POCCVI
CKiI1V1 rOCYAapCTSeHHblVl rYMaHLi1TapHbIVl YHiI1SepCiI1TeT


C.A.5=JLJ.EHKO


3 HAKV1- TAM rV1
VlPAHOs:J3bILfHbIX
HAPOAOB
APEBHOCTVl
Vl PAHHEro
CPEAHEBEKOBbs:J


I


MOCKsa
J/13AaTeJlbCKaS1 <pLi1pMa «BOCTOl.lHaS1llIt1TepaTypa» PAH
2001




YAK 94(3)
66K 63.3(0)3
f192
naMRmu Moeeo omL(a, YlleHo2o-cpu3uKa
AneKcaHopa (/)OMUlia FlL(eHKO
(1923-1994)
Pa60lna eblnonHeHa
e paMKax uccneooeamenbcK020 npoeKma
POCCUUCK020 2YMaHumapH020 HaYlJH020 cjJOHOa (PiHC/J),
NQ 98-01-00239
BBE.QEHE
(CTOpMJt M OCHOBHble npo6neMbi M3yeHMJt
TaMr MpaHcKMx HapoAoB)
l130aHue ocyw.ecmeneHo
npu cjJuHaHcoeou nOOOep>KKe
POCCUUCK020 2YMaHumapH020 HaYlJH020 cpoHoa (PiHC/J)
C02naCHO npoeKmy NQ 00-01-16134
Tn-2001-1-149
ISBN 5-02-018212-5
co C.A5heHKo, 2001
Mp Lt1paHCKLt1X HapOAOB ApeBHOCT, KaK OCeAJlbIX, TaK  K04eBbIX, AaJl
4eIlOBe4eCTBY HeMaIlO Ba>KHbIX KYJlbTYPHblX AOCT>KeH  .0.0 cx nop
06naAaeT Anfl MHOrLt1X onpeAeneHHO npLt1BJleKaTeJlbHOCTb.o. paHCKLt1M
HapOAaM (paCCenLt1BWLt1MC K Ha4aJlY >KeIle3HOro BeKa OT MOHrOJlLt1Lt1  Bep-
XOBbeB XyaHx3 .0.0 paHa Lt1 YCTb .QYHa) 6blna CBOCTBeHHa KaK Lt13Ha-
4anbHafl, TaK  np06peTeHHafi npLt1 60nee n03AHLt1X KOHTaKTaX 3BeCTHafi
06WHOCTb B fl3blKe, fl3b14eCKO peJlLt1rLt1, AeTaJlflX KOCT.oMa. 8noJlHe eCTe-
CTBeHHO npeAnOIlaraTb  B03MO>KHOe Han4Lt1e HeKoero 06ero «Apa» X
3HaKOB (TaMr). EAH4Hble 3HaKU OpLt1rHanbHbIX cpOpM Lt1 X CKonneHUR Ha
ApeBHeV! TeppLt1TOpLt1Lt1 Lt1paHCKOro Mpa Y>Ke nonTopa CTOJleTfI npBIleKa.oT
BHMaHLt1e He TOIlbKO npocpeCCLt10HaJlbHblX Lt1CCIleAOBaTene, HO TaK IlLt1
Lt1Ha4e - Ka>K.D.OrO 4enOBeKa, XOT 6bl 6erno BnepBble Lt1X YBLt1AeBwero.
nOMMO npoero 3HaK npO3BOAT onpeAeJleHHOe 3MOOHanbHoe 803-
AeV1CTBLt1e  KaK 6bl npLt1TrBa.oT cBoe 3araA04HoCTb.o, HeKLt1M CKpblTblM
B HLt1X CMblcnOM. HeYALt1BLt1TeIlbHo. 4TO nOA4ac Aa>Ke cepbe3Hbie Lt1CCneAO-
BaTenLt1 6blnLt1 Lt1 6YAYT CTaHOBLt1TbC CTOpOHHLt1KaMLt1 pOMaHmUlJeCKUX eepcuu
Lt1X Lt1HTepnpeTaLt1 (MarLt14eCKe CLt1MBOnbl, HepaCWLt1cppoBaHHble nKTO-
rpaMMbl Lt1 T.n.). KaK nOKa3blBaeT enoe CToneTe HaY4Ho nOIleMLt1K no
TaMraM, HLt1KaKe n02UlJeCKUe OOBOObl (npLt14eM MHoroKpaTHo nOBTopfieMble
 AeTaIlbHo pa3"bCHfieMble) He MOryT nOMewaTb npOBIleHtO HeKOTopblX
6a30BbiX xapaKTepCTLt1K 4eIlOBe4eCKoro C03HaHft1f1 - >Ka>K.Qbl YAeCHoro,
npeABKyweHLt1f1 TaHbl... ,QonrLt1e AeCTneTLt1 CnLt1WKOM OAH060KO Lt1 npLt1-
MLt1TBHO aTeLt1CTLt14eCKO nponaraHAbl Lt1 HaCa>K.D.eHLt1 npHYATenbHoro
eAHOMbICIlLt1 B CCCP Bbl3BanLt1 B nOCneAHLt1e rOAbl eCTeCTBeHHY.o peaK-
Lt1.o B BLt1Ae HTepeca K penrLt103HO np06neMaTKe (Lt1 oc06eHHO K MLt1CTLt1-
Ke), K pa3Horo pOAa He06"bCHLt1MbIM nOKa BIleHLt1M B >KLt13HLt1 06L1teCTBa, Lt1
4aCTO B C04eTaHLt1 C >KenaHLt1eM nOA4epKHYTb opU2UHanbHocmb c06CTBeH-
HblX n03l4V1. K CO>KaneHLt1tC, Bce 3TO nOKa BeCbMa HeraTLt1BHO CKa3aIlOCb Ha
3Y4eHLt1 ApeBHX 3HaKOB. Ha AeIle HViKaKO OprLt1HaIlbHO n03ft1Lt1 MOIlO-
AbIMLt1 ccneAOBaTenM CTpaH 6blBwero CCCP nOKa He ccpopMynLt1pOBa-
HO Lt1 Bce HOBbie BepCLt1 TaK Lt1nLt1 VlHa4e 06paMnfl.oT .0.0 CLt1X nop KpaV1He
cIla60 ap2YMeHmupyeMYlO «MarM'IeCKYIO» TeOpLt1.o CTOIleTHe AaBHOCT
3
PeoaKmop U30amenbcmea
B.B.Bon2UHa
eHKO C.A.
7192 3HaKLt1- TaMrLt1 Lt1paHO3bI4HbIX HapoAoB ApeBHocT Li1 paHHero
cpeAHeBeKoBb. - M.: 1I13AaTenbcKa cpLt1pMa «80cTol.tHaS1 11Lt1Tepa-
Typa» PAH, 2001. -190 c.: n.
ISBN 5-02-018212-5
B MOHorpac:p1,1 npoBeAeH KOMnIleKCHbl CpaBHI,1TeIlbHbl aHaIll,13 pOAOBblX
1,1 ceMeHblX 3HaKOB co6CTBeHHOCTI,1-TaMr pS1Aa I,1paHCKI,1X 3THOCOB ApeBHOCTI,1
1,1 paHHero cpeAHeBeKOBbS1. OCHOBO AIlS1 MeTOAOIlOrl,14eCKI,1X nOCTpOeHI,1 1,1 Bbl-
BOAOB CTaIla KpynHewaS1 B I,1paHCKOM Ml,1pe KOIlIleK41,1S1 TaMr capMaTo-aIlaHOB
1,1 I,1X coceAe I B. AO H.3. - IV B. H.3. AeTallbHO npOaHaIll,131,1pOBaHbl oco6eHHO-
CTI,1 I,1CnOIlb30BaHI,1S1 «4apCKI,1X» 3HaKOB bocnopcKoro 4apCTBa 1,1 YT04HeHa I,1X aT-
p1,16Y41,1S1 KOHKpeTHblM npaS&.1TenflM, TO n0380Ill,1nO nY4we 1,13Y41,1Tb reHeaIlOrl,1tO 1,1
nOIll,1TI,14eCKYtO CYAb6y OT Ae nbHblX apl,1CTOKpaTI,14eCKI,1X KIlaHOB. BnepBble npeA-
IlO>KeHO peweHe np06I1eMbl coo I HOUleH&.1 TaMr I,1paHCKI,1X 1,1 TtOPKCKI,1X 3THOCOB.
66K 63.3(0)3

(CM. npe>KP.e BCerO B KaeC I bt::: AapaKTepHOrO npLt1Mepa MaTepLt1aIlbl BeCbMa
Lt1HTepeCHbIX AOKnaAoB: EnbHLt1KOB, 1996, 151; 6apYAKLt1Ha, 2001, 189).
V13Yl.teHLt1e TaKoV1 KaTerOpLt1 MaCCOBoro MaTepLt1ana, KaK 3HaK (TaMrLt1)
ApeBHLt1X Lt1paHeB, CB3aHO co MHO>KeCTBOM TPYAHopa3peWLt1Mblx np06neM.
Ao CLt1X nop He AO KOHa BblCHeHbl Lt1X CPYHKLt1, KpLt1TepLt1Lt1 OTnLt1l.tLt1 OT
opHaMeHTa  peAKO Lt1CnOnb3yeMblx caKpanbHblX CLt1MBOnOB, cnecpLt1Ka
TaMrononb30BaHLt1 Lt1paHCKLt1X HapOAOB no cpaBHeH.o C coceAM. OTCYT-
cTByeT Aa>Ke onpeoeneHue nOHRmUR maM2U U 06bllJaea UX ucnonb30ea-
HUf/, He npft1BneKa.oTC KoppeKTHble 3THorpacpft1l.teCKe aHanOrLt1Lt1 no upaH-
CKUM 3THocaM. TLt1nbl TaMr nOKa He Kapm02pacjJupoeanUCb no perLt10HaM, He
YTOl.tHeHa xpOHon02UR MHorx naMTHLt1KOB C HLt1MLt1  TeM 60nee - 6bITO-
BaHLt1 omoenbHblX UX munoe. CerOAH npLt14YAnLt1BO cocyeCTBYK)T He-
CKonbKO B3aLt1MOCKIl.ol.ta.ol.J..tLt1X BepCLt1V1 Lt1X CeMaHTLt1KLt1, a MHeHLt1f1 BeAYl.J..tLt1X
cneLt1anCTOB, 3Yl.ta.ol.J..tLt1X TaMrLt1, no MHOrLt1M BonpocaM Memooon02UU
nOAl.taC nonpHO paCXOATC. lI1HblMLt1 CnOBaMLt1, Lt13Y4eHe TaMr, HeCMOTp
Ha AIlTenbHble Lt1 caMOOTBep>KeHHble YCLt1nLt1 MHorx Yl.teHbIX, HaXOATC
nOKa B 3al.taT04HOM COCTOHLt1Lt1 .
K11aHOBo-ceMeV1Hble 3HaKLt1 Lt1paHCKLt1X HapOAOB (KOTopble cerOAH 06b14-
HO Lt1MeHy.oT T.opKCKLt1M TepMLt1HOM «tamga») Ha3bIBa.oTC B nepCLt1ACKOM
3noce «WaX-HaMe» <J)Lt1PAOYCLt1 «nisan», Y COBpeMeHHblX TaA>KLt1KOB «nison»
(<<MeTKa, 3HaK, cneA») (nel.J..tepeBa, 1959, 110,113), a Y nOTOMKOB eBpone-
CKX capMaToB - oceTH - ApeBHLt1M TepMLt1HOM «gakk» (<<KpK)l.tOK»)
(A6aeB, 1958, 506) 1 . no perOHaM OH 3Yl.teHbl KpaV1He HepaBHOMepHO
K TOMY >Ke Lt13BeCTHbl ApeBHLt1e Lt1paHOfl3bll.tHble 3THOCbl, Y KOTOpblX TaMro-
nonb30BaHLt1e He 6blno pacnpocmpaHeHo (xOTaHO-CaKLt1 CLt1Hb3Ha, capMa-
Tbl 8eHrpLt1). epaBHLt1TenbHO xopowo cc11eAOBaHbl 3HaKLt1 KywaH, Xo-
pe3Ma Lt1 «MOHorpaMMbl» nepCLt1ACKLt1X CacaHAOB. OAHaKO oc06eHHO MHO-
rOl.tft1CneHHbl BblB11eHHble KOMnneKCbl C TaMraMLt1 B eBponeCKX  npeA-
KaBKa3CKLt1X CTenx - Ha 3eMnRX opeeHeu CapMamuu (BcneACTBLt1e Toro,
l.tTO 3Ta TeppLt1TOp C Hal.tana XX B. Ha60nee Lt13Y4eHa B paHCKOM MLt1pe).
6narOAapfi 06Lt1nbHOMY pLt1MCKOMY Lt1MnopTY  HaxOAKaM aHTLt14H0V1 3nrpa-
cpLIIKLt1 Mbl MO>KeM YT04HTb AaTpOBKY MHOrLt1X 3HaKOB.
1I13Yl.teHe 3HaKOB CaPMaTLt1Lt1. lI1HTepec K «capMaTCKLt1M 3HaKaM» B03HLt1K
B POCCLt1Lt1 OKono 150 neT Ha3aA B CB3 C ny6nKaLt1e TaKLt1X pKLt1X na-
MTHLt1KOB, KaK ABa nOKpblTblX 120-150 TaMraMLt1 MpaMopHblX nbBa Lt13 KYP-
raHa Y ApeBHe OnbBLt1 (Mypa3KeBLt14, 1853, 247, Ta611. VI). V1MeHHo 3Ha-
KaM eBponeV!cKo cTenHo 30Hbl nocBeHo nOAaBn.oee 60nbWLt1HCTBO
ny6nLt1Kal4Lt1V1, B TOM l.tcne - l.teTblpe MOHorpacp (MeaHL-1HOB, 1933j
Janichen, 1956; COnOMOHLt1K, 1959; Apa4YK, 1975)' nlt1TepaTypa no 3T0Lt1
TeMe orpoMHa Lt1 TPYAH00603pMa (B OCHOBHOM 3TO ny6nLt1Kal4Lt1Lt1 oTAenb-
HblX npeAMeToB C TaMraMLt1 ft1 KpaTKLt1e ynOMLt1HaHlt1 0 Hft1X B pa3Horo pOAa
o606l.J..taK)l.J..tlt1x TPYAax).
V1HTepec K 3TLt1M 3HaKaM npOBLt1nC Y>Ke TorAa, KorAa <J).K.6PYH BbICKa-
3an PA 3aMel.taHLt1 no nOBoAY TOl.tHOCTLt1 Lt1X npOpLt1COBOK B nepBOHal.tanb-
HOV1 ny6nLt1Kal4Lt1Lt1 Lt1 BBen nonynpHbl AnTe11bHoe BpeM TepMLt1H
«3araAOl.tHble 3HaK» (6PYH, 1863, 993). BCKope n.0.6YP4aKOB, He 6YAY4Lt1
3HaKOM C COOTBeTCTBy.oMlt1 3mH02pacjJUl/eCKUMU MaTepaIlaMft1, npwen
K BblBOAY, l.tTO 3HaKU c06cmeeHHocmu (TaMrLt1) K06bl He Lt1MenO CMblCIla
nOMel.J..taTb 2pynnaMu Ha OAHOM 06"beKTe. OCHOBbIBaCb Ha pa3MeeHLt1
HeKOTopblX npLt1l.tepHOMOpCKlt1X (TonbKO OnbBLt1CKX) 3HaKOB pRoaMU Lt1 Lt1HO-
r,Qa - lt1X noamopReMocmu, OH nOCl.tLt1Tan ft1X rOTCKO nLt1CbMeHHCTb.o ,
6YATO 6bl Ol.teHb nOXO>Ke Ha 2na20nuu,y (6YPl.taKOB, 1875, 191-199) . TeM
caMblM OH nonO>KLt1n Hal.tanO OAHO Lt13 HaLt160nee pacnpocTpaHeHHblx Bep-
CLt1V1 Lt1HTepnpeTal4lt1 3HaKOB (<<npomonucbMeHHaR aepcuR», «meopuR nUCb-
Ma»). lI1Aell1 n.0.6YPl.taKOBa no-cBoeMY pa3Bn 8.8.naTblweB, C4Lt1Ta CKO-
nneH 3HaKOB, HaV1AeHHblx a 2pelJeCKUX 20pooax, mauHonucblO penu2u-
03H020 Ha3HalJeHUR, Lt1CnOnb30BaBwy.oC caMUMU 2peKaMu (naTblweB,
1889, 135-138), a el.J..te n03>Ke - M.lI1.PocToBeB, 06"bBLt1BW lt1X cpOpMLt1-
pOBaBweV1c (HO He OcpopMLt1BWeV1C Lt13-3a BTOp>KeH rYHHOB) capMam-
CKOU nUCbMeHHocmblO (PocToBeB, 1914, 298-299; PocToBeB, 1925,
154)4. 8cKope, oAHaKo, Lt1CCneAOBaTen CMOrnlf1 npLt1BeCTLt1 cepLt1.o y6eA-
TenbHblX AOBOAOB npOTLt1B «TeOpLt1 nLt1CbMa» (MeaHLt1HOB, 1933, 15-16;
eonoMoHK, 1959 , 20)5. <J)opMlt1PyeTc Lt1 TeHAeHl4 06"bBnTb CKonneH
CIlO>KHbIX 3HaKOB cpeoHeeeKoeblMU mlOpKCKUMU (CaBenbeB, 1875, 374-375).
Y>Ke B 80-x rOAax XIX B. pa3Aa.oTC npLt13blBbl Lt13Y4aTb ApeBHLt1e TaMrLt1
K)ra POCCLt1 (<<.opLt1Al.teCKLt1e 3HaKLt1») cucmeMHO, no oc060u np02paMMe, C
nonblTKaMLt1 BblAenLt1Tb 6011ee n03AHe cpOpMbl (ConoBbeB, 1887, 111-113).
TorAa >Ke B.HJOpreB4 BnepBble OTMeTLt1n (Ha npLt1Mepe CTenbl Lt13 KpLt1BOrO
Pora) BKnaA paHO3bll.tHOrO HaCeneHLt1 (aI1aHoB) B cpOpMpOBaHLt1e CKon-
neHlt1V1 3HaKOB  BnepBble >Ke cpaeHun ux c maM2aMU Hapoooa 3anaoHo20
U L.[eHmpanbH020 npeoKaeKa3bR (K)preBLt14, 1889 , 504-505). 8 AaIlbHeV!-
weM 3Ta BepCLt1 6blna nOAKpenIleHa Ha 3THorpacpLt1l.teCKLt1X MaTepanax
I 3TOT Heo6bl4Hbl TepMH AIlff TaMr CBff3aH CBOM npOCXO>KJJ.eHeM C CIlY3TOM
>KeIle3HOro HCTpYMeHTa AIlff KIleMeHff OBe4  nowaAe K KOH4Y ero (<<Kpt04KY») nOA
npffMblM yrIloM KpenIlOCb a>t<ypHoe 306pa>KeHe TaMr onpeAeneHHoro KIlaHa
2 KHra r.EHxeHa, COAep>Kaafl MHoro HeT04HbiX PCYHKOB  cIla6oapryMeHTpo-
BaHHblX BblBOA08, nOABeprIlacb oco6eHHo CYPOBO KpTKe (CM.: ,Qpa4YK, 1975, 39-43,
106).
4
3 3Ta TpaKTOBKa 6blIla n03>Ke aKTBHO nOAAep>KaHa n.5l4epHblX (4epHblx. 1947, 1-14).
4 nOCIleAHC1 pa3 B nOIlb3Y 3TO Bepc (KaK 111 npeAweCTBeHHK - n04T 6e3 ap-
rYMeHTa4) BbICKa3bIBaIlCb B.n.fH1IleHKO (51IleHKo, 1987, 153) 111 K).r.BHorpaAoB
(6eTTrep/BHorpaAoB, 1994, 66-67). nOKa3aTeIlbHo, 4TO OHa nOAAep>KBaIlaCb TOIlbKO
Y4eHbIM-aHT4HII1KaMII1, B OCHOBHOM 3nrpacpCTaM.
5 B aHOHMHO B3aHTV1CKO naCXaIl1l1111 VII B OTMe4aeTCff, 4TO 1113 ApeBHII1X
«BapBapCKX» HapOAOB K)ro-BocT04HO EBponbl «3HatOT co6cmeeHHbie nUCbMeHa...
capMaTbl... CKlI1cpbl... 6aCTapHbl» (TYP4aHII1HOB, 1990, 102). Bill-IV BB. HaIl1l14e HaAn-
ce Ha aIlaHCKOM ff3blKe (c cnOIlb30BaHlI1eM rpe4eCKoro 111 apaMecKoro aIlcpaBToB,
KBaApaTHoro eBpecKoro ncbMa) npeAnoIlaraeT r.<1>.TYP4aHII1HOB (TaM >Ke, 58-70, 157-
161). K TaKoro pOAa HaAnVlCffM, Ha Haw B3rIlffA, HeCOMHeHHO OTHOCTCff PffA 3HaKOB Ha
MpaMopHOM cocYAe 1113 COKOIlOBO MorIlbl (KoBnaHeHKo, 1986, pll1c. 61). II1HbIM CIlOBa-
MII1, capMaTo-anaHcKaff nCbMeHHOCTb. BII1AMO, AecTBTeIlbHo cyw,ecmeoeana, HO
II1MeIla COBepweHHO He TOT 06Illl1K, KOTOpbl npeAnOIlaraIlCff M.II1.PocToB4eBbIM
5

