A.B.MapmbIHOB


YCTAHOB
Jlfl
TPAHC4>OPMA VlIII
TEnJlA
lI1 Q EHlllfI


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C PHUK 3aga4


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no HapO.QHOMY 06pa30BaHV1to B KaLteCTSe
yye6HOrO noco6V1A .QnA CTYJJ.eHTOB
Tenn03HepreTV1'1eCKvtX CneUV1aJ1bHOCTe
 SY30B


00
MOCKBa
3HeprOaTOM1I13AaT
1989




fiSK 31.38
M 29
YllK 621.1.01 + 621.56/.59 (076.1)


Pc II e II 3 e II T bI: HBaiIOBCKHj;! :meprCTWleCI<Hjj IIIICTHTYT H flCHHllrpaA-
CKHjj nOmUeXHH'!eCKHjj HHCTHTYT


PeA a K TOp H 3 A a T C n beT a a T.M. M YUJHHCKa


M29


MapTblHOB A. B.
YCT3HOBKIf .!1JHI Tp3HCcpOpM3UHH Tenrra If oxrr3:>KJ1eHHH: C6op-
IIHK 33J13'1: Y'IeG. noco6Ife Mil aY30B. - M.: 3HeproaTOMU3J13T,
1989. - 200 c.: 111!.
ISBN 5-283-00060-5


C60pHHI( 3an.a'! COCTaaneH npliMeHIITenbJlO K Y'!C6HoMy noco6mo
"3HCpreTII'ICCKIiC OCHoabl TpaHc!jJopMalU111 Tenna II Hpollcccoa OXJJa)l(ACIIIIJI"
(aBTopbl E. H. COKonon 11 B. M. 6pO]J.)!IICI<HH). B lIa4anc Ka)l(Aol1 H3 man
npHBCAcHbl TlinOBblC npHMcpbl C IIOApo6HbIMil PCWCHIIHMII, a 3aTCM Aat!
Ha60p 3an.a'l C pa3JJH4HblMH I1CXOAHblMIl J
aHHblMIi IJ.]]JI caMoCToHTcnbHojj
pa60Tbi CTYJI,CHTOB. B KOlillC JaAa'!IIHKa rWMeli\CllbI OTBCTbl Ha Bce 3aAa4H
II npHlTO)l(CHIiC. COAcp)l(all.(ec nCIlOMOraTeJJbHblH CnpaB04Jlbljj MaTeplian
(Ta6miUbl 1\ AllarpaMMbI).
llJIH CTYJI,eHTOB 3HcprCTII'leCKIIX, MaWI1110CTpornenbHbI x 1\ nOTIIITex-
HII4CCKIIX BY30B. 33l1.a4H!IK MO)f(CT 6bITb I10ne3eH T;JK)f(C IIH)f(eHCpHO-TCX-
HI1'ICCKIIM pa60TIII1KaM pa3JJII'lHb1X oTpacneti npOMbllliJlCllHOCTIl


2203020000-003
M 186-89
051 (01)-89


S6K 31.38


ISBN 5-283-00060-5


;(:', Jllcpro3TOMII3J13T. 1989




nPEALo1cnOBLo1E


C60pHHK 3a
all "YCTaHoBKH )J,JIH TpaHC<pOpMaL(HH TeIDIa H OXJIaA<
eHHH"
COCTaBJIeH npHMeHHTeJIblIO K KHHre
OKTOpa TeXH. HaYK, npo<p. E. H. COKO-
JIOBa H AOKTOpa TeXH. HaYK B. M. bpO
HHCKOrO "3HepreTHlIeCKHC OCHOBbl
TpaHC<pOpMaL(HH TeIDIa H npOL(eCCOB OXJIaA<
eHHH".
C60pHHK 3a
all COCTOHT H3
eCHTH maB, COOTBeTCTBYlQll\HX TaKHM A<C
pa3AeJIaM YlIe6HHKa. B KaA<AOH maBe 3a):
allHHKa BHallaJIe npHBoAHTCH npH-
MCpbI C no
p06HbIMH MOTHBHpOBaHHblMH pellieHHHMH, a. JaTeM
aIQTCH
Ja
allH )J.JlH caMOCTOHTeJIbHOH pa60Tbl cTy
eHTOB.
I1MeHHo caMOCTOHTeJIbHOH pa60Te cTy
eHToB B CBCTe nepeCTpOHKH
BbICllieH lliKOJIbl )J.JlH IIOBblllieHHH KalleCTBa no
rOTOBKH CneL(HaJIHCTOB,
YAeJIHeTCH Bce B03paCTaIQIl\ee BHHMaHHe. I103TOMy O
OH H3 L(eIleH,.KOTopaH
npeCJIe
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allHHKa, 6b1JIO BOOPYA<HTb cTy
eHToB IIOCO-
6HeM )J.JlH raKOH pa60TbI.
CaMOCTOHTeJIbHaH pa60Ta 3aKpeIDIHCT nOJIYlICHHblC IIaBblKH no paClIeTY
npOL(eCCOB H cxeM pa3JIHlIHblX TpaHc<popMaTopOB TenJIa.
B pe3YJIbTaTe H3YlIeHHH Kypca H caMOCTOHTeJIbHOH pa60Tbl HaJJ. 3a
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pa3JIHlIHblX THnOB;
YMeTb IIpHMeHHTb CBOH 3HaHHH )J.JlH paClIeTa cxeM H aHaJIH3a pa60Tbl
TpaHc<popMaTopOB TeMa C lJ,eJIblQ onpeAeJIeHHH OIITHMaJIbHblX peA<HMOB
pa60Tbl npH MaKCHMaJIbHOH 3<p<peKTHBHOCTH, onpe
eJIHeMOH 3KccprCTH-
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B C60PHHK 3a
all BOlliJIH npHMepbl H 3a
lIH, CBH3aHHble C BonpocaMH
paClIeTa KOHKpCTHblX TeIDIoHaCOCHbIX, XOJIOAMJIbHblX H
PyrHx THnOB TpaHC-
<popMaTopOB TeMa, npHMCHHeMblX B pa3JIHlIHblX OTpaCJIHX npOMbllllJIeH-
HOCTH, lIanpHMep, TaKHX, KaK 3HcprCTHlIeCKaH, XOJIOAMJIbHaH, XHMH'leCKaH,
He<pTCXHMH'leCKaH, aBHaL(HOHHaH, MeTaJIJIyprHlIecKaH, ra30BaH, nHll\eBaH
H
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IleCKHX H JJ.PyrHx HHCTHTYTOB, fL.\e lIHTalQTCH KypCbI JIeKL(HH no npe
MeTaM,
CBH3aHHblM C TeM03HepreTHKOH, XOJIOAMJIbHOH, HH3KOTeMncpaTYPHOH H
KpHoreHHOH TeXHHKOH, H cneUKypCbl, B KOTOpblX paCCMaTpHBalQTCH CHCTeMbl


J




IIpOIl3BO
CTB3 II paClIpe
eneHIIH 3HeprOHOCIiTeneif, 3 T3K)Ke BOlIpOCbI 01IT1I-
MH33I.um pe)KIIMOB 3TliX CIICTeM.
3a
allHIIK MO)KeT 6blTb IIOne3eH 4Ty
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paHTaM II IIH)KeHepHO-TeXHHlIeCKliM pa60THliKaM, CBH3aHHbIM 1I0 po
y cBoeif

eHTenbHOCTIi C BOlIpocaMIi 3Heproc6epe)KeHIIH. OC06bIif liHTcpec
H HliX
MorYT IIpC
CTaBnHTb BOlIpOCbI npliMCHCHIiH TennOHaCOCHbIX YCTaHOBOK
H
l\cneif TennoxonO
OCHa6)KCHlIH B CBeTC peanll3ali,lIli :mepreTlillCCKoif IIpO-
rpaMMbI H 3KOHOMIIJI TorrnHBHO-3HepreTlI1IeCKIIX PCCypCOB.
llpH rro
roToBKC 3a
a'IHHKa licrronb30BanOCb 60nbI.llOC KOnHlICCTBO
nHTepaTypHbIX HCTOllHHKOB, rrCpellCHb KOTOpbIX IIpHBOlJ.liTCH B YlIe6HlIKe
"3HeprCTHlIeCKHe OCHOBbI TpaHc<popMal\liH Tcrrna H rrpOl\eCCOB ox.rIa)K
CHHH". .
B KOHl\C 3a
allHHKa
aHbI OTBeTbI K 3a
allaM H npHnO)KCHHH, BKnI01laio-
ll(He TepMO
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arpaMMbI pa601lHX BCll(CCTB H Ta6nlil\bI ra30-

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ABTOp BbIpa)KaeT rny60KYIO 6naro
apHOCTb
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E. JI. COKonOBY II
OI<TOPY TCXH. HaYK, rrpo<p. B. M. EPO
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enaHHbIC BO BpeMH pa60TbI Ha
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npOH3BO
CTBa H pacnpcgcncmlH :mcprOHOClucnCM, :! T:!K)I(C BonpOCbl OfITM-
Jl,m3all,HH pC)I(HMOB nMX CMCTCM.
3aga1.fHHK MO)l(CT 6blTb nonC3CH (;.TygcHTaM-3:JO ' IHIiKaM, a raK)I(C acrIM-
paHTaM H MH)I(CHCpHO-TCXHH1.fCCKHM pa60TH.I1K:JM, CBR3:!HHbIM no pogy CBOCM
gCHTcnbHOCTM C BonpocaJl,ffi :mcproc6CpC)j(CHfIH. OC06bfH mlTcpcc ,D.Jlfl HHX
MorYT npCACTaBnHTb BonpOCbI npMMCHCH.I1fl TCnJIOHaCOClIbIX YCTaHOBOK JJ:JIII
I.(CnCM TcrmOXOJIOAOCHa6)1(cHMII B CBcrc pCaJI.I13aI.(MM :JHCprenl1.fCCKOM npo-
rpaMMbI.I1 3KOHOMHH TormHBHo-:mcprCTH1.fCCKHX PCCypCOB.
I1pM nOArOTOBKC 3an;a'lHHKa MCnOJIb30BanOCb 60JIbWOC KOJIM'lCCTBO
JIlneparypHbIX HCTO'lHHKOB, nCpC'ICHb KoropbIX npHBOIJ,l1TCH B Y4c6HHKe
"3Heprcni4CCKMC OCHOBbI TpaHc<popMaI.(HH TCnJIa H npou,eCCOB OXJla)l(,[J,CHH»".
B KOHI.(e 3aJ],a'IHMKa AaHbl OTBcrbI K 3aAa1.faM H npMJ10)l(CHHfl, BKJ1I01.faio-
lUHC rCpMOJ],HHaMM1.fCCKHC J],HarpaMMbI pa604UX BCIl\CCTB H Ta6Jmu,bl ra30-
J],HHa MH1.fC CKMX <PYHKlI,HH.
ABTop Bblpa)l(aCT rny60KYIO 6narOAapHOCTb AOKTOPY rCXH. HaYK, npo<p.
E. 51. COKOJIOBY M AOKropy TCXH. HaYK, npo<p. B. M. EPOAHHCKOMY 3a I.(CH-
HbIe YKa3aHHH H COBCTbI, CAcnaHHbIC BO BpCMfl pa60TbI Hag PYKOI1MCblO.




BBEAEHHE
B npHMepaX M 3a}];alJaX, npHBe}];eHHhiX B 3aLJ,a 1 IlIHKe, paCCMaTpHBalOTCSI
BOJlpOCbI, CBfl3aHHbie C paClJeTOM TpaHC<pOpMaTOpOB TenJia (TenJlOBhIX
HaCoCOB, xonO,I:\HJlbHbIX H KpHOreHHhlX YCTaHOBOK) H OnpeLJ,eJleHHeM HX
34>4>eKTHBHOCTM. Onpe}];eJleHHe 3<p<peKTHBHOCTH OT}];eJlhHbIX armapaTOB,
ycraHoBOK H CHCTeM B l\eJlOM 6a3HpyeTcSI Ha 3KcepreTHtIeCKOM MeTOLJ,e
aHaJIH3a, n03BOJlHIOIlI.eM He TonhKO BhllJHCHSlTh 3KcepreTHlJeCKHH KI1,J]"
HO H onpeLJ,eHHTb nOTepM 3KceprHM B OT}];eHhHbIX annapaTaX, Malll.MHaX H
3neMeHTax YCTaHOBOK.
OCHOBHble npHHl\Hl1l1aJIbHhle 1l0HO)i(emiH 3KcepreTHlJeCKOrO MeTOLJ,a*
6a3MpYlOTCSI Ha Ollpe}];eHeHMH pa60TOCl10co6110CTH (mo6oro BHLJ,a :meprHH),
KOTopafl Bbl'IHCJlSleTCH OTHOCHTeJlbHO TepMO}];HHaMHlJeCKHX napaMeTpOB
OKPY)i(alOllI.eM Cpe}];bI. I10}]; OKpY)j{alOllI.eH cpeLJ,OH, KaK npaBHnO, nOHHMaeTCfl
cpeLJ,a C <pHKcHpoBaHHbIMH napaMeTpaMH, OTpa)i(aIOIlI.MMI1 Hal160nee lJaCTOe
CpeLJ,HeCTaTHCTHlJeCKoe COCTOSlHHC aTMoc<pepbl Y nOBepxllocTH 3eMJlH. (B
3aLJ,a'lHI1Ke 3a fmpaMeTphl oKpY)i(alOllI.eM cpe,!:\bl npHHSlTbl T o.C == 293 K
(lOaC) HP == O,} MOa.)
DI060e KOJIlflleCTBO 3HeprHH (JI1060ro BI1Aa) no OTHOllIeHHIO K OKPY-
)i(alOllI.eii cpe}];e 06JIaAaeT MaKcMMaHbHoH pa60ToCnoco6l1ocTbIO, 1. e. MaKCH-
MaJlbHOH pa60ToH, KOTopaR MO)i(eT 6bITb nOJlYlleHa (B 06paTHMoM npol\ecce)
OT AaHHoro KOJIH'leCTBa :meprMH B YCJlOBHRX AaHHoH oKpY)i(alOllI.eH CpeLJ,bl.
3TO MaKCMMaJlbHOe KOHM'leCTBO pa60Thi Ha3bIBaeTCfl 3Kcepcueu. COOTHO-
llIeHHe Me)l()J,Y 3KcepmeH E 11 3Heprl1eH J ycraHaBJIMBaeTCR K03<p<PI1l\MeHTOM
pa60Tocnoco6HOCTM 7
E == 37.
fufl MeXaHH'leCKOH H 3HeKTpH'leCKOii 3HeprHM 7 == }. fuR TenJla:
Tq == (T- To.c)/T=} - (To.c/T),
* EPOWIIICKWH B. M. :) KCepreTW'IeCI{[o[fi MeTOD. TepMOlJ.IlHaMW'IeCKOrO aliaJ1w'ja.
M. 3ucpnul. 1973.
6

r):l,e To.c - TeMnepaTypa oKpY)I(alOIUeH cpe)J,bI, K; T - TeMnepaTypa no)J,-
BO)J,a (I1nl1 oTBo)J,a) Tenna, K.
TaKI1M 06pa30M, 3Kcep2ueu Teflfla (TennoBoro nOToKa) Ha3bIBaeTCH
MaKCI1MaJlbHOe KOnl1'1eCTBO pa60TbI, KOTopoe MO)l(eT 6bITb nOJlY'IeHO npl1
06paTI1MOM rrepeBo)J,e )J,aHHoro KOJlI1'1eCTBa TenJla C TeMnepaTypHoro ypOBHH
T Ha TeMnepaTypHbIH ypoBeHb oKpY)I(alOIUeH cpe)J,bI To. c.
.II;Ul TenJlOTeXHl1'1eCKI1X npoIl,eCCOB, npoxo)J,HIUI1X "pl1 T> T o.c' K03q,-
q,I1I1,I1eHT pa60Tocnoc06HoCTI1 Bcer)J,a nOnO)l(l1TeJIeH 11 Mellbwe e)J,I1HI1I1,bI
(0 < 7 < 1).
.II;IH HI13KOTeMnepaTypHbIX (XOJIOAI1JlbHbIX 11 Kpl10reHHblx) npOIl,eCCOB
rrOJlY'IeHl1e XOJlo)J,a IUlI1 OTBO)J, Tenna OT oxna)l()J,aeMbIX 061>eKTOB npoTeKaeT
rrpl1 T < To.c 11 oCYIUeCTBJlHeTCH TOJlbKO npl13aTpaTe pa60TbI. 3TOT MOMeHT
xapaKTepl13yeTcH 3HaKOM "MI1HYC" rrpl1 K03q,q,I1I1,l1eHTe pa6oTocnoc06-
HOCTI1 (7 < 0). TaKI1M 06pa30M, )J,JlH orrpe)J,eJleHI1H 3KCep2UU XO/lOOa T
MO)l(HO 6paTb no a6COJllOTHOMY 3Ha'leHI1IO, oT6paCbIBaH 3HaK "MI1HYC":
.. Eo = Q 0 I T q I 0, I1JlI1 Y'II1TbIBaTb 113MeHeHI1e HanpaBJleHI1H TennOBoro nOTOKa
(CM. npl1Mep 1):
E" = -Qo (-Tq)o.
.II;m rrOJIY'leHI1R XOJIo)J,a B l1)J,eaJlbHOM 06paTIIOM I1,I1KJle Kapllo 3aTpa'll1-
BaeTCH MI1HI1MaJlbHOe KOJll1'1eCTBO pa60TbI. OTclO)J,a 3KCeprl1R xOJlo)J,a - no
Ml1Hl1ManMlOe KOnl1'1eCTBO pa60TbI, KOTopoe He06xoLl,I1MO 3aTpaTI1Tb, 'IT06bI
06paTI1MbIM rrYTeM TpaHcq,opMl1pOBaTb )J,aHHoe KOnI1'leCTBO Tenna (nOJlY'II1Tb
XOJlOLl,) C TeMnepaTypHoro ypOBHH T Ha TeMnepaTypHbIH ypoBeHb oKpY)I(alO-
IUeH CpeLl,bI T O.c' YLI,eJlbHaR 3KCeprl1R pa60'lero TeJla, KJ].)I(!Kr (BOAbI, B03-
)J,yxa, q,peoHa, KI1Cnopo)J,a, reJlI1R 11 T. )J,.), HaXOLl,RlII,erocH B q,I1KCl1pOBaHHoM
COCTOHHI1I1, xapaKTepl13yeMoM TepMoAI1HaMI1'IeCKI1MI1 rrapaMeTpaMI1 (p,
T, h , s), onpe)J,eJlHeTCH ypaBHeHl1eM
e =11 -h o . c - To.c(s -so.c),


r)J,e h 11 S - 3HTaJlbnl1H 11 3HTpon .H BelIl,eCTBa B )J,aHHOM COCTOHHIHI, KJ].)I(!Kr;
h o . c , To.c, so.c - 3HTanbn11H, TeMnepaTypa 11 3HTpOnl1H BeIUeCTBa npl1 napa-
MeT pax OKpY)l(aIOlII,eH CpeLl,bI.
nonY'leHHble 3Ha'leHI1H I1cnOJlb3YlOTCH )J,JlH COCTaBJleHI1H 3Kcep2eTU-
'1eCKUX 6a.fJaHC08.
Ha OCHOBe 3KCepreTI1'1eCKOrO 6anaHca, KOTOpbIH MO)l(HO COCTaBI1Tb
KaK )J,JlH OT)J,enbHbIX annapaTOB 11 3JleMeHTOB, TaK 11 )J,JlH YCTaHOBKI1 11 CI1-
CTeMbI B I1,enOM (LE BX = LE BblX + LD, rLl,e LD - nOTepl1 3KCeprl1l1), onpe-
)J,eJlRIOTCH rrOTepl1 3KCeprl1l1, 3Ha'leHI1e KOTOpbIX 3aBI1CI1T OT 3q,q,eKTI1BHOCTI1
pa60Tbi YCTaHOBKI1. Ha OCHOBe 3HepreTI1'1eCKOrO 6anaHca Bcer)J,a MO)l(HO
onpeLl,eJlI1Tb KnJ]. YCTaHOBKI1 (annapaTa) I1JlI1 CI1CTeMbI:
T/ = LEBblX!LEBX = (LE BX - LD)!LH BX = 1 - (LD!LE BX )'
3KCepreTI1'IeCKI1H KnJ]. peaJlbHbIX YCTaHOBOK, anrrapaTOB 11 CI1CTeM
Hal160Jlee npaBI1J1bHO OTpa)l(aeT 3q,q,eKTI1BHOCTb rrpOI1CXOLl,HIUI1X npOIl,eCCOB


7




H BCeft.J.a HaXO}J,HTCfl B rrpe}J,eJIaX 0  1/ < 1. 3KcepreTIf'leCKlfH KfiIJ: MO)f{CT
6bITb TaK)f{e orrpe;:J,eJIeH H 'Iepe3 HHTCrpaJIbHbIC rrOKa3aTcJIIf, Bblpa)f{CHHbIC
rrOJIe3HbIM JKCepreTH'IeCKHM J<P<PCKTOM If 3aTpa'lCHHOM: pa6oToH. TaK, CCJIH
,!.J.JIfl HH3KoTcMrrepaTypHbIX (XOJIO,!J,WIbHbIX If KplforeHHblx) YCTaHoBoK
rrOJIe3HbIM J<p<peKToM HBJIHCTCH XOJIoiJ,OrrpOIf3BOiJ,IfTCJIbHOCTb, TO JKCeprC-
TH'ICCKIfM: KfiIJ: orrpCiJ,CJIHCTCH KaK
_ QO(T q }o
1/ - N '
riJ,e Qo - XOJIOiJ,OrrpOIf3BOAlfTCJIbHOCTb, K/c; (T q) 0 -- KOJ<p<pHll.HCIIT
pa60Tocrroco6HocTIf XOJIOiJ,a; N - 3aTpa'lCHHaH MOLUHOCTb, KIJ:)f{/C.
AHarrOrH'lHO MO)f{HO onpCiJ,CJIHTb 3IIa'leHHH JKCCpl CTH'ICCKHX KfiIJ:
,!.J.JIH mo60ro BHiJ,a TpaHc<popMaTopOB, naMHTYH BCeriJ,a 0 HCo6xoAlfMOCTH
Bblpa)f{aTb nOlte3HbiU (nOIlY'leHHbIU) 3if>if>eKT OT YCTaH08KU U 3aTpa'leHHY/O
3Hep2UIO OIlR pa60Tbi YCTaH08KU 8 3KCep2eTU'leCKUX 8eIlU'lUHax.

rnasa nepSaA
TEPMOAHAMWECKE OCHOBbl npOLl,ECCOB
TPAHCOPMALI,TEnnA
npIi1MEPbl
npHMep 1.1. OnpCAenHTb 3Kcepnno 4 I 90 K)J)K XOJIolJ,a, nOJIY'IeHHOrO
npl1 TeMlIcpaTYpc Kl1neHI1H )!<l1IJ,KOro a30Ta Ts = 77,36 K.
PellIeHHe. K03<p<pI1JJ.HeHT pa60Tocnoc06HoCTI1 xonoLJ,a
T-T o . c To.c 293
re = (rq}o = -- T - = I -- T -- = 1- --- =-2,79.
77.36
3KCCprl1R XOJIOlJ,a
Eo = Qo (rq)o = -Qo (-2,79) = 4190.2,79 = 11700 KH)K.
npHMep 1.2. OnpelJ,eJII1Tb 3Ha'leHI1C K03<p<pHUI1CHTa pa60Tocnoc06-
HOCTI1 Tcnna (r q ) 0, OTBelJ,CHHOro [(pl1 TCMnepaType Kl1neHI1H XJIalJ,OHa R =
= 12 (t s = -29,8 °C), H CpaBHI1Tb ero C KOJ<P<PI1JJ.HCHTOM pa6oTocnoc06-
HOCTI1 nOlJ,ctJl1TallHbIM IJ,JIR TeMnepaTypbI )K11}J,Koro rCJlI1H (Ts = 4,22 K).
PllIeHHe. K03<P<PI1JJ.HeHT pa60Tocnoco6HoCTH npl1 t = - 29,8 0c:
T o . c I _ 293 = -- 0 _ 'J 06.
( r q) 0 = I - '- T = -
243.2 '
K03<P<P I1 u,l1eHT pa6oTocrroc06HoCTI1 npl1 T = 4,22 K:
(r")o = I - 293 = -685.
q 4,22 '
CpaBHeHl1e (r) 0 11 (r)o nOKa3bIBaCT, '1TO )J,.IlH nonY'IeHI1R xono)],a
rrpl1 TeMnepaTYpc )KI1IJ,KOro rCnl1R HC06XOlJ,I1MO 3aTpaTI1Tb pa60TbI rrpl1MCpHO
B 330 pa3 60JIbllIe (-68,5/-0,206), '1CM IJ,JIR rrOJIY'IeHI1H Toro )KC KOJIWICCTBa
XOJIolJ,a rrpH TeMrrepaType KHrreHI1R )KH)J,Koro XnalJ,OH3 R-l.
npHMep 1.3. COCTaBI1Tb TCrrJIOBOH 11 3KCCpreTI1tJcCKI1H 6aJI3HC CI1CTCMbI,
rrp0I13BOIJ,RllICv.. XOJIOIJ, Q 0, 11 onpCIJ,CJIHTb cc KO.II., eCJII1 H3BeCTHO, '1TO CHCTC-
Ma nOTpc6JIReT 20 KBT 3JICKTp03HeprHH N H 113 CHCTeMbI OTBOIJ,HTCR 3HcpnUl
QT B BHIJ,C Tenna B KOJII1'1eCTBC 62 KBT. K03<P<PHUl1cm pa60Tocnoc06HOCTH
OTBelJ,eHHOrO H3 YCTaHoBKH Tenna r q = +0,033; K03<p<pI1u,HeHT pa60To,
cnoco6HoCTH nonY'leHHoro XOJIOlJ,a (7 q ) 0 = -0,22.
q

PeweHHe. 1-13 TermOBOrO 6anaHCa CHCTeMbl (N + Qo = QT) onpe.a.enHeM
KOnH'leCTBO npOH3Be.a.eHHOrO xono.a.a:
Qo = 62 - 20 = 42 KBT.
3KceprHH :meKTp03HeprHH
E3 = 7 3N = 1 . 20 = 20 KBT.
3KceprHH OTBe.a.eHHoro Terma
Eq = 7 q QT = 0,033.62 = 2,04 KBT.
3KceprHH nonY'IeHHOrO xono.a.a
Eo = (7 q )oQo = -0,22. (-42) = 9,24 KBT.
Ha OCHOBe 3KcepreTH'IeCKOrO 6anaHca, KBT,
E3 = Eq + Eo + D,
r.a.e D - nOTepH 3KceprHH.
Onpe.a.enHeM Kil,Il, CHCTeMbl
1/ = Eq+E _ o _ _ 2,04+9,24 _ _ _ 11,28
= 0,562 (:::::56%).
E3 20 20
npHMep 1.4. Onpe.a.enHTb, HaCKOnbKO YMeHblUHnaCb y.a.enbHaH 3KCeprHH
nOTOKa xna.a.areHTa R-I2, KOTOpbIH B Tenno06MeHHOM annapaTe np"
.a.aBneHHH 0,425 Mila OXJ1a)K.a.aeTCH C t 1 = 55°C .a.o t 2 = 20°C.
PeweHHe. 3KceprHH nOTOKa XJ1a.a.areHTa R-I2 Ha Bxo.a.e B TenJ1006MeH-
HHK
el =h 1 -h o . c - To.C(Sl -so.c).
ilapaMeTpbl Ha Bxo.a.e onpe.a.eJ1HlOTCH no T, s-.a.HarpaMMe XJ1a.a.OHa R-I2:
npH t 1 = 55°C H P = 0,425 Mila h = 608 K,Il,)K/Kr H S = 4,855 K,Il,)K/ (Kr .K).
3KceprHH nOT OK a XJ1a.a.OHa Ha BbIxo.a.e H3 Termo06MeHHHKa
e2 = h 2 - h o.c - To.c (S2 - so.c).
ilapaMeTpbl Ha Bblxo.a.e npH t 2 20°C H P
= 584 K,Il,)K/Kr H S = 4,78 K,Il,)K/ (Kr . K).
YMeHblUeHHe 3KceprHH nOTOKa
"Ie = el - e2 = hi - h 2 - To.c(Sl - S2) = 608 - 584 - 293(4,855-
-4,78) = 24 - 21,9 = 2,1 K,Il,)K/Kr.
0,425 Mila h 2
npHMep I.S. Onpe.a.eJ1HTb KOnH'IeCTBO 3KCeprHH, oTaBaeMoH 1 Kr
B03.a.yxa npH oxna)K)J.eHHH ero B KOHIJ;eBOM X0J10.a.JfJ1bHHK'e KOMnpeccopa
C Tl = 500 K.a.o T 2 = 320 K npH .a.aBJ1eHHH P = 0,6 Mila.
PeweHHe. il0J1b3YHCb e, h -.a.HarpaMMoH B03.a.yxa, Haxo.a.HM 3Ha'leHHe
3KceprHH npH p = 0,6 Mila H t I = 500 K; e 1 = 200 K,Il,)K/Kr.
10

3HaqeHHe 3KCeprHH OXJ1a)l()J;eHHOrO B03Ayxa npH t 2
::::: 151 K.lJ)K/Kr.
KOJIHqeCTBO oTBerteHHoH 3KCeprHH COCTaBHT
qe = e) - e2 = 200 - ]51 = 49 K.lJ)K/Kr.
320 K C2
llpHMep 1.6. OnpeAeJIHTb YAeJIbHYlO 3aTpaTY pa60TbI B HAeaJlbHOM
XOJlOAHJIbHOM IJ,HKJIe (o6paTHoM IJ,HKJIe KapHo), npoH3BOAHIIJ,eM XOJIOA
. npH HOpMaJIbHOH TeMnepaType KHnenHH t s XJIa)J.areHTa R-] 3 IlPH YCJIOBHH,
'1TO TeMnepaTypa TelUIonpHeMHHKa T B BbIwe TeMnepaTypbI oKpy)/(alOIIJ,eH
cpeAbI, paBHoH 293 K, Ha 8 K
PeweHHe. OnpeAeJIHeM t s H3 AHarpaMMbI AJIH XJIaAOHa R-] 3: t s =
= -8],5 °C (I 91,5 K). K03Q>Q>HIJ,HeHT pa6oTocIlOCo6HOCTH XOJIOAa npH
T H = 191,5 K
(Tq)H = ] - (To.C/TH) = ] - (293/191.5) = -0,53.
YAeJIbHaH 3aTpaTa pa60TbI
3 H = l/qH = -(Tq)H + (t:.TB/T H ) = 0,53 + (8/19],5) "'" 0,572.
llpuMep 1.7. OnpeAeJIHTb npHpaIIJ,eIlHe YAeJIbHOrO pacxoAa 3KCeprHH
B HAeaJIbHbIX TenJIOHaCOCHbIX yCTaHoBKax B 3aBHCI1MOCTH OT 113MeHeHHH
TeMnepaTypbI TenJIOnpHeMHHKa T B B AHana30He OT 293 AO ]0 6 K npH T H =
= T o . c = 293 K,
PeweHue. 3aAaBaHcb HeCKOJIbKHMI1 npOMe)/(YTo'lHbIMH 3Ha'leHI1HMH
T B = 393; 493; 693; 893; 5. ]03; ]04; 10 5 K onpeAeJlHeM npHpaIIJ,eHHH
YAeJIbHOrO paCxOAa 3KCeprHH t:.3 B /t:.T B = t:.TH/T = To.c/T, npHBeAeH-
HbIe B Ta6JIHIJ,e. \
--'
TB,K A:JB/A T B TB,K A:JB/AT B
293 34. 10- 4 1000 293.10-.
393 19. 10- 4 5 . 10' 117'10-.
493 12 . 10- 4 10 4 293. 10-.
693 61 . IO- s IDs 293. 10- 10
893 366. 10-. 10. 293. 10-1>
llpHMep 1.8. OnpeAeJlHTb oWH6KY npl1 nOAC'IeTe K03Q>Q>HIJ,HeHTa pa60To-
cnoco6HoCTH XOJIOAa no cpeAHeapl1Q>MeTHqeCKOH TeMnepaType npl1 YCJIOBHH,
qTO AeHCTBHTeJIbHbIH npoIJ,ecc OTBOAa TenJIa (pHC. ].]) 3aMeHHeTCH npOIJ,ec-
COM, npOTeKalOIIJ,HM no JIHHeHHOMY 3aKOHY (WTpHXOBaH JlHHHH). npl1H H Tb
t HI = -]8 °C; t H 2 = -25°C.
PeweHue. CpeAHeapHQ>MeTH'IeCKaH TeMnepaTypa
ra H = (T HI + T H2 )/2 = (255 + 248)/2 = 503/2 = 25],5 K
.cp
II

T T HI
I /
THCP /
J/
./1 T ttCp
/
/
T H2 /
0 . 
PMc. 1.1. npOl.\ecc H3MCHeHHR TeMnepaTypbl
K03<P1>lIl1,HeHT pa6OTocrroco6HOCTli rrpH
T a
H.Cp
(Tq)=I-
T O . c
r a
H.Cp
=1-
293
251,5
= -0,164.
l.
Llei1crBlfTeJIbHaH CpeiJ,WlH TeMneparypa
T H1 - T H2 255 - 248
T H . CP = -
1 H1
In-
T H2
(cp e iJ.1 r elfHrerpaJIbHaH)
7
2,31g1,028
255
2,31g --
248
7
0,0279
K03<P<PIfJUieHr pa6orocnoco6HOCTif rrpli Tn. cp
"'" 251 K.
( ) 1/ 293 9
T q H = 1 -- - = 1 - 1 16 r= -0 169.
251 ' ,
A6comOTHoe 3HalfeHlie olilll6KIf
Ll = (T q );; - (Tq) = 0,169- 0,164=0,005.
OTHOClfrenbHoe 3HalfeHlie OllIH6KIf
d 0,005
 = --- . 100=296%.
TqJ H 0,169 '
nplf 3aMeHe iJ,eHCTBlfTeJlbHoi1 CpeiJ,Hei1 reMnepaTYPbl ee CpeiJ,Heapli<pMe-
TlflfeCKliM 3Ha'IeHifeM KOJ<p<Plfll,HeHr pa60TOCrroco6HOCTif XOnoiJ,a 3aHIf)l(aerCH
IIplfMepHO Ha 3%.
3AAA\.fH
3aiJ,aQa 1.1. PflCClfifraTb Ii 110 nonYlfeHHblM Ll,aHHblM B KOOpiJ,liHaTax T q
T IIOCTpOIiTb rpa<plfK li3MeHeHlfH KOJ<P<PIfJ..\IfeHra pa6oTocnoco6HoCTli
Terrna T q B 3aBJfClfMOCTif OT TeMlleparypbl T B IfHTepBane or 00 IJ;O 0 K. 3a
reMnepaTYPY oKpY)I(alOl11ei1 CpeLl,bI To.c rrplfHHTb 293 K. lL"lH paclfera t(ene-
coo6pa3Ho 3aiJ,arbCH CneiJ.YIOIillIMIf 3HalfeHliHMif T = 10 6 ; 10 s ; 10 4 ; 5 . 10 3 ;
3.10 3 ; 103; 800; 600; 400; 200; 150; 100; 50; 30; 10; 5; 3; 2;
1; 0,1 K.
12

3a,ll,3qa 1.2. Orrpc)j,CJIHTb, BO CKOJIbKO pa3 Y)j,eJIbHaJI 3KCeprHJI XOJIo)j,a,
nOJIY'IeHHOrO npH HOpMaJIbHOM TeMrrepaType )I<HAKoro reJIHJI, 60JIbllle Y)j,eJIb-
HOM 3KceprHH XOJIo)j,a, rrOJIY'IeHHOrO npH HopMarrbHoM TeMnepaTYpc:
a) )!(H)j,Koro BO)j,opo)j,a; 6) )!(H)j,KOro KHCJIOpO)j,a; B) )!(HAKOrO aMMHaKa.
3a,ll,3qa 1.3. Onpe)j,eJIHTb rCMrrepaTypHbIe rpaHHIIbI Me)!()w 30IlaMH
KOH)j,HIUioHHpOBaIlHJI, XOJIOAHJIbHOM TeXHHKH, KpHoreHIIoM TeXIIHKH H
YJIbTpaHH3KHx TeMrrepaTYP, eCJIH 3I1a'leIlHJI 3KcepreTH'IeCKHX TeMnepaTypIlbIX
<PYIIKIIHM COOTBeTCTBeHHO paBHbI: T(' = Tq' =-0,1; -1,44; -100. TeMne-!
paTypa oKpy)!(aIDIl\eM cpe)j,bl 293 K.
3a,ll,3qa' 1.4. CocTaBHTb TermoBoM H 3KcCpreTH'IeCKHM 6arraHcbI CHCTeMbI,
npoH3Bo)j,JIIl\eM XOJIO)j, rrpH TeMnepaType -20 De B KOJIli'leCTBe Qo = 25 KBT,
n orrpe)j,eJIHTb ee KIT)]" eCJIH li3BeCTHO, '1TO rroTpe6JIJICMaJI MOIl\I10CTb N ==
== 12,5 KBr. lb CHCTeMbI OTBOAHTCJI 3I1epom QT B BH)j,e TerrJIa C K03<P<P H IIH-
,eHTOM pa60ToCnoco6I1oCTH T q = 0,032.
. 3a,ll,3Qa 1.5. Orrpe)j,eJIliTb, KaKHM o6pa30M H HaCKOJIbKO H3MeHHTCJI
y)j,eJIbIlaJI 3KCeprHJI XJIa)j,areHTa R-12, KOTOpbIM rrpH )j,aBJIeHIDI p == 0,15 MITa
B IfcnapHTeJIe XOJIO)j,HJIbHOM YCTaIloBKH rrcpexo)j,HT H3 )!(H)j,Koro COCTOJIHHJI
B COCTOJIlme cyxoro HaCbIIl\eIlHOrO rrapa.
3a,ll,3'1a 1.6. Orrpe)j,eJIliTb, KaKoe KOJIHlJeCTBO 3KceprHH (pa6oTbI) I1a)j,o
nO)j,BeCTH K B03)j,YXY B H,'J:eaJIbHOM IIpoIlecce, lJTo6bI rrpH )J.aBJIeHHH 0,5 MITa
nepeBeCTH ero li3 ra3006pa3Horo COCTOHHHfI rrpH T == 293 K B )j,Byx<pa3I1oe
COCTOHHlle lIap - )!(H)J.KOCTb C cO)J.ep)!(aHHeM 80% JKH)J.KOCTH.
3a,ll,3'1a 1.7. Orrpe)j,eJIHTb, BO CKOJIbKO pa3 YMeHbIllHTcH pa60Ta B H)J.eaJIb-
HOM TerrJIOH%coCHOM IIHKJIe, IIpOH3Bo)J.HIl\eM TerrJIO Ha ypoBHe 80 De, CCJIIi
TeMrrepaTypa'TenJIOOT)J.aTlJIiKa H3MeHfleTCH C 293 )J.O 303 K.
3a,ll,3'1a 1.8. Orrpe)J.eJIHTb 3aBliCI1MOCTb TeMrra H3MeHeHHH y)J.eJIbHoro
pacxo,ll,3 pa60TbI (3KceprHI1) B l1)J.eaJIbHbIX XOJJOAHJIbHbIX YCTaHOBKax
t:J.3 H /t:J.T H = To.c/T rrpl1 CJIe)J.YIOIl\I1x 3HalJCHliHX TCMrrcpaTypbI TermOOT-
,lI,3TlJI1Ka T H == 293; 253; 213; 173; 133; 93; 13; 8; 3; 2; 1; 0,1 K,
T o . c == 293 K.
3a)j,aQa 1.9. OIIpe,'J:eJIHTb OTHOIlleHliH H3MeIleHHH YAeJIbHOrO pacxo)J.a
3KCeprl1H B H.a:eaJ1bHbIX XOJJO)J.HJJbHbIX YCTaHoBKax (npli T B = idem) Ha
Ka)!()j,bIe 3 K YMeHbIlleHHJI t:J. T H B HHTepBaJIaX TeMIIepaTYp: a) 8-5 K;
0)13-10K: B) 93-90K; r) 173-170 K K H3MeHeHHID B HllTepBaJJe 253-
250 K.
3a,ll,3Qa 1.10. Orrpeil,CJIHTb xapaKTCp H OIllH6KY npH nO)J.ClJeTe K03<p-
<pHIIHeHTa pa6oTocrroc06HoCTH XOJJo)J.a npH Heli30TCpMHlJeCKOM OTBO)J.C
TenJIa, eCJIn ACMCTBHTCJlbHbIll npoIlccc 3a MeHfleTCH JJliHCMHbIM (CM. pl1c. ].1)
npH CJIeAYIDIllHX YCJIOBI1HX: a) T HI == 90 K; T H2 = 80 K; 6) T H1 = 30 K;
T H2 == 20 K; B) T H1 == ]4 K; T H2 == 4 K. Bo Bcex Tpex CJIYlJaHX rrpliIlHTb
To.c == 293 K.
3a,ll,3Qa 1.11. Orrpc)j,CJIHTb xapaKTcp H OIllli6KY npli IIO)J.ClJeTe K03<p<PH-
lI,HcIITa pa60Tocnoco6HoCTIi XOJIO)1a npli HCH30TCpMI1lJeCKOM OTBO)J,e TerrJIa,
ecJIH )1eMCTBHTeJIbHbIH rrpouccc 3aMCHHCTCH JIHHCMHbIM IIPH CJIC)j,YIDIl\HX
ycrrOBHfIX (CM. pHC. 1.1): a) T H1 = 260 K; T H2 == 200 K; 6) T H1 == 260 K,
13

T H2 = 140 K; B) T H1 = 260 K; T H 2 = 80 K. TeMnepaTypa oKpY)I(aIQll\eH
cpeAbI Toe = 293 K. ,+,.,+,.
3aA8.m 1.12. OnpeAenHTb xapaKTep H OllIH6KY npH nO)J.ClJ.eTe K03'!''!'H-
6 C06HOCT H Tenna npH ero HeH30TepMHlJ.eCKOM nOlJ,Bo)J.e,
lUfeHTa pa OTOCTIO
T
T 61
TI'I2
PHc. 1.2. fpaqHlK 113MeHeHI1H TeMnepaTyphI
ecnH )J.eHCTBHTenbHbIH npollecc (pHC. 1.2) 38MeHHeTCH Ha JlHHeHHbIH (IliTpH.
XOBaH nHHHH). npHHHTh T B2 = 280 K (7°C) H T B1 = 380 K (I07°C).
rnasa sropaR
nAPO>KHAKOCTHbIE KOMnPECCHOHHblE TPAHCcJ»OPMATOPbl TEnnA
(XOnOAHnbHbIE H TEnnOHACOCHblE YCTAHOBKHI
nPHMEPbl
npHMep 2.1. Onpe)J.enHTb TennoBYIO HarpY3KY nepeoxna)J.HTenH aMMH-
alJ.HOH KOMnpeccHoHHOM XOJIO/W.JIbHOH YCTaHoBKH MH crre)J.YIOll\HX yenoBHH:
paClJ.eTHaH xono)J.OnpoH3Bo):UnenhHOCTb Qo = 116,3 KBT; TeMnepaTypaHcna-
peHHH to = _10°C, TeMnepaTypa KOH)J.eHcaIlHH t K = 40°C; xnaJJ.areHT
oxna)I()J.aeTCH OTHOCliTeJlhHO TeMnepaTypbI KOH)J.eHcaIlHH Ha L!. t n = 30°C.
PeweHHe. no T, s-)J.HarpaMMe )J.JIH aMMHaKa onpeAenHeM ero TeMnepa-
TYPY H 3HTaJIhnHlQ nacne nepeoxna)J.HTerrH*:
t n = t K - L!.t n = 40 - 30 = Woc; h n = 467 K.IbK(Kr.
Y)J.eJIbHaH HarpY3Ka oxna)J.HTeJlH
qn = h K - h n = 612 - 467 = 145 K.IbK(Kr.
. .Ilance 110 TCKCTy nepeoxna1J,l1TeJlh-oxnarolTeJlh.
14

YiJ,CJIbHaH XOJIOiJ,OnpOIi3BO,IJ,MTCJIbHOCTb YCTaHOB!P1
qo = h I - h n = 1670 - 467 = 1203 K)J)K/Kf.
MaccoBbIH pacxoiJ, XJJaiJ,arCHTa
(; = Qo/qo = 116,3/1203 = 0,096 Kr/c.
TCnJJOBaH HarpY3Ka OXJIa,IJ,MTCJIH
Qn = qn G = 145.0,096 = 14 KJJ.)I(/C.
npHMep 2.2. Onpc)J.CJIIiTb Y)J.eJJbllbIH pacxo)J. 3JJCKTpo:mcprlili Ha BbIpa-
60TKY XOJJo)J.a, XOno,IJ,MJIbHbIH KOJ<p<pIiUIiCHT Ii 3KCCprCT\ilICCKIiH KI1JJ. )J.JJH
YCTaHoBKIi xOJJOiJ,OnpOIi3BO,IJ,MTCJIbIlOCTblO Q 0 = 2,93 K)J)K/C. XOJIOiJ, npoli3-
BOiJ,IiTCH npli t H = -40 DC; MO!l\1I0CTb Ii)J.CaJIbHOrO KOMnpCCCOpa N B =
= 1,5 KBT. BHYTPCHHIii"1 a,IJ,Ma6a]J!,!>IH Ii JJICKTpOMCXaHliqCCKIiH KI1JJ. KOMn-
pcccopa coomCTCTBCHHO paBHbI: 17 i = 0,8; 173M = 0,85.
PerneHHe. Y)J.CJIbllbIH pacxo)J. JJJCKTpOJHCprli1i
3x=--- _ 1,5 =0,753.
17i173MQo '1i'1 3M Qo 0,8' 0,85 . 2,93
XOJIO)J.IiJIbHbIH KOJ<p<PIiUIiCHT YCTaHOBKIi:
e=
'1/ '1 3M Q 0
lB
=  =- =133
3x 0,753 ,.
3 H =
Y)J.CJIbHbIH pacxo)J. JJJCKTpOJHCpnm B li)J.caJIbHOM UIiKJIC:
T o.c _ 1 = 293 _ 1 = 0,26.
T H 233
3KCCprCTIi'ICCKliH KI1JJ. YCTaHoBKIi:
17e = 3 H e = 3H/3x = 0,26/0,753 = 0,346.
npHMep 2.3. PaCCqliTaTb CXCMY aMMliaqHOH O)];HOcTynCHqaTOH KOMn-
pCCCMOHHOH XOJIO,IJ,MJJbHOH YCTaHoBKIi AJJH CJJC)J.YIO!l\IiX YCJJOBIiH: XOJJOiJ,O-
rrpoIi3BOiJ,IiTCJJbHOCTb Q 0 = 17,45 KBT; TCMncpaTypa xnaiJ,OHOCIiTCJJH Ha
BXOiJ,C B IicnapliTCJIb t HI = -15 DC, TCMrrcpaTypa Ha BbIXO)J.C 1i3 IicrrapliTCJIH
t H 2 = - 22°C; TCMncpaTypa OXJ1a)l()J.alO!l\CH BO)];bI Ha BXOiJ,C B KOHiJ,CHcaTOp
t B 2 = +20 DC, Ha BbIXO)J.C 1i3 KOHiJ,CHcaTopa t BI = 25 dc. YCTaHOBKa pa60TaCT
6C3 OXJ1a,IJ,MTCJIH. CXCMa YCTaHOBKIi npIiBC)];CHa Ha pliC. 2.1.
B PC3YJIbTaTC pacqcTa Hco6xo,IJ,MMO onpCiJ,CJIMTb rrapaMcTpbl B xapaK-
TCpHblX TOqKaX CXCMbl, TCnJIOBbIC HarpY3KIi annapaToB, MO!l\HOCTb KOMn-
peccopa, XOJIO,IJ,MJIbHbJH KOJ<P<PMUIiCHT Ii JKCCprCmqCCKIiH KI1JJ. YCTaHoBKIi.
PerneHHe. 3a)J.aBaHCb MIiHIiMaJlbHOH pa3HocTbIO TCMrrcpaTYP B licnapli-
TCJIC At M = t H 2 - to = 3 DC, orrpCiJ,CJJHCM paCqCTHYIO TCMrrcpaTyPY licna-
pCHliH (pIiC. 2.2)
15

T
J 2
K l
PA t:f>
KM
u
If 1
s
PHc. 2.1. CxeMa napmK!1)J.KOCTHOH KOMnpeCC!10HHOH xonO)J.llnbHOH YCTaHOBK!1 II flpoI<ecc
B T, s-)J.!1arpaMMe
T
t H1
t"z
..1t to
a) 1('1)
T
tl(
..1t K
tr.2
0) 1{)
PIIC. 2.2. rpa<jJ!1KII !13MCHeHIIJI TeMnepaTYP noTOKOB:
a - B I1cnapllTcne; 6 - B KOH)J.eHcaTope
to = t H 2 - At li = -22 - 3 = -25 0e.
npHHJfMaH MJfHJfMaJIbHYI{) pa3Hocrb reMIIeparyp B KOHlJ;eHcarope At K =
= t K - t B I = 5°C, onpe;:(eJIHeM pac<lerHYI{) reMneparyPY KOHlJ;eHCal\JfJf
t K = tal + At K = 25 + 5 = 30°e.
no T, s-IJ;JfarpaMMe JfJI!1 repMOAHHaMJftICCKJfM ra6JIJfl\aM aMMJfaKa
HaXOMM napaMerpbl pa6o'lero areHra B cJIelJ;Yl{)ll\I1x xapaKrepHblx rO'lKax
cxeMbI:
1.tI =to =-25°C; PI = 0,5 Mna; hi = 1652K)J)/(/Kr; v=0.78M3/Kr;
2. P2 = 1,2 MfIa; t = 126°C; h  = 1960 K)],)!(/Kr;
16

3. t3 = 30°C; P3 = 1,2 MIla; h 3 = 562 K.I/)K/Kr;
4. t 4 = _25°C; P4 = 0,15 MIla; h 4 = 562 KJ],)K/Kr.
Y,a,eJIbHaH TeWIOBaH HarpY3Ka HcnapHTeJIH
qo = h 1 - h 4 = 1652 - 562 = 1090 K.I/)K/Kr.
MaccoBblH pacxo,a, aMMHaKa
G = 17,45/1090 = 0,016 Kr/c (57,7 Kr/4).
IIpHHHMaH :meKTpoMexaHH4ecKHH H BHYTpeHHHH KI1J], KOMnpeccopa COOT-
BeTCTBeHHO T/3M = 0,9 H T/i = 0,8, onpe,a,eJIHeM :HITaJIbfIHlO pa604ero areHTa
lIa Bblxo,a,e H3 KOMllpeccopa
I fa I (h', -h 1) - -1652+ 1960 - 1652
h 2 = 11 + -- = 11 +
71i 71i 0,8
= 2040 K)J,)K .
KI'
Y,a,eJIbHaH BHYTpeHHHH pa60Ta KOMfIpeccopa
Is = h 2 - h 1 = 2040 - 1652 = 3':8 K.I/)K/Kr.
Y,a,eJIbHaH TeIlJIOB3H HarpY3Ka KOH,a,eHCaTOpa
qK = h 2 - h 3 = 2040 - 562 = 1478 KJ],)K/Kr.
I1poBepKa CXO,a,HMOCTH :mepreTH4ecKoro 6aJlaHCa YCTaHoBKH
q = I B + qo = qK = 388 + 1090 = 1478 KJ],)K/Kr.
06'beMHafi npoH3Bo,a,IUeJlbHOCTb KOMnpeccopa
V o = Gv 1 = 57,7 . 0,78 = 45 M 3 /4 = 0,0125 M 3 /C.
TenJIOBaH HarpY3Ka KOH,a,eHcaTOpa
QK = 0,016.1478 = 23,7 K.I/)K/C.
Y,a,eJIbHaH pa60Ta KOMnpeccopa
I K = I B /T/ 3M = 388/0,9 = 432 K.I/)K/Kr.
I _Y,a,eJIbHIH pacxo,a, :meKo:meprHH : e,a,HHHUY Bblpa6oTaHHoro XOJIo,a,a
3x -/K/qo - la/(T/iT/3MqO) - 432/1090 - 0,3955.
3JleKTpH4ecKaH MOll(HOCTb KOMfIpeccopa
N 3 = IKG = 432.0,016 = 6,92 KBT "" 7 KBT.
XOJlOD,HJIbHbIH K03<P<PHl(HeHT
€ = qo/IK = I/3x = 1090/432 = 2,53.
.II.nfI onpeD,eJleHHH K03<P<PMl(HeHTa pa6oTocnoco6HoCTH XOJIop,a onpe-
p,eJIHeM cpep,HIOIO TeMnepaTYPY xna;J,OHOCHTeJlH
17

T H . Cp =
T HI - T H2
T HI
In-
T H2
258 - 251
258
2,31g --
251
7
2,3' Ig 1,027
7
= 254 K.
2,3 . 0,0118
K03<P<PJ1lJ,J1eHr pa60TOcnoco6HOCrJ1 XOJIOlJ,a
(Tq)H = 1 - (To.c/ T H . Cp ) = I - (293/254) = -0,153.
TaK KaK J H = - (T q ) H, ro ylJ,crrbHblH pacxolJ, 3JICKrpo:mcprJ1J1 B HlJ,carrbHOM
lJ,HKrre paBHHercH 0,153.
KOJ<P<PHlJ,HeHr norre3Horo IJ,eHcrBHH XorrolJ,HJIbHOH ycraHoBKH c YlIeroM
norepb JKCeprHH B HcnapHrene (no XrralJ,OHOCHremo)*
, qO(Tq)H
1/ =-
e IK
Qo (Tq)H
---
N 3
1090. 0,153
432
= 0,387 ("'='39%).
KOJ<P<P J1 lJ,HeHr norre3Horo IJ,eHCrBJ1H XOrrOIJ,HIIbHOH ycraHoBKH 6e3 ylIera
norepb 3KceprHH B HCnapmeJle (no xrralJ,areHry):
1/"= :!....o(Tq) = 1090'0,1  = 0,46 ("'='46%),
e IK 432
me (T q ) 0 = I - (To.c/To) = 1 - (293/248) = -0,182.
npJ1Mep 2.4. PacclIHrarb cxeMY aMMJ1alIHOH oIJ,HocryneHlIaroH xorrOlJ,J1rrb-
HOH ycraHoBKH c oxnalJ,J1rerreM xnalJ,areHra (pHC. 2.3): xorrolJ,OnpOH3B0IJ,J1-
rerrbHocrb Qo = 60000 KKarrfq = 69,75 KBr; reMneparypa xnalJ,OHOCHreJIH
Ha BXOlJ,e B HcnapHrerrb tHI = -8°C H Ha BblXOlJ,e H3 Hero t H 2 = -15°C;
reMneparypa OXJIaJK,l:J;alOll\eH BOlJ,bI Ha BXOlJ,e B KOHlJ,encarop t B 2 = +20°C
J1 BbIXOlJ,e H3 Hero t B I = 25°C. KOHelIHaH MHHHMaJlbliaa pa3Hocrb reMnepa-
ryp B KOHlJ,eHCarOpe I:.t K = 5 °c H B HcnapHrerre I:.t If = 3°C. B oxrralJ,HreJIb
xnalJ,areHra nOlJ,aerca apre3HaHcKaH BOlJ,a B KOrrJ1lIeCrBe G B = 0,5 r/lI =
= 0,139 Kr/c c reMneparypoH t n02 = 6°C; MHHHMaJIbHaH pa3Hocrb reMne-
paryp B oxrralJ,J1rerre I:.t no = 4°C. flo napaMerpaM B xapaKrepHbIx rOlIKax,
norrYlIeHHbIx B pe3yrrbrare paclIera cxeMbl, cocraBHrb 3KceprerHlIecKHH
6anaHc ycraHoBKH, onpelJ,errHrb norepH 3KceprHH B orlJ,errbHblX 3rreMeHrax
ycraHoBKH H Kfl,IJ,.
PemeHHe. PaclIerHaH reMneparypa HcnapeHHH aMMJ1aKa
fo = t H 2 - I:.tIf = -15 - 3 = -18 "C.
* 3}J,eCb If }J,aJ]ee 3HaK "MI1HYC" npl1 T q He Y"I1TbmaeTCH (CM. oTBeTbI K 3a}J,alJaM
m.I).
18

6261 T
3
n01 K 2
qn L
[j?
n02 if KM
PIl.
11 1
5
H2 g)HI S
PRC. 2.3. CxeMa napOJKIfAKOCTHotl KOMnpecciloHHotl xOnO(lfnbHoi\ YCTaHOBKIf C nepe-
oxnaAJUeneM If npouecc B T, S-AifarpaMMe
PaCqeTHaH TeMrrepaTypa KOH)J,eHcalum:
t K = t B 1 + .6.t K = 25 + 5 = 30 dc.
i ilapaMeTpbl B xapaKTepHbIX TOqKaX 1, 2, 3:
TOqKa 1: tl = -18 DC; /)1 = 0,2 Mila; hi = 1662 K,lJ)K/Kr; VI
= 0 6 M 3 /Kr'
'TOqKa2:'P2 = 1,2 Mila; h = 1925 K,lJ)K/Kr; t2' = 110 DC;
rOqKa 3: t 3 = 30 DC; P3 = 1,2 Mila; h 3 = 561 KJ],)I(/Kr.
TerrrroTa rrapoo6pa30BaHHH aMMHaKa rrpH to = -18 DC:
r = hi - h 5' = 1662 - 335 = 1327 K,lJ)K/Kr.
ilpeABapIITerrbHOe orrpe)J,erreHHe pacxo)J,a xrra)J,areHTa
G - Q /( r) - 69,75 0062 /
- 0 <.p (0,85 . 1327) =, Kr c,
r)J,e <.p = 0,8 -;...0,9 - KOJ<pqmllHeHT <pa3HOCTH xrra)J,areHTa, yqHTbIBaIOl'-IHH
)J,orrIO )l(H)J,KOro xrra)J,areHTa rrocrre ,[IpOCCerrH rrpH )J,poccerrHpOBaHHH.
Orrpe)J,errHeM xapaKTep TeruJoo6MeHa B oxrra,[lHTerre. ilpH W B =
= GBC B > Gc NH 3 = WNH xapaKTep Terrrroo6MeHa cooTBeTcTByeT rpaqJHKY
p p 3
H3MeHeHHH TeMrrepaTYP, rrpe)J,CTaBJIeHHOMY Ha pHC. 2.4, a, a rrpH W B = G B c B <
P
< Gc NH 3 rpa<pHKY Ha pHC. 2.4,6.
p
19

Terr;IOBOH 3KBUBaneHr no BO;:J:e
B 583 K)J.)f(
W B = GBe = 0,139.4,19 = 0, -"
P c'K
TelInOBOH 3KBUBa,leHr 110 xna;:J:areHry
W NH J = Gc H 3 = 0,062 . 4,82 = 0,298 K.lbK1 (e. K),
r;:J:c
H3 =
p
t!.h
= 48 , _ = 4,82 K.lbK1 (Kr . K) .
10
t!.t20-10
TaK KaK B ;:J:aHHOM cny'!ae xapaKrep refIJIoo6MeHa eoorBeremyer
pue, 2,4, a, TO 3Ha'!eHue reMncparypbl B rO'!KC 4
, 4 =, n02 + Llf no = 6 + 4 = 10°C.
I1apaMcrpbl B OCraJIbHbIX xapaKreP.HbIX TO'!Kax exeMbI:
rO'!Ka 4: t4 = 10°C; P4 = 1,2 MIla; h 4 = 468 KLI,)!(/Kr;
rO'!Ka5:'5 =-18°C; Ps =0,2 MIla; hs =468KLI,)!(/Kr.
Y;:J:eJIbHaH HarpY3Ka ucnapIfrenH
qo = h I - h 5 = 1662 - 468 = 1194 K.lbK/Kr.
MaeeOBbIH pacxo;:J: xna;:J:arCHra
G = 69,75/1194 = 0,0585 Kr/c.
3HraJIbfIUH pa6o'!ero areHra Ha BbIXO;:J:e If3 KOMnpeceopa I1PH BH)'rpCH-
HeM a;:J:Ifa6arHOM KI1L1, T/i = 0,8
h 2 =h I -!E-- =h l + (h2- _0=1662+ 1925-1662 =1990KLI,)!(/Kr.
r)i r)i 0,8
YiJ,CnbHaH BHyrpcHHHH pa60ra KOMI1pCeCOpa
f B =h 2 -hi = 1990- 1662 =328K.lbK/Kr.
L1t"'UH
o-tt
t
o-t M
0)
..1t MIlH
8' i t
a)
t
20
Pue. 2.4. fpaqJl1Kl1113MeHeHI1J1 reMoeparyp B ncpeoxna)J.l1rene

Y)J;CJIbHaH ICrInOBaH HarpY3Ka KOH)J;CHCarOpa
qI< == h 2 - h 3 = 1990 - 561 = 1429 KDIK/Kf.
Y)J;CJIbHaH rCIIJIOBaH HarpY3Ka OXJIa)J;RrCJ1H
q = h 3 - h 4 = 561 - 468 = 93 KDIK/Kr.
no
TIOJIHaH HarpY3Ka OXJIa)J;HrCJIH
Qno = qno G = 93 . 0,0585 = 5,45 KDIK/c.
TIpoBcpKa PCWCHRH 110 1 3aKoHY rcpMo)J;HHaMHKI1
q =IB + qo = qK + qno = 328 + 1194 = 1429 + 93 = 1522 KDIK!Kf.
061>CMHaH IIp0I13Bo)J;RrCJ1bHOCrb KOMlIpcccopa
V o = GVl = 0,0585 . 0,6 = 0,035 M 3 /C.
TCIIJ10BaH HarpY3Ka KOH)J;cHcaropa
QK = 0,0585 . 1429 = 83,3 KDIK!c.
Y)J;CJ1bHaH pa60ra, 3arpa'lCHHaH Ha KOMripCCCOp C Y'lcroM 3JICKrpOMcxa-
HHIJCCKOrO KTIJJ. (11 3M = 0,9)
lKM = lB!11 3M = 328/0,9 = 365 KDIK!Kf.
3nCKrpRIJCCKaH MOWHocrb KOMlIpcccopa
N 3 = lKMG = 365.0,0585 = 213 KBr.
XOJIO)J;HJIbHblH K03<p<pRIIRcHr
€ = qo/1KM = 1194/365 = 3,27.
CpC)J;HHH rCMlIcparypa paCCOJ1a
-8 - 15
T II . cp = ---=--2- + 273 = 261,5 K.
TIpR rCMlIcparypc oKpY)l(aJOwcH CPC)J;bl, paBHoH rCMlIcparypc BO)J;bI
Ha BXO)J;C B KOH)J;CHCarOp, K03<p<pRIIHcHr pa60roclIoc06HocrH 110 T H.Cp
(Tq)f! = 1 - (293/261,5) = -0,121.
K03<P<PRIIRCHr IIOnC3HOro )J;CHCTBI1H ycraHoBKI1 110 3arparaM 3ncKrpo-
:mcprHH Ha KOMlIpCCCOp
= qO(Tq)H = 1194'0,121 =0396.
11 e I 365'
KM
3HaIJCHHH Y)J;eJ1bHblX 3KCeprl1H aMMRaKa B xapaKrepHbIX rOIJKaX IIpO-
l{ecca Moryr 6blrb orrpe)J;CJICHbl 110 e , h -)J;HarpaMMe Rnl1 110 <popMync
e = h :- h o.c - To.c (s - So.c) = h - To.cs - (h o.c - To.cso.c),
T)J;C h o.C j So.c - 3HraJIblIRH R 3HrpOlII1H aMMHaKa IIpR IIapaMCrpax OKpy-
21

)I(alOll\eH CpeAbI T O.C = 293 K H Po.c = 0,1 Mila; h o.c = 1760 K.!bK/Kr;
s o.c = 9,8 K.!bK/ (Kr . K).
3Ha4eHHH OCHOBHbIX rrapaMerpoB pa604ero areHra B xapaKrepHbIx
r04Kax npou;ecca rrpHBeAeHbI B ra6n. 2.1.


