Автор: Дробышевский С.В.
Теги: общая биология эволюция антропология эволюция человека
ISBN: 978-5-382-00166-1
Год: 2007
Текст
EEK 28.03 28.70 28.71 56.1
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JHE - Journal of Human Evolution.
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r02"HHOH.l(bI. . H HMcHoBaHHc COBpCMCHHhIX H HCKonaeMhIX rpynn BHyrpll
II8.}:(CC CHCTBa Honunoldea 3HaQHTCJlbHO MeIUICTC.H OT OMOH KJIaCcH«pHKa:QH:H K
.npyrOH, O.ZJ;HaKO COCTaB CaMoro HaJ{ccMeRcTBa oCTaeTC.SI y,nHBHTeJIbHO nOCTO»H-
ULIM, n03ToMY M:bI II03BOJIHM ce6c onycTHTL ero OIIpCn;CJlCIIHC.
DORruJJ;LI. 3THM YCJIOBHLIM TepMHHOM 6y.nyr 0603HaYJaTbcjJ Bce xpynHhIe
'ICJIOBeK006p83Hble 06C3b»HbI - opaHr)'TaHhI, rOpHJIJIhI H llIHMnaH3C, HecMoTpJl Ha
HCKJlIO'lJeHHe cro H3 60JIbIDHHCTBa cOBpeMcHHbIx TaKCOHOMHqCCKHX CHCTCM. OT-
JIH'IHTCJIbHLIMH qepTaMH nOHrHn; jJBJUlIOTCjJ npCHMym;CCTBcHHO 'IeTBCpOIIOraJI JIO-
KOMOIJ;IDI II pa3BHTHC MO Horo 3y6o-QeJIIOCTHOro annapaTa, BKJIIO'lJ8JI KpynHhIe
pa3MepbI K.JIbIKOB, pa3BHTHC MOIInloro KOCTHoro pCJlLecpa qepcna H, KaK CJIC):(CTBHC,
OTHOCHTCJIbHO 60JIbmHC pR3MCphI qeJIIOCTC-M Ii ne60JILIIIHe - M03ra. .
rOMHBH}];LI. TIpe.mrrecTBeHHHKH qCJIOBeKa, MH KOTOphIX xapaKTepeH KOM-
eKc np.sIM xo)J(,n:eHHjJ H He60nbllIHx p83MCpOB KJIbIKOB, 6y,l(yr onpenCJISITbC.H KaK
rOMHH bI . BHyrpH nOCJIC)];HHX npC)l()J;C Bccro MO)l(HO pa3,n;eJUITb 06m;HocTH aB-
cTpaJIOIIHTeKOBbIx II "3yrOMHIIH.n;" 1IJIH "3yrOMHHHH".
3. MemOOU1/.eCKUe 3aM.e'«lHWl U cmpYKmypa pa60mbl
9
ABCTpaJlODHTeKOBLle. Y'lJHThIBWI cocym;ccTBoBaHllc rpynIThI Ha n03.n;HHx
3Tanax C "3yrOMHHH,l(aMH" , TepMHH j{BJUIeTCj{ B 60JIbIIIeH CTeneHH TaKCOHOMH'le-
CKHM qCI\1 X p OHOJIOrHqCCKHM, O,D;HaKO 06m;cnpHHHToro HCTaKcoHOMHqCCKOrO 3K-
, "
BHBaJIClITa He cym;eCTBYeT. B Ka'ICCTBC CHHOHHMa npc.n;JIaraJI:HCb TepMHHhI npc-
rOMHHH)];hI" (HanpHMep: CeMeHOB, 1989) H "npoTaHTpOTIbI" (EyHaK, 1966), ,n:OCTa-
TOqHO y.n;aqHbIC C yqeToM npOMc)I(yrOqHOrO <pHJIOrCHCTH'lJeCKOrO IIOnO)l(CHIDI
rpynnbI, HO HC no.rryqHBIllIc mHpOKoro pacnpOCTpaHeHIDI. Cpe,ZJ;H aBcTpaJIOlUlTe-
KOBhIX BbI.n;emnoT HCCKonbKO po.noB H MHO)l(eCTBO BH.nOB. HCCOMHCHHO yqaCTHc
aBcTp8JIOnHTCKoBhIX B npOHCXO)l{,n:eHHH 60JIee II03,l(HHX rOMHHH)];; )qJCBHCHmaJI
rpaHHua 3TOH rpynIIbI onpe)];eJIj(eTcj( HaJIHIIHCM HaXOAOK, Q,l(HaKO TpY,lJ;IIO rrpoBec-
TIt ee BepxHIOro rpaHHIJ;y, OT)];eJIHTL aBCTpaJIOIIHTCKOBbIX OT "ncpBbIX IIaCTOmI(HX
Homo tl . TaKHM o6pa30M, no,n; aBcTpaJIOnwrcKoBbIMH B HamcR pa60Te nOHHMalOTCjJ
Bce rOMHHOH)1;hI C npH3HaKaMH npJIMOxO)l(,l1eHIDI H He60JIbIDHMH KJIhIKaMH, HO 06-
JIa,n;alOIIJ;He 60nLmHM KOllHYJeCTBOM "nOI:ITH,lJ;I-fbIX" qepT B CTpoeImH qepena H no-
cTKpaHHaJIbHorO CKCJIeTa. Ha:H60nec xapaKTepHhIMH OTJIIfIIIDIMH 3TOH rpynnhI OT
60JIee n03,[(HHX "3yrOMHHHH" I(BJIjJIOTCI( Ue60JILIIIHe pa3MCpbI M03ra 11 oTcyrcTBHe
BbIpIDKeHHoro KOMITJICKCa qepT, CB»3aHHhlX C npOH3B0l1CTBOM HCKYCCTBCHHJ:,IX
Opy.n;HH (3y60B, 1964). reorpa«pWlecKH rpynna orpaHHqeHa Atl>PHKOH (Kramer,
1994). TIepHoJ{ cyuJ;ecTBoBaHHjJ aBcTpaJIOIIHTCKOBhIX YJ{06HO pa3.n;CJlHTh Ha TpH
3Tana, B ,n:OCTaTOqHO nOJlHOH Mepc OTpIDKaIOI:IJ;HX H :HX CHCTeMaTH'leCKOe )];eJICHHC:
n03.n;HHB MHoueH - pamIHii IIJIHOn:CIl (paHIIue 8BCTp8JIODHTCKU, 7-3,9 MJIII.JI.,
naJICOHCBpOJIOr:nQCCKHC ,n:aHHhle no HJiIM npaKTHqeCKH OTCyrCTByIOT), paHmrli
IIJIHOU;CH - n03.n;HHH nJIHOIJ;CH (rpaO;UJlhHbIC H paRDue MaCCUBDbIe aBCTIUlJIOUH-
TeKH, 3,9-2,5 MJIH.JI.) H n03)];HHH TIJIHOn;CII - 30IIJICHCTOU;CH (no3AHHe rpa",UJIb-
HLIC Ii MaCCHBHble aBcTpaJIODIITeKH.. 2,5-1 MJIH.JI.). OTJIH'lJIDJ n03)];HHX MaCCHB-
HblX 4JOPM OT "3yrOMHHH)I" ,[(OCTaTO'IHO OTQeTJIHBbI, -qeM 06'bI(CIDICTCjf ncpeKpbI-
BaHRC XpOHOJIOrH'lJCCK:HX oTpe3KoB co CJIe,n:yroln;eH rpyrrnoH rOMHHH,n. rpaU;HJTh-
HhIX aBCTpaJIOnHTCKoB HHorJ{a Ha3hIBalOT "nnc3HaHTpOnaMH", On;HaKO TCpMHH
HMCeT KaK IIIHpOKOC, TaK II Y3Koe 3HaqeHIDI II pC,n;KO ynorrpe6.ID1eTcjJ B COBpcMeH-
HOB nHTcpaType, a nOToMY JIyqIDC B03,ncp)KaTbC.SI OT ero ynOTpC6neHIDI. MacCHB-
HblC aBcTpaJIOnHTeKH B nocJIen;yromcM HHOr)];a .nIDI KpaTKOCTH 6y,n;yr H3.3hIBaThCjf
"napaHTpOnaMH". KaK npaBRJIO, OCTaTlOt aBCTPaJIonHTeXOBhlx 1I"H60 He c npUJjO)K-
.n;aIOTCjJ apXCOJlOrHQCCKOH KYJIbTYPOH, JIH60 acco:QHHpoBaHbI C ranCqHOR HH.n;YCT-
pHCH.
"3yroMUHOJJ;bl". ITO)]; "3yroMHHH)laMH" B nOCJIc.n.yroln;eM H3ll0)l(CHHH 6YAyr
nOHHMaThC» Bce npe.n;nICCTBeHHHKH COBpeMCHHOrO qCJIOBCKa, no KOMnJIeKCY npH-
3HaKOB O'ICBH,n:HO He OTHOCjJll1HeCjJ K aBCTpaJIOIIHTCKOBblM, B qaCTHOCT:H, HHKor.n;a
He HMCIOm;HC CarHTIaJlbHoro rpe6ID1 'lJcpena, 3aTO 06na;:t;aIOm;He OTHOCHTeJThHO
60JIbIllHM M03rOM. TCpMHH y,n:06CH B CRJIY rrpOMe)KyrO'IHOrO If HCjJCHoro nOJIO)l(C-
HR» aBCTpaJIOnHTeKOBbIX OTHOCHTCJIhHO nOHrn,lJ; If rOMHHH,n:. Pa3JIHqHe TepMHHOB
"3yrOMHHH.lJ;hI" H "3yrOMHHHHhI" BCCbMa paCTIJIhIBqaTOC H HCjfCHOC. nOrHtJHO HC-
nOJIb30BaT'b ncpBbIR ,n:JlSI 0603HaQeHHSI BCCX rOMHHH,n:.. Cym;CCTBOBaBIllIX n03.ZJ:Hee
2,5 MJIH.JI.H., 6e3 HCKJIIO'lJeIDIH, a BTOpOH - 3a HCKJIlOqCHHCM "paHHHX Homo".
nyqmHMH 0603UaQeHIDIMH }J;IDI XpOHOJIOrH"tJccKHX rpynn "3yrOMHHH.n;" 6hI-
JIM 6hI Ha3BaHIDI XpOHOJIOrHQCCKHX 0TPC3KOB. O.n;HaKO 3TO 3HaQHTeJIbHO 3arpOM03-
10
3. MemodulleCKUe 3aMe1laHWl U cmp)'Kmypa pa60mbl
3. Memooullec'KUe 3aMellallWl U cmpYKmypa pa60mbl 11
"paHHHX Homo", 6y.n;yqH 3Ha'lHTCJIbHO 60JICC MaCCHBHbIMH H MCHCC KpynH03y6hI-
MH; BO-BTOPbIX, Haxo,n;KH apxalITponoB C ,n:aTHpoBKaMH 60nbme 1,2 MmI.JI. BHe
A«pp:mrn paCnOJIaraIOTc» rJIaBHhIM 06pa30M B IOro- BOCTOqHOH A3HH, r,n;c 3T:H
60JIbnme )];aTHpoBKH nO.lJ;BCpralOTcB OClIOBaTenhlIbIM COMHCIIIUIM (lIaIIpHMCP:
Hyodo et aI., 2002). B A<}?pHKe, KaK 6y,n;CT nOKa3aHO ffiUKC, cymecTByeT n01lTH HC-
npepbIBHbrli: Mop<pOJIOrnqeCK di p».[l OT "paHHHx Homo" K Homo ergaster H II8JlCe
- K Homo erectus, C nOCJICAOBaTeJIbHOii BpeMeHHoH npeeMcTBCHHOCTbIO, OTJIJllIIDI
MC)J(,l(Y 3THMH $OPMaMH, BH.n;HMO, HOC»T XpOHOJIOrn'ICcKyIO 06YCJIOBJICHHOCTh, no-
3TOMY JIOrwIlIO paccMaTpHBaTh IIaxO.l{.KH, OIIHCaHHhIC KaK Homo ergaster H Homo
erectus, BMCCTe. BpcMeHHWI rpalllf:Qa Me)I(AY "paHHHMH Homo" H Homo ergaster B
OCHOBHOM rrpOXO,n:HT OKOJlO 1,6 MilH.JI.H., XOTjJ Cym;CCTByroT OT)];eJIbHbIe HCKJIIOqC-
H'IDI, OTQero 06IIUfC rpaHHUbI '3Tana IIpHIDITbI H8MH, Ha'IJHHWI OT 1,8 MJIH.JI.H. YqH-
TbIBaJI, 'lJTO ,n:8JlCKO HC Bce 113BCCTHbIC HaxO)J;KH MOryr 6bITb HCCJIC)J;OBaHhI C n0311-
H IIaJIeOHCBpOJIOrHH, )J;illI ,n:aHHoro Hccne,n:OBaHIDI yxa3aHHOe XpOHOJIOrnQCCKOC
nepcKpbITHC HecYII ecTBeHHo. OT nocJIcJJ;yrom;eH CTa)J;HH apxaHTponhI OTJIHQaroTClI
B OCHOBHOM 3aMCTHO 60nce HH3KHM qepCnOM Ii ,n:eT8JISlMH JIHIJ;CBOH MopcpOJIOrHH.
K YJ1bTypHoe COnpoBO)l(,neHHe OCTaHKOB apxaHTporroB 06bI'IHO onpe,n;cIDIcTcjJ KaK
r8JIe'IJH8Jl HHD;YCTpIDI ('lJame nIDI HaH60JIee JqJeBIllix c.rryqacB) H amcnbCKWI B IllH-
pOKOM CMbICJle CJIOBa ('IaII(C,n:illI 60nce II03,I.(ImX MccTOHaXO)K;:I;eHHH).
Dpe-naJleOaHTpOnLI (TOMHBH}];LI, nepexo)J;HLIe OT apxaHTponoB K Da-
JleOaHTpOnaM). HaccncHHe B llpOMC)I(yrKe BpcMeuH llpHMCpHO OT 400 ,n:o 130
ThIC.JI.H. (CPCJ],HHH HeOllJIciicTo:QeH) o6naJ],8JI0 npH3HaKaMH, nepexo,n:HhIMH Me)K.n;y
"KJIaCCHqCCKHMH" apXaHTponaMH (.I "KJIaCCH'lJeCKHMH" nancoaHTponaMH. Kax H B
cJIyqae "paHHHx Homo'" npOMC)KyrO'IJHOCTb 06JIHKa npHBO,lUlJIa K TO MY, 'ITO B CTa-
pbIX pa60Tax rOMHHH,lJ;bI 3Toro IIJIaCTa paCCMaTpHBaJIHCb B COCTaBC KaK npC,nmCC'i'-
BYID C:H, TaK H nocne O CH CTa.;J;HH; BO H36e)KaHHC JIHllIlICH nyraHHIJ;hI B Hame:H
pa60Te OHH 6YA)'T OIIHCaHbJ OT.n;CJIbHO IIO,lJ. YCJ10BHbIM TepMHHOM npe-
n8JIeoaHTpOIThI. B OCHOBHOM B 3ry rpynny nona.n;alOT HaXO,lJ;KIf, OnHC:bIBaCMhIC KaK
"apXalt'lHbIH Homo sapiens" It Homo heidelbergensis. OAHaKO rrepBhIH TepMHH
HMceT xpaHHc paCnJIhIBqaTOC 3Ha'lCHHC II HC HMeCT qCTKOH XpOHOJIOrHqCCKOH
IIpHBjJ3KH, a BTOpOH IIpHMCIDICTClI 'lJa.II(C TOJIbKO J.(IDI cBponcHcKHx II qaCTHIIHO aq.-
pHKaHcKHx HaXOAOK. OT apxaHTponoB npe-naJICOaHTponoB OTJIHQalOT HeKoTophle
nporpcccHBHbIC H HHor,n;a cncIJ;HaJIH3HpOBaHIIo- neaH,ZJ;epT8JIbCKHC IIpH3HaKH, OT
II8JIeOaHTponoB )ICe - apXaHtfiIO-HH3KHH qepen C TOJlCTbIMH CTeHKaMH H OQeHb
MaCCHBHhle qeJIIOCTH C 60JIbillHMH 3y6aMH. YCJIOBHO 3TOT 3Tan MO)KCT 6bITb IIO.Q-
pa3JICJICH Ha lIBa rrcpHo)J;a: HaQ8JIO CpCJIHCrO HCOnJICHCTOUCHa (paRDue npe-
na.TIeOaoTponLI, 400- 200 ThIC.JI.) Hero 3aBcpmCIIHC (n03)J;Due npe-
llaJIC08HTponbI, 200-130 ThIC.JI.). KynhTypa ,naHHOrO 3Tana - npcHMym;ccTBcHHO
amCJlLCKa.SI, BO BTOpOH nOJIOBHHe - C ncpcxo,n:OM K MYCTbC B mHpOKOM CMbICJIe.
