeHeraA, p. I 245, 248, II 185
CeHecrpaHO, ATOCTHHO, Kyneu, II 217

CeH->KaH 4e-AK)3 II 385, III 153, 154
CeH-)KaH-4e-MaAbBya3H I 142
CeH->KaH-4e-MopbeHH II 708
CeHHraAAHH, r. B nancKHx BAa^eHHfix Ha AapnaTHKe II 49, 111, 340
CeH-KaHTeH III 60—62, 123
CeH-MaAo II 196, 378, 386, 748
CeH-IloAb-4e-Ooroccbep I 79
CeH-PeMH I 79
CeH-CioAbiiHC, (J>paHH.y3CKHH HOCOA II 762, III 162—165, 169, 185, 231
CeH-OAopaH Ha KopcHKe III 48, 50
CeHb (3eHOK) II 572
CeHbeAa, r-H 4e II 657
CeHbH, XyaH 4e, ncnaHCKHH areHT B KoHcraHTHHonoAe III 398—400, 415, 419, 422
CeHbH (coBp. CeHb) B /laAMauHH I 172, 173, II 745, 748
CenyAbBe^a, 4-p XyaH 4 e III 117
Cep6eAAOHH, Ta6pH3Ae (CepBeAbOH) I 80, III 277, 294, 318
Cep6HH I 39, 40, 64, 436, II 179, 269, 452, 606

614

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa<j)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

CepBaHTec, MnreAb 4 e I 51, 56, 62, 120, 195, 354, 372, 286, 394, 464, 483, II 69, 269,
283, 493, 554, 555, 559, 596, 681, 743, III 127, 284, 286
CepBeAbo B KaTaAOHHH I 80
CepBeAbOH, TaGpiiocM. Cep6eAAOHe, Ta6pH3Ae
CepBeT, MnreAb II 601
CepBbe, >KaH, 3THorpacj) II 610
Cep4a, 4. Aync 4e Aa II 522
Cep4a, XyaH 4 e Aa CM. Me4HHa-CeAH, repqor 4 e
Cep4aHbH, rpa<j)CTBo III 381
Cepe B MaKe40HHH II 618
CepeHH, 3MHAHO II 352

CepeHH B BeHrpHH III 179
Ceppa, AHTOHHO, SKOHOMHCT II 180, 569

Ceppa, BaTTHcra II 237
CeppaBaAAe, KOMMyHa B FlbeMOHTe II 226
Ceppa-4e-CepoH III 208
CeppaHo H nHHe4a, o. AynaHo HAb4e$OHCo III 267, 268, 272, 283, 299, 305
CepcH, rpacj) 4 e I 118, 119, 357
CeCHA, YHAbHM CM. BepAH

Cecca, r. B o6AacrH Teppa-4H-AaBopo II 564
Cecca, repuor 4e III 101, 108, 156, 1 5 8 , 2 0 8 , 2 8 5 , 2 9 3 , 3 0 4 , 3 1 3 , 4 0 8 , 4 1 5 , 4 2 2
CeTy6aA B FIopTyraAHH III 350
CeyTa I 147, 158, 160, 221, II 33, 183, 184, 376, 480, 481, 737
CnaM, o6Aacrb B K)ro-BocroHHOH A3HH II 593
CHreTBap, r. B BeHrpHH III 181
CnrH3MyH4 II ABrycT, KopoAb IloAbuiH I 264, 316
C H 4 , HHKOAac, Ka3HaneH AoM6ap4CKOH apMHH III 101
CH4H-AAH, 6eH XyceHH, HOST II 301

CneHa, r. I 85, 441, 459, II 240, 566, 677, III 28, 44, 49, 53, 57, 59, 72
CHKCT V, PHMCKHH nana I 124, 137, 356, 469, II 129, 139, 496, 562, 565, 666, III 211,

362,394
CHKyAaHa, nopT Ha CHIJHAHH II 341, 342
CHAC3HH I 273, 288, 468
CHAHceo, apxHeiiHCKOii TOAC4CKHH III 54, 75

CHAbBa, TycMaH 4e, HciiaHCKHH IIOCOA B AoH40He I 340, II 145, 424, 426, 582, 786,
787, III 187, 194, 229, 231, 235, 236, 243, 296, 299—301, 305, 316, 353, 354
CnAbBecrpH A. II 255
CHMaHKac I 22, 24, 220, 230, 348, 406, 488, II 76, 85, 136, 146, 155, 260, 264, 363,
370, 372, 479, 482, 505, 635, 694, 732, 781, III 81, 315, 316
CHMnaH, OpaHcya, ncropHK I 20, 367, II 130, 131, 246, 573, 792, III 429
CHMOHCCH, CHMOH CM. /JaHcep
CHMIIAOH I 279

CnHaH, HciiaHCKHH areHT III 325
CHHaH-nauia, KOMaH4yiomHH TypeijKOH apMHeft, ycMHpHBiuen HeMeH III 315, 318,
332, 337, 372—374, 377, 400
CHHaH-nauia, no6e4HTeAb npn 4 * e p 6 e II 310, 355, 721, III 38, 44, 45, 47
CHHOII I 153

CnHbH Ha p. ApHo II 339

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa<j)HHecKHX Ha3BaHHH

615

CHIieHHTH B TpaHCHAbBaHHH I 2 7 1

CHpaKy3bi I 149, 156, I I 726, 728, 756, I I I 108, 109, 146, 148, 149
CnpH, Mapno I I 255, 260, 342, 343
C H P H H I 30 34, 37, 47, 9 3 , 101, 111, 115, 131, 142, 177, 181, 194, 1 9 6 , 2 0 9 , 2 1 1 , 2 1 7 ,

239,
416,
301,
395,
238,

241, 244, 246, 249, 253—255, 311, 331, 344, 363, 390, 397, 398, 400, 415,
424, 429, 466, 482, I I 37, 47, 59, 60, 7 1 , 149, 157, 179, 180, 181, 268, 300,
304, 306, 309, 310, 3 1 1 , 3 1 3 , 316, 317, 320, 321, 324, 340, 356, 358, 373, 382,
400, 417, 418, 429, 456, 457, 458, 558, 595, 609, 718, 756, 760, I I I 189, 199,
239, 266, 335

CHpMHfl, BOCTOHHafl HaCTb CAaBOHHH I 6 4
CHPTOB, M o p e l 1 4 8 , 2 0 9

CncaK, r. B XopsaTHH I I I 373, 374
CHCHepoc, Kap^HHaA I I 23, 622
CHcrepoH I 292
CHUHAHH, O-B I 34, 40, 55, 66, 86, 110, 118, 119, 149, 150, 154—159, 161—163, 172,

176, 177, 179, 186, 188, 193—197, 199—201, 203, 215, 225, 228, 329, 332, 339,
353, 366, 395, 428, 434, 450, 452, 462, 486, 495, I I 26, 53, 55, 77, 80, 88, 100,
136, 144, 145, 155, 161, 178, 186, 206, 213, 228, 250, 259, 260, 312, 316, 330,
333—335, 339—345, 349, 350, 359, 360, 363, 369—373, 382, 385, 390, 394, 423,
424, 461, 464, 467, 479, 487, 488, 512, 514, 515, 539, 542, 548, 560, 562, 569, 583,
586, 607, 608, 6 4 1 , 647, 6 5 1 , 655, 714, 724—729, 731, 733, 738, 739, 746, 752,
758—763, 769, 772, 776, 804, I I I 23—28, 36, 40, 4 8 , 55, 57, 9 1 , 101, 105—108,
111—116, 119, 124, 125, 139—143, 145, 147—149, 151, 157, 161—163, 175, 176,
185, 190, 199, 221, 225, 233, 246, 253, 259, 263, 266, 283, 291—293, 295, 298,
314, 363, 366, 368, 398, 403, 404, 412, 417
CKaMMana, AHTOHHO, CHH^HK ACHTHHH I I 539

CKaH4ep6er, Teopr I 458
CnapaMeAAH, B. K., noBepeHHbiH BeHeijHH B AHFAHH I 291
CKappoH, FIoAb I 355
CKBHAAane, nopT B KaAaGpnn I I I 62
CKOTTO, /(^OBaHHH, naTpoH cy4Ha I I 389
CKyTapH (IllKo^ep) B AA6aHHH I 74, I I 453
CKyTapn HAH YcKKviap B TypuHH I 473, 475, 494
CAaBOHHH I 64, 69, 121, I I I 372, 376
CMe^epeBo, 6nTBa n p n I I 453
CMHpHa, r. I 357, 381, 396, 476, I I 219, 385, 657, 664, 764
CMHT, ToMac, aHTAHHCKHH Kyneu, I I 393
CHHTHH, HpMapOHHblH IjeHTp B TpaHCHAbBaHHH I 2 7 1

CoBeHaijijo, yKpeiiAeHne I I 727
Co^epHHH, HTaAbHHCKHe Kyiiijbi I 274
Co3a, ToMe 4H, nopTyraAbCKHH a^MnpaA I I I 341
COAyHTO, IIOpT B CHIJHAHH I I 342
CoMa, BapTOAOMeo, BeHeunaHCKHH Kyneu, I I 61
CoMMa, p. 1 1 1 6 2 , 3 9 1 , 3 9 2
CoHa, p. 1 4 5 1 , 1 1 147
COHHHHO, <j>pa AM6po3Ho 4a, KanyuHii I I 770
ConoTHKO B AA6aHHH I I I 232
COIIOTO B /JaAMaijHH H I 262

616

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa<j)HHecKHX Ha3BaHHH

CopaH430, ,4>KOBaHHH, BeHeuHaHeq III 250, 276
CopaH3o (CopaH43o), /(HtaKOMo, BeHeijHaHCKHH IIOCOA I 134, 241, II 650, III 103,
165, 300
Copro, AH^pea 4H, pary3aHeu, II 196, 207
Copna, r. B CrapoH KacrHAHH I 106, 444, II 75
CopnaHoII465
Copp, MaKCHMHAHaH I 86
CoppeHTo, r. I 447, II 50, 727, III 63
COTO, XyaH 4e, cenpeTapb 40Ha XyaHa ABcrpHHCKoro III 289, 299
Co(J)aAa, r. B A(f>pHKe II 179, III 341
Co(f>H* II 56, 269, 450, 485, III 180, 228, 261
CiiaAaTo (CIIAHT) I 65, 142, 174, 390, 397-400, 402, 424, 452, 480, 481, II 40, 54, 151,
336, 425, 246, 658, 666, 719, 720,
CuapTa I 36
Cnec, Tepo 4e, ncnaHCKHH IIOCOA B AoH40He III 197, 203, 237, 240, 241, 301, 302
CneuH*, nopT II 714, III 130
CiiHHeAAH, AH4pea, BeHeijHaHCKHH HOTapHyc I 402
CnHH03a, BeHe4HKT II 652
CiiHHOAa, ATOCTHHO II 202, 211, 283

CiiHHOAa, A\i6po4>Ko II 223, 236, 238, 280, 283
CiiHHOAa, EaTTHCTa II 226, 390
CiiHHOAa, Aa43apo, reHy33CKHH KOHcyA B AHTBepneHe II 200
CiiHHOAa, AopeHqo I 221, II 203, III 305
CiiHHOAa, ceMeftcTBo I 468, II 140
CnnpoAo, ryGepHaTop o. Ta6apna III 368
CIIAHT CM. CiiaAaTo

CnoAeTO, r. I 49, 52
CiiyHep, 0 P 3 H K , HcropHK I 24, 292, II 32, 35, 130, 147, 160, 164, 189, 190, 195, 240,
254,272,287,431,478
Cpe4H*nI 1 5 2 , 2 3 9 , 4 6 7
GraMGyA CM. KoHcraHTHHonoAb
CraM6yAHOA, nyTb B CraM6yA B40Ab p. Mapnijbi I 386, 393, II 558
CranoAa, nopT B AA6aHHH I 172
CrapaHe, xAe6Hbin cneKyAHHT II 333
Crapa* I 52, 62, 353, II 53, 240, 621
CreHiiep, PHnap4, AOH4OHCKHH Kyneu II 392, 393
CreAAa, /(>Kop4^o TperopHO, Kyneq II 274
CreH4aAb, AHpn-Mapn BeftAb I 51, 133, 234, 393, II 536, 559, 560, 675
CreHAH, PHHap4, areHT EAH3aBeTbi I I I 393
CrepMH, Po6epT, Kyneu H3 BpHcroAH II 380, 381
CTe(j>aHO, HoxaHHec 4e, pary3aHeu II 207
CTHAO B KaAa6pHH I 370, II 102