T a 611 111.\ a 2.1. napaMcTpbI pa60'lcro arCHTa


TO'lKa )J,aBlIeHHe p, TeMlIepaTypa, 3HT31IbnHIl h , 3HTponllll-s . 3Kceprnll e.
Mna °c K)J,)K/Kr K)J,)K/ (Kr . K) K)J,)K/Kr
1 0,2 -18 1662 9,1 104,8
2 1,2 136 1990 9,26 385
3 1.2 30 561 - 303
4 1,2 10 468 - 301
5 0,2 -18 468 - 289


Y;:J,enbHoe KonH4ecrBO 3KCeprHIf, nO)J;BeAeHHoH K ycraHoBKe, no 1f3Me.
peHIfHM Ha 3a)l(lfMaX 3neKrpO)J;BlfrarenH KOMnpeccopa
e BX = N 3 /G = 213/0,0585 = 365 K.!bK/Kr.


3neKrpOMexaHlf4ecKHe rrorepH 3KceprHif
d 3M = e BX - e Bx 1]3M = e BX (1 -1]3M) = 365.0,1 = 36,5 KJ],)I(/Kr.
YAenbHaH 3KceprHH, nO)J;BOAHMaH K KOMrrpeccopy
e B = e BX - d
M = 365 - 36,5 = 328,5 K.!bK/Kr.
BHyrpeHHlfe norepH 3KcepflfH B KOMrrpeccope (pHC. 2.5, a)
d KM =e B - (e2 -el) =1]3MeBX + el - e2 = 328,5 - (385 -104,8)
= 48,3 K.!bK/Kr;


PIIC. 2.5. OOTCpll 3Kcepnlll B
KOMnpeccope II KOHJJ;eHcaTope:
a - B KOMIlpeCCope; 6 -
B KOHJJ;eHcaTope



e2


22



 .. rt
.
'l"'q 2
d K
3 t 81
('l"'q)
P
t62
q 5)




= 280,2 = 0 853.
111< 328,5 '
IlOTepl1 JKCeprHl1 B KOH,I:\eHCaTOpe (pl1c. 2.5,6):
JKCeprI1H, or,o:aHHaH xrra,o:areHrOM
W2 - 3 = e2 - e 3 = 385 - 303 = 82 K.J])K/Kr;
JKCeprI1H, norrY'IeHHaH OXrra)l()J.aIOll\eH Bo,o:oH,
Ae B3 _ B2 = qK (r-q)P = 1429.0,01 = 14,29 K.IJ.)I(/Kr,
rp;e
(Tq)P = 1 - (293/295,5) = 0,Dl;
norepl1 JKCepr1111 BCIIe,o:crBl1e Heo6parl1MOrO renrroo6MeHa
d1<.T = 'Ve2 - 3 - Ae B 3 _ B2 = 82 - 14,29 = 67,71 K.J])K/Kr
(Kll.IJ. KOH,o:eHcaTOpa 17 K = 14,25/82 = 0,174).
TaK KaK JKCeprl1H OXrra)I(,D:alOll\eH BO,o:hI nocrre KOH,o:eHcaropoB KOM-
npecCl10HHhIX ycraHoBoK 06hI'IHO He I1cnorrh3yercH, ro CYMMapHhIe norepl1
JKCepr1111 B KOH,o:eHcarope cocraBHr
d K =d K . T + Ae B3 _ B2 = 67,75 + 14,25 = 82 K.J])K/Krj (17K = 0).
ITorepl1 JKCeprHl1 B oxrra,o:l1rerre (pl1c. 2.6) :
JKCeprI1H, or,o:aHHaH xrra,o:areHroM,
"Ve3 _ 4 = e3 - e4 = 303 - 301 = 2 K.J])K/Kr;
JKCeprI1H, norrY'IeHHaH apre311aHcKoH Bo,o:oH,
'Ve no 2_1 =93,3.0,033=3,11 K.J])K/Kr,
r,o:e
(Tq)P = 1 - (To.c/Tl_ 2) = 1 - (293/283,7) = 1 - 1,033 = -0,033,
t no1 = t no2 + At no = 6 + 9,45 =
15,45°C;
'"" 
e
I "'
iii
TCp = t no1 + t no2
no 1 - 2 2
+ 273 =
(crq )H
n02
=
6 + 15,45
2
+ 273 = 283,7 K;
4
n01
PHC. 2.6. nOTepH 3KceprHH B oxna;:J:HTene
q
23

6anaHC3KceprIUf BOXJIa)J.HTerre C3 +C n0 2 =C4 +cnol +d no '
l10TepH 3KceprHH B OXrr3)J.HTerre
d no =C3 -C4 +C n0 2 - Cnol = 'VC 3 _ 4 + \Tc n02 _ I =2+3,11 =
= 5,11 K)])K/Kr; Tlno = O.
l10TepH 3KcepfHH B peryrrHpYIOw:eM Krr3rr3He ()J,poccerre) (pHC. 2.7, a)
d PB = C4 - Cs = 301 - 289 = ]2 K)])K/Kr;
KI1,l], )J,poccemr:
3) TI AP = 289/301 = 0,96 (Ha OCHOBe 36corrlOTHblx 3H3l/eHHii) ;
6) Tl AP = !::J.cT/!::J.e p = (cs - cd/(c4 - cd = (289 - 104,8)/(301 --
- 104,8) = 0,94 (rro pa3HOCTH 3KcepfHii).
I10TepH 3KCeprHH B HcrrapHTerre (pHC. 2.7, 6) :
3KceprHH, OT)J,3HH3H XJI3)J,3reHTOM (3MMH3KOM),
II C S _ I = C Ii - C) = 289 - 104,8 = 184,2 K,l],)1{/Kr;
3KceprHH, rrorrYl/eHH3H xrra)J,oHocHTeneM,
Ae H2 _ I = C H2 - CHI = qo (Tq)P = 1194.0,121 = 144,7 K,l],)1{/Kr,
r)J,e
(Tq)P = 1- (293/261,5) =-0,121;
rroTepn JKCeprHH BCrrelJ,CTBHe Heo6p3THMoro Terrrroo6MeH3
dJi = IIcs - I - !::J.C H2 _ I = 184,2 - 144,7 = 39,5 K,l],)1{/Kr,
Till = 144,7/184,2 = 0,785.
3KcepreTHl/eCKHH: 6arr3HC YCTaHOBKH rrpHBe)J,eH B T36rr. 2.2.
e ,
':
"'
cr q 5
e
L,
a)
1
d u
H1
0)
q
PHc. 2.7. nOTepH 3KceprHH B Apoccene H HcnapHTene:
a - B Apoccene; 6 - B HcnapHTene
24

T a 611 1-1 l\ a 2.2. 3KCepreTl''feCK>I 6anaHc yCTaHoBK>I
--------
nOJJ;BOA 3Kcepnrn
OTBOA 3KceprHH
-
% no oTHOllIe-
napaMeTp KlJ;>K/Kr % napaMeTp KJ]."'/Kr % HHIOR 3neKTpH-
, qeCKOH 3Hepnm
--'" ---
:)teKTpo:mepnul 365 99,15 3neKTpoMexaHH4ec- 36,5 9,9 10
ffiI xo Mn pe cco p KHe noTe pH B KOMIl-
e 'r.  peCCope d 3M
1;re3HaHcKaH 3.11 0,85 BIIYTpeHHHe nOTepl1 48.3 13,14 19,25
BOP e n.o II KOMnpcccope d KM
DOTepH 3Kce pn4l1 B 82 22,2 22,5
KOHAeHcaTope d K
, DOTepH 3KCCpn4i1 B 5,11 (2) 1,38 0,55
, . o XJlaJ],HTene d no
;
DOTepH 3KceprnH B 12 3,23 3,28
JJ.poccene d A . P
DOTepH B HcnapHTe- 39,5 10,75 10,84
He d H
3KcepreTH4ecKaH xo- 144,7 39,3 39,6
nOAonpoH3BoJJ,HTenlr
HOCTh eo
Deero 368,11 100 368,11 100 100
fpacplfT'leCKoe w306pa)l(eHlfe 3KCepreTH'leCKOro 6anaHca npl1Be)J,eHO
Ha pWC. 2.8.
K03CPCPWIJ:WeHT none3Horo )J,eHCTBwR KOMnpeccopa
3/(cepZUR apmesuaHcKoii 80Bbi
g.. -<:I
ex t..J 
t..J E:
.... eB
g- t:t e6x
'"
 ::;j
<> 
"'"

"'e. 2.8. 3KCepreTH'leCKHii 6anaHc napo)l(HAKOCTHoii KOMnpeccHoHlloii YCTaHOBKH
It
i
25

17 KM = e2 _ I/e B = 280,2/328,5 = 0,853.
K03<P<P I1 IUfeHT rrone3Horo )J,eHCTBI1H Terrnoo6MeHHo-)J,poccenbHoH qaCTI1
YCTaHOBKI1 ("xono)J,Horo" 6noKa)
17T.1J, = eO/(e2 _ I + eno) = 144,7/(280,2 + 3,11) = 0,512.
IlonHbIH KIl,I], YCTaHoBKI1 (c yqeTOM 3KCeprl111 apTe311aHcKoH BO)J,bI)
17' = eo/ (e BX + eno) = 144,7/(365 + 3,11) = 39,3%.
K03<P<P I1 IUfeHT rrone3Horo )J,eHCTBI1H YCTaHoBKI1 6e3 yqeTa 3KCeprHI1
apTe311aHcKoH BO)J,bI
17" = eo/e BX = 144,7/365 = 39,6%.
npl1Mep 2.5. PaCCqUTaTb cxeMY O)J,HOCTyrreHqaTOH KOMrrpeCCI10HHOH
XOIIO)J,HnbHOH YCTaHOBKI1, pa6OTalOIl\eH Ha xna)J,OHe R-12. Orrpc)J,enl1Tb rrapa-
MeTpbI B xapaKTepHblx Toax cxeMbI, TeITIIOBble HarpY3KI1 arrrrapaToB,
MOIl\HOCTb KOMrrpeccopa, XOIIO)J,HnbHbIH K03<P<PHll,l1eHT 11 KIl,I], YCTaHoBKI1.
YCTaHoBKa pa60TaeT C pereHepaTI1BHbIM Terrnoo6MeHHI1KOM (Pl1c. 2.9).
XOJIo)J,orrp0I13BO)J,HTenbHocTb Qo = 7 KBT, TeMrrepaTypa oxna)l()J,aeMoro
B03)J,yxa Ha BXO)J,e B I1crra pl1Tenb t HI = - 20 11 Ha BbIXO)J,e 113 I1crra pl1TenH
t H2 = -26 DC; TeMrrepaTypa oxna)l()J,alOIl\eH BO)J,bI Ha BXO)J,e B KOH)J,eHcaTOp
t B 2 = 20°C 11 Ha BbIXO)J,e 113 HerO t B I = 25 DC. KOHeqHaH pa3HOCTb TeMrre-
paTYP B I1CrrapUTeIIe tH = 4 DC, KOHeqHaH pa3HOCTb TeMrrepaTYP B KOH)J,eH-
caTOpe t K = .5 Dc. BHYTpeHHI1H a)J,Ha6aTHbIH 11 3IIeKTpOMeXaHI1qeCKI1H KIl,I],
KOMrrpeccopa paBHbi COOTBeTCTBeHHO 17i = 0,8 11173M = 0,9.
PeIl\eHl1e. PaCqeTHaH TeMrrepaTypa 11 )J,aBneHl1e I1CrrapeHI1H:
to = t H 2 - tH = -26 - 4 = -30 DC; Po = 0,1 MIla.
PaCqeTHaH TeMrrepaTypa KOH)J,eHCall,l1l1
t K = t B 1 + t K = 25 + 5 = 30 DC.
Ilpl1HI1MaH pa3HOCTb TeMrrepaTYP Ha TeITIIOM KOHlI,e pereHepanlBHoro
Terrnoo6MeHHI1Ka (PI), paBHou 20 DC, orrpe)J,eIIHeM TeMrrepaTYPY rrapOB
xna)J,OHa rrepe)J, KOMrrpeccopOM*:
t 1 = t 3 -  t p = 30 - 20 = 10 °c.
Ilo T, s-)J,l1arpaMMe xna)J,OHa R-12 HaXO)J,I1M rrapaMeTpbI pa6oqero areHTa
B xapaKTepHblx TOqKaX cxeMbI:
TOqKa 1: t 1 = 10 DC; PI = 0,1 MIla; hi = 582 K,I],)I(/Kr; v =
= 0,1875 M 3 /Kr;
TOqKa 2: P2 = 0,75 MIla; h S = 625 K,I],)I(/Kr; t 2 = 85 DC;
* OnTI1MaJlhHhlC napaMCTphl xna.o:arcHTa ncpc.o: KOMnpeccopOM COOTBCTCTB)'IOT
MaKCI1MaJlhHOii 3<p<PeKTI1BHOCTI1 y CTaHOBKI1 (KnJ],).
26

f( P9K
PI1.
3
PT
5 qD
6
T
s
PHC. 2.9. CxeMa napoJ«:HAKOcTHoit KOMnpeccHoHHoit xOnOIJ,HnbHoit YCTaHOBKH C pere-
HepaTHBHbIM Tennoo6MeHHHKoM H npolJ,ecc B T, S-IJ,HarpaMMe
TO'lKa 3: t3 = 30°C; P3 = 0,75 Mila; h 3 = 448 K)J)K/Kr;
TO'lKa 6: t 6 = -30°C; P6 = 0,1 Mila; h 6 = 559 K)J)K/Kr.
ilapaMeTpbI B TO'lKe 4 Haxo.o;HM IIO TelU1oBoMY 6aJIaHcy PT: hi - h 6 =
= h 3 - h 4, oTKy.o;a 3HTaJIbIlHH B TO'IKe 4: h 4 = h 3 - (h I - h d = 448 _
- (582 - 559) = 425 K)J)K/Kr.
Y.o;eJIbHaH TelU10BaH HarpY3Ka HCIIapHTeJIH
qo = h 6 - h 5 = 559 - 425 = 134 K)J)K/Kr.
3HTaJIbIlHH <ppeoHa Ha BbIxo.o;e H3 KOMilpeccopa
h 2 = h 1 + (/a/l1;) = 582 + (625 - 582)/0,8 = 636 K)J)K/Kr.
Y.o;eJIbHaH BHYTpeHHHH pa60Ta KOMilpeccopa
lB = h 2 - hI = 636 - 582 = 54 K)J)K/Kr.
Y.o;eJIbHaH TeIlJIOBaH HarpY3Ka KOH.o;eHcaTopa
qx = h 2 - h 3 = 636 - 448 = 188 K)J)K/Kr.
MaccOBbIH pacxo.o; XJIa.o;areHTa
G = 7/134 = 0,052 Kr/c.
06'beMHaH IIpOH3BO,lJ;HTeJIbHOCTb KOMilpeccopa
VI = G V1 = 0,052.0,1875 = 0,00975 M 3 /C.
TeIlJIOBaH HarpY3Ka KOH.o;eHcaTopa
Qx = 0,052. 188 = 9,72 KBT.
27

YLlerrbHaH pa60Ta KOMnpeCCOpa
lKM = lB /TI 3M = 54/0,9 = 60 K,I:i)K/Kr.


3rreK1pll'IeCKaH MOll{HOCTb KOMnpeccop

N 3 = lKMG = 60.0,052 = 3,12 KBT.
XOJlOJl.IDIbHbIii KOJ<P<PI1IJ.lfeHT
E = qO/lKM = 134,0/60 = 2,24.


KOJ<p<PI1Ul1eHT pa6oTOcnoco6HoCTI1 xorrOLla rrpl1 cpeLlHeii TeMrrepaType
OXrra)!():laeMorO B03L1)'xa
T H . Cp = (-20 - 26) /2 + 273 = 250 K


COCTaBI1T


(Tq)H = 1 - (293/250) = -0,172.
3KcepreTI1'IecKI1ii KITll YCTaHoBKI1 C Y'leToM nOTepb JKcepfl1l1 B I1crra.
pl1T
rre (np B03L1YXY):
qo (Tq)H _ _ _ 1
4 _ ,0 _ ' 0,172
Tie = - = 0,385 (
39%).
IKM 60


KOJ<p<PI1IJ.l1eHT norre3Horo LleiicTBI1H YCTaHOBKH rro xrraLlareHTY


TI' = qo (7'5
_ =
lKM


134,0' 0,205
60


= 0,458 (
46%),


rLle


293
(T q )o = 1
 -- = -0,205.
243


npHMep 2.6. PaCC'IHTaTb cxeMY oLIHocTyrreH'IaTOrO rrapoKoMrrpeccHoH'
HOro TenrrOBoro Hacoca (pHC. 2.10) C TerrJlOnpOH3BOLlHTerrbHOCTbIO QB =


113 cucmeMbl
omon.neHUF!


t


PHc. 2.10. CxcMa TerrnOBoro Hacoca
I
I


28




:::: 46,5 KRT. B Ka4eCTBe Hcr04HHKa rerma HlnKoro nOreHll.HaJIa HCnOJIb-
3yercH pe4HaH BOjJ,a c reMneparypoH Ha BXOlJ;e B HcnapHrenb t Ii I = 10 °e
If aa BblXOlJ;e U3 Hero t H2 = 6 °e. TeMneparypa BOlJ;bl Ha BXOlJ;e B OXJIalJ;llTenb
t = 35 °e, a Ha BblXOAe H3 KOH)J;eHCarOpa tal = 70 °e. Pa60 l IliH areHT
!t.0
B YCTaHOBKe - XJIalJ;OH R-21.
PellleHHe. IlpHHHMaH KOHe4HY W pa3Hocrb reMneparyp B HcnapHrene
At ll = t H 2 - to = 2,5 0c, HaXO)J,lfM reMI1eparypy HcnapeHHH:
to',::::t H 2 - j.t H ,= 6 - 2,5 = 3,5 0c.
3aAaBaffCb KOHe4HOH pa3HocrbW reMneparyp B KOH)J;eHCarOpe At K
::::t B 1 - At K = 5 °e, onpeAeJ1HeM reMneparypy KOHlJ;eHCaLLHH:
tll( :::: tal + At K = 70 + 5 = 75°C.
1'lcnOJIb3YH T, S-AflarpaMMY, HaXOAHM napaMerpbl pa6o l lero areH1'a
B CJ1eIJ;YWL1lHX xapaKrepHblX r04Kax cxeMbI:
r04Ka 1: t I = to = 3,5 °e, PI = 0,08 Mila, hI = 665 K)l)l(/Kr, VI =
::::0,275 M 3 /Kr;
r04Ka 2: P2 = 0,78 Mila, h ; = 724 K)l)I(/Kr. t 2 = 110°C;
r04Ka 3: t 3 = 75°C, P3 = 0.78 Mila, h 3 = 506 K)l)I(!Kr;
r04Ka 4: t 4 = t n.o + At n.o = 35 + 10 = 45 °e, P4 = 0,78 Mila, h 4
== 468 K)l)I(/Kr;
rO l lKa5: t 5 =+3,5°C,P5 = 0,08 MIla,h 5 = 468K)l)l(/Kr.
3m3nbI1HH pa60lJeroareHra Ha BblXOlJ;e H3 KOMnpeccopa I1PH BHyrpeH-
'(eM alJ;Ha6amOM KrI)l KOMnpeccope T/ i = 0,8


.f. fa 724 _ 665
h 2 = h I + - = 665 +
, Tli 0,8


= 739
L\)K
Kr


BHyrpeHHHH pa60ra KOMnpeccopa
ia = h 2 -- h I = 739 - 665 = 74 K)l)I(/Kr.
YiJ,eJlbHaH rCfIJ10BaH HarpY3Ka HCnapJlrerrn
flo = h I - 11 5 = 665-- 468 = 197 K)l)I(/Kf.
, YiJ,errbHaJI rennOBan HarpY3Ka KOHiJ,eHcaropa
!qK = h 2 - h 3 = 739 - 506 = 233 K)l)I(/Kr.
'e J
f l'
)],eJ/bHaH r

OBaH HarpY3Ka 0J01aAHreJiH
no - h 3 - Ii 4 - -"06 - 468 = 38 K)l)I(/Kr.

. 3HepreTII'IeCKHH uanallc

 = fa -" qu = ClK + Clno = 74 + 197 = 233 + 38 = 271 K)l)I(/Kr.
t MaL
oBbIH pacx:oiJ, pa6olJero arema
,=Qa/V'K+({no) =46,5/(233+38) =0,172 Kr/c.
,
(


29




06'beMHaH rrpOll3BOAIUeJIbHOCTb KOMrrpeCCOpa
VI = 0,172 . 0,275 = 16,9 M 3 /'l = 0,0047 M 3 /c.


PaC'leTHaH TerrnOBaH HarpY3Ka IICrrapllTeJIH
Qo = qOG = 197.0,172 = 34,KBT.
PaC'leTHaH TerrJIOBaH HarpY3Ka OXJIaAIITeJIH
Qno =<.Gqno = 0,172.38 = 6,8 KBT.
fipllHIIMaH 3JIeKTpOMeXaHlI'leCKHH KfiJ], KOMrrpeCCOpa 17 3M = 0,9, orrpe-
AeJIHeM YAeJIbHYIO pa60TY KOMrrpeccopa:
lKM = lB/17 3M = 74/0,9 = 82,2 K.IbK/
r.
YAeJlbHblH pacxoA 3J1eKTp03Hepflili Ha eAIIHIIl\Y BbIpa6oTaHHoro TerrJla
3T.H = lKM/(qK + qno) = 82,2/(233 + 38) = 0,304.
3J1eKTpll'leCKaH MOll\HOCTb KOMrrpeccopa
N 3 = lKMG = 82,2 . 0,172 = 4,2 KBT.
K03<p<!JlIl\lIeHT TpaHc<popMal\IIH
11 = (qK + qno)llKM = 113 T . H = 1/0,304 = 3,3.
CpeAHHH TeMrrepaTypa HlI3KoTeMrrepaTypHoro TerrnOOTAaT'lliKa
T H . CP = (10 + 6) 12 + 273 = 281 K.
CpeAHHH TeMnepaTypa rroJlyqeHHOrO TerrJla
TCP = (70 + 35) 12 + 273 = 325,5 K.
B
K03<P<PlIl\lIeHT pa6oTOcrroco6HoCTli Terrna C rrOTeHl\HaJlOM TCp
B
(Tq)B = 1 - (2931325,5) = 1 - 0,9 = 0,1.
K03<P<PlIl\lIeHT rrOJle3HOrO AeHcTBIiH TerrnoHacocHoH YCTaHOBKH
(qK + qno) (Tq)B 271 . 0,1
17= ----- = -- =0,33(33%).
lKM 82,2


fipliMep. 2.7. OrrpeAeJIjlTb 3KOHOMHIO TorrnliBa rrpll IICrrOJlb30BaHlII1
TerrnoHacocHoH ycraHoBKII )J.JIH OrOrrJleHIIH BMecro KOreJlbHoH. TerrJlOBafl
HarpY3Ka QB = 11600 KBT (41,9 f.IbKI'l) rrpll TeMrrepaType BOAbI B rrOAalO-
ll\eM Tpy6orrpoBoAe T I = 80°C. K03<p<PIIl\lIeHT TpaHc<popMal\lIlI TerrJlOBOrO
Hacoca 11 = 3; KfiJ], 3J1eKrpOCeTeH 17 C = 0,95; KfiJ], KOTeJlbHOH 17 K = 0,85.
PeweHlIe.
MOIl\HOCTb, rrOrpe6JIHeMaH 3J1eKrpOABliraTeJleM KOMrrpeccopa rell
. J.
HacocHoH YCTaHoBKII,
N K = QB/I1 = 11 60013 "'" 3900 KBr.
3


fiorpe6J1HeMafl MOIl\HOCTb C yqeTOM rrorep" B 3J1eKTpOCeTHx


30





T ==
 /T/ c = 3900/0,95 = 4100 KBr.
1''3 3
PaCXO)J, rOrrJlllBa Ha K3C )J,JlH Bblpa60rKH 3JleKrp03HeprHH )J,JlH rrpHBO)J,a
KOMrrpeCCOpa rerrrrOHaC0CHOH ycraHoBKH
B .- N b 3 . = 4100 . 0350 = 1435 Kr YCJlOBHOrO rorrJ/HBafq,
T - 3 K3C '


b 3 = 0 340..;... 0 360 Kr Y CJlOBHOrO rOrrJlHBa / (KBT . lj) - Y)J,eJlbHbIH
rTJ,e K3C ' ,

pacxo)J, ycrroBHoro rorrrrHBa Ha 1 KBr. lj 3JleKrp03HeprHH, BbIpa6aTbIBaeMOH
Ha K3C.
Pacxo)J, rOIIJlHBa B KOreJlbHOH Ha BbIpa60rKY 41,9 f )J)K/q rerrrra
BJ(. == QB/ (Qp.HT/K) = 41,9 . 10' / (29 300. 0,85) = 1680 Kr YCJlOBHOrO rorr-
JlHBa/lj.


3KOHOMHH YCJlOBHOrO rorrrrHBa
t:.B = B K - B T = 1680 - 1435 = 255 Kr/lj.
Y,1J,eJlbHaH 3KOHOMHH YCJlOBHOrO rOIIJlHBa (Ha e)J,HHHIJ:y orrrYIl\eHHOro
re IIJl a)
t:.b = t:.B/QB = 255/41;9 = 6,1 Kr/f)J)K.


3AAALflil
3aM'Ia 2.1. Orrpe)J,eJlHrb rerrJlOBYIO HarpY3KY OXJIa)J,l1reJiH KOMrrpec.
CHOHHOH XOJlO)J,HJlbHOH ycr3HlJBKI1 C pa6o<II1M aremOM R-12. PaCljerHaH
xOJlo)J,orrp0I13B0)J,l1reJlbHOCTb Q 0 = 100000 KKaJl/lj = 116.3 KBr; reMIIe-
parypa HcnapeHHH to = -10°C; reMlleparypa KOH)J,eHCaUI1H t K = 40°C;
xrra)J,arem IIOHHlKaer CBOIO reMIIeparypy B OxnJ)J,I1rene H3 t:. t n = 30°C.
3aM'Ia 2.2. Onpe)J,eJlHrb rerrJlOBYIO HarpY3KY OXJla)J,l1reJlH aMMHaljHOH
KOMIIpeccMoHHOH xOJ/O)J,l1nbHoH ycraHOBKM. PaCljerH3H xonoLwnpoM3Bo)J,l1-
reJlbHOCTb Q 0 = 30000 KKan/lj = 34,9 KBr; )J,aBneHHe B MCII3pmene Po =
== 0,8 MIla, )J,aBJleHl1e B KOH)J,eHcarope PK = 1,8 MIla; XJIa;:J.3rCHr B lJXn3)J,H-
reJle IIOHI1IKaer CBOIO reMrreparypy Ha t:. t n = 40°C.
3aM'Ia 2.3. Onpe)J,emfTb y)J,eJlbHbIH pacxo;:J. :meKrp03HeprHM lIa BbIp3-
60rKY e)J,l1HHUbI XOJIo;:J.a, XOJ/O)J,l1nbHbIH KOJ<P<PMUl1ellr H 3KCeprerlftIeCKHH
Kn.n. KOMnpeCCHOHIWH ycr3HoBKI1 XOJlO;:J.OIIpoH3B0)J,l1reITbHOCrbIO Q 0 =
== 3000 KKaJI/lj = 3,45 KBr. XOJlo;:J. IIpOM3B0)J,l1rCH rrpH t H == -30; BHyrpeH-
HHH MOil.\Hocrb KOMIIpeccopa N B = 1.8 KBr. BHyrpeHHMH a;:J.l1a6arHbIH H
31TeKrpOMeX3HlftleCKI1H KIl.n. KO MIIpeccopa coorBercrBeHHO paBHbI T/i
== 0,8 H T/3M = 0,85.
3aM'Ia 2.4. TeMnep3ryp3 HH3KoreMlleparypHoro refIJIOor)J,aT'lI1K3 B
KOMnpeccHoIIIIOH remlOHaCOCHofl ycr3HoBKe to = -5°C, reMrreparypa
K0H,iJ,eHcaUHH t K = 80°C; KIln ycraHoBKI1 T/T.H = 0,45. Ollpe;:J.eITI1Tb KOJ<p-
<P1flJ,l1eHr rpaHc<popMaUHI1 H y;:J.eJlbHblH pacxo;:J. 3JleKrp03Heprl1H H3 e;:J.HHHuy
nOJIyqeHHoro renIT3.


31




3aAa'13 2.5. PaCC'IJATaTb CXCMY O
J.HocTyrrCH'IaTOM KOMnpCCCJAOHHOM xo-
Jro)J,JArrbHOM YCTaHOBKJA, onpCACrrJAB napaMcTpbI B xapaKTcpHblX TO'lKax
CXCMbI, TcmJOBblC HarpY3KJA annapaTOB, MOllJHOCTb KOMnpcccopa, XOrrOAJArrb-
HbIM K03<P<PJAlU1eHT JA 3KCCprCTJA'ICCKJAM KUD,.
PaC'ICTlI3H xorroAOnpOJA3Bo)J,JATCrrbHocTb Q 0 = 11,6 K BT, TCMncpaTypa
paccorra Ha BXOAC B JACnapJATCrrb t HI = -10°C JA Ha BblXOAC JA3 Hcro t H 2 =0
= -17°C; TCMncpaTypa oXrra)f(AalOllJCM BOALI Ha BXOAC B KOHAcHcaTop t B 2 =0
= 20°C JA Ha BbIJi.oAc JA3 Hcro t B 1 = 30°C; xOrrO)J,JArrbHbIM arCHT - aMMJAaK ;
YCTaHoBKa pa60TacT 6C3 Oxrra)J,JATCrrH. KOHC'IHbJe pa3HOCTJA TCMncpaTYP B
JACnapJATCrrC jj"t It = 3 °c JA B KOHAcHcaTopc jj" t K = 5 0c. BHYTPCHHJAM a)J,JAa6aT-
HblM JA 3rrcKTpOMCXafill'lCCKJAM KUD, KOMnpcccopa paBHbl COOTBCTCTBCHH(\
1/; = 0,8 JA 1/3M = 0,9.
3aAa'la 2.6. PaCC'IJATaTb CXCMY oAHoctyncH'IaloM xorrO)J,JArrbHOM KOMnpcc-
CJAOHHOM YCTaHOBKJA C OXJJaAJATCrrCM ncpCA pcryrrJApYlOllJJAM BCHTJAITCM, onpc-
ACrrJAB ,napaMCTpbl B xapaKTcpHblX TO'lKax CXCMbl. COCTaBJATb 3KCCprCTJA'lCC-
KJAM 6arraHC YCTaHOBKJA JA JA306pa3JATb cro rpa<pJA'ICCKJA. Ha OCHOBC 3KCCprCTI1.
'1CCKOrO 6arraHca onpCACrrJATb KUD, YCTaHOBKJA JA nOTCpli 3KCCprl1JA B oTAcrrb-
HblX CC 3rrCMCHTax. I1CXOAHblC AaHHblC AJIH paC'ICTa: xrraAarCHT - 3MMJAaK:
xorrOAOnp0I13BO)J,JATcrrbHOCTb Qo = 1160 KBT; TCMncpaTypa XJIaAOHOCI1TCJJjj
Ha BXOAC B JACnapJATCJIb t HI = -18°C 11 Ha BbIXOAC 113 Hcro t H 2 = -26°C;
TCMIlCpaTypa oxrra)f(AalOllJCI1 BOAbI Ha BXOAC B KOHAcHcaTop t B 2 = 20 o(
II' Ha BbIXOAC JA3 Hcro t B 1 = 29°C. B oxrraAJATCrrb nOAaCTCH a pTc311aHcKaii
BOAa B KOrrJA'ICCTBC G B = 5 T/'1 C TCMncpaTYPoM Ha BXOAC t no2 = 10°C
MJAHJAMarrbHaH pa3HocTb TCMncpaTYP B JACnapJATCrrC jj"t It = 4 °C 11 B KOHACH-
caTopc jj"t K = 6°C, KOHC'IHaH MJAHIiMarrbHaH pa3HocTb TCMncpnyp B oxrra-
)J,JATCrrC jj"t n.o = 5 0c.
BHYTPCHHJAM aAI1a6aTHbIM 11 3rrcKTpOMCXaHI14CCKliM KrID, KOMnpcccopa
paBHbI COOTBCTCTBCHHO 1/; = 0,8 11 1/3M = 0,9.
3aAa'la 2.7. PacC4JATaTb CXCMY oAHOCTyncH4aToM KOMIJpCCCJAOHHOi!
xorrO)J,JArrbHOM YCTaHOBKJA C pcrCHCpaTI1BHblM Tcnrroo6MCHHI1KOM. OnpcAc-
rrJATb TcnrrOBbIC HarpY3KI1 annapaToB, MOllJHOCTb KOMnpcccopa, xOrrOAl1rrbHbIil
K03<P<PJAI.\JACHT JA KrID, yCTaHOBKJA.
PaC'lCTHaH xorroAOnp0l13BOAJATCnbHOcTb Q 0 = 21 K BT; TCMncpnypa
oxrra)f(AaCMOro B03Ayxa Ha BXOAC B JACnapJATCnb t HI = -15°C JA Ha BblXOAC
JA3 Hcro t H2 = -22°C; TCMIlCpaTypa oXrra)f(AalOll\CM BOAbl Ha BXOAC B KOH.
ACHcaTop t B 2 = 20°C 11 Ha BbIXOAC 113 Hcro t B I =0 '25°C. Xorro)J,JAJIbHbIii
arCHT - xrraAOH R-12. KOHc'lHaH pa3HocTb TCMncpaTYP B JACnapJATCrrC jj"t It =
= 3 °C 11 B KOHAcHcaTopc jj"t K = 5°C. BHYTPCHHJAM a)J,JAa6aTHblM 11 3rrcKTpo-
MCXaHJA4CCKJAM KrID, KOMnpCCcopa COOTBCTCTBCHHO paBHbI 1/; = 0,8 JA 1/3M ='
=0,9.
3aAa'la 2.8. Pacc'IIiTaTb CXCIVIY OAHOcTyrrcH'IaToM KOMrrpCCCJAOHHOil
XOnO)J,JAnbHOM YCTaHOBKJA C OXrraAJATCnCM, onpcLLcnl1Tb napaMcTpbl B xa.
pJKTCpHbIX TO'lKaX CXCMbI JA TcnnOBblC HarpY3KI1 armapnoB. COCTaBIiH
3KCCprCTJA'ICCKJAH 6aJJaHC YCTaHOBKI1 11 11306pa3JATb cro rpJ<pJA4CCKJA. I-h:
OCHOBC 6arraHca onpCLLCrrl1Tb KrID, ycraHoBKI1 H rrOTCpli 3KCCprJAJA B oTLLcrrb'


'I)




'_;;1


H:6JX ee :meMCllraX.
I1cxO)J.HbIe gaHHbIe AJlH paC4era: X0J10g0flP0113Bogl1reJlbHOCrb Qo =
::;: 1160 KBr; reMfleparypa XJlagoHoCl1reJlH Ha Bxoge B I1Cflapl1reJlb tHI =
::;: -18 0(' 11 Ha BbIxoge 113 HerO t H 2 = -- 25 0('; reMfleparypa oxnajj(gaIOIL\ei!
BOAbI Ha Bxoge B KOlIgeHCarop t B 2 = 20°(' 11 lIa BbIxoge 113 Hero t B 1 =
::;: 30°('; XOJlOgl1J1bHbIH areHr -- aMNlJ1aK. B OX,laAl1rerrb flogaercH apre311-
aHCKaH BO):(a C paCflOJlaraeMbIM ge611roM G B = 5 r/4 rrpl1 Ha'laJlbHOH reMIle-
parype t no 2 = 10°('. KOHe4HaH pa3HOCTb reMneparyp B KOHAellcarope
At K = 5°(', B I1crrapl1reJle !::!.t H = 3°(' 11 B oxrragl1re,lc !::!.t rro = 15°('. BHyr-
peHHI1H aAI1a6anIbIii 11 3JleKrpOMeXaHJ1lleCKI1H Kn,IJ, KOMnpeccopa paBHbI
l1i = 0,8 11173M = 0.9.
... 3a)J,aQa 2.9. nOCrpOl1rb rpacpl1K 3aBI1CI1MOcrl1 XOJlOAl1J1bHOrO K03cpcpl1-
njreHra 11 3KCeprerl14eCKOro Kn,IJ, rrapojj(HLJ,KoCrHOH KOMnpeCCI10HHOH ycra-
fiOBKI1 or reMneparypbI I1Cfla peHI1H to XOJIO)J,I1JlbHOrO areHra R-12. .IJ,J1arra-
illI to or 10 )J,O _40°(' (war 113MeHeHI1H to npl1HHTb 10 0('). BHyrpeHHI1i!
aNia6arllbIH 11 3JleKrpOMeXaHI14eCKI1H Kn,IJ, KOMflpeccopa paBHbI 17 i = 0,8
H 11 3M = 0,9; To.c = 293 K. Pac4eTHbIe )J,aHHbIe rrpegcraBllTb B BI1Ae
ta6JI. 2.3.


T a 5 II H l\ a 2.3. Pe3ynbTaTbl paC'IeTa (K 3aAa'le 2.9)


PaC'leTHbIe q,OPMYJIbI


283 K (IOoe)


To = T H
-
------ ---1------
273 K (O°C) 263 K (-IO°e)



 (To.c/TH) - 1


La


.
x =
1Ji1J3MQo


.t = 1/3x


:'rje = 3fi/3X


253 K (_20 o e)


243 K (-30 o e)


233 K (-40°C)


3 H = (To.c/ 7;,) - 1


La


3X =


1Ji1J3MQ 0


e = 1/3 x


:'I'/e = 3 H /3 x


t
.
 3aJ1!IQa 2.1 O. PaCC4llTaTb 11 flOCrpOl1rb rpacpl1K 3aBI1CI1MOCrl1 3Kcepre-
.TIl4eCKoro Kn,IJ, 11 XOJIOAI1JIbHoro K03CPCPl1WfeHra rrapoBoH KOMrrpeCCI10HHOH


33


i)-n734
5;




ycraHoBKll or reMneparypbI KOHAeHca1J,l111 t K' npllHHrb to = t H = -20 DC.
BHyrpeHHHH aAHa6arHbIH Ii :meKrpOMexaHH4eCKllH KnD, KOMnpeccopa
paBHbI fl; = 0,8 H 173M = 0,9. XOrrOAHJlbHbIH areHr - xrraAOH R-12. Pe3YJlb-
rarbI paC4eTII CBecrli B ra6rrllIIY, aHaJlOrH4HYIO npeAcraBrreHHOH B npeAbIAY-
IIIeH 3aAa4e. J],Hana30H no t K npHHHrb or 22 AO 52 DC C waroM 5 DC. TeMne-
parypa OKpYjJ(aIOIIIeH CpeAbI 293 K.
3a,o:a'13 2.11. OAHocryneH4arbIH KOMnpecclioHHbIH renrroBoH Hacoc
HMeer renrronpoH3BoAHrerrbHOcrb QB = 70 KBr. B Ka4ecrBe Iicr04HHKa
renrra Hli3Koro noreH1J,I1aJla Hcnorrb3yercH pe4HaH BOAa c reMneparypoH
Ha BXOAe B llcnapHrerrb t HI = 6 DC H Ha BbIXOAe H3 Hero t H2 = 1 dc. TeMne-
parypa cereBOH BOAbI Ha BXOAe B OXJlaAlirerrb t no = 30 DC, a Ha BbIXOAe
H3 KOHAeHcaropa t B 2 = 75 DC. KOHe4HaH pa3Hocrb reMneparyp B HcnapH-
Terre At If = 3 DC, B KOHAeHcarope At K = 5 DC Ii B mmaAHrerre At no = 7 DC.
Pa604HH areHr R-21. BHyrpeHHHH aAHa6aTHbIH Ii 3rreKrpOMeXaHIi4eCKHH
KnD, KOMnpeccopa paBHbI cOOTBercrBeHHo 17i = 0,8 H 173M = 0,9. Onpe-
AerrHrb renrrOBbIe HarpY3KH annaparoB, MOIIIHocrb KOMnpeccopa, YAerrbHbIH
pacxoA 3Heprllll, K03Q>Q>1i1J,l1eHr rpaHcQ>opMaIIHH Ii KnD, ycraHoBKll.
3a,o:aqa 2.12. OAHocryneH4araH KOMnpeccHoHHaH renrrOHaCOCHaH ycra-
HOBKa, pa60raIOIIIaH Ha R-21 HMeer renrronpo1l3BoAlirerrbHocrb QB =
= 10& KKaJl/4 = 1163 KBr. B licnapmerrb ycraHoBKH nOAaerCJl pe4HaH
BOAa c reMneparYPoH t HI = 8 DC, a BbIXOAHr H3 HcnapHrerrH c t H2 = 2 DC.
TeMneparypa renJlOHOCHrerrH Ha BXOAe B OXJlaAHrerrb t B 2 = 40 DC II Ha
BbIxoAe H3 Hero t B 1 = 70 dc. KOHe4HaH pa3HOCTb reMneparyp B HcnapllreJle
At If = 4 DC, B KOHAeHcarope At K = 5 DC H B oxrraAHrerre A t no = 10 dc.
BHyrpeHHHH aAHa6arHbIH H 3JleKrpOMeXaHH'IeCKHH KnD, KOMnpeCCOpa
paBHbI COOrBerCrBeHHO 17i = 0,78 H 173M = 0,9. OnpeAerrHrb renrrOBbIe Ha-
rpY3KH annaparOB, MOIIIHocrb KOMnpeccopa, YAerrbHbIH pacXOA 3HeprHIi,
K03Q>Q>H1J,I1eHr rpaHcQ>0pMaIIHH 3HeprHH H 3KceprerH4ecKHH KnD,.
3a,o:aQa 2.13. OnpeAerrHTb 3KOHOMHIO ronrrHBa npH llcnorrb30BaHllll ArrH
oronrreHHH renrrOHacocHOH ycraHoBKH BMecro KorerrbHOH. TenrrOBaH Ha-
rpY3Ka QB = 5000 KBr. K03Q>Q>1l1J,l1eHr rpaHcQ>opM3IIIiH renrra B ycraHoBKe
J1 = 4. KnD, 3rreKrpocereH17 c = 0,95 II KOTeJIbHOH 17 K = 0,8.
3a,o:aQa 2.14. OnpeAerrHTb 3KOHOMHIO ronrrllBa npH HCnOJlb30BaHHH AJlH
oronrreHHH renrrOHacocHOH ycraHoBKll no cpaBHeHHIO c renrrocHa6jJ(eHHeM
or T3U npH renrroBoH HarpY3Ke QB = 10 rKaJl/4 = 41,9 r
/4. K03Q>Q>H-
1J,I1eHr rpaHcQ>opMa1J,l1H renrra J1 = 9. YAeITbHbIH pacxoA ronrrHBa Ha T3U
Ha BbIpa60rKY renrra b ;3U = 53 Kr ycrroBHoro ronrrliBa/rKaJl = 12,7 Kr
ycrroBHoro rOIIJlHBa/r
. npH KaKOM 3Ha4eHHH Kp3Q>Q>illJ,HeHra rpaHcQ>op-
Ma1J,l1H renrra renrroHacocHoH ycraHoBKH 6YAer paBH03KOHOMIi4HOH pa60ra
THY H T3U?
3a,o:aQa 2.15. PaCCqHrarb 'i-N K , J1 H 17e AByxcryneHqarOH renrrOHacocHoj:i
3
ycraHOBKH. CYMMapHaH renrronpoH3BOAHreJIbHOCTb QT.H = 10 MBr (Q
 ='
= 6 MBr, Q
 = 4 MBr) npll reMneparype BO)J;bI B nOAaIOIIIeM rpy60npoBoAe


34




11 == 150 0 e. B Ka'IeCrBe Hcr04HHKa renna HH3Koro nOreHll.Hana HCnOJIb-
3yeTCH reXHH4eCKaH BO;J,a npoMnpe;J,npHHrHH C reMneparypoH Ha BXO;J,e
B HcnapHreJIb t HI = 25 °e, reMneparypa BO;J,bI Ha BbIXO;J,e H3 HcnapHreJIH
tJ{2 == 15 0e. TeMneparypa BO;J,bl, B03BpallJ.aeMoH H3 rennoBoH cerH, T2 =
== 40 0 e. Pa604HH areHT ycraHoBKH - xna;J,OH R-12B 1. OpHHHTb 17i = 17i' =
==0,8; 17;M =17
M = 0,9; M
 = 15 K; M
 = 10 K; M" = 5 K.
3alJ,aqa 2.16. PaCC4HraTb KOM6H1lHpoBaHHYlO napmKH;J,KoCrHYlO KOMflpec-
CIIOHHYlO ycraHOBKY ;J,JlH o;J,HoBpeMeHHoH Bblpa60rKH renJIa H xono;J,a,
OI1pe;J,errHB 'LN 3 K , J.1 H 17 e. Pac4erHaH renrronpoH3Bo;J,meJlbHOCrb QB =
== 3000 KBr. TeMneparypa BO;J,bI Ha BbIXO;J,e H3 KOH;J,ellcaropa t B I = 75 °e
IIlIa BXO;J,e B oxna;J,Hrenb t no = 40°. I1crO'IHHKOM renna HH3Koro noreH-
Wf3J1a CJIY)\(Hr reXHH4eCKaH BO;J,a, Hcnonb3yeMaH ;J,JlH OXna)\(;J,eHHH o6opy;J,o-
BaHHH Ha npoMnpe;J,npHHrHH, C reMneparypoH Ha BXO;J,e B HcuapHrenb t HI =
== 30 0 e H Ha BbIXO;J,e H3 Hero t H2 = 5°e. Pa604HH areHr R-21. OpHHHTb
1/i == 0,8; 173M = 0,9; 1:::./f( = 10 K; I:::./no = 5 K; I:::.t" = 5 K.
3alJ,aQa 2.17. Onpe;J,enHTb K03<p<pHll.HeHT rpaHc<popMall.HH, 3arpary
:meprHH H 3KOHOMHlO ronnHBa npH Hcnonb30BaHHH rennOHaCOCHOH ycra-
HOBKH ;J,JlH rennH4Ho-napHHKoBoro X03HHcrBa. B Ka4ecrBe Hcr04HHKa renna
HH3Koro nOreHlJ.Hana HCnOJIb3yercH BO;J,a c I = 25 or, c6pacbIBaeMaH npoM-
npe;J,npHHrHeM. TenrroBaH HarpY3Ka QB = 7.I 7 fKaJI/4 (30 r J.bK/4) =
= 8337 KBr fIpH t B = 70 ° e. lIHcno 4aCOB HCnOJ1b30BaHHH ycraHoBKH 5500.
Xna;J,areHr R-21. MHHHManbHaH pa3HOCTb reMneparyp B KOH;J,eHCarope
I:::.t K = 5°e. TeMneparypa xna;J,areHra nocne oxna;J,HrenH t n.o = 45°e H B
HcnapHrene to = 7°e. MHHHM3JlbHaH pa3HOCTb reMneparyp B HcnapHrene
I:::.t H =8 °e. OeperpeB xna;J,areHTa B Hcnapmene (nepe;J, KOMnpeccopoM)
COCTaBJIHer 1:::.1 = 5°e.
3alJ,aQa 2.18. Onpe;J,eJIHrb K03<p<pHlJ.HeHr rpaHc<popMall.HH H MOIlJ.HOCTb
:meKrponpHBo;J,a rennOHaCOCHOH ycraHoBKH C rennonpoH3Bo;J,HrenbHocrblO
QB = 46,5 KBr. Xna;J,areHr R-21 - Hcr04HHK renna HH3KOro noreHll.Hana,
3TO pe4HaH BO;J,a C t HI = 10 0 e (Ha BbIXO;J,e H3 HCnapmeJIH I H 2 = 6° e).
TeMneparypa renrrOBOH BO;J,bl Ha BXO;J,e B oxna;J,Hrenb t no = 35 °e H Ha Bbl-
xO):
e H3 KOH;J,eHC3ropa 70 0 e. TeMneparypa HcnapeHHH xna;J,areHra 2,5 0e.
OeperpeBa <ppeoHa nepe;J, KOMnpeccopOM Her. TeMneparypa KOH;J,eHCall.HH
t K = 75°e. TeMneparypa xna;J,OHa nocne oxna;J,HrenH 45°e. BHyrpeHHHH
aAHa6arHblH H :meKrpoMexaHH4ecKHH KO)J KOMnpeccopa paBeH COOTBeT-
CfBeHHO 170i = 0,8 H 173M = 0,9.