naJIeOaHTpOnLI. IlpHMcpHo 130-40 TbIC.JI.H. HaCeJICHHe 3cMJIH xapaKTCpH-
30B8JIOCb n;BOjIKHM KOMIIJICKCOM npll3HaKoB. C OlIHOH CTOpOHhI" 60Jlcc nporpec-
CHBHOC cTpoeHHe, 'leM y apxamponoB, HeCOMHeHHO; C JJ;pyrO:H - B OT,nCJIbHhIX pc-
THOHaX OqCHb .n;arreKO 3amJIII np0u;cccbJ CnCIJ;HaJIH3aIJ;HH; 'lJaCTO 3TH ABC CTOpOHhI
CJlHBaJIHCL H Clleu;HalIH3an;IDI BbIpIDKaJIaCb B KpaHHe BbIpIDKClmhIX "rnnepcarm-
" B
CHTHbIX npH3HaKax. uenOM, nancoaHTpOIThJ aHTpOIIOJIOrH'lJeCKH }')ICe O'ICHb
,nHJIO 6hI TCKCT. IIo3TOMY B IIC.IDIX y)J;o6cTBa ,nJI» 0603Ha'IJCHHjf YCJIOBHhIX CTa)J;H:H
3BOJIIOUHH BbIcmHX npHMaToB .n;8JIec B pa60Te 6y.n;yr HCllOJlb30BaTbCB CJICAyroIIIHC
" u"
Ha3BaHIDI: paHHHc nomo , apxaHTpOIIbI, npc-naJIeOaHTpollbI, naJICOaHTponbI, HC-
oaHTponbI. H83BaHIDI rpyrrrr no B03MO)KHOCTH COOTBCTCTByroT CJIO)ICIIBmHMCjJ B
aH'rponOJIOrHH Tpa M. 3T0 He 3HaQHT, 'ITO aBTOp CKITOHjJ:CTCjf K CTa,n:HaJIbHOH
KOHU;CTIIJ;IDI aHTponorCHC3a. TInIOCOM TaKOH TCpMHHOJIOrHH jIBIDICTCjI yxo OT CHC-
TCMaTIPleCKHX H83BaHHH.
CTOHT oco60 nO,WICpKHyrb, qTO B npcn;CJIax JII060H H3 }'Ka3aHHhIX XpOHOJIO-
rn'ICCKHX rpyrrII Mor}'T npHC)'TCTBOBaTL rrpc,n:CTaBHTCJIH p83HhIX nO,n:BH.n;OB H BH-
,n:OB H, Ha060pOT, O)];HH DO}J;BH)]; HJIH BH)]; MO)l(CT cyrn;ecTBoBaTb Ha npOTIDKCHHH He-
CKO.TIbKHX BbI,n:eJIeHHbIX BpeMClllIbIX OTpC3KOB. EOlIee no.npo6HbIC onpe,neJICHIDI
npHHlITbIX TCpMHHOB .n;aHbI HIDKe.
"PaHDHe Homo" (roMHHH)J;bl, nepexo)J;HLIe OT aBcTp8JIOnHTeKoBLIx K
"3YTOMHHH08M"). B KaqCCTBe CHHOHHMa Mor 6hI ynOTpC6JUITbCa TCpMHII " 30aH -
TpOIIbI", O.n;H8.KO OH SIBJIlICTClI npcoKynHpoBaHHhIM npH onHCaHHJ1 nHJIbT,n:ayHcKOH
" n K 6
HaXO)];KH . 3TOM)' IIJIaCTY OTHOClITC.SI rOMHIIH.l{bI, 0 bNHO onHChIBaeMbIC KaK
Homo habilis H Homo rudolfensis. HeKoTopbIe npe,n:cTaBHTCJIH xpaHHe HCHa,l:(e)l(HO
OTJIHQaIOTCB OT aBcTp8JIOnHTeKoB HlIH OT apxaHTponoB (Hc06xo)J;HMo nO)];'lJCpK-
H)'TL, qTO B ,lJ;8JIhHeiImeM H3JIO)KeHHH no,n; TepMHHoM "paHHHe Homo" HC 6y)];yr
no.n:pa3}'McBaTbClI Homo ergaster). Mc y TCM, BHyrpH caMoH rpynnbI CCTb MHO-
)KCCTBO IIJIaBHbIX MoptPOJIOrJrqccKHx nepcXOn;OB; rpynna B UCJIOM CJI)')KHT "CBjJ-
3yro HM 3BeHoM" MC))(,lJ;Y aBcTp8JIOnHTCKaMH H apxaHTponaMH. B CBjl3H C 3THM,
"paHHHX Homo" HeJIh3» C'IHTaTb HaCTO.SIII(HMH "3yroMHHHHaMH". B cTaphIx pa6o-
Tax 3TY rpynny BOBCC HC BhI,n:eIDUIH KaK caMOCTO»TeJIblIyro, O,llJIaKO B HaCTo.snn:ce
BpCMH 60JIbillOe KOJIHQeCTBO Haxo.n;OK npHBO,ZJ;HT K Hc06xo,n:HMOCTH paCCMOTpCTb
3TOT TIJIaCT rOMHHH,r.( OT,lJ;CJIhHO. T8.KHM 06PR30M, B )];alm)'lO rpynny BKmoqeHbI
rrpCHMyrn;CCTBCHHO a<PPHKaHCKHC HaXO}lKJI BepXHcro IIJllfOUeHa - HIDKHcro 30D-
JICHCTOn;eHa (npHMCpHO 2,5-1,5 MJIH.JI.., B CpC.n;HCM OKOJIO 1,8 MJIH.JI.), .n;OCTaTO'IJHO
onpe,n:eneHHO He npHHa,nJIC)I(amHC K MaCCHBHbIM aBCTp8JIOnHTeKaM HJlH apxaHTpO-
naMe OT 60JIce n03,lJ;HHX CTa.n;HH "paHHHc Homo" OTJIH'lJaIOTCjI MCHbillHMH pa3Me-
paMH CKCJIeTa H MeHbmeH MaCCHBHOCTbIO npH OTIIOCmeJlbHO 60JIbnmx pa3Mcpax
3y60B. "PaHHHc Homo", OqeBH,nHO, 6blnH C03.n;aTeJUlMH rane'IHoH KYJIbTypbI.
Apx8HTpOnLI. r OMHHH;nd ncpHo,n;a 1800-400 ThIC.JI. B IJ;a.JIbHCHmeM H3JIO-
)KeIIHH Ha3bIBalOTCjJ apXaIITpon8.MH. TIepHon; cymeCTBOBaHIDI apxaII'rpOnOB MO:>KIIO
YCJlOBHO p83,neJIHTh Ha Tplt HepaBHhIx ncpHo,na, cOOTBeTCTByrom;He HIDKHeMY 30n-
JIeHCTonCHY (npe-apxaHTpOnbl, 1,8-1,2 MJIH.JI.), BCPXHCMY 30llJIeHcTon:cHY (pau-
lIue apx8oTpoDLI, 1200-800 ThIC.JI.; )];lliI HHX 6bIJI TaIOKe npC)];JIO:>KCH TCpMHII "30-
apX8HTpOllhI" (CcMeHoB, 1989), He nOJI)"IHBIDHH pacnpOCTpaHCH'IDI) H HIDKHCM)'
HCOruICHCTon;CHY (n03}];HUe apxaoTponLI., 800-400 TbIC.JI.) rCOJIOrHqCCKOH mKa-
JIhI. rOMHHH,n:hI ncpBoro Bpe1\IeHHOro oTpe3Ka QaCTO onHCbIBaIOTCjJ KaK Homo
ergaster, BToporo II TpcTbero - Homo erectus HJIH "paHHHH apXaHQIIbrli Homo
sapiens". KaK MO)l(HO JIerKO 3aMCTlITb, ncpBhIH BpeMcHHoM npOMC)I(yroK CHJIbHO
ncpcKphIBaeTc» C npC.n;hIJ];ymHM - BpCMCHCM cymcCTBOBaHIDI "paHHHX Homo", o.n;-
BaKO TaKOC pa36HeHHC MaTCpHaJIa orrpaB,n:hIBacTcB .lJ;B-yMH rJIaBHbIMH C006PIDKC-
HIDIMH: Bo-nepBbIx, THIUlqHbIC apxaHTpoDbI JJ;OCTaTO'IHO CHJlbHO OTJIHQalOTCjJ OT
12 3. Memodu'lec1<.Ue 3aMellallWl U cmpYKmypa pa60mbl
6Jll13KH K cOBpeMcHHoMY tIenOBeKY, OTJID'lJWICb, rJlaBHhIM 06P830M, 3HaQHTCJlhHOH
MacCHBHoCTblO; p» rpynn o6JIa,n:an TaK)Ke HeKoTophIMH apXaHqeCKHMH IffiH cne-
IJ;HaJIH3HpOBaHHbIMH IIpH3HaKaMH. 06bItIHO rOMHIIH,nbI 3Toro 3Tana OTHOCKfC» K
BH)];Y HJm IIO,nBH,ny Homo neanderthalensis, Homo sapiens neanderthalensis HJIH
)Ke OIIHChIBalOTCjJ KaK "n03,nmm apXaHqHbIR Homo sapiens". IllHpoKopacnpocTpa-
.. u" "
HeHHhllI TCpMHH HCaH)J;epTanbD;hl HMCCT He BnOJIHC onpe.n;CJICHHbIC rpaHHIJ;bI; B
,n:8JIbHeHIDCM HeaH,n;epTanbn;aMH 6y.nyr H83hIBaTbCjJ TOJ1:bKO CBponCHCKHe H 3ana,n:-
H083HaTCKHe n8JICOaHTpOTIhI. ncpHO,n; MO:>KHO YCJIOBHO p83.n;CJIHTb Ha ,n;Ba OCHOB-
IIhIX 3Tana: HaqaJIO BcpXHcro HeOTIJICHCTOn;CIIa (paHHHe D8JIeOauTpoDbI, 130-70
ThIC.JI.; ,n:JIjJ rOMHHH,n: 3Toro BpcMeHH 'laCTO HCnOJIb3yeTCJI TepMHH n aTHITJllIHble He-
aH,D;cpTaJILInd", O,n:II8.KO cro rpaHHIJ;bI xpaHHc paCIDIbIB'IaTbI, BKJIIO'IaJI qame Bccro
H qaCTb rrpc- na.rreoaHTporroB, rr03TOMY B }1:8..JIbHeHmeM H3JIO:>KeHHH OH He ynoTpe6-
JUIeTc») H ccpe,n;HHa BcpXHcro HconrrcHCTon;eHa (Do3JJ;Hoe D8JICOauTpoDbl, 70-40
TbIC.JI.; AIDI 60JThIDHHCTBa eBponeHcKHx H qaCTH 3ana.z:tHOa3HaTCIGIX rr03,nHHX na-
JIeOaHTponoB nmpOKOpaCrrpOCTpaHeH TepMHH "KJIaCCHqeCKHe HeaH,n;cpTaJIbIJ;bI n ;
HHor,na BbI,nCIDIIOT "rrCpC)J(HTO'IHbIX IICaH,n:CpTaJILIJ;CB", )I(HBmHX n03)KC 45
ThIC.JI.H.). B nepBbm nepHo,n: 3aBepm8JIcjJ TIepexol1 OT ameJIbCKOH HH.n;YCTpHH K
MYCTbCPCKOH, BTOpOH - BpeMSI paCnBeTa MycTLe.
HeOauTpOnbI. C MOMeIITa OKOJIO 40 ThIC.JI. HaCCJIeHHe IIpaKTII-qeCKH Bcero
3cMHoro mapa npH06peTaeT nOJIHOCThIO cOBpeMeHHhIc qCPThI H 06nrqHO onMCbIBa-
eTC.H KaK Homo sapiens sapiens. OTJIHIffiJI HCOaI-I'rponoB BpeMeHH 40-10 ThIC.JI.II.
(KOHcn BepxHcro HeoTIJIeiicTOneHa, BepxHHH nalleOJ1HT) OT cOBpeMeHHoro qeJIOBe-
Ka cKopee KOJIHtIeCTBCHHhIC, tIeM KatIeCTBCHHhIC.. OHH BhIpIDKaIOTCJI B OCHOBHOM B
60JILmeH cpc,nHeH MaCCHBHOCTII CKCJIeTa. ,[(eJICHHC BcpxHcro narrCOJIDTa Ha 3TanhI
MO)l(eT npOBO,n;HTbC» HeCKOJIbKHM:H cnoc06aMH, O)J;HaKO KOJIHqeCTBO naneOHCBpo-
JlOrH'IeCKHX ,naIIHbIX CJIHmKOM MaJIO, 'IT06bI nOKa3aTL .l(OCTOBCpHOCTb p83JIWIHH
3THX 3TarrOB. B OTpC30K BpeMeHH 40-10 TbIC.JI.H. MYCTbcpcKHe KYJIbTyphI OKOJllIa-
TeJIbHO YCTynaIOT MeCTO BCpXHenaJICOJIHTHtIeCKHM, XOT.SI B HCKOTOphIX pcrnoHax
3TOT npoIJ;ccc 3aBCpmHJ1cjJ HeCKOJIbKO paHbme. TepMHH "Me30JIHT" B nocJIe,n:yrom;CM
H3JIO)l{eHHH HOCHT cKopce xpOHOnOrH'ICCKHH, He)I(CJIH apxeoJIornqecKH:H CMbICJI.
IIpH onHcaHHH 3BOJIIOIJ;HOHHOH H3MCHQHBOCTH rrpH3HaKoB CTcneIIb HX
npH6JIH)I(eHHOCTH K COBpCMCHHOMY COCTOgHHIO B ,n;aJILHeiinJCM H3JIO>KCHMH 6y-
.l(eT xapaKTcpH30BaTLCjf TcpMHHaMH "IIpHMHTHBIIhI:U", "nporpeccHBHbIU:" H
"CnenHaJIH3HpOBaHHhIH" (K3ppOllJI, 1992, c.16-20). "npHMHTHBHbIM" (HJIH "ap-
XaH'lJHIJM") 3HaQeHHC npH3HaKa 6Y.l(eT Ha3bIBaTbC.SI npH cro 60JlbmeM C6JIlfIKC-
HHH C XpOHOJIOrHqCCKH .n;peBHHMH BapHaHTaMH; "nporpeccHBHoCTb 11 6YlIeT on-
pe,ncIDITLcjJ, HCXO)UI H3 IIpH6JIIDKCHHOCTH K COBpCMCHHOMY qeJIOBeKY; "CneIJ;Ha-
11
JIH3HpOBaHHbIM rrpH3HaK jJBJI.SICTC.SI, eCJIH OH OTKJIOHJIeTC.SI OT TeH,n:eHnHH pa3BH-
TIDI, BC)];yxnCH K COBpCMCHHOMY 'lJCJIOBCKY.
4. MATEPHA.JIbI M METO,l];bI
4.1. MamepuaJlw
MaTepHaJIbl no MopctJOJIOrHH 3HtJ;oKpanoB
IIpH npOBC,n:CHHH HaCTo cro narrCOHeBpOJIOrwICCKOro HCCJIc.n;OBaHIDI HC-
nOJIb30BaJIHCb OpHrHHaJIbHbIe H3MCpeHJUI If JlHTepaTypHbIc ,n:aHHbIC. OCHOBY H3Me-
pHTCJIbHOH 683bl .D;aHHhIX COCTaBIIJIH H3MepCHHg KOJIJleKIJ;IDI 3H.n;OKpaHOB, co6paH-
1I0H B.B. KOqCTKOBOH H xpal cHcjJ B MHCTIITyrC H M)'3cc aHTponOnOrIDf MfY.
B 1973 r. 6bIJIO ony6JIHKOBaHo 60JlbmOe KOJIJNCCTBO HHlJ;HBHlIyanhHbIx H3Mepe-
HHH 3HJJ;oKpaHoB HCKonaeMhIX rOMHHH,lJ; (KO'IJCTKOBa, 1973), O)J;HaKO Harna MeTO-
,nHKa HeCKOJIbKO OTJIHqaeTCjJ: OT npHMCH.HBmeHcjJ B.II. KOqeTKOBOH (CM. )];anec),
n03ToMY BCC H3MepcHIDI 6hIJIH npoH3Bc.n;eHbI 3aHOBO.