HanpL11Mep, OT T.opKCKX, MOHrOnbCKX ft1n cpHHo-yropCKX) KaK pa3 Bns:l-
eTC, nO-BLt1ALt1MOMY Y>Ke K aHTLt14HOMY BpeMeHLt1, OTCVTCTBLt1e flPKO BblPa-
>KeHHbIX 06pa3HbiX aCCOULt1aULt1V1 B CB3Lt1 C onpe,aeneHHblM TLt1nOM KIlaHOBO-
fO 3HaKa (CM. nOAP06Hee pa3Aen 1 0). LI1.KoCTp>KeBCKLt1 C4L11Tan, l.tTO
«TpAeHcbl» 60cnopcKx l4apeLIJ 2-ro nepLt10Aa Lt1CXOAHO npeAcTaBnnLt1
K06bl PYKY IOnMTepa C MOI1HMeM (Kostrzewski, 1921, 131-132)8, a
r.XYM6ax - MOHorpaMMY rellMoca (Treister, 2000, n. 61). 3T 3HaKLt1
5.A. Pbl6aKoBbiM B H>KHeVi l.taCT TpaKTOBaIlLt1Cb KaK ABa KOHJI, MAYMX B
paJHble CTOpOHbl, a B BepXHeV1 - KaK \le110BeK C nOAHJlTblMM PYKaMM
(PbI6aKoB, 1940, 234). 8cKope e.n.ToncToB, COrnaCLt1BWLt1Cb C TpaKToBKo
H>KHeVll.taCTLt1, BLt1Aen B BepXHeLIJ nTM4Y MI1M r0l10Bbi poraTblx >KMBOTHbIX
(ToncToB, 1948, 186), r.EHLt1XeH - neTYxa Ha weCTe (Janichen, 1956, 15-
16), a A.A.TyanIlaroB - «6apaHa, CBJl3aHHOro C COI1He\lHblM 4>apHOM»
(TyanIlaroB, 1994, 61-62). HeAaBHo 8.n.AneKceeB pa3rnAen B 3TLt1X 3Ha-
Kax <t>MryPY ApaKoHa (AneKceeB, 1991), a O.A.naHapLt1Ha - npe>K)J.e Bcero
KpecT (naHapLt1Ha, 1998, 327). HecoMHeHHo, B 6YAyeM 4Lt1TaTenb CTonK-
HeTC Lt1 C 0PY2UMU nOA06HbIMLt1 BepCLt1MLt1. OAHaKo Lt1X nOAP06Hbl Kynb-
TYPHo-ncXonOrLt1l.teCKLt1V1 aHan3 nLt1 pa3BepHYTas:l nOneMLt1Ka C HM He
BXOAT B 3aAal.ty MoeV1 pa60Tbi. npLt1MeHLt1TenbHO K HLt1M cnpaBeAnBo 3a-
Me4aHLt1e Lt13BeCTHoro ccneAoBaTen KaBKa3CKLt1X TaMr n.lI1.naBpoBa 0 TOM,
4TO U3HalJanbHbiU CMblcn TaKoro pOAa pLt1CYHKOB « HeB03MO>KHO onpeLlenTb
6e3 pLt1CKa nepeTLt1 rpaHLt1Ubl pa3VMHoro » (naBpoB, 1978, 103).
1I1.1I1. Mel.J..taHLt1HOB CTaIl nepBblM CClleAOBaTeneM, OTMeTLt1BWLt1M nep-
CneKTLt1BY cpaBHeHuR «capMamcKux 3HaKoe» C maM2aMU cpeoHeBeKoBblx
anaHOB BepxHe20,[JoHa VIII-IX BB. An «nocTpOeHLt1 Lt1CTOpLt14eCKO cxeMbl»
(rpacpcpLt1TLt1 Ha CTeHax MaKoro rOpOALt1a) (MeaHHoB, 1933, 22-23).
Ba>KHOe MeCTO B Lt1CTOpLt10rpacpLt1Lt1 np06neMbi 3aHLt1MaeT KHLt1>KKa (TOl.tHee,
6pow.opa 06"beMOM «l.tLt1CToro» TeKCTa Bcero 30 CTpaHLt1l4) raHca EHMxeHa.
HecMoTp Ha pe3KY.o KpLt1TLt1KY co CTOpOHbl 8.C.Apa4YKa, l.taCTO BnonHe
cnpaBeAnLt1BY.o (Apal.tYK, 1975, 39-43), 3a WLt1pOKOe Lt1CnOnb30BaHLt1e HeTOl.t-
HblX npOpLt1COBOK Lt1306pa>KeHLt1, HeAocToBepHocTb MHorx AaT, 06Lt1nLt1e
cIla60aprYMeHTLt1pOBaHHblx  npocTo cOBepweHHo cpaHTaCTLt14eCKLt1X BbIBO-
AOB, aBTop BHec B HaYKY PA 04eHb ueHHblX Lt1Ae. nO>KanYLIJ, He BLt1Ha, a
6eAa r.EHLt1XeHa B TOM, l.tTO, BnepBble nblTaCb pa306paTbC B orpOMHOM
06"beMe 06bl4HO TPYAHOAocrynHoro  nnoxo, 4aCTO He6pe>KHO Lt1 C HeT04-
HOCTMLt1 3AaHHoro MaTepLt1ana no paHCKOMY, T.opKCKOMY Lt1 repMaHCKOMY
KynbTypHblM MLt1paM, OH B pe3ynbTaTe AonYCTLt1n MHO>KeCTBO cepbe3HbiX
norpeWHOCTeV1. lI1ccneAoBaTenb BnepBble peWft1nc KOMnneKCHO paCCMOT-
peTb TaMrLt1 Lt1paHCKLt1X HapOLlOB. onpeLleIlLt1Tb COOTHOWeHLt1e TaMr L-1paHCKOro
 T.oPKCKoro MPOB. CB3b «caPMaTCKLt1X 3HaKOB» Lt1 «MOHorpaMM» caca-
HLt1LlCKOrO lI1paHa (npeABOCXLt1TLt1B TeM caMblM OT4aCTLt1 3aAa4Lt1 AaHHO MO-
npeAKaBKa3b B.n.nO>KLt1AaeBbIM (nO>KAaeB, 1948, 240-250)  B cneLII-
anbHoV1 rIlaBe MOHorpacpLt1 8.M.5aTl.taeBa (6aTl.taeB. 1986). 3aTeM OHa
6blna npHTa BeAYl.J..tM ccneAOBaTenM TaMr BOCTOl.tHOV1 EBponbl 
KaBKa3a - 3.V1.COIlOMOHLt1K Lt1 (c orOBOpKaMLt1) X.X.xTaHLt1rOBbIM.
8 Hal.talle XX B. 8.8.WKopnft1n nOAl.tepKHyn KnaHoeblu, a He UHOUBUOY-
anbHblU xapaKTep TaMr  Bnepeble Bbloenun OOUH U3 u,apCKUX 3HaKOB
CapMaTLt130BaHHoro 60cnopCKoro apCTBa - TalYlry CaBpOMaTa II (WKOpnLt1n,
1911, 112-114). 8cKope, BcneA 3a 3. MLt1HH30M, 6blnLt1 onpeAeneHbl KaK
maM2U 3HaKL11 Ha MOHeTax capMaTcKx (<<n03AHeCKLt1cpcKLt1X») l4 a peLIJ
2- non. I B. H.3. <1>ap30 Lt1 lI1HLt1CMe (OpeWHLt1KOB, 1921, 227-228),
l.tTO nonY4Lt1nO nOA.Qep>KKY co CTOpOHbl MHOrLt1X APyrLt1x Lt1CCneAOBaTener;1,
Ha4Lt1Ha C 8.ct>.raAYKeBl.ta (raV1AYKeBLt1l.t, 1949,427-430).
8 Hal.talle XX B. Mano KTO ft13 yl.teHblX COMHeBaIlC B TOM, l.tTO «3ara-
A04Hbie 3HaKLt1» AaTft1pytOTC B OCHOBHOM PUMCKUM BpeMeHeM; MHoroe AIl
YTOl.tHeH BpeMeHLt1 6bIToBaH KOHKpeTHblx apcKx 3HaKOB 6blno CAeIla-
HO B.B.WKOpnLt1nOM (WKopnn. 1910, 32). 8 20-x rOAax 6blnLII npeAnpHTbl
nepBble nonblTK BblRBneHUR Hau60nee paHHux TaMr CTen. OAHa 3 HLt1X
npHaAne>Kana LI1. KocTp>KeBcKoMY, KOTOpblV1 Cl.tLt1Tan B03MO>KHbIM .a,aTLt1pO-
BaTb 3HaK Ha KOTne Lt13 XaTO>KYKaeBcKoro ayna B 3aKy6aHbe ee
I B. .0.0 H.3., a He py6e>KOM H.3., KaK 6.AHTOHeBLt14 (Kostrzewski, 1921, 127-
134)6. 8cKope H.A.3axapOB cnpaBeAnLIIBO, Ha MO B3rnA, Ha3blBaIl 3HaK
Ha MOHeTax l4apLt1l4bl ALt1HaMLt1Lt1 cKopee maM20u, a He MOH02paMMOU, OCHO-
BblBaCb Ha HanLt1l.tL11L11 B CKOnneHLt1X capMaTCKLt1X 3HaKOB enoV1 cepLt1L11
6n3KX eC1 3HaKOB 7 (3axapoB, 1929, 135) (CM. TaK>Ke pa3AeIl 4).
8MecTe C TeM B Hal.talle XX B. CcpOpMLt1pOBa11Lt1Cb ABa nonynpHblX .0.0
CLt1X nop HanpaBneHL11 B TpaKTOBKe «capMaTCKLIIX 3HaKOB». 80-nepBblx, 3TO
«MarM\leCKaJl» TeOpMJI M.36epTa (Ebert, 1909, 71), KOTopa 6bl11a L11 6y-
oem, KaK  Y>Ke OTMe4an, ncLt1XOnOr4eCKLt1 He06bll.taV1HO npueneKamenb-
HOU, HecMoTpfl Ha TO, 4TO ee CTOpOHHLt1K nOKa He neperpY>Ka.oT 4Lt1TaTeIl
0611eM ap2YMeHmau,uu Lt1 .0.0 CLt1X nop He MorYT npLt1BeCTLt1 HKaKLIIX CTO-
pLt1KO-3THorpacpLIIl.teCKLt1X aHanOrLt1V1 no Lt1paHO3bI4HbIM 3THocaM (CM.: rpLt1Lt1-
Ha, 1981, 135-136). 80-BTopblx, aTO VBne4eHe BblCHeHeM HeKoero
«nePBOHal.tanbHOro CMblcna» OCHOBHblX 3neMeHTOB CnO>KHbIX 6oCnOPCKLt1X
uapCKL11X 3HaKOB cep. II - cep. III B. (3HaKLt1 2-ro nepLt10Aa no Moe KnaCCLt1-
cpKal4Lt1Lt1: CM. pa3Aen 4), Ha4ano l.teMY 6blno nOnO>KeHO LI1.KoCTp>KeB-
CKLt1M (Kostrzewski, 1921, 131-132). 8epoTHo, 3TLt1 nOnblTKLt1 U3HalJanbHO
nuweHbl CMblcna, TaK KaK oc06eHHoCTb.o Lt1paHCKX HapoAoB (B OTnLt1l.te,
6 CnpaseAnViSOCTb AaTVIpOSKVI 6.AHTOHeSVl4a 3aTeM y6eAVITenbHO nOATsepAVIn S
csoeVi ,D,VlCCepTa4V1V1 A.M.>K,D,aHoscKVlVI (>K,D,aHoscKVlVI, 1985).
7 3aMe4Y, l.ITO npOTVlSHVlK aTpVl6Y4V1 3Toro 3HaKa KaK TaMrVl AO CVlX nop He CMornVl
CKonbKO-HVl6YAb y6eAVITenbHO 06bCHVlTb HanVl4V1e CVlHXpOHHOVI cepuu CXOOHblX 3HaKOS,
S TOM 4V1cne SHe rpe4eCKVlX TeppVlTOpVlVl. VlAe T MOMM3eHa 0 TOM, 4TO 3TO MOH02paMMa
ee UMeHU, 6blna ocnopeHa A.H.30rpacpoM, oTMe4aswVlM, 4TO 3HaK S 3TOM cnY4ae n04e-
MY-TO npeACTasneH He Ha flVl4esoVI CTopOHe, a Ha 060pOTHOVI. TaM. rAe 06bl4HO pa3Me-
anc nopTpeT VlMnepaTopa (30rpacp, 1951, 211). B03HVlKno npeAnOnO>KeHVle, pa3,D,e-
nsweec paHee H.A.<1>ponosoVl, 0 TOM, 4TO 3TO MOH02paMM8 PUMCK020 4UHOBHUKa.
8 ,Qn nt06V1TeneVi 6nVl>KHeSOCT04HbIX aHanorVlVl  Mor 6bl npeAnO>KVlTb (pa3YMeeTC,
S WyrKY) VlCKaTb VlCTOKVI 60cnopCKVlX TpVlAeHCOS B CXO,D,HbIX 3HaKaX-CVlMsonax 6oros
HososaSVlnOHCKoro speMeHVI- 3a, MapAYKa (CM., Hanpll1Mep: .QenVl4, 1907, pll1c.41-
42 - 1I13SeCTHblVi Me>KeSOVI KaMeHb 4ap Map,D,YKnaflll1,D,,D,lI1Ha, 721-703 rr. ,D,O H.3.).
6
7