rnABA TPETbA
3HEPrETW-IECKHE XAPAKTEPHCTHKH HArHET A TEflbHblX
H PACWHPHTEflbHblX MAWHH TPAHCCI»OPMATOPOB TEnflA
nPHMEPbl
npHMep 3.1. llo)J,06paTb nopwHeBblH KOMnpeccop )J,J!JI XOJlO)J,HJlW-IOH
YCTaHOBKH, onpegeJUIB ero 06'beMHble H JHepreTWleCKl1e K03CP<lmll.l1eHTbJ.
Pa60'll1H areHT - aMMl1aK.
llapaMeTpbl BcaCbIBaHI1J1: PI = 0,2 Mila; t, =-]8"('; 1'1 =0,6M 3 /Kr.
.1J.,mJleHl1e HameTaHI1J1 P2 = 1.2 Mila; TeMnepaTypa KOH)J,eHcall.I1H t K =
= 30°C. PaC4eTl-laJl 06'beMHaJl nO)J,a'la V o = I] 0 M 11'1 = 0,0305 M 3 /c.
PerneHHe. 06'beMHbIH KOJcpcpl1l1.l1eHT, Y'l\1TblBalOlUI1H BJlHJlHHe Bpe)J,Horo
npOCTpaHCTBa:
Ac = ] - C [ (PKlpo)  - ] ] = ] - 0,03 ( 2 -]) = 0,85,
r)J,e c = 0,03 - K03cpcpl1l1.HeHT Bpe)J,Horo npocTpaHCTBa; m - nOKa3aTeJlb
nonHTpollbl paCUJI1peHHH.
K03cpcpHlI.Hem nO)J,orpeBa
Aw = TolTK = 255/303 = 0,842.
K03cpcpHlI.HeHT I1JlOTHOCTI1 npHHI1MaeM paBHblM AIUI = 0,98.
06'beMHb1H K03cpcpl1l1.HeHT nO)J,a'll1 KOMnpeccopa
A = Ac Aw Arm = 0,85 . 0,842 . 0,98 = 0,702.
06'beM, onHCbIBaeMblH nOprnHHMI1 KOMnpeccopa,
V,1 = VolA ==  == ]57 M 3 /'1 == 0,0436 M 3 /c.
0,702 .
3a OCHOBY npHHHMaeM cepHIO KOMnpeccopOB C XO)J,OM nOpIllHJI L ==
= 70 MM H )J,HaMeTpoM lI.HJlHH)J,pa D = 80 MM IIPH '1aCTOTe BpalUeHHJI KOJleH-
'IaTOrO Bana n = 960 o6/MHH. Tor)J,a 'IHCJlO lI,HJlHH)J,pOB KOMnpeccopa
Z==
V/z
15TTD'LII
157
1,5 . 3,14 . 0,08' .0,07.960
== 7,77 "" 8.
Bbl611paeM no. Ta6JlHlI,aM nopwHeBblx KOMnpeccopoB BOCbMHlI.HJlHHT-L-
pOBblH KOMnpeccop MapKH AYY-90. Ilp0I13Bo)J,lneJlbHOCTb 3Toro KOMnpec-
copa npH n == 960 o6/MHH COCTaBHT
TTD 3,14'0,08' 007 960 3 1
V=A60- Lllz==0,702.60. , . .8==]13M' '!=
4 . 4
== 0,0314 M 3 Ic,
36

o 6nH3KO K Tpe6yeMoH no YCJIOBl1lO 3aJJ,a'll1.
'IT WHWlKaTOpHblH KflJJ,
T/i == AwAnn == 0,842.0,98 = 0,82"'" 0,8.
npHMep 3.2. OnpeJJ,eJIl1Tb 06OCMHYlO npOl1JBO;:Ll1TeJIbHOCTb I1I1HAI1KaTOp-
IIbl" KrILl. BepTl1KaJIbHOrO HenpHMOTO'lHOrO 6eCCaJIbHMKoBoro KOMnpeccopa
<1>B-6 npl1 CJIeJJ,Y I0 11U1 x YCJIOBl1HX: 'Il1CJIO 060pOTOB BaJIa 12 = 1440 06/MI1H.
KOJIH'leCTBO UI1JIl1HJJ,POB Z == 2, xoJJ, nopwlIH L = 50 MM == 0,05 M. JJ,l1aMeTp
I.(iIJ1HHJJ.pa D = 67,S MM == 0,0675 M. K03tPtPl1Ul1eHT BpeAHoro npocTpaHcTBa
c == 0,03, creneHb C)\(aTl1H xnaAareHTa 1f == 7. K03tPtP11I1l1eHr nJIOTIIOcrl1
Ann == 0,98, nOKa3areJIb nOJIl1rpOnbI paCWl1pCHlUI m == 1. Y CJIOBI1H pa60rbl
cTaHAapTHbIe.
PeweHMe. TeOpeTlf'leCKaH 06l>eMHaH np0113BOJJ,I1TeJIbHOCTb KOMnpeccopa
_ 1fD 2 L = rrD 2 LI1: =
V h - 4 60 240
3,14' 0,0675 2 . 0,05 . 1440' 2
240
3,14' 0,00456. 0,05' 1440.2
240
0,0086 M 3 /C = 31 M 3 /'I.
06'beMHbrn K03tPtPl1Ul1eHT BpeJ],HOrO npocrpaHcrBa
Ac= l-c [(PK/PO) -1] = 1 - 0,03(7 -1) = 0,82.
Ko3tPtPl1 l(l1eHT nOJJ,orpeBa
Aw = To/TK = (273 -15)/(273 + 30) = 258/303 = 0,85.
Ko3tPtPl1 l(l1eHT nO)J,a l ll1
A = AcAwAnn = 0,82.0,85 .0,98 = 0,68.
.aeHCTBl1TeJIbHaH 06'beMHaH npo113BO,lJ;HTeJIbHOCrb KOMnpeccopa
V=AV h =0,68.31 =21 M 3 /'I=0.00584 M 3 /C.
I.fH,lJ;HKarOpHbIH KflJJ,
T/i = AwArm == 0,85 .0,98 = 0,83 (83%).
3A,D,AYIII
3a.Da1Ja 3.1. flo)J,06parb nopI1.ij.{eBoH KOMnpeccop AJIH aMMHalffiOH XOJ10-
r.ombHOH YCTaHOBKl1, onpe)J,e.rulB ero 06'beMHbIH 11 3Heprerl1'1eCKl1H KOJtPtPl1-
IJJIeHTbI. flapaMerpbI BCaCbIBaHMH IiI = 0,15 Mfla, t[ == -25°(, VI ==
:::: 0,78 M 3 /Kr. J],aBJIeHMe narHeraHl1H P2 = 1,2 Mfla, TeMnepaTypa KOHAeH-
catuIH t K == 30°C. PaC'IerHaH 06'beMHaH npo113BO)J,lffeJIbHOCTb V o = 45 M 3 /'I.
IIpaHHTb C == 0,03, Ann = 0,98, m == 1,0.
3a.DaQa 3.2. floJJ,06paTb nopwHeBoH KOMnpeccop xna)J,oHoBoH XOJIO-
AlDIbHoH ycraHOBKl1, onpeAeJIIfB ero 06'beMHbIH 11 :mepreTl1'1eCKI1H K03tPtP l1 -
37

lI,HeHTbI. napaMeTpbI BCaCbmaHlfH PI = 0,095 Mna, tl = 10 o e, VI =
= 0,1875 M 3 /Kr. TeMIIepaTypa KOH)J.eHcalI,HH t K = 30 or. TeMIIepaTypa
HcnapeHlfH t H = -30 o e. )],aBJIeHlfe HarHeTaHlfH PK = 0,75 MfIa. PaCqeTHaH
OO'beMHaH nO)J.aqa V o = 35 M 3 /q. npHHHTb C = 0,04, AIDl = 0,98, m = 1,0.
3aA3'13 3.3. nO)J.06paTb no pUlHeBoH KOMnpeccop )J.JIH XOJIO)J.HJIbHOH
YCTaHOBKH, onpe)J.emm ero 06'beMHbIH H JHepreTHqeCKHH KOJ<P<PHIJ,HeHTbI.
Pa60'IHH areHT - aMMHaK. napaMeTpbl BcaCbmaHHH PI = 0,134 Mna, VI =
= 0,88 M 3 /Kr, t I = -28°e. )],aBJIeHHe HarHeTaHlfH P2 = 1,38 Mna, TeMIIe-
paTypa KOH)J.eHcaIlHH t K = 35 °e. PaCqeTHaH 06'beMHaH nO)J.aqa V o =
= 290 M 3 /q. npHHHTb C = 0,03, AIDl = 0,98, m = 1,0.
3aA3'13 3.4. Onpe)J.eJIHTb o6'beMHYIO npoH3BO)J.HTeIIbHOCTb V H HH)J.H-
KaTOpHbrn Kn)], 1/ i BepTHKaJIbHOrO npHMOTO'IHoro KOMIIpeccopa <1>B-85
npH CJIe)J.YIOIIJ,H x YCIlOBHHX: qaCTOTa B paIl.{eHlfH KOJIeHqaTOrO BaJIa n =
= 720 06/MHH, KOJIHqeCTBO lI,HIIHH)J.poB Z = 2, XO)J. nopIllHH I = 130 MM,
,i:\HaMeTp lI,HJIHH)J.pa D = 190 MM, KOJ<P<PHlJ,HeHT Bpe)J.HOrO npoCTpaHCTBa
C = 0,02, CTeneHb C)I(3THH XIIa)J.3reHTa 1T = 6, KOJ<P<PHlI,HeHT nIIOTHOCTH
AWl = 0,97, nOKa3aTeJIb nOJIHTponbl paCIlIHpeHHH m = 1. YCJIOBHH pa60Tbl
KOMIIpeccopa - CTaH)J.apTHbre (to = -15 °e, t K = 30°C).
3aA3'13 3.5. Onpe)J.eJIHTb OO'beMIIYIO npoH3BO)J.HTeJIbHOCTb H HH)J.HKa-
TOpHbll Kn)], Y-06pa3Horo HenpHMOTO'IHOrO KOMIIpeccopa <1>Y-40 npH
CIIe)J.YIOIIJ,HX YCJIOBHHX: qaCTOTa BpaIl.{eHlfH 11 = 960 06/MHH, KOJIHqeCTBO
IJ,HIIHH)J.poB Z = 4, XO)J. nopIllHH I = 70 MM, )J.HaMeTp IJ,HJIHH)J.pa D = 100 MM,
KOJ<P<PHIJ,HeHT Bpe)J.HorO npocTpaHcTBa C = 0,04, CTeneHb C)I(aTHH xna)J.a-
reHTa 1T = 5, KOJ<P<PHlJ,HeHT nIIOTHOCTH AIDl = 0,98, nOKa3aTeJIb nOJIHTpOnbl
pacIlIHpeHHH m = 1, YCIIOBflH pa60Tbl KOMnpeccopa - CTaH):\apTHble.
3aA3'13 3.6. Onpe)J.eJIflTb o6'beMIIYIO npoH3Bo)J.HTeJIbHOCTb H HH)J.HKa-
TOpHbrn Kn)], Y-06pa3Horo npHMOTOqHOrO KOMnpeccopa <1>YY.350, HMelO.
II.{ero qaCTOTY BpaIl.{eHlfH KOJIeHqaTOrO BaJIa 11 = 720 06/MHH, KOJIHqeCTBO
IJ,HIIHH)J.poB Z = 8, XO)J. no pIllHH I = 130 MM, ,i:\HaMeTp lI,HJIHH)J.pa D = 190 MM,
KOJ<p<pHIJ,HeHT Bpe)J.HOro npocTpaHCTBa C = 0,01, KOJ<P<PHlI,HeHT nIIOTHOCTH
AIIJ1 = 0,96, nOKa33TeJIb nOJIHTponbI m = 1. eTeneHb C)I(aTHH XIIa)J.areHTa
1T = 8. YCIlOBHH pa60TbI KOMnpeccopa - cTaH)J.apTHble (t = -15 °e, t K =
= 30°C).
rnaBa'leTBepTaR
PA60TA nAPO>KHAKOCTHbIX KOMnPECCHOHHblX
TPAHCcI»OPMATOPOB TEnJlA B HEPAC"IETHbIX YCJlOBHAX
nPHMEPbl
npHMep 4.1. B paCqeTHbIX YCJIOBHHX xOJIo)J.onpoH3Bo)J.HTeIIbHocTb
KOMIIpeCCHOHHOH XOJIO)J.HJIbHOH YCTaHOBKH Qo = 1500 KKaJI/q = 17,45 KBT
npH TeMnepaType f1CnapeHflH to = t I = -25°C. )],aBJIeHHe HcnapeHHH Po =
38

::;' 0,15 MTIa. Xna)J,arem H3 HcnapHIeJUi BbIXOp,HI B COCIOHHHH cyxoro HaCbl-
JJXefJHoro rrapa C 3HIaJIbIIHeH hi = 1650 K.II.)I(/Kr. TeMIIepaIypa paccoJIa
_ roO
aa 'Bxop,e B HcrraplUeJIb 7"1 = -15 C H Ha BbIXOp,e 7"2 = -22 C. .IJ.aBJIeHHe
B ICOHAeHcaIope XOJIOAHJIbHOH YCIaHOBKH PK = 1,2 MTIa, IeMrrepaIypa KOH-
ne&CaIIHH t K = 30°C. 3HIaJIbrrHH )!(HAKoro aMMHaKa rrepep, p,pOCCeJIbHbIM
Jdl8naHOM h A = 562 K/Kr.
Ko 34> <PH 1I,H em bl IerrrrorrepeJJ,a'lH: 30HbI HcrrapeHHH k H
::::: 0,5 KBI/(M 2 . K); 30HbI rreperpeBa k n = 0,093 KBI/(M 2 . K). K03<p<p H -
ntl eHT Bpe,ll;HorO rrpocIpaHcIBa rropIIIHeBoro KOMIIpeccopa c = 0,03; K03<p-
4>JlnHeHT IUIOTHOCIH AITJI = 0,95; 061>eM, orrHcbIBaeMbIH rropuIHeM, Vh =
== 70 M 3 /q = 0,0195 M 3 /c. TIoKaJaTeJIb rrOJIHIporrbI paclIIHpeHHH m = 1.
, TIoA<!qa aMMHaKa B HCnapHIeJlb yMeHbUlelia Ha 30% rrYIeM rrpID<PblIHH
ApocCeJIbHOrO BeHIHJIH. Orrpep,eJIHIb CJIep,yIOIIIHe rrapaMeIpbl B HepaCqeIHOM
pe)I(HMe: x0J10p,orrpoH3Bo)J,HIeJIbHOCIb, JJ,aBJIeHHe B HcrrapHIeJIe, reMIIepa-
Tip!>I rrapoB xrraA<!reHIa H xrrap,oHOCHreJIH Ha BbIxop,e H3 HcrrapHIeJIH. Pacxop,
paccoJIa Hero reMIIeparypa T 1 OCIaJ1HCb HeH3MeHHbIMH.
PeUleHHe. Cpe,ll;HHH pa3HOCIb reMIIeparyp 30HbI HcnapeHHH B HCrrapHIeJ1e
f1tP = (7"1 + T2)/2- to = (-15 - 22)/2 + 25 = 6,5 0c.
, CYMMapHaH rroBepXHocIb HarpeBa HcrrapHIeJIH (pHc.4.1)
Po = Qol (kHAtP) = 17,451 (0,5.6,5) = 5,38 M 2 .
. Pacxop, aMMHaKa rrpH paCqerHOM pe)!(HMe
G=Qo/(hl -h A ) = 17,45/(1650-562) =0,01603 Kr/c.
06'beMHaH rrop,aqa KOMrrpeccopa
'1 = GVI = 0,01603.0,78 = 0,0125 M 3 /C.
.r TeIIJ10BOH 3KBHBaJIem paccoJIa
W p =Gc p =Qo/(TI- T 2) =
(
 17,45/(-15 +22) =2,5 KBI/oC.
'['
'l'1
TIapaMeIpbI rrpH HepaCqeIHOM pe)I(HMe: r;
pacxop, aMMHaKa
,= (1 _ 0,3) .0,01603 = 0,0112 Kr/c; fr
IeMOBOH 3KBHBaJIeHr aMMHaKa B 30He
, perpeBa HCnapHIeJ1H
F: H
F OH
F.
Fdn
FO
t' 4.1. fpacpHK H3MeHeHHH TeMnepaTypbl
! 'pm''''
39

W Q = G'c p = 0,0112.2,5 = 0,028 KBT/ °e.
3aAaeMClI HOBblM O)I(HJJ.aeMbIM ,n;aBneHHeM B HcnapHTene Po = 0,12 MIla.
TorAa to = -30, h 0 = 1645 K.1»K/Kr.
TelU10Ball HarpY3Ka 30Hbl Hcnape,mH
QOH = G(ho - hlJ,) = 0,0112(1645 - 562) = 12,12 KBT.
Ee3pa3MepHaH TelU10BaH HarpY3Ka 30Hbl HcnapeHHH
Q ' Q '
I _ OH _ OH 12,12
t H - -, - [ '] [2,5(-15 _ 30)] =0,323.
WMV'H V/p(TI-t O )
IloBepXHocTb 30HbI HCnapeHI1H
F OH =
W M
k(;--€)
W p
k (  - 0 65 )
0,323 '
2,5
0,5 ( 0,33 - 0,65 )
= 2,11 M 2 .
IlOBepXHOCTb30HbIneperpeBa
Fn = Fo - FH = 5,38 - 2,11 = 3,27 M 2 .
Ee3pa3MepHaH y,n;enbHall TeJUIOBaH HarpY3Ka 30Hbl neperpeBa:
W M
Q- + b +
W6
W M
kF
1.
0,028 0,028
0,35 _ 2,5 + 0,65 +
0,093. 3,27
=
=
1 ,34 > 1.
TaK KaK 3HaqeHHe nOH Benl1'IHHbl He MO)j(eT rrpeBbIruaTb eAHHHIJ:bI,
TO rrpl1RHMaeM t = 1.
TeMrrep;nypa rrapoB pa60qero areHTa Ha BbIxo,n;e 113 HcrrapHTenH
tl =t +t(71-tO) =71 "'" -15°C.
Y,n;enbHbiii 06'beM pa60Qero areHTa Ha Bblxo,n;e H3 HCrrapHTenH
V'I = 1,04 M 3 /Kr.
06'beMHaH npol13BoAHTenbHoc,Tb HCnapl1TenH
J1=Gv{ = 0,0112. 1,04 = 0,01156 M 3 /c.
06'beMHall no,n;aQa KOMrrpeccopa
40

1' \
73
, :=VhA=
3600
0,555:= 0,0203.0,555 = 0,0113 M 3 /c,
r1J,e A:= Ae AwAnn; 3p;eCb Ae = 1 - 0,03(12/1,2 - 1) = 0,73; Aw =
:= 243/303 = 0,8; Arm = 0,95; A = 0,73 . 0,8 . 0,95 = 0,555.
TaK KaK V'I > V', TO p;eHCTBHTenbHOe p;aBneHlie B licnapHTene YCTa-
HOBHTCH BblliIe npHHHToro HaMH 3HaqeHHH Po = 0,12 Mila.
3aAaeMCH HOBblM 3HaqellHeM p;aBneHHH Po = 0,13 Mila; npl1 3TOM
to := -28 "C H h 0 = 393 = 1650 KJbK/Kr. Do aHanOfl1l1 C BbllllenpHBe-
p;eHHbIM nonyqaeM:
QOJl := G(hQ - h lJ,) = 0,0112 (1650 - 562) = 12,2 KBT;
I _  = 1,22 =0376-
- JI{.,. V  2,5 ( - 15 - 28) , ,
Po. = (I 2,5 ) =2,49; Fo:= 5,38 - 2,49 = 2,89 M 2 ;
0,5 0,376 - 0,65
" - = 1,32 > 1' ,
e1'l - 0028 0028
o 35 .-!..- + 0,65 + ---'-
 ' 2,5 0,093.2,89
t = TI =-15.
 Yp;enbHbIH 061>eM pa60qero areHTa npH Po = 0,13 Mila H t': = -15°C
,eH v': = 0,92 M 3 /Kr. TorAa:
fi' = Gv /I = 0,Q112 .0,92 = 0,0102 M 3 /C;
Y" := Vh Ae = 0,0203.0,577 = 0,0117 M 3 /C,
 A=AeAwAm; 3p;eCb Ae= 1 - 0,03(12/1,3 - 1) = 0,75; Aw = 245/303
,*,0,81; A. =0,75 -0,81.0,95 =0,577.
"
t T01ffioe 3HaqeHHe Po' onpen,enHeM rpaqmqeCKI1M MeTOp;OM. B V, p-KOOP-
"fHaTax CoelJ,HHHeM npHMblMH nl1HI1HMI1 nonyqeHHble paCqeTHble 3HaqeHHH
);eMHblX npol13BOIJ,HTenbHOCTeH no HcnapHTemo V: H V': H no KOMnpec-
t:w py V' Ii V" (pI1c. 4.2). Toa nepeceqeHHH xapaKTepl1CTHK KOMTIpeCCopa
f il HCnapl1TenH onpep;enHeT AaBneHHe B HcnapHTene Po" = 0,1215 Mila. Toma
1CMTIepaTypa HcnapeHHH B HepaCqeTHOM pe)I(HMe to' = -29. ilpl1 t'i =
;:= t't = -15 '<>c 3HTaJ1bnHH h 't = 168 5 K.II.)K/Kr.
". Xonop;onpoH3BoAHTenbHocTb ycraHoBKH B HOBOM pe)I(HMe
1Q o I = 0,0112 (1685 - 562) = 12,6 KBT. '
j TeMJIepaTYpa paccona nocne I1cnapHTenH
I 41

V'10- M3/c
,
1,16 V 1
V'
1,12
v/'
0,13 p,Mna.
1,08
1,011
1,00
0,12
PIIC. 4.2. XapaKTepllcTIIKII KOMnpeccopa IIlIcnapllTeJlJI
'11 Q "I /W 15 12,6 20 04 D C
T2 = TI - 0 pI = - -  = -, .
npHMep 4.2. OrrpeAeJIHTb TeMrrepaTYPY t BH)'TPM KaMepbI, eCJIM rrpl1
rrOCTOHHHbIX HapY)\(}{OH TeMIlep<lType t o.c = 20 DC M TenllOBOM 3KBMBalleHTC
paCCOlla, rrocTynaKJIl\ero B CMCTeM]' o)Ula)K,!J,eHMH KaMepbl. W p = 2,5 KBT/ or
TeMilepaTypa paccoJIa Ha BXOAe B KaMep)! nOBbICMTCH AO T{ = -18 Dc.
B rrepBOHalJallbHOM peJKMMe TeMnepaTypbI paCCOlla Hi BXOAe M BbIXOAC
M3 KaMepbI COCTaBllHllM COOTBeTCTBeHHO T2 = -22 DC M T 1 = -15 DC, a TeM-
neparypa BHYTPM KaMepbI paBHHllaCb t B = -12 Dc.
PeweHMe. Ee3pa3MepHaH xapaKTepHCTMKa CMCTeMbI OXlla)K,!J,eHMH KaMepbl
Qo 'iJT T 1 - T2
€ = -- = - = 
K W M \l W M \l V
YueJIbHbIH TenllonpHTOK B KaMepy
q = 9o/Uo.c - t B ) = Wp'iJT/(to.c - t B )
0,547 KBT/ Dc.
-15 + 22
-12 + 22
=0,7.
2,5 . 7/ (20 + 12) =
TeMrrepaTypa BHYTPM KaMepbI npM HOBOM peJKMMe
t;,=
€ K W p
q
€KWp
q
+ 1
0,7' 2,5
- (-18) + 20
0,547
0,7' 2,5
-+1
0,547
-8,95 DC R: -9 Dc.
T2' + t o . c
TeMilepaTYpa paCCOlla Ha BbIxoAe H3 KaMepbI
T'1 = €K t B + (1 - €K) T2 = 0,7 (-8,95) + (1 - 0,7)(-18) = -11,67 DC R:
R: -11 ,7 Dc.
npHMep 4.3. B paClJeTHbIX YCJIOBHHX aMMHalfHaH KOMnpeCCHOHHail
XOJIOAHJIbHaH YCTaHOBKa xapaKTepM3yeTcH CJIe)J.yKJI.I.J,llMM napaMeTpaMH:
42

p;1SJleHMe S MCrrapMTene Po = 0,15 rvtlla. rCMrrepaTypa to = tl = -25 DC
(3HTaJlbITIU1 h 1 = 1650 KlJ.)I(/Kr). pac\.oH aMMMaKa G = 0,01603 Kr/c. TeM-
lIepaTYpa oXJIa)l(,!l,alollieM BO)..(M lIa H\.O)J.e B KOH)..(eHcaTOp T 2 = 20 DC npl1 ee
TelInOBOM 3KBHBaneHTe W = 4,75 KBT/K, AaBneHHe B KOHAcllcaTopc PK =
;:;; 1,2 Mna, TeMIlepaTypa KOHACHcallHH t K = 30 DC. K03cpcpHllHCHTbI TClInO-
lIepep;illH WIH 30Hbl KOHAeHCaUli1i k K = 1,8 KBT/(M 2 . K), a )J.IIH 30llbl
oxna)I(IJ:eHHH k 0 = 0,36 K BTI (M 2 . K). K03cpcpIiU,lieHT TIJIOTIIOCTI1 IIOpill-
lIeBoro KOMrrpeccopa Arm = 0,95.
Orrpe)..(enliTb )..(aBneHHe B KOH)J:eHCaTOpe P M TeMliepaTYPY KOHAeHca[lHI1
t B HcpaC4eTHbIX ycnoBIiHX, CCIIIi rrYTeM rrpHKpblTMH ApoccenbHoro Kna-
rraHa )..(aBneHMe B Mcrra pMTene YMeHbIIDInocb AO P = 0,12 Mna. TeMnepaTypa
aMMHaKa rrepeA KOMIlpeCCOpoM paBHa t'l = -15 DC (JHTaJIbHI1H hI =
;:;; 1680 KlJ.)I(/Kr), pacxo)..( aMMHaKa YMeHbIIDInCH AO G' = 0,0112 Kr/c.
reMOBOH 3KBMBaneHT W B oxna)l(,!l,alOlliCH BO)..(M, nOAaBaeMoH Ha KOH,o,eH-
caTOp, H ee TeMIlepaTypa nepe,o, KOHAcHcaTopoM OCTaIOTCH HeM3MCHHbIMM.
PeweHHe. npe)l(,!l,e Bcero onpe,o,enHeTcH cyMMapHaH nOBepxHocTb KOH-
}:\ellcaTopa F K (pHC. 4.3).
MH)..(MKaTOpHbIH KnlJ. KOMnpeccopa Ha paC4eTHOM pe)l(J1Me
t J
t;
'if
r;'
--
;...- I
 I
I
'Ci
r;.1< r:. o
rK.1< F.o
PHc. 4.3. fpa<jJHK H3MCHCHHH TCM!1CpaTYP B KOHAcHcaTopc
'T/i = AwArm = 248/303.0,95 = 0,777.
3HTanbnHH aMMMaKa rrocnc KOMrrpeccopa
h 2 =h 1 + (la/T}) = 1650 + (1960-1650)/0,777 =2049 KlJ.)I(!Kr,
OTKYAa
t 2 = 163 DC.
3HTanbHI1H cyxoro HaCblllleHHoro napa aMMMaKa npM 0,12 Mna
43

h 3 c = 1715 KL\.)f(/Kr.
3HTaJIbITHH )f(HgKoro aMMHaKa ITOCJ1e KOH,D;eHcaTopa
h 3 = 562 KL\.)f(/Kr.
llOJIHaH TeIIJIOBaH HarpY3Ka KOHAeHcaTopa Ha HCXO)J,HOM pe)f(HMe
QK = Gt:,.h = 0,01603(2049 - 562) = 23,8 KBT.
TerulOBaH HarpY3Ka 30Hbi KOHAeHcaUHH
QK.K = 0,01603(1715 - 562) = 18,5 KBT.
TermOBaH Harpy3Ka 30Hbl OXJ1a)f(AeHHH
Q'x.o = 0,01603(2049 - 1715) = 5,3 KBT.
TeMITepaTypa OXJ1a)f()J.3lOmeH BOAbl nOCTIe 30Hbl KOHAeHCaUHH
Tn = T2 + (QK.K/W S ) = 20 + (18,5/4,75) = 23,9 0c.
TeMneparypa oxna)f()J.3lOmeH BOAbl nOCTIe KOHAeHcaTOpa
T1 = T2 + (QK/WS) = 20 + (23,8/4,75) = 25,02 0c.
CpeAHAA pa3HOCTb TeMnepaT)'p B 30He KOH,D;eHCaIJ,HH
((3 - T2) - ((3 n - Tn)
t:,.t K =
2 31 t3 - T2
. g
t3n - Tn
10 - 6,1
10
2,31g -
6,1
==  = 7,9°C.
0,495
lloBepxnocTb Termoo6MeHa 30Hbl KoHAeHcall,HH
F K . K = QK.K/(MKk K ) = 18,5/ (7,9. 1,8) = 1,3 M 2 .
CpeAHHH pa3HOCTb TeMnepaTYP B 30He OXJ1a)f(AeHHH
t:,.to =
137,98 - 6,]
I3 7,98
2,31g 
] 31,88 = 42,25 0 C.
2,3Ig22,6
lloBepxnocTb Termoo6MeHa 30Hbl oxna)f(AeHHH
F K.O = QK.O/ (koM 0) = 5,3/ (0,36. 42,25) = 0,349 M 2 .
CYMMapHaH ITOBepxnocTb TermOo6MeHa KOHAeHcaTOpa
F K = F K . K + F K . O = 1,3 + 0,349 = 1,649 M 2 .
llOCTIe HaXO)f(AeHHH F K.Q pacCIillTbffiaeTCH HOBbIH pe)f(HM pa60TbI KOB'
}J;eHcaTOpa.
3aAaeMCH O)f(HAaeMbIM 3HaqeHHeM AaBneHHH B KOHAeHCaTOpe p 
= 1,1 Mlla, TOr t  = 27,5 0c. I1JlAHKarOpHbIH KllL\. KOMlIpeCCOpa
rlj = 243/300,5 .0,95 = 0,77.
44

.j
\. 3HTaJIbnJUI pa60qero areHTa nocne KOMnpeCCOpa
h ' J 1640 + 1978 - 1640 = 1640 + 440 = 2080 K )) )K ! KL
2 0,77
3rOMY 3HaQeHHIO 3HTanbnHH coorBercrByer reMneparypa t; = 172°C.
3HraJIbnHH pa60Qero areHTa B cocrOHHHH cyxoro HaCbIilleHHoro napa
npH ,WIBneHHH B KOH)J,eHcaTOpe
h3C = 1710 K)))K!Kr.
3HraJlbnHH )KH)J,Koro pa60Qero areHra Ha BbIXO)J,e H3 KOH)J,eHCarOpa
h3 = 550 K)))K!KL
TeIUIoBaH HarpY3Ka 30HbI KOH)J,eHCaII.HH npH HOBOM pe)KHMe
Q.K = 0,0112 (1710 - 550) = 12,9 KBT. '
Ee3pa3MepHaH rennOBaH HarpY3Ka nOM 30HbI
e'
K
=
w B V 
12,9 =0 363.
4,75 (27,5 - 20) ,
IIoBepxHocrb 30HbI KOH)J,eHcaII.HH
F.K =
W B
4,75
1 8 (  - 065 )
, 0,363 '
1,257.
k K (7 - b )
K
IIoBepXHocTb 30HbI oxna)K)J,eHHH B KOH)J,eHcarope
F.o = F K - F K . K = 1,649 - 1,257 = 0,392 M 2 .
TeMIIeparypa oxna)K)J,alOilleM BO)J,bI nocne 30HbI KOH)J,eHcaI..\HH
T = Tz + (Q.K!WB) = 20 + ,': = 22,7 0c.
TelDJOBoM 3KBHBaJleHT pa60Qero areHra B 30He oxna)K)J,eHHH
W a = Gc p = 0,0112.2,5 = 0,028 KBr! 0c.
Ee3pa3MepHaH y)J,enbHaH rennOBaH HarpY3Ka 30Hbl oxna)K)J,eHHH
W M
a-
W6
W M
+b+--
kF.o
I
0,028 0,028
0,35 - + 0,65 +
4,75 0,36' 0,392
= 1,17.
e=
TaK KaK 3HaQeHHe €'o He MO)Ker npeBbIillaTb e)J,HHHl..\bI, TO npHHHMaeM
Eo = 1.
TennOBaH HarpY3Ka 30HbI oxna)K)J,eHHH
45

Q.o = e' W a V = 1 .0,028 (172 - 22,72) = 4,17 KBr.
Pac'IeTHoe KOJlli'IeCTBO Terura, OTBeneHHoro B 06eHx 30Hax KOHneH-
caTOpa,
Q = Q.K + Q.o = 12,9 + 4,17 = 17,07 KBr.
KOJlH'IeCTBO Terura, KOTopoe Tpe6yeTcH OTBeCTH OT aMMlfaKa B KOH-
neHcaTope,
QK = C(h; - h 3) = 0,0112(2080 - 550) = 17 KBr.
nOCKOJIbKY Q  QK (paCXO)l()J;eHHe He nomKHO npeBbIIlJaTb 3%), TO MO)I(HO
C'IHTaTb, 'ITO npH HOBOM pe)l(l1Me B KOHneHcaTope YCTaHOBHTCH npHHHToe
HaMlf 3Ha'IeHHe naBJleHHH P = 1,1 Mna H nOnOJlHHTeJlbHbIX BapHaHTHblX
paC'IeTOB He Tpe6yeTCH. TeMnepaTypa oxrra)l()J;alO1l\eH BOnbI nocJle KOHneH-
caTopa
T'I =T2 + (Q/WB) =20+ (17/4,75) = 23,6°C.
3A.D.AH
3a,a,alJa 4.1. nYTeM npHKpbITHH npocCeJlbHOrO BeHTHJlH YMeHhl.UHJlH
pacxon aMMHaKa 'Iepe3 HcnapHTeJlb KOMnpeCCHOHHOH XOJlOZJ.HJIbHOH YCTa-
HOBKH Ha 35%. OnpeneJlHTb CJlenylO1l\He napaMeTphI pa60ThI YCTaHoBKH
B HepaC'IeTHOM pe)l(l1Me: xOJlo)J;onpoH3BoZJ.HTeJlbHOCTb Q, naBJleHHe B HC-
I1apHTeJle P, TeMnepaTypbI na poB xrranareHTa t  H xrranHOCHTeJlH T
I10CJle HcnapHTeJlH. Pacxon paccoJia Hero TeMnepaTypa t HI B HOBOM pe)l(l1Me
OCTalOTCH HeH3MeHHhIMIf.
B paC'IeTHblX YCJlOBHHX XOJlO)J;onpOH3BOZJ.HTeJlbHOCTb YCTaHOBKH CO-
CTaBJlHJIa Qo = 40000 KKaJI/'I = 46,5 KBT I1PH TeMI1epaTYpe HcnapeHHH
to = t I = -20°C. ,aaBJleHHe B HCI1apHTeJle Po = 0,19 Mna. XrranareHT
H3 HcnapHTeJlH BbIXOZJ.HJI B COCTOHHHH cyxoro HaCbI1l\eHHOrO napa C JHTarrb-
llHeH hi = 1660 K/Kr (VI = 0,63 M 3 /Kr). TeMnepaTypa paccoJia Ha
BXOne B HcnapHTeJlb paBHHJIaCb tHI = TI = -10°C H Ha BbIXOne t H2 =
= -17°C. JJ:aBJleHHe B KOHneHcaTope YCTaHoBKH PK = 1,3 Mna (TeMnepa-
Typa KOHneHcaWiH t K = 33°C, JHTaJIbI1HH )I(I1ZJ.Koro aMMlfaKa nepen npoc-
CeJlbHhIM BeHTHrreM h A = 578 K/Kr. KOJ<P<PHI1,HeHTbI TenJlOnepena'IH
30HbI HcnapeHHH H neperpeBa paBHhl k H = 0,535 KBT/ (M 2 . 0c) H k n =
= 0,092 KJJ:)I(! (M 2 . 0C). KOJ<P<PHIIHeHT BpeZJ.HorO I1pOCTpaHcTBa nopllIHe-
Boro KOMnpeccopa c = 0,05, KOJ<P<PHImeHT nrrOTHOCTH AWl = 0,95. 06'beM,
OllHChmaeMhIH nopllIHeM, Vh = 180 M 3 /'I = 0,05 M 3 /C. nOKa3aTeJlb nOJlH-
TponbI paCl.UHpeHHH m = 1.
3a,a,aQa 4.2. npHKpbITHeM perYJlHpYI01l\ero BeHTHJlH YMeHblllHJIH nonaqy
aMMHaKa B HcnapHTeJlh KOMnpeCCHOHHOH XOrroZJ.HJlhHOH YCTaHoBKH Ha 25%.
Onpe)J;errHTh CJlenylO1l\He napaMeTpbI pa60TbI YCTaHoBKH B HepaC'IeTHOM
pe)l(l1Me: xOJlo)J;onpoH3BoZJ.HTeJlbHOCTb Q, naBJleHHe B HcnapHTerre P,
46

TeMI'1,eparypbl napoB XIl3;:\areHra tf H paCCOJIa 7
 nOCJIe HCnapHremI. ilpH-
HHTb,1 '1ro paCXO;:\ paCCOJIa Hero reMTIep,nypa 7 I = t HI Ha Bblxo;:\e B Hcna-
plneJI
 OCTaJIHCb HeH3MeHHbIMH.
B paC'IerHblX yCJIOBHHX XOJIo;:\onpOH3BOAHreJIbHOCrb ycralloBKH cocraB-
JIWla Qo = 1163 KBr npH reMTIeparype to = tl =
15 °C (;:\aBJIeHHe Hcna-
peHHH Po = 0,235 Mila). XnaAareHr H3 HcnapHreJIH BhIXOAHr B COCroHHIUf
cyxoro HaCblll{eHHOrO napa C 3HranbnHeH III = 1665 KJ])K/Kr (VI
== 0,51 M 3 /Kr).
TeMTIeparypa pacCOJIa Ha BXo;:\e B HcnapHreJIb t HI = 71 = -5 H Ha
BbIXo;:\e t ll 2 = -12°C. D,aBJIeIDIe B KOH;:\eHcarope ycraHoBKH PK = 1,1 Mila
(TeMTIeparypa KOH;:\eHcaUHH t K = 27,5 °C), 3HraJIbnHH )!(J1;:\KOro aMMHaKa
nepe;:\ ;:\pocCeJIbHblM KJIanaHOM h A = 550 K,lJ)K/KL K03<p<pHIJ,HeHr renJlO-
nepepp'IH 30llbl HcnapeHHH k H = 0,43 KBr/ (M 2 . °C) H 30Hbl neperpeBa
k n == 0,093 KBr/(M 2 . °C). KO)<p<pIfUHeHr BpemlOro npocrpaHcrBa noplU-
HeBoro KOMllpeccopa c = 0,08, K03<p<PHIJ,lfeHr nJIOrHOCrlf Arm = 0,95, 06'beM,
oIDfcbIBaeMblH noplUHeM, JIll = 3300 M 3 /'1 = 0,917 M 3 /C.
3a)JlllJa 4.3. B paC'IerHbIX YCJIOBIfHX xOJIo;:\onpolf3BoAHTeJIbHOCrb aMMH-
al.JHOH XOJlO):\HJlbHOH ycraHoBKH Qo = 69.75 KBr nplf reMTIeparype Hcna-
peIDIH to = -11°C. )].aBJIeHHe HcnapeHHH Po = 0,2 Mila. 3HraJlbl1HH cyxoro
HaCblll{eHHoro napa aMMHaKa nplf )rOM ;:\aBJleHHH h 0 = 1670 KJ])K/KL
TeMrreparypa fIapoB aMMlfaKa Ha BbIxo;:\e H) HCnapHTeJIH t 1 = -8°C, )HraJlb-
IDfH II 1 = 1675 KD,)K/Kr. TeMTIeparypa paccona Ha Bxo;:\e B IfcnapHreJlb
tHI = 71 = -1°C, Ha Bblxo;:\e t H2 = 72 = -6°C. )].aBJIeIDIe B KOH;:\eHcarope
XOJIOA\lJlbHOH YCTaHOBKIf PK = 1,0 Mila (reMneparypa KOH;:\eHcaIJ,HIf t K =
= 25°C). 3HTaJIbnHH )!(J1;:\Koro aMMHaKa nepe;:\ perYJIHpYlOll{HM KJlanaHOM
h A = 535 KD,)K/KL KO)<p<pHIJ,HeHrbl renJIonepe;:\a'IH B IfcnapHrene: B 30-
He HcnapeHHH k H = 0,465 KBr/(M 2 . 0c), B 30He neperpeBa k n =
=0,093KBr/(M 2 . O C).
KO)<p<pHUHeHr BpeAHOro npocrpaHcrBa fIoplUHeBoro KOMnpeccopa
ycraHoBKI1 c = 0,08, KO)<p<pHIJ,HeHr nJlOrHOCTH KOM!IpeCCO
a A£D1 = 0,95.
06'beM, O!1lfCbIBaeMbIH fwpIIlHeM, Vii = 150 M 3 /'1 = 0,0415 M /c.
Onpe;:\eJIHrb xOJIo;:\onpoH3BoAHreJIbHOCrb ycraHoBKH Q
. ;:\aBJleIDIe
HcnapeHHH P
. reMTIeparypy rrapoB aMMHaKa tf H rer.meparypy paccoJIa
7r Ha Bblxo;:\e H3 HcnapHreJIH B HOBOM HepaC'lerHOM pe)!(J1Me, KOropblH
ycraHoBHrCH npH npHKpblTHH ;:\poccenbHoro KJIanaHa H yMeH'bll{eHHH pac-
xo;:\a aMMlIaKa Ha 40%.
3a)JlllJa 4.4. Onpe;:\enHrb reMTIeparypy B XOJIO):\HJIbHOH KaMepe npH
nocroRHHoi:r HapY)KIWH reMTIeparype t o.c = 20°C, ecnH H3BecrHO, 'ITO reM-
neparypa paccoJIa Ha Bxo;:\e B KaMepy nOBbICHJlaCb ;:\0 72 = -3°C npH co-
xpaHeHHH renJIOBOrO )KBJ1,BaneHra paccona, nocryrralOIIlero B cHcreMy
OXlla)K):\eHHH KaMepbl, HeH3MeHHblM H paBHblM W p = 15 KBr/°C.
PaC'lerHble na paMerpbl Xono):\HJIbHoH KaMepbI: reMTIeparypa paccona
Ha Bxo;:\e B KaMepy 72 = -5°C H Ha Bblxo;:\e H3 Hee 7 I = -1°C, reMne-
parypa BHyrpH K3MepbI t B = + 1 0C.


47




3a,IliB'Ia 4.5. TennoBoH 3KBHBaJIeHT paccoJIa, nOCTyrralOllI;ero B CHC/My
oxna)KAeHHHKaMepbl, paBeH W p = 50 KBT/oe, TeMllepaTypa paccoila Ha
BXOne B KaMepy T2 = -looe H H3 BblXOne H3 Hee TI = -5 °e, HagYJKH3H
TeMllepaTypa B03AYxa t o.c = 20 o e, TeMnepaTYpa BMYTpH KaMepbl t B =
= +1 °e. OnpeneJIHTb, KaKaH TeMnepaTypa t  YCTaHoBHTcH BHYTPH I<aMepbl,
ecnH, npH npo'lHX plBHblX ycnoBHHX, TeMlleplTy1'a paccoJIa HaBXOne B Ka-
Me1'y nOBbICHTCH no T = 8 °e.
3a,IliB'Ia 4.6. OnpeneJIHTb, KaKaH TeMne1'aTypa YCT3HOBIITCH B XOJIOAHJIb-
HOH l<aMepe n1'H coxpaHeHHH HeH3MeHHbIMH HapY)l(}{oH TeMne1'arypbl B03-
1JYxa t o.c = 20 0 e H TennoBoro 3KBHBaJIeHTa paccoJIa W p = 14 KBT/oe,
ecnH H3BeCTHO, 'lT0 TeMnepaTY1'a paccoJIa Ha BXOne B KaMe1'y nOBblCHJIaCb
C T2 = -6°e no T = -4°e. B HCXOAHOM pe)I(HMe TeMlle1'aTY1'a paccoJIa
Ha BblXOne H3 KaMepbl TI = -1 °e, a TeMnepaTYpa BMYTPH KaMepbl t B =
= + l°e.
3a,IliB'Ia 4.7. B paC'IeTHbIX ycnoBHHX 1'a60Ta KOMn1'eccHoHHOH XOJIO-
AHJIbHOH yCT3HOBKH rrpH xOJIOnOrrpOH3BoAHTeJIbHOCTH Qo = 46,5 KBT onpe-
neJIHeTCH cJIenYlOllI;HMH napaMeTpaMH: naBJIeHHe B HCnapi'lTene Po =
= 0,19 Mila, TeMllepaTYpa HcnapeHHH to = t I = 20 o e, 3HT3JIbllHH h 1 =
= 1660 KLJjK/Kr, pacxon aMMHaKa G = 0,0429 Kr/c, TeMnepaTypa oxna)J(-
IJ,3lOllI;eH BOnbl Ha BXOne B KOHAeHC3T01' t B2 = T2 = 20 o e, TenJIOBOH 3KBH-
BaneHT nOH BOnbl W B = 6,65 KBT/oe, naBJIeHHe B KOHneHC3To1'e PK =
= 1,3 Mila, TeMnepiTypa KOHneHca/.llfH t K = 33°C. fIpH 3TOM pe)I(HMe K03<P-
<pHlJ,HeHTbl TennonepelJ,3'IH B KOHneHcaTOpe COCT3BJIHIOT: ,lJ,JIH 30HbI KOHneH-
C3lJ,HH k K 1,65 KBT/(M 2 . 0c) H AJIH 30Hbl oxna)KAeHHH ko
= 0,35 KBT/ (M 2 . 0C).
OnpeneJIHTb IJ,3BJIeHHe P H TeMnepaTYPY t  B KOHneHcaTOpe B He-
paC'IeTHbIX ycnoBHHX, ecnH IJ,3BJIeIDIe B HcnaplUeJIe BcnenCTBHe npHKpblTIlH
npocCeJIbHoro KJIanaHa YMeHbUll1JIOCb no P = 0,15 MfIa, a TeMnepaTypa
HcnapeIDIH nOHH3HJIaCb COOTBeTCTBeHHO no t = -25°e. TennoBoH 3KBH-
BaneHT oxna)KAalOllI;eH BOL(b1 llepe3 KOHneHcaTOp W B H ee TeMllepaTypa Ha
BXOne B KOHneHC3Top OCT3JIHCb HeH3MeHHbIMH. TeMnepaTypa aMMHaKa rrepen
KOMnpeccopoM tl = -12,2 °e, 3HTaJIbllHH h 1 = 401 = 1680 KLJjK/Kr, pacxon
aMMHaKa G' = 0,028 Kr/c. K03<p<pHlJ,HeHT nJIOTHOCm noplllHeBoro KOMnpeC-
copa A= = 0,95.
3alJ,3'1a 4.8. )J.TIH HepaC'IeTHblX ycnOBHH pa60Tbl aMMHa'IHOH KOMllpeC-
CHOHHOH XOJIOAHJIbHOH YCT3HOBKH onpeneJlHTb naBJIeHHe B KOHneHCaTope
P, TeMnepaTypy KOHneHCalJ,HH t  Ii TeMnepaTYPY oxna)J(lJ,3lOllI;eH BOL(b1
nocne KOHneHcaTopa T'I, eCJIH L(3BJIeHlie B HcnapHTeJIe YMeHblllHJIOCb cpo =
= 0,235 Mila, no P = 0,2075 MTIa, a TeMnepaTypa HcnapeHHH COOTBeT-
crneHHO C to = -15 °e no t  = ---17,5 °e. Pacxon oXJI3)KAalOllI;eii BOnbl H ee
TeMnepaTypa nepe}], KOHneHC3TopoM OCT3JIHCb HeH3MeHHbIMH.
TeMnepaTypa aMMHaKa nepen KOMnpeccopoM t 1 = t'o
= -18 °e (JHTamnHH h 1 = 1660 KD:)J(/Kr), pacxon XJIagareHT3 G'
0,782 Kr/c. KOJ<P<PHlJ,HeHT nJIOTHOCTii noplllHeBoro KOMnpeccopa
Ann = 0,95.
48

I" k H paC1IeTHOii XOJIOIJ,OrrpOH3BOjJ;HTeJIbHOCTH Qo == 1163 KBT YCTaHOBKa
MeJI crrenyIOllJ,He rrapaMeTpbI: BJIeHHe B HcrrapHTerre Po == 0,235 Mila
.',  (COOT TcrneHHO to == t 1 == -15°C, 3HTaJIbUlm hi == 1665 K.I1.>K/Kr), paCXOIJ,
aMMHaa G = 1,04 Kr/c, TeMIIepaTypa OXJIa)!(JJ.aIOIl\eR BOIJ,bI Ha BXOlJ,e B KOH-
';" }\eHcaTOp t 2 == T 2 == 18°C, TerolOBoR 3KBHBaJIeHT nOR BOIJ,bI W B = 
" ::: 165 BTrC, lJ,aBneHHe B KOHlJ,eHcaTOpe PK == 1,1 Mna (TeMllepaTYpa
r::I<OHlJ,eHcaHH t K == 27,5 0C). Ha paC1leTHOM pe)KHMe K03<P<PHl.J,HeHTbI Tenno-
:lnepe1IH,B KOHlJ,eHcaTOpe COCTaBnHIOT: )])IH 30HbI KOHlJ,eHcal.J,HH k K ==
:.i, 1,8 KBT/(M 2 .0C) H)])IH 30HbI oxna)i()J,eHHH ko == 0,36 KBT/(M 2 .0C).
j1t- 3aA/l1l& 4.9. AMMHal/HaH X0J101J,HJ1bHaH YCTaHOBKa HMeeT cne,ayIOIl\He
LnapaMeTpbI: BrreHHe B HcrrapHTene Po == 0,28 Mna (to == -11 0C), t 1 =
.( ::: _8°C, (h 1 = 1675 K.I1.>K/Kr), pacxolJ, xnalJ,areHTa G = 0,061 Kr/c, IJ,aB-
'neHHe B KOlfIJ,eHcaTOpe PK = 1,0 Mna (t K = 25°C). TeM11epaTypa oxnax<-
 ip,aIOIl\eR BOAbI Ha BXOlJ,e B KOHlJ,eHcaTop T2 = 18°C, TellJIOBOR 3KBHBaJIeHT
'3IOR BOlJ,bI W B = 19 KBTrC. npH 3TOM pe)KHMe K03<P<PHl.J,HeHTbI Terrno-
Hlnepe)J.a'IH B KOHlJ,eHcaTope COCTaBnHIOT: )])IH 30HbI KOH)J.eHCaI.J,HH KK ==
1,11-:= 1,75 KBT/(M 2 .0C) H )])IH 30HbI oxna)i()J,eHHH ko = 0,35 KBT/( .0C).
, OrrpelJ,enHTb HOBbie 3Ha1leHHH lJ,a.BneHHH P H TeMllepa'fypbI t B KOHlJ,eH-
..caTOpe, a TaKx<e TeMIIepaTypbl OXJIa)l(lJ,aIOIl\eH BOlJ,bI rrOCJIe KOHlJ,eHcaTOpa
'1'1, eCJIH BJIeHHe B HcrrapHTeJIe CTaHeT paBHbIM P == 0,2 Mna (to =
.= -19°C), TeMIIepaTypa aMMHaKa rrepelJ, KOM11peccopoM t'l = -1°C (3H-
1'8JIbrrHH h'l = 1700 K.I1.>K/Kr) H pacxolJ, aMMHaKa G H = 0,036 Kr.lc. KoJ<l>-
eHT llJIOTHOCTH nopIIIHeBoro KOM11peccopa AI1J1 = 0,95. PacxolJ, oxnax<-
Ip,aIOIl\eii BOlJ,bI 1Iepe3 KOHlJ,eHcaTop If ee TeM11epaTypa T2 rrepelJ, KOHlJ,eH-
(caTOPOM OCTaIOTCH HeH3MeHHbIMH.
rnaBa nFiTaFi
A6COP6l1,HOHHbiE TPAHCCI)OPMATOPbl TEnJ1A
nPHMEPbl
npHMep 5.1. OlJ,HocTyrreH1IaTaH a6cop6U:HOHHaH XOJIOlJ,HJIbHaH YCTaHOB-
a HMeeT xOJIOlJ,OrrpoH3BOIJ,HTenbHocTb Qo == 1000 KBT. TeMTIepaTypa pac-
'COJIa Ha BXOlJ,e B HcrrapHTenb tHI == -20°C H Ha BbIXOlJ,e H3 Hero t H 2 ==
.= -30°C; TeMIIeparypa oxna)i()J,aIOIl\eR BOlJ,bI Ha BXOlJ,e B arrrrapaTbI t B 2 ==
'= 20°C H Ha BbIXOlJ,e 1f3 HHX t BI == 25°C. JJ:aBneHHe rpeIOIl\erO BOIJ,HHoro
napa P = 0,275 Mna (ts = 130°e). Pii60'IHR areHT - aMMHaK; a6cop-
.6eHT - BO. KOHel/HbIe pa3HocrH TeMrrepaTYp: B HcrrapHTeJIe t::.t H = 3°C;
,B KOHlJ,eHcaTope t::.t K = 5°C; B a6cop6epe t::.t a == 5°C; B reHepaTOpe
I t::.t r == 6°C; B oxnalJ,HTene t::.t3-7 == 10 °C; B Terrnoo6MeHHHKe pacrnopa
,:t::.t 14- 10 == 10 °C; B lJ,e<pJIerMaTOpe t::.t A == 15°C (pRC. 5.1).
OrrpelJ,eJ1lITb rrapaMeTpbl B xapaKTepHbIx TOl{KaX rrpollecca R rrocTpoHTb
1Ipo1iecc B h, -AHarpaMMe. HaHTH TerrrrOBble HarpY3KII alI11apaTOB, YAenbHbIH
49

H
;'
i
/
h PK
2
7
6
ta.
Pile. 5.1. CxeMa H rrpolleee B h, t -}:UlarpaMMe BO,i:\oaMMHa4Hoi! xono,[IHnbHoi! YCTaHOBKH
cn
Kp

paCXOp: 3Hepnm, XOJIO)J,HJ1bHbIH K03<p<pHLl,HeHT H 3KCepreTH'IecKIDi: KIIJ!:
YCTa HOBK H.
PeIUeHHe. TeMlIepaTypa RClIa peHlUI XJ1a)J,areHTa
to = t H 2 - At H = -30 - 3 = -33 "c.
Eii OTBe'laeT )J,aBJIeHHe Po = 0,1 MITa.
TeMIIepaTypa KOHp:eHCaLI,HH
t K =t BI +At K =25+5 = 30°C.
)1.aBJIeHHe B KOHp:eHcaTope P K = 1,2 MITa.
TeMlIepaTypa cJIa60ro pacTBopa Ha Bblxop:e R3 reHepaTOpa
t 9 = t s - At r = 130 - 6 = 124°C.
ITapaMeTpbl cJIa6oro pacTBopa:
C1I = 0,225; h 9 = 462 KJ!:)K/Kr.
TeMlIeparypa KpelIKoro paCTBopa Ha BbIXop:e H3 a6cop6epa
tJ3 = t B 2 + At a = 20 + 5 = 25°C.
ITapaMeTpbl KpelIKoro paCTBOpa:
13 = 0,315; h 13 = 0 Kb/Kr.
KpaTHOCTb I.I.HpKYJIHlI.HH paCTBopa
f = GKP/D = G 1S /G 2 = U2 - C1I)/UKp - C1I) = 1 - 0,225/(0,315-
50

I.
" _ 0,,!?25) == 0,775/0,09 == 8,62.
I1upaMeTpbI napa nocnc )J,e<l>JlerM3TOpa:
tz = (B 1 + fj, (A = 25 + 15 = 40°C; z == I; h 2 = 1660 K,LbK/Kr.
napiMeTpbl paBHoBecHoro napa, BbIXO)J.Hw,ero li3 reHepaTOpa:
PI = ],2 Mna; (I = 105 °C; I = 0,925; hi == 1890 K,lJ,)f(/Kr.
Yp,enbHblH OTBOp, <l>JlerMbl113 )J,e<l>JlerMaTopa (<l>JlerMOBoe OTHOw,eHl1e)
'cp= G S /G 2 == (2 - d/(I ,- S) == (I - 0,92'5)/(0,925 - 0,3]5) ==
::;:: 0,075/0,61 = 0,] 23.
Yp;eJlbH3H TermOB3H HarpY3Ka )J,e<l>J1erMaTOpa
qA = (1/1 - h 2 ) + <p(1t 1 -Its) = (1890 - 1660) + 0,]23(1890 - 377) =
::;:: 4] 6 K,lJ,)f(/Kr.
ITapaMeTpbl cna60ro pacTBopa IIOCJle Termoo6MeHHMK3:
tlO = t14 + fj,t TO = t14 + fj,t14 _ 10 = 25 +]0 = 35°C; h 10 = 62 KJ])K/Kr.
3HTanbnMfI KpenKoro p3cTBopa Ha BXO)J.e B rCHepaTop
f - 1
h 15 = h [4 + --
f
, = 352 K,lJ,)f(/Kr.
8,62 - 1
(h 9 - It 10) = 0 + (462 - 62) =
8.62
 3HTanbnl1f1 cpnerMbl npl1 s = 0,3]5:
"h s = 377 K,lJ,)f(/Kr.
\
flocKonbKY h s > h 15, TO HaH)J,eHHoe 3Ha'lCHliC h 10 npl1HliMaeTCH )J,Jlf1 p;aJllr
HeHIlll1X paC'IeTOB.
Yp,eJ1bH3H TermOBafi HarpY3K3 Termoo6MeHHl:IKa
, qTO = (f - l)(h 9 - h 10) = (8,62 - ])(462 -- 62,8) = 3030 K,lJ,)f(/Kr.
Yp;cnbHaH TermOB3f1 H3rpY3Ka KOHp;cHC3Topa
, lfK == h 2 - h 3 == 1660 - 500 == 1] 60 K,I],)f(/Kr.
TeMnepaTypa n3.pOB XJIap;areHTa nocnc OXIla)J,l1TenH
(7 ==t3 -fj,t n . o == t K - fj,t 3 - 7 == 30-10 = 20°C.
no T. J-AMarp3MMC aMMMaKa H3X0)J,l1M, '1TO h 7 = 1760 K,lJ,)f(/Kr. C Y'Ie-
TOM 1l0np31!KH (npli p == 0,12 Mna) fj,h = 285 - 210 = 75 KJ])K/Kr Ha pa3-
lIMU;Y TO'leK OTC'IeTa 3Ha'leHl1H 3HT3nbnMH B T, s- Ii h, -)J,I13rp3MMax nony-
I 'JaCM h 7 == ] 760 - 75 == 1685 K,lJ,)f(/Kr.
Yp;eJIbHafi TenJIOB3H H3rpY3Ka OXJla)J,l1TCnH
qn.o = h 7 - h 6 = ]685 - ]574 == 1]] K,I],)f(!Kr.
5 I

3'HTaJ1bmUI )!(Hp,Koro aMMliaKa nepeA ApoCCeneM
h 4 = h 3 - qn.o = 500 - III = 389 K,IbK/Kr.
,
I
I
Y,lJ.enbHaH xono,IJ.Onpoli3Bo)J,l1TenbHocTb YCTaHoBKH
qo = 1574 - 389 = 1185 K.IbK/Kr.
Y,lJ.eJ1bHOe KonHlIecrBO reillIa, BbI,lJ.enHeMOro npH a6cop6U,HH,
qa = (h 7 - h 10) + [(h 10 - h 13) = (1685 - 62,8) +
+ 8,62 (62,8 - 0) <:::: 2160 K.IbK/Kr,
HJIK
qa =[(h I2 -11 13 ) =8,62(251-0) <::::2160K.IbK/Kr.
Y,lJ.eJIbHaH TennOBaH HarpY3Ka reHepaTopa
q r = (II 1 - II 9) + [( h 9 - h 15) + '" (h 1 - h 8) = (1890 - 462) +
+ 8,62 (462 - 352) + 0,123 (1890 - 377) = 2550 KJ],)I(/Kr.
TeillIOB0I1 6anaHc ycraHoBKK:
qno}JJJ = q OTB ;
qrroAB = q r + qo = 2550 + 1185 := 3735 KJ],)I(/Kr;
qOTB = qa + qK + qTJ, = 2160 + 1160 + 416 = 3736 KJ],)I(/Kr.
PaCXO,IJ. pa60lIero areHTa (aMMHaKa)
G:= 1000/1175 <:::: 0,85 Kr/c.
TeillIOBble HarpY3KH armapaToB: a) reHeparopa: Qr = Cqr :=
:= 0,85 .2550 = 2170 KBT; 6) a6cop6epa: Qa = 0,85.2160 = 1835 KBT;
B) OXJIa)J.KTenH: Qno = 0,85 . III = 94,5 KBr;r) KOH,lJ.eHcaropa: QK =
:= 0,85 . 1160:= 985 KBr; ,IJ.) ,lJ.eqmerMaTopa: QTJ, := 0,85 . 416 = 354 KBT.
Y,lJ.enbHblH pacxo,IJ. TeillIa
3 = qr/qo = Qr/Qo = 2170/1000 = 2,17.
XonO)J.HJlbHblH K03<1><PHlUIeHT
€ = qO/qr = 1000/2170 = 0,463.
3KceprerKlfecKHH KllJ], YCTaHOBKrl no XJIa,IJ.areHTY
qO( T,, )O ='" (Tq}O = 0463 
'Tle = '" , = 0,373,
qr(Tqh (Tq)B 0,273
52