H3MepjJJIHCL cJIc,n:yroDnfe 3HJJ;oKpallhI: opaHryraHLI (2 cJIcITKa), ropHJIJIhI (3
CJlCTIKa), illHMllaH3C (5 CJIeIIKoB), IpanHJIbm:..rli 8BcTpa.rronHTeK Taynr, MaccHBHbIH
aBcTpaJIOilllTeK OH 5, "pamrnii Homo" OB 7 (peKOHCTp)'KIUUI B.M. KO'IeTKOBOH,
"rnnOTeTH1JeCKHH BapHaHT"); apxamponhI: I1wrexamponbI I, II, IV, CHHampon III,
ATJI8HTpOn IV (peKoHCTp)'KnIDI B.R. KOqeTKOBOii, "BapHaHT-OnTHM)'M"); npc-
IIaJIC08HTpOIIhI: EpOKCH XHrrn (Ka6BC), CBaHcKoM6, 3pHHrc,n:op«p IX, BepTcmccn-
nem, 3yrrne; naJIeoaHTpOIThI: ranOBIJ;C, Ta6yn I, lli8.JUI, HcaH,IJ;epT8JTh, JIg llIaneJIh-
o-CeIl, JlSJ: Kmla 5, TemHK- Tam; BepXHCI1aJIeoJrnTIlQccmc HcoaHTponbI: OJILMO,
EWI-,n:e-<I>cp (I1ccTepa MYHepHM), KOM6-KaneJIJIb, Kpo-MaHboH III, EpHO ITI,
rImC)J.MOCTH In, IV, IX If X, .l.(OJIbHH BCCTOHID.\C I, II, III, llaBJIOB, Cxo , IIo.n;Ky-
MOK, XB8JILIHCK, Q3bIHH; B3pOCJIbIC cOBpeMeIIHbIc 1llO,mI p83HbIX pac (26 CJICIIKOB).
KpOMC H3MCpCHHH 3H,lJ;oKpaHoB HCnOJTh30BaJIHCh H3MCpCHIDI 3H.n;oKpaHHo-
rpaMM. Ha H306pIDKCIIIDIX OrrpC,nCIDIJIHCb TOJThKO rrpoeKQHOHIIbIc p83MCpLI, npe-
HMYInecTBeHHo pacnOJIO)I(CHHhIe B CarH'IT8JIbHOH TIJIOCKOCTIt. B 60JIhIIIHHCTBe
CJI)'1JacB M306pIDKCHIDI 3H.n;OKpaHOB ,lJ;IDI 3Toro YBCJIH'lHBaJIHCb .n;o HaTypaJIbHOrO
pa3Mepa. I10CKOJIbKY npH TaKOM MeTOJJ;C HCH36c)J(HbI norpeuIHocTH, ,n:aIIJIbIe H3Me-
pCHIDI MO:>KHO HCnOJIb30BaTh TOJIbKO B KaqCCTBC BcnOMOraTCJThHOrO MaTCpHaJIa.
,[(.JuI npOBCpKH 6bIJIH CpaBHCHbI H3MepCIIJ:fjJ M)'IDI:>KCH 3H.l(OKpaHOB H HX IIpo£}JHJIb-
HbIX 06BOJJ;OB: p83HHIJ;a COCTaBHJIa OKOJIO .1-3 MM, 'lITO BnOJIHe conOCTaBHMO C p83-
MaXOM HeonpclIcneHHocTH B JIOKaJIH3aUMH H3MepHTeJIhHhIX TOqeK. H3MCpjJJIHCb
H306pIDKCHIDI 3H.l(OKpaHOB cne,n:)'IOInHX rOMHlIH):(: AL 333-45, AL 444-2, CTCpK-
<pOHTCHH N22, Sts 5, Sts 60, Sts71, Stw 505, MLD 37/38, KNM-WT 17000, KNM-
ER 406, SK 1585, KNM-ER 1805, KNM-ER 1813, KNM-WT 15000, OB 9, Mo -
JKOKCpTO, nOlITaHJ(yH (rCKCb.HH P A 830), Eo,n:o, qcnpallo, IIcTpaJIoHa, Aparo XXI,
CaJIC, IOHKc»Hb 2, CaM6YHTMaqan 3, PCHnHHrCH, 3JIHC CnpHHrc ES-11693, CHHra,
c6cJI MpXYlI [, CXYJI I H V, fll6p8JITap II.. CaKKonacTopc 1, MOHTc-qHp'ICO I,
llSIHr-Eya loiBl, Acl>a.ny-6y-PyMMeJIh 3,6, 12, ]5, 22, 27, 28, 30, 34 H 46, Cyu:rnp:b 1,
2, 3 It 5 (MC,u;HHKOBa, 2000; Balzeau et al., 2005; Brauer et at, 2003; Brown et al.,
2004; Bruner et Manzi, 2005; Conroy et aI., 2000; Dean et aI., 1998; Hadjouis, 2002;
Manzi et aI., 2001; McCown et Keith, 1939; Wu et at, 2006 H p.).
14 4. MamepUaJlbl U Memodbl
TaIOKC 6hIJIH HCnOJIb30BaHbI HeMHOrOqJfCJICHHbIC JIHTepaTypHblc ,lJ;aHHbIC, B
OCHOBHOM no o6mHM pa3MepaM 3H,lJ;oKpaHoB ,l:(illI cJIe,n;yIOlW'Ix HaXO,lJ:OK: rpa:QRJIh-
HhIC IO)I(HoatPPHKaHcKHc aBcTp8JIOllHTeKH: AL 333-45, AL 444-2, CTepK£poHTeHH
N 2, Sts 5, Sts 60, Sts7], Stw 505, MLD 37/38, MaCCHBHbIC aBcTpaJIOIIHTCKH
KNM-WT 17000, KNM-WT 17400, Dmo L 338y-6, KGAIO-525, KNM-ER
23000, KNM-ER 407, KNM-ER 732, SK 1585; "paHHHC Homo": KNM-ER 1470;
apx8HTpollhI: MO.ZJ:)KOKepTO, fiHTeKaHTpOnbI VI, VII H VIII, CHHaHTpOTIbI II, X, XI
H XII, nOHTaH.D;YH (reKcbIDI PA 830), CHMa )J;C JIOC Y3COC 5, qenpaHo; npc-
II8JICoaHTponhI: HraH,n:oHr III, CaM6yHTMaqaH 3, Hb.$lpacca (3jJCH) 1935 r., PCH-
JIHHreH, IllTcHHreHM; n8JIeOaHTponhI: rH6pamap I, CaKKonacTopc I, CXYJI I H V,
JIe MycThe I, lliI cDeppaccH I, llIaHH)];ap 1, llimr- Eya LB 1; HcoaHTpOTIbI: no 6a6a,
BaTIe AH 3aM6aHa (KO'IJeTKOBa, 1973; Balzeau et at, 2005; Broadfield et aI., 2001;
Bruner, 2003, 2004; Bruner et Manzi, 2005; Bruner et al., 2002; Coqueugniot et aI.,
2004; Dean et al., 1998; Falk et aI., 2000, 2005; Holloway, 1983, L996; McCown et
Keith, 1939; Manzi et al., 2001; Neubauer et at, 2004; Prossinger et aI., 2003;
Trinkaus, 1983; White et Falk, 1999; Wu et aI., 2006). 110 H306pIDKeHHmf 3H,lJ;O-
KpaHOB, npHBeJJ;eHHbIM B :QHTHpoBaHHbIx TPy,n;ax, ,lJ:aHbI HJI.JIlOcTpa H HacTojJ:meH
KHHrH (c HeKoTopoH Hc06xOIIHMOH npaBKoH).
am-IbIe IIO 06'beMY M03ra 6bIJIH B3.$1TbI B OCHOBHOM H3 HeCKOJIbKHX CBO,[(OK
(KOQCTKOBa, 1966; AneKcecB, 1978; Hambly, 1947; Holloway, 1983, 1996; Falk et
aI., 2000; Elton et ai., 2001), a TaIOKC 6ollbilloro KOJlWJCCTBa OT)];eJIbHbIX ny6JIHKa-
:QHH: n03,n:HeMHOIJ;eHOBbIe rOMHHOH,lJ:hI: R UD 197-200 (Kordos et Begun, 1997,
2001a,b); aBcTp8JI0ITHTeKoBhIe: TM 266-01-060-1 (Brunet et aI, 2002), DIK-1-1
(Alemseged et aI, 2006), A. garhi (Asfaw et aI., 1999), Kenyanthropus (Leakey et
aI., 2001); "3yrOMHHHlIhI": MaHHcH (ra6ynIDI H lij)., 2001, 2002; Vekua et aI.,
2002), ATan)'3pKa (rpaH .lI:OJIlfIla; Arsuaga et aI., 1999), qenpaHo (Ascenzi et aI.,
1996, 2000; Clarke, 2000), Eo-no (Rightmire, 1996), llerpaJIOHa (Poulianos, 1995),
CaM6ynrMaQaH 3 II .npyrHe apxaHTponbI A3HH (Delson et aI., 2(01), ATan)'3pKa
(CHMa ,nc JIOC Y3COC; Arsuaga et at, 1997), PeH.rrHHreH (Dean et at, 1998), JIe My-
CTbe I, HOB8.SI pCKOHCTpYK:QIDI (Thompson et Illerhaus, 1998), illaHH,D;ap (Trinkaus,
1983), llimr-Eya LB 1 (Falk et aI., 2005), WLH 50 (Stringer, 1998), MHHaTOraBa
(Suzuki, 1982), BaCHJIbeBKa I (KOH,nYKTopoBa, 1957), HTypH MTNW (Mercader et
aI., 2001). I10mIbm CIIHCOK MaTCpHaJIOB IIpHBc-neH B npHJIO)KeHHH (Ta6JI.3).
Bcero 6bmo HCnOJIb30BaHO 78 onpe eneHHii 06'beMa M03ra cOBpeMelIlIhIX
06e3bjJ:H, 244 - HCKonaCMhIX rOMHHOH,lJ:OB II 289 - cOBpeMcHHbIx JIIO,nCH. IIpH no-
CTpOCHIDf rpa<pHKoB, OTpIDKaroIqHX 3BOJIIOQHIO 06neMa rOJIOBHOro M03ra, AIDI HC-
KOnaeMbIX rOMHHHD; HCIIO.JTh30BaJIHCb TOJIbKO HH,D;HBH)];YaJIbIIhle orrpe,neJICIIIDI, TOr}];a
KaK AIDI cOBpeMeHHblx 'lJeJIOBCKOo6pa3HbIX 06e3b»H H JIIOn;eH - cpc He H npeJJ;CJIhI
H3MelI'lllBOCTH )];JUI BHJJ;OB, nO,lJ;BH,n:OB H TeppHTOpHaJIbHhlX rpynn. B MHoroMcpHbIX
aH8JlH38.X, CCTCCTBeHHO, HcnOJIb30BaJIHC'b TOJIbKO HH,lJ:HBH,n:YaJIbHbIe H3MepCHHJl.
B pa60Te HCnOJIb30BaJIHCb pCKOHCTpyKQHH 3H,D;OKpaHOB OR 5, OR 7 H AT-
JIaHTpona IV, BbInOJIHeHHble B.M. KOqeTKOBOH (1973). llepB8.SI HaXOAKa HHor,lJ:a
PCKoHcTpYHPyeTC.H co 3HaQHTeJlbHO 60JIbillCH 06mCH )J;JIHHOH, nOCKOJIbKY Ha 'lJCpC-
IIC OTCyrCTBYCT coc,n:HHeHHC JI06HOH H TCMCHHOH 'lJaCTeH. 3HJJ;OKpaHbI OH 7 Ii AT-
JIaHTpona IV 6bIDH peKoHc'TpyHpOBaHhI B.M. KOqeTKOBOH B HCCKOJIbKHX BapHaH-
4 MamepUaJlbl U Memodbl
15
Tax, ,nJI» HameH pa60ThI H3 HHX 6L1JIH BhI6paHbI HaH60JIce )J;OCTOBepHbIC. B 060HX
CJIyqWIX peKOHCTpYXIJ;IDI rrpOH3BOIJ;HJlaCb Ha OCHOBaHHH TCMeHHhIX KOCTeH, II03TO-
MY XapaKTepHCTIIKH OCTaJIbHbIX 06JIaCTCH M03ra HBJUIIOTCjI cyry60 npc.n;nOJIO)I(H-
TeJIbHbIMH; B )];a.TIbHC:HmeM ynOMHHaHIDI 0 )1HCXYCCHomIOM xapaKTCpc .nCTaJIe:H
CTpoeHHSI TOD RJlH RHOD qaCT pCKOHCTpYKIJ;HH )];aHHbIX 3HJJ;OKpaHOB B 60JIbIllHH-
CTBC CJIyqaeB onYCKaIOTC».
MaTepH8JILI no XpOHOJIOrBH
Ha rpacpHKax C XpOHOJIOrHQeCKOH IllK8JIO:H COBpCMeIllIhIM 06e3b.smaM YC-
JIOBHO ,n:aHbI JJ;aTHpOBKH, npH6JIH3HTCJIbHO COOTBCTCTByIOInHC npeWIOJIaraC IOMY
BpeMCHH ,n:IIBepreH:QHH OT CTBOJIa, Bcn;YU:(cro K rOMHHHn;aM: rn660HLI - 20 MJIII.
nCT: opaHryraHbI - 12 MJIH. JleT; rOpHJIJThI 8 - MJIH. JICT; 06hTKHOBeHHbm IDHMIIaH3e
- 7,5 MITH. JICT, 60H060 - 7 MJIH.JI. (<bOYJIH, 1990, c. 41; Xp:HCaH«poBa, 1987, c. 23-
25). CTOHT OTMeTRTb, qTO cymecTByroT H cyu eCTBeHHO MCHbIIIHe ou;eHKH pacxo-
)l()J;eHH» )'Ka3aHHhIX rpynn (HanpHMCp: Stauffer et aI., 2(01).
HaM11 6bIJIH HCnOJIb30BaHbI Ha:H6oJIec IIpH3HaIDIble ,n:aTHpOBKH HCKonaeMhIX
Haxo,n:OK, B31£TbIe H3 MHO)I(CCTBa p83.1IW1HhIX HCroQHHKOB (QaCTINHO y:Ka3aHlIIiIX B
IICpetfilCJICHHH MaTCpHaJIOB no MOPCPOJIOrHH): cpopMaI:(HSI KaJIlIc6epCK (Deino et al.,
2002), Topoc-MeHaJIJIa (Brunet et aI, 2002; Vignaud et aI., 2002), )];HKHKa
(Alemseged et ai, 2006), MaKanaHCraT (Blackwel1 et aI., 2001), aHHCH (Gabunia
et at, 1999), IIHTCKaIlTpoIIbI CaHrHpana (Larick et ai., 2001), ATaIIY3pKa (rpaH ,l].o-
JIHHa; Flaqueres et a1., 1999), IOHKcSIIrb (Chen et aI, 1996), JIalITI>jIHb (An et al.,
1990), OYKOY}UIHb (Gron et al., 1997), JIoHTallIJ;yIl (rCKCb.SIH Gron et al., 1998),
CHHra (McDermott et at, 1996), HraH,lJ:OHr (Bartstra et at, 1988), Aparo (Iacumin et
at, 1996), Eop,n:ep K3HB (Gron et Beaumont, 2001), c6cJI Ka«p3cx (Schwarcz et
at, 1988; Valladas et aI., 1988), CXYJI (Stringer et at, 1989), I1CaH,l(epT8JlJ,. LI If
Bepxmdi n8JICOJIHT (MBaHOBa, 1965), CCH Ce3ep (Mercier et ai., 1991), JUrnr-Eya
LBI (Morwood et al., 2004), JI3HK MYHro (Brown, 1997; Gillespie, 1997; Bowler et
Magee, 2000; Gi1Jespie et Roberts, 2000), MHHaToraBa (Matsu'ura, 1982), roM:mnf-
lIbI A«PPHKH (McBrearty et Brooks, 2000). llo.np06HhIC aHHbIe Ha PYCCKOM .SI3L1KC
MO>KHO HaRTH B COOTBCTCTBYI0II(HX CBO,n:Kax (AP06IillIIcBCKHH, 2002, 20046, 2006).