CroKroAbMl421,II 172
CTopa, 4peBHHH ropo4 B CeB. A({>pHKe 1 1 1 4
CTOXOB, BHHueHT H3 CTOxoBa, nyTeiuecTBeHHHK I 427
Crpac6ypr I 277, 321, II 247, 251, 804
CTPOM6OAH I 196

CTPOUUH, AeoHe III 54, 90

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacjwHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

617

CrpoiwH, riaH40Ab(j)o I 224
GrpomjH, Flbepo I 348
CrpoiwH, ceMbH II 366, III 270, 272, 278
CrpoiwH, OHAHIIIIO I 334, III 270, 351

OrpyMa, p. B BoArapHH II 450
CyaKHH, r. B Cy4aHe II 305
Cyapec 4 e Onrepoa, AopeHco III 134
Cyapec, BaAbTa3ap, HcnaHCKHH Kyueq BO OAopeHijHH I 365, 382, II 45, 148, 154, 216,
283, 285, 410, 411, 417, 430, 431, 540, 683
Cyapec, 4Hero I 52, 114, 125, 246, II 70, 141, 191, 336, 554, 701, 733, 739, 740, 782,
III 129, 162
Cy4a, nopT Ha KpHTe III 225, 226, 262
Cy4aH I 244, 257, 310, 390, II 179, 183, 187, 191, 456
Cyaa, r. I 280, 292, II 708
CyHA-nauia, caH4?KaK6eH MHTHAeHbi (AecGoca) II 346
CyAeHMaH II BeAHKOAeiiHbiH, TypeijKHH cyATaH 1 1 8 1 , 346, 473, II 71, 82, 267, 447,
455, 458, 462, 476, 477, 486, 531, 594, 699, 711, III 22, 24, 48, 99, 103, 151, 175,
178, 181, 189, 191, 214, 331, 333, 334, 336
CyAeHMaH-nauia, ry6epHaTop Ermrra II 4 1 , 267, 301, 458, III 340
CyMaTpa, O-B II 301, 305, 308, 310, 322, 327, 328, 395
CyMMaM, 40AHHa B AA>KHpe II 610
CyMMOHTe, FIbepAyH4>KH, nocraBmHK Aeca 4AH HeanoAHTaHCKHx raAep I 188
CyHbHra, 40H 4 n e r o 4e, IIOCOA d>HAHiina II B FlapH^e II 20, 204, 280, III 269—272,
274—276,301—303
CyHbHra, 40H XyaH 4e III 118, 160, 204, 224, 237, 250, 278, 289, 290, 296, 297, 303—
305, 324, 329, 355, 356, 358
CynepTHHo 6AH3 OrpaHTo II 135
CypaT, r. B HH4HH I 58

Cyp6apaH, OpaHCHCKo II 679
CypnaHo, MnneAe, IIOCOA BeHeijHH B PHMC II 518, III 250
CypnaHO, HHKOAO, npoBe4HTop BeHeunaHCKoro 4>AOTa II 728
Cyc, B MapoKKo I 44, 86, 160, 250, II 666
CyTpn, r. B OKpecTHocTHX PHMa III 172
Cy3u,r. 1 2 5 4 , 3 1 1 , 1 1 3 0 5 , 310
C(|)aKC, r. I 148,11126, 143
C(()opua, H11110AHT0 I 356
C(j)opua, A040BHK0 (HAb Mopo) I 453
C(f)opua, po4 I 462, II 60
Ccfopua, OpaHnecKo I 83, 126
Cxeu, Kpe4HTHan (jmpMa B AHTBepneHe II 197
Cbip-4apbH, p. I 257
CbinyaHb, r. II 38
Cbeppa-BepHHH I 39
Cbeppa-BepMexa II 622
Cbeppa-rBa4appaMa I 43, II 70
Cbeppa-4e-Aa-KaAb4epHHa II 51
Cbeppa-MopeHa I 39, II 601
Cbeppa-HeBa4a III 202

618

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa(j)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

Cbeppa-3cna4aH I 39 II 624
CbK>4a4eAAa Ha o. MeHopna I 230, I I I 63
CbK)4a4-PeaAb II 5 1 , I I I 250
CbK>4a4-Po4pHro II 476
CJOAAH, MaKCHMHAHaH POHH 4e BeTiOH, r e p u o r 4e II 36, 129, 500
TaGapna, O-B I 155, 156, 205, 208, 345, 466, 495, II 385, 4 0 1 , 770, I I I 125, 368
TaBepHbe, >KaH-BaracT I 57, 58, 114, 115, 128, 1 4 6 , 2 2 0 , 2 3 1 , 2 5 1 , 2 5 4 , 2 6 8 , 3 1 3 , 3 5 7 ,
361,11 151, 1 8 1 , 5 7 0 , 5 9 6
TaBOAbepe, paBHHHa B AiiyAHH I 102, 109, I I 334
Ta44H, (J)AopeHTHHCKHe Kynijbi II 367
T a 4 * y p a II 737, 781, I I I 38, 39
Ta4HH, Hopbo, HcropHK I 24, 400, 4 8 1 , 486
Ta3a, r. B MapoKKo I I I 53
TaKCHc X. B. 4e, Bee4op, reHepaA <j)AaH4pcKOH apMHH, 3aTeM IIOCOA OHAHniia II
II 143, 280, 282, 786, H I 419, 421
TaKCHc, Ta6pH3Ab 4e I I 23
TaKCHc, 40H XyaH 4e, rpacj) 4e BHAb*iMe4HaHa I 351
TaKCHc, ceMeHCTBo I 287, I I 35, 144, 210
Tanyiu, Mbic B TyHHce II 607
TaAaBepa-4e-Aa-PeHHa I 62, II 103
TaAaMOHe B TocKaHe I 143, I I 337
TaH, 4HHacTH« I 202, II 610
T a H a I 153, 219, 414, 466, II 59, 63
T a H * e p , r. I 4 3 1 , II 183, 480, 737, I I I 344
TaopMHHa, r. B CHIJHAHH I 366, II 728

Tapa6oiTo, GrecfaHO, ToproBeu, II 357
TapaHTo, nopT I 102, 166, 167, 434, II 94, 525, 725, 727, 728, 760, I I I 108, 109, 111
TapBH3HO, T. B IipOBHHIJHH Y4HHC I 279
TapH<j)(j)a, MapKH3, ry6epHaTop HeanoAH I I I 124
TapH, p. I l l 383
TapparoHa, r. II 624, 708
TapTapo, upHTOK Flo I 78
Tacco, p. I 74
TaTa, r. B BeHrpnn I I I 179
1 aTap lla3ap4}KHK B BoArapHH II 618
Ta(J)HAaAeT, o6Aacrb B MapoKKo I I 662
TaxMacn, nepcH4CKHH max I I I 332
Taxo, p. I 104, II 103, 6 2 1 , I I I 349, 350
TaiJHT, KopHeAHH, HCTOpHK I 261
Ie6aAb4H /1>K., areHT r e p u o r a OeppapcKoro B BeHeuHH 1 2 1 6 , 224, II 146, 153, 169,
774
Te6pH3 I I 4 1 , 324, 328, I I I 333, 337—339, 358
Tc-BeHO, AH4pe II 595
Te4>KOAe, 3aMOK 6AH3 AAeKcaH4pHH B HTaAHH I I 252
IcAHHbH, UlapAb 4e I I I 256, 257, 297
TeAAb, p. B AA>KHpe I 249
TeAAb-KeAb, 4epeBHH 6AH3 MocyAa 1 3 1 1

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacJmnecKHX Ha3BaHHH

619

TeMeuiBap CM. THMHiuoapa
TeH4HAbH B HoBOH KaCTHAHH I I 5 1
TeH^HAbH, rpa<j>4e I 216, I I 351, 428
TeHe^oc (Typ. Eo34>Kaa4a), O-B I I I 407
TeHeHTH, AAb6ep T o I 24, 25, 402, 483, I I 6 3 , 768
TeHec, r. B AA>KHpe I 159, I I 274
TeHo, o. >KaH II 299
Teo^OAO, MapceAbCKHH MopnK I 382
Tepe3a ABHAbCKan, CB. I 43
TepeK, p. I l l 338
TepM FIoAb 4e, MapuiaA I I I 48, 62, 89
TepMHHH, nopT B CHIJHAHH I I 341, 342, 728
TepHe O. Ae I I I 292
Teppa-4H-AaBopo I 80, I I 564
TeppaHOBa, r. B CHUHAHH I I 3 4 1 , 342, 548, 728, I I I 233, 277, 305

TeppaHOBa, KapA AparoHCKHH, r e p u p r 4e, BHije-KopoAb H «npe3H4eHT» CHIJHAHH
I 224, 480, 487, I I I 166, 277, 292, 307
Teppacj)epMa, cyxonyrHbie BAa4eHHfi BeHeijHH 1 9 1 , 290, 461—465, I I 66, 86, 113,
298, 360, 361, 415, 478, 665, 720, 7 2 1 , 804, I I I 219, 287
TeppanHHa, r. B AaunyMe I I I 44, 88
TepyaAb 1131
TeTyaH I I 274, 738, 748, 770
THapeT I 245, 250, I I 425
T H 6 p , p. I 164, 206, 343, 370, 391, I I I 25, 125
THBepHa4CKoe 03. I I 112
T n r p , p. 1254, 311
THMra^, PHMCKHH r. B A\>KHpe I 41
THMHiuoapa (TeMeuiBap), r. B PyMbiHHH I I 56, I I I 44, 88, 414
TnH4>KH4a, AecHOH MaccHB B oGAacTH /l>Kyp4>Kypa I 36
THHTopeTTo I I 675
TnoHBHAb I I I 62
THIITOH, /1,)KOH, aHrAHHCKHH areHT B AA^KHpe I I 397
TnpaHa, r. I I 533
TnpoAb I 368, I I 23, 49, 97
TnppeHCKoe Mope I 150, 161—164, 176, 177, 276, 390, I I 338, 569, 727, I I I 48
Tnpyp4aT, ymeAbe B KaGnAHH I 36
THCJ)AHC (T6HAHCH) I 57, I I I 334, 336, 337,

339

THXHH oneaH I 255, 259, 300, 304, I I 19, 37, 42, 47

THunaH BeneAAHo I 457, I I 675, I I I 190, 410
THUHO, MecreMKO B OKpecrHOcrflx BpeuiHH I I 134
THHHHO, p. 1 8 1 , 8 2 , I I 67, 162

TAeMceH, r. 1 6 9 , 159, 309, I I 69, 183, 184, 191, 608, 647, 662, 741, 7 8 1 , 782, I I I 47,
104, 105
To3ep (Tay3ap), oa3Hc Ha iore TyHHca I 367
T O H H 6 H , ApHOAb4 I I 652, I I I 426

T o K a n U I 179
TOKHO I 374

ToAe4aHo, OpaHcnc I I 635

620

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacj)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