IAe
: ('rqh = (To - To.c)ITo = (240-293)/240=-0,22*;
, (l'q)B = (T B - To.c)ITB = (403 - 293)1403 = 0,273,
jfJ1H I
7le =e:/e: =0,22/0,592 =0,373,
a qr('Tq)B
TAe e = = 3 (1' q)B = 2,17.0,273 = 0,592,
x qo
e: = (To.c - To) 1 To = (293 - 240) 1240 = 0,22.
Ko3<}>qJHIJ;HeHT nOJJe3HOID AeHCTBHH YCTaHOBKH no XJJaAOHOCHTemo
. ('Tq)H 0181
- = E - = 0 , 463. --'---- = 0 306  3] Cl
'te ('Tq)B 0,273' 10,
me (Tq)H = 1 - (To.cITP) =]- (293/248) = -0,181, T:P = (253 + 243)/
2 = 248 K.
llpHMep 5.2. PaCCIJHTaTb cxeMY BOAOaMMHa'IHOH a6cop6IJ;HOHHOH YCTa-
HOBKH nepHOAH'leCKOro AeHcTBHH (pRC. 5.2) npH cneAYIQ\.UHX YCJ10BHRX:
XOJJOAOnpOH3BoAHTerrbHocTb YCTaHoBKH Q 0 = 10 KBT, TeMnepaTypa pac-
corra Ha BxoAe B HcnapHTeJIb t HI = -10°C H Ha BbIXOAe H3 Hero t H2
2
If'
PA
7 t H2
U o
8 t H 1
a)
3,7
PMC. 5.2. CxcMa a6cop6l1.HOHHOA YCTaHOBKH nCpHO)])1'1CCKOI"O AeilCTBHK 1\ npol\CCC
B h, -AHarpaMMe:
1 - CXCMa aOCOpOI1HOHHOil YCTaHOBKH nepHOAH'ICCKOrO AcilcTBHK; 2 - npol\ecc
B h, -AHarpaMMC
* 311aK "MHIIYC" npH 'T q lie Y'lHTblBaeTCK (CM. OTBeTbl K JaAa'laM rJ1. 1).
53

= -27°C, TeMrrepaTypa BOLf,bI Ha BXOLf,e B arrrrapaTbI t B2 = t o.c = 20°C
H Ha BbIXOLf,e H3 HHX t B 1 = 30°C, Lf,aBrreHHe rpelOIIJ.ero rrapa P = 0,6 MJIa,
KOHe1ffible pa3HOCH! TeMrrepaTYP B HcrrapHTene At H = 3°C, B KOHLf,eHCaTOpe
At I( = 5°C, B a6cop6epe At a = 5°C, B reHepaTOpe At r = 9°C, B Lf,eq,rrerMa-
Tope At A = 15°C (pHC. 5.2).
PeweHHe I. JIpollecc 3apR-Lf,KH (HPD. - 3aKpblT; Bl - OTKpbIT) .
TeMrrepaTypa KOHLf,eHCaIlHH t I( = t Bl + At I( = 30 + 5 = 35°C.
D.aBrreHHe KOHLf,eHCaIlHH PI( = 1,4 MIIa.
TeMrrepaTypa a6cop61lHH t a = t B2 + 5 = 20 + 5 = 25°C.
KOHlleHTpallHH paCTBopa K Ha'larry 3apHLf,KH (TO'lKa 6 Ha H306ape
Po = 0,25 MIIa) I(P = 4 = 0,45.
3HT3JIbrrHH paCTBopa, HarpeToro Lf,O COCTOR-HHH KHrreHHR- (TO'lKa 4),
h 4 = 293 K,I:I)K/Kr.
lJaBrreHHe HcrrapeHHH Po = 0,13 MIIa (coOTBeTCTBYlOIIJ.aH TeMrrepa-
Typa HcrrapeHHH to = t H2 - At H = -27 - 3 = -30°C).
TeMflepaTypa KHflR-IIJ.erO B reHepaTope paCTBopa K KOHlI,Y 3apR-Lf,KH
tr.K = t s - At r = 158 - 8 = 150°C.
KOHlleHTpaIlHR- paCTBopa K KOHIlY 3apMKH
CJI = 4' = 0,15, TOfl],a h 4' = 586 K,I:I)K/Kr.
TeMnepaTypa rrapoB rrocrre Lf,eq,JlerMaTOpa t 2 = t B 1 + At 11. = 30°C + 15 =
= 45 °C; eii OTBe'laeT 3HTarrbnHR- h 2 = 1655 K,I:I)K/Kr.
IIapaMeTpbI rrapa Ha BbIXOLf,e H:! reHepaTOpa:
B Ha'larre 3apHLf,KH }
I = 0,98; h I = 425 = 1780 K,I:I)K!Kr; p = 0,84;
B KOHlle 3apMKH
'I = 0,69; h'l = 525 = 220 K,I:I)K!Kr. h p = 1980 K,I:I)K!Kr.
KpaTHocTb IlHPKyrrHIlHH pacTBopa
f = G/D = (b - Kp)/A = (b - 4)/A + 1 = (1 - 0,45)/(0,45 - 0,15) +
+ 1 = 2,835.
YLf,errbHbIii OTBOLf, q,rrerMbI
'P = (2 - n) / (n - KP) = (b - )( - 4) = (1 - 0,84) / (0,84 -
-0,45) =0,41.
YpaBHeHHe TerrrrOBoro 6arraHca Lf,eq,rrerMaTopa
q A = (h n - h 2) + 'P (h p - h p) = (h  - h 2) + 0,41 (h p - h n =
= (1980 - 1655) + 0,41 (1980 - 440) = 960 K,I:I)K/Kr,
rLf,e h cp = (h 4 + h '.;) /2 = (293 + 586) /2 """ 440 K,I:I)K/Kr.
p
S4

YpaBHeHHe reml0BOrO 5anaHca reHeparOpa
qr=f(hp.K-h p . H ) + ('12 +h p . K ) +qll.=f(h 4 -h 4 ) +
.+ (h 2 - h 4 ) + qP, = 2,835 (586 - 293) + (1655 - 586) + 960::::::
 2860 K.IbK/Kf.
A
YJ].enbHaJ'1 reWOBaH HarpY3Ka KOHJ].eHcaropa
ql< = h 2 - h 3 = 1655 - 525 = 1130 K.IbK/Kr.
11. llpou;ecc pa3'pHJ].KH (PIl - OrKpbIT; Bl - 3aKpbIT).
YiJ,enbHaH xonoJ].onpoH3BoJ].HTenbHoCTb
qo = h 8 - h 3 = 1590 - 522 = 1068 K.1J>K/Kr.
YJ].enbHoe KOnH'leCrBO renna, BbIiJ,eJJHeMoro npH a6cop6I1,HH,
qa = f(h '4 - h 6) = 2,835 (690 - 21) = 1880 K.1J>K/Kf.
TemIOBoH 6anaHc ycraHOBKH: ql' + qo = qa + qK + q , HJ1H 2860 + 1068 =
= 1880 + 1130 + 960; 3928:::::: 3970. ll.
llorpelilHocrb cocraBnHer (3970 - 3928) 13970 . 100 = 1,2%, 'lro Haxo-
AHTCH B npeJ].errax J].onycTHMoro.
PacxoiJ, aMMHaKa
G = Qolqo = 10/1068 = 0,00936 Kr/c.
YiJ,enbHbIH pacxoJ]. renna
t :I = ql'/qo = 2860/1068 = 2,7.
XOJIoJ].HnbHbIH K03cpcpHII,HeHr
e = 1/'3 = 1/2,7 = 0,37.
3KceprerH'leCKHH Kll.n. ycraHoBKH
r:e = qO(Tq)H =€ (Tq)H = 0,37 = 0,174"" 17%,
ql'(Tqh (Tqh 0,32
rJ].e (Tq)H = (Te: - To.c)I1": = (254,5 - 293)/254,5 = -0,15;
(Tq)B = (T B - To.c)ITB = (431 - 293)1431 = 0,32.
npHMep 5.3. PaCC'lHTan cxeMY 6poMHcro- rrHTHeBOn a6cop6U;HOHHOH
ycraHoBKH xonoJ].onpoH3BOiJ,HTeJJbHocnro Q 0 = 1000 KBr (pHC. 5.3).
I1CXOiJ,HbIe iJ,aHHbIe: reMneparypa XOJIOJ].HOH BOiJ,bI Ha BbIXOJJ.e H3 Hcna.
pHTeJIH to = 5 °e, reMneparypa rperorneH BOiJ,bI t l' = 80 0 e, reMneparypa
B °
oXJIa)l(J].arorneH BOiJ,bI Ha BXOiJ,e B annaparbI t B 2 = to. c = 20 e H Ha BbIXOiJ,e
H3 HHX t B I = 25°C. KOHe'lHble pa3HocrH reMnepaTYp: B KOHJ].eHCarope
iltl< = 5°e, B a6cop6epe ilt a = 8°e, B CHcreMe norpe6neHHH Ato = 3°e,
B reHeparope At l' = woe, B rennoo6MeHHHKe At To = wOe.
c;c;

h ./
//
1 P'i- ./
....-
_/
po ...--
13 ---
Ap
8,9
9
13 11
H 3
5
'E,- 7 ;2 0
-I; 100 "/0
LiBr
PHe. 5.3. CxCMa 6pOMHCTO-J1HTIiCBO a6eop6!.1HOHHOH X0J101lliJ1b1iO YCTaHOBKH H npo-
!.Ieee B h, -'[!HarpaMMe
PemeHHe. TeMneparypa reHepaUHH t r = t r - tH r = 80 - 10 = 70°C.
B
TeMnepaTypa KOHAeHcaUHH xrraAareHTa (BoAbI)
t K = t B 1 + tH K = 25 + 5 = 30°C.
.IJaBJIeHHe KOHAeHcaUHH (reHepaUHH)
P8 = PIC = 32 MM pr. cr. = 0,00427 Mlla (onpeJJ:errRercR no h, -JJ:HarpaMMe).
3HraJIbnHH xrraJJ:areHra B rOlJKe 8: h 8 = 545 K.1J.;K/Kr.
I1apaMerpbl XITa)J,areHTa Ha BbIxoAe H3 HCnapHTerrH r 10 = to = 5 OC;
Po = PIO = 6,5 MM pr. CT. = 0,000868 MI1a, 40 = 0(10 = 1); h 10 =
= 440 K.1J.;K/Kr.
TeMrreparypa a6cop6UHH
t a = t 5 = t B 2 + f). t a = 20 + 8 = 28°C.
ilapaMerpbI pacrBopa, BbIX0JJ:HlIIero H3 a6cop6epa: Ps = 6,5 MM pI. CT. =
= 0,000868 Mila; f = 53%; h 5 = 243 K.1J.;K/Kr.
ilapaMerpbI pacrBopa, BbIXOJJ:RlIIero H3 reHeparopa: PIC = 32 MM pT. cI. =
= 0,00427 Mila; f = 59%; h 2 = 320 K.1J.;K/Kr.
L ITapaMerpbI pacrBopa, BbIXOJJ:HlIIero H3 rerrrroo6MeHHHKa: t3 = 38°C;
3 = 59%; h 3 = 262 K.IJ.)f(/Kr.
ilapaMerpbI XJIaJJ:areHra Ha BbIX0JJ:e H3 reHeparopa: PI = 32 MM pr. CT. =
= 0,00427 Mila; t = 0; hI = 2980 K.1J.;K/Kr.
56

, Kp.,Hocrb ""PKYHH""" pamop. (yn"'bAo, KOA""","O
"1_. JJogaBaeMoro B reHepaTOp, Ha 1 Kr OTxoAHIuero BO,[VIHOrO napa)
1 - b
7 - h
paCTBopa,
 f 1 - 2
!=g, = L L =
2-b I-h-l+b
0,59 = 9,84 Kr/Kr.
0,59 - 0,53
=
TeIDIOBaH HarpY3Ka TenJIoo6MeHHHKa
qro = (/ - l)(h 2 - h 3) = (9,84 - I) . (320 - 262) :::: 514 KlbK/Kr.
3HTaJIbmUI pacTBopa Ha BXOAe B reHepaTop
h 7 = h 6 + (qro/f) = 243 + (514/9,84) :::: 296 KlbK/Kr.
rl'l
J.I YAeJIbHaH TenJIOBaH HarpY3Ka reHepaTopa
.; qr+/ h 7 =h 1 + (/- I)h 2 ,
.:" qr = hI + (f - 1) h 2 - fh 7 :::: 2980 + 8,84.320 - 9,84.296 ::::
..; :::: 2900 K.D. :;C/Kr.
"
: . YAeJIbHaH TenJIOBaH HarpY3Ka KOHAeHcaTopa
]:, q}( = h 1 - h 8 :::: 2980 - 550 = 2430 KlbK/Kr.
,,,' llapaMeTpbl napa, OTBOAIiMoro Ii3 IiCnapmeJIH:
i,l' t l 3 :::: 5°C; P13 = 6,5 MM pT. CT. :::: 0,000868 Mila; L = 0; h 13 ::::
:'\ ':::: 2930 !:lbK/Kr.
YAeJlbHaH xorroAonpoIi3Bo):U!TeJlbHOCTb
'qo :::: h 13 - h 9 :::: 2930 - 550 = 2380 KlbK/Kr.
" YAeJJbHOe KOJlJol1leCTBO Tenna, OTBeAeHHoro B a6cop6epe,
I.l
qa+/hs:::: (f-l)h 4 +h I3 ,
:_ q'a :::: (f - 1) h 4 - fh 5 + h 13 :::: 8,84 . 262 - 9,84 . 243 + 2930 ::::
.
 :::: 2850 KlbK/Kr.
II
I
 I '
qn :::: qr + qo :::: 2900 + 2380 = 5280 KlbK/Kr;
I,
TenJlOBOH 6aJJaHC YCTaHOBKIi:
nogBeAeHHoe TeTIJIO
oTBegeHHoe TeIDIO
\ qO.T = q}( + qa :::: 2430 + 2850 = 5280 KlbK/Kr;
qn = qO.T'
57

KOJIWleCTBO I1.HPKYJIHpYlOwero XJI3}J.areHTa
G g = G 13 = QO/qo = 1000/2390 = 0,42 Kr/c.
TeMnepaTypa BO)J,bl, B03BpawaeMoH OT nOTpe6HTeml:
t 12 = to + lH 0 = 5 + 3 = 8 0c.
KOJIH'IeCTBO XOJIO)J,HOH BO)J,bl, nO)J,aBaeMoH nOTpe5HTeJIIO
G IO =G I2 = Qo 1000.860 = 286T/'I (0,0795M 3 /C).
C P (t 12 - t 10 ) 1 . (8 - 5)
TenJIOBble HarpY3KH: a) reHepaTopa Qr = Gqr = 0,42.2900
1220 KBT; 6) KOH)J,eHcaTopa QK = 0,42 . 2430 = 1020 KBT; B) TenJIO-
06MeHHHKa QTO = 0,42 . 514 = 21,6 KBT; r) a6cop6epa Qa = 0,42.2850 =
= 1200 KBT.
Y)J,eJIbHbrif pacxo)J, Tenrra
3 = qr/qo = 2900/2380 = 1,23.
XOJIO)J,HJIbHbIH K03<P<PHIIJleHT
€ = 1/3 = QO/Qr = 1000/1220 = 0,82.
3KCepreTH'leCKHH KI1J], YCTaHoBKH
'TIe = qO(Tq)o = 0,82- 0,0484 =0,233(::::::23%),
qr(rq)B 0,17
me (Tq) 0 = (Tfl- To.c)/TgP = (279,5 - 293)/279,5 = -13,5/279,5 =
= -0,0484; (Tq)B = (T B - To.c)/TB = (353 - 293)/353 = 60/353 = 0,17.
3A)J,A'IH
3a,u,aQa 5.1. Onpe)J,eJIHTb KpaTHocTb I1.HpKymlIJ:HH pacTBopa B BO)J,oaM-
MHa'IHOH a6cop6lJ,HOHHOH YCTaHOBKe, eCJIH H3BeCTHO, 'lT0 TeMnepaTypa
HcnapeHHfl XJIa)J,areHTa COCTaBJIfleT to = -10 °e, TeMnepaTypa KOH)J,eHCalJ,HH
H ac60p6lJ,HH t K = t a = 25 °e, TeMnepaTypa reHepaUHH t r = 150 °e.
3a)J,aQa 5.2. Onpe)J,eJIHTb HHTepBaJI )J,era3aUIDf H KpaTHOCTb UHPKYJIflUHH
B BO)J,oaMMHa'IHOH a6cop6UHOHHOM YCTaHOBKe, ecnM TeMnepaTypa HcnapeHHfl
xna)J,areHTa to = -20 °e, TeMnepaTypa OXJIa)!()J,alOweH BO)J,bl Ha BXO)J,e B anna-
paThI t B 2 = to. c = 20 0 e H Ha BbIXO)J,e H3 HHX t B I = 25 °e, TeMnepaTypa
TenJIOHOCHTeJIfl t s = 145°e, MMHHMaJIbHble pa3HOCTH TeMnepaTYP B annapa-
TaX  t = 5 0c.
3a)J,llQa 5.3. Onpe)J,eJIHTb y)J,enbHYIO XOJIO)J,onpOM3BO)J,HTeJIbHOCTb H y)J,eJIb-
HblM pacxo)J, TenJIa Ha Bblpa60TKY XOJIo)J,a B a6cop6UHOHHOM BO)J,oaMMHa'lHOM
YCTaHOBKe, y KOTOpOM TeMnepaTypa reHepaUHH t r = 130 o e, TeMnepaTypa
KOH)J,eHcalJ,HH H a6cop6UID1 t K = t a = 25 °e, TeMnepaTypa HcnapeHHH XJIa)J,a-
reHTa to = -10 °e, 3KCepreTH'IeCKMH KI1J], YCTaHOBKH 'TIe = 0,5.
58

'J
u"

38J].a'la 5.4. OnpeAeJUlrb 3KceprerH'IecKHH Kil.u a6cop6ll,HoHHoH BOAO-
aMMHa'IHOH ycraHoBKH, pa60ralOIl\eH B cneAYlOIl\eM pe)KHMe: reMneparypa
HcnapeHHH xnaAareHra to = -15 °e, reMneparypa xn8)J.OHOCHremt Ha BxoAe
B HcnapHrenb t HI = l°e H Ha BbIXO,lJ;e H3 Hero t HZ = -8 ce, reMneparypa
reHepaHH t r = 1000e, reMneparypa KOH,lJ;eHCaHH t O.c == 20°C. Xorro-
)J.JUIbHblH K034>4>HHeHr ycraHoBKH € = 0,4.
3a)J.8'1a 5.5. Onpe,lJ;enHrb 3KCepreTH'IeCKHH Kil.n. BO;J;oaMMHa'lHOH a6-
COpOll,HOHHOH ycraHoBKH, y KoropoH reMneparypa HcnapeHHfI xna,lJ;areHra
to = -20 °e, reMneparypa KOH,lJ;eHcaHH t K = 25 ce, reMneparypa a6cop6-
WlH t a = 20 °e, reMneparypa reHepall,HH t r = 100 0 e.
3aAa'la 5.6. BO;J;oaMMHa'IHafi oAHocryneH'Iarafi a6cop6HoHHafi xono-
AHJIbHafi ycraHoBKa HMeer xonO,lJ;OrrpOR3BOnHrerrbHocrb Q 0 = 1500 KBr.
" TeMneparypa xn8)J.OHOCHrenH Ha BbIXO,lJ;e H3 ycraHoBKH t H2 = -15 (Ha
BXO,lJ;e t H 1= -10 °e), reMneparypa oxna)K;J;alOIl\eH BO,lJ;bl Ha BXO,lJ;e B anna-
parbl t B 2 = 20 0 e R Ha BbIXO,lJ;e H3 HHX t B I = 30°C. .n.aBJIeHHe rpelOIl\erO
cyxoro HaCblIIleHHoro napa p == 0,6 Mila. KOHe4Hbie pa3HocrH reMneparyp
1 B HcnapHreJIe tH = 5 °e, B KOH,lJ;eHCarOpe t K = 5 °e, B a6cop6epe t a =
"::= 5°e, B reHeparope t r = 8°e, B oxna,lJ;Hrene H renJI006MeHHHKe t no =
::= t ro = 10 °e, B ne<pnerMarope t lJ. = 15°C.
_, Onpe,lJ;eJIHrb napaMerpbl B xapaKrepHblx rO'lKaX npoecca, rennOBble
'. Harpy3KR annaparoB, y,lJ;enbHblH pacxo,lJ; renJIa, XOJIO,lJ;RmHbIH K03<P<PHHeHr
H 3KCepreTH'IeCKHH Kil.n. ycraHoBKH.
3aAaqa 5.7. O,lJ;HOcryneH'Iarafi BOnOaMMHa'lHaH a6cop6u.HoHHaH ycra-
I BOBKa HMeer CJIe,lJ;YlOIl\YlO xapaKrepHCTHKY: XOJIO,lJ;OnpOH3BO,lJ;HremHOcrb
r Qo = 750 KBr, reMneparypa xnanOHOCHreJIH Ha BbIXO,lJ;e H3 HCnapHTenH
I. t H2 == -35°e (Ha BXO,lJ;e t HI == -15), reMneparypa oXJIa)KAalOIl\eH BO,lJ;bl
I Ha BXO,lJ;e B annaparbI t B 2 = 20 0 e H Ha BbIXO,lJ;e H3 HHX t B I = 25 °e, reMne-
'i parypa rpelOIl\erO napa t s == 179 °e, KOHe'lHble pa3HOCTH reMneparyp B Hcna-
I!' pHrene, KOHneHcarope, a6cop6epe t H == t K == t a == 5 °e, B reHeparope
!'" t. t r == 9°e, B OXna,lJ;Hrene H renn006MeijHHKe  t no ==  t TO == 10 °e, B ,lJ;e-
lcI>JIerMarope t lJ. == 15 °e.
Onpe,lJ;enHTb napaMerpbl B xapaKrepHblX rO'lKaX, rrocrpoHB npou.ecc
B h, -AHarpaMMe, a raK)Ke rerrflOBble Harpy3KH annaparoB, y;J;eJIbHblH
pacxoA renna, XonO)J,HJ1bHblH K03cpcpHll,HeHr H 3KCepreTH'IeCKHH Kil.n. ycra-
HOBKH.
3a)J.8'1a 5.8. OAHocryneH'IaraH BOAOaMMHa'lHafi a5cop6HoHHafi ycraHoB-
Ka HMeer xonoAonpOH3BO,lJ;HreITbHocrb Qo == 10 6 KKan/'I == 1163 KBr. TeMne-
parypa paccona Ha BXOne B HcnapHrenb t HI = -18 °e H Ha BblXOne H3 Hero
t H2 == -25°C, reMneparypa oxna)K,lJ;alOIIleH BOAbl Ha BXO,lJ;e B KOH,lJ;eHCarOp,
,lJ;ecpnerMarop H a6cop6ep t B 2 == 20 0 e, a Ha BblxoAe H3 HHX t B I == 30 0 e,
reMneparypa rpelOIl\erO napa t s == 158°C (p == 0,6 Mila). KOHe'lHble pa3-
HocrH reMneparyp B HcnapHrene tH == 3°e, B KOH,lJ;eHCarOpe H a6cop6epe
t K == t a = 5°e, B reHeparope t r =" 8°e, B OXna,lJ;Hrene t no ::=
== 8°e, B renrroo6MeHHHKe t TO == 10 0 e, B n;e<pnerMarope t lJ. == t 2 -
- t B I == 15°C.
59

Ollpe,n:enHrb rennOBble HaI'pY3KH allllaparOB, y)J.enbHblH pacxo,n: renna,
xonO)J.MbHblH K03qxpnUlieHr Ii 3KcepI'erli'leCKHH KrIll: ycraHoBKH.
3aa3'f3 5.9. OllpeAerrMrb IiHrepaan ,.eI'a3aUIiH H B03MO)f(HOCrb pa60rbl
oaHocrYlleH'IaTOH BOa03MMHa'lHOH a6cop6UHOHHOH ycraHoBKH )J.nfl cne,n:ylO-
umx ycnoBMl1: -reMllepaTypa HCllapeHHfI xna,n:aI'eHra to = -33 DC, reMrre-
parypa a6cop6UHH t a = t O.C = 20 DC, reMneparypa KOHAeHcallliH t K = 30 DC,
reMrreparypa reHepaUHH t r = 90 DC.
3a.aaqa 5.10. )LrIfI YCJIOBHH, rrpHBe,n:eHHblx B 3aAaqe 5-9, orrpeAenlITb
HHrepBaJIbI n;ernaUHH H KparHocTH IUfPKYJIflllMIi pacrBopa B BepxHeH H HH)J(-
HeH CTyneHHx JIRyxCTyneHqarOH BOAOaMMHa'IHoif KOMnpeccHoHHOH ycraHoB-
KH. 3HaqeHlie rrpOMe)l(YTO'IHOI'O AaBJIeHHfI Prr = V PKPo'
3anaqa 5.11. D:ayxcryneHttaTafl BOAOaMMHa'lHafl a6cop611HoHHafi ycra-
HOBKaHMeeT xonoAonpoH3BoAHrenbHocrb Qo = 1000 KBr. TeMnepaTypa
HCllapeHHH XJIaAareHTa to = -33 DC; TeMnepaTypa a6cop611HH t a = 2S DC,
reMneparypa reHepallHH t r = 100 DC. MHHHMaJJbHble pa3HOCTH reMneparyp
B rennoo6MeHHHKax paCTBopa !1t TO = 10 DC, B oxnaAlITeJIe xna,n:aI'eHra
!1t rro = 10 DC. TeMrrepaTypa napOB H3 BblXOAe H3 AecpnerMaropoB Ha 10 ce
Bblme t K' OnpeAenHTb TellJIOBble HarpY3KH arrnaparoB, YAenbHbIH pacxoA
:mepnm, xono)J.HJIbHbIH K03cpcpHUHeHT H 3KcepreTliQeCKHH Knll: ycraHoBKH.
33A3qa 5.12. D:ayxcrynell'laTafi BOAOaHMHa'lHaH a6cop6UHoHHafi xono-
)J.MbHaH YCTaHoBKa HMeer crre;J,yIOUlYIO xapaKTepHCTHKY: I'pelOlUHH renno-
HOCHrenb - - BO)J.a c TeMneparYPoH t B = 70 DC; xonoAonpoK3BOJJ;HTenbHOCTb
YCTaHOBKH Q 0 = 1163 KBr. reMneparypa IicnapeHHfI xnaAareHTa to =
= - 25 ce, pa3HocTb TeMnepaTYP B HcnapHrene !1 t H = 10 DC, TeMrreparypa
KOH,n:eHcal{HH H aocop6UHH t K = t a = 25 DC, reMnepaTypa napOB Ha BbIXO,n:e
H3 ,n:ecpnerMaTOpOB t n = t K + 10 DC, MHHHMaJJbHaR pa3HOCTb reMneparyp
B rerrJI006MeHHHKax pacTBopa !1t TO = 10 DC If B oxrraJJ;lITene xrran;arema
!1 t rro = 10 Dc.
Ollpe,n:enHTb napaMeTpbI B XapaKTepHblX TO'IKaX, nOCTpOHB npou;ecc
B h, -,n:HarpaMMe, H paCC'lliraTh TennOBbIe HarpY3KH anrraparOB, XOIIO.lJ,Mb-
RbI" K03cpcpHUHeHr H 3KcepI'erH'IeCKHM Knll: ycraHOBKH.
3a.n:aqa 5.13. Bo,n:oaMMHa'lHafi a6cop6u,HoHHaH XOnO.lJ,MbH3H ycraHoBKa
nepHOAH'leCKOrO AeifcTBlifi HMeeT cneAYIOUlYIO xapaKTepHcrHKY: xono,n:o-
rrpOH3BOAHTenbHOCTb Qo = 2S KBr, -reMilepaTYpa paccona Ha BXOAe B Hcna-
pHrenb t HI = -1 S DC Ii Ha Bblxo,n:e H3 Hero t H2 = -20 DC, reMlleparypa oxna)J(-
,n:alOmeM BOAbI Ha BXOAe B anrraparbI t B2 = t O.C = 20 DC H Ha BbIXOAe H3 HHX
t Bl = 2S ce, reMTIeparypa rpelOUleI'o napa t s = 148 DC, KOHe'lHbIe pa3HocrH
TeMrreparyp B HcnapHrene !1t H = S DC, B KOHAeHcarope !1t K = 5 DC, B aGcop-
6epe!1t a = 5 DC, B reHeparOpe !1tT: = 8 DC, B AecpnerMarope !1t n = 15 DC.
OnpeAenHrb napaMerpbI B TO'lKaX rrpouecca, rennOBbIe HarpY3KH arrrra-
paTOB. xono,n:HnhHbIM K03cpcpHIIHeHr, YAeJIbHbIH pacxo,n: reTIna  3KceprerH-
qeCKHH KrIn ycraHOBKH.
3a,n:aQa 5.14. BOAOaMMHa'IHafi a6cop61UfoHHaH XOnOAHJIbHaH YCTaHOBKa
nepHoAwlecKoro ,n:eilcTBHH HMeer cneAYlOUlYIO xapaKreplicTHKY: xonOAO-
npoH3Bo,QHreJIbHOCTb Q 0 = 116,3 KJ])K/C, reMneparypa paccona Ha BXOAe-

,
'II HcnaplfTCrrb t HI == -10°(' If Ha BbIXO)J.C 1f3 HCro t"2 == -30°e. TCMflcpa-
fypa ox.na)K)J.310IlJcii BO)J.bl lIa BXO)J.C B aflnapaTbl t a 2 == t o . c = 20°(' If 11;1
BbIXO)J.C 1f3 HHX tal == 30°C. TCMflcpaTypa rpc}(JllJcro napa t == 140°e,
tcOHCqHblC pa3HOCTlf TCMrrcparyp B IfcflaplfTcIIc D.t H = 3°(', B KOII)J.CHC:JTOPC,
reHeparope If a6cop6cpc D.t K == D.t r == D.t a == 5°(', B )J.ecpIIcrM3Topc D.t JJ. =
::: 15°('.
Onpe)J.cIIIfTb flap3McTpbl B TOqKaX flpOl.(CCCa, TcnIIOBblC HarpY3KIf anna-
. paTOB, XOIIO)J.lfIIbHbIH K03cpcplflJ.HeHT, y)J.CIIbHbIH pacxo)J. TcnIIa If 3KccprcTlf-
1IeCKHH Knn: ycraHOBKlf.
. - 3a)J.atta 5.15. EPOMIfCTO-JlIfTIfCBaH a6cop6l.(lfOHHaH YCTaIlOBKa IfMCCT
bIe)J.Y}(JIlJY}(J xapaKTcpIfCTHKY: XOIIO)J.onpoIf3BO)J.lfTCJlbHOCTb Q 0 == 500 KBT,
TeMrrcparypa XOIIO)J.HOH BO)J.b1 (XIIa)J.arCHTa) to == 3°(', TCMflcpaTypa rpc}(J-
meH BO)J.b1 t B == 70°(', rCMrrcparypa OXIIa)K)J,a}(JillcM BO)J.b1 H3 BXO)J.C B anna-
paTbl t B2 == {o.c == 15°(' If lIa BbIXO)J.C H3 HIfX tal == ]70c. KOHCqHblC pa3-
HOCrH TCMrrcparyp: B KOH)J.CHcaropc D.t K == 5°C, 13 a6cop6cpc D.t a == 3°C.
a CHCTeMC nOTpc6IICHlfH D.t 0 == t 12 - t (j == 3°(', B TcnJloo6MCIIHHKC D.t TO ==
= l!.t 6 _ 3 == 10°C, B rCHcparopc l!.t r == 5°C.
Orrpe)J.cIIIfTb napaMcTpbl B xapaKTcpHbIX TOqKaX npol.(ecca, TCnJlOBblC
lUrpY3KIf (MOIlJHOCTIf) annaparoB, y)J.eIIbHblH pacxo)J. TcnIIa, XOJIO)J,lfJIbHbIH
tcOJcpcplfIUfCHT If 3KCCprCmqCCKlfH Knn: YCTaHoBKIf.
3aA3tta 5.16. XOIIO)J,lfJIbHbIM arCHrOM If a6cop6cHT0M O)J,HocTynCHqaTOH
a6cop6[UfOHHOH XOIIO)J,IfIIbHOH YCTaHOBKIf CIIY)l(aT COOTBCTCTBCHHO BO)J,a
B' 6poMlfcrblH JlHTIfH. XOIIoD;orrpoH3Bo)J,IfTCJlbHOCTb YCTaHOBKIf Q 0
= 1163 KBT npH TCMrrcpaTYpc XOIIO)J,HOH BO)J,bl to == t lO == 2°C. TCMncpaTypa
Tpe}(JIlJCH BO)J.bl t B == 95 0(', rCMncpaTypa oXIIa)K)J,aJollJcii BO)J,bl Ha BXO)J,C
B arrrraparbl t B2 == t o.c == 20°C If Ha BbIXO)J.C 1f3 HIfX {B 1 == 25°C. KOHCqHblC
pa3HOCTif -TcMncparyp B KOH)J,cHcaropc l!.t K == 5°C. B a6cop6cpc l!.t a ==
= 6°C, B rCHcparopc D.t r == 5°e, B rCnJl006MCHHlfKC D.t TO = 10 °e, B CIfCTC-
Me rrorpc6IIeHHH t:. to == t 12 - to == 3 0c.
Onpc)J,cmub napaMcrpbl B xapaKrcpHbIx TOqK3X npOl.(CCC3, nOCTpolfB
Dpollecc B h, -)J.lfarpaMMc, If paCCQlfraTb MOIlJHOCrlf 3rrnap3roB, y)J,CIIbHbIH
pacxo)J, renIIa, XOJlO)J.lfJlbHbIH K03<f>CPlflllfcHr H 3KcCprCTlfQCCKHH Knn: YCTa-
BOBKlf.
3aA3tta 5.17. )\(.oJlo)J.orrpoH3Bo)J,HTCIIbHOCTb a6cop611HOHHOH 6pOMHCTO-
HTHCBOii ycraHoBKH Qo == 116,3 KBr nplf rCMncparypc XO.nO)J,HOH BO)J,bl
to = t I 0 = 5°e, TCMrrcparypa rpe}(JIlJCH BO)J.bl t B == 75°C, rCMrrcpaTypa
OXIIa)K)J,3}(JIlJCH BO)J.bl Ha BXO)J.e B annaparbl t a2 = t o . c == 20°C If H3 BbIXO)J,C
113 HHX tal = 27 0e, VOICQHbIC pa3HocrH rCMrrcparyp B KOH)J,CHcaropc D.t K =
== 3°C, B a6cop':!epc D.t a == 8°C, B rCHcpaTopc D.t r = 5°(', B TerrIIoo6MCH-
IDIKc D. t TO = 10°C, B ClfcrCMC rrorpc6IIcHHH D.t 0 = t I2 - to = 3°C.
Orrpe)J,CJlHTb rrapaMcTpbl B xapaKTcpHblX TO'IKax rrpOllccca, MOIlJHOCTIf
anrraparoB, y)J,eJlbHblH pacxo)J, TcrrIIa, XOIIO)J.lfJlbHbIH K03cpcpHllHcHr H 3KCCp-
reTHttCCKHH Knn: YCTaHOBKH.
I,

rnaBa WeCTaR
CTPYIIIHblE TPAHCCIIOPMATOPbl TEnI1A
nPHMEPbl
npHMep 6.1. Onpe,!!,emfTb CKOpOCTb nOTOKa B03,!!,yxa B KOHl.\e ero H30-
:mTponHoro paClllHpeHHH OT ,!!,aBJIeHHH P T = 0,70 Mna ,!!,O p = 0,15 Mna.
TeMnepaTypa B03,!!,yxa B 3aTOpMO)f{eHHOM COCTOHHHH T T = 20°C = 293 K.
PemeHHe. KpHTH'lecT'-'1fT CKOpOCTb B03,!!,yxa
a* -= !2k RT = J2k R JT:= j   287 1 ..j293 =
yk+l T k+1 T 1,4+1 '
= 18,3 . 17,1 = 313 M/c,
r,!!,e k - nOK a3aTeJIb a,!!,Ha oaTbl, P:JTH B03,!1,yxa H ,!I,pyrHx ,!I,ByxaToMHblx ra30B
k = 1,4 H v' 2kl (k + 1) = 1,08; R - ra30BaH nOCTOHHHaH, ,!I,JIH B03,!1,yxa
R = 287,1 J.])K/(Kr. K).
OrHocHTeJIbHOe ,!I,aBJIeHHe
rr = plp T = 1,5/70 = 0,0214.
no Ta5JIHl.\aM ra30,!l,HHaMH'IeCKHX <PYHKl.\HM no k H rr onpe,!l,el1HeM npHBe-
,!I,eHHYIO CKOpOCTb
'A=W a la*=2.
I1CKoMaH a,!l,Ha6aTHaH CKOpOCTb nOTOKa
W a = 'Aa* = 2.313 = 616 M/c.
npHMep 6.2. Onpe,!l,eJIHTb ,!I,aBJIeHHe TOpMO)f{eHHH PT H CKOpOCTb B03-
,!I,yxa B 'KoHll,e ero H30JHTponHoro paclllHpeHHH ,!I,O )J,aBJIeHHH p = 0,1 Mna,
eCJIH H3BeCTHO, '1TO B KOHl.\e paclllHpeHHH OH HMeeT TepMo,!!,HHaMH'lecKYIO
TeMnepaTYPY T = 150°C, npH'IeM BbIXO;:J;Hoe Ce'leHHe nOTOKa B 3 pa3a oom-
me KpHTH'IeCKoro.
PemeHHe. no OTHOllleHHIO Ce'leHHH q = f Jf =  "" 0,3, nOJIb3YHCb Ta6-
3
JIHl.\aMH ra30,!l,HHaMH'IeCKHX <PYHKl.\HH ,!I,JIH cBepXKpHTH'IeCKOrO Te'leHHH
('A > 1), HaXO,!l,HM 3Ha'IeHHH OTHOCHTeJIbHbIX TeMnepaTypbl 1, ;:J;aBJIeHHH 7T,
CKOpOCTH 'A:
1 = T/TT = 0,398; 7T = PIPT = 0,0399; 'A = 1,9.
3Ha'leHHe TeMnepaTypbl TOpMO)f{eHHH
TT = T/1 = 15010,398 = 7,77 K.
3Ha'leHHe ,!I,aBJIeHMH TOpMO)f{eHHH
n T = PI7T = 0,1/0,0399 = 2,5 Mna.
62

1"£
:;.' KpIITJf'leCKaH CKOpOCTb
';11. = 18,3. "; TT = 18,3..;377= 355 M/c.
Af)cOITlOTHaH CKOpOCTb !l0ToKa B KOHlJ,e paclimpeHHH
W = Aa* = 1,9 . 355 = 675 M/c.
llpuMep 6.3. OnpeneITHTb MaKCI1MaJlbHO nOCTlI)I(lIMblH K03cpcplIlJ,Ue1IT
}fH)I(eKlJ,HH H 3KcepreTwlecKHH KI1D: CTPYHHOro KOMnpeccopa, eCITH 3a-
118HbI napaMeTpbl paoo'lero II UH)I(eKTHpyeMoro nOTOKOB BonHHOro napa:
'pp = 2,0 Ml1a; t p = 300°C; v = 0,128 M 3 /Kr; hp = 3150 K/Kr; PH =
:::; 0,2 Ml1a; t H = 150°C; v H = 0,98 M 3 /Kr; h H = 2770 K/Kr.
D:aBneHHe napa Ha BbIXOne H3 KOMnpeccopa Pc = 0,4 Ml1a. I1pu paC'IeTe
npHHKTb k p = k H = 1,3 II R = 462 D:)I(I (Kr . K).
, PeweHHe. KpI1TI1'1eCKUe CKOpOCTU pa50'lero U !1H)I(eKTupyeMoro no-
TOKOB:
a * = J 2k ..; R T P = . /2 . 1.3 V 462 . 573 = 1,063 . 21,5 . 23,9 =
,P k + I V 2,3
= 545 M/c;
'Iu* = 22,8."; T H = 22,8..J423 = 469 M/c.
I .
OTHOrneHI1e KpI1TU'leCKux CKopocTeH
;Y8 = a H * la p * = 469/545 = 0,86; live = 1/0,86 = 1,16.
110 BeJIII'II1He 1T p . H = PH/p p = 0,2/2,0 = 0,1 nocpenCTBOM nOJTI1lJ, ra30-
p,HHaMH'leCKHX cpYHKlJ,UH onpenenKeM: A p . H == ],77; q p.H = 0,49.
I1poBepHeM B03MO)I(HOCTb pa60Tbl KOMnpeccopa no npuBeneHHoH
iMaccoBOH CKOpOCTII q c3 = (Pp/Pc) qps.
ITo 1T ps = (PH/Pp) 1T H * = 1TpHI* = 0,] . 0,546 = 0,0546 onpenenKeM
.gps = 0,326. Torna 3Ha'leHlIe napaMeTpa qc3 = Pp/Pcqps =:: 2,0/0,4 .0,326 =
,= 1,63. TaK KaK nOJTY'leHHoe 3Ha'leHUe QC3 > ], TO pa60Ta KOMnpeccopa
B03MO)I(Ha npu mooblx 3Ha'IeHUHX q c 3, KOTopble no cpU3H'leCKOMY cMblcny
napaMeTpa tt c3 MorYT HaxOnlITbCH TOJIbKO B UHTepBarre OT ° no 1.
D:wee npoBOnUM paC'IeT, 3anaBaHCb pHnOM 3Ha'leHUH AC3 II 1Tc3' l1ycTb
"-C3 = 1; 1Tc3 = 0,546. .
HaxonuM K03cpcpHlJ,HeHT UH)I(eKlJ,HU npu BTOpOM npeneJIbHOM pe)l(UMe
PH PH
(Unp)2 =
Pc qc3 P p qps
PH 1
1---
Pc qcs
1
F
0,2
0,4
1 0.2 1
-.-
1 2,0 0,326 X
0,2 1
1- -'-
0,4 1
X 1 = 0,386 °
' = ,45.
0,86 0,86
63
,
l

.IJ:aJIee onpegeJIHeM napaMeTp q H2:
ll,,/e
qH2 = (1 + lhie) PH
PH ---
Pc qc3 Pp qpH
0,45 . 0,857
0,2 (1 + 0,45 . 0,86) 0,2
- --
0,4 1 2,0
rgeu = (Unp)2'
no n6mn.(aM ra30gHHaMH4eCKHX cpYHKlUdi npH q H2 = 0,792 HaxogHM
A H 2 = 0,57; :'r H 2 = 0,829.
OnpegenHeM 3Ha4eHHH K03cpcpHUl1eHTOB CKOpOCTH K 1, K 2, K 3 H K 4 :
K 1 = 'Pl'P2'P3 = 0,95 .0,975 . 0,9 = 0,833,
K 2 = 'P2'P3'P4 = 0,975.0,9. 0,925 = 0,812,
1
0.49
0,792,
=
Pc ("C3 - ::' )
K 3 = 1 + <{)3 -
Pp kp"p" '-C3Qp.H
( ° 546 _ 0,2 )
° 4 ' 0,4
= 1+09----'-
, 2,0 1,3.0,546. 1 .0,49
= 1,024,
= 1 + 0 9 0,4
, 0.2
("c3 - lI'c2)
kpll'p"AC3QH2
(0,546 - 0,414)
1,3. 0,546' 1 . 0,792
= 1,422,
Pc
K 4 = 1 + 'P3 -
I'H
T a 6 JI H U a 6.1. PaclJer AOCmJKH
Ac3 q c3 "c3 (llnp) 2 I
u QH2 A H 2
1,0 1,0 0,546 0,45 0,45 0,792 0,57
0,9 0,9884 0, 61 94 Q,47 0.47 0,795 0,58
0,8 0,9533 0.6854 0,53 0,53 0,821 0,61
0,7 0,895 0,7511 0,665 0,665 0,852 0.65
- - - 0,572 D,78 0,57
- - - 0.563 0,773 0,56
0,6 0,8145 0,812 0,926 0,926 D.884 0.68
- - - 0,602 D,701 0,5
- - - I 0.556 0,678 0.47
- - - 0.54 0,667 0,46
- - - 0,537 0.665 0,46
M3 11I6I1Hl.lbl BHtuJO. 'ITO IIOCTH)/(HMbll! K03Q><I>HUH1IT "H)/(KUHH U = 0.563
64

, : -ne
1I'c2 =
l
P2
Pc
P2 PH
PH Pc
PH 02
1T H 2 - ';" 0,829. ---2- = 0,414.
Pc 0,4
Ll.OCTH)I(HMbIH KOJcpqHfI.(HeHT HH)I(eKI.(HH
','uv o =
K ji\p2 - K3i\c3
K4i\c3 - K 2 i\H2
, JfJIH
:: Kji\PH - K31\C3
citl = --..
K4i\C3 - K 2 i\H2
I
,;0
0.833' 1,77 - 1.024 . I
----
1.422. I - 0,812' 0,57
I
= 0,545.
0,86
ITOCKOJIbKY (u np) 2 = 0,45 MeHbllIe H3iineHHoro 3H3'1eHHH U, TO B pe-
, a1IbHbIX ycrroBHHX norrY'lHTb U = 0,545 HeB03MO)l(HO. IT03TOMY 3an3eMCK
,IQ)ynrMH 3H3'1eHHHMH AC3 (0,9; 0,8; 0,7 11 T. n.) C l.(eJIblO YBeJIl1'1eHHH
I(Unp)2'
Pe3YJIbT3Tbl p3C'IeTOB CBeneHbl B T36JI. 6.1 11 H3 I1X OCHOBe nOCTpoeH
rpacpHK H3 pl1c. 6.1.
H3 rp3cpl1Ke pl1c. 6.1 rrOK333Hbl 33BHCHMOCTIi (unph I1U OT Ac3' TO'lK3
pepeCe'leHI1H Kpl1BblX (u np) 2 H U orrpeneJIHeT OTlTHMiL1bHoe 3Ha'leHl1e rrpHBe-
):J;eHHOH anl1a6aTHOH CKOpOCTH AC3 B KaMepe CMellIeHHH.
YneJIbH3H JKCepnm pa6ol.iero norOKa
':ep=hp-ho.c- To.c(sp-so.c) =3150-84-293 (6,72-0,30)=
= 1160 K/Kr.
MOI'O K03ljxpHlIHetlTa HH1KeKlIHH
, 1T H 2 1T c 2 K3 K4 fl PaC'leTHOe
II
3Ha'leJ-jHe
-"
0,829 0.414 1,024 1.422 0.545 0.45
0,823 0.412 1.068 1.73 0.551 0.47
0,806 0,403 1.12 2.08 0.559 0.53
" 0,782 0.391 1.185 2.53 0,572 }
!: 0,83 0.415 1,185 2,56 0,563 0.563
0,8344 0,417 1.185 2.56 I 0,563
,L 0.763 ° 3815 1,27 3.06 0, 602 1
I'
:1 0.8662 0.4331 1,27 3.25 O.55b J 0,537
0.88 0.44 1.27 3,32 0.54
I 0.8851 0.442 1 27 3,34 0,537
0.8851 0.442 1.27 2.34 0.537
- -
65
La-6734

1
u.j (u.
0,9
D,B
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,1f
0,3


nph ,
,,(U np )2
\
U -
7 f', --.
..... .......,
I




PI1C. 6.!. 3aBI-ICI1MOCTb 113MCHCIll1H U 11 (U np ) 2 DT
AC3 cTpyiilloro KOMopeccopa


YJJ,eJIbHaH JKCepnm I1H)f(eKTI1pyeM0ro
nOT0Ka


('H = 2770 - 84 - 293 (7,3 - 0,3)
= 636 K.I1;K/Kr.
3HTaJIbnI1H C)I(aToro nOTOKa


h =
C


II p + ull H
1 +01/


0,2 0 ,3 0,1i- 0,5 0,6 D,7 0,8 AC3 1


3150 + 0,563 .2770
1 + 0,563
YJJ,eJIbHaH 3Kcepnm C)I(aTOro nOTOKa


= 3013 K.I1;K/Kr.


e C = 3013 - 84 - 293 (7.47 - 0,3) = 828,19 K.I1;K/Kr.
3KcepreTliqeCKm1 KnlJ. cTpyihwro KOMllpeccopa


l/(ee-e n )
TIe =
ep-e c


0,563 (828,19 636)
1160 - 828,19


108,203
::
331,81


= 0,326 (
33%).
llpHMep 6.4. OllpeJJ,emlTb OCHOBHbIe reoMeTpwlecKHe pa3Mepbl napo-
CTpYHHoro KOMnpeccopa C paCXOJJ,OM pa6oqero napa G p = 450 Kr/q =
= 0,125 Kr/c. napaMeTpbI pa6oQero I1 I1H)f(eKTI1pyeMoro napa: Pp = 2.0 Mna;
t p = 300 "C; v p = 0,128 M 3 /Kr; h p = 3150 K.I1;K/Kr; PH :: 0,2 Mna;
t H = ISO °C; v H = 0,98 M 3 /Kr; h H = 2770 K.I1;K/Kr.
.1JaBJIeHI1e nocne KOMnpeccopa Pc = 0,4 M na.
PeweHHe. K03<P<PHUI1eHT I1H)I(eKll,HI1 I1 3HaQeHI1H ra30JJ,I1HaMHQeCKHx
<PYHKUI1H B3HTb H3 npI1Mepa 6.3.
_ Heo6x
JJ,I1MbI
 napaMeT
bl J!!
 npI1
epa
3):.u =
563;. a p * :-
- 545 M/c, a H * - 469 M/c, yO
 0,86, 1T p . lI - 0,1, A p . H - 1,77. qP.H-
= 0,49; AC3 = 0,75; qe3 = 0,9; A H 2 -= 0,56; qH2 = 0,77.
nnOIll.aJJ,b 11 JJ,I1aMeTp KpHTH'leCKoro CelJeHHjJ pa6olIero COIlJIa:
Gpa p * 0,125' 545
f =- = =0(X)(X)48 M 2 ;
p* kp1Tp,JIp 1.3'0,546'2000000 '
d p *=
= j 4 . 0,000048 = 0,00782 M
 7,8 MM.
3,14
OTHOIlIeHI1e nnOIll.aJJ,eH BbIxoJJ,Horo H KpHTHlIecKoro CeQemlH pa6olfero
conJIa


fp1lf p * = l/qp\ = l/qp.H = 1/0,49 = 2,04.
nJIOIll.aJJ,b I1 JJ,I1aMeTp BblXO.r:\Horo CeQeHHH pa6oQero COIlJIa:


66




f{PI
 2, 04. {p,
 2,04. 0,000048
 0,000098 M';
r; d pt = j 4. 0,000098 = 0,0112 M = 11,2 MM.
3,14
OTHOrnem-le nnornaAeH BbIXOAHOr<' ti KpHTH'leCKOro CeqeHI1H KaMepbI CMe.
meHI1H


A = Pp (I + u ..ji )
fp* PeQe3


2,0 (I + 0,563.0,86) = 8,3.
0,4' 0,895


flnornaAb H AHaMeTp BbIXOAHorO CelfeHI1H KaMepbl CMerneHI1H:
rh = 8, 3. I p * = 8,3 . 0,000048 = 0,000398 M 2 ,
. d 3 = j 4 '0,000398 = 0,0225 M = 22,S MM.
3,14


OTHorneHHe nrrOll.\aAeH BXOAHorO 11 KpI1Tl1'IeCKOrO ceqel-\HH KaMepbI CMe-
weHI1H


h
fp*


qp.H


Pp u ,jO
+--=
PH qH2


1
0,49


+
 n. 563 '0,86 = 8,3;
0,2 0,778


! P2 1I p *= 2,04; I H2 11 p * = 6,26.
.illIH II.IU1HHApHQeCKOH KaMepbl CMeUleHI1H
!21I p * = hI I p *'
)Jarree onpeAerrH1OTcH OCeBbIe pa3MepbI cTpyflHoro KOMnpeccopa.
J],rrHHa cBo6oAHOH CTPYH npH U
 0,5
037 + u 0 , 37 + 0,563

1= ' d 1 = -- .11,2=29,8MM"'='30MM,
4.4 . a 4,4 . 0,08
- f)J,e a = 0,07 -7 0,09 - OnblTHaH KOHCTaHTa.
.11.HaMeTp cBo60AHbIH CTPYIi Ha paCCTOHHI1H leI (npH U
 0,5)
d 4 = 1,55 (I +u)d 1 = 1,55. 1,563.11,2 = 27,3 MM "'=' 27 MM.