3HaQHTCJlbHhIe CnO)l(HOCTH BbI3bIBaCT Hconpc,n:eJIeHHOCTb ,n:aTHpOBOK 60JIb-
mMHCTBa nanco8HTpononOrHQeCKHX HaxO,n:OK. B Ka'IJCCTBe IIpHMcpa MO)I(HO npH-
BCCTH HCCKOJIbKO illHpOKO H3BeCTIlhIX MccTOIlaXO)K,n:cHHH, )];JIjI KOTOpbIX I(aTHpoBKIf
pa3HbIMH MeTO,lJ:aMH H aBTopaMH paCxOJVITc» OqeHb CHJIbHO.
rOMHHHlIbI H3 EpoKeH XH.JIJI If CaJIJJ;aHbH Ha OCHOBC cpaBHCHIDI <}JaYHHCTH-
qeCKHX KOMnJIeKCOB C T8.KOBblMII OJI.D;)'BaSI 6bIJIH )J;aTHpOBaHhT BpeMcHeM 700-400
TbIC.JI.H. (Klein, 1994, QHT. no: Rightn1ire, 1998); 3Ta .n;aTHpOBKa npe.n;nO'ITHTeJIb-
Hce CTapoH B 125 TbIC.JI., ony6JIHKOBaHHOH TeM )Ke aBTopOM paHCC (Klein, 1973).
OMaKo Ha OCHOBe IIcpe)J;aTIlpoBaHH» oJI,lJ:YBaiicKHx CJIOeB B03pacT 4JaYJI MeCTOHa-
XO>K,n:CHHB EpOKCH XHJIJI H CaJI.naIlbjf yn:pcBIDIeTcjJ .no 1,33-0,780 MJIH.ll.H. HJIH
lIIDKe 1,33-1,07 MJIH.JI.H. (McBrearty et Brooks, 2000 Ha OCHOBe Klein, 1994 It
Tamrat et at, 1995). llIHpoKO H3BCCTH8.SI .n;aTHpoBKa 6e.n;peHHoH KOCTH rOMHHH)J;R
113 6pOKeH XHruI EM 793 MeTO)];OM pau;CMH3aIJ;HH acnapTHHoBhIX KHCJIOT B ] 10
TbIC.JI.H. (Bada et aI., 1974) He MO)l(CT CqHTaThCjI .n;OCTOBepHoii, IIOCKOJIbKY)J;aHHbIH
16
4. Mamepuallbl U Memo ObI
4. MamepuWlbl U Memoobl
17
MeTO)]; HenpHMeHHM no OTHomeHHlO K KOCTHOMY MaTepHaJIY 11 CHJIhHO 3aB1ICHT OT
KaJIH6pOBXJi )J;IDI ,n:aHHoro MecTOHaxO)l()J;eHHSf C nOMorn::b1O .npyrn:x a6COJIIOTHbIX
MeTO.n;OB (Schwarcz, 2001, IJ;HT. no Barham et aI., 2002). Ha OCHOBe apXCOJIorH'IJe-
CKHX .n;aHIIhIX H npCn;BapHTCJThHLlX pC3YJThTaTOB ,naTHpOBaHH.$I ypaHOBbIM MeTOn;OM
KOCTH rOMHHH.rt H3 EpoKeH XHJIJI MOryr OTHOClITbCg KO BpcMeHH 300-130 TbIC.JI.
(Barham et aI., 2002). PaCXO)l()J;eHHe .n;aTHpOBOK, OCHOBaHHhIX Ha COCTaBC <paynhI
(1,33-1,07 MJIH.JI.H. HJIH 700-400 ThIC.JI.H.) H apxeoJIOrH'lJeCKHX .naHHhIX (300-]30
ThIC.JI.) KpaHHe BeJIHKO, XOTX BCC 3TH MaTCpH8JIhl, BKJIIOq3JI KOCTH rOMHHH)J;, cy.n;.SI
no co.n;cp)l(aIIHIO :QHHKa, CBHI-I:Qa H npOQHX 3JICMCIITOB, rrpOHCXOAAT '83 HIDKHHX
CJIOeB nern:ephI (
06bIllICBCKHH, 20046; Barham et aI., 2002 Ha OCHOBe Clark et
aI., 1947 II Bartsiokas et Day, 1993).
.lij)yroe MCCTOHaXO)J()];eHHC C OqeHb CnOpHbIMH ;:J;aTHpoBKaMH - ncmepa Ta-
6yH. CKeJlCT Ta6yH I C HaH60JIhIDCH BepojJ:THOCThIO npOHCXO,nHT H3 CJIO» C, HO,
B03MO)KH0, 3axopoIIcH Ty.na 113 CJIOjJ B HJIH, C MelI1>mCH BCpOKI'HOCTblO, 6hIJI HaH-
JJ;eH B CJIOJIX D HJIH E (Schwarcz et aI., 1998; Alperson et aI., 2000). l
aTlipoBKH
,n.mI 3THX CJIOeB MO:>KHO pa3)];eJIHTh Ha ):(BC rp)'IIIIbI - )];peBHHe II MOJIo.n;ble. EOJTh-
lliHHCTBO MOJIO)J;bIX ,n:aTHpoBoK c,neJIaHO parofoyrJIepo.n;HbIM MeTO,nOM B HaqanC
1960-x r0)10B (HBaHoBa
1965, c.120). 60JIee n;peBHHH cnoH C 6hIJI B HOBCHmCe
BpeMJI }1aTHpOBalI 134 000 :t 36000 MeTOlIOM 3JIeKTpOllHoro CIIHH-pC30IlaHCa
(Gron et at.. 1991, :QHT. no: Gron et Stringer, 2000) HJllI 144000:t 14000 MCTOlIOM
TepMOJIIOMHHCCn;eIIIJ;HH (Mercier et aI., 1995, IJ;HT. no: Gron et Stringer, 2000).
B03pacT CJIOR B MCTO,n:OM 3JIercrpoHHoro cnHH-pe30HaHca Ha 3y6HOH 3MaJIH )l(1f-
BOTHhIX 6hIJI onpe)J;eJICH B 122:t] 6 ThIC.JI. (Grun et Stringer, 2000). O)J;HaKO )J;aTH-
pOBaHHe ypaHOBhIM MeTOJJ;OM I-IenOCpe,l.(CTBeHHO KOCTcH CKeJICTa Ta6yn I )J;8JIO
IJ;H<PPhI B 19 000 :f: 2000 JI.H. AIDI 6e,npcHHoH KOCTH H 34 000 :f: 5000 JI.H. AIDI HH)I(-
IICB -qemOCTH (Schwarcz et aI., (998). 3TH JJ;aIIIIbIC KpHTUqCCKH nepCCMaTpHBaJIHCb
(Alperson et aI., 2000; Gron et Stringer, 2000), HO OCTalOTCSI nOKa eJJ;HHCTBCHHhlMH
)J;aT8MH, C.n;CJIaHHhIMH Ha KOCTjfX rOMHHH,n:.
OlIHaKo.. Hell36c)l(JIbIC onm6KH .n:aTHpOBOK He HMCIOT cym;CCTBcffiIoro 3Ha-
qeHIDI, nOCKOJIbKY HaMH OIJ;CHHBaIOTC» 06IQHoCTH Haxo.n;OK, a HC HH)J;HBH,lJ;Y)'MhI. B
,n:aJThIICHmeM IIpH ynOMHHaHHH naXOJJ;OK C IIaH60JIee CIIOpHbIM B03pacToM BepOJIT-
HOCTb OIDH6KH JJ;aTHpoBKH, CCTeCTBeHHO, 6YJJ;eT yqlfThIBaTbc».
4.2. Memoow
llporpaMMLI H3MepeHHH H HRcTpYMeRTLI
Bcc H3MepCHHjJ: npOH3BO)J;HJlHCb C nOMOm;blO qCThIPCX I;IHCTpYMCHTOB: CKOJTh-
3Rmcro
KYIDI, Manoro TOJICTOTIIOrO IJ;HIIKYIDI H Mj{rKOH H3MCpHTC.J1DHOH nCIITbY.
ITporpaMMa H3McpeHHH 3H.noKpaHoB" BKJIlOqaIOIUWI 71 IIYHKT,6a3HpOBa.rracb
HR MCTO,n:HKC, ony6JIHKOBaIIHOH B.M. KOqeTKOBOH (1973). l],eJIecoo6pa3I1o lIpH-
BCCTH OIIHcaHHe H3MCpHTeJlbHhIX TOqCK H HX nOJlO)KeHIDJ Ha nOBepXHOCTII 311)];0-
KpaHa (Ta6J1.1 H 2, pHc.l). QHH COBna.n;aIOT C OnHCaHHhIMH B BhIllICy.K8.38HHOH pa-
60Te C I1CCKOJThKHMH H3MCHeHIDIMH: TOqKH fm II om
HKCHpOB3JIHC1> IIO call1T-
TaJIhHOH nrrOCKOCTH MYlliDKa, a He Ha nOJIymapHH JIaTepaJlbHO OT 3TOH llJIOCKOCTH,
T8.KHM 06pa30M 3TH TOqKH no.rryqaIOT HeCKOJIbKO 60JICC cTa6HJIbHOe nOJIO)KeHHe;
)J;JUI onpeJJ;eneHIDI BbICOTbI 3H.nOKpaHa 6bma .no6aBJIeHa TaIOKC TOqXa basion (ba)"
HaxO.n;HM3JI Ha cpe.n;HeH JlHHHH HH)l{Heii CTOpOHhI 3HJ(OKpaHa B HaHBhIcmeH TOqKe
IIO,lt.beMa BbIeMKH, COOTBCTCTByrOInCH IIcpe.n;HcMY KpaIO TypCIJ;KOrO ce.nrra (dorsum
sellae) HJIH )l(C MCCTY CXOjI()J;eHIDI cpe,D;Hcro II npOMe)l(yrOYIHOrO M03ra. Ha 3HJ(O-
KpaHe B 3TOM MeCTC CXO,WITCjJ B8JIHK CTBOJla M03ra II 6yrOpOK Ha MCCTe TypcIJ;XOro
ce.n:na. 3a pOJIaH,noBbIMH TO'IJKaMH (R H Rm) If CHJlbBHeBOH TOqKOH (Sy) coxpaHc-
HhI HMCHHO 3TH Ha3BaHIDI, XOT» B HeKOTophIX pa60Tax OHH 0603Ha1.JaIOTC» HHa1.JC
(Ce
Cern H .np.) (HanpHMep: KpaB'lJCHKO, 1989).
R
f
..
---. / .
... .
. .....
smg 'f....... . 1
o P' "-
I '. t.
S y ' '-: .
: ang'. ./
· I 0 '-;lm. .
..
._
.......,.
-. -----...-. . \ .
...... t p ...... .
..0 . ."
... ! \
.... .
... ..
-.... -
op
PRc.I. ITOJIO:>KeIlHe H3MepHTeJIbHbIX TOqeK na nOBepXHOCTH JH)];OKpaHa.
18
4. MamepuQJlbl U Memoobl
P83MCphI onpC.n;CJUIJIHCh Ha 3H.n;OKpaHC HanpKMyID, npOCKIJ;HOHIlbIC H3Mcpe-
HAA He npOH3Bo.n;HJIHCb. B CBjJ:3H C 3THM HCKOTophIe HaillH H3MepCHIDI OTllHqaIOTC»
OT npHBelIeHHbIX B pa60Te B.ll. KO'IJeTKOBOH (1973). TaK, -BCC nOnepCqHbIC H
onpe.n;eJIjJJIHCb IIO nOBcpxHOCTH 3H)J;oKpaIIa 'lJepC3 onpc.n;eneHnyro TO'IKY, a lIC IIa
«pPOHTaTIbHbIX 06Bo.n;ax. 3TO n03BOAAeT, BO- ncpBhIx, OqCHb yrrpOCTHTb npon;e.n;ypy,
R, BO-BTOPhIX, nOBbICHTb T01fil0CTh H3MCpCHHH. IIpocKIJ;HOHHasI BbICOTa OT HIDKHCH
BHCOqHOH TOqKH ,n:o BepTeKca 6bma 3aMeHCHa Da npXMbIe OT 6a3HOHa )];0 pOJlaHJJ;O-
BOH TO'IJKH H OT IIHpaMH;:J;HOH n;o pOJIaH,n:oBoH, 3TO n03BOJIjJCT CIDITh H3MCH1JHBOCTb,
o6YCJIOBJICmIYIO BapHan;H.$IMH BbIcTyrralIIDI BHCOqlIOH ,n:OJIH H OnpC,nCIDITb I1eno-
cpeJJ;CTBeHHyro BbICOTY. TIpH H3MCpCHHH 06meii IDHpHHbI M03)1(e'lKa yqHTbIBaJIHCb
pR3MephJ o6011X cro nOJIymapHii; .n;mma H mHpHHa OnpC,nCIDIJIHC:b )];IDI o,nHoro IIO-
.rrymapIDI; nOnepe'IJHO-CHrMOBHJJ;HbIH CHHYC qaCTO BhIpa)KeH ,nOCTaTO'IJHO CH.JI:bHO H
MO)l(CT npcYBeJIH'lJHTb pa3MCpbI M03)KCqKa, ero BJIIDIIDIe no B03MO:)KHOCTII HCKJIIO-
q8JIOCL, B cnyqWIx 60JIbIDOrO OTnCqaTKa cHHyca p8.3Mep 6p8JIcjJ OT cepc,n;HHhI cro
TOJIIIJ;HHbI. TalOKe 6bIJIH JJ;o6aBlleHbI HeCKOJIbKO HOBhIX pa3MCpOB, YKa3aHHbIX B
CIIHCKe (Ta6JI.2).
Ta6JIHIJ;a ]
N
I
1
M3MC HTCJlbHbIe TO'lKH 3H)J;o xp aHa
T OqKH I10JIO)KeHHe TO"tJeK
TO'lKH OfiI.QHX a3Me 08 3H)J;OK aHa
Ha cpe,nHeii nHHHH IIIOKHeH CTOpOHhI M03ra B BhI-
eMKe, COOTBeTCTB)'IOIQeii neperoIeMY KpaIO TYpe -
Koro ceM3 (dorsum sellae) HJIH )Ke MecTY CXO)K-
,lI,eIlIDI C e,ll,HerO H II OMe)K o'lffioro M03ra.
MeCTO nepeceqeHIDI npoeKD;:alI :qeH'rp8JILHOii 60-
03,AhI C Me)J;HaJILHLIM aeM nOJI a WI.
cepe,ll,HIla JIHIIHH npoeKI HH n;eHTpaJILHO:H 60p03-
,lI,hI
MecTO nepeceqeHIDI JIaTep3JILHOrO KpWI nOJIyma-
pIDI C OTne-qaTKOM CHrMOBR)J.HOrO cHHyca H Bep-
nUlHbI OTIleq aTK a aMH.n;bI B HCOqHOH K OCT _
Ha.:u6oJIec 60KOBWI TO'IKa 3HL(oKpaHa CTa6HJILHO-
1'0 nonO)J(eHHSI: HeT.
MCCTO CMhIKaHIDI no6HoH H BHCO'tJIIOH ,noneH 3H-
. ,n oKpaHa Ha JJaT cp aJlbHOM Kp ac nOJ1 1!!!jJ.
TO'lKH JI06HOH nOJIH 3HnOK aHa
TOT.JKa JIo6noro nonloca, MCCTO H8.H6oJThIlICrO BLI-
C aHIDI B .n; JI06HOH ,lI,OJIR 3I1)J;O Kp aHa.
Da Me,nH8JILHOH JIHImH JJ06HOH ,nOJIH HR MCCTC ne-
pexo.n;a ,nopCOJIaTepaJILHO:H nOBepXHOCTH 3H}1;O-
aHa B 6a38JILH
q
MCCTO nepeCeqeHIDI OTne"tJaTKa BCHe"tJHoro IIIBa If
Me,nH8JILHOrO Kp asl no nymap JUl.
c ep e,nHHa BeHe'IHOrO mBa i
TO'IKa BepnmHId 1f3rH6a Op6maJILHOrO CBo.n;a
JI06HOR ,nOJUI 3I1)J;O aHa Ha JIaT aJILHOM Kp ae.