ToAe4o 9pHaH4o 4e, CWH repupra AAbGbi III 174
ToAe40, 40H TapcHH 4e (BHAbH<J>paHKa) I 347, II 144, 709, 713, 779, III 25, 113, 123,
128—133, 141—150, 159, 164, 167, 168, 176, 178, 228, 261, 264, 299
ToAe40, 40H Aync 4e, CMH BHije-KopoAH HeanoAHTaHCKoro II 522
ToAe40, FIe4po HAH IlbeTpo, AAbBapec 4e, BHue-KopoAb HeaiioAA I 80, 354, 470,
480,11 136,726,111 143
ToAb<j>a B AaijnyMe II 495
ToM6yKTy I 252, 254, 311, II 185, 192, III 362
TOHKHH I 58
ToiiTaHH, aA6aHCKHH po4 II 533
Top (9Ab-Typ), r. I 254, 311, 329, II 305
Top4ecHAbflc, r. B npoB. BaAbH40AH4 II 462, 518
TopeAbflc, r. B AparoHe II 624
TopO, B KaCTHAHH II 75
Toppe-4eAb-rpeKO, r. 6AH3 HeanoAH I 195, III 93
Toppec, Aync 4e, nocAaHHHK I1HH V npn OHAHIIIIC I I I 232, III 219, 222—225, 246
ToppH4^caHH, ceMbH I 287, II 536
TopTOH, Po6epT, aHrAHHCKHH KaiiHTaH I 427
TopToca, r. I 80, 217, 391, II 56, 340, 385, 401, 624, 708, III 125, 126
TopyHb, r. 1269, 316
TocKaHa I 45, 59, 61, 66, 71, 75—77, 130, 131, 134, 138, 143, 161, 188, 294, 343, 368,
377, 383, 390, 434, 449, 462, 464, 465, 492, II 88, 108, 136, 154, 159, 228, 277,
284, 313, 316, 337, 339, 346, 367, 381, 500, 527, 536, 548, 561, 566, 569, 712,
III 52, 53, 59, 117, 132, 138, 141, 152, 250, 257, 258, 267, 361, 406
TocKaHeAAa B nancKHx BAa4eHHHx II 337
TocKaHCKHH apxHiieAar I 196, 201
TOTT, OpaHcya, 6apo H 4e I 47, 114, 115, 258, 354, 355, II 456
Tpa3HMeHCKoe 03epo I 59
TpaHH, r. B AiiyAHH II 28, 32, 344, 726, 728
TpaHCHAbBaHHH I 275, 285, 430, II 24, 455, 488, 543, 642, 722, III 37, 103, 179, 181,
232, 258, 376, 378, 399
TpanaHH (4penaHOH), r. I 156, 157, 161, 162, 195, 425, 428, 486, II 256, 727, 728,
748, 754, 785, III 125, 148, 291—293, 407, 408
Tpane3yH4 (Tpa630H), r. I 150, 153, 414, 466, II 41, III 336
Tpa<})aAbrapcKafl 6nTBa I 217, II 405
TpeBH30, r. I 103, II 66, 96, 134, 173, 658
TpeMeimo B MHAaHCKHX AAbiiax I 56
TpeMHTH, o-Ba B A4pnaTHHecKOM Mope I 61, II 785, III 306
TpeHTo, r. I 284, 489, II 28, 32, 109, III 29
Tpnecr, r. I 149, 166, 169, 171, 173, 432, II 657
TpnnoAH B Bep6epHH I 101, 149, 155, 156, 177, 181, 205, 224, 225, 248, 250, 381,
435, 452, 476, 191, 192, II 26, 168, 183, 184, 276, 304, 342, 355, 383, 385, 401,
452, 485, 572, 640, 662, 711, 731, 734, 739, 748, 756, 758, 763, 766, 781, 786,
III 23, 37—39, 72, 101, 104, 106, 110, 115, 116, 157, 160, 193, 253, 254, 363,
365—369, 398
TpnnoAH B CnpHH I 36, 69, 363, 428, 476, II 183, 303, 304, 306, 311, 321, 322, 324,
355, 382, 396, 400, 418, 538, 661
TpHIIOAHTaHHH I 2 4 1

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacj)HMecKHx Ha3BaHHH

621

TpoH, OHAHnno, BeHeunaHCKHH naTpnijHH II 445, 446
TpoHTo, p. B A6pyijijax II 728
Tpofl, r. B MaAOH A3HH II 331
Tpya, r. I 292, 293, 479
TyaT, oa3HC I 250, 252, II 184
TyrrypT I 309, III 47
Ty4eAa-4e-/Jyepo, 6ypr B KacrHAHH II 85
TyAOH I 142, 295, II 33, 379, III 23, 44, 64, 216, 241, 255, 279, 384, 399
TyAysa I 295, 296, II 302, 681, 795, III 383, 391, 392, 416
TyAb III 44
TyHHC (H(J) P HKHH), CTpaHa I 30, 34, 35, 56, 61, 66, 92, 149, 149, 155, 156, 160, 181,
183, 195, 204, 205, 211, 224, 246, 247, 250, 252, 328, 332, 367, 435, 495, II 24,
92, 156, 158, 182, 183, 184, 187, 191, 192, 214, 274, 373, 380, 386, 401, 485, 591,
607, 608, 611, 662, 709, 731, 733, 734, 739, 747, 748, 765, 766, 770, 771, 772, 781,
782, 789, III 48, 109, 110, 112, 121, 136, 143, 178, 190, 205, 206, 207, 221, 233,
242, 249, 253, 254, 259, 263, 266, 276, 277, 286, 289, 291—296, 307, 315, 318,
364, 367—369
TyHHC, r. I 247, III 26
Typ, r. II 147,691
TypaHO, 03. I 51
TypeHbIII417
TypHH, r. I l l 65, 66
TypKecraH I 111, 153, 241, 256, 259, II 718, III 332, 333
TypH, Ho3e({>, rpa<|> (J)OH II 144, III 372
T y p H e l l l 183
TypHOH, Kap4HHaA 4e I 122
T y p i n g I 36, 77, 101, 109, 181, 220, 254, 272, 311, 321, 339, 393, 397, 398, 447, 451,
460, II 24, 61, 65, 88, 106, 132, 139, 157, 172, 191, 214, 218, 219, 242, 254, 267,
269, 295, 302, 310, 314, 323, 334, 345, 355, 357—360, 393, 394, 404, 436, 444,
448, 457, 458, 473, 476, 484—486, 490, 497, 500, 502, 527, 533, 535, 537, 538,
557, 561, 567, 570, 593, 603, 612, 619, 641, 643, 648—651, 659, 668, 701, 710,
7 1 4 , 7 2 1 , 7 2 9 , 7 9 9 , 8 0 1 , 1 1 1 2 1 , 2 4 , 2 6 , 2 9 , 3 6 , 3 8 , 5 2 , 100, 101, 103, 114, 116, 121,
132, 137, 154, 189, 198, 199, 201, 213, 214, 216—219, 222, 224, 254, 258, 274,
287, 310, 312, 313, 315, 316, 318, 324, 331—333, 340, 364, 365, 370, 371, 374,
376, 397, 398, 400, 425
TbiproBHuiTe, 4peBHHH croAHija BaAaxHH III 377
TbipHOBo, r. II 528
TbenoAO, AopeHijo, BeHeunaHCKHH Kyneu, II 304, 345, 418
TbenoAO, riaoAO III 276
TbenoAO, Ilebpo I 225, II 517, III 139, 159, 166,
Tbeppa-4e-KaMnoc II 56
T3H, HnnoAHT, HcropHK HCKyccrBa I 123, 378, III 16
Tiopne, MaepH 4e, Teo4op I 392
Ya3aH BO OpaHijHH I 97
YaHT, <ZJ>KOH, areHT aHrAHHCKHx KynijOB II 392
YaHT, O-B II 201, III 22, 94, 95

622

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa(j)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

YaprAa, r. B aAatHpcKOH Caxape I 254, II 192, III 47
Y6e4a, r. B HcnaHHH, npoB. XaeH III 201
YroAHHHA. M. 1 2 1 5
Y4HHe, r. II 28, 32, 66, 84, 165, 431
YHAbHMCOH, /[TKOH,

1IAOTHHK Ha aHrAHHCKOM Cy4He I I 3 8 2

yAa4-CH4H-IIIeHX, IIACMH Ha lore OpaHa I 245
YAe4-A64aAa I 246
YAb4>K-aAH, no34Hee KHAHH-aAH, Ha 3ana4e H3BecrHbiH KaK 04>KaAH, Kopcap I 50,

II 379, 642, 750, 765, 788, III 110, 205—207, 221, 262, 265, 272, 281—285, 314,
317, 319, 322, 323, 325—327, 338, 363—365, 398
YAbM,r. 1277, 299, 321
y\i6pHH, npoB. HTaAHH I 47, 61, 131, 434, II 494
YOACH, ToMac, Kap4HHaA II 447

YoACHHreM, C3p OpaHCHC III 272, 301
yOTCOH, HCTOpHK III 72
Yp6HHo, r. 1 5 5 , 71, 171,11675
Yp6HHo, repuorcTBO II 330, 548, 702, III 236
ypcoMapco B KaAa6pHH I 188
ypTa40 4e MeH4oca, /tnero II 475, 522
ypTa4o, AHijeHijHaT II 625, 691
yce4a, repupr 4 e II 519
ycKio6, coBp. Cnoiibe B MaKe40HHH I 436, 437, II 56, 618
ycreH4opn, 4-p Tep BaH 1 3 1 8
yTrepcrpeM, TycraB I 371, 372
y34-3Ab-Xappaui, p. B AA>Knpe I 72, II 734
yacKal 1 3 1 , 3 8 3 , 1 1 5 3 , 5 5
^>aBHHbHHa, O-B OKOAO TpanaHH I 155, II 145, III 148, 293, 294

0a3aHa, iipncraHb B HcrpHH II 54
OaKHHeiTO, MapKO, naTpoH HaBbi II 321
OaAMyr, r. B AHFAHH II 298

OaAbKOH, Mbic Ha 3ana4e 3aAHBa OpaH II 738, III 145
OaAbKOHe, CeGacrbHHo, CHH4HK ACHTHHH II 539

OaMarycra, r. I 155, 231, III 221, 226, 261, 265
OapHe3e, AAeccaH4po, repuor FlapMCKHH, BoeHanaAbHHK Ha CAy>K6e OHAHima II,
ry6ep H aTop Hn4epAaH40B II 202, 205, 211, 225, 228, 279, 337, III 284
OapHe3e, AAeccaH4po, Kap4HHaA CM. IlaBeA III
OapHese, po4 III 37, 72, 80
Oapc, oGAacTb B HpaHe I 243
Oacoc, O-B II 450
OaTHMH4bI, 4HHaCTH>I II 6 1 1, III 26
OayAbKOH, KoHcraHTHH, rpeK, HCHBymHH B CnaMe II 593
cDaycToIII219
Oa3HuaI391,465
OeBp, AiocbeH 1 1 1 , 1 7 , 23, 386, 478, II 19, 170, 288, 507, 595, 685
OeAiic BpayH 3. X., craTHCTHK II 249
OeDraHa I 257

yKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacj)HHecKHx na3BaHHH

623

<Pep4HHaH4 I TaGcGypr, 6paT KapAa V, PHMCKHH KopoAb, 3aTeM HMnepaTop I 283,
301, I I 455, I I I 2 1 , 26, 30, 32, 33, 40, 43—46, 55, 56, 69, 86, 9 1 , 100, 115, 135,
142, 179, 191
cDep4HHaH4 I, BCAHKHH r e p u o r TocKancKHH I 34, 173, 218, 465, I I 332, 337, 500, 560,
5 6 6 , 5 7 2 , 685, 749
Oep4HHaH4 V KaTOAHK, KopoAb AparoHa I 181, 225, I I 69, 342, 446, 459, 460, 4 6 1 ,
462, 476, 512, 711, 731, 736, 737, 790
Oep4HHaH4 THpoAbCKHH, a p u r e p u o r , BTopoH cbm Oep4HHaH4a I I 77, I I 566, I I I 291
OepHH, ToHcaAec Cyapec 4 e Onrepoa, rpacj), 3aTeM r e p u o r 4 e I 316, I I 213, 272, 525,
I I I 71
OepHaH4ec KapBaxaAb, AHTOHHO, eBpeficKHH Kyneu, >KHBymHH B AoH40He I I 664
OepHaH4ec, AAOHCO I I I 127