PaCCTOHHHe YCTIlHOBKH BbIXoAHoro CeQeHHH pa60Qero COlma OT BXOA-
Haro CeQeHHH KaMepbl CMeUleHI1H npH d 3 < d 4
Ie = lei + le2 = 29,8 + 2,4 = 32,2 MM,
r)J,e le2 - paCCToHHHe Me)l()J,y 14 H13'
.illIHHa KaMepbl CMerneHHH
I k = (6 -7 10)d 3 = 8. d 3 = 8 . 22,5 = 180 MM.


flnowaAb BbIXO)J,HOro CeQeHHH H AHaMeTp AHcpcpY30pa






67




f = +) = 0,125' 1,563' 0,6 = 0,00235 M 2  0,0024 M 2 ,
e Pc We 50
rlJ,e npHHHTO We = 50 M/C. ilJlOTHOCTb na c HaXO)J,HTCH no Pc = 0,4 Mila
H he = 3010 1<,1],)I</1<r; de = 4.0,0024/3,14 =0,0553 = 55,3 MM  55 MM.
.1J/IHHa )J.H<p<pY30pa
fA =( 6 -;- 7) (de - d 3 ) = 6,5 (55,3 - 22,5) = 213,2 MM 213 MM.
npHMep 6.5. ilOCTpOHTb xapa1<TepHCTHl<Y Pc = f (u) CTpYHHoro KOMI!-
peccopa, paCC'illTaHHOro B npHMepax 6.3 H 6.4.
PeweHHe. OCHoBHbIe reOMeTpH'IeCKHe COOTHOIlleHHH (no )J.aHHbIM npH'
Mepa 6.4):
fp1l!p* = 2,04; h/f p * = 8,3; h/f p * = 8,3;
f p 2/f p *= 2,04; fH2lf p * = 6,26.
PaC'IeT xapaKTepHCTHKH Be)J.eTCH no ypaBHeHHIO
 =  { 7T 2  I p 2 + 7T H 2 I H 2 + h* I p * !E X
PH 1T c3 P PH f3 13 'I' 3 13 PH
X [K1Ap2 +K 2 "..;oA H 2 - (1 +U.jO)A c 3J1.
Onpe)J.eJleHHe CooTHoIlleHHH, BXOMlUi'!X B ypaBHeHHe xapaKTepHcTHKH:
I H 2 6.26
f p2 /f3 = 2,04/8,3 = 0,246: - = - = 0,753:
f3 8.3
I p* ') f p * I
-=01...1'-=-=016'
13 "/H2 6.26 ,.
Qp2 = f p * If p 2 = f p* If p 1 = 1/2,04 = 0,49;
k1T*
'1'3
1.3.0,546
0.9
=0,79;
PplPH = 20/2 = 10; Kl =0,834: K 2 =0,812; ye=aH*la p * =0,86.
no TaGmmaM raJOIJ,HHaMH'IeCKHX <PYHKuHii:
7T p 2 = 0,1; A p 2 = 1,77.
iloCJIe nO)J.CTaHOBKH HaH)J.eHHbIx COOTHOIlleHHH nOJlY'IaeM
Pc 1 {
- = - 0,1. 10. 0,246 + 7T H 2 .0,753 + 0,79.0,121 . 10 [0,834. 1,77 -t
PH 1Tc3
+0,812. U .0,86. A H 2 - (1 + U .0,86) . A C 3J} =  f 0,246 +
1Tc3 l
+ 7T H 2 .0,753 + 0,955 [1,475 + 0,698. U . A H 2 - (1 + II .0,86) A C 3J} .
68

1 1
' )JaJlee OIlpelJ,eJIHeM CTeneHb nOBblillemUI IJ,aBJleHHH PC/PH IIpl1 pHlJ,e 3Hal/e-
,JIll" K03<p<p I1l J.l1eHTa I1Hjf(eKIJ,HH.
, . 1. II = O.
npl1 3TOM W H = 0, A H 2 = 0, 1T H 2 = ].
3alJ,aeMCH OJKHlJ,aeMblM 3Hal/eHMeM Pc = 0,45 Mna. TorlJ,a
Pp f p* . ID\ 2,0
Qc3 = - -,-- (J + lly e) = - .0.12] = 0,538.
Pc j 3 0.45
3TOMY 3Ha'leHHlO cooTBeTcTBYlOT 1Tc3 = 0.9311 A C 3= 0,35.
CTeneHb nOBblIlleHMH IJ,aBJlelffiH
Pc I j ) 2 074
f':- = - 1.0,246 +0,753 +0,955 [1,475 - 0,35] =  =2,23,
'PH 0.93 0,93
on<ylJ,a Pc = PH . 2,23 = 0,2 . 2,23 = 0,446 Mna. TaK KaK 0110 He paBHO I1pH-
1UlT0MY O)l(J1lJ,aCMOMY 3Ha'leHMlO, TO nOBTOpHeM paC 1 1eT npH Pc = 0,448 Mna.
l1MeeM:
tlc3 = o.: .0,121 = 0,54; 1Tc3 = 0,928; AC3 = 0,353;
Pc = _ j 0,246 + 0,753 + 0,955 [1,475 - 0,353] 1 =
PH 0.928 \.
Pc = PH' 2,24 = 0,2.2,24 = 0,448 Mna.
nOJlY'leHHOe 3Ha 1 IeHHe paBHo npIiHHToMY.
2. II = 0,2.
2.074
0.928
= 2,24;
OnpeAeJlHeM na paMeTp q H2 :
.'
"'i Pp f p * ;;;
qH2 =- - lly e = 10.0,16.0,2.0,86 = 0,275.
. PH f H2
no q H2 HaXO}J,l1M 1T H 2 = 0,984 H A H 2 = 0,165.
3alJ,aeMCH Pc = 0,43 Mna, TorJJ,a
Qc3 =  .0,]2] . (1 + 0,2' 0,86) = 0,66.
0,43
3TOMY 3Ha'leHHlO cooTBeTcTBYlOT 1T c 3 = 0,89 H Ad = 0,45.
CTeneHb nOBblIlleHMH IJ,aBJleHHH
Pc I {
- = - 0,246+0,984'0,753+0,955[1,475+0,698.0,2'0,165-
PH 0,89
- (1 + 0,2.0,86) .0,45]} = 2,]45,
, OTKYAa Pc = 0,2 . 2,]45 = 0,429 Mna.
,
69

fIOJIY'IeHHOe Pc MI13KO K rrpI1HJHOMY.
3. u = 0,4.
3Ha'leHi1H ra30AliHaMI1'1eCKI1X <PYHKlJ.I1H:
qH2 = 10.0,16.0,4.0,86 = 0,55; 1T H 2 = 0,925; i\H2 = 0,367.
3a):\aeMcH Pc = 0,42 MfIa, TOr,LJ,a
20
qc3 = - . 0,121 (1 + 0,4.0,86) = 0,775, 1Tc3 = 0,83411 i\c3 = 0,56.
4,2
CTerreHb rrOBbIllleHI1H J],aBJIeHI1H
Pc =  { 0,246 + 0,925 .0,753 + 0,955 [1,475 + 0,698.0,4 . 0,367-
PH 0.834
1 1,727
- (1 +0,4.0,86) '0,56] r = 0,834 =2,07.
Pc = 0,2 . 2,07 = 0,414 MfIa.
YTO'lHHeM rrpliHHToe 3Ha'leHlie ):\aBJ1eHI1R Pc' fIycTb
Pc = 0,415 MfIa.
fIpli 310M p;aBJIelllil1:
Qc3 =  .0,121 . 1,344 =- 0,78; 1Tc3 = 0,83 Ii i\c3 = 0,561.
0,415
T a 6 J1 H U. a 6.2. Pac'IeT AOCTH)l(HMOro K03ctxl1Hl1HeHTa HH*eKI.\HH
OpeABapH' K03q,q,H'
K03q,q,1t- TeJlbHO 3aAa- ra30AHHaMH'IeCKHe q,YHH PaC'leTHOe Ll,HeHT H
)I( eKIJ,HH Ha
Ll,HeHT H BaeMoe 3Ha. 3Ha'leHHe
)l(eKLI,HH U 'lame Pc' qH2 A H 2 1T H 2 Qc3 AC3 1Tc3 Pc' MOa npeAeJllr
HOM pe)l(ll-
MOa Me (Unp}z
0 0,45 0 0 1 0,5 38 0,93 0,35 0,446
0,448 0 0 1 0.54 0,928 0.353 0,448
0,2 0,43 0,275 0.165 0.984 0.66 0,45 0.89 0,429
0,4 0.42 0,55 0.367 0.925 0.775 0,56 0,834 0,414 0.608
0,415 0,55 0,367 0.925 0.78 0.561 0.83 0,415
0,6 0,4 0,824 0.61 0,806 0.916 0.73 0.73 0.398
0,65 0,38 0,905 0,74 0,72 0,995 0,93 0,58 0.39
70

( CTeneHb nOBbIWemlH AaBneHHH
_  -'- [ 0,246 + 0,696 + 0,955 [1,475 + 0,279 - 1,344.0,561]}
-i<PII 0,83
==  = 2,075.
0.83
)1.aBneHHe 3a KOMnpeccopoMPc = 0,2.2.075 = 0,415 Mna.
AmIJIOrHllHo npoBel-l.eHbI paClJeTbI npH Ii = 0,6 H 0,65. Pe3YJlbTaTbI paclJe-
1'OB CBe)J.eHbI B ra6n. 6.1.
K03iPiPHIJ,HeHT HH)I(eKl\HH )J.JIH II npeAeJlbHOro pe)l(HMa:
(Unph = PH (} f3 _ I \ 
Pp p* qPS )  =
...  ( 83-  ) . -- 0,608,
2,0 ' 0.326 0.86
PH 0.2
me q ps = 0,326 onpeAeneHo 110 1T ps = 1T H * - = 0,546. J = 0,0546.
Pp _.0
bKHM 06pa30M, paClJenlaH xapaKTepHCTHKa CTPYHHoro KOMnpeccopa
{OCTOHT H3 nonoroH KpHBOH (H3MeHeHHe Pc OT 0,4461-1.0 039 Mna) H BepTH-
tanbHOH n pHMOH, cooTBeTcTBYIOll\eH (li np ) 2 = 0,608.
IlpH rpaiPHlIecKoM H306pa)l(eHHH XapaKTepl1CTI1KI1 Pc = / (Ii) HaH60nb-
e 3HalJeHI1e Pc npH ("nph = 0,608 onpeAeJIHeTCH TOlJKOH lIepeCelJeHHH
'JonoroHI1 BepTHKaJIbHOHlJaCTeH xapaKTepl1CTHKI1.
" npHMep 6.6. OnpeAeJlHTb AOCTI1)1(l1Mbrn KOJiPiPHILHeliT I1H)I(eKIJ,1111 H
CepreTl1lJeCKI1H KII,lJ, CTpYHHoro annapaTa na p03)1(eKTO pHOH X0J10)J.l1JlbHOH
:)c-raHOBKI1. AnnapaT I1MeeT KOHl1lJecKYIO KaMepy CMeweHHH. npHlJeM BXOA-
'HOe CelJeHHe B 2 pa3a 60nbwe BbIXO)J,Horo ({3 = 2). CClJelme 5'-5 C KPHTI1-
'-UCKOH CKOpOCTblO HH)I(eKTHpyeMoro nOTOKa B 1,5 pa3a 60Jlbwe /3 (p =
,'=:: 1,5). IlapaMeTpbI pa60lJero 11 I1H)1(eKTHpyeMoro BO)J.HHOro napa: pp =
,=: 0,7 MIla; t p = 200°(; II p = 2850 K,lJ,)I(/Kf; v p = 0.3059 M 3 /Kr; PH =
,',!,=,'O,00083 MIla; t H = 4°(; II H = 2515 K,lJ,)I(/Kr; v H = 157.3 M 3 /Kf.
_!.... .11aBneHl1e C)KaTI1H Pc = 0,006 Mna. nOKa3areJIb a)].Ha6aTbI pa60\fero
-'M HH)I(eKTl1pyeMoro nOTOKOB k p = k H = 1,13.
PeweHHe. KpHTl1lJeCKHe CKOpoCTI1 pa60lJero 11 I1H)I(eKTl1pyeMoro no-
TOKOB:
. Qp* = )k 2 : 1 v'P;V; =
 y' 700000 . 0,3059 = 1,03 . 462 =
J
= 475 M/C;
a = ) 2'1,]3
H*- . 2,13 y' 830' 157,3= 1,03.360=370M/c.
)],OCTH)I(I1MbIH K03iPiPl1l\l1eHT I1H)I(eKl\1111
1:
71

- K1A p . H - K 3 A C3
. U""; e = K 4 AC 3 - K 2 A H 2
rll,eK I = 0,834 H K 2 = 812.
OTHollIeHHe KpHTH'IeCKHX CKopocTeH
0H* /op* =...(8= 370/475 = 0,78, TOrll,a
1/V8= ]/0,78 = ],28.
. ITo 3all,aHHOMY 1I"p.H = PH/Pp = 0,00083/0,7 = 0,001185 HaXOll,HM A p . H =
= 2,973 H qp.H = 0,0]24.
3all,aeMCH AC3 = 1; npH 3TOM qc3 = I H 1I"c3 = 71"c* = 0,579. ITpell,eJIb-
HbIH K034><l»U.I.HeHT HH)I(eKlI,HH
(unph ve=
PH 1
p- - -
Pc q c 3
PH
Pp q p.H
PH 1
1-J.l.--
Pc qc3
0,00083 1 0,00083 1
1,5 . -' - -
0,006 1 7 0,0124
0,00083 1
1 - 1,5 . -
0,006 1
0,1123
= 0,142,
0,792
qH2 =
(unph = 0,]42/0,78 = 0,182.
Orrpell,eJIHeM q H2 npH U = (U np ) 2 :
u.JO
PH 1
13(1 + U.JO)-
Pc q c3
PH
Pp
qp.H
0,182 . 0,78
0,00083 1
2. (1 +0,182' 0,78)' 0,006 1
0,00083
0,7
1
0,00124
= 0,1425 = 0649.
0,22 '
3rOMY 3HaQeHHIO qH2 OTBe1JaIOT 1I"H2 = 0,904 H A H 2 = 0,435. Onpell,eJIHeM
ll,aBJIeHHe P2 H 11" c 2 :
P2 = 1I"H2PH = 0,904.0,00083 = 0,00075 MIIa,
1I"c2 = !!2. = 0,0022 = 0,125.
Pc 0,006
3HaQeHHHK 3 HK4:
72

 Po
1 1 X3 = 1 +11'3-
, Pp
1Tc3 - :: {fJ- 0.5 (fJ- 1 h H2 [ 1 +
k7r p * A c3 q PH fJ
Pc  1 
PH 1T H 2 J
, == 1 + 09 . 0.006
, 0.7
! ==1,236;
0.579
-0.1383 {2 - 0.5' 0.904' [1 +},2 .]}
1,13. 0,579' l' 0.0124' 2
=
iic3
1T H 2
J 1
=
I'
r Pc
. '1(4 = 1 + 'P3 -
- PH
1T c 3- 1T C2 {fJ- 0 . 5(fJ- 1) [1 + J::
k1T p * "C3QH2fJ
\.:' 0,579- 0.125( 2 - 0,5 (l + 2,15)}
. _== 1 + 0,9 . 7,2 .
1.13.0.579' 1. 0,649' 2
::::: 5.
I'
, .lJoCTIOKHMbIR KOJ<pqnuIHeHT HH)l{eKIllUf
...
(,U =
0,834,2,973-1,236'1
5 . 1 - 0.812' 0.435
1
0.78
= 0,342.
--
J ' IlOCKOnbKY U = 0,342> (unph = 0,182, rroBropHeM paCqerbl, 3a;:w.-
, .'BaHCb p;pyrHMH 3HaqeHHHMH AeJ (0,9; 0,8; 0,7 H r. P;.). Pe3ynbrarbI pacqe-
;TOB CBep;eHbI B raw. 6.3 11 ITO HHM nocrpoeH rpa<pHK Ha pl1c. 6.2. 3HramITI1H
J ,CX<aroro rrorOKa
.-
t h - hp+uh H - 2850+0.315'2515 _ 2760 n  1
' C - - - K,I..J,II' Kr.
. 1 +u 1,315
_ no <popMyne e == h - h o.c - T o.C (s - So.c) I1nH TIO e. II -AHarpaMllfe BOAR-
HOro napa orrpep;enHeM yp;enbHble JKCeprHl1:
T a 6 JI I!. 1.1, a 6.3. PaC'IeT AOCTHJKHMOrO K03«txPl!.eHTa HHJKeKIOIH
CTpyHHOro annapaTa (3JKeKTOpa)
Pac '1eT-
AC3 (uq>h , A H 2 K3 K4 "
Qc3 1Tc3 II QH2 1T H 2 1T c 2 II Hoe 3Ha-
. 'Iewre
-
1 1 0.579 0,182 0,182 0,649 0,435 0,904 0,125 1.236 5 0,342 0,182
0,8 0,957 0,707 0,198 0,198 0.655 0,436 0,902 0,1245 1.38 7.26 0,321 0.198
.0,6 0,820 0,824 0,273 0,273 0,68 0,47 0.888 0.12251l,608 10.65 0.320 0,273
0,5 0,721 0,874 0,350 0.345 0,69 0.47 0.88 0.122 1.76 13 0.31 0.31
n pI!. Me'! a HI!. e. MaKCI!.MaJlbllblH AOCTI!.>KHMbrn K03Q>Q>I!.l\l!.eHT I!.H)KeKl\HIo\ paneH
0,315; OmIo\MaJlbHOe 3Ha'leHl!.e AC3 == 0.52.
It
73

0,5 .
U.;(U n p)2
O,lf
0,3
0,2
0,1
D
0,1t
!>Hc. 6.2. rpaq>HK H3MeHeHIDI U H (unph 01
he3 CTpyliHOrO 3)f(eKTOpa
u
(u. np)
pa6oIJero napa e p =: 825 K.1J)K/Kr;
HH)f(eKTHpyeMoro nOTOKa e H ==
=: -143 KlJ.)f(/Kr;
C)f(aTOro nOTOKa e e =: 201 KlJ.)f(/Kr.
3KCepremqeCKHH KfilJ. CTpYHHoro 3)f(eK.
Topa
0,5 0,6 0,7 D,8 A. C3 1
u(e c - eH)
TIe =:
e p - ec
0,315 (201 + 143) =: 0,171 (-17%).
825 - 201
npHMep 6.7. OnpeAeJlHTb OCHOBHble reOMeTpHqeCKHe pa3MepbI CTpyii.
Horo 3)f(eKTOpa npH JncxoAe Jn60qero napa G p =: 0,8 T/,! =: 0,222 Krjc.
napaMeTpbI pa60qero H J{H)f(eKTHpyeMoro BO)J)lHOro napa: Pp =: 0,7 Mna,
t p =: 2oo o e, hp =: 2850 KlJ.)f(jKr, v p =: 0,3059 M 3 jKr; PH =: 0,00083 Mna,
t H =: 4 °e, h H =: 2515 KlJ.)f(/Kr, v H =: 157,3 M 3 jKr.
nOKa3aTeJlH a,lJ;Ha6aTbI kp =: k H =: 1,13. 'lJ.aBneHHe C)f(anm Pc ==
=: 0,006 MIIa. K03iPiPH[(HeHT HH)f(eK[(HH npHIDITb U =: 0,315 (CM. npH'
Mep 6.6).
PeIlEHHe. Heo6xo,lJ;HMble )J,J1H pacqeTa napaMeTpbl (H3 npHMepa 6.6):
U =: 0,315; v'8 =: 0,78; a p * =: 475 M/C; a H * =: 370 M/C; 1T p * =: 0,001185;
qP.H = 0,0124; AC3 = 0,52; qc3 == 0,742; A H 2 == 0,473; qH2 = 0,69;
(3 =: 2.
IInOWaAb H ,lJ;HaMeTp KpHTH'!ecKoro CeqeHHH pa60Qero conna:
GpO p *
[p* =: k
p1T p *Pp
0,222'475 =: 000023M 2 .
1,13' 0,579 . 700000 ' ,
=
d p * == 1,13 v' [p* =: 1,13 y' 0,00023 = 0,01715 M = 17,15 MM.
TInowaAb H ,lJ;HaMeTp BbIXOAHorO CeqeHHH pa6oqero carma:
1 1
[pI =:[p* - = 0,00023. -- == 0,0185 M 2 ;
qp. H 0,0124
d pi = 1,13. y' 0,0185 = 0,154 M = 154 MM;
r,lJ;e qpl = qp2 = qp.H'
l1rrowaAb H ,lJ;HaMeTp BbIXO,lJ;HOro CeQeHHH KaMepbl CMeweHHH:
_ /3 _ _ P p (1 + u $ = ) 0,7 (1 + 0,315' 0,78)
= 196;
I p * Pcqc3 0,006' 0,742
74

1 3 = 196. f p *= 196.0,00023 = 0,045 M 2 ;
d3 = 1,13 . Y 0,045 = 0,240 M = 240 MM.
, r.
IlnOlQa,lIb H ,lIHaMeTp BXO,lIHOro Ce'leHHH KOHHqeCKOH KaMepbI CMemeHHH:
-12 = _ + Pp u.Je
{p* qp.H PH qH2
')lJIH
;::JL = (3 J..L = 2 . 197 = 394;
" f p* f p *
.12 = 394 . f p * = 394 . 0,00023 = 0,0905 M 2 ;
. 'd 2 = 1,13 . Y 0,0905 = 0,3395 "'" 340 MM.
I
.J]}IHHa CBo6o,lIHOH CTPYH IIPH U < 0,5
f' d pi
I / cl = [ V O,083 + 0,76. II - 0,29] - =
, 2a
1
-+
0,0124
0.7 . 0,315' 0.78 = 394,
0,00083' 0,69
I. 154
;J= [ V 0,083 +0,76.0,315 - 0,291 2. 0,08 = 265 MM,
., fl1.e a = 0,08 - OIlbITHaH KOHCTaHTa.
t )JHaMeTp CBo 6o/1,HOH CTpYH Ha paCCTOHHHH l ei I1PH II < 0,5
,(d 4 = 3,4' d pl . Y 0,083 + 0,76' U = 3,4. I54 y O,083 + 0,76.0,315 "'"
. ' "'" 300 MM.
",
PaCCTOHHHe Me)l(l1,y f 4 H f 3
I
1,.le2 = (d 4 - d 3 )/2 = (300- 240)/2 = 30 MM.
} PaCCTOIDme Me)f(,lIY BubIXO,lIHbIM CeqeHl1eM pa60qero carma 11 BXO,lIHbIM
II CeqeHHeM 11I1J1HH,lIpHqeCKOH qaCTH KaMepbI CMeIlIeHHH
Ilc = lei + le2 = 265 + 30 = 295 "'" 300 MM.
J..I.nHHa llHJlHH/1,pH'leCKOrO yqaCTKa KaMepbI CMemeHHH
lK = (l-+I,5)d 3 ..", I,3d 3 = 1,3.240 = 312 MM.
.J]}IH onpe,lIeJleHHH ITJlOlQa/1,l1 BblXO/1,HorO CeqeHHH 11 ,lIHaMeTpa ,lIH<P<PY-
JOpa HaXO,lIHM V e = 32,3 M 3 /Kr (ITO Pc = 0,006 MI1a 11 he = 2758,8 K.J])K/Kr).
3a,lIaeMCH BblXO/1,HOH CKOpoCTbIO ITOTOKa H3 :))f(eKTOpa B HHTepBarre We =
= 20 -+ 80 M/C. Tor,lIa ITJlOlQa,lIb H ,lIHaMeTp BbIXO/1,HOrO CeqeHHH ,lIH<P<PY30pa
f e = Gp(l+u ) 0,222'1,315,32,3 = 0,I87M 2 ;
Pe We 5 °
75

d c = 1, 13y'cf,T87 = 0,485 M = 485 MM.
,II/Hilla JJ,H4>4>Y30pa, I1CXOiJ,R 113 yrna pacrBopa 8-}o° ,
lc= (6-:-7)( d c - .1 3 ) =6(485- 240) = 1500 MM.
npHMep 6.8. nOCrpOHTb xapaKrepl1CTHKY Pc = f (u) crpyfiHoro 3)f(eK.
ropa, paCC'lliraHHOrO B npHMepe 6.6.
PeweHHe. OCHoBHble reOMerpH'IeCKHe napaMerpbl (no J],aHHbIM npHMepa
6.7) :
fpl/f p * =0,0185/0,00023=81; f3lf p * = 196: f2lf p * =394;
fH2lf p * = 313.
YpaBHeHHe xa paKre pl1C THK 11
Pc 1
= (
PH 1I'C3[1 +0,5«(1-1) PH
Pc 1I'c3
X [ 1I'p2 Pp f p 2 I H 2 X
- - + 1I'H2-
PH f3 f3
[ [3 J k1l'* I p * P p
X 1-0,5(13-1) - + - -- X
IH2 .'3 13 PH
X [KIAp2 + K 2 u..;8A H 2 - (1 +Uv'8)A c 3J} .
CoorHOllleHHH, BXOJJ,.II1l.\He B ypaBHeHHe xapaKrepHcrHKH:
f p2 If3=f p1 /f3=81/196 =0,41; fH 2 If3=313/196=1,59;
Qp2 =f p *lf p 2 = 1/81 = 0,0124; 1I'p2 = 0,001185; A p 2 = 2,973;
Pp/PH = 0,7/0,00083 = 843; K I = 0,834; K 2 = 0,812; yo = 0,78;
k1l' *1'-P3 = 1,13.0,579/0,9 = 0,728.
nOcne nOJJ,CTaHOBKIi 3TI1X 3Ha'leHlifi B ypaBHeHHe xapaKrepliCTIiKH HMeeM:
Pc
X
1I'c3 rl +0,5(2- 1) PH 1I'H2 ]
L Pc 11' C 3
X { 0,001185.843. 0,41 + 1I'H2 . 1,59 [ 1 - 0,5 (2 - 1) .  J +
1.59
PH
+ 0,728  . 843 [0,834 . 2,973 + 0,812. u . 0,78A H 2 -
196
76

- (1 +u. 0,78)X C3 ]}
1
nc3 (I + 0.5 j:: ::: )
.. X {0,41 + 1T H 2 . 1,09 + 3,12 [2,48 +0,634. UX H2 - (1 + u. 0,78)X C3 J) .
\ Onpep,eJIHeM Crel1eHlI 110BbiUlelillH .rr,aBJIeHIDl, 3a.rr,aBaHCb pHIJ.OM 3Ha-
; IUu'1: K03CPCPIDJ.l1eHTa I1H)f(eKIUlH.
I
'f. 1. u = o.
\ 3rOMY 3IDI'IeHHW cooTBeTcTBywT W H = 0, X H2 = 0, 7T H 2 = 1.
" 3ap,aeMcH O)f(Hp,aeMbIM 3HalleHI1eM Pc == 0,0065. EMY OTBellaer l1apa-
\MeTp ,
 Pp f p * ( . fi\'\ ) 0,7 1 0 547 0 55
r-.:q3=- -- l+uyO):= 196 =, ""',
r. C Pc f3 0.00 65
!H (:OOTBeTCTBeHHO 1Tc3 = 0,934 11 X c3 := 0,355.
 CTel1eHb 110BbiUleHI1H lJ.aBJ1eHHH
  ( J 00083 , ) (0,4\ + 1,09 +
,"'H 0.934 1 + 0,5 0:065 0,934
'+ 3,12 [2,48 - 0,355 n = 7,36.
J PaclIeTHoe 3HalleHJ1e iJ,aBJIeHHH Pc = 0,00083 . 7,36 = 0,00615 Mila.
,3ro 3HalleHHe Pc := 0,0615 He COBl1aJ10 C npHHHTblM paHee Pc := 0,065. 1103TO-
My l1oBTopHeM paclIeT, 3aIJ.aBaHCb IJ.pyrHM 3HalleHHeM Pc' Hal1pHMep Pc :=
= 0,0061 Mila.
 3TOMY ;::I.aBJ1eHHW cooTBeTCTBYWT 3HalleHl-uI CPYHKUl111 Qc3 :=
J = (7/0,061) (1/196) := 0,585; 1Tc3 = 0,92611 X c3 := 0,38.
Crel1eHb I10BblUlelillH iJ,aBJ1eHHH
x
h  0,926(' + o,s }:"O'2 _) {0,41 + 1,09 +
I 0.061 0.926
 } I
I + 3,12 [2,48 - 0,38] = J 8,07 = 7,33,
I 0.926'1.19_
OT KY iJ,a
Pc := 0,00083.7,33 = 0,0061 Mila.
ilOJ1Y'IeHHOe 3HalleHI1e Pc = 0,0061 COBl1aJIO C I1pHHHTbIM, 1103TOMy }]JIH
p,aHHoro u = 0 paCqeT 3aKaH'lHBaeTCH.
2. U = 0,2.
3HaqeHI1H ra30A!1HaMHQeCKI1X CPYHKU,HI'1::
77

Pp [ p * . fri I
Qu2 = - - Uy 8 = 843. 313 . 0,2' 0,78 = 0,42,
PH [H2
1T H 2 = 0,96 H A H 2 = 0,27.
3aAaeMcR 3HaqeHHeM Pc = 0,00605 Mila. EMY cooTBeTcTBYIOT
Pp f p * (I . rn- ) 0.7 1 ( ) 0
qc3 = - - +Uy 8. = . - 1+0,2.0,78 = ,68,
Pc f3 0,00605 196
1Tc3 = 0,888 H AC3 = 0,465.
CreneHb nOBbIllJeHHR p:aBIIeHHH
Pc
( 0,0083 0.96 ) {0,41 + 0,96 x
0,888 1 + 0,5
0,0605 0,888
X 1,09 + 3,12 [2,48 + 0,634.0,2.0,27 - (I + 0,2'0,78) .0,465]) ==
1
== 0 (0,41 + 1,05 + 6,24) = 0,95 . 7,7 = 7,3,
.888.1,19
PH
OTKY.u.a AaBIIeHHe ]a JIKeKTopOM Pc = 0,00083 . 7.3 = 0,00605 Mila. 3Ha.
qeHHe Pc paBHo paHee npHHRToMy.
Onpep:eJIHeM rrpep:enbHbII1 K03<P<PHIJ,HeHT HHIKeKIJ,HH (no BTOpoMy
npep:eJI bHO My PCIKHMY)
PH ( !3 [PI ) 1 _
(U np ) 2 == Pp Jl --r;::- - [p* .Ji -
0.00083 ( 15.197-81)
0,7 '
3. U = 0,325.
3HaqCHHH ra30p:HHaMHQeCKHX <PYHKIJ,Hi1 (rrpH 3aAaHHOM Pc
= 0,006 Mila): Ac3 = 0,52; Qc3 = 0,742; 1Tc3 = 0,865; qH2 = 0,69; "H2 =
= 0,473; 1T H 2 = 0,887.
CrerreHb rrOBbIllJeHHH p:aBIICHHH
 = 0,001185' 214 . = 0,325.
0,78 0,78
PH
1 {0,41 + 0,887.1,09 +
( 0,0083 0,887 )
0,865 1 + 0,5 ---0:06 0,865
+ 3,12 [2,48 + 0,634.0,325 .0,473 - (1 + 0,325' 0,78) .0,52]}
1 ) _ 7,4 = 7 2
(1,38 + 3,12.1,93 - 0865' 1 188 ' ,
0,865 . 1,188 ' ,
Pc
78

, rclO,Qa paClfeTHOe 3HalfeHHe TJ;aBneHiUl Pc = 0,00083 ' 7,2 = 0,006 MIla,
'Ill'O paBHO rr pHIDI TO My .
, Pe3ynbTaTbI paClfeTa xapaKTepHCHlKH CTPYHHOro J)J(el<Topa rrpHBegeHbI
'B ra6n. 6.4.
Ta6JIIHI,a 6.4. PaC'IeT xapaKTepllCTHKH CTpyHHOrO )1KeKTOpa
K03<pqm-
K03<p<P H - TIpeABapH- ra30/I,HHaMH'IecKHe <PYHKl.\HH PaC'IeTHOe I.\HeHT HlI-
TerrbHoe 3Ha- 3Ha'leHHe >KeKLlHH no
D;HeH T HIt- 'IeIDfe Pc' 10, Pc' 10,
)lCeK II.HH U qH2 A H 2 ?T H 2 qc3 AC3 ?T c 3 npei:J,errbHo-
MTIa MTIa MY pe>KHMY
(unph
0 0,061 0 0 '0,547 0.35 0.934 0.061 ]
0,2 0,0605 0,42 0,27 0.96 0,68 0.465 0,888 0.0605 0,325
0,325 0,06 0.69 0,473 0,887 0.742 0,52 0,865 0,06
npUMep 6.9. OrrpegenuTb rrpegenbHbIH KOJ<pqmIJ;HeHT HH)J(eKIJ;1lli H JK-
cepremlfeCKuii KIlD. CTPY1!Horo J)J(eKTopa, ecnH pa60lfee gaBneHHe PP =
= 0,7 Mna, a gaBneHue HH)J(eKTHpyeMoro IIOTOKa PH = 0,00083 MIla. IlOKa.
JaTenH agHa6aT pa60lfero H HH)J(eKTHpyeMoro IIOTOKOB kp = k H = 1,13.
npHHHTb J.l. = 1,4,  = 168,4, f p * = 0,0124. 3HalfeHHH ygeflbHbIx
f p * fpI
JKCeprHH e c = 201 K/Kr, e H = -143 K/Kr, e p = 825 K/Kr.
PerneHUe. IlpegenbHbIH KOJ<P<PHIJ;UeHT HH)J(eKIJ;HH orrpegenHeTcH rro
ypaBHeHHIO:
Unp,,/O= ( J.l.  _  ) PH
f p * qpH Pp
fa30gUHaMHlfeCKaH <PYHKIJ;UH
= 1
qp.H = qp2 = qpl = 0,0124.
fpI 80,385
Turga
_ IF' 1 0,00083
u np v8 = (1,4'168,38- 0.0124 ) 0.7
= 0,183,
OTKYlJ.a
Unp = 0,183/0,78 = 0,234.
3KcepreTulfecKHH KIlD. J)J(eKTOpa
17e =
U np (e c - eH)
ep-ec
0,234(201 + 143)
825 - 201
"-' 13%.
79

npHMep 6.10. PaCClJHIan cxeMY napoJ)I(eKTOpHoH xono)),HnbHOH YCTa-
HOBKH xono)),onpoH3Bo)),menbHocTblO Qo = 375 KBT npl1 to = t H = 4°(,
onpe)),enMB napaMeTpbI napa B XapaKTepHbIX TO'lKax, TennOBbIe HarpY3KH
arrrrapaTOB, xonoAHnbHbIH KOJ<P<PHLI,HeHT H JKCepreTH'IeCKI1H KnJl YCTaHOB-
KH. Ha OCHOBe npOBe)),eHHoro paClJeTa COCTaBHTb JKCeprCTHl!eCKHii. 6anaHC
YCTaHOBKH. Pa60lJI1H areHT - BOMHOH nap. Oxna)l()J,aeM3H cpeAa - Bo)),a.
napaMeTpbI pa60lJero napa nepe)), J)I(eKTOpaMH:
Pp = 0,7 Mna, t p = 165°C, h p = 2660 K)1)I(/Kr, v p = 0,27 M 3 /Kr.
napaMeTpbI I1H)I(eKTI1pyeMoro rrapa: PH = 0,0008 Mna, t H = 4°C, v H =
= 157,3 M 3 /Kr, h H = 2510 K)1)I(/Kr. TeMneparypa oxna)l()J,alOlLI.ci1 BO)),bI
ill BXO!J:e B KOH)),eHcaTopbI t B4 = 28°C 11 Ha BbIXo)),e 113 HHX t B 5 = 34,5 °C
(pHC. 6.3). Pacxo)), pa60'!ero napa Ha BcnOMorarenbHble J)I(eKrOpbI G Bn
= 152 Kr /'1. MHHHManbHaH pa3HocTb reMneparyp B KOH)),eHcaTOpe Ll t K
1
G p
I
If
2
6
7
Pilc. 6.3. CxcMa nap03)f(eKTopHoit xonoAllnbHoM YCTaHOBKII:
I - rJlaBHbIit 3)f(CKTOP; II - IIcnapllTcnb; III - K!JHAcHcaTop; IV - BcnoMora-
TcnbHOC 06opYAoBaHllc
= 2,8 0c. TeMneparypa BO)),bI, B03BpalLl.aeMOH OT rroTpe6menH, t2 = 8,3 0c.
npe)),enbHbrn KOJ<P<PHUHeHT I1H)I(eKUHI1 maBHoro J)I(eKTOp-d u np = 0,239.
KOnHlJeCTBo HH)I(eKTl1pyeMoro napa, rroCTynalOlLI.erO K BcrrOMoraTenbHbIM
J)I(eKTOpaM, G I7 = 50 Kr/'I = 0,0138 Kr/c.
PerueHHe. Pacxo)), XJIaA3reHTa (BO)),bI) ,rro)),aBaeMoro rroTpe6HTeJIIO,
Go = G 3 = Qo
C p (t2 - to)
37 5 _ .., 0 8 /
-"-, Kr c.
4,19.4.3
80

r PRC. 6.4. fpacpHI< H3MeHeHliJI TeMIIepaTYP a KOH-
., AeHcaTOpe
,"..
J.,.
T
t.
LIt.
TeMnepaTypa KOHJJ;eHcaIum:
KOHJJ;eHcaTope (pHC. 6.4)
napa B
t e ,
t K = tiS = t as + 1J.t K = 34,5 + 2,8 =
t e ,+
= 37,3 DC.
1.
COOTBeTCTBYIOlllee JJ;aBrreHl1e KOHJJ;eHcaIIHH PK = PIS = 0,0064 MIla.
Ha OCHOBe TenrroBoro 6aJ/aHca HcnapHTeml
Qo = Go (t 2 - to)c p = G H (h H - h K )
: onpeJJ;emleM fX:lcxoJJ; HH)f(eKTHpyeMoro napa (CM. Ta6rr. 6.5):
Goc p (t2 - to) 20,8.4,19.4,3
G H = = 0,1595 Kr/c.
h H - h K 2510 - 156
PacxoJJ; pa60'lero napa Ha fJIaBHbIH ))f(eKTOp
G p = G B = GH/u rrp = 0,1595/0,239 = 0,67 Kr/c.
.
j"
"
T a 6 JJ H U a 6.5. napaMeTpbI B OCHOBHbIX TO'lKJIX cxeMbI
\"
TO'lKa Ha PacxoA, 0 , 3HTaJlbrrH>I h , }?:r.eJlbHa>I
.I:\aBJleHHe , TeMIIeJ?,aTypa 3KCeprH>I e,
pHC. 6.3 J_r/'1 Kr/c p . 10, Mfla t, C K)J,>K/Kr K)J,>K /K r
1 2552 0,71 7 165 2660 762
2 75 000 20,8 1 8,3 - 0.795
3 75000 20,8 0,008 4 - 1,59
4 283850 78.82 3 28 - 0,754
5 283850 78,82 - 34,5 - 1,76
6 2400 0,67 0,064 37,3 - 1,81
7 148 0,041 1,05 90 - 30,S
8 2400 0,67 7 165 2660 762
9 152 0.042 7 165 2660 762
10 266 500 74,1 3 28 - 0,754
11 266 500 74,1 - 34,5 - 1.76
12 575 0,104 0,064 37,5 156 1,81
1 3 575 0,104 0,008 37,3 156 -6,28
14 2925 0.814 0,064 - 2635 139
15 2925 0,814 0,064 37,3 - 1,81
16 575 0,104 0,008 4 2510 -138,5
17 50 0,0139 0.064 - 2635 139
18 17350 4.8 3 28,0 - 0,754
19 " 4,8 - 34,5 - 1.76
J,
':
'I.
I
,1.-
L
81

KOJIJFleCrBO napa, KOH,IJ,eHcHpyeMoro B rnaBHOM KOH,IJ,eHCarope,
G I4 = G p + G H - G l7 = 0,67 + 0,1595 - 0,0139 = 0,813 Krfc.
3HranbnlfR napa, nOCTynalOwero B KOH,IJ,eHCarOp,
h p + uh H
h c = h 14 =
1 + 11
2660 + 0.239 2510
- ---- = 2635 K.il)KfKr.
L239
r tJI1JlOBan HarpY3Ka KOH,IJ,eHcaTOpa
QK = G I4 (h 14 - h Is) = G IO (ts - t4)C p = 0,814(2635 - 156) = 2010 KBr.
P3CXO,lJ, OXJl3)K,IJ,3IOWdi BO,lJ,bl 'lepe3 rJ13BHblH KOH,IJ,eHcarop
G 14 (/1 14 - hiS)
G IO =
0,814. 12635 - 156)
4,19(34.5 - 28)
= 74,0 Krfc.
C p (rS-t4)
H3 OCHOBe rennOBoro 6anaHca BcnoMor3renbHoro o60pY,lJ,oBaHJ1i1
G9h9 +G 11 h 17 =G 17 h K +(;7 11 7 +QBcn
K
onpe,lJ,emleM rennOBYIO HarpY3KY BcnOMor3renbHbiX KOH,IJ,eHCaropOB
Q Bcn = G 9 h 9 + G 17 (h 17 - h K) - G 7 h 7 = 0,042' 2660 +
K
+ 0,0139 (2660 - 156) - 0,041 .377 = 112 + 34,8 - 15,8 = 131 KBr.
PaCXO,lJ, BO,lJ,bl Ha BcnOMorarenbHble KOH,IJ,eHcaropbI
QBcn
GIS = K
(t 19 - tiS) C p
131
(34,S - 28) .4,19
= 4,82 Kr/c.
CyMMapHblH paCXO,lJ, oxna)K,IJ,3IOWeH BO,lJ,b1
G 4 = G 10 + GIS = 74,0 + 4,8'2 = 78,82 Krfc.
TennOBOH 6an3Hc nap03)!(eKIOpHOlJ ycr3HoBKH
Qo + Qp = QK + Qicn = 375 + 1770"" 2010 + 131 = 2141,
r,lJ,e
Qp = (G p + GBcn)(h p - h K) = (0,67 + 0,042)(2660 - 156) =
= 1770 KBr.
He6ana HC
(2145 - 2141) .100
1145
= 400 < 1%
2145 '
'ITO HaXO,lJ,HTCn B npe,lJ,eJIax IO'lHOCrH pacqera
82

XOJIO)J;IUIbHbIM KOJtPtPHII.HeHT ycraHoBKH
" f = QO/Qp/ = 375/1170 = 0,2.
TIepeXO,!UIM K paccMoTpeHHIO JKCevreTH'lecKoro OOJIaHC3 rrapoJ)KeKTOpHOM
YCTaHOBKH. 3Ha'leHIDI YAenbHblx JKceprnM rrOTOKOB B xapaKTepHbIx TO'IKaX
npol.\eCca orrpeAenJIIOTCJI rro tP0pMYne e = h - h o . c - To.c (s - so.c) WIH
no e, h -AHarpaMMe. 3Ha'leHHJI OCHOBHblX rrapaMeTpoB, B TOM 'mCJIe H yAeJIb-
HOM JKCeprHH, rrpHBeAeHbl B Ta6rr. 6.5.
Ha OCHOBe JKCepreTH'IeCKOrO 6anaHca (e14 (;14 + elOG IO = elsG ls +
+ e 11 G ll + D) orrpeAenJIeM BHYTpeHHHe rrOTepH JKCeprHH B KOHAeHcaTope:
I
Dr = (e 4 - e Is) GIS - (e II - e 10 ) G 10 = (13 9  1 ,81) . 0,813 -
-" (1,76- 0,754) .74,3 = 37,4KBT.
KI1L1. KOHAeHcaTOpa
.t.Ell- 10
1/ =
K I:.E 14 - IS
63900
96000 = 0,665.
K BHelllliHM rrOTepJIM KOHAeHcaTopa MO)!(HO OTHeCTH JKCeprHIO, OTBO-
AHMYIO:
C oxna)KAalOlI.\eH BOAOH
,d..:::e::= (ell- e IO)G IO = (1,76-0,754) . 74,3=74,5 KBT;
C KOH)JClIcaTOM
DHeIlI = ('6 G 6 = 1,81.0,67 = 1,2 !CBT.
AHanorH'lHO Ha OCHOBe JKCepreTH'IeCKOrO 6anaHca (e2G2 + e13G13 =
= e 16G 16 + e 3 G 3 + D H ) orrpeAeJIJIeM rrOTeplO JKCeprHH B HCrrapHTeJIe:
II! = e2 G 2 - e3 G 3 +e13 G I3 - el6 G I6 = 0,795.20,8 -1,59.20,8-
- 6,28 . 0,1595 + 138,5 .0,1595 = 4,57 KBT:::::: 4,6 KBT.
nOne3HaJI JKCeprnJI, OTA'!lffiaJI rroTpe6HTeJIlO (JKCepreTH'IeCKaJI xonOAO-
rrpoH3BoAHTenbHocTb) ,
(to = e3G3 - e2G2 ="33,1 - 16,6 = 16,5 KBT.
113 JKCepreTH'lecKoro oonaHca maBHoro J)KeKTopa (esG s + e 16 G I6 =
= e 14G 14 + D 3 ) orrpeAenJIeM rrOTepH JKCeprnH B JTOM arrrra paTe:
D3 = 762 .0,67 - 138,5 .0,1595 - 139.0,813 = 375 KBT.
KOJ<pqnm.!1:eHT rrone3Horo AeHCTB!1:JI maBHoro J)KeKTopa
83

T a 6 n H L\ a 6.6. 3Kcepre11l'le£KHii 6anaHC napo3JKeKTOpHoii XOJlOAHJlbHOii YCTaHOBKH
nO,IUJon 3Kcepnm
- Pacxon 3KceprHH
KBT % .D.OJlII nOTepH B
nO,IUJo)J;HMoH
Pa60'lHII na p Ha 100% 3nCMCHT YCTa- nOTCpH, KBT 3KceprHH, %
YCTa HOB KY HOBKH
Ep=eIGI= D. D BHew "E.D
I
= 182,5 . 2552 =
=466000 KKaJl,N = fnaBHbl1l 3)KCK- 375 - 375 69,2
= 542 KBT jTOp
KOHAcHcaTop 37,.4 Do m . B = 113,0 20,85
= 74,5
D K = 1,2
HCnapHTCJlb 4,57 - 4,57 0,85
.l1pocccnh 1,29 - 1,29 0,2
BcnoMoraTemr 25,6 D OXJl . B = 31,64 5,85
Hoe o6opYAoBa- =4,8
HHe DK = l,24
YCTaHOIJKa B L\l 443,76 81,74 525,50 96,95
nOM
3KCCprCTI1'1CCKaSi xonoAonpoH3Bo- 16,5 3,05
AHTCnhHOCTh Q
Bcero 542 KBT 100
113
G 16 (e14 - e16) = 0,1595(139 + 138,5)
G 8 (e 8 - e 14) 0,67 (762 - 139)
0,105,
3KcepreUI'IeCKI1H 6anaHC BCnOMOrarenbHOrO o60PYAOBaHHH B u.enOM
e9 G 9 +e17 G 17 +e18 G 18 ===e12 G I7 +e7 G 7 +e19 G 19 +D B .
OrClOAa norepl1 3KCepnm BO BCnOMOrarenbHOM o60pYAOBaHl1H
DB = 762.0,042 + 139 ' 0,0139 + 0,754,4,8 - 1,81 - 0,0139 - 30,5 .0,041 -
- 1,76.4,8 = 25,6 KBr.
K BHelliHHM norepHM BcnOMorarenbHoro 060PYAoBaHl1H OTHOCI11C!I
3KCeprl1H, orBOAI1MaH:
84

C OXJla)K]];alOw,eH BOr\OH
D OXJI . B = e 19G19 - e 18G18 = 8,45 - 3,65 = 4,8 KBr;
C KOH)J,eHcarOM
If = e7G7 = 30,5. 0,041 = 1,24 KBr.
B raOO. 6.6 npe)J,craBneH JKCeprerl1'leCKHH 6anaHc paccMarpHBaeMoH
napoJ)I(eKrOpHoH xono)J,illIbHoH ycraHOBKH.
TaKHM 06pa30M, ecnH K norepHM orHOCMTb JKCepntlO OXJIa){{)J,aIDw,eH
BO)J,bI H KOH}J,eHcara, rO JKCeprerH1JeCKI1H Kn.a ycraHoBKI1
32 KBT
'---I
I
I
I
I
OXAtU(ualO-l
Q.I1 Boda. I
___J
IX:
;:j
'"

t.J
'"
",
113 K BT
f-
<rI
""
(\J

10
1,21f KBT
KOH8eHcam
IX:
to!


<:>
""
'I::>
<:>
t:::
1KBT
I" Dt?
 16,6
KBT
e
0;0=16,5 KBT
D oxn.8o 7 11 5 B
8Hew 7, K T
0,3 KB,T
D: Hf W=1,2 KBT
(KOHoeHca.m)
(3KcepzemUeCKaR xOIIoiJonpou38oBumenbHDcmb)
01.
 PHc. 6.5. JKcepreTli'lecKIii! 6aJ1aHC nap03)1(eKTopHoi! X0J10.lJ:lfJ1bHoi! YCTaHOBKIi
,
C1.I
cCIJ
:to ;:j
'" :t:
<::I
E:
<::I"'"


C>
t.J
Q;)
2-
E:
<::I
t.J

CIJ
'I::>
:to
C
Ii(:
85

TIe = 16,5 . 100/542 = 3,05%.
EcnH YlIeCTb, 'fI0 KOHAeHcaT B03BpalUaeTcH B KOTen, TO KIl)J. YCTa-
HOBKH
Tl K = (16,5 + 2,44)/542 = 3,5%.
EcnH He Y'iHTbIBaTb BHelUHHe rrOTepH, TO BHYTpeHHHH KO)J.
Tli = (16,5 + 81,74)/542 = 18%.
fpaqJH'ieCKOe H306pa)KeHHe JKCepreTH'ieCKoro 6ananca YCTaHoBKH
IIpl1BeAeHO Ha pHC. 6.5.
npHMep 6.11. Pacc'iHTaTb xapaKTepHCTHKH Ll T x = I (p) H Ll Tr =
= I (p ) BHxpeBoH TPy6bI, HMeIOlUeH cneAYlOlUHe reOMeTpH'ieCKHe pa3MepbI:
AHaMeTp Tpy6b1 d T = 36 MM; AHaMeTp AHa<t>parMbI xonoAHoro rrOTOKa
dn, = 12 MM; AHaMeTp corrna de = 8 MM.
BHXpeBaH TPy6a pa6CnaeT Ha C)KaTOM B03AYXe CneAYlOlUHX rrapaMeTpOB:
AaBJleHHe Pc = 0,6 MTIa; TeMrreparypa Tc = 293 K. )J.aBneHHe XOnOAlIoro
rrOTOKa B03AYxa Px = 0,1 MOa. OOKaJaTellb aAHa6aTbI k = 1,4.
PemeHHe. OnOIl\3Ab rrpoXOAHoro Ce'leHHH corrna
Ie = 7rd 2 /4 = 0,785 . 0,008 2 = 0,0000502 M 2 .
l1JIOlUaAb AHa<t>parMbI
I = 0,785. ° 012 2 = 0,785 .0,000144 = 0,000113 M 2 .
n, ,
OnOlUaAb rrOrrepe'iHOrO Ce'ieHHH Tpy6bI
IT = 0,785 . 0,036 2 = 0,785 .0,001295 = 0,001135 M 2 .
XapaKTepHbIe reOMeTpH'ieCKHe rrapaMeTpbI BHxpeBOH Tpy6bI:
In,/Ie= 12 2 /8 2 = 144/64=2,25; lA/IT = 144/1295=0,111.
OTHOCHTenbHoe AaBneHHe XOnOAHOrO rrOTOKa
7r c . x = [lx/Pc = 0,1/0,6 = 0,167.
l1peABapHTenbHO IT pHHHMaeM OTHOilleHIie KpHTI1'ieCKIiX CKopoCTeH
C)K3TOrO H XonoAHoro rrOTOKOB
a*/a u = V Tc/Tx = 1,05.
OpeABapHTeIIbHO orrpeAenHeM KpHTH'ieCKYIO AOITIO XOJIoAHoro rrOTOKa
fJJ. 1r c . x °e*
p * = - . - . - = 2,25.
fe IT c * 0 x *
0,167
-'
0,528
1,05 = 0,75,
me 7r e * = 0,528 rrpl1 'A = I.
.,86

r
I
I:
r PaClieT pe>KHMa C nOKpHTHqecKHM HCTe'leHHeM qepe3 AH34JparMY. lInJI
BceX J.1 < J.1 * OTHOCHTeJIbHOe AaBJIeHl1e nOTOKa nepeA p;HacpparMOH 7r C.A =
1\ = 11' C * = 0,167.
rIo Ta6nl1l1.aM ra30AI1HaMI1\IeCKMX CPYHKl1.HH:
1Tc.A==0,167; Aco=Ac*= 1,55; qCoA=0,68.
3aJI,aBaHCb pa3JlH t lHbIMI1 3Ha4eHMHMI1 J.1 , on peAeJUleM:
t:J. T k [2 [ 2
x - 1 A 2 ,I'J 2 _ 0 445 A  c
Tc k + 1 c oA"'" , [T 2 j ,2
qCoA A
,
I.
.
fne '-P == 0,75 - KOJcpcpH:u,Hem CKOpOCTM.
OpH,u = 0
l b.Tx

 Tc
,
,.
I'
"
O. 4 . 1 55 2 ( 0 75 2 - 0 445 . 0 11 f ) ==
2,4' , , ,
= 0,1665 .2,4(0,562 - 0,0494) = 0,1665 02,4 .0,5126 == 0,205,
 Tx == Tc . 0,205 == 293 . 0,205 == 60 ce.
OpH 3TOM HarpeB Tennoro nOTOKa
JJ.ATx
 T'r == = O.
I-p.
,
I
I
 AHanOrHtffiO onpeAenHeM na paMeTpbI np" ,u = 0,2; 0,4; 0,6. Pe3ynb-
= TaTbI pactJeTa CBe)J.eHbI B Tarn. 6.7.
'0
T a 6 n H u a 6,7. PaC':IeT XapaKTepHCDlKH BHXpesOH Tpy6bI
.
. -
, . P.
I
XapaKTepHCTIiKa -
, 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0, 7 5 5 0,8 Ot 9 1

1T C.A 0.167 0, 1 67 0, 1 6 7 0, 16 7 0,167 0, 1 77 0,1985 0,22
A.c.n L55 1,55 1.55 1.55 1,55 1,53 1,49 -
q c.)1 0,68 0,68 0.68 0,68 0,68 0,699 0,739 0,78
AT x
Tc 0,205 0.1979 O. 1 78 0,1435 0,108 0.0885 0,081 0
AT x 60 58 52 42,4 31,6 26 23,8 0
ATr 0 14.5 34.7 63.5 97,5 104 263 0
T x' K 133 235 24] 250,6 261,4 267 269,2 293
Tr, K 293 307,5 327,7 356.5 390,5 397 556 293
. . .. - I
.,
I
,
'.
I
,.
I
I .
II '
I

.
I .;
.':"1'1
I,;
87

PaCqeT pe)l()lMOB npH KpHTHqecKOM H CBepXKpHTHqecKOM HCTeqeHHH
nOTOKa qepe3 nuaq,parMY. TIpH Kpmli'leCKOM HCTelfeHHH J1 = J1 * =
= 0,75 (7r e . A = 0,167, Ae.A = 1,55, qe.A = 0,68). OnpeAeJlHeM OTHOIlleHHe
f:1Tx/Te: .
DoT x = '1552 ( 0752-0445'0111- 0,752 0,0000502 ) =
Te 2.4 ' , , , 0,68 2 0.000113 2
0,562
=04 ( 0562-00494- - .0197 ) =04.0273=0109.
" , 0,462' " ,
IbMeHeHHe TeMneplTypbl XOJlOAHOro nOTOKa
f:1Tx = Te .0,109 = 293 . 0,109 = 32°C H Tx = 293 - 32 = 261 K.
TIo nOJlYlfeHHoH T x YTOlfHHeM 3HalfeHHe npHHHToro npeABapmeJlbHOrO OTHO-
IlrHHH KpmHlfecKHx cKo pocTeH
a e * /a x* = ..j Te/Tx = ..j 293/261 = 1,06.
YTOlfHeHHoe 3HalfeHHe KpHTHlfecKoH AOJlH XOJlOAHOrO nOTOKa
0,167
J1 =225._.106=0755.
* , 0,528' ,
TIpH 3TOM 3ffi!lfeHHH J1 *
DoTX =04(0562-00494- 0,7552.0197)=
Te " , '
= 0,4 (0,5 62 - 0,0494 -  . 0,197) = 0, 108 
0,462 .
f:1Tx = 293 . 0,108 = 31,(1 °C; Tx = 293 - 31,6 = 261,4 K.
3a,u,aeMCH cJleAYlOmHM 3HalfeHHeM J1 = 0,8.
J],aBJleHHe nepeA ):(Haq,parMoH
/l 0,8
PA = Px - = 0,1 . 0755 = 0,106 MTIa.
/l * '
OrHoCmeJlbHOe AaBJleHHe XOJlO):(Horo nOTOKa nepeA AHaq,parMoH
7r e . A = 0,1060/0,6 = 0,177.
COOTBeTCTBywmHe ra30AHHaMHlfeCKHe <PYHKl\HH: AC.A = 1,53 H q e.A
= 0,699.
3HalfeHlie xapaKTepHCTHKH
Do Tx =  . 1,532 (0,562 _ 0,0494 _ 0,8 .0,197) =
Te 2,4 0.699 2
88

, = 0,1665.2,34(0,562 - 0,0494-  . 0 197 ) = 0 3 9 X
0,488' ,
. X 0,2276 = 0,0885.
113MelleHMe reMrreparypbI B03,lJ,yxa XOnO,lJ,Horo H remIoro !TOrOKOB:
J ATx = 0,0885 .293 = 26°C;

II; Jl.AT x 08
"ATr:=  == 0',2 . 26= 104°C.
Orrpe,lJ,eJUleM 3HalJeHHe /l. = /l. 0' rrpH KoropOM ATx/T = O. I1YCTb /l. = 1.
Th e
P A = Px  == 0,1325, 1rc A
0,755 .
I , 3 2 5 _ 0 7 2 . - 0 78 '
6- - , , qc./J. - , ,
fA j 2 fA _ ...; ') _
fJo = qe.A- .p - 0,445 - - 0,78. 2,25 0,56  0,0494-
f e f T
= 0,78 .2,25 .0,715 = 1,25.
TaK KaK 3HalJerIMe /l. 0 He MO)\(er 6bITb 6oJ1bwe I, 1I0CKOJlbKY /l. < 1,
TO npMHHMaeM /l. 0 = 1.
npHMep 6.12. Onpe,lJ,eJ1HTb reMrreparYpHblH 3<PtPeKT (ATr: M ATx)
BHXpeBoH rpy6bI rrpM pa3J1HlJHblX ,lJ,aBJ1eHHHX Pc C)\(aTOrO B03,lJ,yxa. LI.OJ1R
XOnO,lJ,Horo rrorOKa /l. = 0,2. TeMrreparypa C)\('droro B03,lJ,yxa T == 293 K.
.Il.aBJ1eHHe c)\(aroro B03,lJ,yxa Pc = 0,2; OA; 0,6; 0.8; 1.0 MI1a. LI.aBJ1eHHe
X0J10,lJ,HOrO rrorOKa Px = 0,1 MI1a. feOMerpMlJeCKHe pa3MepbI rpy6b!: d T ==
= 36 MM, d A = 12 MM, de = 8 MM. I1oKa3are.rIb a}J,Ma6arbI k == 1,4; K03<P<PH-
lij1eIIT CKO po cm.p = 0,75.
PellleHHe. XapaKrepHbIe reOMerpHlJeCKHe rrapaMerpbI BHxpeBoH rpy6bI
fA/fe == 12 2 W = 2,25; fA/iT = 12 2 /36 2 = 0,111.
OrHOCHTe.rIbHOe ,lJ,aBJ1eHHe X0J10,lJ,HOrO rrorOKa I1PH Pc = 0,2 MI1a
: 1T c . x = 0,1/0,2 = 0,5.
COOrBeTCrBYlOlliHe eMy ra30}J,MHaMHlJeCKHe <PYHKL\HH paBHbI:
}., = 1,038; q = 0,9982.
ATx
,-
Te
3HalJeHMe reM!TeparypHoro 3<p<peKra:
, 2
 ",2 ( .p2 _ 0,445 fA _ 
k + I fT q
) =
A
::::
o 4 0,2 2
, . ],038 2 (0,75 2 - 0,445.0,] 1 1 - -- . 0,]97) == 0,0905;
2.4 0,9982 2

89

T a 6 JI !Ill a 6.8. Pe3YJlbTaTbi pac'Iera XapaKTepHCTHKII BHXPeBoii Tpy6bl
Pc' Mna
XapaKTepHCTHKa
0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1.0
1f c . x 0.5 0,25 0.167 0.125 0.1
f.. 1,039 1,4 1.55 1.64 1,7
q 0,9982 0,8216 0.68 0.585 0.5187
tlTx/Tc 0.0905 0,1635 0,1979 0.219 0,232
tl Tx 25,5 48 58 64.2 68
tlTr 6,6 12,5 14.5 16 17
t.T x = 293 . 0,0905 = 26,5 °C;
t.T r = 0,2.26.5 = 6,60(.
0,8
AHanOrl1'IHO orrpe)J,eJIHeTCH 3q:,q:,eKT TPy6bl n pli )J,pyrlix )J,aBJIeHliHX
Pc. Pe3YJIbTaTbI paC'leTa CBe)J,eHbl B Ta6JI. 6.8, li3 KOTOpoH Bli)J,HO, 'ITO C YBe-
JIH'leHlieM )J,aBJIeHliH TeMn n plipoCTa TeMrrepaTypHoro 3q:,q:,eKTa YMeHbIIIa-
eTCH:
t.T x4 - t.T x2 = 48 -26,5 = 11,5 °C;
t.T x6 - t.T x 4=58-48= 10°C;
t.T x8 - t. T x6 = 64,2 - 58 = 6,2 °C;
t.T xIO - t.T x8 = 68 - 64,2 = 3,8°(.
npHMep 6.13. Orrpe)J,enliTb reoMeTpli'leCKlie pa3Mepbl BlixpeBoH Tpy6bl
npH CJIe)J,yIOIIIHx ycnoBHHx: pacxo)J, C)!(aTOro B03)J,yxa G c = 220 Krfq =
= 0,0612 Kr/c; )J,aBneHHe C)f(aToro B03)J,yxa Pc = 0,6 MTIa; TeMnepaTypa
C)f(aTOrO B03)J,Yxa t c = 30°C; )J,aBneHlie XOJIO)J,HOro rrOTOKa Px = 0,1 MTIa;
)J,OJIH XOJIoIJ,Horo nOTOKa 11 = 0,8.
PeweHHe. Pacxo)J, C)f(aTOrO B03)J,yxa G c = 200/3600 = 0,055 Kr/c.
OTHOCliTeJIbHOe )J,aBJIeHlie xonO)J,Horo nOTOKa 1T c . x = 0,1/0,6 = 0,167.
OTHOCliTeJIbHOe )J,aBneHlie npli KpliTli'leCKliX rrapaMeTpax (X = 1):
1Tc * = 0,528.
TaK KaK 1Tc.x < 1T c * , TO npoxoIJ,Hoe Ce'leHlie conna
G c ac*
Ic =
k rr c * Pc
r)J,e a c * - KpHTli'leCKaH CKOpoCTb C)f(aTOrO IlOTOKa.
KpliTli'leCKaH CKO poCTb
90