MCCTO nepexo,na Op6HTaJILHOrO CBo)'(a B BLIDYX-
I JIOCTL naTepaJIbHOrO 6yrpa, MecTO UCHTp8JIbHOrO
n ep ern:6a B CHH Y CO:u.n;C JI06HOrO yq aCTKa JIaTC-
1 27
L
Ea3HOH (ba):
2
POJI OBa TO'IKa (R):
3
Cpe,ll,lUUl pOnaH,ll,OBa TOT.lKa (Rm):
23
1 24
4
I1HpaMH,l.J;HasI TOT.JKa (py):
5
3ypHOH (eu):
6
CHJJLBIDI (Sy):
II
7
<DpOlITarre (f):
8
JI06HO-KpaCBaH TOqXa (fm):
9
EpcrMa (b):
10
11
--
C C,nHCBCBC'IHaJI TOqKa (em):
<bOpHHKC (fx):
12
EOKOBaj{ TOqKa (la):
4. MamepUaJlbl U Memoobl
19
13
aJILHOrO WI n OJIYIIIap IDI.
HIDKHSUI JI06B8Jl TO"IIKa (fi): CaM3JI HIDKIUUI TO'IKa JIaTCparrLHoro 6yrpa JI06HOH
.nOJIH H).J;O Kp aHa.
OnepKY.1U.IpH8.SI TOqKa (p): H8H60JIee 60KOBaB TO'IKa onepKY.IDlpHOH 'lJaCTH
JI06HO:H .u;OJIH 3 H,D;oKpaH a; Ha JIaT 3JILHOM 6 e.
TO'lKII TeMeHHOB )J;OJIB 311)J;O aHa
H aeB8JI TO"tJKa (smg): Ucmp nepe.n;Hero yqaCTKa HIDKHeH TeMeHHOB:
.u;OJThKH; nepeCe'IeHHe np.HMhIX B3 yrJIOB nep e-
ro yqacTKa HIDKHeH TCMeHHOH .ltOJILKH MecTO
C SMa rHH8JILHOH H3BRJIHHhI.
YrJIOB8JI T01IKa (ang): neHTp 38J(HerO yqaCTKa HIDKHeH TeMeIDIO:H .ltOJIL-
K.H; IIepeceqeHHe npJlMLIX H3 yrJIOB 3 Hero yqa-
CTKa HIDKHeH TeMeHHoH ,lI,OJILK.H; MecTO aHry.illlp-
HOH H3BHJIHHLI.
TO'lKII 3aTblJlOQHOB lJ;OJIU 3H)J;OK aHa
OnHCTHOIl (op): HaH60JIee 38.,lJ,HJIj1 TOqKa 3aTLIJIOQHOH ,lI,OJIH 3H)J,O-
aHa.
3aTLIJIO'lHO-xpaeBaJI roqxa (om): norpaHH"tlHaJI TO"tlKa 3H,lJ;oxpana 3aTLIJIO'lHOH ,n;OJIH
no Me,n;HaJILHOH JIHHHH.
lliM6,Aa (1): TOQKa nepeCeQelIIDI OTIIeqaTKa 3aThIJIOQHoro lliBa
JiI Me.n;HaJILHOrO WI nOJl a IDI.
C e.nHcIDIM6.n;OB HaJI Toqxa (Jm): C c)'(HHa JtHHHH OTIIeqaTKa 3aThI1IOqHoro lliBa.
BHCO"lHO-3aThUI01IHWI To"tJKa (to): MCCTO nepeCe'IeHHj{ OTIIecIaTKa 3aTbIDO"tJHOrO mBa
C JtaT9>8JILHblM xp aeM IIO a HJI.
14
III
15
16
IV
17
18
19
20
21
v
TO'lKH BHCO'lHOB )J;OJlH 3H,lJ;oKpa-
Ha
BHCO'IJHbIH nOJIIOC (t):
caMWI nepeJJ;IDUI T01:JKa nOJIIOCHOrO OT,nen.a BHCO'I-
HOH ,nonD 3H.nO aHa.
CaM3JI HIDKIUUI TO'IKa BJilCO'tJHO:H )'(01lH 3H,n0 aHa.
B cpeJ(HeH 1:JacTH BDC01IHOM ,nOJIH Ha JIarepaJILlIOM
Kpae nOJIymapJilJl, MecTO nepecelIeHHJI [Iepne -
Kymq>a Jil3 cepe.u;HHbI npoeKl{HH CHJIbBHeBOH (Qe-
JIH Ha naT 3JIbHbI:H aM no ma IDI.
C e)J;HHa OeKQHH CHJIbBHCBO:H CJIH.
KOHeu OTneqaTKa npoeKl{IDl CRJILBHCBO:H eJIH; Y
nOroIO)KIDI TeMeHHoro 6yrpa. Me>K.nY BepXHei'i
CHJIbBHeH (Sy') H CHJIbBHeH (Sy) npOBO.ltHTCB npo-
eK.QID[ CHJILBHeBOH meJIH.
cepe.l1HHa YCJIOBHO:H npJIMOH Me BepXHei'i
CHJIbBHeH (Sy') II BHCOQHO-3aThlJIO'lHOH TOqxOi'i
(to).
22
HIOKJUIjI BHCOQH8JI To"tJKa (ti):
Cpe,WUUI BHCOqJI3JI TO'IKa (tIn):
25
26
C e.n;lI.IDI CHJILBIDI (8 m):
BepXIUUI ClUIbBIDI (Sy'):
38.,lJ,HJIj1 BHC01IHasI TO'IKa (tp):
4 MamepUa.Jlbl U Memoobl
20
4. MamepUaJlbl U Memoobl
21
Ta6JIHIJ;a 2
39 06m8JI )VIRHa TCMeHHoH )J;OJIH 3H,ZJ;OKPana xop.n;a R-l Cn
40 06m8JI .nyra TeMeHHoH )J;OJIH 3H)J;OKPaHa )J;yra R-1 n
41 EOKOB8JI )J;JIHHa TeMeHHoH )J;OJIH 3H.n;OKpana xop.n;a Rm-lm cn
42 EOKOB8JI .n;yra TCMeHHoH .n;OJIH 3H)J;OKPaHa .n;yra Rm-1m ]I
IV 3aTYnOqBaH OnH3n oK p aBa
43 3aTblJIOQH8JI BIJCOTa 3HJJ;O Kp aHa xop.n;a I-to cn
44 3aTIJJIOQH8JI IDHpHna 3H;J;OIqJaHa xop.n;a to-to cn
45 fuM6.n;aTHQeCKM 3aTbIDOQnaJI .n;yra 3H.n;OKpaHa .n;yra to-I-to n
46 3a,u;H.IDI 3aThIJIOQH8JI.n;yra 3II,lJ;0r<paHa a to-op-to JI
47 06 8.SI MHHa 3aThIJIO'lllOH .n;OJIH 3H,n;OKpaHa xop.n;a I-om Cn
48 06mWl .lO'Ta 3aTbInOlJHOH .nonD 3HJJ;olCpaHa .nyra I-om JI
49 EOKOBWI AJIHHa 3aTbIJIOQHOH )];OnD 3B,IJ;or<paHa xop.n;a 1m-om CQ
50 bOKOBWI A)'I' a 3aTbInoq}{oH .n;OJIH 3B,lJ;OKpaHa )];yra 1m-om n
51 HIDKIDUI ,lJ)IHHa 3aThIJIO'lffiOH .n;OJIH 3H,nOlCpaHa xop.n;a to-om Cij
52 HDjI(HJJJJ .u;yra 3aThIJIOQHOH ,u;OJIH 3H,u;or<paHa )];yra to-om JI
V M03iKeIJOK
53 06 WI lliHpHHa M03)1(eQKa o6a IIOJIymapIDI CQ
54 .l(.rrHHa nOJIymapluI M03)I(e'tlKa JIaTep8.JIDHO CQ
55 IlIlipHHa IIon ymap IDI M03)Ke1JKa BepTHK8.JIbHO Cn
VI BnCO"IJHaH AonH 3HAOKp8Ha
56 CmlbBHeBa llIH.pHHa 3H,IJ;oKp8Ha xop,u;a Sy-Sy TIVC
n;
57 IIepe.n;HeBHcoqHaSI lli Hp HHa 3:u,nO Kp ana x op.n; a t-t Cn;
'58 IIepe.n; IDI.SI BhICOTa BHCO-qgOH )];OJIH. 3H.n;0Iq)aHa xop.n;a Sy-ti cq
59 IIepe.n;IDIJI BhICOTH8JI .n;yra BHCO'lllOH .n;OJIH 3H.n;OKpana .n;yra Sy-t-ti JI
60 Cpe.n;IDUI BbICOTa BHCO'IHOH )];OJIH 3H)];OIq)ana xop.n;a SYm-tm Cn
61 Cpe.n;ID.UI BbICOTHaJI .n;yra BHCO'tlnOH .n;OJIH 3HJJ;OK'paHa l.n;yra SYm- tm JI
--
62 38.,lJ;IDU1 BbICOTa BHCO'tlHOH .n;onD 3:u,nOlCpaHa xop.n;a Sy' -to CU
63 3a,u;H.IDI BbICOTH8JI.n;yra BHCO'tlnOH .n;OJIH 3HJJ;OK'pana .n;yra Sy' -to JI
64 H8H60nhlliWl MHHa BHCOQHOH .n;OJIH 3:u,noxpana xop.n;a t-to ClJ
65 HaH6oJ1hlli8JI .n;yra BHCOQHOH )J;OJ1H 3HJJ;oKpaHa (no 60KOBOH )J;yra t-to JI
IIoB ep XHocTH)
66 BepXIDUJ: AJIHHa BHCOQHOH .n;OJIH 3H.n;o xp aHa xop.n;a Sy-Sy' cn:
67 Cpe)J;IDUI .n;.nHHa BHCOqnOH .n;OJlll 3IJ..nOIq)ana xop)J;a t-tp Cl(
68 )];HarOH8JlbH8JI .n;JIHna BHCO'lHOH .n;OJIH 3H.n;OK})aHa xop.n;a Sy-to Cl(
69 HaH60JThlliWl HIDKIDUI .n;yra BHCOQnOH .n;OJIH 3H.n;oKpaHa (no .n;yra Sy-t-ti-to JI
HIDKHeMY K'paIO)
70 IIIHQHHa BHCOqHOH .SIMKH 3H,n;o ICp aHa Cn
71 r.rry6HHa BHCOqHOH jJ:MKH 3HJJ;OJq)aHa Cll
n
lporpaMMa H3MepeIDIH 3H,[(OKpaHa
N Pa3Mep H3MepHTCJThHhIe MHCTpY-
TOQKH MeHT*
I Ofi He pa3MepLi 3 oKp8na
1 06mWl AJIHHa 3HJJ;OKpaHa xop.n;a f -op TQ
2 06IQWI .n;yra 3H,l1;OKJ)8Ha ){Yra f - R -op 11
3 HH)I(IDllI )J;JIHHa 3H,n;OKpaHa xop)J;a fm-om TIVC
U
4 H8H6oJIblliWl.n;yra 3H,l1;OK'paHa ){Yra fm- R -om JI
5 EOKOBWI ,uyra 3H.n;OIq)aHa mrra fm-Rm-om n
6 HH>KIUIJI )JJTa 3H.n;OKpana fm-Sy-t-ti-om JI
7 06 WI BbICOTa 3HJJ;0Iq)aHa BbICOTa ba-R "t1L-
8 "YmHasI" BLICOTa 3H.)J;OIq)aHa BLICOTa py-R Cn;
9 H8H6onhlliWl m HpH Ha 3B,D;o Kp 8Ha xop.n;a eu-eu TU
10 lJ{yra HaH60JIbmeH mH p HHhI 3H.IJ;oKpana .n;yra eu-R-eu JI
II JIofiHaH nonH 3HnOK-p8Ha
11 JI06HaJI BhlCOTa 3HJJ;0Kf)aHa xop)J;a Sy-R Cn
12 JI06HasI mHpHHa 3HJJ;oKp8Ha xoplIa p-p TWC
Q
13 EperMaTHQeCKWI n06HWI .n;yra 3H.n;OKpaHa .n;yra p-b-p JI
14 IIepe JI06HasI ,nyra 3H,n;OKpana .n;yra p-f-p JI
15 06ru;asI JI06H8JI .n;JIHHa 3H.JJ;OKPaHa xop.n;a fm-R CQ
16 06IQWI JI06HasI .n;yra 3H,IJ;O a .l!Y!' fm-R ]I
17 llepe.n;IDI.SI JI06nasI ,IJ)IHna 3H,D; oIq) aHa xop.n;a fm-b Cll;
18 IIepe.n;IDUI JIo6nWl .n;yra 3H,l1;OlCpaHa .n;yra fm-b JI
19 EOKOBWI o6IQ8.SI JI06nasI ,n;JIHHa 3u.n;oKPaHa xop.n;a fm-Rm Cn;
20 bOKOB8JI 06ru;asI no6nWl.n;yra 3H,D;OKp8Ha yra fm-Rm JI
21 EOKOBasI nepc;:J;HRiI J106HWI MHHa 3H.n;OKpaHa xop.n;a fm-em CU--
22 EOKOBWI n ep e;:J;H.sllI J106HWI )J;yra 3HJJ;oKpaHa tJYra. fm-em JI
23 HaH6oJ1hlliWl HIDK.IUUI .n;.rrHHa JI06nOH )J;onH 3H,l1;OKpaHa xop.n;a fm-Sy Cll;
24 H8H60nbWWI HIDKIDUI a JI06nOH .n;OJIH 3H,l1;OKJ)3.lla .n;yra fm-fx-fi-Sy JI
25 JInHHa HIDKHero IIo,n;beMa JI06HOH .n;OJIH 3H.n;OKpaHa xop.n;a fm- fx Cn:
26 J{yra HIDKHero no.n;'beMa no6noH .n;OJID 3II,lJ,O Iq) aHa ffi'I'R. fm-fx ]]
27 llepe)];IUUI HIDKIJJ:UI ,lVIHHa JI06nOH .n;onH 3H.n;OIq)aHa xop.n;a fm-fi CQ
28 J{.n:HHa Op6HTHOH qaCTH no6HoH .n;OJIH 3H.n;OKpaHa xO]?n a la-Sy Cl{
29 . J{yra op6}ITnOH qaCTH no6HoH .nOJIH 3H.n;oxpaHa mrra la-Sy JI
30 38.,lJ;IlSUI HIOKIDUI .n;nHHa JI06HOH .n;onH 3HJJ;OKpaHa xop,u;a fi -S y Cll;
III TeMeHH8H }J;OJUI 3HAOKP8na
31 IIepe,lJ;IDlJI BhICOTa TeMeHHoH ,lI;OJIH 3H,lJ;OKpaHa xop.n;a SYncR Cll;
32 3a,u;BJUI BhlCOTa TeMeHHoH ,n;OJIH 3H.n;or<pana xop,u;a Sy' -1m cg __
33 IIepe.n;nereMeHH8.H IUllpHHa 3R.AOK'.paHa xop.n;a SYm-SYm Cl{ --
34 Ha,u;KPaeB8.H (cynpaMaprHHaJIbHasI) mHIlHHa 3HJJ;oKpana xop.n;a smg-smg 1T(IC
-- -
35 Ha.nKPaeB8.H (cyrrpaMaprHHaJIbH8JI) .n;yr a 3H)J;O Kp aHa .n;yra smg - R -smg JI
36 YrJIOB8JI (aHrYIDIpH8JI) llIHpHHa 3H)1oKpaHa xop,u;a ang -ang TIDe
[(
37 Y rJIOB8JI (anrymrpHasI) a 3H)J;OKpana ang-ang n
38 3a,u;nereMeHHWI m Hp Hna 3H ,u;OKpaH a xop.n;a 1m-1m Cn;
* TQ - MaJThIH TOJICTOTHhIii IJ;HPKYJIh, CQ - CKOJTh3.snmrli n1qlKYJTh, JI - H3-
MepHTeJIbHaJI JICHTa.
Hco6XO,lUfMO OTMCTHTb, qTO 60JILmHHCTBo OIIOpHblX TOqCK.. onpe,n;cIDICMbIX
Ha 3HlIoKpaHax.. HMCIOT HeIJ;OCTaTOQHO qeTKyro JIOKaJIH3aUHIO, 'ITO 06YCJIOBJIeHO
OTCyrCTBHCM pC3KHX rpaHeii H 3Ha'IHTeJIbHOH HH,lJ;HBHAY8JIbHOH H3MeH'IHBOCTblO.