OepHaH4ec, Tacnap I I I 127
OepHaH4ec, PaMOH 1 2 1 2
OeppaAb 4e I I I 274
Oeppapa I 6 1 , 83, 133, 169—171, 176, 177, 284, 293, 370, 390, 427, 465, I I 34, 360,
474, 565, 600, 665, 666, 7 1 1 , I I I 236
OeppapH, XyaH 9crecj)aHo (9creBaH), HcnaHCKHH areHT I I 397, I I I 324, 326, 328, 400
OeppH, >KioAb I I I 429
Oeppo, AH4>KeAO, pa36oHHHK I I 295, 564
0epxa4-nama, BCAHKHH BH3Hpb H 6eHAep6eH PyMeAHH I I I 337, 339, 374
(Dec I I 183, 635, 647, 661, 758, I I I 53, 104, 205, 206, 320, 326, 327, 364, 365
(DeccaAHHl 1 3 5 , 1 1 3 4 5 , 4 5 3
OeuuaH, nycTbiHH B AHBHH 1 3 1 1
Onrepoa, ToMec Cyapec 4e, HcnaHCKHH HOCOA I 217, 233, 347, I I 208, I I I 108, 115,
128, 132, 133, 137, 139, 152, 157—160, 162—165, 169, 232, 234
Onrepoa, rpacj), 3aTeM r e p u o r X. 4 e I I I 9 1 , 164
Onrepoa, AopeHCO Cyapec 4e, CMH n o o \ a CM. Cyapec
O n r n r , oa3HC B Caxape I I 662
0HAaAH, 4HHaCTHH I, 248
OnAHnn I KpacHBbift, KopoAb KacrHAHH I 261, I I 319
OHAHIHI II I 18,19, 2 1 , 56, 78, 132, 135, 138, 143, 170, 181, 185, 188, 189, 193, 2 1 1 ,

212, 218, 2 2 1 , 223, 225, 226, 254, 270, 298, 301, 316, 339, 340, 345, 347, 355—
380, 393, 394, 418, 422, 428, 434, 4 5 1 , 4 6 1 , 467, 468, 477, 480, 4 9 1 , I I 20, 22, 25,
30, 34, 35, 39, 4 1 , 42, 4 3 , 53, 56, 64, 70, 72, 107, 122, 126-128, 142, 143, 145, 158,
194, 196, 198—205, 207—211, 213, 222, 223, 226, 227, 230, 232—237, 239, 256,
259, 260, 262, 263, 2 7 1 , 277, 279—283, 292—294, 312, 314, 315, 317—319, 323,
333, 353, 354, 390, 404, 408, 409, 4 1 1 , 419—421, 423—425, 428, 434, 436, 464—
469, 476, 480, 483, 486, 488—490, 493, 503, 504, 506, 514, 515, 518—522, 524,
543, 546, 552, 5 6 1 , 582, 584, 585, 591, 626, 628, 630, 688, 693, 695, 704, 712, 713,
716, 730, 7 3 1 , 732, 733, 735, 760, 762, 763, 775, 776, 779, 780, 782, 784—788,
798, 804, I I I 31—35, 40—42, 44, 52, 55—57, 60—76, 78, 80—84, 87, 88, 90—92,
94—97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106—108, 113—115, 118, 119, 122—124, 126, 128—
146, 150—169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 178—192, 194—197, 200, 203—206, 219,
221—225, 227, 228—237, 239, 241—244, 246, 254, 257, 258, 260, 263—266, 269,
270, 272, 273, 275—279, 283, 287, 289, 2 9 1 , 292, 295—297, 299, 3 0 1 , 302, 304—
307, 309, 310, 313, 314, 316, 320, 322, 323, 325, 327—329, 341—344, 346, 347,

624

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacj)HHecKHX Ha3BaHHH

349—351, 354—357, 359, 361, 363, 366, 380, 381—383, 389, 391, 393—395, 398,
400—405, 408—418, 420, 421, 429
OHAHnn III, HcnaHCKHH KopoAb 1485, II 88, 223, 232, 256, 259, 285, 393, 519, 520,
522, 687, 784, 786, 798, III 407, 409, 414, 415, 422
OHAHnn IV, HcnaHCKHH KopoAb I 42, 211, 468, II 519, 668, 671, 705, 783, 798
OHAHnn V, HcnaHCKHH KopoAb II 447
OHAHnnBHAAb I 1 14
OHAHnnHHbi, o-Ba I 58, 304, II 308, 645
OHAHnncoH, AAb(j>pe4 I 59, 61, 335, 366, 392
OHAHnncoH, MapTHH III 342, 344, 346
OHAAax, r. I 280, II 338, III 45
OHHaAe, MapKH3aT 6AH3 TeHyH II 515, III 257
OHHAHH4HH II 55
Oniuep, ToA$pn II 745, 764, 767, 768
Oninep, Teo6aAb4 1 2 1 0 , 366
OAaH4pHH I 108, 165, 331, 349, 414, 415, 437, 438, 458, II 20, 46, 59, 63, 108, 121,
143, 198, 202, 204, 205, 209—211, 213, 218, 219, 222, 226, 236, 237, 260, 283,
302, 320, 349, 351, 366, 368, 372, 375, 376, 385, 387, 391, 399, 411, 430, 436,
464—467, 489, 525, 556, 564, 644, 681, 708, 709, 711, 775, 805, III 56, 67, 69, 70,
79, 81, 93, 95, 124, 156, 185—187, 192—194, 196, 198, 202, 204, 235, 236, 258,
271, 273, 279, 285, 293, 306, 314, 320, 321, 393, 396, 406, 409
OAaina, >KaH-KA04 I 251
OAHccHHreH, r. I l l 72, 94, 270
OAopeHUHH I 24, 59, 96, 119, 163, 176, 177, 193, 217, 220, 274, 283, 284, 289, 334,
342, 365, 381, 382, 388—391, 393, 405, 432, 434, 437, 439, 440, 441, 443, 449,
450, 453, 455, 459—462, 464, 465, 470, 475, 480, 492, II 28, 32, 42, 44, 45, 48, 56,
57, 58, 60, 62, 64, 65, 69, 80, 85, 86, 107, 111, 148, 154, 159, 163, 165, 180, 202,
204—206, 216—218, 223, 227, 250, 253, 258, 262, 285, 286, 303, 314, 317, 320,
330, 334, 337, 338, 342, 359, 366—368, 376, 381, 410, 420, 430, 431, 440, 447,
474, 493—495, 501, 521, 528, 538, 539, 552, 566, 580, 582, 609, 673, 674, 675,
677, 683, 688, 760, 776, 801, 804, III 46, 50, 61, 92, 101, 133, 140, 167, 236, 304,
361,404,407
OAopH4aIII 187, 195
OAopno, /l^yAHaHO 4H II 206
OcwKa I 102, 109, 138, II 344
OoKen, rpen. r. B MaAOH A3HH I 296, 414
OOHTCH6AO II 22, 36

OoHTeH-OpaHce3 III 386, 392, 417
Oope, o6Aacrb II 542
OopAH, r. 1 3 9 1 , 1 1 5 8 5
OopMaAe, pynen B OKpecrHOCTHX HeanoAH I 471
OopMeHTepa, O-B I 196, II 708
OopTe, Marreo, 6biBinHH pa6 II 591
O o p T o p e l l l 177
OocKapn, BeHeunaHCKHH nocoA I 459
OoCKapHHH, A A b B H 3 e , BeHdJHaHCKHH 4BOpHHHH I I 3 8 7

OocKapHHH, /l^aKOMO, XO3HHH cy4Ha I 230, II 387

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacj)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

625

OoCKapHHH, KOMaH4yK)mHH BeHeUHaHCKHM ({)AOTOM III 281, 283, 285
OocKapHHH, JlKono II 316
Oocca4H CaH 4>KOBaHHH (MCCCHHCKHH npoAHB) I 142, 156, 177, 471, II 761, III 403
OpaH6ypr B Epaficray II 609
OpaKHH I 86, 135, II 340, 345, 451, 616
OpaH4>KHnaHe, KopHeAHo I 457
OpaH4a<HiiaHH, OrraBHo MnpTO, nancKHH HyHUHH B HH4epAaH4ax III 396, 419
OpaHKaBHAa, repijor4e, BHije-KopoAb AparoHa III 77, 167, 177
OpaHKH, TperopHO 4H, COBCTHHK Aa43apo CnHHOAbi II 200, III 310
OpaHK<|)ypT-Ha-MaHHe I 238, 271, 277, 283, 288, 290, 291, 4 4 1 , II 49, 211, 228, 254,
298, III 297
<DpaHK(f)ypT-Ha-04epe I 283
OpaHCHiiiKy, OepHaH4Hiu H ^KopacH, nopTyraAbCKHe Kynijbi, acHByujHe B IlH3e II 411
(DpamjHCK I Me4HHH, BeAHKHH repijor TocKaHCKHH II 337, 447
OpaHUHCK I, <j>paHuy3CKHH KopoAb I 262, 429, 462, II 36, 39, 55, 302, 455, 463, 656,
798,11121,22,31,32,391
OpaHUHCK II, <j)paHljy3CKHH KOpOAb III 68
OpaHUHH 1 2 2 , 55, 56, 67, 93, 110, 119, 123, 135, 175, 181, 200, 202, 208, 209, 211,
217, 222, 225, 232, 262, 268, 270, 276, 277, 281, 286, 292—295, 297, 298, 301,
307, 320, 321, 326, 376, 380, 394, 419, 423, 432, 438, 439, 448, 449, 456, 462, 469,
II 29, 36, 38, 39, 55, 60, 62, 64, 65, 67, 72, 89—91, 98, 103, 117, 123, 129, 139,
155, 156, 164, 187, 195, 196, 198, 200, 202, 203, 204, 206, 213, 218, 224, 227, 243,
245, 246, 248, 253, 254, 258, 260, 262, 271, 286, 291, 298, 302, 310, 326, 351, 352,
354, 357, 365, 372, 392, 394, 398, 413, 414, 436, 444, 446, 447, 456, 462, 464, 465,
468, 474, 478, 480, 482, 483, 488, 490, 493, 500, 505, 509—511, 516, 524, 532,
543—545, 551, 552, 557, 561, 566, 567, 570, 571, 573, 586, 595, 596, 626, 641,
653—655, 660, 664, 668, 671, 674, 677, 680, 681, 682, 683, 688, 705, 709, 711,
715, 717, 734, 743, 748, 784, 796, 798, 799, 801, 802, III 29, 31, 36, 40, 46, 51, 52,
56, 57, 60, 61, 64—66, 68, 70, 74, 7576, 78, 87, 92, 99, 103, 107, 114, 132—137,
142, 152—155, 173, 178, 180, 182—185, 187, 191, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198, 202,
215, 216, 235, 237, 238, 255—258, 268—270, 272—275, 279, 290, 295, 301, 314,
315, 320, 324, 329, 347, 349, 352, 362, 379, 383, 384, 386, 388—392, 394—399,
406,407,419,426,429
OpaHiu-KoHTe I 45, II 225, 279, 465, 480, 543, 599, 600, 602, 606, 610, 635, III 70,
392
OpaTHHo, Hesape, HHaceHep II 732, 779, 780, III 257
Opeaooc, r. I 295, 296, 355, 357
OpeftpH, )KHA6epTy I 158, 459, II 697
<DpHac, repuorH II 520
OpH4epHijH, Teopr II 483
OpH4pHx II, repMaHCKHH HMnepaTop I 469, II 471
OpnyAb, o6Aacrb I 457, II 96, 551, 720, III 149
OpoMaHTeH, 9^eH 1 1 1 8 , 325
OpOHTHHbflH I 330
Oya, o6Aacrb III 392
Oyrrep, AHTOH II 237, III 46
Oyrrep, HKO6 I 284

626

yKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacj)HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH

Oyrrepbi, ceMb* I 286, 317, I I 64, 121, 196, 198, 2 0 1 , 204, 209—211, 217, 220—222,
227, 229, 232, 233, 236, 237, 278, 308, 309, 318, 319, 330, 351, 364, 4 2 1 , 490, 493,
659, 667, I I I 5 1 , 79, 80, 96, 180, 191, 359
Oy3HHa I 386
OyKo, o., MHccHonep H yneHbiH XIX B. I 63
Oypacrbe, >KaH I I 248, I I I 426
OypKBo, PaHMOH 4e BeKKapn 4e IlaBH, GapoH 4e, $paHijy3CKHH IIOCOA I 132, 379,
381, 432, II 2 1 , 144, 206, 279, 280, 310, 517, 712, 724, 761, 778—780, 784,
I I I 151, 152, 154, 168, 175, 180, 184—187, 191, 192, 194, 195, 2 0 1 , 202, 203,
229—237, 240, 242, 259, 269, 297, 298, 304
OyTa Aa (La Futa), nepeBaA Me>K4y BoAOHben H OAopeHijHeH I 391
Oy3HTepa66na (OoHTapaGnfl) B HcnaHHH I I I 35—37
<Dy3HTec, I l e 4 p o 3HpHKec 4e AceBe40, rpacj) 4e II 624, I I I 392, 407, 418, 421
ObeCKH, H3rHaHHHKH H3 T e H y H I I I 1 3 3

ObioMe (PneKa), r. I 172, 173, II 308, 426, 745, 748, I I I 176
Oiopcr, RKOG, coBAa4eAeq TpaHCiiopTHOH (J>npMbi BnaTHc I 287
OioTep, 3 4 y a p 4 , HCTOPHK I I I 40, 46
Xara, KopHeAHyc, roAAaH4CKHH nooxaHHHK B KoHcraiiTHHOiiOAe I 320, II 413, 486
XaeH B AH4aAycHH I 137, 446, II 75
XaH4ap, nepcH4CKHH max I I I 332, 339
XaftMe, KopoAb AparoHa II 274
Xana B AparoHe II 53, 56, 151
XanaM II I 80
XaKCAH, OA4OC I I 37

XaA4e>i 1 1 1 5
XaAeGn, H6paxHM, TypeijKHH 3aKOHOBe4 II 477
XaAAb, r. B TnpoAe I 280
XaAb6BaKc, Mopnc II 17
XaMHATOH 9pA 4>K., HcropHK I 22, II 84, 130, 194, 246, 269, 308, 479, 4 9 1 , 793, 797,
XaMMep H. (j>oH, HCTOPHK I 349, I I 267, 486, 615, I I I 142, 181, 230, 310, 332, 337,
357,374
XaHTO, PHnap4, aHrAHHCKHH areHT B TeHye II 397
XaHbH Ha KpHTe II 356, I I I 262
XapaH4HAbH, r. I l l 76
XapTAayG F. I l l 189, 260, 299
XapTAayG O. I l l 272
XapTyHr, H. II 105
XaTHBa, r. B npoB. BaAeHCHH II 609
XayTMaHH, KopHeAHyc I 306, II 320, 403
Xac{>CH4bi, 4HnacTHJi II 608, I I I 26, 110
Xa340CAt. A34o
Xeep CM. 3p
XeHH, I I H T , roAAaH4CKHH a4MHpaA I 307
XeMap4HHKep >K. >K. I, 240, II, 705, 709
XeHTHAb 4a CHAbBa, Xoce I 24, 348, II 44, 154, 168, 288, 422
Xepec-4e-Aa-OpoiiTepa I 444, II 350, 516
Xeppe, n a y A b I I I 2 1 4 , 215

yKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpac{)HHecKHX Ha3BaHHH

627

Xen-Hep, AAb(j>pe4 I 249, 258, 259, I I 640
XecfeAe, TepMaHH I I 538, 690
XHMeHec, OepHaH40, Kyueu H3 AHTBepneHa I I 694
XHOC, O. I 154, 165, 2 0 3 , 229, 2 3 1 , 232, 424, 466, 467, 486, I I 25, 206, 375—377,

382—385, 394, 402, 434, 435, 719, 759, 786, I I I 45, 146, 156, 176, 177, 306
XnpoH, KOMeH^op cy4Ha I I 137, 174
X0AAaH4, FeHpH, aHrAHHCKHH HyTeilieCTBeHHHK 1 1 1 4
XOH4CXOT, nopT 6 A H 3 /liOHKepKa I 288
XOIIKHHC, IIIeHAa I I 249

XopBaTHH I 64, 173, I I 606, 615, 722, 724, I I I 181, 372, 373, 376, 379
XopeM6eH, nepeB04HHK (4paroMaH) I I I 312, 319, 320, 325
XocpeB-nauia I I I 332
XoyKHHC, /J>KOH, aHrAHHCKHH MOpflK I I 1 9 9

XoxxoAbuep, XaHc II 370, 432
XoxuiTeTTep, ceMbfl I 286, I I 121
Xpen B KaGnAHH I 36
XyaH ABCTPHHCKHH, 40H, 6paT OHAHiiiia II I 19, 39, 181, 246, 352, I I 23, 70, 72, 158,
204, 480, 601, 631, 688, 709, 716, 731, 733, 776, I I I 142, 203—205, 207—210,
212, 213, 240—243, 249, 253, 254, 259—261, 263—267, 271, 275—286, 289, 291,
293—296, 298, 299, 303, 304, 306, 307, 315, 321, 353, 402, 410, 429
XyaH 4e Aa Kpyc, CB. I I 639, 686
XyaH CM. HoaHH I 462
XyaHa Ee3yMHan, MaTb KapAa V I I 462, I I I 91
XyaHa, upHHuecca, cecrpa OHAHiiiia II I I 292, 518, I I I 67, 7 1 , 72, 75, 77, 8 1 , 82, 84,
9 0 , 9 1 , 9 6 , 9 7 , 155, 157
Xynap, p. B HcnaHHH I I 624
X 3 p 6 o p H , YHAbflM, IIOCOA KOpOACBbl EAH3aBCTbI B TypiJHH I I 3 9 4 , 3 9 7 , 4 3 7

qapHOTa-6eHlII310, 311
UBHHH H., reorpacj) I 39, 66, 120, 121, 129, 134, 393, I I 534, 605, 615

UeBH, Ca66aTan, eBpeftcKHH MHCTHK I I 653
Uesapb, Tan K)AHH 1 2 1 6 , I I I 294, 350
UenAOH, O - B I I 1 7 9 , 3 2 7

UeHTpaAbHafl I 101, 110
UeHTpaAbHbiH MaccHB, ropbi BO Opanuini I 45, 54, 67, II 103, 147, 599
UnraAa CM. HnraAa
Upec (Kepco), O-B B /taAMaunn I 174, 196, 224
Uypijax B UJBeHijapHH I 280
Uiopnx, r. I 280
HayA, nopTyraAbCKoe BAa4eHHe B XHH4ycraHe I I 323
Maym-iiaiua I I 532, I I I 329, 337
He3H, Kap4HHaA FIbep40HaT0 I I I 250
HeAHHo, A H B H O I I I 316
HeAAe 6AH3 TeHyn I I 762

HeAAHHH, BeHBeHyTO I, 92 I I 568
HeHCAep, PHHap4, aHrAHHCKHH ii^eiuecTBeiiHHK I 266, I I 383, 384
HeHTypnoHe, A4aMO, reHy33CKHH Kyueu I I 163, 779, I I I 152, 234

628

yKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa<(>HHecKHX Ha3BaHHH

HeHTypHOHe, BHHHCHIJO II 217

HeHTypHOHe, AionaHo II 279
MeHTypHOHe, Mapno III 128, 140, 166
HeHTypHOHe, OiTaBHo II 211
MeHTypHOHe, IlaoAO I 314
HepKeccHH III 333
HepHoropHH I 64, 119, 121
HepHoe Mope (BeAHKoe Mope, EBKCHHCKHH IIOHT) I 34, 111, 119, 150, 152—155, 188,
189, 211, 220, 239, 260, 263—268, 276, 372, 415, 436, 440, 462, 464, 467, 473,
476, II 40, 59, 92, 179, 340, 356, 379, 386, 559, 642, 742, III 120, 176, 178, 198,
199,323,333,338,371,399
HepTOB 3aMOK, UlHA4ap, Ha rpaHHije Tpy3HH III 334
MecKe Ey^eeBHue (Ey^BHij) 1 3 1 2
HeTaTH AAb6a, CM. EeAropo4 I 153, 315
Hecj)aAy Ha CHIJHAHH II 728

MexHH (BoreMHH) I 264, 285, 288, 468, II 56, 118, 651, 675, 714, 799, III 33, 55, 87
HHBHTaBeKKbH I 149, 164, 195, 206, 296, 348, II 378, 379, 385, 387, 389, III 148, 264
MnraAa (UnraAa), TypeuKHH a4MHpaA III 112, 339, 363, 400, 403, 406, 407
MnraAa, /JOMCHHKO, reHy33eu, II 755, III 114, 159, 165, 166
MnraAa, xpHcraaHCKHH Kopcap, oTeu, TypeijKoro a4MHpaAa I 425, II 214
MHAH I 302

MHHHOH, /Inero 4 e Ka6pepa, rpac{) 4 e II 635
MH P HHH III

111

IUa6au Ha p. Ca B e III 181, 230
IIIa66HH, 4HHacrHH upaBHTeAen KaftpyaHa I 247, 248, III 110
IIIaGep, AAeKcaH4p, ncropHK II 246
IUaKKa B CHUHAHH II 26, 341, 728

IIIaAOH, OnAH6ep 4e, iipHHq OpaHCKHH I 463
UlaAOH-Ha-CoHe I 292, II 48
UIaM6epn I 292, II 225, 284, 708, III 393
IUaMiiaHb I 278, 292, 297, 305, II 661
IUaMCOH, AH4pe III 425
IIIaHTOHH3, ToMa neppHo, IIOCOA cDHAHiiiia II II 20, 34, 379, 434, 724, III 159, 165,
174, 191, 192, 221, 227, 231—233, 244
Illapncj), y34 B TyHHce II 607
UIappbep9.111316,327
UIapTp II 34
UIaTo6pnaH, OpaHcya PeH3 4e I 56, 114, 229, 333, 346
llIaTOH, 9TbeH, <j>paHi^y3CKHH Kyueu II 378
IIlBaHrrep, CaAOMOH, HeMeqKHH nyTeuiecrBeHHHK XVI BeKa I 311, 410, II 774
IIlBaHH(j)ypT, T., HeMeuKHH nyTeuiecrBeHHHK H HaTypaAHcr XIX BeKa I 251
UlBauII 179, 196
UlBeHuapHH I 123, II 454, 675, III 288
IIlBeuHH I 270, 276, 316, II 222, 271
UIeAb4a, p. I 292, II 197, 199, 201, 220, 302, III 394
IIIep30A Ha KaBKa3e III 339
UlnpAH, 9HTOHH I ycraB 1 3 1 5

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa<J)HHecKHX Ha3BaHHH

629

UIOHK), n b e p I 24, 304, 406, 411, II 491, 796
IIIOHK), lOreira I 24, 406, II 491

IUoTAaH^HH I 270, 421, II 55, 367, 414, 598, III 67, 68, 93, 197, 202, 237
IIIOTT-3Ab-X04Ha, p. I 60
U I o y B , 4 - p n . I 3 7 2 , 373
IUnaHH, OTMap, HcropHK III 426
IlIneHrAep, OcBaAb4 III 426
IlIiiAioreH, nepeBaA I 281
IIInpeHrep, AAOHC I 241
IUTHPHH I 173, II 722, III 372,

379

UlyAbTe, AAOHC I 62, 281, 417

IlIyMa4HH, CyMa4HH, I 64
IUyMiieTep, HosecJ) A. II 127, 471, 472
36OAH, AHa 4e MeH^oca H 4e Aa KyaBa, npHHijecca, B40Ba Pyn ToMeca II 519, III 343,
349
96OAH, r. B upoBHHUHH AyKaHHH II 584, III 425
96po, p. I 70, 85, 104, 131, 192, 261, 391, II 56, 69, 340, 621, 623, 624
9fiaH4>KeAHCTa M., apxHTeKTop MaAbTHHCKoro op4eHa III 147
9B6e* (HTaA. HerponoHTe), O-B I 154, II 4 1 , 59, 357, III 146, 262, 290, 365
9Bopa, nopTyraAbCKHe Kynijbi II 319, 433, 658, 696
9reHCKoe Mope (ApxHiieAar) I 34, 39, 148, 150, 152, 154, 155, 169, 177, 178, 182, 189,
196, 206, 219, 220, 233, 338, 354, 385, 476, II 40, 340, 346, 394, 604, 616, 719,
750, 755, 756, 759, 786, III 148, 175, 176, 225, 263, 280, 320, 367, 399
9rMOHT, AaMopaA, rpac{> III 71, 182
9rMopT, r. I 73, 281, 293, 348, 414, II 63
94yap4 VI, aHrAHHCKHH KopoAb III 50
BfiAay, 6HTBa npH II 83
9HHay4H, AyH4>KH II 246
9H({)eAb, pefiHCKoe iiAaTo II 23
9HK)6, npHropo4 KoHcraHTHHOiioAfl I 475
9KC, AyH 4', copaTHHK llIapAH 4e Ka3o III 388, 389, 417
9Kc-aH-nPoBaHC I 292, 460, II 141, III 383—386
9Aacj)OHHcoc (OACHHH), O-B III 282