Horpacp). r.EHLt1XeH Cpe,lJ.Lt1 npOl.terO npwen K BbIBO,lJ.aM 0 pa3BLt1TLt1Lt1
cpOpM T.opKCKLt1X «TaMr» ft1 repMaHCKX «MapOK» nOA Bnft1Hft1eM cpOpM Lt1
TpaAl4Lt1V1 ft1paHCKOrO Mpa (Janichen, 1956, 29-31, 40), 0 reHeTLt1l.teCKO
CB3Lt1 3HaKOB-raKK capMaTcKoV1 3HaT  «MoHorpaMM»-HLt1WaH eaCaHLt1AOB
(Janichen, 1956. 21-23).
Ao 50-x rOAOB XX B Lt1CCneAOBaTeneV! npLt1BneKanLt1 cpaKTLt14eCKLt1 nLt1Wb
Hau60nee 3K30mUlJHbie  pKLt1e CnO>KHble .3HaK 60CnOpCKLt1X ape Lt1
KpynHeuwue CKOnneHLt1 (<<3HLt1K.nOne,lJ.Lt1Lt1») TaMr. «eepa Lt1 TOCK.nLt1Ba»
KponOTnBa pa60Ta no KalJeCmBeHHOU ny6nuKau,uu OTAenbHblx naMTHLt1-
KOB co 3HaKaM, YT04HeHLt1.o x oamupOBOK, cucmeMamu3au,uu TaMr 
npOl.tLt1M BLt1AaM 06pa60TKLt1 3TOV! 04eHb CnO>KHOV1 An Lt13Y4eH KaTerOpLt1
MaCCOB020 Mamepuana He Bbl3blBana oc060ro 3HTY3I11a3Ma. nepBble cepb-
e3Hbie 0606l.J..teH 6blnll1 CAenaHbl Ha ypoBHe TorAawHx 3HaHV1 npe>KJ].e
Bcero ABYM TanaHTnLt1BbIM YKpaHCKLt1MLt1 Lt1CCneAOBaTenMLt1 - 3..Co-
110MOHMK M B.C..Qpa"lYKoM. OHLt1 nonblTanLt1Cb npeBpaTLt1Tb pa60TY C TaM-
raMVI Lt13 nlO60eaHuR 3ara,lJ.0l.tHbIMLt1 pLt1cYHKaMLt1 Lt1 npo3BonbHoro eblxeambl-
BaHUR omoenbHblx npuMepoB B cpOpMLt1pOBaHft1e omoenbHou ompacnu
HaYKu. OrpoMHa 3acnyra 060Lt1x aBTopoB COCTOLt1T B TOM, l.tTO OHII1, onLt1pa-
Cb Ha ,lJ.aHHble CTOpll1l.teCKOV1 3THorpacpLt1Lt1 Lt1 l.taCTO - BeCbMa TOHKII1V1 aHa-
nLt13 apxeonOrLt1l.teCKLt1X MaTepanOB, ccneAOBa11Lt1  npOAeMOHCTpLt1pOBan
3KOHOMUlJeCKUe U nonUmUlJeCKUe aCneKTbl Lt1CnOnb30BaHLt1 TaMr KaK 3HaKOB
c06cmeeHHocmu, nOAopBaB TeM caMblM OCHOBY pa3Ho06pa3HbiX MLt1CT4e-
CKLt1 OKpaweHHblX  nOAl.taC COBepweHHO HenenblX cpaHTaCTLt1l.teCKLt1X Teo-
pLt1V!. HenerKLt1V1 Lt1 l.taCTO, K CO>Ka11eH.o, He6narOAapHblV1 TPYA no ft1X KpLt1TII1Ke
TalOKe npwenc npe>K,Qe Bcero Ha Lt1X AOn.o. 06a aBTopa nOCBTLt1nLt1 3T0V1
TeMe MOHorpacpLt1, KOTopble el.J..te ,lJ.onro He YTpaTT CBoeV1 eHHOCTLt1
(COIlOMOHLt1K, 1959; Apal.tYK, 1975), a B.C.,Qpal.tYK 3aLULt1TIl Ha 3TY TeMY
,lJ.Lt1CCepTa.o (Apa4YK, 1972). 3.1I1.ConOMOHLt1K aKeHTLt1pOBaIla BHLt1MaHLt1e
Ha Lt1CnOnb30BaHLt1Lt1 TaMr onR KneuMeHuR CKoma (ConoMoHK, 1957, 210-
218), B.e.Apa4YK - onfl Mel/eHUR Hau60nee u,eHHbIX eew.eiJ (Apa4YK,
1975, 56).
lI1H,lJ.Lt1B,lJ.yanbHble «TBop4eCKLt1e n014epKLt1» 06oll1x Y4eHbix 3aMeTHO pa3-
IlLt1l.taIlLt1Cb. TaK, 3.1I1.ConOMOHLt1K CAenana aKeHT Ha ny6nLt1KaLt1Lt1 06wLt1p-
HblX CBOAOK no HaKonBWMC 3a onpe,lJ.eneHHblV1 nepLt1o,lJ. HOBblM naMflTH-
KaM (oc06eHHo Ba>KHbl ee CBOAKLt1: COnOMOHLt1K, 1959; 1962; 1983), Lt1CnOnb-
3Y np 3TOM rnaBHblM 06pa30M cjJom02pacjJupoBaHue nOAPLt1CoBaHHblx, C
nO,lJ.l.tepKHYTbIMLt1 KOHTypaM 3HaKOB KaK 60nee 06beKmueHbiu MeTOA Lt1nIl.o-
CTpLt1pOBaHLt1. BbIBO,lJ.bl 3.V1.ConoMoHK B cpeAHeM xapaKTepLt13y.oTC
OCTOpO>KHOCTb.o, OTpa>Ka.oT ee 60nbwy.o 3PY,lJ.Lt1U.o; npLt1 3TOM 3a Lt1HTep-
npeTaLt1eV1 3mH02pacjJUlJeCKUX MaTepanoB OHa npeAnOl.tTaIla 06paaTb-
C K TPYAaM COOTBeTCTBYtOLt1X cneu,uanucmOB. lI1ccIleAoBaTenbHua npLt1-
Hna npe,lJ.nOnO>KeHe 8.n.nO>KAaeBa (nO>KLt1AaeB, 1948) 0 TOM, 4TO cap-
MaTCKLt1e 3HaK B CBoeM pa3BLt1TLt1 K06bl nocmORHHO ynpow,anUCb, Lt1 no-
CTapanaCb nOATBepATb ero Ha capMaTCKOM MaTepLt1aIle (CM. pa3,lJ.eIlbl 1
Lt1 4). OHa BBena B HaY4HblV1 06Lt1xo,lJ. He COBceM TOl.tHblV1 TepMLt1H «cap-
MaTCKLt1e 3HaKLt1» (noApa3YMeBa. l.tTO MeHHO capMaTbl 6b1IlLt1 B CeBepHOM
8
npl.tepHOMOpbe pacnpocmpaHumenfiMU TaMr: ConoMoHK, 1959, 16-18).
8 uenOM 3.1I1.ConOMOHLt1K, HeCOMHeHHO, BneTC caMblM TanaHTnLt1BbiM Lt1
rpaMoTHblM II1CC11e,lJ.OBaTeneM nOA06Ho np06neMaTLt1KLt1.
Pa60Tbi 8.e.Apa4YKa cOnpOBO>KP,a.oTC, KaK npaBLt1nO, npopucoBKaMu
1I1306pa>KeHLt1. 6onbwo 3acnyroV1 aBTopa BneTC rpaMoTHa ny6nLt1Ka-
us:J KpynHeV1WLt1X «3HLt1K.nOne,lJ.Lt1» CapMaTLt1Lt1 - Kep4eHcKo «nLt1CaHO»
nnTbl 1871 r.  ,lJ.BYX MpaMopHblX 11bBOB Lt13 oKpecTHocTeV1 OnbBLt1
(,Qpal.tYK, 1975, Ta6n. XXXII-LI), cepLt1 cTaTeV1 no 3epKanaM, nOfiCHblM
nps:J>KKaM  T.n. C raMraMLt1 (CM. 6Lt16nLt1orpacp.o: TaM >Ke, 161-162). 3TOT
V1CCJleAOBaTeJlb npos:JB1111 6011bW0V1 Lt1HTepeC K 3THorpacpLt1l.teCKLt1M TaMraM
V1 3HaKaM pa3Hbix HapoAoB, l.tTO Hawno OTpa>KeHLt1e Lt1 B ero HaY4Ho-
nonynpHblx pa60Tax. K CO>KaneHLt1.o, nOAXOA 8.C.Apa4YKa B 3TOM Bonpoce
CTpa,lJ.aIl cepbe3HblMVI MeTOAOnOrLt1l.tecKLt1MLi1 Lt13"bHaMLt1. TaK, B XO,lJ.e coo-
KynbTypHblX peKoHcTpYKLt1V1, CBfl3aHHbiX C TaMraM, OH nOl.teMY-To cOBep-
weHHO He 06paanc K Lt1HcpopMal4Lt1 no Lt1paHCKLt1M HapOLlaM , OCHOBbIBa
CBOLt1 BblBOAbl Ha AaHHblX no AaneKLt1M OT HLt1X no KYIlbTYPHO OpLt1eHTaLt1Lt1
apaeuucKuM 6eoyuHaM, apa6aM Cupuu U l1paKa U cjJUHHo-Y2paM HU30BbeB
p. 06b (CM., HanpLt1Mep: Apal.tYK, 1975, 54-57). CBO OTKa3 OT paccMoTpe-
HLt1 ,lJ.Il capMaToB ApeBHLt1X cpeAHea3Lt1aTCKLt1X Lt1 .o>KHOCLt16Lt1pCKLt1X napan-
Jle11eV1 OH 060CHoBbiBan TeM, l.tTO Y pa3Hbix mlOpKcKuX HapO,lJ.OB (?) O,lJ.Lt1H Lt1
TOT >Ke 3HaK MO>KeT 03Hal.taTb pa3nUlJHbie BeLt1 111 nOHT , cneAoBa-
TenbHO, CxoAHble 3HaKLt1 oTAaneHHblx TeppLt1TOpLt1 paHcKoro Mpa MornLt1
V1MeTb pa3HYlO npupooy (TaM >Ke, 55). 8.C.Apal.tYKY He 6blIl Lt13BeCTeH TOT
cpaKT, l.tTO Y upaHCKUX HapOAOB nO,lJ.06Hbl 06b14aV1 OTCYTCTBOBan, a L{eH-
mpanbHoa3uamCKUMU 311eMeHTaMLt1 B MaTepa11bHO Lt1 AYXOBHO KynbTY-
pe capMaTo-anaHOB OH, B OT11Lt14e OT M.lI1.POCTOBeBa, c.n.TonCTOBa,
JO.M..QeCTl.tLt1KOBa Lt1 AP., He Lt1HTepeCOBa11C. An 8.C.Apa4YKa xapaKTepeH
TalOKe >KeCTKV1 CTft1nb nOneMLt1KLt1 C KonneraMLt1 Lt1, KaK npaBno, peWLt1Tenb-
Hble (HO nOAl.taC cna60aprYMeHTpoBaHHble) cpopMynLt1pOBKLt1.
HeAaBHo nOBLt1IlOCb cneLt1anbHOe CCIle,lJ.OBaHLt1e no Lt1Cnonb30BaHLt1.o
TaMr Y HapoAoB CeBepHoro KaBKa3a, B TOM 4Lt1Cne OCeTLt1H Lt1 Lt1X ApeBHLt1X
coceAeV1 Ha KaBKa3e (flxTaHlI1rOB, 1993). HecMoTp Ha BnOIlHe BcTBeHHblV1
aAblrO-l.tepKeCCKLt1V1 naTpLt10T3M  >KenaHe «oTKpecTTbc» OT capMaTo-
anaHCKoro KynbTypHoro HaCneALt1s:1 B perLt10He, B 3T0V1 none3HoV1 CBOAHO
pa60Te cOAep>KLt1TC MHoro eHHbIX 3THorpacpLt14eCKLt1X MaTepLt1aIlOB Lt1 PA
Sa>KHbIX BblBOAOB ccpopMynLi1pOBaH BeCbMa OCTOpO>KHO.
K Hal.tany XX B. TaMraMLt1 aKTLt1BHO nonb30BaIlCb TOIlbKO ABa paHO-
3bll.tHbIX HapOAa - oceTMHbl M TaA>KHKH (npLt1eM 3HaKaM TaA>KLt1KOB no-
CBl.J..teHa l4ena nTa rJlaBa MOHorpacpLt1Lt1 Lt13BeCTHoro 3THorpacpa E.M.ne-
l.J..tepeBOV1: nel.J..tepeBa, 1959). 8ce 3TO MO>KeT CAenaTb MaTepLt1aIlbl no TaM-
raM capMaTOB Lt1 X nOTOMKOB - cpeAHeBeKOBblX anaHOB Lt1 OCeTLt1H, a TalOKe
ApeBHX 6aKTpV1CKII1X .o3l.t>KeV! Lt1 ToxapCTaHeB Lt1 Lt1X nOTOMKOB - TaA>KLt1-
KOB 3TanOHOM npLt1 3Y4eHLt1Lt1 3HaKOB Lt1paHCKX HapoAOB B enOM. OOHaKO,
HeCMompR Ha CKa3aHHoe. maM2U CapMamuu U EaKmpuu maK U He cmanu
00 cux nop nonHoueHHblM U HaOe>KHbIM ucmOpUlJeCKUM UCmOlJHUKOM, U ux
MO>KHO KaK U oeCRmunemUR Ha3aO, C nonHblM OCHOBaHueM ClJUmamb
,
9

«3a2aOOlJHbIMU CapMamCKUMU 3HaKaMU». Aeno B TOM, l.tTO 3a nOCneA-
HLt1e 40 IleT (c MOMeHTa BblxoAa B CBeT KHLt1rLt1 3. V1. COIlOMOHLt1K) He nOflBft1-
110Cb H OAHO cepbe3HO pa60Tbl, KOTopafl BHOCIla 6bl cKonbKo-HVl6YAb
3aMeTHblV1 BKIlaA B Memooon02UJO U MemOQUKY ccneAoBaH 3Ha-
KOB o60x peroHoB (VlcKntOl.teHVle - TonbKO LiTO BblweAwa CTaTbfl:
OIl bXOBCKft1V1, 2001). Ol.teBAHO, l.tTO cTapble (B OCHOBHOM oncaTenbHble)
MeTOAbl Lt1CCneAOBaHfI TaMr Y>Ke npaKmUlJeCKU uClJepnanu CBOU B03MO)l(-
Hocmu.
3Y\feHMe 3HaKOB OCeAJlblX MpaHcKMx HapoAoB (fApaH, 6acceHbl
AMYAapbM M CbIPAapbM). lI1x xapaKTepcTKa TaK>Ke AO CLt1X nop OCTaeTC
B OCHOBHOM (3a Lt1CKIltOl.teHVleM pa60T A.H.repTMaHa) onucamenbHou. np
3TOM 3Hal.tanbHO CcpOpMLt1pOBanacb TpaAl4fI pa3Lle11bHoro paccMoTpe-
HfI 3HaKOB apucmoKpamuu Ha MOHeTax, reMMax, napaAHblx penbecpax
Lt1 T.n. Lt1 npeAno11araeMblx «pROOBbIX» 3HaKOB Ha KLt1pnLt14aX, TeppaKoToBblX
cpLt1rYPKax Lt1 nocYAe nOBceAHeBHoro nonb30BaHLt1. 60nee Toro, npLt1HTO
YTBep>KJ].aTb (K CO>KaneHft1tO, 6e3 He06xOALt1MO CCTeMbl aprYMeHToB), l.tTO
3HaKft1 Ha 3TX pa3Hbix KaTerOpflx Bee - RBneHUR pa3H02o nopRoK8.
3HaK Ha CblpOBbiX KMpnM\faX npBneKIl BHLt1MaHe ccIleAoBaTene C
KOHa 40-x rOAOB  Bbl3BanVi MHorOLicneHHble nonblTK BblCHTb X Ha-
3Hal.teHLt1e (CM. CBOAK MHeHV1: rYAKoBa, 1964, 35; repTMaH, 1998, 137).
OAHaKo IlIl1Wb B 80-90-e rOAbl Ha npVlMepe Xope3Ma OHLt1 6blnLt1 BceCTopOH-
He ccneAOBaHbl A.H.repTMaHOM (repTMaH, 1991; 1998) (eM. Hft1>Ke pa3-
AeIl 1).
CpeA 3HaKOB V1paHa TpaAUVloHHO Bb13b1BaIl HaLt160nbW HTepec
TaK Ha3blBaeMbie «MOHOrpaMMbl» 3HaTM AMHaCTMM CacaHMAOB (eM.,
HanpLt1Mep: Unvala, 1953: Gyselen, 1995). B HLt1X BLt1Ae11 Vl306pa>KeHLt1
HaBepw 30pOaCTpLt1CKX xpaMoB (r.A.nyral.teHKoBa), TTynbl (B.r.nYKO-
HVlH), HO B0306naAano npeAnOnO>KeHe 3.Xepl4cpenbAa 0 TOM, LiTO 3TO
MOH02paMMbl U3 6YKB UMeHU Toro Lt1nLt1 Lt1HOrO aAMHLt1CTpaTOpa (CM. CBOAKY
MHeHVI: nYKOHH, 1961, 53-54).
P A3AEn 1
BonpOCbIMETOAOflor
 METOAK 3YlfEHlI1 TAMr
Ha ceroAH, KaK OTMe4anOCb Bblwe, Bce OCHOBHble Bonpocbl Memooo-
J702UU U MemoouKu u3YlJeHUR maM2 RBnRJOmCR cnopHblMU unu HepeweH-
HblMU 8 nft1TepaType (3a V1CKIltOl.teHLt1eM pa60T 3.1I1.ConOMOHLt1K Lt1 B.C..Qpa-
4YKa) cocyl.J..teCTBytOT caMble npOTLt1BOpel.tLt1Bble Lt1 l.taCTO cpaHTaCTLt14eCKLt1e
BepCLt1Lt1 ceMaHTKLt1 TaMr, Lt1X npOLt1CXO>KJJ.eHLt1 Lt1 3BOntOl4Lt1.
C 1989 r. B cepLt1V1 AOKnaAOB HaM 6bln nOCTeneHHO npeAnO>KeH HOBblV!
nOAXOA K Lt1CCneAOBaHtO «capMaTCKLt1X 3HaKOB», T.e. cpaKTLt1l.teCKLt1 HOBa
nporpaMMa ft1X Lt13Y4eHLt1 1 . 1. CocTaBneHa nonHa CBOAKa TaMr CapMaTt
BKntOl.tatOa COTH Heony6nLt1KOBaHHblx 2 . 2. YT04HeHa Lt1X XpOHOIlOrLt1
1 MeTOAKa aHanaa TaMr s enOM  X CKonneH-«3HKnOneA» Ha6onee Ae-
TanbHO 060CHosaHa MHOtO s nocneAHe rOAbl s AOKnaAax «TaMr CapMaT I-IV Be.
H.3. (K MeTOAKe aY4eHfI)) (KacpeApa apxeonor Mry, 02.11.1995), «0 MeTOAKe
L-13Y4eHH JJ3HKnoneA" TaMr s CapMaT» (CKcpo-capMaTcK ceKTop Lt1HcTTyra
apxeonor PAH, 26.03.1997)  «K MeTOAKe 3Y4eHH aHT4HbIX TaMr CesepHoro
np4epHoMopbfl» (KoHcpepeH4H. nOCSHllteHHafi 60-neTtO B.Q1. M.. 30.06.1997) Ha
6aae COCTasnHeMoro Kopnyca TaMr paHcKx HapoAos ApesHocT  paHHero cpeAHese-
KOSbfl K 1996 r. 6blna s enOM nOArOTosneHa CSOAKa KOMnneKCOS TaMr CapMaT I s.
.0.0 H.3. - IV S. H.3. no xpoHonor4ecKM rpynnaM  SblHsneHa AnH Ka>KAO TaKo rpynnbl
peroHanbHaH cneucpKa (T.e. Tnbl aHaKOS, sCTpe4eHHbie TonbKO e OOHOM L-13 perL-1o-
HOS,  nOA4ac HeOAHOKpaTHO, He BKfl1048fl no YKa3aHHbiM H>Ke np4HaM CKOnneHL-1f1-
«3HKnoneA» ).
2 AaHHafi pa60Ta OCHosaHa so MHorOM Ha Heony6nKosaHHblx HaxOAKax  pYKOnL-1-
CHX, nt06e3HO npeAOCTasneHHblx 60nee 4eM 30 ccneAosaTenflM L-13 POCCL-1L-1  C
YKpaHbl. Oc06eHHo Sa>KHO 6blna Anfl MeHfI nOMOb A.r.AKynosa, C.6.60nenosa,
lt1.lt1.rYHOVl, A.B.>Kypasnesa, O.H.Lt1HesaTKL-1HOVl, aKaA 6.A.nL-1TSL-1HCKOrO, BJO.Mana-
wesa, B.C.OJ1bXOBCKoro, MJO.TpeVlcTepa (MocKsa), A.6.HKTHa, B.A.XpwaHoBcKoro,
O.B.Waposa (c.-neTep6ypr), C.B..QeMAeHKo, B.Lt1.MoPAsHesoVl, A.C.CKpnKL-1Ha (Bon-
rorpaA), C.Lt1 6eayrnosa, lt1.B.6enHc Koro, B.n.rIle6 osa, Il.C.Lt1IlbtOKOsa, Lt1.H.napycMo-
sa, lt1.B.ToJ104KO (POcTos-Ha-.QoHY), IE.lt1.6ecnaIlorol (MY3eVl «TaHac»), A.B.CMoHeHKo
(Kes), A.n.MeAseAesa (BopOHe>K), 6.A.Paesa, E.A.Xa4aTYPosoVl (KpacHoAap), E.A.CMa-
rYIlosa (AIlM"'fbl), a TaK>Ke YKaaaHfI Ha HeaseCTH to MHe IlTepaTYPY no OTAeIlbHblM
peroHaM  CT04HK r.A.KoweIleHKo, 3.A.Hosro OAOSO , A.M.06IloMcKoro, KlA.Pa-
nonopTa (MocKsa), M.M.KaaaHcKoro (napL-1>K), 0.6.6y6eHKa (Kes), VI.H.XpanYHosa (CM-
cpepononb), A.A.CTaweHKosa (CaMapa), .Q.B.BacL-1IlbeSa (AcTpaxaHb), M.A>K.XaIlIlosa
(6aKY). B paapa60TKe TeMbl 6b1Il 4pe3sbl4aVlHo nOIle3Hbi MHeHL-1H no OTAeIlbHblM naMflT-
11