AmI 3H,n;oKpaI-IOB IIpHH:QHnHaJIhI-IO HCB03MO)I(I-Ia TaKaJI yIIH<pm<:aIJ;IDI .ne<PHlIHII;HH
p83MepOB, KaK, HanpHMep, )];.JUI 1JepeilOB. fI03TOMY H3MepeHIDI CJICnKOB M03ra Ha,n;o
BOCIIpHHHMaTh JIHillb KaK nOIIhITKy 60JIce 06'beKTHBHOH xapaKTCpHCTHKH o6meii
4>OpMbI, 1JCM CJIOBeCHOC ODHcaHHe. B03MO)l(HbI 3HaqHTeJlbHbIe HH,lJ;HBHJJ;Y8JIbHbIe
4. MamepuWlbl U .MemOObl
22
BapH H B H3MCpCHIDIX 3H.n;OKpaHOB p8.3HhIMH HCCJIc.n;oBaTCJI»MH. B HamCM CJIY-
qac 3Ta np06JICMa 6bma pellieHa TCM, qTO Bce H3MCpCHIDI npOH3BO)J;HJIHCb aBTopoM
JIHtIHO; MO)I(HO 3aMeTIlTb, 'ITO B nO)J;aBJl.SIlOmCM 60JIbIIIHHCTBC CJIyqaeB H3MCpCHH»,
cOBnaJJ;aIOIl{Hc no MCTOl{HKC, nOJIlIOCTblO HJIH noqTH COBna,naJIH C ony6J1HKOBaH-
HbIMII B pa60Te B.M. KOqCTKOBOH (1973).
AmI .n;eTaJIhHOrO aHaJIH3a 3BOJIIOUHH CTpOCHIDI M03ra npOBO,ZJ;HJIOCb nocJlc-
.lIOBaTeJIbHOC paccMoTpeHHe ero ,nOJIeH - JI06HOH, TCMeHHoH, 3aTbIDO'IHOH H BH-
COQHOH. Amr pa3)];CJICHH.sI nOBepXHocTH M03ra Ha )J;OJIH IIpHMCIDIJIHCh YCJIOBHhIC
rpaI-niII , HaH60JIcc npH6JIH)KCHHbIC K B:bI,n:CillICMbIM B aHaTOMHH. rpaI-umCH MC)K-
lJ.y JI06HOH II BHCO'IHOH )J;OIDIMH rrOCJIYJKHJIa JIHHHjJ Sy-SYm; Me JI06HOH II Te-
MCHHOH - nOnCpCqHaJI )];yra SYm-R-SYm; MC)K)J;Y TeMcHlIoH H BIICOlJI-IOH - JIOMaHaJI
SYm-Sy' -1m; ,lJ;8JICC, Mc)K)J;Y TeMcHHoH H 3aTLIJIOqHOH - nOnCpC'lHWI a 1m-I-1m,
a MC)K)],Y BHCO'IJHOH 11 3aThIJlOqHOH - 1m-to. TaKHM 06P830M, rpaHHIJ;hI ,n:OJICH cY-
Il{CCTBeHHO OTJlHQaIOTCjJ OT HCIIOJIb30BaHHhIX B pa60Te B.I1. KO'ICTKOBOH (1973).
XOTS1 nOJIO)KeHHe TOqCK SYm H 1m HeCKOJIbKO Heonpe,n:CJIeHHO, BCe )Ke H3MeHeHHC
OTpC3KOB R-"rrpocKnIDI lIH)KlICrO KOIma IJ;CHTpa.JIbHOH 60p03,D;bI" H Sy' -to, npHMe-
IDIBIDHXC» B.R. KOqCTKOBOH, Ha R-SYm II Sy' -1m n03BOJUICT 60JICC ,n:ocToBepHo
oTpa3HTh rpaHHIJ;hI, npC)K.n;c Bccro JI06HOH H BHCOqHOH, a TaIOKe BHCOqHOii H 3aThI-
n01:JHOH .n;oncR.
4. MamepuaJlbl U Memoobl 23
pO)J;HOCTb, B03pacTHbIc, nOJIOBhIC H np01JHC OC06CHHOCTH. BbIlICJICHHC 60JThllIOrO
KOJIH'ICCTBa rpynn H}lqero HC .n;aeT, nOCKOJIbKY IIPII yqeTe BCCX YKa3aHHhIX IIpH-
BXOMm;HX rpynrrhI 6Y)J;yr COCTO.HTb MaKcHMyM H3 2-4 HH)J;HBH.n;OB. II03ToMY B Ha-
meM HCCJIC)];OBaHHH Ha rpa$HKax OTo6pIDKCHbI ID-I)];HBH)J;yarrbllblc ,naHHIdC, a OQCH-
Ka H3MeHQHBOCTH rpynn OCHOBaHa Ha 3HaHHH OC06CHHOCTeH KOHKpCTHhIX Haxo-
lIOK. TaKHM 06Pa30M, BbI.n;CJICHHC XpOHOJIOI'H1ICCKHX rpynn, 0603HaqCHHhIX HB
rpaf}>HKax p83HbIMH 3Ha'IJKaMH., HMeeT .JIIDIIh BcnOMOraTeJIbHbIH CMhICJI H HC 03Ha-
'lJaCT npIDUlTHSI CTa,lJ;H8JIbHOH KOnnCIIl\HH mrrponoreHc3a.
B OTJIH"lJHe OT KpallHa..JThHbIX npH3IIaKoB, .3H)J;oKpaHH8JIbHbIC, 6y.n;yqH 60nce
BIDKHhIMH $YHKIJ;HOHa.JILHO, .n;OCTHralOT ,ne«pHHHTHBHOrO cTaTyca onCpe)l(aIOII1;HMH
TeMIIaMH (XpHcaH<pOBa, nepCB031IHI(OB, 1999, c.129). KpoMe Toro, naneOHeBpOJIO-
rH'lJeCKHe MaTCpHaJIbI 3Ha'IJHTeJIbHO MCBce MHOrO'lHCJleHHbI, B CBjJ:3H C 3THM .n;er-
CKHC OC06H Ta}'Hr, MOroKoKepTo, CXYJI I II TenmK-Tam aHaJIH3HpOBaJIHCL BMCCTC
co 83pOCJThIMH. OC06CHHOCTH CTpOCHIDI 311,n:OKp8HOB 3THX HaXOJJ;OK, CBjJ3aHHhIC C
HX B03pacToM, YQHTbIB8JIHCb rrpH paccMoTpeHHH PC3YJlbTRTOB.
CTpYKTYpa aHaJIBTHqeCKOH qaCTH pa60TbI
MCTOj{LI CT8THCTHQeCKOrO 8H8J1H38
I1ccJIe.n;oBaHHc npoH3BO,ltHnOCL CHa'Iana no OT,lJ;cnLlIhIM ,nOIDIM .3HJJ;oKpaHa, a
3aTeM no 06J1aCTRM H TOTaJIbHbIM p83MepaM 3H.n;oxpana.
I1ccJIc.n;oBaHHc K OH .n;OJIH 3H,lJ;oKpaHa H3JIaraCTC» no e)J;HHOH cxeMC. CHa-
'lJaJIa npHBOJUlTCjJ PC3YJIbTaThI MHOrOMepHbIX anaJIH30B - no nOJIHoMy Ha60py
npll3HaKoB II no COKpam;eHHOH nporpaMMc H3McpeHHH. COKpan eHHc KOJ1HqeCTBa
BBO,n:HMbIX B MHoroMepHLIH aHaJlH3 napaMCTpoB II03BOJIjJCT paccMoTpcTL 60JII>IDCe
KOJIHqCCTBO HCKonaCMbIX Haxo.n;OK. llOTOM aHaJIH3HpYWTCjJ: 3BOJIIOIJ;HOHHhIC TCH-
lICHJUIH H3MellCHIDI OTn;eJIhHbIX npH3HaKoB .naHHoH 06JJaCTH M03ra. 31'0 n03BOIDICT
cme 3ua-qHTCJIbHCC pacIDHpHTL Kpyr HCnOJTh3YCMbIX MaTepHaJIOB.
B 3aKJI1O'lJCIDIC KIDK.n;oro qaCTHOro pa3,n;cJIa JJ;aercJI B03MO)I(HOC 3BOmoI(HOH-
Hoe H TaKCOHOMHqCCKOC TOJIKOBaIlHC 113MeINHBOCTH HCCJICJJ;OBalnILIX IIpH3HaKOB.
BnpOqeM, Marroc KOJ1H'IeCTBO MaTepHaJIOB H 3Ha'IJHTCJIbHWI HH,mtBH.nyaJIbHWI H3-
MeINHBOCTb npH3HaKOB 3H.n;OKpaHa )J;eJlaCT 3TH BhIBO)J;hI 3Ha1lHTCJThHO MCHce nCH-
IIMMH, qCM CJJ;CJIaHIILIe Ha OCHOBC H3yqCHIDI qCPCIIOB ( o6bImeBcKHii, 2000, 2003).
CTOHT oc060 OTMCTHTb, 'ITO nOJIyqeHHhIe Ha OCHOBC aHWIH3a OTlICJThHbIX IIpH3HaKOB
M03ra TaKCOHOMWIeCKHe Bbmo,nbI HC MOryr c-qHTaThCH nOJlIIOCTLIO KOppCKTHhIMH H
)];OJI)KIIbI paCn;eIIHBaThC.H JIHIIIJ> Ka:K IIpH6nH3HTeJIblIasI OIJ;CHKa TaKCOHOMWIecKHX
MacillTa60B pa3HbIX rpynn HCKonaCMbIX roMHHOHJ];OB. Eonee a,l(eKBaTHhIC 3aKJIIOQe-
HID! TaKCOIIOMWICCKoro llJIaHa B03MO)KIIhl TOJIbKO..Ha OCHOBe COIIOCT8.BJICHIDI BCCX
)];aHHbIX - KaK no 3HJJ;OKpaHaM, TaK H no qepen8.M H nOCTKpaHHaJILHOMY CKeJIeTY.
3HaQHTCJIbHO 66JIbrnyID I(CHHOCTh, He)l(eJIH TaKCOHOMH'tJCCKHC BhIBO)J;hI, HMCIOT
BbIBO,Z:{bI «pHJIOreHeTWIeCKOro Malia. KaK 6y,n:er nOK8.3aHO IDDKC, M1Iomc CBoco6pa3-
HbIe npH3HaIrn 3H)10KpaHa xaparcrcpHbI )J;JllI BnOJIHC onpe.n;eneHHbIX rpynn roMHHH,D;,
npOjfBIDllI IIpH 3TOM 3aKoHoMepHYID xpOHo-reorpa4JWIeCKyro H3MeH'IHBOCTh.
.lLrnI CTaTHCTH'lJCCKOH o6pa6oTKH IT8JICOHCBpOJIOrHQCCKHX MaTCpllaTIOB HC-
IIOJIL30BaJICjJ KaHOHH'ICCKR1I aH8JIH3. nOCKOJII>KY .nIDI cro rrpoBc,n;eHIDI Hc06xO.rtHMO
HMeTb MO,nCJI:bHyro KoppcnSInHOHHyro MaTPHI(Y H CTaH,napTHble cpc.n;HHe KBa.npaTH-
'IeCKHe OTKJIOHeH:IDl npH3HaKOB (Aepj[6HH, 2001), )VI» BbNHCJICHIDI TaKOBbIX 6bInH
HCnOJIb30BaHbI naHHbIe no 3H)];OKpaHaM COBpeMelllIbIX mo eH. K CO)KaJIenHIO, HC-
o6xo)];HM0 OTMCTHTb, 'lJTO JIIOJ];H 3TH OTHOCJITCJI K Pa3JIHqHhIM TCppHTOpHaJIbHMM
rpynnaM (KO'IeTKOBa, 1973) H q}fcno HX IICBCJIHKO, 'lITO CHH)KaeT )];OCTOBepHOCTb
pe3YJILTaTOB. O.nHaKO KaHOHHqeCKlfH aHaJIH3 jJBJIjfeTC.sJ npe.n;nO'lJTHTeJIbHbIM TIpH
06pa6oTKC MaCCHBOB ,lJ;aHHbIX, no.n;06HbIX HameMY (Acp»6HH, 2001); KpOMC Toro,
Hccne,n;OBaHHe Toro )KC MaTCpHaJIa MCTOJJ;OM <paKTOplIoro aH8JIH3a ,lJ;aJIO IIpHMCpHO
TC )Ke pC3YJIbTaThI (,lij>o6blmeBcKHH, 2003), HCKoTopbIe OC06CHHOCTH pe3YJIbTaTOB
£}JaKTOpHOrO aHaJIH3a yrrOWlII}'ThI B cooTBeTCTByIOIIUfx MeCTax )];aJILHCmnero H3-
JIO)l{eBIDI. KaK 6:bJ:JIO IIOKa3aHO B.E. AcpjJ6HHbIM (2001), tlJaKTOpHbm aH8JIH3 (6y-
lJ:Y1IH npe)];H83HaQeHHbUM )J;JIjJ HCCJIe)J;OBaHH BHYTPHrpynnoBoH H3MC HBOCTH)
IIpH paccMoTpcHHH H3MCHqHBOCTH CHnbHO pa3JIWIaIOm;HXCjJ rpynn )];aeT Mcnec
QerlGle pC3YJThTaThI, qCM KaHOHHqeCKHH, O)J;HaKO .n;OCTaTO'lHO 6JIH3KHe no CMbICJIY,
'lITO H BbISIBHJIOCb B Xo)];e HCCJIC)J;OBaI-IIDI 3H)J;oxpaHoB. Y qHTbIBasI H nOMIDI BCC 3TH
06CTO.HTCJlLCTBa, nonyqeHHbIM pe3YJIbTaTaM BIIOmIC MO)KIIO IIOBepHTL.
OIJ;eHKa nOJIyqeHHblx pa3HHU Me)l(.n;y npe,n:BapHTeJIbHO BbI,n;eJIeHHbIMH rpyn-
naMB rOMHIIH)J; B03MO)J(Ha HeCKOJIbKHMH cnoc06aMH. qarne Bcero B alITpononorH-
1:JCCIGIX HCCJIe.n;OBaHHSlX paCqHTLIBaIOTCSI H cpaBHHBaIOTCjJ: cpe,nHHe no rpynrraM,
O)J;H8KO, B TaKOM CJIyqac HCB03MO)l{HO yqecTb Bce MlIO)KCCTBO BIDKHhIX 06CTOjf-
TCJII>CTB: 66JILrnyID HnH MClffiIDyro )];OCTOBepHOCTb pCKOIICTp)'KIJ;HH HenOJIHbIX 311-
JJ;OKpaHOB, B03MOxmbIC BapHaHTbI ,lJ;aTHpOBOK HaxO.n;OK, reorpaQ>HqeCKyIO HCO.n;HO-
5. PE3YJIhTATbI
5. Pe3YJlbmambZ 25
Heo8HTpollbI OTJlHqalOTCjJ 01IeHL 60JIbIllHMH p83MepaMH JI06HOH ,nOJIH I1pH KpaH:He
BapbHpYIDIItHX pa3MepaX Op6HTHOH 1lacTH, IIpH'IeM nOJIOBOB Jnf4>4>epeHnHm.um no
3TOMy npH3HaKY HC Bh1JIBJUleTCg.
XaparcrepHo, 'ITO npH npoBeJJ;emm 4>aKTOpHOrO 8.H8JIH38. pacnpeJJ;eJIeHHe
6bIJIO HHhIM: nepB8JI rpynna BKJIIO"lJ8JIa 1leJIOBeKoo6p83HbIX 06e3LjfH C aBcTp8JIOI1H-
TeKaMH H OH 7, a BTOp8JI - apx8HTponoB, na.nco8HTponoB H Heo8HTponoB. ITo OCR
BToporo cpaKTopa Ta}lHr, OH 7 H OH 5 yKJIOIDIJIHC:b OT 06JIaKa 3Haqemdi qenOBe-
Koo6p83HhIX 06e3hmI, a ])pOKCH XHJIJI., ATJI8HTpOn IV H CHH8HTpon ill - OT 06JIa-
Ka COBpCMCIIHI>IX 3HaQelIHH, 'ITO oIIpe cmmocb 60JILmHM pa3MepOM HIDKHcn06noH
06J1aCTH Ha HX 3H,D:oxpaHax.