9ABam, KpenocTb B FIopTyraAHH III 349
9A4pe4, AKOH

II 322

3Ab6a, O-B I 149, 163, 196, 201, 205, II 534, 761, III 25, 48
9Ab6a, p. 1 2 1 6 , III 30
9Ab6HHr, coBp. 9Ab6AOHr, r. I 268
3Ab-rpeKO, xy4o>KHHK I 326
9Ab-/taxa6H CM. AAb-MaHcyp
9Ab3ac II 254
9AbMep, MapH I 322, II 284
9Ab-OeppoAb I 308
9Ab-XH6a, «CHHHH cyATaH» I 248
9M4eH, r. I 278, 285, II 399, 402
SMCHC, XaHc, naTpoH HaBbi H3 TaM6ypra II 438
9MHAHH, o6Aacrb I 60, 210, 435

630

YKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpacjwHecKHX Ha3BaHHH

3MMaHyHA (HMMaHyHA) OHAH6epT, r e p u p r CaBOHCKHH I 321, I I 333, I I I 62, 65
9MMaHyHA y,4aHAHBbiH, 40H MaHy3A, nopTyraAbCKHH KopoAb I I I 345, 346
9HpHKe III, KOpOAb KaCTHAHH I I 274
9HpHKe IV, KOpOAb KaCTHAHH I I 482
9HpHKeC (Xyail), XpHCTHaHCKHH CeHbOp, 3aiIJHTHHK MOpHCKOB I I 6 2 5

9iiHp I 47
9 p (Xeep, X3pc), >KaK, HcropHK I 24, I I 119
9 p , o6Aacrb I 243
3pa3M, /le3H4epHH I I 466, I I I 74
9paco (9pa3o), OpaHCHCKo 4 e I 379, 468, I I 198, 205, 490, 779, I I I 83, 143, 163, 164,
166
9 p 6 a (Ab'9p6a), /J>KOBaHHH 4a I 392
9p6aAyHra, noceAOK Ha Mbice Kopco I 396
9p6AaH4 (Erbland), HacAe4CTBeHHbiH y4eA TaGcGyproB I I I 33, 376
9pe44H, TaMaui, 6aH I I I 372
9 p e H 6 e p r , PHxa P 4 I I 204, 205, 211, 220, 259, 279, I I I 46, 96
9p3epy M (9p 3 ypyM), r. I 118, I I 36, I I I 335—337, 339, 357
9p3ypyM CM. 9p3epyM
SpHBaHb (coBp. EpeBaH) 1 1 1 5 , I I I 333, 337
9pKOAe, Ma3CTpo, Bpan H3 AHKOHW I I 541
9pAay (9rep), r. B BenrpHH I I I 375
9pMHTT, >KHAAb I I 422
9pHaH4ec, TapcHH, HciiaHCKHH IIOCOA I I 419, 4 2 3 , 424, I I I 100, 101, 160, 164, 168,
190, 1 9 1 , 2 2 9 , 2 3 1 , 2 3 3 , 2 3 4
9pHcr, 3pu,repupr 1 2 1 7
9ppa4ypa, 6yxTa 6AH3 MaAarH I 344, 349, I I I 126, 141
9 p p e p a , AAOHCO 4 e I 395, 395, I I 8 3 , 243, I I I 109

SpureGnpre (Py4Hbie Fopbi), B TepMaHHH I I 179
9cKHiuexHp, r. B AnaTOAHH I 390
9cKOBe40, XyaH 4e I I 525, I I I 293, 307, 402
BcKopnaA I 52, 53, 356, 477, I I 4 3 , 129, 172, 566, 570, 733, 780, I I I 70, 343, 349, 408,
409
SciiHHoca, /tHero 4e, Kap4HHaA I I 476, 630, I I I 286
9cca4-6eH I 258
9cre, A\b(J)OHc II, r e p u p r Oeppapbi, Mo4eHbi H P e 4 * o I I 146, 729, I I I 172, 181, 393
3 c r e , H I I I I O A H T O 4 ' , Kap4HHaA I I I 172, 419

Sere, po4 I 77, 89, I I 360
9creBaH, 9cTe<j)aHo CM. O e p p a p n , XyaH
3crenoHa, r. B HcnaHHH I I I 130
9CTOHHH I I 55
9cTpeMa4ypa I 105, 106, 339
9cryTBHAAb, FHHOM, Kap4HHaA I 92

9THaI 49
9TpypH*i (coBp. TocnaHa) I 6 1 , 64
9TbeHH, ScTbeHH I 392
9<J)HOIIH*II 179,301,456

BneBappH, KaiiHTan I I I 323, 324, 355

yKa3aTeAb HMCH H reorpa(()HHecKHx Ha3BaHHH
K)ap,>K. 11,1447
KbKHan I 238, 273, 274, 284, 286, II 642,
K)3ecII 104,542
KDAHH II, PHMCKHH nana I 171, II 678
K)AHH III, PHMCKHH nana III 37, 44, 54, 87, 88, 91, 172

K)Hr, ApTyp, 3KOHOMHCT I 38, 119

K)Hr, HaTaHH3Ab II 314
lOpa CM. K)pcKHe ropw
K)po, ceMbH KynuoB H3 BaAaHCbenna I 272
K)pcKHe ropbi (K)pa) I 292, II 513, III 386
K)CHH, K)rOCAaBCKHH HCTOpHK II 534
K)cTHHHaH I, HMiiepaTop II 180
H B a, O-B I 58, II 327, 403
JlKOB (4>KeHMC) I, KOpOAb AHrAHH II 394
ilnoHHH I 48, 58, 304, II 222, 271
ilea, MeAeK, pary3CKHH peHeraT II 592
ilccbi, r. B PyMbiHHH I 273
^(J)(J)a I 363, 435, II 27, 380

631

IIPE4METHMH YKA3ATEAb

ABrycTHHuw II 233, 600
A4eAaHTa40 KacrHAHH I 221, 308, III 412
AAbKa6aAa, HaAor Ha noTpe6AeHHe II 51, 84, 115, 116, 117, 261
AAbMoxapH(J)acro 4e HH4Hac I 406
AAbMoxapH(j)acro Maftop I 406
AM6ya3CKHH 3aroBop III 68
AHKopainjo, nopTOBbift c6op I 404
Ap6HTpHCTbi, aBTopbi coijHaAbHbix npoeKTOB II 98, 313, 497
ApoMyHbi, MaKe40HCKHe pyMbiHbi I 39, 120, II 616
Appo6a, Mepa o6i>eMa I 380, II 243, 376
Appbepoc, iioroHmHKH MyAOB I 62, II 126
AcHeHTHcroc, Kynijbi, ynacTBOBaBiuHe B acneHTOc II 221, 230, 235, 236
AcHeHTOc (acbeHToc), 4oroBopbi o 3aftMax H no4pH4ax c HCIiaHCKOH KopoHofi II 195,
198, 208, 211, 219, 221, 226, 236, 237, 283, 491, 664, 805, III 80, 112
Acnp (aKHe), TypeijKan cepeGpnHan MOHeTa 1474, II 112, 174, 207, 254, 267, 268,
269, 309, 335, 346, 356, 530, III 151, 370
ArAac, TKaHb I 170, 274, II 510
AuiKeHa3H, HeMeijKHe eBpeH II 647
Basap I 146, 258, 400, 430, 431, 475, 487, 495, II 619
EaHOKKo, pHMCKan MOHeTa II 267
BaAaHepo, 6HCKaHCKoe cy4Ho I 194
BaAaHceAAa, ran cy4Ha I 159, 195
BaAKaH4HCH II 616
BaH40Aepoc, pa36oHHHKH II 561
BapKa, napycHO-rpeGHoe 6ecnaAy6Hoe cy4Ho (A04Ka) KpyrAOH (j>opMbi I 164, 170,
195, 198, 217, 219, 228, 232, 296, 346, 348, 349, 355, 360, 361, 364, 412, 415, 420,
427—429, 452, 467, 484, II 26, 57, 196, 214, 293, 311, 349, 350, 383, 390, 401,
694, 734, 738, 746, 751, 752, 757, 766, III 25, 54, 127, 129, 219, 234, 293, 306
BapKaH, rpy6oe cyKHO III 110
BapoKKO I 213, 298, 302, 434, II 598, 673-676, 678, 679, 684, 801
Be4yHHbi I 244, 249, 253, 257
BeftAep6eH II 485, 486, 489, 531, III 40, 101
EeHe4HKTHHu,bi I 8 2

BeHH Aap6a, KoneBoe IIACMH I 245, 249
Bep6epw I 41, 45, 172, 179, 198, 199, 203, 214, 334, 348, 427, 457, II 274, 367, 631,
759,765,789,111 104
BepTOHe (OT BpeTaHb), rpy30Boe TpexManTOBoe cy4HO 1410, 429
Eeimo, BeHeijHaHCKafl MOHeTa II 292

FIpe4MeTHbiH yKa3aTeAb

633

Bopa, BeTep I 326
BoiTa (6oHKa), Mepa o6T>eMa H B040H3MemeHHH (0,6-0,8 T) I 165, 411, 415, 416, 424,
428, 483, 486, II 386, 387, 742
Bpnr, 6pnraHTHH, napycHoe HAH napycHO-rpeGHoe 2-MaHTOBoe cy4Ho I 37, 148, 195,
207, 230, II 752, 753, 755, 757, 766, III 25, 47, 115, 130, 208, 381
EyMase* I 283, 288, 415, 437, II 363
BypaT, rpyGan TKaHb I 288
BypKbepe, rpy30Bbie 6apKH I 398
BaKeiTa, HeGoAbiuoe cy4HO I 429
BaKycj), HMymecrBO 4yxoBeHCTBa B MycyAbMaHCKHx crpaHax II 452, 528, 530, 531
BaAb4eHCbi I 122, II 599, 600, 687, III 391
BaH4aAbiI93, 161
BeH4exa, BHHOToproBan npMapna B CeBHAbe I 354, 380
TaBain, KaTaAOHCKoe npo3BHme (j>paHu,y3CKHx 3MHrpaHTOB I 90
ra43eiTa, BeHeuHaHCKan MOHeTa II 292
TaAeac, 3-ManTOBoe BoeHHoe napycHO-rpe6Hoe cy4HO II 382, 711, 712, 742, III 145,
224, 226, 239, 252, 262, 264, 276, 282, 283, 304
TaAepa I 143, 146, 160, 162, 169, 172, 173, 177, 182, 184, 187, 188, 200, 217, 219,
224, 226, 228, 229, 242, 243, 264, 305, 308, 327, 341, 344, 345—350, 352, 353,
359, 361, 371, 398, 414, 415, 426, 452, 474, 483, II 23, 26, 36, 41, 46, 47, 59, 60,
63, 111, 114, 137, 140, 145, 156, 186, 187, 196,205,206,209—211,215,235,263,
264, 282, 283, 298, 301, 305, 308, 310, 312, 315, 316, 321, 322, 332, 333, 335, 346,
356, 357, 383, 390, 403, 405, 492, 569, 591, 593, 634, 637, 642, 665, 667, 702, 709,
711—714, 718, 720, 725, 731, 733, 735—737, 739, 742, 746, 747, 751—763, 766,
771, 772, 775, 776, 784, 786, 804, III 22, 23, 26, 27, 32, 37, 39, 40, 44, 45, 47, 48,
50, 54, 60, 63, 64, 68, 101, 105, 107, 108, 110—114, 116, 119, 120, 122—130,
132—134, 137, 138, 140—143, 145, 146, 148, 150, 151, 165, 167, 175—178, 190,
192, 203, 209, 214, 219—222, 224—226, 228, 233, 239, 240, 244, 246, 247, 249,
254, 257, 260—265, 270, 272, 276, 277, 279, 281—285, 288—293, 304, 338, 349,
357, 359, 363, 365—370, 373, 375, 381, 389, 393, 398, 400, 401, 403—406, 408,
411,412
TaAen, 4AHHHan 2-3-MaHTOBan raAepa I 305, 341, 361, 417, 423, 424, 427, II 59, 144,
148, 152, 184, 274, 298, 304, 315
TaAHOH, BoeHHO-TpaHcnopTHoe napycHoe cy4HO I 143, 160, 187, 198, 220, 296, 303,
304, 306, 308, 350, 360, 361, 410, 418, 426, 427, 428, 429, 484—486, 495, II 45,
47, 125, 194, 264, 375, 635, 711, 712, 734, 738, 742, 746, 755, 757, 759, 760, 766,
III 109, 130, 219, 229, 293, 369, 405, 408
TaAHOHeT I 360, 428
TaAHOT, 6bicrpoxo4Hoe napycHO-rpe6Hoe cy4HO, HciiOAb30BaBiiieecfl KopcapaMH
I 224, 229, II 738, 742, 753, 763, 787, III 25, 47, 52, 109, 110, 112, 127, 129, 137,
138, 177, 192,201,281,283,365
TaAberoc, raAHCHHijbi I 125
TaH3a, COK)3 ToproBbix ropo40B I 387, II 398
TapaMaHTbi, 4peBHHH Hapo4 CeB. A(J>pHKH II 182
rBeAb<J)biII 153,569
reiro I 433, II 623, 652, 653, 698, 699, 700, 701