, a e * = j /: IV R Tc = j 2// y' 287,1 .293 = 313 Mfc.
t norrylIeHHble 3HalIeHIDI 1T e * Ii an nOACraBJIHeM B CPOPMYJ1Y MH onpe-
)].eneHHH npoxo)].Horo celIeHIDI conna
Ie
0.055 . 313
1,4.0.528.600000
= 0,000039 M 2 .
npliHIiMaeM ConJ10 npHMoyrOJ1bHOH cpOpMbl c OTHOrneHlleM cropoH
(b - lilllpMHa conna, h - ero BblCOTa)
!jl1==bf h =2.
' II lIlli pVIHa ConJ1a
 b = 0,505 (n + 1 ).,;y;-= 0,505 . J- y' 0,000039 = 0,505 . 3.0,00625 ==
I == 0,0095 M  9,5 MM.
BblCOTa COIl11a
h == 0,505 ).JT; = 0,505 .  ..J 0,000039 = 0,00475 = 4,75 MM.
n 2
OKOH'!areJ1bHO npMHMMaeM b = 9 MM M h = 5 MM. TorAa
I
b/,h == 9/5 == 1,8.
r,. nJ101lla)].b npHMoyrOJ1bHOrO conJ1a
 1== bh == 9 . 5 == 45 MM 2 .
l ,UMaMerp rpy6bl*
, d T == 4,15ybh == 4,15  = 27,9 MM  28 MM.
.
I . J],MaMeTp AMacpparMbl
dn. == d T (0,35 + 0,313 /l) = 28 (0,35 + 0,313.0,8) = 17 MM.
J],nMHa BMX peBOH rpy6bl
I = m d T == 25 . 28 = 700 MM,
r)].e npM,u ;;;. 0,8 m == 25.
J],nH ApyrMx AOJ1e" X0J10AHoro norOKa peKOMeHAYlOrCH CJ1e)].ylOllIlle
3H<llIeHMR m:
npMO,5 < ,u < 0,8 m = 20;
flpM /l < 0,5 III = 10.
* COOTHOUICHIHI MC)f(]1Y d T , dJ1. Ii f C B3J1TbI M3 KHMr: MapTblHoB A. B.. 6pOD.HI!-
eKMIl H. M. 4ro T3KOC BMxpCBaH T?y6a? M.: 3HeproM3IlaT, 1974 M MepKynOB A. n.
BHXpCBOit :xjxpCKT H cro npHMcHcHHe B TCXHMKC. M.: MaUlHHoCTpOCHHC. 1969.
91

npHMep 6.14. OnpeAeJUlTb xonoAonlxHi3BOAHTenbHocTb H JKCepreTH-
qeCKHH KTIn BHxpeBoH TPYObI npH Aone xonOAHoro nOTOKa J.1 = 0,6. TIapa-
MeTpbl B03Ayxa Ha BxoAe B TpyGy: Pc = 0.6 Mila, T c = 293 K. PacxoA G c =
= 0,055 Kr/c. TeMnepaTYPHblH 3<p<peKT no xonoAHoMY nOToKY t:..Tx/Tc =
= 0,1435. naBneHHe xonOAHoro H rOpRqero nOTOKOB COOTBeTCTBeHHO Px =
= 0,1 MTIa H P2 = 0,15 MTIa.
PemeHHe. XOJlOAOnpOH3BoAHTenbHocTb BHxpeBoH Tpy6bl
Qo = G c J.1c p t:..T x = 0,055. 0,6.1,005.0,1435 . 293 = 1,42 KBr.
TeMnepaTypa xonOAHoro nOTOKa
Tx = Tc - t:..T x = 293 - 0,1435.293 = 293 - 42,4 = 250,6 K.
TeMnepaTypa rOpHqerO nOTOKa
t:.. Tr = 0,6 . 42,4/0,4 = 63,5 °C;
Tr = 293 + 63,5 = 356,5 K.
YAenbHble 3KceprHH nOTOKOB onpeAenHIOTcH no <popMYJle
e =h -h o . c - To.c(s -so.c)
HnH no e, h -AHarpaMMe: C)I(aTOrO B03Ayxa e c = 150 K.IbK/Kr; xonOAHOfP
nOTOKa ex = 5 K.IbK/Kr; ropHqero nOTOKa e r = 40 K.IbK/Kr.
3KCepremqeCKHH KTIn BHxpeBoH Tpy6bI
/J. A e x + (1 - /J. l'e r /J. e x + (1 - /J. ) e r
1/=
=
Ae c
e c
0.6 . 5 + 0,4 . 40
150
0,127 (13%).
ECJlH ropHqHH nOTOK He Hcnonb3yeTcH, TO KTIn Tpy6bl 3HaqHTenbHO
HH)I(e:
/J. . ex
1/x =
e c
3
150
0,02 (2%).
3AAA1II
3anaqa 6.1. OnpeAenHTb AaBneHHe TOpMO)l(eHHR B03Ayxa Po H CKO-
pOCTb W B KOHle ero H303HTponHoro pacllIHpeHHR no AaBneHHH P = 0,1 MTIa,
ecnu H3BeCTHO, qrO B03AYX B KOHlle pacllIHpeHHR HMeeT TepMoAHHaMHqeC-
KYIO TeMnepaTYPY t = 100 0c. BblXOnHoe CeqeHHe nOTOKa B 4 pa3a 60nbille
KpUTJ1'leCKoro.
3aAaqa 6.2. OnpeAeJlHTb CKOpOCTb nOTOKa B03Ayxa B KOHlle H303HTpon-
Huro pacllIHpeHHH C AaBJleHHR P T = 0,6 MTIa AO P = 0,11 MTIa. HaqaJIbHaR
Tel\mepaTypa TOpMO)l(eHHH t T = 20°C.
92

3aAaqa 6.3. TIpH Ha'laJIbHbIX napaMeTpax TOpMO)f(eHlfH PT = 0,2 Mna
H t T = 20°C B03LI,YX pacliIHpHeTcH LI,O LI,aBJIeHHH p = 0,12 Mna. OnpeLI,eJIHTb
TepMOLI,HHaMH'lecKYIO (a6cOJIIOTHYIO) TeMnepaTYPY nOToI<a Hero CKOpOCTb
B KOHlie H303HTponHoro paCIliHpeHHH.
3aAaqa 6.4. OnpeLI,emnb CKOpOCTb, nJIOTHOCTb H LI,aBJ1eHHe B KpHTH'IeC-
KOM ce'lemm nOTOKa napa npH YCJIOBHH, 'lT0 nap pacIliHpeTcH 11303HTponHo
OT Hal.\anbHblX napaMeTpoB P T = 2,0 MTIa (v T = 0,128 M 3 /Kr) )],0 )],aBneHHH
P = 0,1 Mna. nOKa3aTeJIb aLI,Ha6aTbI k = 1,3.
3aAaqa 6.5. OnpeLI,eJII1Tb CKOpOCTb, TeMnepaTYPY 11 YLI,eJIbHbIH 06'beM
nOTOKa neperpeToro napa (k = 1,3) , KOropbIH H303HTponHo paCIlil1pHeTCH
OT LI,aBJIeHHH P T = 2,5 Mna (tT = 400°C, v T = 0,122 M 3 /Kr) LI,O P =
= 0,07 Mna.
3a)J:aqa 6.6. .II.nH Bblpa)f(eHI1H a * = n\!'f;, YCTaHaBJIlfBaIOIliero 3aBI1CI1-
MOCTb KpI1TI1'1eCKOH CKOpOCTH OT TeMnepaTypbI TopMo)J(eHI1H ra3a, onpe-
LI,eJII1Tb 3Ha'leHI1H nOCTOHHHoro K03<pq>HliHeHTa n LI,JIH: B03LI,yxa k = 1,4;
neperpeToro BOLI,HHOrO napa k = 1,3; cyxoro HaCblIlieHHoro BOLI,HHOrO napa
k = 1,13.
3a)J:aqa 6.7. OnpeLI,emlTb MaKCI1MaJIbHble CKOpOCTI1 LI,JIH B03LI,yxa (k =
= 1,4), neperpeToro BOLI,HHOrO napa (k = 1,3) H cyxoro HaCblIlieHHoro
BOLI,HHorO napa (k = 1,13). TeMnepaTypa TOpMO)f(eHHH BO Bcex Tpex CJIY'IaHX
OLI,HHaKOBaH H paBHa T T = 293 K.
3aAaqa 6.8. .II.nH Bblpa)f(eHI1H a = VkR .JT, YCTaHaBJ1I1BaIOIliero 3aBH-
CI1MOCTb MeCTHOH CKOpOCTH 3ByKa aT TepMOLI,HHaMH'IeCI<OH TeMnepaTypbI
"PH H303HTponHOM Te'leHHI1 ra3a, onpeLI,eJIHTb 3Ha'leHHH nOCTOHHHoro 1<03<p-
, cpHliHeHTa..:;TR LI,JIH: B03LI,yxa k = 1,4; neperpeToro BOLI,HHOrO napa k =
= 1,3, cyxoro HaCblIlieHHoro BOLI,HHOrO napa k = 1,13.
3anaqa 6.9. OnpeLI,eJIHTb '1HCJIO Maxa M LI.J1H nOTOKa B03lJ.yxa, KOTOpblH
H303HTponHo paCIliHpHeTCH aT lJ.aBJIeHHH PT = 7,0 M na (t T = 20°C) IJ.O
P = 0,15 Mna.
3aLI,aqa 6.10. I1cxoLI,H H3 <POPMYJIbl IJ.JIH onpeLI,eJ1eHI1H aLI,l1a6aTHOH CKO-
pOCTH npH H303HTponHoM pacIliHpeHHH ra3a
k - 1
W = y'2LVl = /   P TV T [1 - (p II)T) k J
nOJIY'lHTb Bblpa)f(eHHe IJ.JIH KpI1TH'IeCKOH CKOpOCTH.
3aLI,aqa 6.11. I1cxoLI,H H3 cpopMynbl LI.J1H a6COJIIOTHOH CKOpOCTH npH
H303HTponHoM HCTe'leHHH ra3a
w = )k \ PT!'T [I - (p/PT)k - Ilk],
nOJIY'lHTb Bblpa)f(eHHe LI,JIH npHBeLI,eHHOH aIJ.Ha6aTHoH CKOpOCTH npH HCTe-
lIeHHH ra3a B aOCOJIIOTHbIH BaKYYM (AMaJ<c)'
93

3anaqa 6.12. Onpe}J,enHTb pac4eTHbIM rryTeM 3Ha4eHHH ra30}J,HllaMI1-
4eCKHX <PYHKIIJIH (1T; T; E) npl1 KpHTH4eCKHX napaMeTpaX }J,nH ra30B CO
Cne}J,YIOIl\HMI1 nOKa3aTenHMH a}J,Ha6aTbI: 1)k  1,67; 2) k = 1,4; 3) k =
= 1,3; 4) k = 1,13. C}J,enaTb BbIBO}J, 0 BnmlHHH nOKa3aTemi a}J,Ha6aTbI Ha
CKOpOCTb 3BYKa, KpHTH4ecKoe }J,aBneHl1e, TeMnepaTYPY.
3a}J,aqa 6.13. )],,'1H ra30B C nOKa3aTeJlH MH a}J,l1a 6aTbI k = 1,67; 1,4;
1,3; 1, 13 onpe}J,enHTb 3Ha4eHI1e KOMnneKca V 2k/ k + l.
3a}J,aqa 6.14. fiOCTpOI1Tb rpa<pHK H3MeHeHI1H CKOpOCTH 3BYKa B B03}J,yxe
(k = 1,4) H BO}J,HHOM nape (k = 1,3) B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TepMo}J,HHaMI14eC-
KOH TeMnepaTypbI T. fipl1 pac4eTe 3a}J,aTbCH cne}J,YIOIl\HMH 3Ha4eHHHMH T:
300; 280; 260; 240; 220; 200; 150; 100; 50 K.
3a}J,aqa 6.15. fiOCTpOHTb rpa<pI1K 3aBI1CI1MOCTH KpHTI14eCKOH CKOpOCTI1
OT Ha4anbHoH TeMnepaTypbl TT B03}J,yxa (k = 1,4) H BO}J,HHOro napa (k =
= 1,3). fipH pac4eTe 3a}J,aTbCH cne}J,YIOIl\I1MH 3Ha4eHI1HMH T T: 273; 293;
400; 500; 600; 700; 800; 900; 1000 K.
3a}J,aqa 6.16. Onpe}J,enl1Tb MaKCHMaJIbHbIH K03<p<PHlJ.HeHT HH)f(eKlJ,HI1
11 3KcepreTH4eCKI1H KfiLJ. CTPYHHOro KOMnpeccopa, eCJlH 3a}J,aHbI napaMeTpbI
pa604ero H I1H)f(eKTHpyeMoro nOTOKOB BO}J,HHOro napa: P p = 1,0 MITa; I p ::
:::: 350°C; v p = 0,288 M 3 /Kr; h p = 3160 KLJ.)f(/Kr; PH =0,15 MITa; t H =
:;: 200°C; v H = 1,472 M 3 /Kr; h H = 2870 K/Kr.
.1I.aBneHHe C)f(aTHH Pc = 0,3 MITa. K03<p<pI1IIJIeHTbI a}J,l1a6aTbI kp = k H =
= 1,3.
3anaqa 6.17. 3a}J,aHbI napaMeTpbl pa604ero 11 HH)f(eKTHpyeMoro nOTOKOB
BO}J,HHOro napa (k p = k H = 1,13) nepe}J, CTpYHHbIM KOMnpeccopoM: P p =
= 40 MITa' I = 250°C' v = 0051 M 3 / Kr' h = 2820 K LJ. )f( / Kr' S =
, , p , p' , p , p
= 6,08 K/KroC; PH = 0,4 MITa; t H = 150°C; v H = 0,48 M 3 /Kr; h H =
= 2760 K/Kr; SH = 6,96 K/Kr 0c. Onpe}J,eJlHTb MaKCI1M<L'1bHbIH K03<p-
<p11lJ,l1eHT I1H)f(eKIIJII1 11 3KcepreTH4eCKI1H KITLJ. CTpYHHOro KOMnpeccopa npl1
}J,aBJleHI1H C)f(aTHH Pc = 0,8 MITa.
3anaqa 6.18. Onpe}J,enHTb MaKCI1MaJIbHblH K03<P<PI1lJ,l1eHT HH)f(eKlJ,HI1
H 3KCepreTI14eCKI1H KITLJ. CTpYHHoro KOMnpeccopa npH 3a}J,aHHbIX napaMeT-
pax pa6o l 1ero H HH)f(eKTHpyeMoro nOTOKOB BOIJ:HHOro napa (k p = k H =
= 1,3); P p = 3,0 MITa; t p = 400°C; v p = 0,1014 M 3 /Kr; h p =
= 3250 K/Kr; sp = 6,95 K/KroC; PH = 0,3 MITa; t H = 180°C; V H =
= 0,698 M 3 /Kr; h H = 2820 K/Kr; S H = 7 ,22 K/Kr °c. .1I.aBneHHe C)f(a-
Toro nOTOKa Pc = 0,6 MITa.
3a}J,aQa 6.19. OnpelJ:enl1Tb OCHOBHbIe reoMeTpH4ecKHe pa3MepbI napo-
CTpYHHoro KOMnpeccopa, npHHHb napaMeTpbI pa604ero, I1H)f(eKTHpyeMoro
H C)f(aTOrO napa no YCJlOBHIO 3aIJ:a411 6.16. PacxolJ: paf504ero nOTOKa G p =
= 0,139 Kr/ c. 3HaqeHHH K03<P<PHIJ.HeHTa I1H)f(eKlJ,I1H H 3KcepreTH-
4eCKoro KITLJ. KOMnpeccopa npl1HHTb no pe3ynbTaTaM perneHHH 3a-
lJ:a4H 6.16.
3a}J,aQa 6.20. OnpelJ:eJlHTb OCHOBHbIe reoMeTpH4ecKHe pa3MepbI napo-
CTPYHHOro KOMnpeccopa Ha YCJlOBHH 3a}J,a4H 6.17. 3Ha4eHHH K03<p<PHlJ,MeHTa
HH)f(eKUHH M 3KcepreTM'leCKOro KITLJ. KOMnpeccopa TaK)f(e npMHHTb no
94

3YJIbTaTaM perneHJUI 3aAaqH 6.17. PacxoA pa60qero nOTOKa napa G p =
0,0277 Kr/c.
3a,u,aqa 6.21. OnpeAeJIHTb OCHOBHbIe reOMeTpliqeCK lie COOHlOrneHIiR
poCTpYHHOro KOMIIpeccopa (f pi If p*' f2If p *, f3/f,,*) Ha YCllOBIiH
:3!I,lJ.a'lli 6.18. 3HaqeHHH K03cpctJlilJ,HeHTa IiHIKCKlJ,1i1i Ii 3KcCprCTliqCCKoro KI1l1:
'iIPHIIHTb no pe3YJIbTaTaM perneHHR 3aAa 6.18.
3a,u,aqa 6.22. Onpep,CJIHTb MaKCIiMaJIbHO )J,OCTliIKHMblH K03cpcpHlJ,IiCHT
 ,JIl!lKeKlJ,IDI Ii KI1LI. napoCTpYHHoro 3IKCKTOpa C KOHHqCCKOH KaMepoH CMe-
; HIiR (M = 1,5, (3 = 2), eCJIIi 3aAaHbl napaMcTpbI pa60!jero Ii IiHlKeKTIi-
IPyeMoro ITa pa: P p = 0,5 MI1a, t p = 170°C, hI' = 2790 KLI.IK/Kr, v p =
== 0,4024 M 3 /Kr; PH = 0,00077 MI1a. t H = 3°(, h H = 2510 KLI.IK/Kr, V H =
 168,2 M 3 /Kr.
J],aBJIeHlie CIKaTliR Pc = 0,005 MITa; IlOKa3aTCJIb aAlia6aTbI pa60qero
HHKTlipyeMoro nOTOKOB k p = k H = 1,13.
3aJJll,'1a 6.23. OnpeAeJIliTb OCHOBHbIC rCOMCTpliqeCKlie pa3Mcpbl CTpyi1-
.JIDra 3)KeKTopa, pelKHMHblC napaMcTpbI KOTOlXJro npliBCAcHbI B npeAbI-
AYll\CH Jap,aqe. PacxoA pa60qero napa G p = 0,189 Kr/c.
3aJJll,qa 6.24. I10CTpol'lTb xapaKTCpliCTliKY CrpYHHOro 3lKeKTOpa, pac-
C'lliTaHHOra B npeAbIAyll\IiX 3ap,a l lax (6.22 Ii 6.23).
3aJJll,qa 6.25. OnpeACJII1Tb MaKCIiMaJIbHO AOCTlilKHMbm K03cpcplilJ,liCHT
HHlKeKlJ,1i1i Ii KI1LI. CTPYHHOro 3IKeKTOpa C KOHliqCCKOii KaMcpoH CMcrnCHHH
.(p = 1.5; (3 = 2), CCJII1 3ap,aIlbI CJICP,yIO!l.(I1C napaMcTpbl pa60lJero Ii IiH)KeK-
mpycMOro !lapa: Pp = 0,2 MI1a; t p = 120°(; lip = 2720 KLI.IK/Kf, v p =
= 0.9018 M 3 /Kr; PH = 0,0015 MITa; t H = 13°(; II H = 2520 KLI.IK/Kr;
v H = 89,63 M 3 /Kr. LI.aBJIeHHC ClKaTliR Pc = 0.0075 MITa. IToKa3<1TCJIb aAlia6a-
'Tbl pa60qcro Ii IiHIKCKTlipYCMOro na pa k = 1,13.
3a,u,aqa 6.26. OnpeAeJIIiTb OCHOBHbIC rCOMCTpIJlICCKHC pa3MepbI CTpyi1-
HOro 3)KeKTOpa, pelKHMHbIC napaMcTpbI KOTOporo npliBc)J,eHbI B npeAbl-
:,Dyll\CH Jap,aqe. PacxoA pa60qcro napa: 1) G p = 0,76 Kr/c; 2) G p =0,19 Kr/c.
3aJJll,qa 6.27. I10CTpo1iTb xapaKTcplicTIiKY CTpYHHoro JIKCKTOpa, pac-
cC'lliTaHHoro B npcAbJAyIl.U1X Jap,aqax 6.25 Ii 6.26 (npliHRTb f2/f3 =
i= 0,0825/0,0414 = 1,99).
r 3aJJll,qa 6.28. OnpeAeJIIiTb MaKcIiMa.JlbHbIH K03cpcplilJ,IiCHT IiHIKCKlJ,IDI
I'li 3KcCpreTliqeCKliH KITLI. napoCTpyi1Horo 3IKCKTOpa C KOlmqCCKOH KaMC-
:: PO" CMernCHHH (J1 = 1,4; (3 = 2,5). CCJIIi 3aAaHbI napaMcTpbl pa60qcro
I! If liH)KeKTlipycMora napa: P = 0,5 MITa; t p = 170°C; h p = 2790 KLI.IK/Kr;
II v p = 0,4024 M 3 /Kr; PH = 0',000772 MITa; t H = 3°C; h H = 2510 KLI.IK/Kr;
:; v H = 168,2 M 3 /Kr.
LI.aBJIeHliC CIKaTI1H Pc = 0.0005 MI1a; nOKa3aTCJIb a)J,I1a6aTbI pa60qcra
}[ HH)KeKTHpYCMOro nOTOKOB k p = k H = 1 J 3.
3aJJll,qa 6.29. OnpeACJII1Tb OCHOBHbIC rCOMCTpI1qCCKHC pa3McpbI CTpyi1-
80ra 3)KeKTOpa no YCJIOBIiRM Jap,a lllf 6.28. K03cpcpHlJ,I!eHT I1HIKCKlJ,IiH Ii KI1LI.
I<OMnpeccopa npHHHTb 1i3 pcrneHIiH 3ap,aqli 6.28. Pacxop, pa6oqero
napa G p = 250 Kr/q = 0,0695 Kf/C. CKOpOCTb ClKaTOro napa W c =
== 50 M/C.
95
I

3a.u.a'la 6.30. llocTIXmTb XapaKTepHcrnKY Pc = f (lI) CTpYHllOro 3)1(eK-
ropa, paCC'lMTaHHoro B 3a,ua'IaX 6.28 H 6.29.
3a.u.a'la 6.31. 3a)JilHbI napaMeTpbI pa60lJcro H HH)I(CKrnpycMoro napa
ncpeA CTpYHHbIM 3)I(CKTOpoM C KOIlll'ICCKOH KaMcpoii CMCIlleHI1H (p = 1,4;
13 = 2,5): Pp = 1,1 Mila; t p = 183°C; v p = 0,1808 M 3 /r<:.r; h p =
= 2780 K.I()I(/Kr; P" = 0,002 Mila; t H = 17.2°C; v" = 68,25 M 3 /Kr;
h" = 2530 K,I()I(/Kr.
Ilap - CYXOH HacbIillcHlIbIH (kp = k" = 1,13). .I(aBJlCIIHC C)I(arnH Pc =
= O,QI Mila.
On pe AeIIHTb MaK CHMaJlblIbID K03<P<PHlJ)1CHT HH)I(CKlI,IH! H 3K ccprem-
lJeCKHH KTI.I(.
3a.u.a'la 6.32. OnpeAcIIHTb OCHOBHbIC rCOMeTpHlJCCKHC (pa)J;H3JIbHbIC
H OCCBbIe) pa3MepbI CTpYHHOro 3)1(CKTOpa C pacxogoM pa60lJcro napa G p =
= 1 T/4 = 0,279 Kr/c. PaClJeT K03<P<PHIJ.HeHTa HH)I(CKIJ.HH H 3KceprCTH4ccKOro
Kill:!" a TaK)I(C napaMCTpbI pa60lJero H HII)I(CKmpYCMoro napa B3HTb H3
3a,ua'IM 6.31.
3a.u.a'la 6.33. 1l0crpoHTb XapaKTe pHcrnKY Pc = f (u) CTpYHHOro 3)I(CK-
ropa, paccllHTaHlloro B 3a,ua4ax 6.31 H 6.32.
3a.u.a'la 6.34. OnpegCIIHTb MaKCHM3JIbHbI.cl K03<p<pHlI,I1CHT HH)I(CKIJ.HH
H 3Kceprcrn4ccKHH KIl.[( napocTpYHHoro 3)1(CKTOpa C KOHH4CCKOH KaMepoH
cMeruelillH (p = 1,4; 13 = 2,5) npH napaMcTpax pa60 ' Icro M HH)l(CKTMpyeMOro
napa: P p = 0,8 Mila; t p = 200°C; h p = 2850 K.[()I(/Kr; 'p = 0,266 M 3 /Kr;
P" = 0,00095 Mila; t" = 6 °C; h" = 2510 K.[()I(/Kr; v" = 137,8 M 3 /Kr.
.[(aBIIeHHe C)I(aTHH Pc = 0,0057 Mila; KOJ<p<pHIJ.HCHTbI aAHa6aTbI k p = k" =
= 1,13.
3a.u.a'la 6.35. Ilo gaHHbIM, nOIIY4eHHbIM npH peIllCHHH 3aAa'IH 6.34.
onpegeIIHTb OCHoBHbIC rcoMcTpH4CCKHC pa3MepbI CTpyi1HOro J)I(CKTOpa
Ha pacxog pa604cro napa G p = 100 Kr/4 = 0,0277 Kr/c.
3a.u.a'la 6.36. 1l0CTpoHTb xapaKTcpHcTHKY Pc = f (u) CTpYHHoro 3)1(CK.
Topa, paCC'lHTaHHOro B 3aga4ax 6.34 H 6.35.
3a)),a'la 6.37. OnpCgCnHTb MaKCHMaIIbHbIH K03<p<pHIJ.HCHT I1H)I(CKIJ.HI1
11 3KccpreTH4ecKHH KIl.[( 3)1(CKTOpa npH cnegywIllHx napaMcTpax pa604cro
H I1H)I(eKmpycMoro napa: P p = 0,6 Mila; top = 180°C; v p = 0,342M3 /Kr:
hp = 2800 K.[()I(/Kr; P" = 0,00072 MIla; t" = 2°C; v" = 172,9-'M 3 /Kr;
h" = 2500 K.[()I(/Kr. .IJ.a BnCHHC C)I(aTOro nOTOKa Pc = 0,0057 Mila. lloKa3a-
TCJIH agHa6aTbI kp = k H = 1,13.
3a.u.a'13 6.38. Ilo gaHHbIM, nonYlJeHHbIM npH peIllCIIHH 3aga'IM 6.51.
onpegCJII1Tb oCHOBHbIC rCOMeTpl14CCKHC na paMCTpbI cTpyi1Horo 3)1(eKTopa
(fPl/fP*J3/fp* ).
- 33A3'1a 6.39. OnpegcIIHTb npCnCIIbHbIH KOJ<p<pI1IJ.HCHT HH)I(CKlI,I1H CTPYH-
Horo 3)1(eKTopa, pacc4HTaHHoro B 3aAa4aX 6.28 H 6.29. .[(aBncHHH pa604ero
H HH)I(CKTHpycMoro nOTOKOB paBHbI COOTBCTCTBCHHO Pp = 0,5 Mila H PII =
= 0,000072 Mila. lloKa3aTCJIH agHa6aTbI kp = k" = 1,13.
3a)),3'13 6.40. OnpegCnHTb npegeJIbHbIH K03<p<PHIJ.HCHT HH)I(CKIJ.HH H 3K-
96

eepreTH'IeCKHH KIlLJ: CTpYHHOrO 3)1{eKTOpa, paCC'lHTaHHoro B 3a)J.a'laX 6.31
1«6.32.
3analJa 6.41. Onpe)J;enHTb npe)J;enbHbIH K034>4>HIUleHT HH)l{eKlJ,HH H 3K-
eepreTH'IeCKHH KIILJ: CTpYHHoro 3)1{eKTOpa, paCC'lHTaHHOrO B 3a)J.a'laX 6.34
u6.35.
.. 3anaIJa 6.42. PaCC'lHTaTb napo3)1{eKTopHYIO xono)J;HnbHyro YCTaHOBKY
,,-xono)J;onpoH3BO)J;HTelIbHOCTbIO Qo == 756 KBT, onpe)J;elIHB napaMeTpbI B xa-
I pa1<TepHbIx To'lKaX cxeMbI, TennOBbIe HarpY3KIi armapaTOB, reOMeTpH'IeCKHe
 pa3MepbI rnaBHoro 3)1{eKTOpa, xono)J;YJIbHbIH K034>4>HIUleHT Ii 3Kceprern-
''leCKHH KI1LJ: YCTaHOBKIi. 110 )J;aHHbIM paC'IeTa COCTaBHTb 3KcepreTH'IeCKHH
ifianaHc. Pa60'IHH areHT - BO)J;HHOH nap. OXJla)lQJ,aeMaH cpeJ],a - BO)J;a. Hcxo)J;-
',RbI: )J;aHHbl:: )J;aBneHHe H TeMIIepaTypa pa60'lero napa Pp = 0,5 Mila; t p =
= 300°C. TeMIIepaTypa HcnapeHHH to = t H = 4"C; TeMIIepaTYpa BO)J;bI,
.B03Bpall.laeMOH nOTpe6HTeneM, t2 = 8°C; TeMnepaTYpa OXJ1a)l{J],alOIUeH
'BQ!I;bI Ha BXO)J;e B KOH)J;eHcaTop t B 4 = 25°C H Ha BbIXO)J;e li3 Hero t BS =
, = 30°C.
3anaIJa 6.43. PaCC'lHTaTb napo3)1{eKTopHYIO xonO)J;IDIbHyro YCTaHOBKY
xono)J;onpoH3Bo)J;HTenbHocTblO Qo = 350 KBr, onpe)J;enHB napaMeTpbI B xa-
'paKTepHbIx TO'lKaX YCTaHOBKH, reOMeTpH'IeCKHe pa3MepbI rnaBHoro 3)1{eK-
, Topa, xonQ!l;HnbHbIH K034>4>lill.HeHT H KTILJ: YCTaHOBKH, TennOBbIe HarpY3KH
Ir. annapaToB H TennonepeJ],alOIUyro nOBepXHocTb KOHJ],eHcaTOpa. CocTaBHTb
r.: 9KCepreTH'leCKHH 6anaHc YCTaHOBKH. I1cxo)J;HbIe )J;aHHbIe .u.nH paC'leTa: )J;aBne-
 °
I , BHe H TeMIIepaTypa pa60'lero napa; P p = 0,8 MI1a; t p = 300 C; TeMIIepa-
Typa licnapeHHH to = t H = 5 "C; TeMllepaTypa BO)J;bl, B03BpaIUaeMoH OT
nOTpe6HTelIH, t 2 = 9 "C; TeMnepaTypa BO)J;bI Ha BXO)J;e B KOHJ],eHCaTOp t B4 =
= 25°C H Ha BbIXO)J;e H3 Hero t B 5 = 30°C.
, 3anaIJa 6.44. PaCC'lHTaTb xapaKTepHCTHKY A Txl Tc = f (J.!) BHXpeBOH
Tpy6bI, liMelOIUeH cneJ],YIOIUHe reOMeTpH'leCKlie pa3MepbI: )J;liaMeTp Tpy6bI
I ' dT = 20 MM, )J;HaMerp )J;Ha4>parMbI xonO)J;Horo norOKa d A = 7 MM, )J;HaMerp
conna de = 5 MM. LJ:aBneHHe c)I{3roro B03)J;yxa nepe)J; rpy60H Pc = 0,7 MI1a,
ero TeMllepaTypa t c = 20 °C, J],aBneHHe xono)J;Horo nOTOKa Px = 0,1 Mila.
I1oKa3arenb a)J;lia6arbI k = 1,4, K034>4>HIUleHT CKOpOCTH <(! = 0,75.
" 3anaIJa 6.45. PaCC'lHrarb xapaKrepHcrHKy BHxpeBoH rpy6bI, orrpe)J;enliB
- ATx H ATr = f (J.!), HMelOIUeH )J;HaMerp d T = 28 MM, J],HaMeTp )J;Ha4>parMbI
)1 XonO)J;Horo norOKa dp, = 10 MM, pa3MepbI conna 5 X 10 MM. LJ:aBneHHe
C)i{3TOro B03)J;yxa nepe)J; Tpy60H Pc == 0,6 MI1a, era TeMnepaTYpa t c = 20°C,
AaBneHHe xonO)J;Horo nOTOKa Px = 0,105 MI1a. IloKa3aTelIb a)J;Ha6aTbI k =
\ = 1,4, K034>4>HIUleHTcKopOCTH <{! = 0,75.
3anaIJa 6.46. PaCC'lHraTb xapcU<TepHcTHKY BHXpeBOH rpy6bI, onpe)J;enHB
T x = f (J.! ). Tpy6a HMeer cne)J;YIOIUHe reOMerpH'leCKHe pa3MepbI: )J;HaMerp
d T = 100 MM, )J;HaMerp )J;Ha4>pafMbI d A = 44,5. B03)J;yX nocryrraer B rpy6y
'Iepe3 )J;Ba COII1Ia C pa3MepaMH Ka)l{)J;oro 14 X 36,5 MM. I1apaMerpbI C)I{aroro
B03)J;yxa nepe)J; rpy60H Pc = 0,5 Mila H Tc = 300 K. LJ:aBlIeHHe Ha
xonO)J;HOM KOHlJ,e rpy6bI Px = 0,1 MI1a. K034>4>HIUleHT CKOpOCTH
I() = 0,75.
4-6734
97

33A3qa 6.47. ilp" nOCTOHHHOH }J.OJIe XOJIo}J.Horo nOTOKa J.l = 0,1 onpe-
}J.eJIHTb TeMllepaTYpHbIH 3<p<peKT (I).T x " I).T r ) BHXpeBOH Tpy6bI npH CJIe.
}J.YIOIl\I1X }J.aBJIeIfilHX C)I(aTOro B03}J.yxa: Pc = 0,2; 0,6; 1,0; 1,4; 1,8 Mila.
TeMnepaTypa B03JJ.Yxa Tc = 293 K. Ll.aBJIeHHe XOJIO}J.Horo nOTOKa Px =
= 0,1 Mila. reOMeTpH'IeCKHe pa3MepbI: d T = 36 MM, dfJ, = 12 MM, de = 8 MM.
K03<P<PHI.(HeHT CKOpoCTH..p = 0,75.
3anaqa 6.48. ilpH nOCTOHHHOH }J.OJIe XOJIO}J.Horo nOTOKa J.l = 0,5 onpe-
}J.eJIHTb TeMlIepaTypHbIH 3<p<peKT I). Tx H I). Tr BHXpeBOH Tpy6bI npH CJIe}J.YIO-
Il\I1X 3Ha'leHHHX }J.aBJIeHHH C)l(aTOrO B03}J.yxa Pc = 0,2; 0,4; 0,6; 0,8;
1,0 Mila. TeMrrepaTYpa B03}J.yxa Ha BXO}J.e B Tpy6y paBHa 293 K. Ll.aBJIelfile
XOJIO}J.Horo rrQTOKa Px = 0,1 Mila. reOMeTpH'IeCKHe pa3MepbI Tpy6bI: d T =
= 36, d[J, = 12 MM, de = 8 MM.
3aqa 6.49. Onpe}J.eJIHTb BJIHmUIe }J.aBJIelfilH XOJIO}J.Horo nOTOKa Px
Ha TeMlIepaTypHbIH 3<p<peKT I). Tx BHXpeBOH Tpy6bI rrpH crre}J.YIOII.(HX ycrro-
BHHX: }J.aBJIelfile H TeMlIepaTypa C)l(aTOro B03JJ.Yxa Pc = 0,6 Mila, Tc =
= 293 K. Ll.OJIH XOJIO}J.Horo rrOTOKa J.l = 0,3. reOMeTpH'leCKHe pa3Mepbl
Tpy6bI: d T = 36 MM, d[J, = 12 MM, de = 8 MM. ilOKa3aTeJIb a}J.Ha6aTbI k =
= 1,4; K03<p<PHl.(HeHT CKOpoCTH ..p = 0,75. PaC'IeT rrpoBeCTH rrpH 3HaQeHHHX
Px = 0,11, 0,13" 0,15 Mila.
33A3qa 6.50. Orrpe}J.eJIHTb 3Ha'leHHH I).T x H I). Tr rrpH CJIe}J.YIOII.(Hx 3Ha-
'IeHHHX }J.HaMeTpa COIIJIa de = 8; 7; 6; 5 MM BHXpeBOH Tpy6bI. ilapaMeTpb!
C)i(aToro B03JJ.Yxa Pc = 0,6 Mila H Tc = 293 K. Ll.aBJIelfile XOJIO}J.Horo rrOTOKa
Px = 0,1 Mila. reOMeTpH'IeCKHe pa3MepbI Tpy6bI d T = 36 MM, d[J, =
= 12 MM. K03<p<PHl.(HeHT CKOpOCTH ..p = 0,75. Ll.OJIH XOJIO}J.Horo rrOTOKa
J.l = 0,3.
3a}J.aqa 6.51. Onpe}J.eJIHTb BJIHmIHe }J.HaMeTpa }J.Ha<pparMbI BHXpeBOH
Tpy6bI Ha xapaKTepHCTHKY anrrapaTa (I). Tx H I). Tr) npH }J.OJIe XOJIO}J.Horo
rrOTOKa J.l = 0,5. PaC'IeT rrpoBecTH rrpH 3Ha'lelfilHX }J.HaMeTpa }J.Ha<pparMbl
dfJ, = 12; 14; 16; 18 MM. Ll.aBJIeHHe H TeMnepaTypa C)i(aTOrO B03JJ.Yxa Pc =
= 0,6 Mila H Tc = 293 K. Ll.aBJIeHHe XOJIO}J.Horo rrOTOKa Px = 0,1 Mila.
reOMeTpH'IeCKHe rrapaMeTpbI Tpy6bI d T = 36 MM, de = 8 MM, K03<P<PHJ.(I1eHT
CKOpoCTH..p = 0,75. .
3anaqa 6.52. Orrpe}J.eJIHTb BJIHHHHe }J.HaMeTpa d T BHXpeBOH Tpy6bI Ha
BeJIH'IHHbI I). T x H I). Tr' PaC'IeTbI npOBeCTH npH 3Ha'leHHHX d T = 36, 38.
40, 42 MM. Ll.HaMeTp COIIJIa de = 8 MM; }J.HaMeTp }J."a<pparMbI d[J, = 12 MM.
llapaMeTpbI B03JJ.YXa: Pc = 0,6 Mila, Tc = 293 K, Px = 0,1 Mila. Ll.on H
XOJIO}J.Horo nOTOKa J.l = 0,5; rrOKa3aTeJIb a}J,Ha6aTbI k = 1,4; K03<p<p H U HeHT
CKOpOCTH ..p = 0,75.
3anaqa 6.53. ilpH 3a}J.aHHblX napaMeTpax pa6o'lero B03}J.yxa (k = 1,4):
G c = 150 Kr/'I = 0,0417 Kr/c, Pc = 0,5 Mila, t c = 20°C H Px =0,1 Mila-
orrpe}J.eJIHTb reOMeTpH'leCKHe pa3MepbI BHXpeBOH Tpy6bl. Ll.OJIH XOJIO}J.HO[(1
rrOTOKa J.l = 0,3.
3aqa 6.54. Onpe}J.eJIHTb reOMeTpH'IeCKHe pa3MepbI BHxpeBoH Tpy6bl.
pa60TaIOII.(eH Ha rrpHpo}J.HOM ra3e (MeTaHe). Ha'larrbHbJe na paMeTpbI ra3a
Pc = 15,0 Mila H t c = 35°C. Ll.aBJIeHHe H }J.OJIH XOJIo}J.Horo rrOTOKa paBHb!
98

COOTBeTCTBeHHO Px :;:: 3,0 Mila Ii J1. :;:: 0,5. Pacxo)J, ra3a G :;:: 16000 HM 3 /q:;::
:= 4,45 HM 3 /c. iloKa3aTenb a)J,Ha6aTbl k :;:: 1,3.
3a.uaqa 6.55. Onpe)J,enHTb reOMeTpHQeCKHe pa3Mepbl BliXpeBOH Tpy6bI,
pa60TaIOll.\eH Ha renHH. HaqanbHoe )J,aBneHHe ra3a Pc :;:: 2,0 Mila, era TeMne-
" parypa t c :;:: 293 K. .II,aBneHlie Ii )J,onH xono)J,Horo nOTOKa paBHbl COOTBeT-
CTBeHHO Px :;:: 0,11 Mila Ii J1. :;:: O. iloKa3aTenb a)J,Ha6aTbl k = 1,67. Pacxo)J,
renliH G c = 2,5 M 3 /q := 0,000695 M 3 /c (npli HopManbHblX ycnoBliHX).
3a)J,aqa 6.56. Onpe)J,enliTb xono)J,onpoli3BOAHTenbHocTb Ii 3KcepreTIi-
'QeCKliH KIUI. BliXpeBOH Tpy6bl npli )J,onHX Xono)J,Horo nOTOKa J1.' :;:: 0,4
,H J1. " = 0,8. ilapaMeTpbl B03)J,yxa Ha BXO)J,e B Tpy6y: Pc = 0,6 Mila Ii Tc :=
= 293 K; pacXOA G c := 0,055 Kr/c. TeMllepaTypHble 3<P<PeKTbl no xono)J,H0MY
JIOTOKy paBHbl COOTBeTCTBeHHO (!::'TxITc)' := 0,178 Ii (!::'TxITc)":= 0,0885.
,D:aBneHlie xonOAHoro Ii rOpHqerO nOTOKOB Px := 0,1 Mila Ii Pr := 0,15 Mila.
1 TennOeMKOCTb B03,1J;yxa c p := 1,005 K,D:)!(/ (Kr . "C).
I 3a)J,aQa 6.57. IToCTpoliTb rpa<p liK li3MeHeHHH 3KcepreTliqeCKOro KTI,D:
'B«xpeBoH Tpy6bl OT )J,onli XonO)J,Horo nOTOKa J1. (paCqeTbl npoBecTIi npli
JJ. := 0,2; 0,4; 0,6; 0,8). ilapaMeTpbI B03,1J;yxa Ha BxoAe B Tpy6y Pc :=
= 0,6 Mila Ii Tc := 293 K. TeMllepaTypHblH 3<P<PeKT npli 3a)J,aHHblX J1. COOT-
BeTCTBeHHO COCTaBnHeT: !::'TxlTc := 0,18; 0,16; 0,13; 0,07. ,D:aBneHlie xo-
JIOAHOro Ii ropHqero nOTOKOB Px == Pr = 0,1 Mila.


rIlaBa ceAbMaA


r A30>KHAKOCTHbIE KOMn PECC HOHHblE TPAHCCDOPMA TOPbl TEnnA


f, ' ",
ilpHMep 7.1. OnpeAenliTb xono)J,onpOli3BO)J,HTeJlbHOCTb TepMo)J,liHaMH-
QeCKOH CliCTeMbl, B KOTOpOH B03AYX B KOJlnqeCTBe 100 Kr/c paclUlipHeTcH
OT )J,aBJleHliH Pm := 10 Mila )J,O Pn = 0,1 Mila npli TeMnepaType oKpy)!(alOll.\eH
CpeAbI.
Pe
HHe. IboTepMHqecKliH )J,pocCeJlb-3<p<peKT I1pH TeMIIepaTYpe OKPy-
)!(alOll.\eH Cpe)J,bl To.c := 293 K (y)J,enbHaH xOJlOAonpoli3BOAHTeJlbHOcTb)


np1-1MEPbl


Ah T :== h 2 - hi := 12200 - 11600 = 600 K.1bKIKMOJlb = 20,8 K,D:)!(/Kr::::::
:::::; 21 K.1bK/Kr,
r)J,e h 2 := 12200 K,D:)!(/Kwnb - 3HTaJIbIIRH B03)J,yxa Ha BblXOAe li3 CliCTeMbl;
hi:;:: 11 600 K,D:)!(/KMOJlb - 3HTaJIbnliH B03,1J;yxa Ha BXO)J,e B CliCTeMY,
1 KMOJlb:= 28,96 Kr.
XOJlOAonpoli3BO)J,liTeJlbHOCTb CliCTeMbl
Q 0 = !::. h T G := 21 . 100:;:: 21 00 K Br .


'I
1'1
I:




99




npHMep 7.2. Pacc'urraTb ApOCCeJIbHO-J»<eKTOPHYIO cTyneHb (pHC. 7.1)
OKoH'IaTenbHoro oxrra)l(JJ,eHHH (COO) renHeBoro pe<PPIiJKepaTOpa npli CJIe.
AYIOll{HX ycnOBHHx:
AaBneHlie npHMoro nOTOKa Pm = PI = 2,5 MTIa,
AaBneHlie o6paTHoro nOTOKa Pn = Ps = Pc = 0,132 MTIa,
pacxoArenliH G I = 27,8' 10- 3 Kr/c,
TeMnepaTypa renHH Ha TennOM KOHlI.e Tennoo6MeHHIiJ<a CTIO Tl '"
= 20 K H Ts = 19,5 K,
xonoAonpOH3BOAHTeJIbHOCTb Ha ypoBHe T H Q = 30 BT.
OnpeAenHTb 3Ha'leHHe T H HHJKHero TeMneparypHoro YPOBHH, xonOAo-
npoH3BoAHTenbHocTb Qc Ha npoMeJKYTO'ffiOM TeMnepaTypHoM ypoBHe Tc
H JKCepreTH'leCKHH KTID: 71e CTyneHH COO.
PemeHHe. 3Ha'leHHH JHTaflbnHH B xapaKTepHbIx TO'lKax: hi'"
= 110 K.1JJK/Kr; h 5 = 114 K.lbK/Kr; h 4 = 30,4 KD:JK/Kr; h 6 '"
= 11 ,6 KD:JK/Kr (T 6 = 4,5 K).
3HepreTH'leCKHH 6anaHc Tennoo6MeHHHKa CTIO
hi -h 2 =h s -h 4 ,
OTKYI1,a h 2 = h I -
H, cneAOBaTenbHO, T 2
3HepreTH'IeCKIiH
COBMeCTHo C CTIO:
Glhl+Qc+QJ =Gshs.
(h 5 - h 4) = 110 - (114 - 30,4) = 26,4 KD:JK(Kr
"'" 6,1 K.
6anaHc APOCCeJIbHO-JJKeKTOpHoH CTyneHli (COO)
TaK KaK AnH pe<PPHJKepaTOpa G I = G s , TO
T
5
1 5
enD
2 If
,--
I
I
COO I
I
I
PHc. 7.1. CxeMa pe$pH)I(epa-
Topa c ApOCCeJIbHO-3)1(eK-
TOpHOfi cTyneHbIO OKOH4a-
5 TeJlbHOTO OXna)f(JI.eHlliI 11
npol.lecc B T, s-AHarpaMMc
100

c = G I (h 5 - h d - Q = 27,8 . 10 - 3 (114 - lID) - 30 = 111 - 30 =
81 81.
YAenbHaH TennOBaH HarpY3Ka
= 2,92 K.1J)J(/Kr.
)JanbHeHlIDfH paC'leT BeAeTCH BapliaHTHbIM MeTOAoM. 3aAalOTcH PH,lJ,OM
a'leHI1H PH' 11 AnH Ka)J()J,OrO 113 HI1X OnpeAeJIHIOT 3Ha'leHI1e JHTanbnHl1 h 10
ae06xOAI1MbIH KOJ<pqJl1Ul1eHT I1H)J(eKUHI1 J)J(eKTOpa (Ha OCHOBe ypaBHeHI1H
eprem'leCKOrO 6an'lHca lIITpl1XOBOrO KOHTypa Ha pl1c. 7.1) :
h 4 - h 2 - qc
hlO- h 6
30,4  26,4 - 2,92 = 0,076,
25,8 - 11,6
e h 10 = 25,8 KJJ.)J(/Kr npl1 PH = 0,005 MITa.
AHanOm'lHbIe BbI'II1CneHi1H npoI13Bo,IJ;HTCH AJIH PH = 0,01 MITa 11
. ,015 MITa. Pe3ynbTaTbI paC'IeTOB He06xoAHMoro KOJ<p<pI1Ul1eHTa I1H)J(eKUHI1
peAcJaBneHbI HH)J(e:
PH' Mna . . . . . . .0,005 0,01 0,015
U H .6 . . . . . . . . .0,076 0,07 0.067
r
" cp _ 0,076 + 0,07 + 0,067
UH.6 - 3
I
r MI1a6aTHbIH KIT.1J J)J(eKTOpa
I I _ uA(f!J.!rH)S
: llaA - (M p) S '
r me u A - AOCTI1)J(J1MbIH KOJ<p<p I1 Ul1eHT I1H)J(eKUI1I1; (h H)S 11 (h p)s -
, COOTBeTCTBeHHO pa3HOCTI1 JHTanbnl1H npl1 1130JHTponHoM C)J(aTHI1 I1H)J(eKTI1-
pyeMoro nOTOKa OT PH AO Pc = Pn 11 1130JHTpOnHoM paCIIII1peHHI1 pa60'lero
I DOToKa OT Pm = P p AO Pc = Pn . OTclOAa
CpeAHeapl1<pMeTl1'JeCKOe 3HalJeHHe U H. 6
0,071.
_ 1JIIA (f!J.h p)s 0,115 . 15,5
U A - (f!J.!r H) S = 29,6 = 0,06,
fAe 'T/aA = 0,115 OnpeAeJIeH no rpa<pHKY 'T/aA = f (u) Ha pHC. 7 .2; (h p)s =
== 15,5 K,IJ,)J(/Kr; (hH)S = 29,6 K,IJ,)J(/Kr (AnHPH = 0,005 MITa).
AHanOrl1'IHbIe BbIlJI1CneHi1H npoBoAHTCH AIIH Bcex npHHHTbIX 3Ha'leHHH
PH' Pe3YJIbTaTbI paCqeTa AOCTI1)J(J1MOro KOJ<p<pI1U11eHTa I1H)J(eKUHI1 npeA-
CTaBJIe HbI HI1)J(e ;

101

"l rJA' DID
U
0,10
0,09
O,OB uP
0,07
20
10
U H 5
0,06
0,05
O,M
o
0,3 O/of u.
I J
5lf32
Pc / PH
0,1 0,2
I I I
I
100
262010 8
0,005 p 0,01 0,015 PtI,Mna.
PHc. 7.2. fpaqmK 3aBHCHMOCTH 'Jag OT U
PHC. 7.3. fpa<PHK 3aBHCHMOCTH U OT PH
PH> Mlla . . . . . . . 0,005 0,01 0,015
u A . . . . . . . . . . 0,06 0,0825 0,105
no pe3)'JIbTaTaM paCqeTOB He06xoAHMoro H AOCTIDKHMOro K03<p«pHlJ,HeH-
TOB HH)I(eKUHH CTpOHT 3aBHCHMOCTH PH == f (u H6) H PH == f (u A)' npeACTaB-
JIeHHbIe Ha pHC. 7.3.
TOqKe nepeCeqeHHH COOTBeTCTBYIOT paCqeTHble 3HaqeHHH AaBJIeHHH
pP H K03<p<pHII,HeHTa HH)I(eKII,HH uP:
H
pP == 0,0075 Mna; uP == 0,073.
It
.IJ,aBJIeHHIO PH == 0,0075 Mna cOOTBeTcTByeT paBHOBeCHaH TeMIlepaTypa
T H ==2,3K.
3KCepreTH'IeCKHH KrI.II.
QJ(Tq)H+Qc(Tq)C
TJ -
e- Gdel-es)
30' 126,5 + 81 . 64,2
27,8 (4750 - 2800)
9000
--
54200
== 0,165 ("'" 16%),
rAe
(T) == T H - T O.C := 1 _ _
q H T H 2,3
( ) := 1 _ To. c = 1 _ 293
Tqc Tc 4,$
:= 1 - 127,5 == -126,5 ;
1 - 65,2 = -64,2.
3HaqeHHH yAeJIbHbIX 3KceprnH e 1 == 4750 K,1hK/Kr, e 5 == 2800 K,IJ,)I(/Kf
onpeAeJIeHbI no e, h 'AHarpaM AJIH reJIHH.
npHMep 7.3. Pacc'IIuaTb cxeMY B03AYiliHoro pe<PPH)I(epaTOpa C AeTaH-.
AepoM (PHC. 7.4) xOJIQAonpOH3BOAl{TeJIbHOCTblO Q 0 = 500 KBr.
102

pao.c. PHc. 7.4. CxeMa peQ>pH)I(epaTO-
U>N 3 pa c AeTaHAepoM Ii npoll.ecc
 B T, S-AliarpaMMe
l'
2 -- /<.M
1
Ul
T
M 3 9
II
If 8
I
5
Ap
6 7
a 11
To
S
IIapaMerpbl c)I(aroro B03Ayxa P2 = 4,0 MIla H T 2 '= 293 K; pa3Hocrb
TeMIIeparyp .1t H = .1t2 _ " '= 5 K; reIDlorrpHroK 'Iepe3 H30nHIuno qH3 =
= 12,6 K.lhK/Kr C)l(aroro B03AYxa. JJ.onH B03Ayxa, orBOAHMoro Ha AeraH-
Aep, M = 0,5. TeMneparypa B03Ayxa rrepeA AeraHAepoM T3 '= 240 K. llio"
repMH'IeCKHH KIIJJ. KOMrrpeccopa 'TIH3 '= 0,6; a,lJ;Ha6arHblH KIIJJ. AeraHAepa
11A o ' = 0,7. 3neKr po MeXaHH'leCKHe KIIJJ. KOMrrpeccopa H AeraHAepa 'TIA
I 3M
:::: 'TIK = 0,9.
3M
PeweHHe. l-horepMH'IeCKHH Apoccem-3<p<peKr
.1h T = h 1 - h 2 = 12200 - 11850 = 350 KJJ.)I(/KMonb'= 12,1 K.lhK/Kr.
IIorepH xonoAa or HeAopeKyrrepan:HH
.1h H = hi - hi' '= 12200 - 12050 = 150 K.lhK/KMom = 5,2 KJJ.)I(/Kr.
IIapaMerpbl B03AYxa Ha BblxoAe H3 AeraHAepa
hs = h 3 - (h 3 - h s') rfoi = 10250 - (10250 - 6000)0,7 = 10250-
- 2970'= 7280 KJJ.)I(/KMom '= 252 KJJ.)I(/Kr.
YAenbHaH xonoAorrpoH3Bo)J.HrenbHOCTb AeraHAepa
t:J1. A = h 3 - h s '= 10 250 - 7280 = 2970 K.lhK/KMom
103 K.lhK/Kr.
103

T a 6 n H U a 7. 1. napaMeTpbl B xapaKTepHblx TO'IKax npoQecca
h
TOQJ(8 Ha p. Mila T.R: G. J<I'/e e . K)J;"'/Kr
PHI:.. 1.4 KJJ;"'/KM 0JJb KJJ;)K / KI'
1 0.1 293 12 200 422 10.9 0
2 4.0 293 11 850 410 10.9 310
3 4.0 240 10250 354 10.9 320
4 4.0 140 5950 206 5,45 400
5 4,0 135 4480 155 5,45 500
6 l.0 80 4480 155 5.45 360
7 1.0 80.5 5800 201 5,45 180
8 1,0 13D 728D 252 10,9 75
9 1.0 235 10450 362 10.9 15
l' 1,0 287 12050 416 10.9 5
YnenblUUI xonO,lJ,onpOH3BO,lJ,Rl'enbHOCTb pe<p pR)f(e paro pa
qo';: 6.h T + M6.h/J, - 6.h H - Qw = 12,1 + 0,5' 103 -- 5,2 -12,6=
= 45,7 K.1bK/I<r.
PaCXOA B03/JYxa
G,;: Qo(qo = 500/45,7 = 500(45,7 = 10,9 I<r(c.
3HepreTlIeCI<HH renaHc xono,lJ,Horo MOKa pe<ppH)f(eparopa
GhT + GMh/J, - GhH - Qw = Qo = 10,9.12,1 + 10,9.0,5' 103-
-10,9' 5,2 - 10,9.12,6 = 500I<B1'.
He5aJIaHc 499  500 (norpeuIHoc1'b 2%).
IlapaMe1'pbI B03)J,yxa  1'o<n<e 9 (no 6anaHcy reIilloo6MeHHHKa III)
h '2 - h 3 ::::: h l' _. h 9 ;
h9 = h l' - (h 2 - h 3) = 12050 - (11850 - 10250) = 10450 Ki{)IQ'KMonb::::
::::: 36,2 K)J,)f(/I<r.
3roH 3HranblIHH COOT1JercTByer T9 = 235 K.
IIapaMe1'pbl B TOtJI<aX 6 H 5:
h 6 = h 7 - qo = 5800 - 1320 = 4480 KJ1.x</KMonb :::: IJ5 KJ1.>K/Kr;
h 5 ::::: 4480 I<)J,)f((KMonb ::::: 155 K.1bK(I<r; Ts = 135 K.
IIapaMe1'pbl B rotJKe 4 (no 6aJIaHCY 1'errnoo6MeHHHKa I): h 4 - h 5 = h 8 - h 7;
h 4 ::::: (h 8 - h ?) + h 5 = (7280 - 5800) + 4480 = 5960 K.il)K/KMOJ1b =
= 206 I<J1.)f(/Kr,
104

OTl<yp;a T4 = 140 K
llapaMeTpbI B TO\lKe 4 (no 6anaHcy TeIUIOo6MeHlUlKa II) :
(I-M) (h 3 -h 4 ) =h9 -h",; (I-M)h 3 - (I-M)h 4 =h9 -hs;
h - (l -M)h 3 - (h 9 -hs) = 0,5 '10250 - (lU450 -7280 ) =
4 - 1 - M 0.5
= 5950 K,lhK/Kr.
llorpelIIHoCTb onpep;eneHHH h 4 DO BTOpoM cny\lae (5960 - 5950) 15960 =
== 0,0017 (2%).
Yp;enbflblH pacxop; JJ1eKTpo3HeprHH Ha np"BOP; KOMfipeCCOpa
J3 = (e2 - e 1 )/71U31l3M = (310 - 0)/0,6'0,9 = 575 K)bK/Kr.
K
Pa60n (3neKTpo3HeprHH), B03BpaIUaeMaH B ceTb OT p;eTaH,n;epa,
I; = MD.hlJ,ll3M = 0,5' 103.0,9 = 46,3 K,I{)K/Kr.
MOutBOCTb:
KOMIIpeCCOpa
I N'3 = Gl'3 = 10,9.575 = 6270 KBT  6300 KBT'
K K '
,n;elaH,n;epa
tr = G( = 10,9' 46,3 = 506KBT,
,IJ, IJ,
3arpaqeHHaJl MOlUHOCTb
Itr = N'3 - N 3 = 6270 - 506 = 5764 KBT.
I K IJ,
: Yp;enbHaH 3aTpaTa pa60TbJ Ha BbJpa601KY ep;ID!HW>1 xoJlol1.a
N 3 5764
3= - == - = 115 KBT/KBT
Q 0 5 00 ' .
XOno.IJ;HnbHbIH K03tPtPHIJ,HeHT € = 1/3 = 0,087.
3KCepreTH\!eCKHH KIJ)], petPpIDKepaTOpa
QO(Tq)o
TIe =
N'3 _ N'3
K IJ.
500' 2.65
=
5764
 = 0,231 (23%),
r,n;e
(r q) 0 = 1 -
T o.c
To
293
=1-
80,5
= 1 - 3,65 = -2,65.
105

3AAA'f1il
3
8'la 7.1. OnpeAeJIHTb H30TepMH'IeCKHe Apoccenb-3<p<peKTbI xnaAoHoB
R-13, R-23 H R-14 npH paCumpeHHH HX C Pm = 2,5 Mila AO Pn = 0,1 Mila.
KaKOH H3 xnaAoHoB H BO CKonbKO pa3 HMeeT H30TepMH'IeCKHH Apoccenb-
3<p<peKT 60nbwe no CpaBHeHHIO C OCTanbHbIMH. (fipH peweHHH MO)KHO
Bocnonb30BaTbCH pHC. 7.6*).
3
aqa 7.2. OnpeAenHTb H30TepMH'IeCKHe Apoccem-3<p<peKTbl 3TaHa,
3THneHa, MeTaHa H nponaHa. Ha'lanbHOe AaBneHHe Pm = 3 Mila, KOHe'IHoe -
Pn = 0,1 Mila.
38A8qa 7.3. OnpeAenHTb H30TepMH'leCKHe Apoccenb-3<p<peKTbI KHcno-
poAa, a30Ta, KpHnTOHa, aproHa H HeOHa. Ha'lanbHOe AaBneHHe Pm = 10 Mila,
KoHe'IHOe - Pn = 0,1 Mila.
38A8qa 7.4. KaKOBbI 3HaqeHHH H30TepMH'IeCKHX Apoccenb-3<p<peKToB
BOAoPOA8 H renHH? KaKoB <pH3H'1eCKHH CMblcn OTpHuaTenbHoro Apoccenb-
3<p<peKTa? Ha'lanbHble AaBneHHe H TeMnepaTypa COOTBeTCTBeHHO Pm =
= 20 Mila H T m = 293 K, KOHe'IHoe - Pn = 0,1 Mila.
38A8qa 7.5. KaKylO TeMneplTypy T H MO)KHO nonY'IHTb B renHeBOH
ApocCenbHO-3)KeKTOpHoH cTyneHH, ecnH 38AaHbI cneAYIOWHe napaMeTpbI
npHMOro H 06paTHoro nOTOKOB: Pm = PI = 1,536 Mila; TI = 16 K; G I =
= 110 Kr/'I; Pn =Ps =0,127 Mila; Ts =15,5K?
XonoAonpoH3BOAHTenbHOCTb cTyneHII Q3 = 30 Br.
H
3aAaqa 7.6. PaCC'lHTaTb ApoccenbHO-3)KeKTopHYIO cTyneHb OKOH'laTenb-
HOro OXiI(l)I(,lJ;eHHH renHeBoro pe<ppH)Keparopa xonoAonpoH3BOAHTenbHOCTblO

 = 50 BT, onpeAenHB uP, TH' Qc H 1/e'
)J,aaneHHe H TeMnepaTYpa npHMoro nOTOKa Pm = PI = 2 Mila, TI
= 20 K.
)J,aBneHHe H TeMllepaTypa 06paTHoro nOTOKa Pn Ps = Pc
= 0,132 Mila, Ts = 19,5 K.
PacxoA renHH G I = 48 . 10- 3 Kr/c.
38A8qa 7.7. PaCC'lHTaTb ApoccenbHO-3)KeKTopHYIO cTyneHb OKOH'laTenb-
Horo OXiIIDf<AeHHH renHeBoro pe<pPH)KepaTOpa, onpeAenHB uP, T H' Qc H
1/ e . XonoAonpoH3BoAHTenbHocTb
 = 100 Br. PacxoA renHH G I
=80.10- 3 Kr/c.
,aaBneHHe H TeMllepaTYpa npHMoro nOTOKa Pm = PI = 1,5 Mila, TI
= 20 K H 06paTHoro nOTOKa Pn = Ps = Pc = 0,1 Mila, Ts = 19 K.
38A8qa 7.8. PaCC'IHTaTb renHeBbIH pe<ppH)KepaTOp C ApoccenbHO-3)KeK-
TOpHOH CTyneHbIO OKOH'IaTenbHoro oxna)l(,Il,eHHH, onpeAenHB UP, T H' Qc
H 1/e' XonOAOnpOH3BOAHTenbHOCTb Q
 = 1 KBT. PacxoA renHH G I
= 100 . 10- 3 Kr/c. .IJ:aBneHHe H TeMnepaTypa npHMoro nOTOKa Pm = PI =


* COKOJlOB E. jj'., '6P0II;}IHCKHIt B. M. 3HepreTJt1!eCKHe OCHOBbl TpaHc<I>opMaUHH
renJla H npoueccOB oXJlIDK.L\eHH}!. M.: 3HeproH3.llaT, 1981.