(npe,QMeTbl co 3HaKaMLt1 B KypraHax C pLt1MCKLt1M MnOpTOM; AaTLt1pOBKLt1 on-
pe,QeneHbl Lt1CCneAOBaTenflMLt1 KOHKpeTHblX KOMnneKCOB Lt1 PAOM 3KcnepTOB
no XpOHOllon.14eCKM Lt1HALt1KaTopaM). 3. TaMrLt1 paCCMaTpLt1BanLt1Cb Ha cpoHe
,QOCTaT04HO nOIlHoV! CBOAK 3HaKOB pa3n4Hblx paHCKLt1X HapoAoB ApeB-
HOCT  paHHero cpeAHeBeKoBb. 4. 3HaKLt1 capMaToB Lt13yl.taIlLt1Cb B KOHTeK-
CTe Lt1X CB3Lt1 C Lt1J].eHT4HbIM 3HaKaM Lt1X npMblX nOTOMKOB (cpeJ].He-
BeKOBblX anaHOB, oceTH XIX-XX BB.) Lt1 COXpaHLt1BWLt1XC y HLt1X ApeBHLt1X
06b14aeB. 5. npeAnpLt1HTbl nonblTK BblBLt1Tb XpoHoIlor4ecKYtO, pero-
HanbHYtO Lt1 COLt1anbHYtO cneLt1cpLt1KY TaMr. 6. YT04HnLt1Cb BpeM nOBIle-
HLt1f1 3HaKOB B CapMaTLt1Lt1 Lt1 TeppTop, C KOTOpblX OH 6blnLt1 CtOAa npLt1He-
ceHbl. 7. 8blBnflnLt1cb xpOHOnOrLt14eCKe nnaCTbl B CKOnneHLt1X TaMr Ha
OAHOM npeAMeTe (<<3H4Lt1KnOneALt1»). B enOM AaHHa TeMa HaXOATC Ha
CTblKe HeCKOnbKLt1X ALt1CLt1nnLt1H: apxeonorLt1, 3THOnOrLt1Lt1, Lt1CTOpLt1Lt1 VI 3n-
rpacpKLt1. HLt1>Ke paccMoTpeHbl nOlJmu He U3YlJeHHbie B nLt1TepaType acneK-
Tbl np06neMbi.
1.1. np06neMa 2eHemuilecKou npeeMcmseHHocmu munos maM2 u
06blllaee ux ucnonb30saHUR om capMamos K HapooaM ijeHmpanbHo-
20 KasKa3a XVIII-XX es. npaKTLt14eCKVI Bce TLt1nbl 3HaKOB 3TLt1X HapOAOB
(f1xTaHLt1rOB, 1993, 136-178) Lt1MetOT npMble aHanOrLt1 y ApeBHx capMa-
TOB (ApaYK, 1975, Ta6n. III-XVIII, XXXI-LI). 04eHb 6IlLt13KLt1 no KOHCTPYK-
Lt1Lt1 >KeIle3Hble 0PYALt1 An KIleMeHLt1 B L\eHTpanbHoM npeAKaBKa3be 3 Lt1 y
paHHLt1X aIlaHOB 6acceHa H>KHerO AOHa 4 I-II BB. H.3. (MorVlnbHK Kpca-
HOBCKLt1 III, KypraH 2, rAe TaKo npeAMeT B MorLt1ne 3HaTHoro MY>K4Hbl
Ile>Kan B 6pOH30BOM Ta3Y BMeCTe c npeAMeTaMLt1 KOHCKO Y3Abl) (PaeB,
1979a, 207-208, pLt1c. 1/9, 3/9) (pLt1c. 1/1-2). OCHoBHble MeCTa HaHeCeHLt1
3HaKOB Ha Teno IlOWaALt1 y HapoAoB WeHTpanbHoro npeAKaBKa3b - 6eA-
po, nonaTKa, AIl «AononHTenbHoro» 3HaKa - eK (f1xTaHLt1rOB, 1993,
65), 4TO xapaKTepHO Lt1 .a.n capMaToB 1- Ha4ana II B. H.3.: nOWaALt1 Ha
cepe6pHoM Ky6Ke Lt1 30noTo rpLt1BHe Lt13 MOrLt1nbl 1 B noporax Ha p. ,QHecTp
(CLt1MOHeHKO/n06a, 1991, pLt1c. 16/3-4, cpOTO 20), Ha 60cnopcKoM H8JJ.-
rp06Lt1Lt1 ATTbl, CblHa TpLt1cpoHa, II B. H.3. (COIlOMOHLt1K, 1957, pLt1c. 1  4 (a-6)5,
r,Qe «capMaTcKoro» 06nLt1Ka 60CnOpCKLt1V1 rpeK, HeCOMHeHHO, Lt1CnOnb30Ban
Herpel.teCKLt1e TpaALt1Lt1Lt1 KneMeHLt16,  Ha 30nOTOM 6pacneTe 3 OnbBLt1
(ConOMOHLt1K, 1959, NQ 70). 8 3TOM cnY4ae Y capMaToB (noporLt1) TaMra
1I1306pa>KeHa BblCOKO Ha 6eApe >KLt1BOTHOro, l.tTO B WeHTpanbHoM npeAKaB-
l<a3be AenanOCb 06bl4HO TonbKO An KH3e (f1xTaH Lt1 rOB , 1993, 78)7.
Apea11 pacnpOCTpaHeHLt1 TaMr, Lt1AeHTLt14HbIX capMaTCKM, B L\eHTpaIlb-
HOM  3anaAHOM npeAKaBKa3be B enoM cOBnaAaeT C rpaHLt1l4aMLt1 cpeAHe-
BeKoBoV! AnaH X-XIII BB. VI ee BaccaIlOB (CM., HanpLt1Mep: KY3He40B,
1992, 213-219). 3anaAHbie COCeALt1 anaHo-oceTH - aAblrO-l.tepKecbl, CYA
no AocTynHblM cerOAH apxeonor4eCKLt1M Lt1 nLt1CbMeHHbIM CT04HKaM,
npaKTLt1l.teCKLt1 He nonb30BanLt1Cb TaMraMLt1 AO KOHa XIV B. 8 XIII B. anaHbl
oc06eHHo ynopHo COnpOTLt1Bn11Cb TaTapaM  6e3>KanOCTHo Lt1cTpe6n-
JlV1cb. A B 1395 r. cMepTeIlbHbl YAap no BOCT04HO 4aCT AnaHLt1Lt1 - ACLt1Lt1
(ynpaBnBwec apeM 6YPYKaHoM Lt1 6blBwe BepHblM BaccanOM 30nOTO-
Op,QblHcKoro xaHa ToxTaMblwa) 6bln HaHeceH Hen06eAVlMbiM TaMepnaHoM,
OpraHLt130BaBWM Lt1cTpe6neHLt1e >KLt1Tene (KY3HeoB, 1992, 344-347). Bce
3TO pe3Ko Lt13MeHno 3THLt1l.tecKYtO KapTY npeAKaBKa3b. Maccbl KaBKa3CKLt1X
anaHOB B O'-lepeAHoV! pa3 MLt1rppOBanLt1 Ha 3anaA (B AaHHOM cIlY4ae rnaB-
HblM 06pa30M B KpblM VI B 8eHrpVltO; CM. npe>KJJ.e Bcero: 6y6eHoK, 1995,
rIl. III, 169-232). nOcIle 3Toro aAblro-4epKecbl 3aHnLt1 4aCTb ApeBHeV1 Tep-
pll1TOpLt1 anaHOB, CMewanCb C HLt1MVI, Lt1, no AaHHblM rpY3HcKoro l4apeBLt14a
BaxywTLt1, AnaHLt1tO (<<OBCeTLt1») CTan Ha3blBaTb C Tex nop LlepKeCLt1eV1 Lt1nLt1
t{a6apAo. 3Aecb COXpaHLt1nLt1Cb 11Lt1Wb He6onbWLt1e rpynnbl anaHO-OCeTLt1H-
CKoro HaCe11eHLt1, aCCLt1MLt1nLt1pOBaHHble n03>Ke 4epKecaMLt1 (Lt1 OTl.taCTLt1 rpyn-
naM coceAHx TtOpKOB C npeArOpLt1 - npeAKoB 6anKapeB  Kapa4aeB-
weB: 6aTl.taeB, 1986). C XV .0.0 XIX B. cpeo.a.anbl LlepKeCLt1, nOCTOHHO nOA-
,Qep>KVlBaeMble OCMaHcKoV1 Lt1MnepLt1e Lt1 npaBLt1TenMLt1 KpblMcKoro xaHCTBa
(c KOTOpbIMLt1 4epKeccKa 3HaTb cTa6Lt1nbHO 3aKnt04ana 6paK), 6b1IlLt1 HaLt1-
60nee MoryecTBeHHbIM Ha CeBepHoM KasKa3e. COCeAHLt1e 3aBLt1CLt1Mble
HapoAbl nOApa>KaIlLt1 Lt1M B 3TLt1KeTe Lt1 CTpeMLt1nLt1Cb nOpOAHLt1TbCfI C Lt1X 3HaTbtO;
reHeaIlorfI Lt1 KnaHOBble TpaALt1Lt1 4epKecoB Tenepb Lt1rpaIlLt1 60IlbWYtO
ponb B peroHe. 8 xOAe pa3BTLt1s:1 cpeo.a.anbHoro 3TKeTa Lt1 C03AaH HO-
BblX 6011ee «611ecTl.J..tLt1x» reHeanorV1 l.tepKeCCKa 3HaTb , eCTeCTBeHHO,
, 8
3aMCTBOBana KIlaHOBble TaMrLt1  06bll.taV1 Lt1X Lt1CnOIlb30BaHLt1 y eALt1HCT-
HKaM TaKX cneaIlcToB, KaK T.M.ApceHbeBa, IIO.r.BHorpaAO  H.A.<1>poIloBa.
Oc060 Bblpa>KatO np3HaTeIlbHocTb 3a npeAocTaBIleHe Heony6IlKoBaHHblx 3THorpa<p-
eCKX MaTepaIloB no ropHblM TaA>KKaM 3THorpacPaM B.1I1.6ywKoBY  n.<1>.MOHO-
rapoBo (MocKBa). npoeKT pcYHKa Ha 06IlO>KKe BblnOIlHeH E.A.KYPKHO.
3 CM. HeKOTopble Tnbl TaKX OPYA Y aAblroB (ftxTaHroB, 1993. 20. N2 4)  oceTH
(KaIloeB, 1973, Ta6. 18).
4 8 AaHHo pa60Te fI npeAnoTatO AeIleHe eBponecKo CTen no reorpacPe-
CKM 30HaM, orpaHeHHbIM 6acceuHaMu peK (TO 60Ilbwe cooTBeTcTByeT X03f1CTBeH-
HOMY KIlY KoeBHKoB). XoY OTMeTTb, 4TO cerOAHfI B IlTepaType HeonpaBAaHHo
npe06IlaAaeT cnOIlb30BaHe cOBpeMeHHoro 3KOHoMuKo-aOMuHucmpamuBHozo AeIleHfI
(B pe3YIlbTaTe 4ero, HanpMep, Ba>KHble naMflTHK 6acce'1Ha H>KHerO AOHa - >KYTO-
BO, 6epAfI  AP. - OTHOCflT K H>KHeMY nOBOIl>KblO).
5 3AeCb «60IlbWO 3HaK» Ha IlonaTKe npeACTaBIlfleT TaMry, flBIlflBWYIOCfI, BAMO,
3HaKOM 60cnopCKoro apfl PMeTaIlKa (131-153 rr.) (pc. 6/48), a «noATaBPC?> Ha 6eA-
pe - He60IlbwyIO YHKaIlbHYIO TaMry.
12
6 Y rpeKOB, CYAfI no nCbMeHHbIM CT04HKaM, 6blllO npHf1TO KIle'1MTb pa3Hbie no-
pOAbl 1l0waAe oTAellbHblM 6YKBaM1-1 rpe4ecKoro allcpaBTa Ha 6eApe Jl npocTe'1wM
reoMeTp4ecKM 3HaKOM Ha 4eIlIOCT (COIlOMOHK, 1957, 216-217).
7 6b1K B capMaTCKoe BpeMfI KIle'1M1-1Jl1-1Cb OAHM 3HaKOM Ha 1l0naTKe, CY,D.f1 no norpe-
6allbHOVI KepaM4eCKO nOB0304Ke C 6bl4KOM B MorIle 210 (1903 r.) B naHTKanee
(COllOMOHK, 1957, pc. 2  4, 1; fteHKo, 1994B, 20).
8 H. r.nOBna4e BblCKa3aIl npe,D.nOllO>KeHe, 4TO Tnbl a,D.blrO-4epKeCCKX TaMr npoc-
XOAHT OT rpacpcpT Ha ,D.peBHX KYJlbTOBblX (?) KepaM1I14eCKX nIlTKax MeOTOB (nOBnae,
1988, 128-163). C 3TM BbIBOAOM, K CO>KalleHtO. rpY,D.HO corllaCTbC. C nOIlHo KOIl-
neK41-1e MeOTCKX nIlTOK, BKJlt04af1 Heony6111-1KOBaHHble, MeHf1 nt06e3Ho 03HaKOMJla
E.A.Xa4aTYPoBa BecHo 1991 r. Ha KOH<pepeH «ApeBHocT Ky6aH» B KpacHoAape.
OrpoMHoe 60JlbW1-1HCTBO TaKX nJlTOK YKpaweHo naJlbeBbIM1-1 B,D.aBJleHf1M no yrJlaM,
13