634

Ilpe4MeTHbiH yKa3aTeAb

TH6eAAHHbi II 153, 569
ToH40Aa I 360
ToTHKal 198,213
T p a H I l a p T H , (})HHaHCOBbie KOHCOpU,HyMbI 4AH Kpe4HTOBaHHH (J)paHqy3CKOH KOpOHbl

1104 40X04bi OT AHOHCKHX npMapoK I I 497
TpaHo, nacTb 4CHOKHOH e4HHHu>i Tapo II 370
TpH3o, rpy6a*i cepan TKaHb I 170
rpHimo, MaAoe o4HOMaHTOBoe cy4Ho 1411
TpocceTTo, cepe6pHHan MOHeTa II 58, 292, 337
TpoccoHe, cepeGpjinafl MOHeTa II 58
Tynap, (J)AaMaH4CKoe cy4Ho I 186, 4 2 1 , 424, II 305, 380, 387, 434, I I I 94, 95
/(eBiiiHpMe II 479
/jHHep, cneTHafi 4eHOKHa^i e4HHHija BaAeHCHH I I 254
/JoGAa, 30AOTan MOHeTa apa6cKoro MHpa II 191, 307
/JOMHHHKaHIJbl I 44
/IpaxMa, rpenecKafl MOHeTa I I 267
4py3bi I 47, 111
,4yap, KoneBOH Aarepb II 70, 740
/ly6AOH, HCiiaHCKan 30AOTan MOHeTa II 204, I I I 328
AyKar CM. LjexHH
EBpeH I 175, 191, 232, 276, 397, 399, 458, 459, 474, II 88, 273, 325, 4 1 1 , 412, 450,
454, 492, 536, 537, 538, 594, 596, 640, 642—657, 659—668, 670, 6 7 1 , 698—703,
747,758,770
3naHa, MarpnGcKafl MOHeTa II 191
H4HiiiII651
HesyHTbi II 52, 598, 602, 606, 678, 679, 680, 696, I I I 312, 346
HHKBHSHUHH II 624, 669, 692,

I I I 74, 75, 78, 172, 209,

241, 243, 286,

352

Ka6oTa>KHoe iiAaBaHHe I 142, 146, 164, 194, 195, 251, II 125
KaBaAAO, MeAKan Me4Ha*i MOHeTa I 44
KaBaAAo, cap4HHCKHH cbip I 198
KasaKHl 198,111371
KaHK CM. naHKa
Kane, apa6cKan Mepa (OK. 666 A) II 351
KaMKall 106, 168,640
KaMAOT, TKaHb I 71, 173, 272, 398, II 187, 317, 382
KaMiio, Mepa iiAoma4H I 90, 136
KaHTap, Mepa Beca H TOHHa>Ka (OK. 48 Kr) I 164, 4 1 1 , 424, 427, 472, 475, II 316, 326,
332,391,430,439
KaiiHTyAflijHH, 4oroBopbi TypijHH c HHOcrpaHHbiMH 4epncaBaMH II 393
Kany4aH-nauia, TypeuKHH a4MHpaA II 485, I I I 22, 23, 27, 52, 326, 365
KanyuHHbi I 346, 410, 455, 457, II 599, 6 4 1 , 679, 696, 770
KapaBeAAa, MopcKoe o4HonaAy6Hoe cy4Ho I 148, 410, 412, 416, 417, 484, II 376, 377,
433,11147, 126, 130

npe4MeTHbiH yKa3aTeAb

635

KapaKKa, TH>KeAoe ToproBoe H BoeHHoe cy^no I 185, 307, 414, 418, 419, 484, I I 149,
751,766
KapaMyaaAHc I 152, 155, 187, 200, 220, 229, 360, 429, I I 346, 357, 757, I I I 145
KapaT, 40AH B KaKOM-AH6o npe4npHHTHH I 89, 90, 467, 492
Ka P H3e* I 288, 437, II 45, 103, 112, 118, 182, 184, 187, 307, 322, 379, 382, 388—391
KapHKaTope, rpy30BOH npHnaA Ha CHIJHAHH I I 332, 344
KapAHHo, HeanoAHTaHCKan CHeraa* 4eHe>KHa*i e4HHHija II 254
KapMa3HH (cKapAaT), TKaHb aAoro UBeTa I 487
_
KapMeAHTbi I 42, II 312, 313, 678, 770
KapoAioc, (j)paHijy3CKafl MOHeTa II 267
Kappo, Mepa cbinyHHx TeA (OT 1,5 40 6 Ky6. M) I 102, II 95, 386, 701
Kaca 4e KoHTpaTacbOH, ToproBan naAaTa I I I 77
KacbiM (4eHb CB. /JHMHTPHH), B HCAaMCKOM MHpe 4eHb HanaAa 3HMHero ce30Ha I I 530
KaTO-KaM6pe3H, MHpHbift 4oroBop 1559 r. I 143, 212, 234, 284, 351, I I 357, 546, 743,

798, III 64—66, 68, 69, 79, 81, 99, 100, 131, 135, 138, 397
KBaTrpHHo, BeHeijHaHCKafl MOHeTa I 53, II 267
Korr CM. KOKKa
KoKKa (Korr), ceBepubiH ran 6oAbuioro cy4Ha KpyrAoft (j>opMbi I 185, 361, 415, I I 386
KoMyHepoc, KacrHAbCKHe ropo4a c caMoynpaBAeHHeM I I 536, 547, 552
Kop4eAaTbi, aparoHCKHe cyKHa II 53, 56
KoppexH4op, cy4bH, MecTHbifi HanaAbHHK B HcnaHHH I I 432, 480, 516, I I I 76
KopTecbi, HcnaHCKHH napAaMeHT II 194, 226, 243, 2 6 1 , 483, 490, 518, 543, 649, 762,

781, III 73, 83, 126, 141, 195, 205, 347, 349
KopnanHH (acKopnanHH (Hen.), CKopnanHHO (HTaA.)), HeGoAbiuoe napycHoe cy4HO 4AH
nepeB03KH rpy30B I 217, II 738, 756
KpeHuep, HeMeuKa^i MOHeTa II 267
KpoHa, HcnaHCKan MOHeTa II 204, 209, I I I 140
KpoHeHTaAep, aBcrpHHCKaa MOHeTa II 268
Kpy3a40, 30AOTaii nopTyraAbCKa* MOHeTa I I 185, 318
KyAeBpHHall 114,111244
KycKyc I 242, 246
Aa4HHO, H3biK TypeuKHx eBpeeB II 651
Aa3bi, ropHoe riAeMA 1 1 1 9
Aay4H (AbK)TH, AHyTbi) He6oAbuiHe cy4a I 164, 360, II 747, 754
AerHCTbi I I 475
AeMGbi, rpenecKHe A04KH I 166
AeTpa40C, HcnaHCKHe HHHOBHHKH, o6pa30BaHHbie AK>4H I I 475, 476, 537, 628
A H B P , (j>yHT, 4 e H e ^ H a n e 4 H H H u a I 3 3 4 , 410, I I 115, 117, 163, 188, 2 9 1 , 4 7 8 , 510, 568,

III 63, 274
AHMec, pHMCKHe 3amHTHbie saAbi II 606, 719, 724, 742, I I I 339
Anpa, CHeTHan 4eHe>KHaH e4HHHua B BeHeqHH H TeHye I 138, II 80, 93, 188, 2 7 1 ,
337, 338, 789
AyorH I I 498

Aiorep (Tpa6aKKOAo), ran cy4Ha I 429
MaBpbi I 37, 114, 230, 245, 251, 348, 395, II 185, 376, 461, 622, 628, 662, 694, 740,
747, 756, 762, III 36, 47, 106, 107, 131, 189, 205, 208, 209, 213, 240, 242, 243,
364, 366, 368

636

Ilpe4MeTHbiH yKa3aTeAb

MaH4HH, TypeuKan 4eHe>KHafl e4HHHU,a III 370
MaAareiTa, BH4 nepija II 185
MaMAioKH II 60, 456
MaH4>KarBeppa, copT BHHorpa4a I 375, II 50, 163
MaHbepH3M II 675
MaoHHa, reHy33CKHH Kpe4HTHbifi KOHCopuHyM I 2 3 1 J I 742, III 156, 176
MaoHHa, cy4HO CM. MaxoHHa
Mapa6yT, BoeHHo-peAHrH03HbiH BO>K4b B CeB. A(j>pHKe I 213, II 570, III 366, 367, 369
MapaBe4H, HcnaHCKa* MOHeTa (7 33 peaAa) 1 4 0 7 , II 51, 94, 115, 136, 163, 238, 253,
262, 339, 735, III 79, 80, 82, 174
Mapna, 4eHe>KHafl e4HHHua II 60, 187, 217, 219, 271
MapKeiTo, BeHeijHaHCKaH MOHeTa II 267
MappaHbi I 307, II 120, 201, 220, 319, 410, 411, 542, 645, 649, 651, 653, 654, 659,
663, 664, 666, 699
MapcHAHaHa I 411, II 277
MaxoHHa (MaoHHa, GOAMIIOH raAeac) I 148, 473, III 145, 244
Me4HH, TypeijKafl 4eHe^Ha>i e4HHHua (7 40 4yKaTa) II 268, 269
Mecra, COK)3 OBijeB040B B HcnaHHH I 105, 106, 109, 115, II 514
MHcrpaAb I 146, 165, 227, 326, 345, 348, 350, 383, 495, III 95
MoHroAbi I 251
MoHTeca, op4eH CB. 4eBbi MOHTC3CKOH II 519, 782
MOPHCKH I 85, 122, 348, 456, II 75, 88, 353, 537, 613, 614, 621, 623—638, 641, 654,