106




;: 2,5 MIIa, T, = 20 K H o6paTHoro nOTOKa Pn = Ps = Pc = 0,12 MIIa,
Ts = L9,7 K.
3a'la 7.9. PaCC'lHTaTb cxeMY Knop;a B03p;yuIHoro pel}>pmKepaTopa
C p;eTaH,IJ,epoM Ha CJIep;ylOllure yCJIOBHH: xOJIOp;onpoH3BOp;HTeJI bH OCTb Q 0 =
;: 1163 KBr, napaMeTpbI C)I(aTOro B03p;yxa P2 = 3,0 MIIa H T 2 = 293 K,
pa3HocTb TeMnepaTYP ilt H = il t 2 _ I' = 5 K, TenJIOnpHTOK lIepe3 H30JIHlJ,HlO
qID = 12,6 KJ],)I(!Kr C)I(aTOrO B03p;yxa. J],OJIH B03p;yxa, OTBOP;HMOro Ha
p;eTaH,lJ;ep, M = 0,6. TeMneparypa B03p;yxa nepep; p;eraHp;epoM T3 = 235 K.
i 'H3oTepMHlIeCKHH KIIJ], KOMnpeccOpa 171f3 = 0,6; KIIJ], p;eTaH,IJ,epa 17i
: = 0,7. 3JIeKTpOMexaHHlIecKHe KIIJ], KOMnpeccopa H p;eTaH,IJ,epa 17 =
= 17P. == 0,9.
npep;eJIHTb napaMeTpbI B xapaKTt:pHblX TOliKax npolJ,ecca, yp;eJIbHYIO
r 3aTpary pa60rbI Ha Bblpa60TKY XOJIO)J;3, XOJIOP;HJIbHbIH K031}>I}>HlJ,HeHT H 3K-
cepreTHliecKHH KIIJ], pel}>pH)I(epaTopa.
3aqa 7.10. Onpep;eJIHTb XOJIOP;HJIbHbIH K031}>I}>H1J,HeHT H 3KceprerH-
qeCKHH KIIJ], B03P;ymHoro pel}>pH)l(eparopa, pa60TalO1l1erO no cxeMe Knop;a
DpH xOJIOp;onpoH3BOp;HTeJIbHOCrH Qo == 300 KBr.
J],aBJIeHHe B03p;yxa P2 = 2,0 MIIa, ero rel\meparypa T 2 = 293 K, pa3-
. Hocrb reMneparyp ilt H = il t 2 _ I' = 5 K, reIIJIOnpHTOK lIepe3 H30JIHlJ,HIO
'qID == 13 KJ],)I(!Kr c)l(aroro B03p;yxa, P;OJIH B03p;yxa Ha p;eraH):J;ep M = 0,65,
reMIIeparypa B03p;yxa nepep; AeraH,IJ,epoM T3 = 230 K.
H30TepMHlIecKHH KIIJ], KOMnpeccopa 171f3 = 0,6; KI1J], AeraH,IJ,epa 17. =
= 0,8. 3JIeKT p OMexaHHlIecKHe KIIJ],17K = 17P. = 0,9. I
3M 3M
3ap;aQa 7.11. Onpep;eJIHTb 31}>I}>eKTHBHoCTb (KIIJ],) BomymHoro pel}>pH-
>Keparopa xOJIOAOnpOH3BOAHTeJIbHOCTbIO Q 0 == 10 KBr, pa60raI01l1ero no
cxeMe KnoAa.
J],aBJIeHHe H reMneparypa C)I(aroro B03p;yxa P2 = 1,0 MIIa; T 2 =
== 293 K. Pa3HOCTb TeMnepaTyp Ha reIIJIOM KoHlJ,e "BepXHero" TeIIJIoo6MeH-
HHKa ilt H == ilt 2 _ I' == 10 K; TeIIJIOnpHTOK lIepe3 H30JIHlJ,HIO qlf3 =
:::: 10 KJ],)I(!Kr C)I(3TOro BQ3P;yxa. J],OJIH B03p;yxa, orBOAHMorO Ha p;eTaH,IJ,ep,
.I M = 0,7. TeMIIeparypa nepeA AeTaH,IJ,epoM T 3 = 220 K. l.hoTepMHlIecKHH
KrI,I:J, KOMnpeccOpa 17m = 0,6, ap;Ha6aTHbIH KIIJ], AeTaH,IJ,epa 17i = 0,7.
3JIeKTpOMeXaHHlIeCKHH KIIJ], KOMn p ecco p a H p;eraH,IJ,epa 17 K = 17P. =
3M 3M
" =0,9.
rnaBa BQCbMaA
O>KH>KEH HE H 3AMOPA>KHBAHHE r A30B.
HK3KOTEMnEPATYPHOE PA3AEI1EHHE rA30Bb1X CMECE£'I
nPHMEPbl
npHMep 8.1. PaCClIHraTb p;poCCeJIbHbIH O)I(H)I(J1TeJIb B03Ayxa, pa60raIO-
Uij1H no cxeMe DHH)J;3 (pHC. 8.1). I1cxop;Hble napaMerpbI B03p;yxa p, =
:::: 0,1 MIIa H T, = 293 K, napaMeTpbI C)I(aroro B03Ayxa P2 = 20,0 MIIa
I
:.I
107

l)9K T
To.c
2

TO Q'A3
J
,D,p
If 6
C
1
7 ",=const
n7:=const
n 2 =const
s
!'He. 8.1. CxeMa OJKHJKHTenH e ApoecenbHoit CTyneHblO OKOH'IaTenbHOro OxnaJKAeHHH
(exeMa ITHHAa) H npoueee B T, s-AHarpaMMe
11 T 2 = 293 K, pa3Hocrb reMrIeparyp tH = t2 _ 7 = 5°C, rermorrpHroK
Qepe3 H30nJHJ.111O q = 12,6 KJ],)/(/Kr c)/(aroro ra3a. I-borepMH'leCKHM 11 :meK-
rpoMeXaHH'leCKHH KIIJJ. KOMrrpeccopa coorBercrBeHHo 11: 3 =" 0,6 H T/3M ==
=0..9.
PeweHHe. BeJIH'lHHa H3orepMHQeCKOrO ,o;poCCeJIb-3q,q,eKra h T = hI -
- h 2 = 12200 - 11 150 = 1050 KJ],)K/KMOJIb = 36,3 KJ],)/(/Kr:
rrorepJi XOJIo,o;a C He,o;opeKyrrepall,HeH
hH = hI - h 7 = 12200 - 12050 = 150 KJ],)/(/KMOIlb = 5,2 KJ],)/(/Kr.
Pa3Hocrb 3HraJIbIIHH B03,o;yxa B HaqaJIbHOM H O)Kl1)/(eHHOM COCrOJiHHJiX
b.h O>K = b. h 1 _ 5 = 12200 - 0 = 12200 KJ],)/(/KMOJIb = 422 KJ],)K!Kr.
J],OJIJi O)Kl1)/(eHHoro B03,o;yxa, rrOJIy'leHHOfO 113 1 Kf c)/(aroro,
y=
Llh T - Llh H - qH3
Llh  - Llh H
36, 3 - 5.2 - 12,6
422 - 5,2
18,5
416,8
::::::
:::::: 0,044.
TIapaMerpbI B03,o;yxa nepe,o; ,o;pocceIleM:
(h 2 - h 3) + qH3 = (1 - y ) (h 7 - h 8 ) ;
h 3 = h 2 + qw - (1 - y)(h 7 - h 6) = 1150 + 364 - (1 - 0,44) X
X (12050 - 5800) = 5534 KJ],)/(/Kf MOJIb;
qw = 3. 4,19 . 28,96 = 364 KJ],)/(/I)r MOJIb;
T3 = 174K.
108

Y,lJ;enbHblH paCXo,lJ; ::meKTpo3HeprHH Ha 1 Kr O)IOOKeHHoro B03,lJ;Yxa
L 3 = Ny = RTlnP2{PI
Y'1K3'13M
0,286 . 293 . 5, 3
0,044. 0,6' 0,9
= 18 700 K/Kr,
HnH
hi - h 2 - TO.c (S I - S2)
'L 3 = N y =
Y'1In'13M
422 - 385 - 293. 1,64
0,044' 0,6 . 0,9
444
= = 18 700 K/Kr.
0,044' 0,6' 0,9
Y,lJ;enbHaH 3KceprHH )KJf,lJ;Koro B03,lJ;yxa
es =h s -ho.c - To.c(ss -So.c) =h s -hi - To.c(ss -SI) =
I
= 0 - 422 - 293 (0 - 3,87) = -422 + 1135 = 713 K)J)K/Kr.
Pa6c:>Ta, 3aTpa'leHHaH B KOMIlpeCCope Ha C)KaTHe 1 Kr B03,lJ;yxa,
l K = e2/T/K3 = 442/0,6 = 736 K/Kr.
ITapaMeTpbl B xapaKTepHblx TO'lKax rrpouecca rrOKa3aHbi B Ta6rr. 8. I.
T a 6 J1 H U a 8.1. napaMeTpbl B xapaKTepHblx TO'lKax npol\ecca
T 0'1 Ka .D:aBJI eHHe TeMnepaTY 3HTIIJIbJlHl{ h PacxoA G, ={Kr YAeJ1bHIIH 3Kcep-
Ha pHC. p'lo,Mna pa T, K O>KH>KeHHQr 0 nUl e. K.D:>K {Kr
8.1 K.D:>K{Kr MOJ1b K.D:>K{Kr B03Ayxa
1 1 293 12 200 422 1 0
2 200 293 11150 385 1 442
3 200 174 5534 - 1 500
4 1 82 5534 - ] 200
5 1 79 0 0 0,044 713
6 1 82 5800 - 0,956 167
7 1 288 12050 - 0,956 0,12
Y,lJ;enbHbIH pacxo,lJ; 3neKTpo3HeprHH Ha rronY'leHHe 1 Kr O)KH)KeHHoro B03-
,lJ;yxa
L 3 = N =
y
e2
Y'1H3'13M
442
0,6' 0,9' 0,044
18 600 K/Kr.
3Kce preTH'IeCK HH KIT.IJ, YCTaHoBKH
TIe =es/N y =713/18700RoO,038 ( Ro 4%).
npHMep 8.2. PaCC'lHTaTb cxeMY feHrraH,lJ;Ta (pHC. 8.2) AJIH O)KH)KeHHH
B03,lJ;yxa Ha cne,lJ;YIOw;He ycnoBHH:: HCXO,lJ;Hble rrapaMeTpbl B03,lJ;yxa PI =
109

<fJ f{K


T


5


s


!>He. 8.2. CxeMa O)l(lI)f{I{TeJIbHOIi yeTaHOBKII e IJ;eNH,l.\epoM (exeMa feliJIaHIJ;Ta) II !JpO-
l\eee B T, S-,l.\HarpaMMe


== 0,1 Mna H T 1 == 293 K, napaMCTpbl CIKaToro B03Ayxa Ha BxoAe B TeIUIO-
06MeHHID< H AeTaHAep P2 = 20,0 Mna H T 2 == 293 K, pa3HoCTb TeMnepaTyp
Ll.t H = 5°C, Tel1JJOnpHTOK tJepe3 H30JUIlI,HIO qll3 == 12,6 K.ll:IK/Kr CIKaToro
B03Ayxa, AOJUI ApocceJlHpyeMoro B03Ayxa M == 0,4. 1130TepMHtJecKHH Kn.ll:
KOMnpeCCOpa 17
 == 0,6, BHYTpeHHHH Kn.ll: AeTaH.JJ;epa 17f = 0,7, JJleKTpo-
MeXaHHtJeCKHe Kn,a KOMn p ecco p a H AeTaH.JJ;e p a 17K = 17l1. = 0 9.
3M 3M
PeWeHHe. IboTepMHtJeCKHH Apoccem.3<f><peKT
Ll.h T = h 1 - h 2 = 12200 - 11150 = 1050 K.ll:IK/KMOJIb = 36,3 K.il:JK/Kr.
nOTepR XOJloAa BCJleACTBHe HeAopeKynepall,HH
Ll.h H = hi - h 7 = 12200 - 12050 = 150 K.ll:IK/KMOJIb = 5,2 K.ll:IK/Kf.


Pa3HoCTb 3HTaJlbnHH B03Ayxa B HatJIDIbHOM H OIKHIKeHHoM COCTOmIIDIX
Ll.h 0)1( = h 1 - h 5 = 12200 - 0 == 422 K.ll:IK/Kf.
napaMeTpbl B03Ayxa Ha BbIxoAe H3 AeTaH.JJ;epa
h 11 = hs- (h s -h s ')17f = 11150- (11150-5150) X 0,7
6950 K.il:JK/KMOJJb; T 11 = 115 K.
YAeJlbHaH xOJlOAonpoH3BOAHTeJlbHOCTb ACTaHAepa
Ll. h l1. = h s - h 11 = 11150 - 6850 = 4200 K.il:JK/KMOJIb = 145 K.ll:IK/Kf.


110




.1JOJUI O)l(IDKeHHOrO B03Ayxa, IIorry1JaeMaH 113 1 Kr C)I(aTOrO,
L1h T - L1h H - q H3 + (l - M) L1h n
:=:
L1h Q)K - A h H
36,3 - 5,2 - 12,6 + 0,6' 145
422 - 5,2
105,5
.s:::-
416,8
0,253.
I1apaMeTphI C)I(aTOro B03Ayxa Ha BhlXOAe 113 TeruIoo6MeHHHKa 1:
(h 2 -h 9 )+qH3= (l-y)(h 7 -hI!)
Mh 2 +qH3- (l-y)(h 7 -hl!)
M
0,4. 11 150 + 364 -
-0,747 (12 050 - 6950)
0,4
4460 + 364 - 3810
0,4
1014
0,4
2540 K.1J)I(/KMOJIh;
T 9 =128K.
I1apaMeTphI B03Ayxa rrepeA ApoCCeJIeM (113 6anaHca TeruIoo6MeHHHKa 11) :
(h 9 - h 3) = (M - y) (h 10 - h 6) ;
Mh 9 - (M - y) (h 10 - h 6)
113 =
M
0,4' 2540 - 0,147(6950 -5800)
0,4
= 845 = 2110 K.1J)I(/KMOJIh;
0,4
. T3 = 114 K.
YAeJIhHhIH pacxoA 3JIeKTp03Heprl111 Ha 1 Kr O)l(IDKeHHoro B03Ayxa
e2- e l (l-M)L1h n 713M 442
Y71H3713M Y 0,253' 0,6' 0,9
Ny
(1 - 0,4) . 145 . 0,9
1-
0, 25 3
3240 - 310 = 2930 K.1J)I(/Kr
 ::-  Y  [ R Tlnp2/pl _ (1 - M) Ah n 17 3M ] =
11H3713M
I
I l =  [ 0,286' 293. 5,3 _ 0,6. 145.0,9 ] =
I 0,253 0,6' 0,9
743,7
0,253
= 2930 K/Kr.
t
I1apaMeTphI B xapaKTepHhlx To1JKaX rrpOilecca rrOKaJaHhI B Ta6JI. 8.2.
3KcepreTWIeCKI1H KI1.1J YCTaHOBKI1
111

T a 6 IT H l( a 8.2. OapaMeTphi B xapaKTepHhlx TO'lKaX npol.\eeca
T O'IK8 3HTIIJIbWUI h Y/J.eJ1bHbIH pac-
aBJ1eHHe TeMnepaTy- xO/J. G, Kr/Kr Y/J.eJIbHaH 3Keep-
Ha PRe. P' 10, MrIa paT, K O>KIDKeHHQro rHR e, Kl1.)I(/Kr
8.2 K/l.)I(/KMOIlb KlJ;JK/Kr B03/J.yxa
1 1 293 12200 422 1 0
2 200 293 11150 385 1 442
3 200 114 2110 73 0,4 570
4 1 82 2110 - 0,4 510
5 1 79 0 0 0,253 713
6 1 82 5800 - 0,147 167
7 1 288 12050 - 0,747 0,12
8 200 293 11150 0,6 442
9 200 128 2540 - 0,4 580
10 1 115 6950 - 0,747 110
11 1 115 6950 - 0,6 110
T/=es/N y = 713/2930=0,243 ("'='24%).
npHMep 8.3. Pacc'UiTaTh cxeMY TpexcTyneH'laTOH KOMnpeCCHOHHOH
YCTaHOBKH )J,1IH I1pOH3BOIJ,CTBa TBe?IJ,OrO IJ,HOKCHAa yrrrepolJ,a CO 2 (pHc.83)
t S2 + hSI
VwW.pqK
11
T
15
s
PRe. 8.3. CxeMa ApoeceITbHol! YCTaHOBKH AJIH IIOITY'IeHIUI TBepAOrO AHOKCHAa yrrrepoAa
H npOl(eee B T, s-AHarpaMMe
112

H CJIeAyKJIl.{HX YCJIOBWDC npOH3BOAHTeJIbHOCTh YCTaHOBKH G = 0,5 Kr/c,
TeMllepaTypa OXJIa)lq],aIOIl.{eH BOAbI Ha BXoAe B KOHAeHcaTOp t o.c = t a2 =
':;: 20°C H Ha BbIxoAe - tal = 22"C, napaMeTpbI ra3006pa3Horo CO 2 Ha
.BXoAe B yCTaHOBKy PO.C = 0,1 Mila H t o.c = 20OC. Pa3HOCTh TeMnepaTyp
B KOHAeHcaTOpe At K = 3 "C, B OXJIaAHTeIDIXLHoxn = 20"C. l1HAHKaTOpHble
KIIJ( c1)'neHeH KOMnpeccopa: 17i1 = 0,88, 17i2 = 0,87,17i3 = 0,86,:meKTpO-
MeXaHH'leCKHe Kil,IJ, Bcex cTyneHeH 17 3M = 0,95.
PeUEHHe. TeMnepaTypa KoHAeHcaU;HH
t K = t 10 = tal + f:1 t K = 22 + 3 = 25 "C.
C OOTBeTCTByKJIl.{ee AaBJIeHHe KOHAeHCau;HH: PK = P 9 = P 10 = 6,6 Mila.
,IJ,aBJIeHHe HarHeTaHHH nepBoH cTYIIeHH KOMnpeccopa npHHHMaeM P3 =
 == 0,6 Mila, TorAa AaBJIeHHe HarHeTaHHH BTOpOH cTyrreHH
! P6 = V P9P3 = V 6,6 . 0,6 = 1,99 R:J 2,0 Mila.
,.
ilapaMeTpbI B HeKoTopbIX xapaKTepHbIX TOqKax npou;ecca: Po.c =
= 0,1 Mila; t o.c = 20 "C; h o.c = 726 K.IbK/Kr; PI = 0,1 Mila; t 1 = -79°C;
. hI = 642 K,I:I)K/Kr; P16 = 0,1 Mila; tl6 = -79°C; h 16 = 69,5 K.IbK/Kr;
I PI4 = 0,6 Mila; t 1 4 = -54 "C; h 14 = 306 K.IbK/Kr; h 4 = 650 KMKr;
PI2 = P? = 2,0 Mila; t? = - 20°C; h? = 655 K,I:I)K/ Kr; h 12 = 375 K,I:I)K/Kr;
PIO = 6,6 Mila; h 10 = 499 KJJ.>K/Kr.
OrHocHTeJIbHOe KOJIHqeCTBO napa, BbIXoAJU.l(ero H3 reHepaTOpa,
X = (h 14 - h 16)/ (h 1 - h 14) = (306 - 69,5)/ (642 - 306) = 236,5/336 =
, = 0,705.
I Or HOCHTeJIbHO e KOJIH'leCTBO napa, BbIXOAIDIJ;erO H3 npOMe)l(YTOoro
 cocYAa IX,
'y=(1+x)
h 12 - h 1 4
h 4 - h 12
1705 375-3. =043
, 650 - 375 ,.
OrHocHTeJIbHOe KOJIH'leCTBO napa, BbIXOWIIl.{ero H3 npoMe)l(YTooro
CocyAa VIII,
z = (1 + x + y) h 10 - h 12
. h?-h lO
( 1705 +043 ) 499 - 375
, .' 655 - 499
1,68.
3HTaJIbnHH napa Ha BCaCbIBaHHH I cTyneHH KOMnpeccopa
h 2
xh 1 + h o.c
---
1+x
0,705 . 642 + 726
1,705
= 691 K.IbK/ Kr.
3HTaJIbnIDI napa Ha HarHeTaHHH I cTyrreHH KOMnpeccopa
h3,-h2
h3=h2+
11;1
= 691 + (811 - 691) = 827 K.IbK/Kr.
0,88
113

BHyrpeHHHH pa60Ta KOMrrpeccopa I cT)'IIeHH
/1 = (1 + x) (h 3 - h 2) = 1,705 (827 - 691) = 232 i<,IJ)K/ KT.
IIapaMeTpbI, OTHOCHIW1eCH KO n cTyrreHH KOMIIpeccopa:
3HTaJIbIIlliI Ha BcaCbIBaHHH
(1 +x)h 3" + yh 4 1.705. 738 + 0,43.650 /
= = 720 i<,IJ)K Kf,
1 + x + y 1,705 + 0,43 .
me t3 = t o.c + /::;.t OXJ1 = 20 + 20 = 40°C H h'; = 738 KLb</Kr;
3HTaJIbIII1£: Ha HarHeTaH1111
hs=
h 6 ,-hs
h6=hs+
T/ ;2
720 + (795 - 720)
0.87
806 K.1J>K/Kr;
BHYTpeHIDIH paOOTa
/2 = (1 +x+y) (h 6 -hs) = 2,135(806 -720) = 183,5 KD,)I(/Kr.
IIapaMeTpbI, OTHOCHIW1eCH K III CTYIIeHH KOMIIpeCcopa:
3HTaJIbIIHH IIapa Ha BcaCbmaHHH
h8
(1 +x+ y)h 6 "+zh 7
l+x+y+z
2.135 . 724 + 1.68 . 655
2,135 + 1.68
= 695 Kb/Kr,
n:et6" = t o . c + to XII = 20+20=40°CHh 6 "
3HTaJIbIIHH Ha HarHeTaHHH
725 KD,)I(/Kr;
h h 9' - h 8
h9 = 8+
T/j3
= 695 + (7 5 9 - 69 5 ) = 769 KD,)I(/Kr;
0.86
BHYTpeHHHH pa60Ta
/3 = (1 +x + y + z) (h 9 - h 8) = 3,815 (769 - 695) = 282 KD,)I(/Kr.
YAenbHaH TerrnOBaH Harpy3Ka KOHAeHCaTOpa
qK = (1 +x + y + z) (h 9 - h 10) = 3,815 (769 - 499) = 1035 i<,IJ)K/KT
YAenbHbIli OTBOA Terrna B OXna,lJ;HTene XI
qll = (1 +x + y) (h 6 - h 6") = 2,135 (806 -725) = 173 i<,IJ)K/KT.
OXJ1
YAenbHbIH OTBOA Terrna B oxna,lJ;HTene XII
qI02XJ1 = (1 +x) (h 3 -h 3") = 1,705 (827 -739) = 150 i<,IJ)K/KT.
EanaHC YCTaHOBKH
h o . c +/1 +/2 +/3 =h 16 +qK + qIOIXJ1 +qJ1;
114

q = 726 + 232 + 183,5 + 282 = 1423,5 K.fuK/Kr;
nOAB
q = 69 5 + 1035 + 173 + 150 = 1427,5 K,J:I)K/Kf.
OTB ,
He6anaHc (1427,5 - 1423,5) 100/1427,5 = 0,3%, qTO HaxO)J.HICR B npe-
)J,enax )J,orrycTHMOrO rrpH HcrrOITb30BaHHH T, s-)J.HarpaMMbI.
TerrnOBaR HarpyJKa KOHAeHCaTOpa
QK = GqK = 0,5. 1035 = 518 KBT.
TerrnoBble HarpY3KH oxna}J,lneneH
Ql1 = Gq II = 0,5 . 173 = 86,5 KBT;
oxn OAn
QI2 = Gq12 = 0,5. 150 = 75 KBT.
oxn oxn
MOunrOCTH cryrreHeH KOMrrpeccopa:
N I = GI I /T/3M = 0,5 .232/0,95 = 122 KBT;
N 2 = 0,5 . 183,5/0,95 = 96,5 KBT;
N 3 = 0,5 .282/0,95 = 148,5 KBT.
CYMMapHaR M011Ul0CTb KOMrrpeccopa N = 367 KBT.
Y)J,enbHbIH pacxQJJ; 3HeprHH Ha rronyqeHHe 1 Kr TBep)J,oco )J,HOKCH)J,a yrne-
pQJJ;a
" Ny = 367/0,5 = 734 KLI:)f(jKr.
Y)J,enbHaR 3KCeprHR TBep)J,OCO )J,HOKCH)J,a yrnepo)J,a
" e16 = (h 16 - h o.c) - To.c (s 16 - So.c) = 69,5 - 726 - 293 (2,64 - 5,96) =
i = -656,5 + 972,5 = 316 K)J)K/Kr.
3KcepreTmecKHH KIT)], YCTaHOBKH
T/ = e 16/Ny = 316/734 = 0,431 (- 43%).
ITpHMep 8.4. B raJopa3)J,enHTeITbHYIO YCTaHOBKY rrO)J,aeTCR B03)J,YX
H3 OKp}')f(alOl1.\eH Cpe)J,bI (Po.c = 0,1 MITa H T o.c = 293 K). B Terrno06MeH-
HHKe OH rrpe)J,BapHTenbHo OXITa)l(,[(aeTCR )J,O COCTORHHR cyxoro HaCbll1.\eHHOrO
napa rrpH p = 0,1 MIIa, a 3aTeM nO)J,aeTCR B peKTH<pHKaII,HOHHyIO KonoHHY,
I r)J,e O)/(IDKaen;Jl H pa3)J,enReTcR Ha a30T KOHlI,eHTpaIlHeH  =0,975 H KHcnopo)J,
,KOHIleHTpaIlHeH  = 0,050 (0,950 2 ), 06a rrpo)J.yKTa BbIBO)J,RTCR H3 YCTaHOB-
'H'B )/(H)J,KOM COCTORHHH rrpH P = 0,1 MITa.
Orrpe)J,eJIHTb MHHHManbHylO pa60ry, Heo6xo)J,HMyIO MR OXITa)f()J,eHHR,
O)i(H)f(eHHR H pa3)J,eJIeHHR B03)J,yxa B YCTaHoBKe.
PerneHHe. ITo e,  -)J,HarpaMMe CMeCH a30T-KHcnopo)J, (N 2 + O 2 ) orrpe-
)J,enReM MHHHMaITbHYIO pa60TY, He06xo)J,HMYIO MR oxna)l(,[(eHHR B03)J,yxa
npH p = 0,1 MIIa C T o.c = 293 K )J,O COCTORHHR cyxoro HaCbIl1.\eHHorO napa,
115
I.

/oxn = e I - eo = 230 - 0 = 230 K.J])K/M 3 .
MHH
MHHHMarrbHaJI pa60Ta, He06xOAHMaH AJIH O)!ODKeHHH B03Ayxa,
/ox< = e2 - e I = 912 - 230 = 682 K.J])K/M 3 .
MHH
MHHHMaJIbHaJI pa60Ta paJAerreHHH O)l(IDKeHHOro B03Ayxa
JPa3 = e 3 - e2 = 955 - 912 = 43 K.J])K/M 3 .
MHH
CyMMapHaJI pa60Ta
1:-/ = /oxn + /O)f( + /pa3 = 230 + 682 + 43 = 955 K,l:bK/M 3 .
MHH MUH MHH
npHMep 8.5. OlipeAerrHTb KOrrH'IeCTBO KHcrropoAa, IIoJIy'leHHoro B BOO-
Ayxopa3AeJIHTeJ1bHOH YCTaHOBKe C KorrOHHOH oAHOKpaTHOH peKTH<pHKaIUiH
IIPH IIOAa'le B = 100 M 3 /'1 = 0,0277 M 3 /C B03Ayxa. KoeHTpaIJ;HH IIorry-
'1aeMOrO KHcrropoAa K = 99% H OTXO)J)lll{ero a30Ta a = 90%.
PeweHHe. KOrrH'leCTBO IIorryqaeMoro KHcrropoAa
B (a- B)
K=
a-K
= 100 (0,9 - 0,79) = 123 3 / =: 000343 3 /
0,9 _ 0,01 ' M 'I, M C,
me B =: 0,79 - KOHIJ;eHIpaIJ;HH a30Ta B B03Ayxe; K =: 0,01 - KOHIJ;eHTpa-
IJ:HH aJOTa B KHcrropoAe. .
3AAALIH
3aA3'la 8.1. OnpeAerrHTb y.IJ;eJ1bHYIO pa60TY, 3aTpa'lHBaeMyro B O)l(IDKH-
Terre J1ffiIAe Ha npOH3BOACTBO 1 Kf )l(H)J;Koro B03Ayxa. IlapaMeTpbI B03Ayxa
IIepeA KOMIIpeCCOpOM PI =: 0,1 MIla H TI =: 300 K. IlapaMeTpbI C)I(aTOrO
B03Ayxa Ha BXOAe B pereHepaTHBHbIH TeIIJ1006MeHHHK P2 = 18,0 MIla H T 2 =
= 293 K. KJJJJ: KOMilpeccopa: H3OTepMH'IeCKHH lI H 3 = 0,6, 3rreKIpoMeXaHH-
'1eCKHH 113M =: 0,9. Pa3HOCTh TeMilepaTyp tH H = 5 °c, IIoTepH xorrOAa '1epe3
H30rrHIJ;IOO q H3 = 12,6 K.J])K/ Kf C)I(aTOrO BOJAyxa.
3aAaqa 8.2. OnpeAerrHTb AorrlO O)l(H)l(aeMOrO B03Ayxa H 3KCepreTH'leCKHH
KJJJJ: yCTaHOBKH JIHHAe, ecrrH IIapaMeTpbI BOJAyxa, 3acaCbIBaeMoro KOMnpec-
COpOM, PI = 0,1 MIla H TI = 293 K, AaBrreHHe B03Ayxa IIOCrreC)I(aTHHp2 =
= 19,0 MIla. IhoTepMH'IecKHH H 3rreKTpoMeXaHH'leCKHH KiI)], KOMnpeccopa
paBHbI lI H 3 = 0,65 H 113M = 0,9. Pa3HOCTh teMilepaTyp tH H = 3 "C, IIOTepl1
xorrOAa'lepe3 H30rrHIJ;HIO qH3 = 8,4 K,l:bK/Kr C)I(aTorO B03Ayxa.
3aAaqa 8.3. OnpeAerrHTb 3KCepreTH'leCKHH KIl)], YCTaHoBKH JIHHAe,
ecnH AorrH O)I(H)I(aeMOrO BOJAyxa COCTaBrrHeT Y = 6%. IlapaMeTpbI B03Ayxa
IIepeA KOMilpeCCOpOM PI = 0,1 MIla H TI = 293 K. IlapaMeTpbI C)I(aTorO
B03Ayxa P2 = 16,0 MIla H T 2 = 293 K. KIlJ], KOMnpeccopa: lIH3 = 0,6,
113M = 0,95.
tl6

33,1J,IfIa 8.4. IloCTpoHTb rpa<pHK Y = f (Dot H) H3MeHeHW!: )J,OnH O)l(H)I(eH-
!loro B03Ayxa Y OT BemNHHbI pa3HOCTH TeMrrepaTyp Do t H Ha TerrnOM KOHue
rerrnoo6MeHHHKa. IlpH pac<leTe rrpKHHTb cneAYIOIUHe 3Ha'leHW!: Do t H = 3;
.S; 10; 15; 20°C. IlapaMeTpbI B03Ayxa rrepeAKoMrrpeccopoMPI = 0,1 MIla
II T I = 300.K H Ha BXO)J,e B Terrno06MeHHHK P2 = 20,0 Mila H T 2 = 300 K.
nOTepH 'lepe3 H30nHl.{HlO q H3 = 12,6 KJ1:A</ Kr C)I(aTOrO B03)J,yxa.
33,1J,aqa 8.s. IlocTpoHTb rpa<pHK Y = f (qH3) H3MeHeHHH AonH Q)I(}I)I(aeMO-
fO B03Ayxay OT TerrnorrpHTOKa 'lepe3 H30JIHUHlO qH3.
IlpH paC'leTe rrpKHHTb qH3 = 0; 4,2; 8,4; 12,9; 17,2; 21,5 K.il.)I(/ Kr
)l(3TOro ra3a. IlapaMeTpbl B03,lJ.yxa rrepeA KOMrrpeCCOpOM PI = 0,1 Mila
]I TI = 300 K, rrocne KOMrrpeccopa P2 = 20,0 MIla H T 2 = 300 K. Pa3HocTb
teMrreparyp Dot H = 5°C.
33Aaqa 8.6. IlocTpoHTb rpa<pHKH H3MeHeHW!: H30TepMH'leCKOrO APOC-
CeJIb-3<p<peKTa Doh T K KOMrrrreKca In (P2 /PI) B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KOHe1.JHOrO
.AaBneHHH P2 C)I(aTHH B03Ayxa.
IlpH paC'leTe rrpHHHTb P2 = 0,1; 5,0; 10,0; 20,0; 22,0 MIla. Ha'larrbHble
napaMeIpbIPI == 0,1 MIla H TI = 293 K.
33,1J,aQa 8.7. PaCC'lHTaTb cxeMY JIHH)J,e ,lJ.JIH O)l(H)I(eHHH B03,lJ.yxa Ha CITe-
AyIOIUHe ycnoBHH: HCXOAHble rrapaMeIpbl B03Ayxa PI = 0,1 Mila H TI =
= 293 K, rrapaMeTpbl CToro B03Ayxa Ha BXOAe B Terrno06MeHHHK P2 =
i= 18,0 MIla H T 2 = 293 K, p33HOCTb TeMrrepaTyp Dot H = Dot2 _ 7 == 3°C,
terrrrorrpKToK 'lepe3 H30JIHIIHlO qH3 = 6,3 KJ1:A</Kr C)I(aTOrO B03Ayxa. KIUI.
ICoMrrpeccopa: H30TepMH'leCKHH 11 H 3 = 0,65, 3neKTpOMeX3HH'leCKHH 113M =
=0,95.
OrrpeAenHTb rrapaMeTpbl B XapaKTepHbIX TO'lKax rrpouecca, AOJIlO O)I(H-
)KaeMoro B o3,lJ.yx a, y)J,eJIbHylO pa60TY KOMrrpeccopa, y)J,eJIbHbIH pacxo)J,
:meKlp03HeprHH Ha O)l(H)l(eHHe B03,lJ.yxa, 3KCepreTH'leCKHH Kl1.II. YCTaHOBKH.
I 3a.u.aQa 8.8. PaCC'lHTaTb cxeMY YCTaHoBKH JIHH)J,e AmI O)l(}{)I(eHHH B03,IJ.yxa
; rrpeABapHTenbHbIM aMMHa'lHbIM OXJI3)i(AeHHeM Ha cneJJ,yIOIUHe ycnOBHH:
i CXO,lJ.Hble rrapaMeTpbl B03Ayxa PI == 0,1 MIla H T I = 293 K, rrapaMeTpbI
. )l(3Toro B03Ayxa Ha BXO)J,e B Terrno06MeHHHK P2 = 20,0 Mila H T 2 = 293 K,
83HOCTb TeMlIepaTyp Dot H = 5°C, TerrnorrpHToK 'lepe3 H30nHUHlO qH3 ==
. 12,6 K)J)I(/Kr C)I(3TorO B03Ayxa. Xono)J,HJ1bHbIH K03<p<PHIIHeHT aMMHa'lHOH
YCTaHOBKH E = 2; B ee HcrrapHTene B03,IJ.yX OXJI3)i(AaeTCH C T 2 , = 255 K
o T 2" = 240 K. l13oTepMH'leCKHH H 3neKTpOMeXaHH'leCKHH KIl)J. KOMrrpec-
opa 11H3 = 0,6 H 113M = 0,9.
OnpeAenHTb napaMeTpbl B xapaKTepHblX TO'lK3X rrpouecca, )J,onlO 0)1(}{-
aeMoro B o3,lJ.}'x a, y)J,enbHbIH paCXOA 3neKTpo3HepfHH, 3KCepreTH'leCKHH
ycTaHOBKH.
33AaQa 8.9. PaCC'lHTaTb cxeMY yCTaHoBKH JIHHAe C rrpeABapHTenbHbIM
a,lJ.OHOBblM oxna)l()J,eHHeM ,lJ.JIH O)I(H)I(eHHH B03)J,yxa Ha cneJJ,yIOIUHe ycno-
PBX: Ha'l3JIbHbIe rrapaMeTpbl B03Ayxa PI == 0,1 Mila H TI = 293 K; rrapa-
eTpbI C)I(aTOrO B03)J,yxa P2 = 20,0 Mila H T 2 = 293 K; p33HOCTb TeMne-
f Typ DotH = 5°C; TerrnorrpHToK 'lepe3 H30nHl.{HlO qw = 12,6 KJ1:A</Kr
Toro B03Ayxa.
117

XOJIOgIDIbHbIR K03<P<PHWieHT XJIa;:J;OHOBOR YCTaHOBKH € = 2; B ee Hcrra-
pHTeJIe B03,!J;YX OXJIa)K,!J;aeTCH C T2' = 255 K go T 2 " = 220 K. J.13OTepMH-
'IeCKHR H 3JIeKTpOMeXaHH'leCKHR KILa KOMrrpeccopa 17H3 = 0,6 H 173M ==
=0,9.
OrrpegeJIHIb rrapaMeTpbI B XapaKTepHblx TO'lKaX rrp 0 I1ecc a, gOJIIO 0)f(H-
)l(3eMOrO B03gyxa, ygeJIbHbIR pacxog 3JIeKTp03HeprHH H 3KCepreTH'leCKHll
KILa YCTaHoBKH.
3aAa'la 8.1 O. OrrpegeJIHTh goJIlO )l(HgKoro B03gyxa H 3KCepreTH'leCKHll
KILa O)I(H)l(HTeM feRn3HATa. IIapaMeTpbI B03gyxa rrepeg KOMrrpeccopoM
PI = 0,1 MIla H TI = 293 K. JJ:aBJIeHHe B03gyxa B KOHll,e C)I(aTHH P2 ==
= 18,0 MIla. BHyTpeHHHll a;:J;Ha6aTIll KIIJJ: geTaHJJ;epa rtf = 0,7, H30Tep-
MH'IeCKHR KII.IJ: KOMrrpeccopa 173 = 0,6, 3JIeKTpOMeXaHH'leCKHe KIIJJ:
17 K = 17]J, = 0,9. Pa3HOCTb TeMIIepaTyp At H = 5 "C, TeIIJIorrpHToK 'Iepe3
3M 3M
H30JIHIlHIO q H3 = 12,6 K)J)I(/ Kr c)I(aTOro B03gyxa. JJ:OM B03,!J;yxa, HgylI.\ero
Ha genHJJ;ep, 1 -M = 0,55.
3agalla 8.11. Pacc'lHTaTb cxeMY YCTaHoBKH feWaHJJ;Ta)J,J1H O)l(H)I(eHHH
B03gyxa Ha CJIegYIOIIIHe yCJIOBHH: HcxogHble rrapaMeTpbI PI = 0,1 MIla
H TI = 293 K, rrapaMeTpbI Ha Bxoge B TerrJIo06MeHHHK P2 = 19,0 MIla
H T 2 = 293 K, pa3HOCTb TeMrrepaTyp At H = 3°e, TeIIJIorrpHTOK 'Iepe3 H30-
JIHIIHIO qH3 = 8,4 K)J)I(/Kr C)I(aToro B03gyxa. JJ:OM gpoCCeJIHpyeMoro B03-
g yx a M = 0,5. fuOTepMH'IeCKHR KIIJJ: KOMrrpeccopa 17 K = 0,65, a;:J;Ha6aT-
H3
HbIR KII.IJ: geTaHJJ;e p a 17'!- = 0,7, 3JIeKTpOMeXaHWIecKHe KILa 7JK = 17lJ. =
I 3M 3M
= 0,9.
OrrpegeJIHTb rrapaMeTpbI B xapaKTepHblx TO'lKax rrpollecca, ygeJIbHbIll
pacxog 3JIeKTp03HeprHH H 3KCepreTH'leCKHR KIIJJ: YCTaHOBKH.
3agalla 8.12. PaCC'IHTaTh cxeMY O)l(H)l(HTeJIH feRJI3HATa, orrpegeJIHB
gOJIIO C)I(3TOrO B03gyxa, OTBogHMoro Ha geTaHJJ;ep (1 - M), HCXQgH
H3 rrpHHHTOll MHHHM3JIbHOR pa3HOCTH TeMrrepaTyp "HH)I(HerO" TeIIJIo06MeH-
HHKa At 9 _ 10 = 3 "C. I1cxOgHble rrapaMeTpbI B03gyxa PI = 0,1 MIIa H
Tl = 293 K, rrapaMeTpbI C)I(aToro B03gyxa Ha Bxoge B "BepXHHll TerrJIO-
06MeHHHK" P2 = 20,0 MIl a H T 2 = 293 K, pa3HocTb TeMrrepa TYP At H ==
= 5 °e, TerrJIorrpHTOK 'Iepe3 H30JIHIIHIO qH3 = 12,6 K)J)I(/Kr C)I(aTOro B03-
gyxa. fuOTepMH'IeCKHll KIIJJ: KOMrrpeccopa 17 H 3 = 0,6, a;:J;Ha6aTHbIll KM
geTaHAepa 17 i]J, = 0,7, 3JIeKTpOMeXaHH'leCKHe KIIJJ: 06eHX MaIllHH 17 M ==
= 17 ]J, = 0 9.
3M '
OrrpegeJIHTb rrapaMeTpbI B xapaKTepHbIX TO'lKax, KOJIH'leCTBO raJa,
OTBO)J;HMOro Ha geTaHJJ;ep, gOJIIO Q)f(H)I(3eMOrO B03)Jyxa, ygeJIbHbm pacxoLl
3JIeKTp03HeprHH H 3KcepreTH'lecKHll KIIJJ: YCTaHOBKH.
3agalla 8.13. )JnH YCJIOBHR, rrpHBegCHHbIX B 3a;:J;a'le 8.12, orrpegeJIHTh
gOJIIO B03gyxa (1 - M), OTBO)J;HMYIO Ha geTaHJJ;ep, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT MHHH-
MaJIbHOll pa3HOCTH TeMrrepaTyp "HH)I(HerO" TeIIJI006MeHHHKa At 9 _ 10'
118

ilpHIDlTh D.t 9 _ 10 = 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 "C. ilOCTpOHTb rpacpm< 1 - M =
== f (D. t 9 _ 1 0) .
3a,JJ.a'1a 8.14. PaCC'lHrarb cxeMY YCTaHOBKH KJIotJ,a MH O)\(!\)\(eHHH B03-
Ayxa, eCJIH ero rrapaMerpbI rrepetJ, KOMrrpeccopoM PI = 0,1 Mila H T 1 =
== 293 K, Ha BXOtJ,e B rel1J1006MeHHHK P2 = 16,5 Mila H T 2 = 293 K, pa3-
HOCTb reMIIeparyp D. t H = 5°C, rel1J10npHrOK 'lepe3 H30JIHl(HIO qH3 =
== 12,6 K}l:JK/Kr C)f(aTOrO B03,uyxa. TeMrreparypa B03tJ,yxa Ha BXOtJ,e B tJ,e-
ITaHtJ,ep T s = 238 K, a tJ,OM B03tJ,yxa, omotJ,HMaH Ha tJ,eTaHtJ,ep, 1 - M =
== 0,7. 1130repMH'leCKHH Kfl.n: KOMrrpeccopa 1}K = 0,65, aAHa6arHbIH Kfl.n:
AeraHtJ,epa 1} = 0,7, 3J1eKrpOMeXaHH'leCKHeKrYiI MaIlIHH1}K = 1}A = 0,9.
I 3M 3M
OrrpetJ,eJIHTh rrapaMeTpbI B xapaKrepHbIX rO'lKaX rrpOl(ecca, tJ,OJIIO O)\(H-
aeMoro B03tJ,yxa, ytJ,eJIbHbIH pacxotJ, :meKrp03Hepr!\H H 3KCeprerH'leCKHH
KIUI. ycraHOBKH.
3a.o.aqa 8.15. PacCqHrarb cxeMY ycraHOBKH KnotJ,a WIH O)f(H)f(eHHH B03-
Ayxa, eCJIH ero rrapaMeTpbI rrepetJ, KOMrrpeccopoM PI =:: 0,1 Mfla H Tl =
== 293 K, a rrOCJIe C)f(aTHH P2 =:: 4,0 MrIa H T 2 =:: 293 K. Pa3HOCTh reMrreparyp
at H = 5 "C, rerrrrorrpHroK lJ.epe3 H30JIHl(HIO qH3 = 8,4 K)J)f(/Kr C)f(aroro
, 03tJ,yxa. TeMIIeparypa Bomyxa Ha BXOtJ,e B tJ,eraHtJ,ep Ts = 193 K, tJ,OM
i803tJ,yxa, orBQ!J,HMaH Ha tJ,eraHtJ,ep, 1 - M = 0,8. 1130repMH'IeCKHH Kfl.n:
OMrrpecco p a 1}K = 0,6, aAHa6aTHbIH Kfl.n: tJ,t1faHtJ,epa 1}'!- = 0,7, 3neKTpO-
H3 I
, eXaHHlJ.eCKHe Kfl.n: MaIllHH 1}M = 1}M = 0,9.
. OrrpetJ,eJIHrb rrapaMeTpbI B xapaKrepHbIx rO'lKax rrpol(ecca, tJ,OJIIO 0)f(H-
ilKaeMoro B03tJ,yxa, ytJ,eJIbHbIe 3Hepr03aTparbI, 3KceprerHIJ.eCKHH Kll)J ycra-
OBKH.
3a,JJ.aqa 8.16. OrrpetJ,eJIHTb tJ,OJIJO O)f(H)f(aeMorO B03tJ,yxa H ytJ,eJIbHbIe
" aTpaTbI 3JIeKTp03HeprHH B ycraHoBKe KarrHl(bI, ecnH rrapaMerpbI BOmyxa
. epetJ, KOMnpeCcopOM PI =:: 0,1 Mila H Tl = 300 K, a 3a HHMP2 = 0,6 Mfla
T 2 = 300 K. Pa3HOCTh reMrreparyp D.t H = 3 "C, rerrrrorrpHroK '1epe3 H30-
HIO qH3 = 12,6 K)J)f(/Kr c)\(aroro B03tJ,yxa. .n:onH Bomyxa, nocryrraro-
ro Ha tJ,eraHtJ,ep, 1 - M = 0,9; reMrreparypa B03tJ,yxa Ha BbIxotJ,e H3 tJ,eraH-
. epa T 6 = 82 K. 1130repMH'leCKHH KII.n: KOMrrpeccopa 1}:3 =:: 0,6, aAHa6ar-
H KII.D: ryp60tJ,eraHtJ,epa 1]'" = 0,75, :meKrpOMeXaHH'lecKHe Kll.D: MaIlDIH
aA
Ie =1]A =09.
3M 3M '
3a,JJ.aQa 8.17. PaCClJ.Hrarb cxeMY ycraHOBKH KanHl(bI AJIH O)f(H)\(eHHH
myxa, ecJIH napaMeTpbI BOmyxa nepetJ, KOMrrpeccopoM PI =:: 0,1 Mfla
Tl = 293 K, Ha BXOtJ,e B pereHeparopbI P2 = 0,6 Mila H T 2 = 293 K.
HOCTb reMlleparyp D.t H = 5°C, rerrrrorrpHroK '1epe3 H30nHl(HIO qH3 =
12,6 KJJ.)f(jKr C)f(aroro B03tJ,yxa. TeMneparypa B03tJ,yxa Ha BbIxotJ,e H3
eI'lIHAepa T 6 = 82 K, tJ,OJIH B03tJ,yxa, rrocrynaroll(ero Ha tJ,eraHtJ,ep, 1 -_
M = 0,95. 1130repMH'IeCKHH Kfl.n: KOMrrpeccopa 1]K =:: 0,6, aAHa6arHbIH
H3
.IJ. r yp 6Q!J,eraHtJ,epa 1}A = 0,7, 3JIeKTpoMeXaHH'leCKHe Kfl.IJ. MalliHH 1]K =
M 3M
11 A =O;J.
3
119

OrrpeeJIHTb rrapaMerpbI B TO'lKaX rrpOllecca, OJIIO O)I(H)!(eHHOro B03-
yxa, yeJIbHbIe :mepro3arpaTbI, 3KceprernlleCKIDI Kn.II. yCTaHOBKH.
3aalla 8.18. PacCqHTaTh cxeMY yCTaHOBKH KarrHII;bI H O)l(IDl(eHHH
Bomyxa, ecJIH rrapaMeTpbI Bomyxa rrepe KOMrrpeccopoM PI = 0,1 Mila
H TI = 293 K, a 3a HHM P2 = 0,5 Mila H T 2 = 293 K. Pa3HOCTb TeMrrepaTyp
.1t H = 2°C, TeIUlorrpHToK'lIepe3 H30JIHIIHIO qH3 = 8 K.II.)!(/Kr C)!(aTorO B03-
yxa. TeMIIepaTypa B03yxa Ha Bblxoe H3 'eTepa T 6 = 83 K. .II.OITlO
B03yxa (1 - M), rrocTyrralOlIlero Ha eTaHep, orrpeerrHTh, HCXOM H3
MHHHMaJIbHOH pa3Hocrn TeMrreparyp Ha XOJIOHOM KoHIIe "HH)!(HerO" TeIUlO-
06MeHHHKa .1t3 _ 11 = 3 't. 1130TepMHlleCKHH Kil.II. KOMrrpeccopa 7I K =
H3
= 0,6, MHa6aTHbIH KI1.II. eTepa 7I A = 0,8. 3JIeKTpOMeXaHHlleCKHe Kl1J],
SA
MaIIIHH 7I K = 7I A = 095.
3M 3M '
OrrpeerrHTh rrapaMerpbI B xapaKTepHbIX TOIIKax rrpOllecca, OJIIO B03-
yxa, ylIlero Ha ryp60eTaep, OITlO O)I(H)!(eHHOrO B03yxa, yeJIbHble
3Hepr03arpaThI H 3KcepreIHllecKHH Kil.II. YCTaHOBKH.
3aqa 8.19. OrrpeeJIHTb 3KCepreTHlleCKIDI Kil.II. TpexcTyrreHllaToH
KOMrrpeccHoHHoH YCTaHOBKH JIH rrpOH3BOCTBa 0,75 Kr/c TBeporo HOKCI1-
a yrJIepoa, eCJIH 3HTaJIbrrHH raJa Ha BXoe B cryrreHH KOMrrpeccopa.paBHbl
hI = 670 K.I/,)!(/Kr, h II = 700 K.I/,)!(/Kr, hIll = 695 K.I/,)!(/Kr. .II.aBJIeHHH
HarHeTaHHH rro cTyrreHHM PI = 0,6 Mila, Pn = 2,0 Mila, Pm = 7,0 Mila.
.II.OJIH rrapa, OTBOHMOrO Ha eHHHIIy rrorryqaeMoro TBeporo HOKca,
B reHepaTope JIba x = 0,69, B rrpoMe)!(YTOIIHOM cocye cpeHero aBJIeHHH
y = 0,4, B rrpoMe)!(YTOIIHoM cocye BblCOKoro aBJIeHHH z = 1:>. Y errbHaH
3KceprHH TBeporo HOKca yrJIepoa rrpH P = 0,1 Mila paBHa e =
= 315 K.I/,)!(/Kr. BHyrpeHHHe Ha6aTHble KI1.II. cTyrreHeH KOMnpeccopa
7Ii = 71ft = 7Ij"= 0,87, 3JIeKTpOMexaHHllecKHe Kil.il.7I3M = 0,9.
3aqa 8.20. PaccIIHTaTb cxeMY TpexcTyrreHllaTOH KOMrrpeccHoHlIOii
YCTaHOBKH IDI rrpOH3BOCTBa, G = 500 Kr/II = 0,139 Kr/c, TBeporo 11-
OKca yrJIepoa, ecrrH TeMrrepaTypa OXJI8)!(aIOlIleH BObI Ha BXoe B TeIUlO-
06MeHHble arrnapaThI t B2 = t o.c = 20 't, a Ha Bblxoe H3 KOHAeHCaTOpa
t Bl = 23 'to MHHHMaJIbHaH pa3HOCTh TeMrrepaTyp B KOHAeHcaTope .1t K ==
= 5't, B OXJIMHTerre - .1t oxn = 1O't. BHyrpeHHHe Ha6aTHble KilJ1
cTyrreHeH KOMrrpeccopa 7Ii = 0,89; 71ft = 0,88; 71ft = 0,87. 3JIeKTpOMexa-
HHlleCKHe KI1.II. cTyrreHeH 7hM = 0,9. ilapaMeTpbI ra3006pa3Horo HOKca
Ha Bxoe B' yCTaHOBK)' P o.c = 0,1 Mila 11 t o.c = 20 "C.
OrrpeeJIHTh rrapaMeTpbI B xapaKTepHblx TOIIKax rrpollecca, TerrJIOBbie
HarpY3KH arrnapaTOB, MOlIlHOCTH cTyrreHeH KOMrrpeccopa, eJIbHbIH pacxoiJ,
3HeprHH H 3KcepreTHllecKHH Kn.II. yCTaHOBKH.
3aqa 8.21. PaCCqHTaTb cxeMY TpexcTyrreHllaTOH KOMrrpeccHoHHoH
yCTaHOBKH MH rrpoH3BocTBa 0,2 T/II = 0,0556 Kr/c TBeporo HoKCJ1.[Ia
yrJIepoa, ecJIH TeMrrepaTypa OXJIaIOlIleH BOI Ha Bxoe B Terrrro06MeH-
Hble arrrrapaTbI t B2 = t o.c = 20 't, a Ha Bblxoe H3 KOHeHcaTopa t B I ==
= 26 't. MHHHMaJIbHaH pa3HocTb TeMrrepaTyp B KeHcaTOpe .1t K = 3 'C.
B OXJIaMTeJIHX .1t oxn = 35°C. I1H,r:(HKaTopHble Kn.II. cTyrreHeH KOMrrpec-
120