BeHHoro Lt1 npOCIlaBneHHOrO ApeBHero rocYAapcTBa perLt10Ha - cpeAHeBe-
KOBO AIlaHLt1Lt1, rocnoAcTBoBaBwe paHee HaA CaMMLt1 4epKeCaMLt1 (OT-
4aCT 3TOT npoecc MOr Hal.taTbC ee nepeA r6enbtO 3TOrO rOCYAapCT-
Ba). lI1MeHHo TaK B 3anaAHoM npeAKaBKa3be COXpaHLt1nLt1Cb ApeBHLt1e Lt1paH-
CKe (CapMaTCKLt1e) 06b14aLt1 Lt1CnOnb30BaH TaMr, 4TO npeACTaBIleT
60nbWO Lt1HTepeC  n03BOneT YTOl.tHLt1Tb CeMaHTKY 3HaKOB CapMaTOB.
y CaMX >Ke OCeTH, Aonro 3aBCeBWLt1X OT 4epKeCOB, 3Hal.teHe TaMr B
6blTY (B TOM 4Lt1Cne Y 3HaTLt1) YMeHbWLt1nOcb. 8 XIX-XX BB. OHLt1 n04T He
HTepeCOBan (B OTnLt14e OT 4epKeCCKLt1X) npLt1e3>KLt1X Lt1 Aa>Ke MeCTHblX
3THorpacpOB 9 , OAHaKO Lt1 OTpbIBOl.tHble CBeAeH no TaMrononb30BaHLt1tO
,
COXpaHLt1BWeC B 6blTY Lt1 ApeBHeM HapTCKOM 3noce, npeACTaBIlfilpT 60Ilb-
WO Lt1HTepeC (H>Ke OHLt1 BnepBble npLt1BOATC B «KOHeHTppOBaHHOM»
BLt1Ae). K CO>KaIleHtO, MHOrLt1e Ba>KHble 3neMeHTbi 3TO TpaALt1Lt1 ocmanUCb
HeU3eecmHbiMU BeAYM cneLt1anLt1CTaM no Lt13Y4eHLt1tO TaMr (3 .1I1. Cono-
MOHLt1K, 8.C..Qpal.tYKY Lt1 AP.), 4TO cepbe3HO oe30pueHmupoeano Lt1X npLt1 Lt1H-
TepnpeTa npeAKaBKa3CKLt1X (4epKeCCKL-1X, 6anKapcKx Lt1 AP.) 3HaKOB 10.
TaKLt1M 06pa30M, B 3anaAHOM Lt1 L\eHTpanbHOM npeAKaBKa3be B uenOM
COXpaHLt1IlaCb, HeCMOTps:l Ha Bce KaTaKnLt13Mbl, .0.0 KOHa XIX B. opeBHRR
upaHCKaR mpaouu,Ufl maM20nonb30BaHUR U coomBemcmBYIOw.ue 06bllJau.
3Hal.teHe 3Toro cpaKTa TPYAHO nepeOl4eHLt1Tb.
Ha L\eHTpanbHOM KaBKa3e (KaK  Y TtOpKCKLt1X VI MOHronbCKX HapOAOB)
maM2a - 3mo 3HaK c06cmeeHHocmu KflaH8 Ha YlJaCmKU 3eMnu u u,eHHble
eew.u u npUlJaCmHOCmu K pa3nUl/HblM aKu,URM (xTaHLt1roB.. 1993, 66-68;
lI1Han-lI1na, 1969, 45). e06cTBeHHYtO TaMry 3Aecb Morn Lt1MeTb monbKO
 11
3HamHbie nlOuu ,a 3aBCLt1Mble OT HLt1X nLt1l4a CTaBLt1nLt1 Ha CBOLt1 BeLt1 TaMry
nOKpOBLt1Ten An 3aLt1Tbl (xTaHroB, 1993, 71, 75, 84, 86-87). 8 CTen-
HblX KypraHax CapMaTLt1 npeAMeTbl C TaMraMLt1 TaK>Ke 06bll.tHO OTMe4eHbi B
MOrLt1naX 3HaT. 1I13BecTeH 06bll.ta YKpawaTb 30nOTbIMLt1 Vl306pa>KeHLt1Mft1
TaMr CBoero KnaHa Kpa npa3AHLt14HO OAe>KJJ.bl (HapTbl, 1994, 591), 4TO
OTMe4eHO Lt1 Y capMaTo-anaHoB py6e>Ka I-II BB. H.3. 12 . KpoMe OCHOBHblX
CPYHKLt1 Lt1306pa>KeHLt1 TaMrLt1, HeCOMHeHHO, BblnOnHIlLt1 Lt1 APyrLt1e, BTOpO-
CTeneHHble: 3HaKa npLt1HaAne>KHOCTLt1, aBTopcTBa, YAocToBepeHLt1, nOKpo-
BLt1TeIlbCTBa, 06epera (CM.: OJlbXOBCKLt1, 2001,107-108).
1.2. H3MeHilusocmb maM2 s paMKax OOH020 KnaHa. lI1HorAa BHYTpLt1
60nbworo pOAa An pa3nLt1l.teHLt1 c06cTBeHHOCTLt1 OTAenbHblX ceMe npLt1-
XOALt1IlOCb Ha MHOrLt1e npeAMeTbl Lt1 >KLt1BOTHbIX KpoMe OCHOBHoro 3HaKa CTa-
BLt1Tb TaK>Ke AOnOI1HMTel1bHbIM (noA4ac KOnLt1pOBaBWLt1 lJaCmb TaMrLt1 Kna-
Ha) (xTaHLt1rOB, 1993, 65-66). OC06bl 3HaK ManoV! CeMbLt1 CTaBLt1nC, BLt1-
ALt1MO, np KonneKTBHOM 06>KLt1re npoLt13BeAeHHoV! >KeHl.J..tLt1HaMLt1 CeneHLt1
nocYAbl B TaA>KLt1KCKOM KLt1WnaKe CacpLt1AOpOH Ha p. XLt1Hroy (B TO BpeM KaK
Ha KapaTerHe, B CeneHLt1Lt1 CapLt1 WYXOH Ha BeCb 60IlbWO nocenOK Lt1C-
nonb30sanOCb Bcero 8 TLt1nOB 3HaKOB, T.e. KnaHOBble) (neepeBa, 1959,
109-110 , pLt1c. 35/1). nOA06Ha CLt1CTeMa Lt13 ABYX 3HaKOB (60nbw020 cnO>K-
Horo Lt1 Man020, KOnLt1pOBaBWero AeTanb nepBoro) npeAcTaBneHa CnepeALt1
Lt1 C60KY Ha ronOBHOM y60pe oAHoro Lt13 >KpeOB CaCaHLt1ACKOrO lI1paHa
(pLt1c. 14, a) (Gyselen, 1995, fig. 7) , BepoTHo, Ha MOHeTax 60cnopcKoro
npaBLt1Ten CaBpoMaTa II (174-210) (pLt1c. 14, b). He Lt1CKntOl.teHO, l.tTO Lt1MeH-
HO ABa raKLt1X 3HaKa Lt1306pa>KeHbl Ha KneMaX Ha n11e4e Lt1 6eApe nowaALt1
Ha 3BeCTHOM HaArp06V1Lt1 II B.H.3. ATTbl, CblHa TpLt1cpOHa (COIlOMOHLt1K, 1957,
pLt1c. 1 Lt1 4/a-6) (pLt1c. 6/48, 56). nepBblV1 Lt13 HLt1X npLt1HaAne>KLt1T npeAnOnO>KLt1-
TenbHO aptO PVlMeTanKY (CM. pa3Aen 4), BTOpO. B03MO>KHO, nLt160 MapKLt1-
pyeT nowaAb Lt13 Ta6YHa e20 CblHa (?), 11Lt160 0603Ha4aeT npLt1HaAne>KHOCTb
K OOHOMY U3 ma6YHoB l4ap. To >Ke MO>KHO npeAnonaraTb AIl BeCbMa
Lt1HTepeCHo KOHCKO ynp>KLt1 2- non. II B. (no BJO.Manawesy) Lt13 KYP-
raHa 1/2 B KpoBcKoM I Ha HLt1>KHeM .QOHY (lI1nbtOKOB, 1982, anb60M a,
pLt1c. 51-61), rAe Ha a>KypHblX HarpYAHblX cepe6pHblX 6nxax Y3Abi Lt130-
6pa>KeHa TaMra KnaHa 6YAyl.J..terO uap lI1HeHCLt1Me (pLt1c. 6/34), a Ha 30-
nOTblX HaKIlaAKax 3 cponbrLt1 - APyroV1, «ManblV1» YHLt1KaIlbHblV1 3HaK
(pLt1c. 6/36). 8 60nee paHHeM AOHCKOM KOMnneKce cep. 1- cep II B., Lt1C-
cneAOBaHHOM TeM >Ke n.C.lI1nbtOKOBbIM (KpacHoapMeV1CKLt1, KypraH 2),
30IlOTbie HaKnaAKLt1 o6pa30BblBanLt1 CXO.QHYtO cLt1CTeMY 6onbworo 1I1 Manoro
3HaKOB (pLt1c. 5/27, 38). TaKLt1e TaMrLt1 Ha MeTaJlne MornVl ft1MTLt1pOBaTb (n
Ay6npoBaTb) pea11bHoe TaSpeHLt1e KOH.
803Mo>KHO, l.tTO AIls:l pacn03HaHfI c06cTBeHHocTVI omoenbHou ce-
MbU Vlcnonb30BanLt1Cb pa3Hbie sapVlaHTbl HanVlcaH OAHoro 3HaKa (pa3Hbie
SapLt1aHTbl TaMrVl lI1HeHcMe 60cnopcKoro (234-239) - pLt1c. 14, c; TaMra
Ha l.teTblpex cepe6pHblX 60Kanax  3epKanbHo OTpa>KeHHbl ee BapaHT
Ha KOTne - pc. 5/64 - 3 KypraHa 2/1 B LtyrYHo-KpenHKe). Ol.teHb Lt1HTe-
peCHO CpaBHLt1Tb B 3TOM nnaHe MaTepLt1anbl no CapMaTLt1 Lt1 t:ieKOTopblX
npneratOLt1X TeppLt1TOpLt1V1 13 . Y capMaTOB Lt13BeCTeH eLl.\e OALt1H BapLt1aHT
X-06pa3HbIM IlHS1M  T04KaM, coeAHeHHbIM IlHS1M.  npS1Moro OTHOWeHft K
maMaaM He MetOT.
9
nWb 6.A.KaIloeB 3aHTepeCOBaIlCS1 TaMraM B pOAHOM AropCKOM yeIlbe VI 3a-
pCOBaIl OKono 50 VlX TnOB - YBbl, 06bl4HO 6e3 yr04HeHS1 KIlaHOBO npHaAIle>KHOCTVI
(KanoeB, 1973, Ta6n. 18). XapaKTepHO, 4TO TaKo KPynHbl 3HaTOK n03AHecpeAHeBeKo-
BO OceT. KaK 8.X.TMeHoB, ony6IlKoBaBw nOA60pKY TaMr Ha KaMeHHblX 060pOH-
TeIlbHblX  nOMHaIlbHbIX coopY>KeHS1X XVI-XIX BB., C4TaeT 3T 3HaK 3ara.D.04HbIM ,
B03MO>KHO. Aa>Ke «3a4aTKaM nCbMeHHOCTVI» ( TMeHoB 1996 255 )
10 ' , .
Cp pe3Koe Hecornace C 8.C.Apa4YKoM, rOIlOCIlOBHO oTBepraBwM npeeMcTBeH-
HOCTb 3THorpacp4ecKx TaMr npeAKaBKa3bfl OT capMaTcKo 3nox, TaKoro KpynHoro
KaBKa30BeAa  aBTopTeTHoro cnea11CTa no KaBKa3CKM TaMraM KaK n.Li1.naBpoB
(naBpoB, 1978. 108).
11
Y Ka6apAHeB, KorAa HTepeCOBa11Cb HaAe>KHOCTbtO  6IlaropOACTBOM 6YAYLUe-
ro nfTHepa. npe>KP.e Bcero cnpaWBaIl: «Y Taro, 0 KOM Tbl rOBopWb, eCTb TaMra?»
Y a11aHOB 6acceHa H>KHerO AOHa Ha >KeHCKO OAe>KP.e HaWBaIlCb PflAbl 30110-
TblX nIlaCTHOK B cpopMe TaMr (HOBbl. KypraH 12/3; TepHoBKa, KypraH 8/1: CM. H>Ke), a
CHxpoHHaS1 TaMra 3 CeBepHoro npa30BbS1 (pc. 5/64) npeAcTaBIleHa Ha 6IlflwKe 3
14
«CKcpCKO» MorIlbl C TeppTopVlVl YKpaHbl 8 KOIlIleKU Li1Li1MK (C0110MOHK. 1959,
NQ 134)
13 HanpVlMep, Ha YpeKcKOM ropoAVIe (AarecTaH) n04TVI Bce rpacpcpT co 3HaKaM
6bl11 npeAcTaB11eHbl Ha pY4Kax rOH4apHbix KYBWHOB (MaMMaeB, 1973, pc. 1-2). 3Aecb
15

B03MO>KHO «CeMeVlHOV1 3MeHl.tBOCTLt1» - 3epKanbHO CUMMempUlJHOe
Ompa>KeHUe OOH020 3HaKa Ha npeOMemaX KOHCKOiJ Y30bl OAHOrO BnaAeIlb-
l4a (KypraHbl I B. .0.0 H.3. - III B. H.3., CapMaTLt130BaHHble ropoAa 60cnopa
III-IV BB. H.3.: pLt1c. 3, d). TaKe 3epKanbHo OTpa>KeHHble TaMr 3BeCTHbl 
Ha MOHeTax <t>ocpopca 60cnopcKoro (286-308) 14, npOLt1CXOAero, CYA no
ero Lt1paHcKoMY Lt1MeHLt1 (<<B3poCnblV1»), 3 capMaTo-anaHoB (pLt1c. 3, d/1).
(npaBAa, HeT oCHoBaH YTBep>KJJ.aTb, 4TO '3epKaIlbHo OTpa>KeHHble TLt1nbl
eo ecex cnYlJaRX npHaAne>Kan OAH1-1M Lt1 TeM >Ke x03eBaM, a He Bn-
nLt1Cb B ,QPyrx CIlY4ax pa3HbiMU TaMraMLt1.)
He MeHee Ba>KHOV1 np1-1l.tLt1HOV1 nOBIleHfI «AononHTenbHOrO» 3HaKa
oTAenbHoV1 CeMbLt1 B paMKax KIlaHa 6blno 3aHRmue omoenbHblx e20 npeo-
cmaBumeneu peMecnoM, KorAa An X03Lt1Ha MacTepcKoVl Lt1nLt1 caMOCTO-
TenbHoro peMecIleHHKa C 60nbwoV1 KnLt1eHTYPo Mel.teHe npoAYKLt1
CTaHOBIlOCb nOAl.tac BeCbMa aKTyanbHblM. Oco6eHHo 4aCTO MeTLt1nc ALt1CK
15 T "'..,
rOH4apHoro Kpyra. aK, y TaA>KLt1KOB X03Lt1H KO>KeBeHHOLt1 MacTepCKOLt1
MeTLt1n npoAYKtO, BALt1MO, «ceMeHbIM» 3HaKoM, npl.teM OH Bblpe3anc
Ha KpatO KO>KaHbIX 3Aen (3TO, HecoMHeHHo, ApeBH eBpa3cKa Tpa-
A1-1l4Lt151, OTpa)f(eHHa Lt1 B MeTKax B B1-1Ae CIlO>KHbIX HaApe30B Ha ywax KOHe
B MOrnbHLt1KaX na3blpblKcK0V1 KynbTypbl AnTa,  B npeAKaBKa3CKLt1X TaMro-
BblX 06bll.tax). Ho Ha n03AHX 3Tanax, B rOpOACKLt1X ycnoBx Hal.tana XX B.
CXOAHblM 3HaKOM nonb30BanLt1Cb B cnyyae He06xoAMOCT Y>Ke L-1 ero KOM-
naHbOHbl (OH A06aBnfln K «OCHOBHOMY» 3HaKY AononHTenbHYtO 4epTOl.tt<y:
nel.J..tepeBa, 1959, 113). A nepCACKLt1 KaMeHOTec B XIX-XX BB. MeTLt1Il
«c06cTBeHHbIM» (?) 3HaKOM Ka>KAbl 06pa60TaHHblV1 KaMeHb (Wullf, 1966, 128).
1.3. npUIIUHbl coxpaHeHuR uoeHmulIHblx CPOpM KnaHOSblX maM2 C
I 6. 00 H.3. no XX s. H.3. 3TOT cpaKT 06bl4HO Bbl3blBaeT y Lt1ccneAOBaTene
HeAoYMeHLt1e. Pa3Be Morn COXpaHLt1TbC npMble nOTOMKLt1 OAHoro KIlaHa
Ha CeBepHoM KaBKa3e B Te4eHLt1e ABYX TbIC4 neT nOClle MHO>KeCTBa KpO-
BonponTHblX Lt1H03eMHbIX HaWeCTBLt1V1, reHOAa Lt1 BbIHY>KP.eHHbIX Mrpa-
l4V1? Pa3YMeeTC, HeT. Ha L\eHTpanbHOM KaBKa3e cyecTBoBan 06bI4aV1:
nOCIle Toro KaK VMLt1pan nocneLlH l.tenOBeK Lt13 LlPeBHero. 3HaMeHLt1TOrO
KnaHa. ero TaMrv npLt1CBaLt1Ban OLlH 3 coceLlHX KnaHOB Lln nOBbIWeHLt1
aBTOpLt1TeTa Lt1 nonY4eH ero cpaPHa (6narOAaTLt1, YAa4Lt1) (Il..,aBpoB, 1978
105). (Y TaA>KLt1KOB TalOKe nOC11e CMepTLt1 X03Lt1Ha KO>KeBeHOLt1 MacTepcKo
ero 3HaK Mor B3f1Tb OALt1H Lt13 KOMnaHbOHOB, npoLt1CXoAW. V13 APyroro KIla-
Ha: new.epeBa, 1959, 113.) Apyras-l npLt1Ha 3aLt1MCTBOBaHLt1: npLt1 pa3Ae-
neH1-1 KnaHa Ha ABe 4aCTft1 HOBOMY KnaHY Tpe60Ba11acb c06CTBeHa TaM-
ra (rar11oV1TV1, 1976, 121). 8 3TLt1X cnY4ax pe4b Lt1AeT He 0 n?MOLt1 reHeTLt1-
4eCK0V1 npeeMCTBeHHOCTLt1 ceMeV1. a 0 coxpaHeHMM caMOM TpaAML\MM B
paMKax 3THoca. nOKa3aTe11bHo, 4TO Te Tnbl TaMr, KOTopble y capMaTO-
anaHOB I B. AO H.3. - IV B. H.3. npLt1HaAne>KanLt1 apucmoKpamuu , y cpeAHe-
BeKOBblX anaHOB VIII-X BB. CB3aHbl, BepoTHo, C nLt1aMLt1 c MeHee BbICO-
KUM cmamycoM (3HaKLt1 peMeCneHHLt1KOB Ha AHe rnLt1HHbIX COCYAOB, 3HaKLt1
PAOBbIX >KLt1TeneV1 Ha CTeHax KpenocTe, CM. pa3Ae11 11).
1.4. 06w.ecmseHHble pumyanbl, CSR3aHHble c ucnonb30saHueM
maM2. HaHeCeHLt1e TaMr Ha Tena AOMawHLt1x >KLt1BOTHbIX C4Lt1TanOCb BeCbMa
Ba>KHbIM pLt1TyanoM, L-1 OHO npoBoALt1nOCb y OCeTLt1H Lt1 COCeAHLt1X HapoAoB B
nepoA npa3AHOBaHLt1 HOBoro rOAa. OCeTLt1Hb cOBepWanLt1 ero y CBTLt1nLt1Ll..\
6ora-rpOMOBep>Ka. }Kpe nocne M011Lt1TB KneLt1MLt1n OAHO >KLt1BOTHOe 3 CTa-
Aa Ka>t<p.oro X03Lt1Ha, nocne 4ero nacTYXLt1 KneVlMLt1n OCTaIlbHblX >KLt1BOTHbIX.
3TO 03Ha4ano, 4TO cTaAa nepexoAT nOA nOKpOBLt1TenbCTBo 60>KeCTB
(raTLt1eB, 1876, 30). 8 Ka6apAe cxoAHa epeMOHLt1 npOBOALt1naCb BeCHOLt1.
conpoBoacb MOnLt1TBaMLt1 0 HLt1CnOCnaHLt1 6narononY4 B HacTynLt1B-
weM rOAY, nLt1pWeCTBoM, TaHaM  Lt1rpaMLt1 (HxTaHLt1rOS, 1993, 11 O- 12,
115-116). Oc06b1MLt1 L.tepeMOHLt1MLt1 OTMe4aIlLt1Cb BLt13Lt1Tbl B AOM rOCTe 3
AaneKx MeCT, n06paTMoB Lt1 Ba>KHble nLt1pbl. B nepBoM cnY4ae rOCTLt1 CTa-
BLt111Lt1 TaMrLt1 CBoero KnaHa Ha ABepx Lt1 onopHblx cTon6ax AOMa (no-
>KLt1AaeB, 1925,55: MeABeAeBa, 1961,79-81).80 BTopoM-naMflTb 
l4 e peMOHLt1V1 OCTaBnnLt1 Ha 4awe A11 a11KoronbHblX HanLt1TKOB, Lt13 KOTOpOLt1
nLt1nLt1 no ol.tepeALt1 Bce Y4aCTHLt1K. TaK 06pa30BblBanV1cb CKOnIleHLt1 (<<3H-
l4Lt1KnoneALt1Lt1») TaMr. 8 HaLt10HanbHblx Bepcx HapTcKoro 3noca OTMe4a-
eTC, 4TO B CTapLt1HY 3HaKLt1 HaHOCLt1nLt1Cb Ha KaMeHHbie orpaAbl AOMOB
(lI1HaIl-V1na, 1969, 45), l.tTO nOATBep>KP.aeTC 3THorpacpLt14eCKLt1MLt1 MaTepa-
IlaMLt1 oceTH (TMeHos, 1996, pLt1c. 81, 9). Ha KaMeHHoVl nnTe II-III BB. H.3.
L-13 6ocnopcKoro ropoAa rOprLt1nnLt1Lt1 (K03blpeHKo, 1957, Ta6n. 1/4) CMBOnL-1-
l.teCKV1 Lt1306pa>KeHa capMaTo-anaHcKa ceHa n06paTLt1MCTBa (ABe PYKLt1 C
pLt1TOHaMV1 An BLt1Ha, a PAOM - oTpy6neHHbie PYKLt1  HOrLt1 sparoB) Lt1 ABe
TaMrLt1 n06paTaBWLt1XC B neBo l.taCTV1 CTe11bl. H nJ1Lt1Te Lt13 «KpenOCTLt1 ac-
nyprLt1aH» Ha TaMaHLt1 py6e>Ka H.3. HaA TaMrOLt1 X03Lt1Ha - XpLt1CanLt1CKa
306pa>KeHa nOl.tTaeMa Lt1M BapBapcKa 60rLt1H C AnLt1HHbIM nOCOXOM Lt1
CtOl.J..tft1M CKLt1neTpOM B pYKax, C CLt1HLt1eM BOKpyr ronOBbl, cToa Ha
KpatO KpenocTHo CTeHbl (B rpe4ecKo HaAnLt1cLt1 3Aecb >Ke Ha3BaHHa
«TV1XO XpLt1CanLt1CKa») (COK011bCKLt1, 1975, pLt1c.4). Ba>KHbIM aTpLt16YTOM
6blno B npeAKaBKa3be 3HaM npeABOALt1Ten oTpAa BO BpeM6 Ha6era. Ha
Hero HaHocnaCb TaMra KnaHa ero X03Lt1Ha (nO>KLt1AaeB, 1948) .
np1'1 He6blBaIlOM pa3HOo6pa31'11'1 CPOpM 3HaKOB OH CBOAHTCs:1 K nHT1'1 OCHOBHblM cpopMaM
(oAHa  ABe-Tp1'1 napaIlIleIlbHble Il1'1H, «nT1'14bH Ilana»  «Tpe3y6e4»), K KOTOpblM C
pa3HbiX CTOpOH p'eIlaIlCb MKpOAonOIlHeH1'1s:1 (T04K1I1 111 KOpOTK1'1e IlH1'1) ,QYMaeTCs:1, 3T1'1
M1'1KpOAeTaIl1'1 1'1 OTpa>KatOT cne4cpKY OTAeIlbHblX ceMeVi
14
MHeHe B.C.,Qpa4YKa 1'1 pHAa p-pyr1'1X aBTopOB 0 TOM. 4TO Ha 3TX MOHeTax npep--
CTaBIleHa He TOIlbKO TaMra co6CTBeHHO <1>ocpopca, HO  TaMr1'1 ero poocmeeHHUKoe (?!),
OCTaeTCH HeaprYMeHTpOBaHHbIM 1'1 He onpaeTCH Ha Heo6xop-Mble aHanoauu B npaKT1'1-
Ke aHT1'140rO MOHeTHoro p-eIla B CBeTe >Ke Ha3BaHHbix Haxop-OK B CTen1'1 OHO Boo6e
npep-CTaBIls:1eTCH He 3aCIlY>KBatOM Cne41'1aIlbHOro BH1'1MaH1'1s:1
15
npaBAa, co6CTBeHHO TaMra 3AeCb 3o.6pa>KaIlaCb CpaBH1'1Tef1bHO pep-KO. Y rOH4a-
pOS 1'1paHCKX Hapop-os Ha p-CKe 4ae scero CTaB1'1f1CH aMYf1eT - conRpHblU Kpecm e
Kpyae TaK 6blf10  Y 3THorpacp4eCK1'1X Tap->KKOS (neepeBa, 1959, 113), 1'1 Y aIlaHO-
ropCKX MacTepoB npep-KaBKa3bs:1 II-IV BS., a n03>Ke - Y cpep-HeBeKosblx aIlaHOB Toro >Ke
per1'10Ha (HcpopMa41'1s:1 no Il4HOMY apxsy B.JO.MaIlawesa. CM. H>Ke).
16
16 Jl4Hble 3HaMeHa C C1'1MBOIl4eCKIf1M1'1 1'1306pa>KeHIf1s:1MIf1 If1rpaIlIf1 60IlbWYtO pOIlb If1 B
capMaTo-aIlaHO-OCeT1'1HCKO BOHCKO Tpap-1f141'11'1. TaK, 3HaMeHa aIlaHCKoro 4aps:1 py6e-
17
2 3aK. 165