5.1. JIooHaB dOJlB 3HooKpaHa
B Ka'IJeCTBC HaIIa.JILHOrO 3Tana paccMoTpeHIDI 3BOJIIOIJ;HOHHOH H3MCJItIHBO-
CTH JI06HOR ,n:OJIH B PMY npe)];meCTBCHHHKOB qeJIOBeKa 6bIJI npOBe,n;eH KaHOHHqe-
CKHH aHaJIH3 60JIbillHHCTBa onpe)J;cAABllIHxCll npH3HaKOB JI06HOH .n;OJIH 3H,lJ;OKp8Ha
(Ta6JI.4.. rpa.p.1-3). nCpBIDI KaI-IOI)JfqCCKIDI ncpeMCIllIaJI onHCbIBaCT 60JICC IIOJIOBH-
HbI H3MeHQHBOCTH, xapaKTepH3Yl[ B 06JIaCTH 60JIbIDHX 3HaqeHHii MaJIble pa3MephI
M03ra, n03TOMY B ,n:a.JILHCHmCM paccMaTpHBaCTCjf pacnpe/.(CJICHlle npCHM)'II(CCT-
BeHHO no nepBoii KaHOHHqeCKOH nepcMeHHoH; o,nHaKO BTOpasI KaHOHHQCCK8JI ne-
peMeHHWI HrpaCT pemaIOmyro pOJIb B JIH«p«pepCHQHan;HH QeJIOBeK006pa3HbIX
o6e3bjJH H cOBpcMeIlllhIx JIIo,n:eH.
HaH60JIce 3HaqHMbIMH OKa3aJIHCb npH3HaKH .u;JIHHhI H rrpO;:I;OJlbHOH Bbmyr<-
JIOCTH JI06HOH ,nOJIH, MCHbmyro HarpY3KY HCCyr npH3HaKH HH:>KHCH qaCTH JI06HOH
,n:OJIH (B OC06CHHOCTH - MHHa nepeJUiero HIDKHeJIo6HOrO nO 'beMa fm-fx) H BhICO-
Thl. EInc MeHec 3Ha'IJHMhI npH3HaKH llIHpHHbI H nOnCpeqHOH BbIn)'KJIOCTH, lITO MO-
)KeT 06'L.SICWIT1>cjJ lIaHMCHCe TOqHOH npHB.SI3KO:H TOQCK, onpc,n:CJUIIOInIfX ,n:aHHhIC
pa3MCpbI. BTOpaR ncpCMCHHWI, HanpOTHB, B 60JIbIDOH CTcnCHH 38.BHCHT HMCHHO OT
nmpOTHbIX p83MCpOB Jl06HOH ,l.{OJIH, a B HaH60JlbmeH - OT ;:J;JUIHbI Op6HTHOii qaCTH
la-Sy H BbICOThI lIOJIH.
IIepB8JI KaHOHH eCK8.SI ncpeMCHHasI OT;:J;enHJIa npC)I(.lJ;e Bccro 3H.lJ;OKp8Hhl
JIsrnr- Eya L,B 1 If 3pHHrc,n:opcp IX (TIQaTeJIbHaB npoBepKa nOK8.38JIa, QTO 3T0 He
CJIC;:J;CTBHC OIDH6KH B 6a3C ,n:8HHbIX HJIH paC'lJeTaX, pHc.32). 3TO CBX3aHO C TCM, 'lTO
o6a 3TH 3H,lJ;OKpaHa, IIpH BCCX HX OTJIH'lJIDIX, xapaKTCpH3yroTCB OTIIOCHTCJIbIIO Ma-
nOH MHHOH fm-R npH 60JIhmOH J];JIHHe nepe)J;Hero IDOKHen06Horo rrOJ{heMa fm-fx.
COBOKynHOCTb nepBOH H BTOpOH KaHOHHqeCKHX nepeMCHHbIX pa3,ZJ;CIDICT Ha6JIIO-
.u;eHIDI Ha )];Be 60JIhIDHe rpynnbI: C O.nHOM CTOpOHbI pacnOJIO)l(CHbI QeJlOBeKOo6pa3-
HhIC 06e3LjJHhI, aBCTp8JIOnHTCKH, OH 7 H apX8HTponhI, a C ):ijJyrOH - naneoaHTpo-
TIbI If HcoaHTpoIIbI. Cpen;H aBcTp8JIOnHTCKoB Sts II H 60 OKa3hIBaIOTC.SI CaMhIMlf
y.n;aJIeHHbIMH OT JllO eH, Taynr rrpaKTH'lCCKH COBna.naCT C 0 H 7 Ii OqeHb 6JIH30K K
OH 5, a AL 444-2 OTJIHQaCTC.SI OT cOBpeMeHIlliIx mo,nCH TOJILKO no 3HaQCIIHIO BTO-
pOD nepeMeHHoH (plfc.3. 4, 6, 8, 9).
Cpe.n;H apxaHTponoB, KaK H CJle;:I;OBaJIO O)KH.naTb, HaH60JIec y,n;aJIeH OT JIIO-
.n;CH MO,lPKOKCpTO, a HaH60JIce npH6JIIDKCH K HHM CHHaHTpOn III (pHc.14, 16). Xa-
paKTCpHO nOJIO)l(CHlfe npe-nancoaHTponoB: CaM6ynI'MaQaH 3 OK8.3hIBaeTCSI B co-
CTaBC nepBoH rpynnbI, a ATanY3PKa SH 5 II EpoKeH XHJIJI - nocepe,n:HHe MC)I()J;Y
-nByM.$I OCHOBHbIMH rpyrrnaMH (pHc.20, 21, 24). CPC/.(H l1aJIeOaIlTpoIIoB no ncpBoH
nepeMcHHoH HaH60JIce y,n;aJIeH OT JIIO.n;eii CaKKonaCTope 1 (pHc.27), a no BTOpOH-
TeIllHK- Tam. raHoBn;c, lli llIarrcJIb-o-CCH H lli KHHa 5 pacnOJIO:>KeHhI B Heno-
cpCJJ;CTBeHHOH 6J1H30CTH OT pacnpe.n;eJIeHIDI cOBpcMeHHhIx JIIOJJ:eH (pHc.29).
38.MC'laTCJIbHO, 'ITO Bce BepXHenaJICOJIHTH'lJCCKHC HcoaHTponbI (Kpo-
MaIIboH ITl, TIme.n;MocTH III, IV, IX, X, )];OJlLHH BCCTOIIHnC III II TIaanoB, pHc.35,
36) 3aMCTHO OTJIH'laIOTC» OT cOBpeMeHHhlx JIIO)J;eR, npHqeM B pa3Hble CTOpOHbI H
3Ha'IJHTCJThHO CHJILHCC, qCM HeaH,n;cpTaJILQhI. B n;enOM, BepXHenaneOJIHTHqCCKHC
AH8JllI3, npoBe,neHHbIH TOJlbKO no o6mKM p33MepaM Jl06HOH n;OJIH 3H oKpa-
H8., nO;:J;TBep)J;HJI 60JILmyIO 3Ha'lllMOCTh npo.nO HhIX p83MCpOB n06BoH ,n;OJIH no
cpaBHcmno C llIHpO'I1IhIMH (Ta6n.4, IpatlJ.4-6); cpe.l(H npO,n:OJThllhIX p83MepOB HaH-
60JIee 3Haq}fMbIMH OK83hIBaIOTCjJ JVlHHhI no6HoH AOJIH .no npoeKI{IDI neHTpa.JlhHOH
6opo3.nDI. Pa3JJ;eJICIIHC HCKOnaCMDIX rOMHIIH)]; npOH30DIJIO B n;enOM 8.H8JIOJ'HlmO
npe,nLI eMY aHMmy, C YCHJIeHHeM 3HaqeHIDI nepBoH KaHOIllNCCKOH nepeMeH-
HOB. OrJ11NW1 3aKJDOQarorcB B TOM, tffO npH aHaJIH3C o6JWIX pa3MepOB Jl06HOH 1I.0-
JIH llinn'-6ya LB 1 H 3pHHTC.lJ;OP<P IX OT,n;a.mum:CL OT npO"IJHX rOMJlIDf)]; He CTOJIL
CHJThHO. AL 444-2 OKa3bIBaeTCjf IIpHMHTHBHCC, qCM BCC npOqHe aBcrpaJIOmrreKH.
Cpe):(H BepxHcnanCOJlHT1{qeCKHX Heo8HTponoB xpaiiHc OTKJIOHHJICjJ OT Bcex npO'IfiIX
roMJIHOH,n:OB IImc,nMoCTH IV, 3a c1ler OqeHb cJla60H BLJTIYKITOCTH oTpc3Ka fm-Rm.
YqHThIBasI 60JILmOH BKJIa;t .l(JIHH1IOTHhIX p83MepOB B 3BOJIIOnHOHHyro H3-
MeHIIHBOCTb JI06HOH ,n:OJID, 6bIJI npoBe.neB aHaJIH3 no IIe:I'LIpeM AJlHHaM, BLl60p KO-
TOpbIX 6ldJl 06YCJIOBJICH 60JThmHM KOJIHlIeCTBOM Cp8.BHHTeJILHLIX .na:u:HLIX HMCmIO
no 3THM npH3HaKaM (Ta6n.S, rpa<l>.7-9). nepB8.SI K8.HOHlftIeCKWI nepcMelUlWl OIIH-
ChIBaeT no,n;aBJIjfl()m;Hii npOUCHT H3MCHTmBOCTH H B o6J1acrn MaKCHMaJIbHLIX 3H8.-
Qemdi onHChIBaer 60JIbIllHe ,D;JIHH.bI Jl06HOH .nOJIH, npH 3aMcTHoH yIIJlOm;eIUlOCTB
fm-b. BTOpWI nepCMeHHasI B o6JIacTH MaKCHMa.JThHLIX 3HaQeHuH ODHChIBaer
KOpOTKHii ynno eHHbIii OTpe30K fm-b IIpH WIHIDIOM H BLITIyx.rrOM fm-R. u
.l(.rmHa JI06HOH ,lJ;OJIH aBCTp8JIOmITeKOB np8.I(THqCCKH paDHa TaKOBOH y qeJIO-
BCKOo6pa3IIhIX o6e3LjJH, IIpH'IeM MaCCHBHbIC H rpanHJIbHI1Ic aBCTpaJIOInlTeKH OT-
mrqaIOTCJI ,zqJyr OT lI:Pyra B OCHOBIIOM no BTOpoii KaHOlDPIeCKOii nepeMcBHoii
Cpe,nH "napaHTpOnOB" HaH60Jlce .n;peBHHH KNM-WT 17000 H IOxmoa<)?pHKaHcKHH
SK 1585 (pHc.12) OKa3bIBaIOTCJI Ha HIDKHCH rp8HHI(e p83Maxa 8.BCTpa.nonHTeKO-
BLIX no 3HaqeBHIO BTOpOH nepcMeHIIo:u, a BOCTO'IJHoa<l>PHKaHClOIe MaCCHBHhIe aB-
CTpaJIOIDITelGf xapaKTCpH3yroTCjJ B cpe,ZJ;HeM 60nee ,ZJ;JIHHHOH H BhIII)'K.1IOH JI06HOH
.n;oJIeii, qeM rpaI(HJILHhIC, oc06elUlo 3a cqer .f(JIHBLI fm-R. Cpe.nu IJ>atnIJILHhIX aB-
CTp8JIOmrreKOB TOJIbKO AL 444-2 (pHc.3) H Sts71 (pHc.7) CXO)KH C MaCCHBHbIMH;
Taynr HaH6oJ1ee C6nIDKaeTC.R C "3yrOMHHH,lJ;aMH", a MLD 37/38 c6JIIDKaeTCJI C HH-
MJI no 3Ha'1JeHHIO nepBoH rrepeMeHHoii, HO KpaiiHe OTKJIOIDIeTC.SI no 3Ha1lemno BTO-
poii, qTO, OqeBH,nHO, 06'LllCIDIeTCJI TeM, qTO ero Jl06HWI .nOJUI n;eJlHKOM PCKOHCT-
pyHpoBaHa. OCTRnbHLIC rpan;HJILIUde 8BCTpaJIOIDITeKH (AL 333-45., Crepx$omeiiH
N 2, Sts 5, Sts 60, Stw 505, pHc.2, 4, 5, 6) OqeHb noxo)I(H Ha o6e3bBH, HaH60nee
26
5. Pe3YJlbmambl.
npHMHTHBeH Sts 60. "PaHHHe Homo" KNM-ER 1470, KNM-ER L805, OH 7 OqCHh
IIOXO)KH Jq>yr Ha ,npyra (pHc.12, 13); rrpll 3TOM Bce OHH OTJlH'lJaIOTC» OT aBcTp8J10-
nHTCKOB 66JIbIDHMH 3HaqeHIDIMH ncpBoH II BTOpOH KaHOHHqeCKHX ncpeMeHHhIx,
'ITO CBjJ3aHO C yscJlHQeHHeM p8.3MCpOB no6HoH JJ:OJIH npH 3Ha'IJHTeJlbHOH p8.3l-mn;e
,n:JIHH fm-b H fm-R. KNM-ER 1813 HCOTJlH'lJHM OT "napaH'rponoB" (puc.] 1\
qacTb apxaHTp0I10B - KNM-WT 15000, OH 9, qenpaHo, MO,lPKOKepTO, IIH-
TeKaHTpon II, JIOHTaH,n:YH P A 830 - Mano OTJIHlIaIOTCjf OT aBcTpaJIOI1HTCKOB
(pHc.14, 15, 17, 18). ,[ij)yrHe - ITHTeKaHTpOn I, CHHaHTpon III, X, XII, ATJIaHTpOn
IV, Aparo XXI, CaJIc - 06p8.3yroT llJIaBIIb:rH nepexo,n: K 60JICC n03,n:HHM rOMHHH-
.n;aM (pHc.16). 113 HHX HaH60JIee nporpCCCHBeH peKOHCTpyHpOBaHHbIH 3H.D;oxpaH
ATJlaHTpOna [V. fipHMCQaTCJIbHO, qTO CHHaHTpOllbI H CaM6)'IITMaqaH 3 OKa3:bIBa-
IOTCjJ BCCbMa 6JIH3KII .npyr K n;pyry II pacrrOJIO)KCHhI rrpaKTHqeCKH pOBHO nocepe-
)];IDIC MC)K)J;Y o6JIaR:aMH pacnpeJJ;eJIeHHJI aBcTpaJIOTIHTCKOB Ii cOBpeMeHHbIX JIIO)J;eH,
XOTJI IIpH npoBe)J;cHHH cPaKTOpHoro anaJIH3a CaM6YHrMalIaH 3 OK83bmaJICjJ 60JIee
rrpRMJITJIBHLIM (pHc.21).
IIpe-nanCOaHTpoIIbI If naJIcoaHTpOTIhI 60JIbmCH qaCThIO paCnOJIaraIOTCjJ MC)I():(y
rpynn8.MH aBCTpaJIOIIHTCKOB If COBpeMeHHblX JIIO)];CH, OTJIH'IasICb OT IIOCJIe)];IDfX
MeHbillHMH pa3MepaMH JI06HOH n;OJIH If ee ynrrom;eIllloCThIO. KpaHHe MaJIbIe pa3MephI
HMCeT 3JIHe CnplfHrc ES-11693 (Ha rpacPHKe MHoroMcpHoro aHamf3a nOII8J(aIOInldi
Ha KpaH pacnpe)];eJIeHHSl aBcTp8JIOnHTCKoB), a oco6eHHo 60JIhIIIHC -llIaHHlIap 1 (3a-
IDIMaIOII(Hii H30IIHpOBaHHOC nOJIO)KelmC, pHc.31). K OJJ:HOH 113 rpynrr BCpXHenaJIeO-
JIHTH1IeCIGIX carmCHCOB npH6JIIDKaIOTC» CHflTa, CaKKonacTope 1, MOHTe-1fupqeo I II,
1frO 3aMe'IJaTeJIhHO, a«PPHKaHCIGIe apxaHTpoIIbI Eo.n;o If OH 9 (pHc.19, 27, 33). npH-
MeqaTCJIbHO, qTQ CXYJI V npH xpyrrHbIX p8.3Mcpax o6JI8J(aeT HaH60JIbmCH p83 lm ncH
MC)I():(y MHHaMH fm-b H fm-R CpClJ)i narrcoaHTponoB, 6J1arolJ;apjI qeMY 3 CTHO )'K-
JIOIUleTC.SI If c6JIIDKaeTcg C pamIc-BepxHCnaJICOJIHTWICCKHM Eag- e-<1>cp (pHc.34).