668, 670, 690—693, 694, 736, 799, 805, III 64, 76, 78, 104, 124, 200—202, 204,
205, 207—210, 213, 214, 240, 241, 244, 403
MopAaxH, KaTOAHnecKoe HaceAeHHe ceB. /(aAMaijHH I 99, 456, 458, II 87, 572
MoTHKaAb (MHCKaAb), MapoKKaHCKan 30AOTan MOHeTa II 192
MoneHHro, BeHeu,HaHCKa*i cepe6pHHan MOHeTa II 187
MycKaTeAb, copT BHHorpa4a I 272, II 382
MyccoHbi I 332
MyTyaAH, ropHoe IIACMH B AHBaHe I 47
HaBa (Hecj)), BoeHHoe H ToproBoe iiapycHoe cy4HO c KpyrAbiM KopiiycoM I 165,
220, 221, 228, 341, 344, 346, 360, 361, 415—418, 425—429, 452, 483, 485,
II 25, 26, 46, 47, 54, 59, 206, 211, 214, 283, 307, 311, 321, 326, 332, 335,
366, 376, 377, 380, 382, 386—389, 392, 423, 426, 438, 439, 590, 591, 720,
749,756,757,111 109, 113, 1 2 5 , 2 1 8 , 2 3 4 , 4 1 8
HaBeTalll 126
HaBHreAa I 410
HaBHHeAAOHe I 360
Haca4bi, penHbie cy4a, THU «naHKH» II 723
Heno6e4HMaH Apiua4a I 189, 307, 422, II 84, 201, 319, 405, 521, III 351, 352
HecropHaHe II 610
OHrapo, HeMeu,Ka;i MOHeTa, no4pa>KaHHe BeHrepcKOMy 4ynaTy II 268
OHHa, CHqHAHHCKan CHeraafl 4eHe>KHaH e4HHHua II 253
Ocr-HH4CKafl KOMiiaHHH, aHrAHHCKan II 395
Ocr-HH4CKafl KOMiiaHHH, roAAaH4CKan II 403, 404
OcrroTbi I 91

218,
492,
355,
747,

ripe4MeTHbiH yKa3aTeAb

637

napcw II 645
IlapTH40, 1) a4MHHHcrpaTHBHaH e4HHHua B HcnaHHH; 2) 4oroBop o 3aftMe, TO ace,
HTO acHeHTO II 208, 351
Ilap(j)HHe II 36
napna I 58, 173, 274, 284, 288, 398, II 58, 89, 298
FlaccaKaBaAAO, cy4Ho II 757
FlaTaKa, HH3KOiipo6Hafl nopTyraAbCKan MOHeTa II 349
FlaTpoH, XO3HHH, BAa4eAeu, HAH KOMaH4Hp cy4Ha 1492, II 206, 321, 339, 387, 438,
439, 590, 747
FlepaM, napoM I 473
Iieco, iiHacrp, HcnaHCKan cepeGpflHan MOHeTa HOMHHaAOM B BoceMb peaAOB (neco 4e
OHO) I 237, II 180, 181, 266, III 370
rTeneHerH II 616
IlHCTOAeTa, KacTHAbCKan MOHeTa II 190
IlHHHOAO, CHUHAHHCKaH Me4Hafl MOHeTa I I 2 5 0

FlAaTepecKo, xy4oa<ecTBeHHbiH CTHAb 1213
no4ecra, ropo4CKOH roAOBa B HTaAHH I 82, II 550
riopTaTe, AHBopHCKHe nopTOBbie perHcrpbi I 320, 358, 360, 361, 364, II 27, 389, 395,
398
FIpoBe4HTopbi, BeHeijHaHCKHe 40A>KHocTHbie AHua 171, 89, 136, 172, 365, 412, 425,
485, II 338, 351, 425, 738, 781, III 172, 281
IlpoBee4opbi, nciiaHCKHe 40A>KH0CTHbie AHija III 28, 167
ribeHeTTa, MeAKan cepeGp^Han MOHeTa I 53
PeHeraTbi, OTCiyiiHHKH OT xpncrHaHCKOH Bepw III 54
PeaA, HcnaHCKan cepeGp^iHan MOHeTa 187, 237, 273, II 47, 94, 180, 181, 203, 204,
206, 207, 211, 214, 215, 224, 255, 271, 283, 293, 337, 339, 350, 755, III 79, 208,
403
CaAbco, cap4HHCKHft cbip I 198
CaH4*aK I 451, II 346, 485, 486, 489, III 175, 399
Cap*a I 170, 288, 297, 396, II 110
Capa6aH4a, TaHeu. II 596
CapaHMa I 257, 338, II 568
Ca3Tra, MaAoe cy4HO I 164, 360, 427, 428, 486
CBHTan 9pMaH4a4a, 6paTCTBO II 730
CHH4HKH, crapuiHHbi ropo4CKHX uexoB II 539, III 305
CnnaxH (cnarn) II 452, 531, 642, 643, 718, III 116, 122, 228, 336, 370, 374
CnpoKKO I 338, III 173
CKapAaTCM. KapMa3HH

CKy40, HTaAbHHCKoe Ha3BaHHe 3CKy4o 1466, II 52, 53, 93, 207, 259, 268, 307, 313,
539, 541, 556, 683, 758, III 403
CoBeT iiflTH My4peu,OB no BonpocaM ToproBAH B BeHeuHH I 170, 192, 222, 289, 399,
408, 441, 482, II 97, 223, 388, 496, 525, 592
CoATaHHH CM. IjeXHH

CoMMapHH, opraH <J)HHaHcoBoro yupaBAeHHH B HeanoAe I 188, 424, II 95, 135, 140,
217,514,525,526

638

npe4MeTHbiH yKa3aTeAb

Coce^H, BecHHOc, HaAorooGAaraeMafl e^HHHqa B HcnaHHH I I 76, 155, 159
CTpa4HOTbi, aA6aHCKan KOHHHqa I 99, II 174
CyHHHTbi II 715
TaAep, HeMeqKan cepeGp/ma* MOHeTa I 262, II 207, 214, 268, 269, I I I 370
Tapo, cneTHafl 4eHe>KHafl e4HHHu,a CHIJHAHH I I 370
TapTaHa, HeGoAbiuoe 4ByxManTOBoe cy4Ho I 164, 360, 4 1 1 , 427, 428, II 738, 746
TapTaHeAAa, MaAeHbKoe cy4HO I 429
TaTapw I 150, 251, 258, 263, 265, 268, 275, 313, I I 38, 324, 450, 722, I I I 198, 199,
337,371
Tacjxra I 288, 470, II 737
TeaTHHUbi I I I 58
TepcHH, HCiiaHCKan iiexoraaH nacTb I 48, 162, I I 116, 4 6 1 , 714, I I I 185, 203, 282, 366,
418
T n 6 a p , 3OAOTOH necoK II 184
THMap, 3eMeAbHoe no>KaAOBaHHe 3a BoeHHyio cAy>K6y B TypijHH II 479, 529, 530
TOMOAO, Mepa cbinyHHx TeA (OK. 45 A) I I 95, 136
Tpa6aKKOAO CM. Aiorep
TpaiTa, pa3peiueHHe Ha BbiB03 I I 95, 229, 350, 355, 363
TpaxHHepo, nepeB03HHK B HcnaHHH I I 126
TypKMeHbi I 113, 115
TypcKHH 4eHbe II 267
TypcKHfi AHBp II 253
YAeMbi II 503
YCKOKH I 130, 224, 264, 398, 399, 424,

II 745, I I I 225, 371, 373,

381

$aHapHOTbi, >KHTeAH rpenecKoro KBapTaAa B KoHcraHTHHonoAe I I 620
(DaHera, Mepa cbiiiynnx TeA (55,5 A) II 94, 243, 337, 339, 350, 351, 782
OeaKH II 17
OeAiora, napycHo-rpeGHa^i A04Ka I 360
OHAH6OT, iiAOCK040HHoe 3-MaHTOBoe cy4HO I 421
OHHHKHHUbi I 178, 209, 330, 333
OAOPHH, 30AOTa*i MOHeTa, HeKaHHBiua^ic^ BO OAopeHiiHH I 272, 276, 290, I I 34, 138,

173,390
OoH4ero 4en Te4ecKH, HeMeuKoe no4Bopbe B BeHeu,HH I 283, 290, 364
OOHTHKO 4en TypKH, TypeuKoe no4Bopbe B BeHeunn I 400, 458
OpaHiiHCKaHijbi I 43, 62
OperaT, AerKoe napycHo-rpe6Hoe cy4Ho I 164, 166, 194, 198, 208, 220, 429, 452, 475,

753, 754, 755, 759, II 146, 752, 766, III 25, 40, 111, 133, 293, 381
OperaraAbfl II 752
OperaTHHa II 759
OyH4yK, iiocroflAbiH 4Bop II 68
OyHT crepAHHroB II 254, 291
OyopyuiHTH, H3rHaHHHKH H3 HTaAbflHCKHx ropo40B-rocy4apcTB II 558, 5 6 1 , 562,
III 47, 66
Oycra, HeGoAbuioe ToproBoe HAH BoeHHoe napycHoe cy4HO I 36, 229, 230, 346, II 728,
753, 763, 771, 786, III 25, 129, 137, 138, 177, 192, 208, 209, 262, 2 8 1 , 283, 367

FIpc/tMeTHbiH yKa3aTeAb

639

Oyapoc, rpaMOTbi o upHBHAerHjix III 76, 78
Xapa4>K, no^aTb c HeMycyAbMaH B TypijHH I 231
XepMaHHH, TepMaHHH, BoccraHHfl B BaAencHH II 623, 630
Xypoc, rocy4apcrBeHHbie ^oAroBbie o6*i3aTeAbCTBa B HcnaHHH II 493, 496, III 79, 81,
96
IJexHH (4yKaT, coATaHHH), BeHeunaHCKan 30AOTan MOHeTa I 37, 89, 139, 169, 224,
225, 325, 344, 353, 425, 429, 432, 456, 459, 470, 471, II 34, 43, 51, 59, 60, 62,
92—94, 98, 104, 106, 115—117, 124—126, 129, 134—138, 141, 152—154, 163,
174, 175, 178, 184, 187, 188, 190, 191, 196, 197, 203—205, 207—209, 217, 218,
220, 230, 235, 237, 253, 259—261, 263, 268—272, 274, 285, 291, 292, 294, 304,
311, 316, 317, 321, 322, 329, 331, 332, 335, 345, 361, 370, 409, 423, 427, 431, 474,
478, 479, 481, 493, 495, 517, 518, 521, 524, 525, 530, 540, 541, 572, 586, 635, 644,
658, 666, 713, 714, 734-736, 741, 755, 775, 780, III 46, 50, 77, 82, 129, 139, 152,
174, 223, 288, 312, 316, 367, 370, 373, 379, 411
UHcrepijHaHijbi I 82
UbiraHe I 474, II 776
HafiKa (KaHK), AerKoe cy^Ho I 155, 219, 220, 336, 473, II 357, 723, III 328
HeTBepHK, Mepa aepHa (OK. 110 A) I 411, 486, II 93, 94, 330, 338, 355, 357, 361, 362
HHC|)TAHK I 77, 134, 460, II 358, 530, 533—535, 619, 620
HyMa I 72, 318, 319, 355, 381, 399, 400, 453—456, 490, II 74, 81, 358, III 336
HyppHrepecKO, apxHTeKTypHbifi CTHAb 1213
IHaHCOH 4e >Kecr, (j>paHu,y3CKHH repoHHecKHH 3iioc II 594
IlIepH(j)bi, 4HHacTHH npaBHTeAeH B MapoKKo I 250, 251, II 191, III 36, 47, 53, 115,
205, 309, 344, 345
IUHHTU II 715,111 334

UlHypMa, KOMaH^a rpe6upB Ha raAepe I 192, 347, 352, II 156, 425, 766, 776, III 64,
114, 129,225,368
SKceAeHTe, KacTHAbCKan MOHeTa II 190
9KIO, (J>paHuy3CKoe HasBamie acKy^o I 262, 297, 334, II 115, 117, 120, 132, 173, 178,
210, 212, 229, 322, 508, III 394
9cKHMocbi I 346
3cKy40, KpoHa, HcnaHCKan 30AOTan MOHeTa II 163, 190, 196, 198, 201—206, 209—
213, 215, 228, 236, 237, 262, 268—271, 279—283, 333, 337, 378, 391, 431, 775,
779, III 79, 80, 82, 101, 179, 180, 293, 311, 317, 328, 329, 347, 355
BTpycKH I 59, 75, 161
HHbinapbi I 36, 178, 254, 474, II 174, 449, 178, 765, III 48, 206, 218, 328, 336