bOJlbLUOC 3HaeHLt1e Men y OCeTLt1H KaMHLt1, Ha KOTOpble HaHOCLt1IlLt1Cb
Ct<O'llleHfJ 3HaKOB pa3HbiX KllaHOB. 8 nTepaType nOA4ac BblCKa3blBatOTc
caMble cpaHTacTecKe MHeHLt1 0 Ha3Hal.teHLt1Lt1 TaKX KaMHe-«3HLt1KnO-
neAVI» (,Qpal.tYK, 1975, 36-50, 54-58, 105-108). Me>KJJ.Y TeM B OCeTLt1HCKX
3nl.teCKLt1X CKa3aHLt1X rOBOpLt1TC, 4TO OHLt1 YCTaHaBnLt1BanCb Ha nepeKpecT-
Kax KpynHblx Aopor. TaKe MeCTa oxpaHncb OC06blM 60>KeCTBOM - Xo-
3s:1HOM Aopor, a TalOKe 60roM - nOKpoBTeneM nYTHLt1KoB. MY>K4Lt1H 17. Ka>K-
AblVl l.tenOBeK, B03BpaaBWLt1V1C Lt13 AanbHe nOe3AKLt1 Ha pOALt1HY. 306pa-
>Kan Ha TaKOM KaMHe TaMry CBoero KnaHa  Knall Ha KaMeHb CBOtO >KepT-
BY - HaKOHel.tHK CTpenbl (HapTbl, 1957, 16,67-68,397).
CTOT ynoMHYTb apxeOnOrLi14eCK BblBneMbIVl o6bllJail nOBep2amb
Ha 3eMnlO cmapble aHmponoMopcjJHble Hao2po6uR CKcpCKO 3nox (He
CB3aHHble C npeAKaMLt1 co6CTBeHHoro HapOAa), KOTOpbl AOKYMeHTLt1pyeTc
Lt1 y 3THorpacpLt14eCKLt1X Lt1paHO3bI4HbIX HapOAOB. TaKOVI 06pflA COBepwanc
B oc060 CLt1nbHYtO 3acyxy (eHKo, 19986, 72). Ha nOBep>KeHHbiX naMflTHVI-
Kax nOTOM MorIl HaHOCLt1TbCfI c06cTBeHHbie TaMrLt1 (CM. HLt1>Ke: 6aTe III Ha
YCTtOpTe B pa3AeIle 5).
04eHb HTepecHbl nOAl.tac 06cToTenbcTBa HaHeCeHLt1 TaMr Ha nOM-
HanbHYtO cTeny. TaK, CXOAHblV1 06b14a BblBneH y K04eBHKOB npoTBono-
nO>KHbIX KOHOB Lt1paHCKOro MLt1pa. Ha AIlTae B KypraHe 1 MOrLt1IlbHLt1Ka
YnaHAPblK IV na3blpblKCKO KYIlbTypbl Ha OAHO Lt13 rpaHe CTeIlbl, cToeV1
Ha caMOM BOCT04HOM KpatO nOMLt1HanbHOro KOMnneKca, Lt1306pa>KeHa OA-
HOl.tHas:l TaMra «X03f1ft1Ha» KypraHa (?) (Ky6apeB, 1987, pLt1c. 3, Ta6Il. LXVII).
CnycTs:I 6-7 CTOneTLt1 B OAHOM Vl3 capMaTo-anaHCKLt1X KypraHoB B MOIlAa-
BLt1 II-III BB. H.3. (c. Kopna4) y ceBepo-BocT04Horo Kpafl HaCblnLt1 06Ha-
pY>KeHa CTena C eALt1H4H0V1 TaMroV1 (rpocy, 1979, 251; pLt1c. 2; 3/3)
(pLt1c. 7/66). nOA4epKHY, l.tTO B 060Lt1x cnYl.tas:lx TaKa CTena CB3aHa C BOC-
TOl.tHbIM KpaeM norpe6anbHo-noMHa11bHoro KOMnIleKca,  Aa>Ke peAKLt1e
TLt1nbl 3HaKOB 04eHb 6n3KLt1.
HaIlLt1e HeCKOnbKLt1X TaMr Ha napaAHblx cepe6pHblX cocYAax 3 60ra-
TblX MY>KCKLt1X MOrLt1n I B. H.3. (nOporVl, >KYTOBO Lt1 AP.) OT4aCTLt1 MO>KeT 06"b-
CHflTbC Lt1 OTHOWeHLt1eM K 3TOMY MeTanny B anaHO-OCeTLt1HCKO TpaALt1Lt1.
Cepe6po C4Lt1TanOCb cBflw,eHHbiM MeTall110M, cnoc06HbiM KapaTb HapYWLt1-
Ten KnTBbl Lt1 T.n. (KanoeB, 1968 , 315)
Y 18 6 
TaA>KLt1KOB B cenax cyecTBoBan 0 bll.taLt1 KOnIleKTLt1BHOrO Lt13rOTOB-
neH Lt1 06>KLt1ra rnLt1HHOVl nocYAbl, KorAa pa3nLt14Hble npeACTaBLt1TenLt1 06-
LLlHbl co06a A06blBanLt1 TOnnLt1BO, 3arpY>Ka11Lt1 ne4b Lt1 npOBOALt1nLt1 06>KLt1r.
.L\ns:l Toro l.tT06bl nOC11e 06>KLt1ra He nepenYTaTb rOTOBble Lt13AeIlLt1, BnaAe-
rlll1Ltbl CTaBnLt1 Ha HLt1X COOTBeTcTBytOl.J..tLt1V1 3HaK Ha pY4Ke Lt1n y ee OCHOBa-
H Ha TynoBe 19 (new,epeBa, 1959, 109-116). TaKLt1e rpacpcpTLt1 HaHOC-
JlCb OCTpblM KaMeWKOM Lt1nLt1 4epenKoM.
1.5. Kpumepuu cxodcmsa pa3nuIIHbix sudos maM2. MexaHU3M 06-
pa30saHUR HOSblX cpOPM. 8 nTepaType OTCYTCTBytOT CHble Kpft1TepLt1Lt1
CXOACTBa 3HaKOB npLt1 Lt1X OnLt1CaHLt1Lt1. YacTo «OLleHb 6nLt13KLt1MLt1» 06"bBntOT-
C TaMrLt1, OTnLt1l.tatOl.J..tec 3-4 MLt1Kp03neMeHTaM, cpOpMOV1 BepxHe Lt1IlLt1
HVI>KHeVi 4aCTLt1 CnO>KHoro 3HaKa (CVlMoHeHKO/n06a, 1991, 62-63, pLt1c. 32;
,Qpal.tYK, 1975 , Ta6n. XIV, pLt1C 8, NQ 7-23) (pLt1c. 2/1-2). B.C..Qpa4YKoM
6blIlO BBeAeHo B 060POT Bblpa>KeHLt1e «3HaK CXeMbl... (uap <J>ap30 Lt1nLt1
L\p. h> ; npLt1HaAIle>KHOCTb K 3TO «cxeMe» TpaKToBanacb Lt1M Lt1 3aTeM APyrLt1-
M ccnep.oBaTenM KpauHe pacwupumenbHo, 6e3 KaKLt1X-IlLt160 CHbIX
t<pTepLt1eB Ee MeHee y6eALt1TeIlbHO npeAnOnO>KeHLt1e, 4TO CPOPMY TaMr
MorIlVl npoVl3BonbHo AecpopMVlpoBaTb B 3aBLt1CVlMOCTLt1 OT cpOpMbl BeL1J,Lt1
(CMOHeHKO/n06aC1, 1991, 63) (pLt1c. 2/2, a). Bce nOA06Hbie BepCLt1Lt1 OCHO-
saHbl Ha HeAoKa3aHHo rLt1nOTe3e 0 TOM, 4TO capMaTCKLt1e TaMrLt1 6blnLt1 He
KnaHOBbIMLt1 Lt1n ceMeVlHblMLt1, a UHouBuoyanbHblMifO. B Ho6pe 1995 r. HaM
6b1IlLt1 npeAnO>KeHbl 60nee cmpo2ue Kpumepuu cxoocmBa 3HaKOB. TaKLt1M
o6pa30M BblBntOTC Ha60nee 6nLt13Ke TaMrLt1. OTnLt14aBWec, BLt1ALt1MO,
1I13MeHeHLt1MLt1, np0Lt130weAWLt1MLt1 B OAHOM nOKOneHLt1. CaM TLt1nbl 3TX OT-
JlVl4Lt1 AOKYMeHTLt1pytOT oCHOBHble cnoco6bl o6pa30BaHuR HoBblX 3HaKOB.
MO>KHO C4Lt1TaTb «poAcTBeHHbIMLt1» TaMrLt1, OTnLt1l.tatOl.J..tLt1ec: 1) OAHO Ma-
neHbKoC1 AononHVlTenbHoV1 nHLt1eC1 Ha OAHOM Lt13 KOHl40B (npMa, Ayra,
KptOl.tOK) IlVl Lt130nLt1pOBaHHo TOl.tKOV1 (pft1c. 3, a); 2) OAHO AOnOnHLt1TenbHoV1
reOMeTpLt1l.teCKOVl cpLt1rypoVl (Kpyr, A06aBneMb1Vl BHLt13Y n B eHTpe, pe-
>Ke - TpeyronbHLt1K) (pVlC. 3, e); 3) ABYM CLt1MMeTpLt14HbIMLt1 AOnOnHLt1Tenb-
HbIMLt1 nLt1HVIM (pVlC. 3, b); 4) 3epKanbHbiM OTpa>KeHLt1eM nepBoHa4anbHoro
3HaKa BH3Y Lt1nLt1 BnpaBo-BneBo (pLt1c. 3, C)21. 5) COeALt1HeHLt1e P.BYX OALt1Ha-
no HcpopMau n.<t>.MoHorapoBo (1998 r.), B XOAe pa60T B K)>KHOM TaA>KKCTaHe
OHa OAHa>f<J).bl BAeI1a. KaK AI1 MeTK OBeu TaA>KK, BMeCTO 06bl4HbiX AI1 MHorx
HapOAOB eBpa3CKOVl CTen HaApe30B Ha ywax (OH apxe0I10r4eCK BblBI1eHbl B
Be4HOVl Mep3I10Te Y>Ke y na3blpblKueB AI1Ta  XYHHY B HOH-YI1e), Bb/cmpuaanu KaKe-
TO 3HaKu Y yweVl. K CO>KaI1eHtO, AeTaI1M OHa TorAa He nOHTepeCOBaI1aCb.
19 no coo6L.4eHtO B.L-1.6ywKOBa, pe4b AeT 4aL.4e Bcero 0 TYI10Be, pe>Ke - 0 BeH4-
Ke COCYAOB.
20 CYA no tOrOOceTHCKM MaTepaI1aM, Y cpeAHeBeKo8blx aI1aHOB B Ka4eCTBe >Kpe-
6 np pacnpeAeI1eH Ao6b14 OT Ha6era Y4acTHK Cn0I1b30BaI1 BeTK 6epe3bl C
MeTKaM Ka>f<J).OrO BOHa (404eB, 1996, 195, npMe4. 377). QAHaKo HeT oCHoBaHVI
BAeTb B HX MeHHO nU4Hb/e 3HaK. TaK KaK Ka>f<J).blVl BOH B 3TOM CI1Y4ae npeACTaBI1I1
6onbwylO ceMblO - 4aCTb KI1aHa, MeBwytO KpoMe 06L.4eKI1aHOBOro CBOVI oononHumenb-
Hb/U Manb/u 3HaK (CM. Bblwe).
21 B aHaI1T4eCKX Ta6I1uax AI1 06I1er4eH pa60Tbi C aHaI10rM Mbl CBOAM
UHOUBUayanbHb/e oco6eHHocmu HancaH OAHoro 3HaKa pa3HblM I1tOAbM np pa3Hbix
06CTOTeI1bCTBaX  pa3HblM OPYAM (pc. 14, d) K eouHoMY «napaoHoMY (ne4am-
HOMY»> BapuaHmy.
>Ka I-II BB. 3 KypraHa ,Qa4 nOA A30BOM no napaMeTpaM  AeKopy MetOT npMble aHa-
I1or C pTyaJ1bHbIM J14HbIM 3HaMeHaM 3THorpacP4ecKx oceTH (fJueHKo. B ne4aT).
17
3TOT 6or, 4b CPYHKU (oxpaHTeJ1b CBs:tTOCT AorOBopOB, nOKpOBTeJ1b MY>K4H-
BOHOB  AP.) 6J13K ApeBHeVlweMY 06pa3Y paHcKoro Mitra, nOCI1e ocpuaJ1bHOVl
xpcTaH3a4 aIlaHOB B X B H.3 CTaIl OTO>KAeCTBIlTbC co CB. reopreM (YacTbIPA>KIt1).
18
K CO>KaJ1eHtO, TaMronOIlb30BaHe y TaA>KKOB npBIleKJ10 BHMaHe 3THorpacpOB
CI1WKOM n03AHO. KorAa OHO Y>Ke It1C4e3aIlO. no Ilt06e3HOMY C006L.4eHlt1tO 3THorpacpa
B.L-1.6YWKOBc;I B AeKa6pe 1998 r., B rOpHOM TaA>KKCTaHe 3HaK HaHOCIlIt1Cb Ha Kepa-
M4eCKe COCYAbl. KpoMe Toro, B XI-XII BB. cpeAHeBeKoBble TaA>KIt1K nOA4ac HaHOCIl
TaMry Ha HaArpo6HblVl naMs:tTHIt1K (AJ1s:t Hero cnOIlb30BaJ1Cs:t TtOpKCKVI TepMIt1H «KaVlpaK»).
18
2*
19
/