E6JIhIDWI 'lJaCTh npe-naneoaHTponoB H rraneoaHTponoB nOn8J];aIOT Ha KpaH pacnpel1e-
JICHIDI o6JIaKa COBpCMCHHhIX JIIO.n;CH; IIaJIeoaHTpOIThI HMCIOT B Cpe)J)IeM OOJIbIIllfC
3Ha'IJeHIDI nepBoH K8HOHHQeCKOH nepeMeHHoH, qeM npe-narreoampoIIhI. 3ara;J;oqHbrH
«pJlOpeCCIrn:H roMHHH,n JhHr- Eya LB 1 xpaihIe pe3KO OT.n;CJIeH OT BCCX npO'IJ1IX Ha6JIIO-
.neIIHii 6 JIaro .n a pjJ ManMM p83MCpaM JI06HOH ,n:OJIH; B HaH60JIbmcH CTeneH:H OH npH-
6J1IDKaeTcjI K nOHrH,n:8.M HJIH }J;eTjfM cOBpeMcHHoro qCJIOBeKa (pHc.32).
BepxHcnaneOJIHTIlqCCKOC HaCCJIClme ,nOCTaTOqUO 'lJCTKO JUfcP<PCpCHUHpOBaJIOC:b
Ha.n;BC rpynnhI - A«p an y-6Y-P}'MMeJIb If CYHrHpb B 06JIacm M8JIbIX 3HaqeHHH 06eHx
nepeMeHHf.JX II OCT8.JIbHbIX - B 06JIacTH 6o.JIJ:,lIllIx. 31'0 OtYbRCHSleTC» cpaBHHTe.JIJ:,HO
KOpOTKOH JI06HOH )J;OJleH nepBhIX H, BepoKfHo, CBR3aHO B 60JIhmeH CTeneHH C TeM,
lITO HX 311,lJ;OKpaHbI H3MCp.sumCb na 311D;oKpamlorpaMMax, a IIC lIa MyJISDKax. B IJ;CJIOM,
BCpXHCn8JICOJIHTH'lJCCKHC HeOaHTpOTIhI OTJIHQaIOTC» OT naneoaHTponoB H COBPCMCH-
HbIX mo,n:CH OqeHb ,ronnmoH JI06HOH ,noncif M03ra, TpancrpeccIDI C naneoaHTpon8.MH
BCCbMa He3HaQHTeJIbHa, HO H C cOBpeMeHHbIMH mo,n:hMH nepeCeqeHHe HeBeJIHKo.Ma-
.JIbIMH p83MCpaMH, BbIXOMITJ;HMH 3a npc,n:CJIhI cOBpcMeHHoro MHIDfM)'Ma, BhI,nCIDIIOT-
Cjf [(3bIJIH H EpHo ill -,D;Be HaxO,u;KH co CnOpHhIMH, HO, BepOHrHO, rOJIOn;eHOBhIMH ,na-
TIlpOBKaMH.
CJIe.nYeT o6paTHTL BHHMaHHe Ha TOT q.aKT, QTO )];JIHlIa JI06HOH ,n:OJIH B pjJ}J;Y
npcroneCTBeHHHKOB qeJIOBeKa, BH,nHMO, pC3KO YBeJIHQHB8JIaCb l1Ba)l()];bI: npH nepe-
5. Pe3YJlbmambl
27
XO.n;C OT "paHHHX Honlo" K apxaHTponaM II OT paHHHX naneoaHTponoB K n03)J;HHM
(rpacl>.10). B OCTaJIbHOe BpeM.SI npOHCXO,n:HJIO BeCbMa nrraBHOC 113MeHCHHC p83Me-
pOB. BMCCTC C 3TI1M, COBpeMCHHhIC JIIO.n;H HMelOT ropa3.n;o 60JIce KOpOTK)'IO Jlo6-
H)'IO ,n:OJlIO, 'lJCM 60n:bmHHCTBO BCPXHCIIaJICOJIHmqCCIGIX caIIHClICOB.
Pa3BHTHC llIHpOTHbIX pa3MepOB JI06HOM .n;OJlH MO)l(HO o eHHTb, CpaBHHBaJI
H3MeHeHHe a6COJIIOTHhIX p83MepOB B 3B0J1IO HOHHOM p»,n:y (rpacl>.11-13). Ami
CpaBHeHIDI 6hIJ1:H B3»ThI 06IIJ;WI IUHpHHa 3H)J;OKpaHa, CHJIbBHCBa illHpHHa H C06CT-
BClrno Jl061IaJI nmpHHa. Bce TpH p8.3Mepa OKa3hIBaIOTCJI BeCbMa TeCHO CBjJ3aHHhIMH
tJ;pyr C ,npyrOM.
Y aBCTpaJIOmITeKOB:bIX JI06IIaJI ,n:OJISI a6coIDomo YJKasI, O,znIaKO a6co.1IIOTHIdc
p83MephI y HHX B cpe,nnCM 6oJIbmc, qeM y qeJlOBeKOo6pa3IIhIX o6e3hm; IIpH CpaBHe-
HHH C H3MCH1JHBOCThIO lJ)IHHHOTHbIX pa3MCpOB CTaHOBHTC.H BIf,nHO, qro 8BCTpaJIOIIH-
TeKOBhIC 06JIa,n;a.JIH npOIIOPnHOHa.JIDHO 60JIce IID1pOKHM B IIepC)J.HCH qacm M03roM,
qCM COBpeMeHHble QeJIOBeK006pa3HbIC 06e3hSIHbI, KQT» TpY)];HO cy.n:HTh, HaCKOJIhKO
M03r nOCJIerornx 6.rm30K K TaKOBOMY Hcnocpc,nCTBellIffiIX npC,n:KOB aBCTpaJIOmrI'CKOB.
OTHOCHTeJIbHO IID1pI1HbI M03ra IID1pHHa JI06HOH IlonD B pa3HbIX rpyrrnax aBCTp8JIO-
TIHTeKOB BapbHpyer: oc06emIo IID1pOKOH JI06HOH )J;OJIeH 06JI8J];amt: rpaIJ;HJIbHhIC aBCT-
paJIOmrreKH IOxmoit AcPPHKH. ITo Ony6JIHKOBaHHhIM MaTepHaJIaM 113B 0, 'ITO Y
MaCCHBHhIX aBCTp8JIOIIHTCKOB Ha6mo)];aeTcjI 60JIbmee C}?KeHHe JI06HOH ,n;OJIH B nc-
pC.n HeH qacTH, qeM Y rpanHJIbHhIX, IIpWIeM 3TO cJIa60 OTpIDKaerCjJ B COOTHOmCIIIDIX
onpe}J;CJISIBIIIHXCR HaMlf p83MepOB, HO xopomo 3aMeTHO npH B3r.TUI)J;e Ha M03r B Bep-
THKaJIbHOH HOpMC (Falk ct ai, 2(00). JIro60IIbITHO.. 'lJTO OTHOCHTeJlbHO nmpOKOH Jl06-
HOH .nOJICH B 3a)];HeH qacm 06JIan:acr pam-nrli: MaccHBHbm KNM - WT 17000, a Iq)aHHC
Y3KOH- 60Jlce II03lIHHH KNM-WT 17400. KNM-ER 1470 H OH 7 Ha rpa<pmcax OKa-
3hIBaIOTCjJ- B BcpXHeii IIOJIOBHHe H3MCI:JCIHBOCTH aBcTpaJIOimTeKOB, a OTIIOCIiTC.JIbHWI
mHpHHa HX JI06HOH )];OJIH OK83bIBaercR cpe.nucii .rtIDI Bcex roMHHO OB. ..
OTHomcHIDI JI06HOH IDHplfHhl K 06mCH HJI:H K CHJIbBHCBOIf O'IJeHb tIeTKO Pa3-
rpaHH'lJHBaIOT apxaHTpoIIoB H naneoaHTporroB. Y apxaHTponoB JI06HWI ,nonjI 3Ha-
QIlTeJThHO c)')KcHa, y naJIeOaHTpOnOB Ha6JIIO,nacTcjJ CHJIbHOC pa3paCTaHHe HH)l(HC-
JI06HOH qaCTH Hapg.n:y C 60JThillOH a6COJIIOTlIO:H nmpllllOH M03ra. Ha;:to 3aMeTHTb,
qTO no llIHpOTHhIM npH3HaKaM apxaHTpOIThI If naneoaHTpon"bI p83JIH'lJalOTcjJ nO'IJTIf
6C3 nepCCeqeIIHJI 06JIaKOB 3IIaqeHHH, 1ff0 KOHTpaCTHpYeT C HX CXO,r.(CTBOM no
,n:JIHHHOTHbIM pa3MepaM (CM. BbImc). Pacnpe,neJIeHHC mHpHHhI JI06HOH ,nOJIII cpe H
apxaHTponoB BeChMa nOKaJaTCJIbHO: HaH60JIee Y3KOH (KaK a6COJIIOTHO, TaR: H OT-
HOCHTeJIbHO) JI06HOH ,nOJleH 06J1RlIa1OT SIBaHCKHC MO)J;)KOKCpTO H ITHTeKaHTpOn II,
a TaIOKC atPpHKaHCKHe KNM-WT 15000 H Carrc; inHpe OHa y ITHTeK8HTpOna I II
60Jlce n03lJ;HHX CHHaHTpOIIOB III, XI If XII, a TaIOKe eBponcHcKHX Aparo XXI H
1JenpaHo; eIne mHpe Jlo6IIIDI }J;OJIjJ Y Oqellb JJ;peBIIcro OB 9, a TaIOKe 8.3HaTCKHX
CHHaHTpOna II H nOHTaH)];YH PA 830; HaH60JIee nmpoKyIO ,nOJIIO HMelOT EOllO,
CHHaHTpOn X H ATJIaHTpOn IV.
TIpe- naJIeOaHTpoDbI 3aKoHoMepHo OK8.3LIBalOTCjJ npoMe)KyrO'IJHOii rpynnoii.
Cpe.n;H HHX Half60JIbIDHMB BCJIHtIHHaMH OTJIHtIaIOTCjI 3pllHrc.n;optP IX, I>poKeH
XHlIJI H CHMa ,nc JIOC Y3COC 4 (pHc.23), CpC,ZUI BCPXHHX 3HaqeHHH apx8HTponoB
OK83bIBaIOTCR CHMa )];e JlOC Y 3COC 5 H 3JIHe CnpHHrc E8-11693, a HaHMeHbIlIHMH
28
5. Pe3YJlbmambz.
5. Pe3YJlbmambl
29
pa3MCpaMH - KaK a6COJIIOTHO, TaK H OTHOCHTCJIbHO - 06JIa.z:taroT llITciffireHM H
C8.M6YHrMaQaH 3 (KaK Y "paHHHx Homo", lIHTeKaHTpOna I If MOroKoKepTo,
pHc.21, 24, 26). Cym;ccTBeHHo, 'lJTO pacnmpCHHC JI06H
H .n;OJIH npll nepexo)J;e OT
apX8HTponOB K naJIe08HTpon8M onepe)KaJIO pacmHpeHHe M03ra B n;eJIOM. 3TOT ne-
PCXo,n: oxapaKTCpH30BaJICjJ TaK)Ke CRJIbHbIM paCIDHpeHHeM JI06HOii ,n:OJIII npH CJIa-
60M YBCJIHQeHHH )J;JIHHHOTHhIX p83MepOB; HC HCKJIIOQeHO, 'lJTO )'Ka3aHHnrH CKaqOK
rrpoH30mCJI OQeHb 61JCTpo. OqeBH,n:Ho, 'lJTO B 3TO BpeMJI npOHCXO,WIJIH HaHBIDK-
HCHmHC ncpecTpoihrn CTpOCHIDI JI06HOH .n;OJIH, 'lITO HC MOrJIO HC OTpa3HTbC» HB
nOBe.n;eHHH rOMHHH)];. HeCOMHeHHa CBjJ3L rrpeo6na,n;aIOmcro pacnmpeHIDI JI06HOH
,n:OJIH B )'Ka3aHHblii nepHO.n; 3BOnlOIJ;HH C Ha'laBIllHMHC» H3MeHeHH»M1t KYJILTypbI -
IIepeXO)];OM OT ameIDI [( MYCTLe. HeCMOTpjJ Ha TO, qTO B 60JlbmHHCTBe cymeCT-
ByIOInHX cxeM KJIaCCH<pHKa
H rOMHHI1));hI, onpe,n:eJICHHbIe HaMH KaK "npe-
n8JIeOaHTponhI", HC BhI.n;CJI»IOTCjJ B OTn;eJThnyro KaTeropHIO, OHH OKa3bIBaIOTC» 0));-
IIUM 113 caMLIX BIDKHbIX 3BeIIbeB B 3BOmoIJ;HH rOMIIHH;:I;. fiOK33aTeJlbIIO, qTO eJUfH-
CTBeHHbIH nonaBIDHM B aHa.JIH3 8.3HaTCKHH npe- n8JIeOaHTpon - CaM6ynrMaQaH 3 -
HMeeT oqelIb )'3K)'IO JI06IIyro ,l:(OJllO, a eBpoIIeHcKHe II a£}JpHKaHcKlle (BKJlIOqIDI 80-
06me HeKpynHoro 3JIHC CnpHHrc) - IDHpOKyro. 3TO CBH,neTCJIbCTBYCT 0 reorpa-
«pHQeCKOH HCO)J;HOpO,nHOCTH npe- naJIe08HTponOB H H8.MHOrO jJPqC BIillIBJI»CTCg npll
KpaHIIOJIOrn'IeCKOM aH8JIH3e (APo6LIIIIeBc:rmi1:.. 2003). MHTepecHo OTMeTHTb cxo-
)l(ee HanpaBJIeHHC 113MeHeHHH JI06HOH lIOJl:H npH B03HHKHOBeHHH aBCTp8JIOnHTe-
KOB H nepexo,n:e OT apxaHTponoB K IIaJICOaHTpOIIaM.
n8JIeOaHTpOnhI OTJIH'IaIOTCB KpaHHe lliHpOKOH JI06HOH AOJIeD H M03rOM B
IJ;CJIOM, npCBOCXOM B 3TOM 60JIbIIIHHCTBO COBpCMCHHhIX JIIO.n;CH II MHorHX BCpXHC-
naJIeOJIHTWICCKIIX caIIHeHCOB (MaJIhIMH 3HaqeHIDIMH 06JI
aeT TOJILKO pe6eHoK
CXYJI I). JIaTepaJlbHoe BbIcTynaHHc Op6HTHOH qaCTH narreOaHTponoB COCTaBIDlCT
HX XapaKTepIlyIO oco6eHHocTb (KOqeTKOBa, 1973). Oc06eHHo mHpoKaJI JI06HM
,n:OJUI Y MOHTe-IIHpQeO I H raHOBIJ;e
TaK)Ke - y .JIg- llIaneJIb-o-CeH, HeaHJJ:epTaJIh H
lliI <I>eppaccH I (pHc.29). Cpe.n;IDBI nmpHHa H nponOpIJ;HH JI06HOH ,n;OJIH - B Bepx-
HeR nOJIOBHHe H3MeHQHBOCTH COBpeMeHHblx JIIo,n:eii - Y ne MycThe I, TcmHK- TaIn,
CXYJ1 V, rH6paJITap I (pHc.3D). TIoKa3aTCJIbHO, qTO nepBbIe )J;Ba H3 HHX - MOJIO,IJ;bIe
HII)J;HBH,D;bI, TpeTHH qaCTO yrroMHIIaeTcjJ KaK rrporpeccHBHbIH naJIeOaHTpoll HJIH
.lIIDKe "nOJIHOCTblO cOBpeMeHHbIH Ron-to sapiens", a nOCJIc,n:HHH, HanpoTHB, no
,n:aIIIIJ,IM KpaHHOJIOrHH BeCLMa IIpHMRTHBeII. HaHMeIlLmeH illHpHHOH JI06HOH n;OJIH
- B npe,ncJlax I1IDKHeH IIOJIOBHIIbI coBpcMelllloH H3MeHTf.HBOCTH - 06JIa;J:aIOT CaKKO-
rracrope I, Ta6YH I H nJI KHHa 5: nepBbIH apXaHqeH, a )J;Boe nOCJIerornx - )KeH-mHHbI.
CTOHT OTMeTHTb, 'ITO, HCCMOTpB Ha }'Ka3aHHbIC pa3JIHqIDI, p83Max H3MeWIHBOCTH
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