KOBblX nLt1 pa3HbiX TaMr. 8epcLt1f1 r.EHXeHa 0 TOM, 4TO HOBbie 3HaK L4apeV1
60cnopa OT PLt1MeTanKa (Rhimetalkos) .0.0 PLt1Ct<ynOpLt1Aa III (Rhiscuporis III)
(co 131 no 227 r.) 06pa30BblBancb BapbLt1pOBaHLt1eM BepxHe nonOSHbl,
BepoTHo, OT4aCTLt1 cnpaseAIl, Lt1sa 22 Lt1, BALt1MO, OHa OTpa>KaeT nfimblU cno-
co6 06pa30BaHLt1f1 TaMr. Aeno B TOM, 4TO BepXH 4aCTb TaKLt1X 3HaKOB
B Ka>K.D.OM CIlY4ae npeACTaBnfleT c060 caMocmORmenbHble maM2U, TLt1nbl
KOTOpblX XopOWO Lt13BeCTHbl B CapMaTLt1Lt1 (pLt1c. 14, e) (Apa4YK, 1975,
Ta6n. XXXVIII, NQ 230-231, IX, NQ 658, XI, NQ 825, 837). B 3TOM cnY4ae
npLt1 06pa30BaH 3HaKa HOBoro KnaHa. BepoTHo, CnBanLt1Cb 3HaKLt1 Kna-
HOB OTua Lt1 MaTepLt1 . 8 [4eHTpanbHoM npeAKaBKa3.be Lt13SeCTeH 06b14aV1
Lt1306pa>KaTb pflAOM ABe TaKLt1e TaMrLt1 (Ha cBaAe6HoM 3HaMeH) (TJxTaHroB,
1993, 58). 8blcOKLt1 cTaTyc >KeHH Y capMaToB 06eLt13BeCTeH Lt1 4aCTO
,Qa>Ke npeyseIlLt14Lt1BaIlcfl 23 . B KOMnIleKcax I - cep. II B. JSeCTHbl Lt1 opY2ue
BapuaHmbl nToro cnoc06a - Hano>KeHUe Bmopou maM2U 2opu30HmanbHo
Lt1nLt1 Hano>KeHUe oeyx oouHaKoeblx maM2 (pLt1c. 3, f - 3HaK B cepe,Qft1He 
ABa C npaBoro Kpafl; pLt1c. 5/25, 3D, 130-131). nOA06Hbie ABycocTaBHble
TaMr BeCbMa peAK B CapMaTLt1Lt1 Lt1 np 3TOM n04T He BCTpe4eHbi B KYP-
raHax K04eBHLt1KOB; OHLt1 KOHeHTpLt1pYtOTC B KOHTaKTHblX 30Hax - B rpel.te-
CKX ropOAax, Ha TeppLt1TOpLt1Lt1 60cnopa Lt1 s KpbIMY. Ee nOKa3reIlbHee
CLt1TyaLt1f1 C ABYCOCTaBHbIMLt1 TaMraMLt1 Y cpeAHeBeKOBblX anaHOB . 6) BLt1-
ALt1MO, caMblM peAKLt1M Lt1 OpLt1rLt1HanbHbIM cnoc060M 06pa30BaHLt1 HOBoro
TLt1na MO>KHO C4Lt1TaTb pa3MeeHLt1e 4eTbipex 0AHOTLt1nHbIX Lt1CXOAHbIX TaMr
B sAe KpecTa Lt1nLt1 Tpex - B SLt1Ae cMMeTpLt14HOrO TpLt1KSeCTpa (pLt1c. 3. i;
6/44; 7/20).
8 l4enOM, no HaWLt1M Ha6ntOAeHLt1M, Lt1MeHHO TaKLt1MLt1 6b1IlLt1 6 OCHOBHblX
cnoco60B 06pa30BaHLt1 HOBblX TaMr np pa3AeneHLt1 KIlaHa Ha ,QBe 4aCTLt1
Lt1n np pOCTe 3Ha4eHLt1 OAHO Lt13 ceMelli B HeM. TeOpeTLt14eCKLt1 MO>KHO
npeAnOIlaraTb  7-u cnoco6 (,QOKYMeHTLt1pOBaHHblV1 Y 3THorpacpLt14eCKLt1X
HapOAOB 3anaAHoro npeAKaBKa3b) - nOCTeneHHoe ynpow.eHue CXO.QHO
CnO>KHOrO 3HaKa, OAHaKO nOA06Hbie C11Yl.taLt1 nOKa HaAe>KHO He AOKYMeHTLt1-
PytOTCfI (CM. HLt1>Ke).
npLt1Be.QeHHble Ha6ntOAeH COBepweHHO He cosnaAatOT C anpuopHblMU
BO MHorOM BbIBOAaMLt1 3.1I1.ConOMOHft1K  8.C.Apal.tYKa no 3TOMY Bonpocy,
OCHOBaHHbIMLt1, KaK Y>Ke OTMe4anOCb, Ha npeAnOnO>KeHLt1Lt1 3THorpacpa-
KaBKa30BeAa 8.n.no>KLt1.QaeBa (nO>KAaeB, 1948, 240-250) 0 TOM, 4TO
22 TaKoe npeAnOJlO>KeHe MO>KHO C4TaTb cnpaBeAJlBblM JlWb AJls:1 Ha3BaHHOVI 
COBceM HeAOJlrO npaBBweVi rpynnbl 6Jl3KX pOACTBeHHKOB, a He AJls:1 60Jlee paHHx 
60Jlee n03AHX npaBTeJleVi C TaMraM cOBepweHHo APyrx TnOB.
23 KpTLo1YeCKVI aHaJlLo13 CBeAeHLo1V1 0 «capMaTCKX aMa30HKax» CM.: MpowHa, 1990.
24 Y HX TaKLo1e 3HaKLo1 KpaVlHe peAKLo1. B 4Lo1CJle HeMHorx Lo1CKJlt04eHLo1 - TaMra aJlaH-
CKoro apeBLo14a AaBLo1Aa COCJlaHa 3 apCKoro KJlaHa l4apa30HTa, KOTOpblVi 6blJl apeM
B rpY3Lo1 COBMeCTHO C ero >KeHOVI TaMap B 1189-1213 rr. (TyaIlJlarOB, 1993, 194-197).
OHa npeACTaBJls:1eT co6oVl coeAHeHLo1e ABYX ApeBHX capMaTCKLo1X 3HaKOB (pLo1C. 14, f).
ABa 3HaKa TaKoro pOAa npeACTaBJleHbl B xa3apcKoVi KpenocT IX-X BB. CapKeJl Ha HLo1>K-
HeM AOHY (CM. pa3AeJl 11) (<2>JlepOBa, 1997, Ta6Jl. VI, N2 243; XV, N2 71), OALo1H - Ha
KpecTe X-XIII BB. co CKaIlbl 6apa6aH Ha p. Ypyn (llo>KKLo1H/MaJlaxoB, 1998, pLo1C. 1, 1 -
npaBblVi HLo1>KHLo1V1).
20
IlpaKmUlJeCKU eOUHcmBeHHblM cnoc060M 06pa30BaHLt1 HOBblX pOACTBeH-
HblX 3HaKOB Y HenocpeACTBeHHblX nOTOMKOB 6bl110 nOCTeneHHoe ynpOlL\e-
He CI10>KHbIX <lJOpM. Me>KAY TeM Y Tex >Ke 3THorpacpLt1l.teCKVlX l.tepKeCOB
raKOV1 cnoco6 B XIX B. 6bln pacnpOCTpaHeHHblM, HO oaneKO He eOUHcm-
GeHHbIM. 6b1TOBanLt1  Lt1Hble cnoc06bl - YCI10>KHeHe 3HaKa nLt1 >Ke cye-
CTseHHoe L-13MeHeHLt1e ero 06nKa e u,enOM (CM., HanpLt1Mep: f1xTaHLt1rOB,
1993, 82-83 - TaMrLt1 }f{aHoBblxJ}KaHoKoBbIX 1 KaH.QaYPoBblx/KaHAaypo-
KOBbIX, AaYToBblx/AaYToKoBbIX, WOMaxoBblx/XacpLt1e/WoMaxoBblx). 3Ta
KaHl4enl4Lt1 reHe3Lt1Ca HOBblX cpOPM, npLt1MeHeHHa 3.1I1.ConOMOHLt1K K cap-
MamaM (Lt1 .0.0 ceroAHwHero AH B11tOac 06enpLt1HToVl), Aep>Ka-
naCb cpaKTl.teCKLt1 Ha Lt1HTepnpeTaLtLt1Lt1 cjJpa2MeHmupoBaHHo2o (Lt1 COMHLt1-
TenbHO peKoHcTpYLt1pOBaHHoro etO) Kpa BepxHe l.taCTLt1 CnO>KHOrO LtapCKO-
fa 3HaKa PLt1cKynOpLt1Aa III Ha nIlLt1Te Lt13 TaHaca (ConOMOHLt1K, 1959, 24 1 61)!
(eM. nOAP06HblV1 aHanLt13 3Toro 3HaKa Lt1 ero peKoHcTpYKLt1 H>Ke, B pa3Ae-
Jle 4.) 8 .QanbHeVlweM 8.e.Apa4YK. >KeIla AononHTb He cnwKOM y6eA-
TenbHYtO BepCLt1tO npeAweCTBeHHbl, CCblIlanc n04eMY-TO He Ha MaTepLt1-
an no upaHCKOMY MPY n HapoAaM npeAKaBKa3b, a Lt1CKnt04TenbHO Ha
KY11bTYPHO  3THLt14eCKLt1 4Y>KObIU capMaTo-anaHaM MaTepan no cjJUHHO-
Y2paM HU30Bbee p. 06b (Apa4YK, 1975, 54); TaKa aprYMeHTaVI cnoc06Ha
YALt1BLt1Tb HenpeAB3Toro 4Lt1TaTe11s:l.
8 AeV1CTBLt1TenbHOCTLt1 aHanLt13 Ha.Qe>KHO AOKYMeHTLt1pOSaHHblx MaTepLt1a-
nOB no CapMaT HLt1KOLt1M 06pa30M He nOLlTBep>K.QaeT BepCLt1tO ConOMO-
HK-npa4VKa . TaK, Y ABYX apeV1 capMaTOB npaB06epe>KH0V1 YKpaLt1Hbl,
npaBLt1BWLt1X HenocpeACTBeHHO APyr 3a APyroM BO 2- non. I B.H.3. Lt1 4eKa-
HLt1BWLt1X MOHeTy B OnbBLt1Lt1, - <1>ap30  lI1HLt1CMe (KOTOpblX cerOAH 06b14-
HO C4Lt1TatOT OTl40M Lt1 CbIHOM) 3HaK CO cneAYtOLt1M nOKoneHeM BHO
YCI10>KHJleTCJI (A06aBIleTC KPY>KOK B l4eHTpe: pLt1c. 5/83-84), a Y 60cnop-
CKLt1X npaBLt1TeneV1 CaBpoMaTa II Lt1 PLt1CKynop.Qa III (KoTopble, no AaHHblM
3nLt1rpacpLt1KLt1, onpeoeneHHo BnnCb COOTBeTCTBeHHO OTOM VI CblHOM)
3HaK co BpeMeHeM BOBce tje ynpocTnc, a OOHa maM2a e BepXHeu lJacmu
6blna CMeHeHa HB OPY2YlO (pLt1C. 6/52-53 CM. Bblwe). 8 Tex cIlY4ax, KorAa
Mbl HaAe>KHO MO>KeM YCTaHOBLt1Tb pa3BLt1TLt1e co BpeMeHeM TLt1na TaMrLt1 B
OAHOM onpeAeneHHoM peroHe (CM. pa3Aen 2), Mbl BcerAa Ha6ntOAaeM
nLt160 YCI10>KHeHMe Lt1CXOAHOVl cpOpMbl (Ky6aHb: pLt1c. 4/3 Lt1 5/54; KpblM:
pLt1c. 5/15 Lt1 6/22), IlLt160 onpeAeneHHoe M3MeHeHMe npOnOpl..\MM 3HaKa
(HLt1>KHLt1 .QOH: pLt1c. 4/6 Lt1 5/43; 80nro-.QoHcKoe Me>KJJ.ype4be: pL-1c. 5/32
Lt1 6/94a).
1.6. BblRsneHue o6blilaR UC:Jonb30saHUR maM2 apxeono2ullecKu-
MU MemooaMu. 0 HeM MO>KHO YBepeHHO rOBOpLt1Tb, ecnLt1 B AaHHoM perLt1o-
He HeoAHoKpaTHo BCTpe4eHbi Lt1306pa>KeHLt1 6onbwou CUHXpoHHoU cepuu
3HaKoe Cno>KHbiX cjJopM, KOTopble ycmOUlJUBO HaHocunUCb HB onpeoeneH-
Hble Mecma (HanpLt1Mep, Ha onpeAeneHHble 4aCTLt1 KOHCKO Y3Abl, COCYAOB,
4aCT Ten >KLt1BOTHbIX, Y4aCTKLt1 HaArp06HbiX cTen) Lt1 L-1MetOT 6nu3Kue aHano-
2UU e Kopnyce maM2 upaHcKux HapoooB (T.e. He CBOALt1Mble K npOCTblM
reOMeTpLt14eCKLt1M 3J1eMeHTaM opHaMeHmOB Lt1nLt1 npOCTewVlM MemKaM,
21

KOTopble Y nepB06blTHbiX ntOAe MOrn 6blTOBaTb C ApeBHeWLt1X BpeMeH
An BHympeHHe20 nonb30BaHUR). lI1cxoA 3 TaKLt1X KpLt1TepLt1eB, B 4aCTHO-
CT, npOCTeWLt1e reOMeTpLt14eCKLt1e 3HaKLt1 He60nbWOrO 4Lt1Cna TnOB Ha
6pOH30BbiX HaKOHe4HKaX CTpen CKcpOB V-IV BB. .0.0 H.3. C4Lt1TaTb TaMraM
Henb325.
Ilpe>KP,e BCerO 3HaK Co6CmBeHHoCmU onpeOeneHHo2o Kn8H8 H8 omOenb-
IIble u,eHHble Bew.u, CKom U Y200bR U 3H8K npUlJaCmHoCmu lJenoeeK8 unu
.pynnbl poocmBeHHUKOB K onpeoeneHHOU aKu,uu (06pRObl npu 3aKfllOlJeHUU
pa3H020 pooa 002oBopOB, CBR38HHbie C npOU3HeceHueM KflRmB, penU2U03-
IIble u,epeMOHUU, opY>KeCKUe BU3umbl, CB80b6bl, o6w.ecmBeHHoe cmpou-
InenbcmBO U m.o.). TaM2U KnaHa 06bllJHo npeOHa3HalJanUCb He onR CBoUX,
a onR BHeWHe20 npeobRBneHuR.
1.8. 3HaKu Ha CbIPL40SbIX Kupnullax U ux Ha3HalleHue. 3H8KLt1 Ha
CblpOBbiX KLt1pnLt14aX 3AaBHa npLt1BneKanLt1 BHLt1MaHLt1e Lt1CCIleAOBaTeneVl,  0
lI1X Ha3Ha4eHLt1Lt1 Bb1CK83b1BanLt1Cb BeCbMa pa3nLt14Hble MHeHLt1. 8 nLt1TepaType
npBO,l].Lt1nLt1Cb 0630pbl MHeHLt1V1 no 3TOMY Bonpocy (rYAKoBa, 1964, npMe4.
Ha c. 35; nyra4eHKoB8, 1978, 191-192; repTMaH, 1998, 137). nepBoHa-
4anbHO TaKo KpynHbl Y4eHbIVl, KaK c.n.ToncToB, nonaran Ha npLt1Mepe
aHanLt13a oAHoro Lt13 paHHLt1X XOpe3MLt1CKLt1X naMflTHLt1KOB - A>KaH6ac-Kanbl,
4TO 3TO maM2U KflaHoe (ToncToB, 1948, 94: pLt1c. 30). 8 AaIlbHeweM, OA-
HaKO, MHeHLt1 Ha 3TOT C4eT 3aMeTHO pa30wncb (3aMe4Y, 4TO Bce OHLt1
BIlnLt1Cb He 60nee lJeM o02aoK8Mu, TaK KaK CTaTLt1CT4eCKLt1 aHanLt13 3TO
KaTerOpLt1Lt1 MaCCOBblX HaXOAOK .0.0 HeAaBHero BpeMeH He npOBOALt1nc).
TaK, r.A.nyra4eHKoBa Aa>Ke nonarana, l.tTO 3TO 3HaKU pa60B (!), KOTopble
MeTLt1nLt1 An HaACMOTpLt1KOB CBOtO AHeBHYtO HOPMY (nyra4eHKoBa, 1963,
76). 3TO MHeHLt1e He 6blno nOAAep>KaHO (4TO HeYALt1BLt1TenbHO, TaK KaK HLt1Ka-
KLi1X peanbHblX Lt1CTOp4eCKLt1X nLt1 3THorpacpLt1l.teCKLt1X aHaIlOrLt1V1 aBTOp npLt1-
BeCT He CMorna). A.8.rYAKOBa Ha OCHOBaHLt1Lt1 60nbworo pa3H006pa3Lt1
3HaKOB Ha KLt1pnLt14aX B He60nbwOM >KnOM KOMnneKce TOK-Kanbl nonarana,
TO pel.tb Lt1AeT 06 HAlt1BLt1,l].yanbHblx 3HaKax pa60THlt1KOB (rYAKoBa, 1964,
35). 8blcKa3blBancb TalOKe MHeHLt1, l.tTO 3TO 3HaK OTAeIlbHblX MaCTepCKLt1X
(<1>naHOBl.t, 1961, 43). OAHaKo OCHOBHO (Lt1 pewatOLt1) BKnaA B YT04He-
HLt1e Ha3Hal.teHLt1 nOA06HbiX 3HaKOB 6bln BHeceH HeAaBHo 6e3BpeMeHHo
CKOH4aBWLt1MC A.H.repTMaHOtyi. npOaHanLt13Lt1pOBaB pa3nLt14Hble nolJepKU
np HanLt1CaHV1Lt1 oAHoro 3HaKa Ha naMTHLt1KaX, CTeHbl KOTOpblX CTpOLt1nLt1Cb B
KOpOTKLt1e CpOKLt1, OH nOKa3an, 4TO pe4b Lt1,l].eT 0 enOM KOnneKTLt1Be, Bo3Mo>K:
Ho - poocmeeHHoM ft1n coceAcKoM, OT4TbIBaBweMC 0 npoAenaHHo
pa60Te (repTMaH, 1991, 285; 1998, 137) 8 cTpaHax 6n>KHerO  CpeAHero
BocToKa Lt13rOTOBneHLt1e CblpoBoro KLt1pnLt14a An 06"beKTOB 06erocYAap-
CTBeHHoro Ha3H84eHLt1 (norpaHLt14HbIX KpenocTeVl, ABOpOB) 6blno B8>K-
HeVlWLt1M BLt1AOM mpyooeou nOBUHHocmu HaceneHUR (repTMaH, 1991, 285,
npMel.t. 24). 8epoTHo, KLt1pnLt1l.t 3arOTOBnnc ManblMLt1 napTLt1MLt1 Lt1 BbICY-
WLt1BanC B pa3nLt14HblX MeCTax (repTMaH, 1998, 142). npLt1 3TOM Lt13BeCTHbl
«nonOBLt1HHble KLt1pnLt14Lt1», Ha KOTOpblX 3HaK COOTBeTCTBeHHO KaK 6bl pacna-
Aanc HaABoe (repTMaH, 1991, 283-284; pLt1c. 4). MaTeMaT4eCKMLt1 Me-
TOAaM, Ha OCHose npBnel.teHLt1 60nbwo Bb160pKLt1 3HaKOB C KLt1pnLt14e
Enxapaca Lt1 Kanapaca, nocTpoeHHblx B IV B. AO H.3., 6b1IlLt1 HaAe>KHO YCT-
HOBneHbl cnyl.taLt1 Lt1CnOnb30BaHLt1 npLt1 peMoHTe 6011ee paHHLt1X KLt1pnLt14e,
CB3 Me>KP,Y pa3MepoM KlI1pnLt1l.ta Lt1 TLt1nOM 3HaKa (TaM >Ke, 282-283). Ha
naMTHLt1KaX, CTpOBWLt1XC KaK 06"beKTbl 06erocYAapcTBeHHoro 3Hal.te-
H, 6bln onpeAeneHbl TaK Ha3blBaeMbie OCHOBHble 3HaKLt1 - 3HaK OC-
23
1.7. MexaHu3M 3aUMcmsoaaHUR maMa coceOHUMU HapooaMU. Cap-
MaTCKLt1e 3HaK B I-III BB. H.3. WLt1pOKO cnonb30BanLt1Cb TaKLt1M Lt1X
«BapBapCKLt1M» COCeAMLt1, KaK «n03AHe CKCPbl» B KpblMY (B KOTOpblX,
BnpOl.teM, nOl.tTlt1 HYerO He OCTanOCb OT nOTOMKOB ApeBHx CKcpOB-
CKonOTOB; CM.: 3aeB, 1999, 140-143), MeOTbl HLt130BbeB AOHa Lt1 6acceHa
Ky6aHLt1 Lt1 reTO-AaKLt1, B MeHbwe CTeneHLt1 - ceBeponoHTVtCKMLt1 rpeKaMLt1
Lt1 repMaHl4aMLt1 L\eHTpanbHo EBponbl. Y reTo-AaKoB 1- Ha4. II B. OKOIlO
75% TaMr capMaTcKoro npoLt1CXO>KJJ.eH OTMe4eHO Ha Beax MeCTHoro
npo3BoAcTBa (6enALt1MaH, 1991, 208-209). Ol.teHb 4aCTO B IlLt1TepaType
(oc06eHHo B pa60Tax cnel4Lt1anLt1CTOB no «n03AHLt1M CKLt1cpaM») YTBep>KAaeT-
C, 4TO K06bl TLt1nbl capMaTcKx KIlaHOBblX 3HaKOB 3anpocTo  perynpHo
3aLt1MCTBOBanLt1Cb x HenocpeLlCTBeHHblMLt1 COCeLlMLt1 «cKLt1cpaMLt1» Lt1 rpeKa-
MLt1. nOA06Hbie YTBep>KJJ.eHLt1 Bbl3blBatOT HeAoYMeHLt1e, TaK KaK OHLt1 II1rHOp-
PytOT HanLt14Hble peaIlbHble CBeAeH no eBpa3Lt1V1CKLt1M HOMaAaM Lt1 Lt1X OT-
HOWeHLt1M C 3eMeneAenbl.teCKLt1MLt1 3THOCaMLt1. 8 peanbHoVl AeVlCTBLt1TenbHO-
CT Hec8HKu,uoHupoBaHHoe KonupoB8Hue c8pM8mcKux maM2 (KomopblMu
MemunUCb H8u6onee u,eHHble Beu U 2P8HUU,bl Y200UO), UCXoOfl U3 o6bl-
lJaeB KolJeBHUKoB eBp83uuCKoU Cmenu, HeU36e>KHO U HeMeoneHHo npuBe-
no 6bl K BouHe unu UHOMY cepbe3HoMY KOHcjJnuKmy. CYAfI no 3THorpacpLt1-
4eCKLt1M 06b14aM L\eHTpanbHoro KaBKa3a, cBoeVl TaMro ft1HOrAa pa3pewa-
nLt1 nonb30BaTbC MH03THMHbIM COCeAJlM, 38KnlOlJUBWUM KflRmey oPY>K-
6bl Lt1nLt1 nUlJHo 38BUCUMbiM OT apLt1CTOKpaTa (fJxTaHLt1rOB, 1993, 70-71).
PacnpocTpaHeHLt1tO capMaTcKx 3HaKOB MOr11Lt1 peaIlbHo cnoc06cTBoBaTb
COlO3Hbie omHoweHUR C coceoHuMu nneMeH8MU (HanpMep, C repMaH4aMLt1
BO 2-VI non. I B. H.3.: Scukin, 1993, fig. 3 (22, 25) - HaKOHel.tHLt1KLt1 KonVI Lt13
Valle Lt1 Bodzanovo) Lt1 (JuH8CmUlJeCKUe 6paKu C 2peK8MU bocnopa (Lucian.
Tox. 51).
OnpeAel1eHMe nOHJlTMJI «TaMra» (<<HMwaH»). CKa3aHHoe Bblwe no-
3BoneT HaM AaTb apxeonOrl.teCKLt1, lI1CTOpLt1l.teCKLt1 Lt1 3THOIlOrLt14eCKLt1 KOp-
peKTHOe onpeoeneHue m8M2U AIl paHCKoro MLt1pa. TaMra (HLt1WaH) - 3TO
25 Cp.: EnbHII1KOS, 1996, 150-151. 3TII1 3HaKII1, npeAcTaSnSHOl1..tll1e scero HeCKonbKO
TlI1nOS, pacnpocTpaHeHbl Ha orpoMHo Teppll1TOpll1l11. V1x MO>KHO C4111TaTb 3HaKaMII1 HYMepa-
111111 napTII1 OJ}.HOTlI1nHbIX npeJ}.MeTos. V1HTepecHa TaK>Ke nonblTKa r.cJ>.TYP4aHII1HOSa
YSII1J}.eTb B oOHoM-mpex npocmeuwux 3H84K8X Ha HeKOTopblX 1113 TaKII1X CTpen HaJ}.nll1CII1 Ha
OCHose apaMeCKoro anct>aSII1Ta: «}KrY4afJ» 111 T.n. (TYP4aHII1HOS, 1971, 48-49). M.B.Enb-
HII1KOS OTMeTlI1n, 4TO 3HaKII1 sCTpe4eHbi Ha seCbMa HeMHOrll1X 3K3eMnnfJpaX cTpen
(no3ToMY II1X TPYJ}.HO C4111TaTb 3HaKaMII1 MacTepos), a TalOKe, 4TO S OJ}.HO MOrll1ne Ha HII1X
nOJ}.4ac npeJ}.cTasneHo HeCKOflbKO TlI1nOS 3HaKOS, a OJ}.HOTlI1nHble pacnpocTpaHeHbl Ha
06WII1PHbiX Teppll1TOplt1fJX (cneJ}.osaTenbHo, II1X Henb3fJ C4111TaTb 3HaKaMIt1 KnaHoBo C06CT-
seHHOCTII1) 111 4TO S 6eJ}.Hble MOrll1nbl cTpenbl co 3HaKaMII1 nonanll1 npll1 STOpll14HOM II1CnOnb-
30SaHIt11t1 (EnbHII1KOS, 1996, 150-151).
22

HOBHblX «nOCTaB

KOB» K
pn
4a Ha 06"beKT,
 OH
 CTan
 npe,QMeTOM ,Qe-
TanbHOrO CpaBH
TenbHOrO
CCne,QOBaH

 (repTMaH, 1998, 142-147,
p
c. 2-4). B l4enOM BbIBO,Qbl A.H.repTMaHa He npOT
Bope4aT MHeH
tO
c.n.TonCTOBa 0 KnaHOBO
 np
HaLlne>KHOCT
 3HaKOB Ha K
pn
4ax. B
,Q
MO,
Ha Ka>KJJ.OM KpynHoM 06"beKTe no pa3Hap
,QKe TpY,Q
n
Cb HeCKonbKO MY>K-
l.t
H - npe,QCTaB
Tene
 KnaHa, OCTaB
BW
X pa3Hbie nOlJepKU np
 Han
ca-
H

 3HaKa. BeCbMa Ba>KHO TO, 4TO Ha K
pn
4ax rocnO,QCTBytOT
MeHHO
3HaK
 npocmeuwux cjJOpM - np
Mble n'
H

, Kpyr
, n
H


3 T04eK,
«Tpe3y6l4bl» ft1 T.n nepe,Q HaM
, B OTn
l.t
e OT naM
TH
KOB KOlJeB020
(capMaTCKoro
 caKCKoro) M
pa, B
,Q
MO, 3HaK
 PROOBbIX, He Bn

BW
X Ha
non
T
4eCKYtO >K
3Hb KnaHOB. K CO>KaneH
tO, B p
,Qe cnY4aeB C ,QaT
pOB-
KO

 TpaKTOBKO
 3HaKOB MorYT B03H
KaTb He,Qopa3YMeH

, TaK KaK TbIC
-
l.teneT

M
 6blTOBana npaKT
Ka ucnonb30BaHUR KUpnUlJeu U3 cmapblX,
3a6poweHHbiX nocmpoeK. 3Ta npaKT
Ka KacanaCb, KCTaT
, OT4aCT

 60c-
nopa, r,Qe B rOpr
nnft1
 K
pn
4
 co 3HaKOM py6e>Ka H.3. OKa3an
Cb B no-
cTpo
Ke II B. H.3. (L\BeTaeBa, 1975, 1 00; OHa
Ko, 1982, 233, 235).
BecbMa Ilt060nbiTHbie Tft1nOnOrft14eCKft1e COOTBeTCTBft1
 Me4eH
tO CbIPl40-
BblX Kft1pn
4e
 B ft1paHCKOM Mft1pe Mbl Haxo,Qft1M B Cft1HXPOHHbIX naM
TH
Kax
l4ft1Bft1n
3al4Lt1V1 ,QoKonYM60Bo
 AMepLt1KLt1. T aK, Lt1CCne,QOBaTen
M
 6b1IlLt1 ,Qe-
TaIlbHO npOaHaIlLt13
pOBaHbl oc06eHHOCTLt1 HaHeCeHLt1
 3HaKOB B O,QHO
 Lt13
nnOCKLt1X nLt1paM
,Q I-III BB. H.3. B CLt1naHe (KYIlbTypa M04e) B nepy (Alwal
Donnan, 1993; B nOLt1CKaX 3nb,Qopa,Q0, 1996, 97). 3,Qecb Ha Tpex 3Tanax
,QOCTpO
KLt1, KaK npe,QnonaratOT, pa60TanLt1 rpynnbl CTpOLt1Tene
 Lt13 pa3Hbix
MecTHocTe
, ft1 Ha pa3Hbix yl.taCTKaX Kna,QKLt1 rpynnbl 3HaKOB 6blnLt1 pa3Hble.
npe06na,QatO
Lt1MLt1 cpopMaMLt1 6b1Ilft1 KpeCTLt1K
, Tpe3y6l4bl
 KpyrLt1, a TalOKe
OTne4aTK
 na,QOHLt1.
1.9. 3HaKu Ha KaMeHHblX 6noKax KpenocmHblx cmeH. B 3TO
 06nac-
TLt1 OCHOBHO
 MeTo,Q
4ecK

 BKnaA BHeceH Lt1CCneAOBaTen
MLt1 canTOBO-
Ma

Ko
 KynbTypbl VII-X BB. Lt1 CLt1HXPOHHbIX KOMnneKCOB 6onrapLt1Lt1. L\eH-
HO
 B nIlaHe MeTO,QLt1K
 (HecMOTps:l Ha TtOpKCKYtO npLt1Ha,Qne>KHOCTb MaTe-
pLt1anoB)
Bn
eTCs:I CTaTb
 T.lI1.MaKapoBo
 Lt1 c.A.nneTHeBo
 no Tonorpa-
cpLt1Lt1 3HaKOB Ha CTeHax cTap06onrapcKo
 CTOnLt1l4bl nnLt1CKLt1 (MaKapoBa/
nneTHeBa, 1984), rAe 145 TLt1nOB 3HaKOB 6blnLt1 pa36Lt1Tbl Ha 13 rpynn Lt1 oxa-
paKTepLt130BaHbl KaK TaMrLt1 CTpOLt1Tene
 (
X KnaHoB), 6blnLt1 Bbl
CHeHbl 3aKO-
HOMepHocT

x pa3Me
eHLt1
. CTonb >Ke Ba>KHbl CTaTbLt1 B.E.HaxaneT
H no
3HaKaM Ha CTeHax KpenOCTLt1 IX B. B Ma
Kax Ha BepxHeM AOHY, B KOTOpblX
OHLt1 onpe,Qen
tOTC
 KaK TaMr
 MeCTHblX >KLt1Tene
 (4acTo HaHOCLt1Mble Y>Ke
nocne CTpOLt1TeIlbCTBa B CB
3Lt1 C pLt1TyaIlaMLt1, nO,QTBep>KJJ.aBWLt1M
C
 rpynno-
BO
 Kn
TBO
) (HaxaneT
H, 1988, 105; 1990, 60).
1.10. 3HaKu Ha KepaMuKe. KaK npaBLt1nO, 3TO 3HaKLt1 Tpex TLt1nOB: rpacp-
cpLt1T
, C,QenaHHble B npol4ecce ft13rOTOBIleHft1
; rpacpcp
T
/,QLt1nLt1HTLt1, HaHe-
ceHHble B npo
ecce Lt1CnOnb30BaHLt1
 cocY,Qa Bna,Qenb
eM (-aMLt1); OTTLt1CKLt1
Ha ,QHLt1l.J..te 3HaKOB Ha rOHl.tapHbiX ,QLt1CKax.
B OTHOWeH
Lt1 rpacpcpLt1TLt1, C,QenaHHbiX nocne Lt13rOTOBneHLt1f1 cocY,Qa,
yl.teHble l.taCTO ,QonycKatOT Lt1X «TaMroBbIVl» xapaKTep. npLt1 3TOM, HanpLt1Mep,
24


B CapMaTLt1
 rpacpcpLt1TLt1 06bll.tHO HaHoc
n
Cb nOcne Lt13rOTOBIleHLt1
, a B
CpeAHe
 A3Lt1
 - B npou,ecce ero. flenHaR nocY,Qa ,QOMaWHero o6>K
ra (KaK
:jTO XOPOWO ,QOKYMeHTLt1pyeTc
 B Ta,Q>KLt1KCKOV1 3THorpacpLt1
; CM. Bblwe 1.2 Lt1
1 .4) Morna cTa6Lt1nbHO MeTLt1TbC
 BO BpeM

3rOTOBneHLt1
 3HaKOM KnaHa
II1nll1 «ManbIM» ,QononH
TenbHbIM 3HaKOM OT,QenbHO
 CeMbLt1 B HeM. Ho 3Ha-
1<111, c,QenaHHble B npou,ecce npou3BoocmBa Ha 20HlJapHOU KepaMuKe,
06bll.tHO Cl.tLt1TatOT npocTo «3HaKaMM napTMM KepaMLt1KLt1», Lt1nLt1 cBoe06pa3-
YblM CMMB0l10M KOHKpeTHoM MacTepcKoM, Lt1J1Lt1 npoM3BoAcTBeHHbiM
JHaKOM (KaK 3TO, HanpLt1Mep, xapaKTepHO ,Qn
 ft1Ccne,QoBaTeneV1 Xope3Ma Lt1
conpe,QenbHblx TeppLt1TOpLt1
). lI1HTepecHo npLt1 3TOM, 4TO pe4b Be,QeTc
 0
,':ocyoapcmBeHHblx 06pa30BaHLt1
X, r,Qe cy
ecTeOBanLt1 pa3Bumbie nUCb-
MeHHocmb U lJUCnOBbie 3anucu (o,QHaKo Lt1 tSYKBbl apaMe
cKoro, xope3M

-
CKoro, neXneBLt1 Lt1 np04Lt1X ancpaBLt1TOB, Lt1 l4Lt1cppbl Ha TaKLt1X 06pa3l4ax n04T

nonHocTbtO OTCYTCTBytOT). HawLt1 3HaKLt1 nO,Q4ac AocTaT04Ho CnO>KHbl, Lt1 B
]TOM cnY4ae nonY4Lt1TC
,
TO MacTepa II1CnOnb30Ban
 KaK
e-TO 3a2aOOlJHbie
nUKmo2paMMbl. B npLt1H
Lt1ne TaKoV1 BapLt1aHT He V1CKnt04aeTC
 nonHOCTbtO,
XOT
 ,QOKa3aTb ero HanLt14
e TPY,QHO. n03TOMY 3HaKLt1 Ha CepLt1
HO
 rOH4ap-
HOV1 KepaMLt1Ke CpeAHe
 A3Lt1
 (pLt1c. 27-29) MO>KHO OTHeCTLt1 K TaMraM nOKa
nft1Wb ycnoBHo U npeononO>KUmenbHo.
3HaK
 Ha rOH4apHbix ,QLt1CKaX 4aCTO B Lt1paHCKOM MLt1pe cBo,Q
nLt1Cb K He-
CKOnbKLt1M HeCnO>KHbIM cpopMaM, B OCHOBe KOTOpblX ne>K
T KpecT (4acTo -
ycnO>KHeHHO
 cpOpMbl
 Ol.teHb l.taCTO - BnLt1CaHHbl
 B Kpyr). 3THorpacpLt1f1
-ra,Q>KLt1KOB np
Mo CBLt1,QeTenbcTByeT 0 nO,Q06HbIX 3HaKax KaK 06epere (CM.
oa3,Qenbl 3
 11). O,QHaKo Ha TaKLt1X ,QLt1CKaX ,QOHCK
X
 npeAKaBKa3cK
x
.:pe,QHeBeKoBblx anaHOB Mbl BCTpe4aeM HeMano CnO>KHbIX Lt1 npLt14Y,QIl
BbIX
3HaKOB
BHO TaMrOBoro 06nLt1Ka. B CpeAHeV1 A3Lt1V1 TaKLt1e npft1Mepbl, Hanpo-
TII1B, eA
HLt14Hbl.


1.11. HcmollHuKu o6pa30saHuR HOSblX cpOpM 3HaKOS. TaM2u U 6YK-
':lbl ancpasumos. Ba>KHe
WLt1M Lt1CTOl.tHLt1KOM, cYA
 no 3THorpacpLt14eCKLt1M
-

aTepLt1anaM, a TalOKe paCCMaTpLt1BaeMbiM HLt1>Ke ,QaHHbIM no II1paHCK
M

apo,QaM, MO>KHO C4Lt1TaTb (1) npe>K.D.e Bcero cTapbl
, BnOIlHe KaHOHLt13Lt1pO-
3aHHblV1 cpOH,Q TaMr (Lt1CXO,QHO Lt1,Qy
Lt1
 OT Lt1MetO
V1X BO MHorOM Mar
4eCKoe
..:;Ha4eHLt1e 3HaKOB nepB06bITHOCTLt1). (2) 1I13pe,QKa O,QHLt1M Lt13 ft1CT04H
KOB
CTaHOBLt1nLt1Cb AOBonbHO peanLt1CTLt14eCKLt1e Lt1306pa>KeHLt1f1 3IleMeHTOB 6bITO-
Boro oKpY>KeHLt1
: >KLt1BOTHbIX (oc06eHHo
x ronoB), paCTeHLt1V1, COCY,QOB
 ,Qp.
T aK, l.tpe3BbI4a
Ho
pKa
 Lt1 OpLt1rLt1HanbHa
 cepLt1
 nO,Q06HbIX 3HaKOB nO
B-
Jl
eTC
 B Kep4eHcK
x CKOnneHLt1
X, KOTopble no ,QPyr
M TLt1naM TaMr
(l4apCK
M 3HaKaM Lt1 ,Qp.) ,QaTLt1pytOT 3TLt1 KOMnneKCbl cep. II - cep. III B. (CM.
HLt1>Ke pa3,Qen 5; COnOMOHLt1K, 1959, NQ 45, 48, 52). Pe4b Lt1,QeT 06 oAHoBpe-
MeHHOM npOHLt1KHOBeHLt1Lt1 B naHTLt1Kane
 cpa3Y HeCKOnbKLt1X HOBblX capMaTo-
aIlaHCKLt1X KnaHOB, KOTopble, OTAen

Cb OT pOACTseHHLt1KOB, BLt1ALt1MO, B3
IlLt1
HOBbie cpOpMbl 3HaKOB, TaK CKa3aTb, «Lt13 peaIlbHO
 >KLt13HLt1» (pLt1c. 6/75-79).
(3) E
e OAHLt1M Lt1CTOl.tHLt1KOM (TalOKe BeCbMa peoKo Lt1CnOnb3yeMbIM) 6blnLt1,
HeCOMHeHHO, 6YKBbi al14>aBMToB oKpY>KalOUJ.ux HapoooB (Allfl n03AHe

aHTLt14HOCTLt1 - pa3nLt14HblX nLt1CbMeHHocTe
 Ha OCHOBe apaMeV1cKoro, a
25