:copa 1), = 0,89, 1),' = 0,87, 1)j" = 0,84. 3neK'rpOMeXaHWieCKHe KI1JJ, cryne-
HeH 1)3M = O:J. I1apaMerpbI ra3006pa3 H oro ,o:HOKCHAa Ha Bxo,o:e B ycraHOBKy
Po.c = 0,1 MI1a H t o.c = 20°C.
Onpe,o:enHrb napaMerpbI B xapaKrepHblx rO<JKax npouecca, rennOBble
'HarpY3KH annapaTOB, MOIlHocrH cryneHeii KOMnpeccopa, y,o:enbHbIH pacxoL1,
: 3Hepnm H 3KCepreTH'leCKHH KIIJJ, ycraHOBK1L
I 3a.a.aqa 8.22. Pacc t H1raTh cxeMY rpexcryrreH'{arOH KOMrrpeccHoHHOH
ycraHOBKH L1,nH npOH3BoL1,CrBa rBepL1,OrO L1,HOKCHL1,a yrnepoL1,a B KOnH'leCrBe
0,3 Kr/c, ecnH napaMerpbI ra3006pa3Horo L1,HOKCHL1,a Ha BXOL1,e B yCraHOBKy
'Po.c = 0,1 Mlla H t o . c = 20"C, reMneparypa OxnaJK.[l,aroH BOL1,bI Ha BXOL1,e
B renno06MeHHble annaparbI t B2 = t o.c = 20 "C, a Ha BbIXOL1,e H3 KOH,QeH-
caropa t B I = 25°C. MHHHManbHaH paJHOCTh reMneparyp B KOH,QeHcarope
t K = 5 °e, B oxnaL1,HrenHX t::.t oxn = 15°C. I1HL1,HKaropHble KI1JJ, cryneHeH
,KOMnpeccopa 1); = 0,89,1),' = 0,87,1);"= 0,85. 3neKrpOMeXaHH'leCKHe KIW:
3M = 0,9.
I OnpeL1,enHTb napaMerpbI B xapaKrepHbIX ro<JKax rrpouecca, MOIUHocrH
'Tenn006MeHHbIX annaparoB H cryneHeH KOMnpeccopa, yL1,enbHbIH paCXOL1,
"3HeprHH H 3KCeprerH'leCKHH KIW: ycraHOBKH.
3aAaqa 8.23. OnpeL1,enHTh MHHHManbHYro pa60ry, Koropyro He06xoL1,HMo
3arpaTHTb, <Jr06bI: a) OXnaL1,HTb B03L1,YX rrpH P = 0,1 Mlla c To.c = 293 K
AO T = 150 K H T = 80 K; 6) O)KIDKHTb B03L1,YX npH P = OJ MIla, OXn3,IJ.HB
TO c T o.c = 293 K.
3aA3'la 8.24. Ilo e, -,o:HarpaMMe )J.JlH CMeCH a30r-KHCJIOpOL1, (N 2 -0 2 ),
onpeL1,enHrb MHHHMaJIbHYro pa60ry, He06xolJ,HMyro IJ,JIH O)KIDKeHHH (nplf. p =
0,1 MI1a) 1 M 3 :
a) KHCnopolJ,a, 6) a30ra.
3aA3'la 8.25. OnpelJ,enHTb MHHHMaJIbHYro pa60ry pa3L1.eneHHH 1 M 3
03,o:yxa Ha aJor, KHCnOpOIJ, H aproH npH napaMerpax OKPY)KaroeH cpe,o:bI
" o.c = 0,1 MI1a = 100000 H/M2 H T o.c = 293 K. Bce HHeprHble ra3bI, cOlJ,ep-
IUlf.eCH B B031]yxe, orHecrn K aproHY.
3aAaqa 8.26. OnpelJ,enHrb MHHHMaJIbHYro pa60ry pa31J,eneHHH 1 M 3
03lJ,yxa Ha KHCJIOpOIJ, H aJor npH napaMerpax oKparoeH CpelJ,bI (Po.c =
10= 0,1 MIla, T o.c = 293 K). Bce HHeprHble ra3bI, cOlJ,ep)KaHeCH B B03lJ,yxe,
"'l'HecrHK aJory.
3aAaqa 8.27. OnpelJ,enHrb MHHHMaJIbHYro pa60ry H3BIIe<JeHHH H3 1 M 3
03lJ,yxa JIpH napaMerpax OKpY)KaroeH cpe)J.bI: a) KHcnopolJ,a, 6) a30ra.
, 3aAa'la 8.28. OnpelJ,enHTb HyneBble 3KCeprHH KHCJIOpolJ,a H a30ra.
3a.naqa 8.29. OnpelJ,enHTh MHHHManbHyro pa60Ty H3BJIe<JeHHH H3 B03-
"yxa, HaxOIJ,HerOCH npH napaMerpax OKpY)KaroeH CpeL1,bI (Po.c =
0,1 Mila, T o.c = 293 K):
a) 1 M 3 KHcnopOlJ,a,
6) 1 M 3 aJora.
3aAa'la 8.30. OrrpelJ,enHTb MHHHMaJIbHyro pa60ry, KOropyro He06xolJ,HMo
TparHTb IJ,nH rron)l'leHHH H3 B03lJ,yxa )KHAKoro KHCJIOpOlJ,a c KOHuwrpa-
eii B HeM a30Ta aK = 0,01 (0,99 O 2 ) rrpH lJ,aneuHH 0,6 Mlla H raJo06-
.
121

p113HOI'O 1130Ta C KOHeHTpaHeH  a = 0,95N 2 lIpH )J.aBJIeHHH 0,1 Mila Ii
To.c = 293 K.
3an31J3 831. OlIpeLJ;eJIHTb Ml1HHMaJIbHYIO pa6oTy, KOTOpylO HeOOXOLJ;HMO
3arpaTHTb .D;JIH IIOJIy'leHIDI H3 B03J].yxa:
a) )f(l1LJ;KOrO KHCJIopOLJ;a C  a.K = 0,001 (0,999 O 2 ) H r113oo6pa3Horo
a30Ta C a = 0,97 N 2 lIpl1 Po.c = 0,1 Mila To.c = 293 K;
6) )f(l1LJ;Koro a30Ta C  a = 0,999 N 2 lIpH P = 0,1 Mila H r113oo6pa3Horo
Kl1CJIOpO C KOeHTpeH aI< = 0,05(0,95 O 2 ) npH Po.c = 0,1- Mila,
T o.c = 293 K;
B) )f(l1.D;KHX a30Ta H KHCJIOpOLJ;a rrpl1 P = 0,1 Mila C KOHeHTpaMH
 a = 0,99 N 2 HaK = 0,1 (0,99 O 2 ),
33A31J3 8.32. OnpeLJ;eJIHTb KOJIH'leCTBO KHCJIOpOLJ;a, IIOJIy'laeMoro B YCTa-
HOBKe C KOJIOHHOH oAHOKpaTHOH peKTH<pl1Kal1l1 upH paCXOLJ;e B03.D;yxa B '=
= 750 M 3 /1l. KOHeHrpaH nOJIy'laeMoro KHCJIOpOLJ;a 99% H oT6poCHoro
1130Ta  a = 91%.
33A31J3 8.33. OrrpeLJ;eJIHTb KOJIH'leCTBO KHCJIOpOLJ;a, IIoJIy'laeMOro B YCTa-
HOBKe C KOJIOHHOH LJ;ByKpaTHOH peKTH<pHKaHH npH pacxoLJ;e B03J].yxa B '=
= 100M 3 Ill. KOHeHrpaH nOJIy'laeMoro KHCJIOpo)J.a 99% H OTxoMru:ero
a30Ta 99%.
33Aa1J3 8.34. OupeLJ;eJIHTb KOJIH'leCTBO KHCJIopoLJ;a, IIOJI}"laeMoro B YCTa-
HOBKe C KOJIOHHOH LJ;ByKPamoH peKTH<pl1KaHH upH pacxoLJ;e B03LJ;yxa B '=
= 750  Ill. KOHeHrpHH nOJI}"laeMoro KHCJIOpO)J.a 99% H OTXOLJ;Hru:ero
a30Ta 99,2%.
33AalJa 8.35. ilpeLJ;noJIo)l(HM, IlTO Ha pa3.D;eJIeHHe 10 M 3 B03,D;yxa Ha
IlHCTbIe KHCJIOpOLJ; H 1130T lIpH Po.c = 0,1 Mila 3arpalleHo 1 KBT . Il. Onpe-
LJ;eJIHTb 3KCepreTH'leCKHH KII.IJ: upoecca pa3)J.eJIeHIDI.
rJlaBa AeBATaA
r A30BbIE KOMn PECCHOHH blE TPAHCcSJOPMA TOPbl TEnnA
nPHMEPbI
npHMep 9 J. PaCC'lHTaTb cxeMY (pHC. 9.1) H.D;eaJIbHOH r1130BOH XOJIO-
LJ;HJ1b}iOH YCTaHOBKH, pa6oTaroru:eH' no KJIy OYJIH, )J,JIH CJICAylOru: HX
YCJIOBHH: XOJIO)J.OrrpOH3BQ)J.HTeJIbHOCTb Q 0 = 100 KBr, )J.aBJIeHHe C)I(aTOrO
B03LJ;yxa P2 = 0,4 Mila, TeMrrepaTypa B03LJ;yxa nepeLJ; KOMupeccopoM T 1 0=
= 268 K H nepeLJ; LJ;eTaH.D;epOM T 3 = 293 K. TeIIJIoeMKocTb B03LJ;yxa c p 0=
= 1,01 K.IJ:)I(j (Kf' K).
B pe3YJIbraTe paclleTa orrpeLJ;eJIHTb napaMerpbI B xapaKTepHblX TOIlKaX
upoecca, TeIVIOBbIe HarpY3KH aIIlIapaTOB, MOunIOCTb KOMIIpeccopa H )J.e-
raIfJJ,epa, XOJIQ)J.HJ1bHbIH K03<P<PHII:HeHT H 3KCepreTH'leCKHH KII.IJ: YCTaHOBKJ1.
122

;:;fl K T
3 2
OxnuJJumeAb
TK P1
G,o
1
s
If
PRe. 9.1. CxeMa H)J,eanbHoA ra30BoA XOJJo)J.HJJbHoA yeTaHoBKH H npOll,eee B T, S-)J.Ha-
rpaMMe
PeweHHe. TeMIIepaTypa B031J;yxa B KOHU;e H303HTpoIIHoro C)\(aTIDI
T 2 = TI(p2/pd - '=268(4/1)1,4 - 1/1.4 =268.4°,286 = 
= 268.1,485 = 395 K.
Pa60Ta KOMIIpeccopa
lK = c p (T 2 - T 1 ) = 1,01(395 - 268) = 128 K.J])K/Kf.
TeMIIepaTypa B031J;yxa Ha BhIXOlJ;e H3 IJ;eTaHlJ;epa
T4 =
T3
k - 1
k
(P3/P4)
293
--
1,485
197 K.
YlJ;eJIhHaJI pa6oTa, OTBOIJ;HMaJI OT IJ;eTaH)J;epa,
l1J, = c p (T3 - T 4 ) = 1,01 (293 - 197) = 96,5 KJbK/Kr.
, YlJ;eJIhHaJI XOJIOAOrrpOH3BoIJ;HTeJIhHOCTh yCTaHOBKH
qo = c p (T 1 - T 4 ) = 1,01 (2fi8 - 197) = 71,3 K.il.)\(/Kf.
YlJ;eJIhHaJI pa6oTa, 3arpaQeHHaJI Ha rrpoBelJ;eHHe npou;ecca,
1= l K -1lJ. = 128 - 96,5 = 31,5 I<J])K/Kf.
Y IJ;eJIhHaJI TerrrrOBaJI HarpyJKa OXJIa)J;HTeJlJI
r qK =c p (T 2 - T 3 ) = 1,01(395 - 293) = 102,8 K.1J.)\(/Kf.
3HepreTI{qeCKHH 6aJIaHc YCTaHOBKH
qo+l=qK; 71,3+31,5=102,8KMKf.
123

Pacxo B03YXa
G == QO/qo == 100/71,3 == 1,4 KT/c.
MOllJ,HoCTh KOMnpeccopa'
N K == IK G == 128 . 1,4 == 179 KJ1.)l(jc == 179 KBT.
M01l(HOCTb eTaHepa
NlJ. == 1lJ. G == 96,5 . 1,4 == 135 KlbK/c == 135 KBT.
M01l(HOCTh, 3a'Ipa'nmaeMCUl Ha npoBeHRe npolJ,ecca,
N == N K - NlJ. == 179 - 135 == 44 KBT.
YeJ1bHbIH pacxo :mepnrn
3==I/qo ==N/Qo== 44/100= 0,44.
XOJIQlJ,IDIbHbIH K03cpcpHlJ,HeHT
€ == 1/3 == Qo/N =r 2,27.
3KCepreTH'lecKHH KIT)]. yCTaHoBKH (no cpeeH TeMUepaTYPe)
( TP - To.c ) ( 232 - 293 )
11e==€('Tq)o==€ TgP ==2,27 232 ==
== 2,27.0,263 == 0,597 (-60%),
re Toc P == (Tl + T 4 )/2 == (268 + 197)/2 == 232 K.
llpHMep 9.2. OrrpeeJIHTb KOHe<lHoe aBJ1eHHe CX<3TWI B03yxa, era
TeMneparypy B xap3l<:TepHbIX TO'IKax npolJ,ecca, TennOBbIe HarpY3KH anna-
paToB, MOlll.HOCTb KOMnpeccopa H eTaHepa, XOJIOAIDIbHbIH K03cpcpHlJ,HeHT
H 3KCepreTH'leCKHH KIT)]. pearrbHoH r330BoH xOnOHJ1bHOH YCTaHOBKM
(pHC. 9.2), pa6oTaIOIl.\CH no IIHKJIY .IbKoynJI, AJIJI cJIeyJ01l(HX ycnoBHH:
;$
9.f(
z
L K
if
If
1
ao
T
s
T H
T , =To
PHe. 9.2. CxeMa peanhHolt rnoBoA XOJIO)J.l!JIhHolt YCTaHOBKH H npouecc B T, S-)J.I!a-
rpaMMe
124

. OJIO)J.OnpOH3Bo,IJ;HTe.J1bHOCTh Qo = 100 KBT,)J.aBJIWHe B03}Jyxa nepe)J. KOMn-
ipeCCOpOM 'p = 0,1 MIla, TeMnepaTypHbIH YPOBWb nO.lI}"laeMOfO XOJIO)].a t H =:
-5 DC, TeMnepaTypa OKPY)/(aI01l\eH cpe)J.bI t o.c = 20 ce, TeWIoeMKOCTb
]J(3)J.yxa c p = 1,01 K.Lb</(Kf' K), BHyrpeHHHH HHAHKaTOpHbIH Kil,LJ, KOMrr-
peccopa H )J.eTaH,D.epa T/7 = T/f = 0,8, 3JIeKTpOMeXaHH'leCKHH KfI.LJ. MaIIIHH
113M = 0,9, MHHHMaJIbHblH TeMrrepaTypHbIH Harrop B OXJIa)J.HTeJIe LH K =
;:: 7 ce H B XOJIO)J.HJIbHHKe  t 0 = 5°C.
PeWeHHe. TeMrrepaTypa B03)J.yxa rrepe)J. )J.eTaH,D.epOM (Ha BbIXO)J.e H3
OXJI aAHTeJIH)
T3 = To.c + tK = 293 + 7 = 300K.
TeMrrepaTypa B03)J.yxa Ha BXO)J.e B KOMnpecCOp (Ha BbIXO)J.e H3 XOJIO)J.HJIb-
a)
Tl = T H - Mo = 268 - 5 = 263 K.
"6 =
Orrpe)J.eJIeHHe OIITHMaJIbHbIX napaMeTpOB
T3
Tl
300 = 1 14'
263 "
T2'
X =
oI1T T 1
j T/KT/A
1+ -
T/iA
2 1 ( a-I )
(a - 1) + -- - -
T/iA a
a -1
1- -
a . T/iA
T/KT/ A
- (a - 1)
f/iA
=
1 +
0,72 . 0,72
(1.l4 - 1)
0,8 .
0,72' 0,72 2 1 ( 1,14 -1 )
(1,14 -1) + - - -
0,8 0,8 1,14
1.14 - 1
1 -
1,14' 0,8
1 + YO,648' 0,0196 + 1,25 . 0,123 - 0,648' 0,14
0,847
1 + vfO,07S8
0,8465
1 + 0,275
= = 1,5;
0,847
TeMIIepaTypa B03)J.yxa B Koe H303HTporrHoro (H)J.eaJIbHoro) rrpollecca
C)l(aTHH
T2' = X OITT Tl = 1,5 .263 = 394 K.
KOHe'iHOe )J.aBJIeHHe C)/(aTHH B03}Jyxa B KOMIIpeccope
F-2 = P2' = P 1 (T 2 ,/Td k / k - 1 = 0,1 . l,5 1 ,4{1,4 - I = 0,1 . 1,5 3 ,5 ==
.,.== 0,41 Mila.
 T eMrreparypa B03)J;yxa Ha BbIXO)]. e H3 KOMrrpeccopa
II
(,  T, + (T" - Tdl"iK  263+ (394 - 263)10,8  427 K.
125

YlJ,eJIbHaH BHyrpeHluUI pa60ra KOMrrpeccopa
/K = c p (T 2 - Tl)' = 1,01 (427 - 263) = 165 KJl:;K/Kr.
TeMrreparypa B031J,yxa B KOHle aL(Ha6amoro (HiJ,eaJIbHOro) rrpou;ecca
pacillHpeHIDI
T 4 , = T 3 /x onT = 300/1,5 = 200K.
TeMrreparypa B031J,yxa B Koe peaJIbHOrO rrpou;ecca pacillHpeHHH
T4 = T3 - (T 3 - T 4 ,) lIip, = 300 - (300 - 200) 0,8 = 220K.
YlJ,eJIbHaH pa60ra IJ,eraHlJ,epa
Ip, = c p ( T3 - T 4 ) = 1,01 (300 - 220) = 80,5 K)J)\(/Kr.
YlJ,errbHIDl pa6ora, 3arpa'leHHaH Ha rrpoBelJ,eHHe rrpou;ecca,
I = I K - I p, = .165 - 80,5 = 84,5 KJJ.)!(j Kr.
YlJ,eJIbHaH XOJIOlJ,OrrpOH3BolJ,HreJIbHOCTb ycraHoBKH
qo = c p (T 1 - T 4 ) = 1,01 (263 - 220) = 43,2 K)J)!(jKL
YlJ,eJIbHaH rerrrrOBaH Harpy3Ka OXJIaL(Hremr
qK =c p (T 2 - T 3 ) = 1,01(427 -300) = 128 KJJ.)!(jKr.
TerrrroBoH 6arraHc ycraHoBKH
qo + I K = Ip, + qK; 43,2 + 165 = 80,5 + 128  208 KJl:;K/Kr.
PacxolJ, B03lJ,yxa
G = Qo/qo = 100/43,2 = 2,32 Kr/c.
MOllUIocrb KOMrrpeccopa
N K = G/ K = 2,32. 165 = 383 KBr.
MomHocrb, rrorpe6ruIeMaH KOMrrpeccopoM H3 :meKrpocerH,
lK
N 3 = G-
K 11 3M
383
= 426 KBr.
0,9
MOmHocrb IJ,eraHlJ,epa
NTJ, = GITJ, = 2,32 . 80,5 = 187 KBr.
MOllUIocrb, B03BpamaeMaH IJ,eraHlJ,epoM B 3JIeKrpOCeTb,
 = Np, 11_ =Glp, 113M = 187 .0,9 = 168 KBr.
p,
I10rpe6ruIeMaH MOllUIOCTb
fit = N 3 - N3 = 426 - 168 = 258 KBr.
K JI
126

YAeJIbHbIHpaCxoA JHepnUiJ =N'3/Qo = 258/100= 2,58.
XOJIOAHJIbHbli1 KOJ<p<PHlUIeHT
E = 1/3 = Q o/N'3 = 0,388.
3KCepreni'lecKHH KII.II. YCTaHOBKH (no xnaAareHTY)
, = QO(Tq)O = € ( T - To.c ) = 0388 ( 241 - 293 )
'TIe f'f T'if' 241
= 0,388.0,216 = 0,084 (8%),
rAe reI = (T 1 + T 4 )/2 -= (263 + 220)/2 = 24l.
3KCeprenf'lecKHH KII.II. ycTaHOBKH (no XJIaAoHoCHTemo)
( T - T )
'TI=€('Tq)H=0,388 H T H O. C =
0388 ( 268 - 293 ) =
, 268
= 0,388.0,093 = 0,0362 (4%).
3
IIpHMep 9.3. .1J,rUI ymoBHH, npHBeAeH-
HblX B IIpHMepe 9.2, paCC'IHTaTb cxeMY
peaJIbHOH ra30BOH (Bo3AyunwH) xo-
nOAHJIbHOH ycraHoBKH C pereHe- lA
!'He. 9.3. CxeMa ra30BOn XOJIOnHilbHol'! YCTaHOB-
1<H e pereHepael'! Ii npoeee B T, S-nliarpaMMe:
I a - exeMa; 6 - npoeee B T, s-nliarpaMMe
If
%? a)
T
9'};P 2
TK
t",
5
1
s
127

PawieH (HC. 9.3). Pa3HoCTb TeMIIepaTYP Ha TermOM KOHUe pereHepaTopa
tp=10 C.
OnpeAeJIHTb KOH'lliOe AaBJIeHHe C)IQlT!iH B03Ayxa, napaMeTpbI B XapaKTep-
HbIX TO'lKax, TenJIOBbIe HarpY3KH amIapaToB MOI.IUIOCTH KOMIIpeccopa If
AeTaHAepa, XOJIOAHITbHbrH K03«P«PHUHeHT, YAeJIbHyro 3aTpaTY 3HeprHH,
3KcepreT!iQeCKHH KIIJJ: YCTaHoBKH.
PeweHHe. 113 perneHHH npHMepa 9.2:
T3 = 200 K, Tl = 263 K, T 2 , = 394 K, T 4 , = 200 K.
TeMnepaTYPa.Bo3Ayxa nepeA KOMnpeccopoM
Ts = T3 - M p = 300 - 10 = 290 K.
TeMnepaTypa B03Ayxa IIepeA AeTaHAepOM
T6 = Tl +  t p = 263 + 10= 273 K.
KOHe<lHoe AaBJIeHHe C)I(aTHH B03Ayxa B KOMnpeccope
k
P2' =Pl (T 2 ,/T s )k - I = 0,1(394/290) =0,136 3 . 5 = 0,294 Ml1a.
TeMnepaTYPa B03Ayxa nOCJIe KOMnpeccopa
T 2 = Ts + (T 2 ' - Ts )/fJiK = 290+ (394 - 290)/0,8 = 420K.
YAeJIbHaH BHYTpeHHHH paGoTa KOMnpeccopa
lK = 1,01 (420 - 290) = 130,5 /Kr.
TeMnepaTYPa BOJAyxa Ha BbIXQAe H3 AeTaHAepa
T4 = T6 - (T 6 - T 4 ,)%:J. = 273 - (273 - 200) 0,8 = 214,6 K.
YAeJIbHaH paGoTIl AeTaHj];epa
llJ, = 1,01(273 - 214,6) = 59KJJ:)I(/Kr.
YAeJIbHaH paGoTa, 3aTpaQeHHaH Ha npoBeAeHHe npou:ecca,
1= lK -1lJ, = 130,5 - 58,6 = 71,9 KMKr.
YAeJIbHaH XOJIQAonpOH3BOAHJeJIbHOCTh yCTaHoBKH
qo = cp(T 1 - T 4 ) = 1,01 (263 - 214,6) = 49,8 K/Kr.
YAeJIbHaH TenrroBaH HarpyJKa pereHepaTOpa
qp=c p (T 3 - T 6 ) = 1,01(300-273) =27,2K/Kr.
YAeJIbHaH TenrrOBaH HarpyJKa OXJIa)];HTeJIH
qK = c p (T 2 - T 3 ) = 1,01 (420 - 300) = 121 KMKr.
TenrrOBoH Garrauc ycTaHOBKH
qo + lK = llJ, + qK; 49,8 + 130,5 = 58,6 + 121  180 KJJ:Kr.
PacxoA BOJAyxa
G = QoIqo = 100/49,8  2 Kr/c.

MOmHOCTh KOMrrpeCCOpa _
I NI< = Cll< = 2. 130,5 = 261 KBT.
t
" MOmHOCTh, norpc6JU1eMaH H3 3JICKrpoceTH,
; =NI</1I3M = 261/0,9 = 290 KBT.
, MOIUHOCTh AeTaH;J.epa
I
, N A = CIA = 2 . 59 = 118 KBT.
 MOIl\HOCTh, B03BparuaeMaH B ceTh,
N 3 = N A 11 3M = 118.0,9 = 1<X:i,2 KBT.
. A
3arpa'leHHaH MOllUiOCTh
.N 3 = N 3 _ N 3 = 290 - 106 2 = 1838 KBT.
K,Z], "
YAeJIbHhIH pacxM 3HeprHH
3 =N 3 /Qo = 183,8/100  1,84.
XOJIOAHJIbHblH K03<p <pHIJ;HeHT
. € = 1/'1 == 1/1,84 == 0,54.
3KCepreTH'lOCKHH KIUJ. ycraHoBKH (no XJIaIJ;areHry)
'= ( ) =054 ( rgp - To.c ) = 054 ( 238 - 293 \
lIe e Jq 0, p , 238)
== 0,54.0,231 = 0,125 (12,5%),
,- rAe T'oP = (T, + T 4 )/2 = (263 + 214,6) /2 == 238 K.
I 3KCepreTH'leCKHH KIUJ. YCTaHoBKH (no XJIaIJ;OHOCHTemo)
I /I =e(r) =054 ( TH- T O'C ) =054 ( 268-293 ) =
Tie q H' T H ' 268
:, = 0,54. 0,093 == 0,05 (5%).
v npHMep 9.4. OrrpeACJIHTb napaMeIpbl B xapaKTepHblX TO'lKax npou;ecca,
MOIUHOCTH MaIIIHH H TeIIJIOBble HarpY3KH annapaTOB, XOJIOAHJIbHbIH K03<P-
<pHIJ;HeHr, yJJ,eJIbHyro nrpaTY :meprHH H 3KCeprerH'lecKHH Kn.n: B03AyIillIOH
pereHepaTHBROH XOJIOJJ;HJIbHOH yCTaHOBKH, pa60TaIOIl\eH no pa30MKHyroH
cxeMe (pHC. 9.4) rrpH CJICAYIOIl\1iX yCJIOBIDVC XOJIOAOrrpOH3BOAHTeJIbHOCTh
I Qo = 15 KBT Ha TeMnepaTypHoM ypoBRe T H = 173 K, AaBJIeHHe B03Ayxa
Ha BxoAe B yCTaHOBKY P = 0,1 MIIa H Ha BXoAe B KOMnpeccop Po =
= 0,02 Mila, TeMrrepaTypa oKp}')KaJOIIJ;eii CpeAbI T o.c = 293 K, TeI1JIOeMKOCTb
 BOOAyxa c p = 1,01 I<.lhK1, (Kr . K), BHYTpeHHHH HH.D:HKaropHbIH Kn.n: KOMn-
, peccopa H ,lJ;eTaHAepa lIil< = lIiA = 0,8, 3JIeKrpoMexaHH'IeCKM KII.n: MaIIIHH
113M == 0,9, MHHHMaJIbHaH pa3HOCTh reMneparyp B XOJIO,lJ;HJIbHHKe Ato =
= 3°C, pa3HOCrb TCMneparyp Ha reIIJIOM KOHIJ;e pereHeparopa At P = 7 °C.
129
5-.6734

T
-lx
To.c.
6
/
6' / t1(
(f po
1 6
TK
5
T
-t
P
TA 2
-,-
LA IH
.. - -
If LA -T'f
.
3 3'
Pflo s
PHc. 9.4. CxeMa H npouecc r330Boit XOJIOJULlbHoit YC1"aHOBKH, pa6-oTalO1uen no pa30MJ<.-
HYTOMY I.(HKny If npouecc B 1: s-.lUfarpar.1Me
PeWeHHe. Tel\1neparypa B03Ayxa ncpD. KOMnpeccopOM
Ts == To.c - L}.t p = 293 -7 = 286 K.
TeMnepatypa B03,Qyxa Ha BbIXO.il,0 H3 XOIIO.IJ.HJIbHHKa
T4 = T lI - Ato == 173 - 3 = 170K.
l'eMneparypa B03.IJ.yxa nepe.il, J]eraH;:Lepof'.{
T 2 =: T4 + L}. t p = 170 + 7 = 177 K
TeMilepaTYpa B KOHue aJJ,HaOO'IHoro CJKa'IHH
k - 1 1,4 - 1
-----
T 6 , = Ts (P6/PS) k :=: 286/(1/0,2) 1,4
= 286(5) 0,286 = 286. 1,585 = 453 K.
--
TeMileparypa B KOHue aAHa6arnoro paCIlIHpeHIDI
T 3 , = --
T 2
-
k - 1
k
-.
-
177
_.-
1,585
= 1 J. 1,5 K
(P2/ P3)
,
TeMnepaTYPa B03J1yxa Ha BJ'TXQJ1e M1 KO11111ecCc.?a
130


T6 = Ts + (T6' - Ts) /T/iK = 286 + (453 - 286)/0,8 = 495 K.
Y)J.eJlbH<Ul BHy'lpeHHKH pa60Ta KOMrrpeccopa
f/l< = c p (T 6 - Ts) = 1,01(494 - 286) = 210 K
/Kr.
l


TeMnepaTYPa B03)J;yxa Ha BhIXO)J;e H3 )J.eTaH)J;epa


i


I T3 = T 2 - (T 2 - T 3 ')T/iA = 177 - (177 - 111,5) .0,8 = 124,7 K.


I Y)J;eJ1hHaH pa60Ta )J;eTaH)J;epa
I'
111. = c p (T 2 - T 3 ) = 1,01 (177 - 124,7) = 52,6 K
/Kr.
Y)J.enhHaH 3aTpaQeHHaH pa60Ta
./::= I K - I A = 210 - 52,6 = 157,4 KMKr.


Y)J.enhHaH x ono,r(Ol1p OID BO)J;HTeJlbHOCTh yCTaHoBKH
qo = c p (T 4 - T 3 ) = 1,01 (170 - 124,7) = 45,7 K
/Kr.
Y)J;eJlbHOe KonmeCTBO renna, OTBe)J.eHHoro co C)I(aThIM B03)J;YXOM
q c = c p (1(, - To.c) = 1,01 (495 - 293) = 203 K
/Kr.
Y)J;eJlbHaH TennOBaH HarpyJKa pereHepaTopa


qp =cp(T I - T 2 ) = 1,01(293 - 177) = 117 K.IJ,)I(/Kr.

 TennoBoH 6anaHC ycTaHOBKlI.
qo + I K = qc + I A = 45,7 + 210 = 203 + 52,6"'" 256 K.IJ,)I(/Kr.
Pacxo)J; B03)J.yxa
G = Qo/qo = 15/45,7= 0,328 Kr/c.
MOIUHOCTh KOMnpeccopa
IN: = GI/T/3M = 0,328.210/0,9 = 76,5 KBT.
MOIUHOCTh )J.eTaH)J.epa
N 3 = GI AT/3M = 0,328. 52,6.0,9 = 15,5 KBT.
11.
3a'lpaThI :meKTpll.'leCKOH MOIIUIOCTli.
N 3 = N 3 _ N 3 =765-155=61KBT.
K J1. ' ,
YAeJlbHhIH pacxQIJ; 3HeprHlI.
,3 =N 3 /Qo = 61/15 = 4,06.
XOnQlJ;lI.JIbHhIH K03<p<plI.IUleHT
.€ = 1/3 = 1/4,06 = 0,246.
3KcepreTmeCKlI.H KIUI. YCTaHOBKlI. (no xna)J;OHOCHTemo)
( 173-293 )
e = e(Tq)H = 0,246 -173- = 0,246 X 0,694"'" 0,17 (17%).


131




npKMep 9.5. Orrpe)].emfTb napaMeTpbI B xapaKrepHbIx rO'lKax rrpO u,ecc a,
rrorpe6IDIeM)'IO MOIWiocrb, y)].eJIbHYIO 3arpary 3HeprHH, XOJIO)].HJIbHbIli
K03#HuHeHr H 3KceprerWIecKHH KIT,IJ, ra30BoH (B03)].yllIHOH) ycraHOBKH
fHcpcpop)].a-MaKMaroHa C BbITecHHreJIeM (pHC. 9.5) )].JIfi. CJIe)].YIOll\HX yCJIO-
BHH: XOJIQ,[I,OnpOH3Bo)].HreJIbHOCTb 0,1 KBr Ha reMrreparypHoM ypoBHe T H ==
1<,..,
a)
T
3
s
PRe. 9.5. CxeMa I'a30BOA yeTaHoBKH fH<t><t>oPAa - MaKMarOHa H npoueee B T, S-AHa-
rpaMMe:
a - exeMa; 6 - npou,eee B T, s-AHarpaMMC
= 90 K, )].aBJIeHHe c)!(aroro raJa p = 1,0 MITa H paclllHpeHHoro ra3a p =
= 0,1 MITa, TeMrreparypa OKpY)!(aIOll\eH cpe)].bI t o.e = 20 <>C, BHyrpeHHHH
.HH,1..I,HKarOpHbIH KIT,IJ, KOMrrpeccopa 'T/oi = 0,8, 3JIeKrpoMeXaHWIeCKHH Kfl.n
173M = 0,9, MMHHMaJIbHaR pa3HOCTb reMlleparyp B XOJIO)].HJIbHHKe t:. t 0 =
= 3 <>c H B OXJIa)].HreJIe t:.t K = 5 <>C, pa3HOCrb reMneparyp Ha KOHue pereHe-
paropa t:.t p = 5 "C.
PeweHHe. TeMrreparypa H 3HTaJIbrrHH: B03)].yxa IlOCJIe OXJIa)].HreJIJI (Ha
Bxo)].e B ycraHOBKY) :
T 1 = To.c + t:.t K = 293 + 5 = 298 K, h 1 = 12300 K.1J.)I(j KMOJIb =
= 425 K.1J.)!(J Kr .
TeMileparypa B03)].yxa Ilepe)]. XOJIO)].HJIbHHKOM
T3 = T 4 = T H - t:. t 0 = 90 - 3 = 87 K.
TeMrreparypa ra3a 1l0CJIe 3aIlOJIHeHHH: ycraHoBKH C)!(aTbIM B03)].YXOM (.
cpeKr ,IJ,)!(oYJIII)
132

7\ a
ps
PI
kT I
(  k - 1 ) + 1
T Q.C
1,4. 298
1 ( 298 )
- --' 1.4 - 1 + 1
10 293
= 400 K.
YMeHbweHHe YAeJlbHoro 06'beMa B03Ayxa rrpH rreperarrKHBaHHH ero 4epe3
pereHeparop
V3/Vla =T 3 /T la =87/400",::0,22.
D,OM B03Ayxa, rrocryrrHBwero AorrOrrHHreJlbHO B rrpoecce rreperaJIKHBa-
HH,
A = 1 - 0,22 = 0,78.
TeMrreparypa ra3a rrepeA pereHeparopoM rrOCJIe CMeweHHH
'T 2a = 0,22T I fJ + 0,78 TI = 0,22.400 + 0,78 . 298 = 320 K.
TeMrreparypa H 3HraJlbrrHH ra3a Ha BblxoAe H3 pereHeparopa:
Ts = T 2a -tp =320-5=315K; hs = 444 K)J)I(/Kr= 12850KD,)l(jKMOJlb.
TeMneparypa B03Ayxa rrOCJIe KOMrrpeccopa rrpH H303HrpOI1HOM C)l(arHH
(ro4Ka 6)
T6' = Ts( P6/ ps)
k - I
".
= 315(10/0°,286 = 315, 1,93 = 608 K.
TeMrreparypa B03Ayxa rrocrre KOMrrpeccopa
T6 = Ts + (T 6 ' - T S )/1'/iK = 315 + (608 - 315)/0,8 = 681 K.
YAerrbHaH BHyrpeHHHH pa60ra KOMrrpeccopa
'ZK =C p (T 6 - Ts) = 1,01(681-315) = 370K)J)I(/Kr.
YAeJIbHaH 3arpa4eHHaH pa60ra
Z' K = IK/ 1'/ 3M = 370/0,9 = 411 KJ],)I(/ KT.
YAeJIbHaH renrrOBaH Harpy3Ka oxrra)J.HreJIH
'qK = cp (T 6 - T I ) = 1,01 (681 - 298) = 386 K)J)I(/Kr.
YAeJIbHaH XOJIoAorrpOH3BOAHreJlbHOCTh ycraHOBKH
qo = h s - hi = 444 - 425 = 19 K)J)l(jKr.
3HeprerH4eCKHH 6aJIaHC ycraHoBKH
IK + qo = qK; 370 + 19 = 389 K)J)I(/KT.
KOJIH4eCrBO B03Ayxa, rrOAaBaeMoro B XOrrOAHJlbHHK,
. G = Qo/qo = 0,1/19 = 0,00526 KT/c.
MOlliHOCTb KOMrrpeccopa
133

/1/" = Gl K = 0,00526. 370 = 1,95 KBr.
MOll.(HOCTb, norpe6JU1eMaH H3 :meKrpocerH,
N 3 = 0,00526.411 = 2,16 KBr.
K
YAeJIbHbIH pacxoA :mepfHH
3 = N 3 /Qo = 2,16/0,1 = 21,6.
K
XOrrOAHJIbHbIH K03cpcpHI.(HeHr
€ = 113 = 1/21,5 = 0,0463.
3KCeprerH'lecKHH Kl1.1J ycraHOBKH (no XrraAareHry)
1'/ = €(Tq)o = 0,0463 ( 3 3To.c ) = 0,0463 ( ;/93 )
= 0,0463 . 2,37 "" 0,11 (11%).
3KCeprerH'leCKHH KIUI. ycraHoBKH (no oxrra)K)J;aeMoMY 06'beKry)
1'/ = €(Tq)H = 0,0463 ( T H HTo.c ) = 0,0463 ( 90  293 ) =
= 0,0463.2,25 = 0,104 ("" 10',7,,).
fipHMep 9.6. Onpe}J,errHrb xorroAorrpoH3Bo}J,HreJIbHOCTb, pacxo}J, r emrn.
3arpa'leHHylO pa60ry H MOIUHOCTb, 3KCeprerH'leCKHH Kl1)], ra30BOH MaIllHHbI,
pa6oraIOIUeH no 06paTHOMY I.(HKJIY CTHprrHHf a (pl1c. 9.6) ArrH crreAyIOIUHX
ycrroBHH: rrpOH3BOAI1rerrbHOcrb no )f(HAKOMY B03AYXY 6 rr/'I = 0,00167 AM 3 / c,
cpeAHee AaBrreHHe rerrHH B MaIllHHe Pcp = 2,0 MITa, reMneparypa oxrra)!(-
AaIOllIeH BQlJ:bI To. c = 293 K, MHHHMarrbHble pa3HocrH reM nep aryp : a) B pe6-
pHcrOM KOHAeHcarope t::. t K = 3 K; 6) B BOAHHOM rerrrro06MeHHHKe t::. t B =
= 7 K. lliorepMl1'1eCKl1e KIT)], rrpoi.(eCcoB C)f(arHH 11 pacIIlH p eHHH 1'/K =
H3
=.,,11: =07.
""3 '
PeweHHe. TeMneparypa H30repMH'leCKoro C)f(arHH
T 1 -2 = To.c+ t::.t B =293+7=300K.
ITapaMerpbI B TC)'IKe 1:
PI = 0,5pcp = 0,5.2,0 = 1,0 MITa; VI = 650 cM 3 /r; hi = 1570 KJ],)f(/Kr;
S I = 26,8 K)],)f(j (Kr . K).
ITapaMerpbI B rO'lKe 2:
PMaKc =P2 = 1,3pcp = 1,3.2,0 = 2,6 MITa; V 2 = 250cM 3 /r; h 2 =
= 1590 K)],)f(jKr; S 2 = 24,7 KJ],)f(/ (Kr . K).
134

L; 19
2J T I
&-,0,)
OXAQ.JI{iJalOUJ,aJl
- BaiJa
To.t
"
TO/l( _ 803
p
tK
s
qo
a)
0)
PRe. 9.6. Cxt:Ma ra30Boi'\ Mallll1HhI 11 11KJ1 CmpJ1I1Hra:
I a -- (,xeMa ra30Bol! MallilfHbl; 6 - L\HKJI CmpJII1Hra; 11 -- Wli1JUm.p; II - uopmcHb
, (K-jJ, - KOMupceeop- ACTaHAcp); BT - BO)J,JIHOi'\Tcuflo06MCHIUlK; P - pereHcpaTop;
:' [(OH - KOHACHcaTop; B - BbITCCHI1TCJIb
I
TeMrreparypa H30repMWleCKOfO paClllHpeHlUl
1' 3 _ 4 = T S - M = 78 - 3 = 75 K.
0)1(.8 K
IlapaMelpbl B r04Ke 3:
,
- P3 = 0,6 MIla; V 3 = 250 CM 3 /1'; h 3 = 412 K.IJ)K/ Kr;
"
83 = 20,5 K.IbK/ (Kr' K).
IlapaMerpbI B ro'lKe 4:
I P4 = 0,25 MIla; V 4 = 650 cM 3 /r; h 4 = 410 K)J)I(/Kr;
I
\ S4 = 22.6 KlhK/ (Kr . K).
I
 M3.CCOBID! rrpOH3BO,'Ul.TeJIbHOCTh MallIlllibI
i' G = Vp: /1000= 6.874/1000= 5.24 Kr/'l = 0,001455 Kr/c,
. r):l;e p: = 874 Kr/M 3 - I1rrOlHocrb )I(!1AKoro B03AY',(a; V = 6 rr/q =
I I == 0,00167 I1M 3 /C -- 06-bCMHa>l rrpOH3BQ!J.HTenbHOCTh ITO )I(!1AKOMY B03Ayxy.
, XonOAonpOH3BOAlITeJIbHOCTh MawHllbI (rro B03AYXY)
I
: Qo = G (h;.c - h O)l(.B) = 0,001455 (450 - 20) = 0,625 KBr,
\
135

rJJ.e. G - rrpOH3BOAHreJThHOCTb MaIllHHbl B Kr/C OJIODKeHHOro B03Ayxa, h B
O.C
n h O)l(.B - 3HraJIbllHH B03Ayxa CoorBerCrBeHHO rrpH napaMerpax 0KPY)KaIO-
[QeH cpeAbI H B O)KH)l(eHHOM COCrOJIHHH.
Y A eJThHaJI pa60ra H30repMWlecKoro C)KarHlI
IH = RT in !!.?:_ = 2078. 300 . 2,31g 26 = 623000. 2,31g2,6 =
K PI 10
= 1 435 000.0,4150 = 600000 = 600 K)J)K/Kr,
rAe R = 2078 KJ1.)K/ (Kr . K) - ra30BaJI nOCroHHHall reJIHH.
YAeJThHaJI pa60ra H30repMWlecKoro pacllUipeHHlI
IH = Rnn J:1 = 2078.75.2 31g  =
n P4 ' 2,5
= 358 000lg2,4 = 358000.0,38 = 136500 = 136,5 Kf1.)K/Kr.
YAeJThHaH peaJThHaH pa60ra C)KarHH
I K = iH 1/K = 600/0,7 = 860 KL!.)KjKr.
K H3
YAeJIbHaH peaJIbHaH pa60ra pacnHlpeHHH
I = IH TIn = 1365.07 = 95 5 KJ1.)KjKr.
A fJ, H3 ' , ,
YAeJThHaH XOJIQIJ;0nP0H3BQIJ;HTeJThHOCTb
qo = T3 _ 4 (S4 - S3) = 75 (22,6 - 20,5) = 157,5 Kf1.)K/Kr.
PacxoA remul Gr: = Qo/qo = 0,625/157,5;= 0,00398 Kr/c.
3KceprerWlecKHH KilL!. H XOJIOj.J.HJThHbIH K03<P<PHl\HeHr IJ.HKJIa
e = qo/ (/ K -In) = 157,5/ (860- 95,5) = 157,5/764,5 = 0,206,
11 = e (T q ) 0 = 0,206.2,9 = 0,598 "<e 0,6,
rAe (Tq) 0 = (To - To.c)/To = (75 - 293)/75 = -218/75 = -2,9.
3KceprerWlecKHH KrIL!. no B03AYXy (6e3 )"I era 3JIeKrpoMexaHWlecKoro
KllD.)
rl =e(Tq)H = 0,206.2,76 = 0,57,
rAe (Tq)H = (T H -- To.c)/TH = (78 - 293)/78 = -215/78 = -2,76.
3aTpa'lHBaeMaH MO[QHOCTb
N= N K - N{J. = 3,47 - 0,39 = 3,08 KBr,
rAe N K = iKGr:/173M = 860 .0,00398/0,98 = 3,47 KBr; N n = inGr:173M =
= 95,5 . 0,00398 . 0,98 = 0,39 KBr.
3KceprerWlecKHH KilL!. MaIllHHbI
Qo (Tq)H 0.625' 2,76
11e=- N 3,08 0,56("<e56%).
136

3AAA'i
33A3'la 9.1. Orrpep;emlTb reMneparypy' B03P;yxa B xapaKrepHbIX rO'lKax
npoll,ecca, rennOBbIe HarpY3KH annaparoB, MOIl\HOCTb KOMnpeccopa H p;eraH-
p;epa, yAenbHblH pacxop; :meprHH, xonoP;IDlbHbIH K03q,q,HlI,HeHT H 3Kcepre-
TWieCKHH KIT)]. H;IJ;eanbHoH ra30BOH xonoP;IDlbHoH ycraHOBKH)J,JUI cnep,yro-
llI,HX ycnoBHH: pa50'lHH areHr - B03P;yx, xonoP;onpOH3BOP;HrenbHOCTb Q 0 =
= 500 KBr, TeMneparypa B03p;yxa nepep; KOMnpeccopoM t = 5"C H nepep;
AeraH,IJ;epoM t = 20°C, AaBneHHe B03Ayxa nepelJ, KOMnpeccOpOM p =
= 0,1 MIla H nepeA AeraH,IJ;epoM .0 = 0,3 Mila.
33A3'la 9.2. OnpeAenHrb reMneparypbI XJlaAareHra B xapaKrepHblx
rO'lKax npo lI,ecca , rennOBbIe HarpY3KH anrraparoB, MOIlUiOcrH KOMnpec;
copa H p;eraHAepa, yp;enbHbIH pacxoA JHeptHH, xonoAIDlbHbIH K03q,q,HlI,HeHr
H 3KceprerH'leCKHH KIT)]. H,lJ.eanbHoH ra3080H ycraHOBKH MH cnep;yrolI.\HX
ycnomH: pa50'lHH areHr - B03AYX, xonoAonpOH3BOAHrenbHOCTb Q 0 =
= 233 1<131, reMneparypa B03Ayxa nepeA KOMnpeccopOM t = O"C H nepeA
AeraH,IJ;epOM t = 20°C, AaBneHHe nepeA KOMnpeccopoM .0 = 0,1 Mila H nepep;
AeraH,1J;epoMp = 0,5 MIla.
3aA3'la 9.3. OnpeAenHTb aAHa6arHbIH Kil)]. AeraHp;epa, pa60raJOlI.\ero
Ha B03Ayxe TlpH Ha'lanbHbIX napaMerpax .0 I = 0,6 Mila, Tl = 150 K H KO-
HootblX - .02 = 0,1 Mila, T 2 = 105 K.
3aAa 1 1a 9.4. ilOCrpOHTb rpaq,HK H3MeHeHHH a,IJ;Ha6arHoro Kil)]. AeraHAepa
B 3aBHCHMocrH or reMneparypbI (T 2) KOHlI,a paCUIllpeHllH B03Ayxa. Ha-
'laJIbHble napaMerpbI B03p;yxa PI = 0,6 Mila H T 1 = 300 K, KOHe'lHOe AaBJIe-
HHe paCllIlipeHHH .02 = 0,1 \1ila. 3Ha'leHHH reMneparypbI T 2 npHHHrb paB-
HbIMH 180,200,220,240,260 K.
3aAaqa 9.5. epaBHHrb a,IJ;Ha5arHbHi Kil)]. B03AyuIHoro H BOAopoAHoro
AeraHAepoB, pa60raIDlllHx rrpH cneAYIDUI,HX llapaMerpax coorBercrBYIDlI.\erO
ra3a:
Ha'laJIbHbie PI = 2,0 Mila, T 1 = ] 50 K;
KOHe'lHbIep2 = 0,1 Mila, T 2 = 82 K.
3aAaqa 9.6. CpaBHHTb ap;Ha6arHbIe Kil)]. B03AYlllHOro H reJIHeBoro
AeraH,IJ;epOB, pa60raIDUI,llX npH cneAyroUl,HX napaMerpax coorBercrByrolI.\ero
ra3a:
Ha'IaJIbHbIe PI = 0,6 Mila, Tl = 150 K.
KOHe'lHbleP2 =0,1 Mila, T 2 = 105 K.
3aAaqa 9.7. PaCC'lHTarb cxeMY peanbHoH B03AYUlHOH XOJIOAHJIbHOH
ycraHoBKU, eCJIH ee xOJIOAOnpOH3BOp;HTeJIbHOCrb Qo = 220 KBr Ha ypOBHe
t H = ooe, AaBJIeHUe B03Ayxa rrepeA KOMrrpeccopoM .0 = 0,15 Mila, reMrre-
parypa oKpY)l(aIDUI,eH cpeAbi t O.C = 20°C, rennoeMKocrb B03Ayxa C p =
= 1,01 K)J,)l(/ (Kr . K), HH,IJ;HKaropHbIe KIT)]. KOMrrpeccopa H AeraH,IJ;epa
lIiK = lIi11. = 0,8, 3JIeKrpOMeXaHH'leCKHH Kil)]. MaUIHH 11 3M = 0,9, MHHH-
MaJIbHaH pa3Hocrb reMrreparyp B OXJIaAHrene t::.t K = 5°C H B xonOAHIlb-
HUKe t::.t o = 3 0c.
Orrpep;eJIHTb KOHe'lHOe AaBneHHe C)l(arHH B03yxa, reMrreparypbl B03AY-
xa B xapaKrepHblx rO'lKax npOll,ecca, renJIOBbIe HarpY3KH arrrraparoB, MOUI-
137

HocrH KOMnpeCCOpa M geraH,!J.epa, xonogHnbHbIH K034>4>MIUfeHr, ygenbHbIe
:mepr03arparbI H 3KceprerH'IecKHH Kl1.[( ycraHOBKH.
3anaqa 9.8. PaCC'IHrarb cxeMY peaJIbHOH ra30BoH (B03gYUIHOH) xono-
,u,HJIbHOH ycraHoBKH XOJIo,u,orrpOH3BOlJ,HreJIbHOCrblO Qo = 350 KBr Ha ypoBHe
t H = -3 DC. .IhU3JIeIrn:e B03gyxa rrepe}J; KOMrrpeccopOM p = 0,1 MITa, reMIle-
parypa t Q.C = 20 ° C, reIlJIOeMKOCTb ra3a c p = 1,01 K.II.x</ (Kr . K), BHyrpeH-
HHM HH}J;J.fKaropHbIii: KIT.[( KOMilpeccopa H }J;eraHgepa 17i = 0,75, :meKrpoMe-
XaHH'IeCKHH KIT.[( MaIIIMH 17 3M = 0,9, MMHHMaJIbHaR pa3Hocrb reMrreparyp
B oxna}J;Kfene /).t K =.4 DC R B xonO}J;HJIbHHKe /).t 0 = 2 DC.
Orrpel1:eJIKfb KOHeIJHOe )IaBneHHe C)I(arHH, reMileparypbI B rO'IKax rrpo-
ecca, MOIl\HOCTIf MaIIIMH H rennOBbIe HarpY3KH arrilaparOB, XOnOlJ,HJIbHblM
K034>4>J.fII.IfCHr, ylJ,eJIbHble 3Hepr03arpaTbI H 3KCeprerJ.f'leCKHH KIT.[( ycra-
HOBKH. KaK Jf3MeHHrCH rrOKa3areJIH ycraHoBKH, ecnH 17i 06eHx MaIIIHH
YBeJIWlIITb lJ,O 0,85?
3anaqa 9.9. PaCC'lKfarb ra30BYlO (B03lJ,YIIIHYIO) XOJIO,u,HJIbHYIO ycraHoB-
KY xonOlJ,OrrpOH3BOlJ,KfenbHOcrblO Qo = 116,3 KBr Ha reMrreparypHoM
ypoBHe t H =-5 DC. TeMIIeparypa oKpy')/(alOIl\eH cpe}J;bI t Q.C = 20 DC, lJ,aBJIeHHe
B03lJ,yxa nepe,u, KOMrrpeccopOM p = 0,1 MITa, rerrJIOeMKOCrb B03;'J,yxa c p =
= 1,01 K.II.x</ (Kr . K), MJ.fHHMaJIbHble reMrreparypHbIe HarropbI B oxnalJ,H-
rene /).t K = 5 OC n B XOnOlJ,HJIbHRKe /).t 0 = 3 DC. BH)'rpeHHHH HH}J;J.fKaropHbIH
KIT.[( KOMilpeccopa H lJ,eTaH,!J.epa 17i K = 17 i A = 0,8, 3neKTpoMeXaHH'IeCKHM
Kl1.[( MaIllMH 17 3 M = 0,9.
Onpe,u,enHrb KOHe'lHOe }J;aBneHHe C)I(anrn, reMneparypbI, MOIII.HOCTH
MaIllHH H arrilapaToB, XOnOlJ,HJIbHbIH K034>4>HHeHr, ylJ,eJIbHbIe 3Hepro3arparbl
H 3KcepreTH'IeCKHii Kl1.[( ycraHOBKH. KaK H3MeHHTCH rrOKa3arenH ycraHoB-
KH, ecJIH KOHe'IHOe ,u,aBJIeHJ{e C)I(arnH B03lJ,yxa 6YlJ,eT COCraBJIHTb p =
= 0,6 MTla? .
3alJ,aQa 9.10. CreneHb rrOBbIIlleHHH lJ,aBJIeHHH B03'yxa B XOnOJJ,HJIbHl'M
ycraHoBKe C pereHepaHeii 1T = P2/P3 = 3. XOJIOlJ,OnpOH3BOlJ,KfeJIbHOCrb
Qo = 200 KBr Ha ypoBHe t H = -10 DC. .[(aBnenne B03JJ,yxa nepelJ, KOMIIpeC-
COpOM P = 0,1 Ml1a, reMneparypa oKpY)l(alOIl\eii cpelJ,bI t o.c = 20 DC, rerrno-
eMKOCrb B03lJ,yxa C p = 1,01 K.II.x</ (Kr . K), MMHHMaJIbHaH pa3Hocrb reMne-
paryp B oxna}J;J.freJIe /).t K = 5 DC, B XOnOlJ,HJIbHHKe /).t 0.= 3 DC, pereHeparope
/). t p = 7 °C. I1H,l:UfKaTopHbIe Kl1.[( KOMrrpeccopa H }J;eraHlJ,epa 17 i K = 17 i A =
= 0,8, 3JIeKTpOMeXaHJ.f'IeCKHe KIT.[( MaIIIHH 17 3M = 0,9.
OrrpelJ,eJIKfb rrapaMerpbJ B xapaKTepHblx ro'IKax npOu,ecc3, reIIJIOBbIe
HarpY3KH arrnap3roB, MOIl\HOCrb KOMrrpeccopa H geraHlJ,epa, ylJ,enbHYIO
3arpary 3HeprMH, XOJIO}J;J.fJIbHbJH K034>4>Hu,HeHT H 3KCeprerJ.f'leCKHH KIT.[(
ycraHoBKH.
3anaqa 9.11. ):(rrJl ycrrOBHH, rrpHBelJ,eHHbJX B 3alJ,a'le 9.8 paCC'lKfarb cxe-
MY ra30BOH (B03lJ,YllIHOH) XOJIOlJ,HJIbHOH ycraHoBKH C pereHepaIUfeH rrpn
3H3'1emm: reMrreparypbJ HelJ,opeKyrrepaIUfH /).t p = 6 DC. OnpelJ,eJIKfb KO-
He'fifOe ,u,aBJIeHHe C)I(3rHH, IIapaMerpbJ B TO'IKax, rerrJIOBble HarpY3KH arrna-
parOB H MOIl\HOCrH MaIllMH, XOJIOlJ,HJIbHbJH K034>4>J.flJ,HeHr H 3KCepreTJ.f'IeCKHH
Kl1.[( ycraHoBKH. -
138

3anaqa 9.12. .II:rrH YCJlOBHH 3aAaqH 9.15. OnpeAeJlHTb KOHetffiOe AaBJleHHe
c)!(aTHH, napaMeTpbI B Toax cxeMbI, MOIIlHOCTH M3IIlHH H TenJlOBble HarpY3-
KH annapaToB, XOJlOAHJlbHbIH K03<P<PHIII1eHT H 3KCepreTH'leCKHH KI1n. YCTa-
HOBKH C pereHepal(HeH npH pa3HocTH TeMnepaTYP Ha TenJlOM KOHue pereHe-
paTopa t!..t p = 7 DC.
3311:a'13 9.13. PaCcqHTaTb B03AYIIInyIO pereHepaTHBHYIO XOITOAHJlbHYIO
YCTaHOBKY, paf)OTaIOIIIYIO no pa30MKHYTOH cxeMe, npH XOITOAOnpOH3BOAH-
TeITbHOCTH Q 0 = 10 KBT Ha TeMnepaTypHoM ypoBHe t H = -150 DC. n.aBITeHHe
B03Ayxa nepeA KOMnpeccopOM Po = 0,025 Ml1a, B03AYX B YCTaHOBKY 3a6H-
paeTcH H3 oKpy)!(aIOIIIeH cpeAbI npH P = 0,1 Ml1a H t o . c = 20 DC. TenITOeM-
KOCTb B03Ayxa C p = 1,01 K]J)!(/ (Kr . K), BHYTpeHHHe aAHa6aTHble KI1n.
KOMnpeccopa H AeTaHAepa 1I;K = 1I;IJ. = n,7, 3ITeKTpOMeXaHHqeCKHH KI1n.
MaIIlHH 11 3M = 0,85. MHHHMaJlbHaH pa3HocTb TeMnepaTYP B XOITO:J;HJlbHHKe
t!..t 0 = 5 DC H B pereHepaTope t!..t p = lODe.
OnpeAeJlHTb napaMeTpbI B TOqKaX npOl(eCca, MOIIlHOCTH MaIIlHH H TenITO-
Bble HarpY3KH annapaTOB, XOJlOAHJlbHbIH K03<P<PHIII1eHT, YAeITbHYIO 3aTpaTY
3HeprHH H 3KcepreTHQeCKHH KI1n. YCTaHOBKH.
3aAaqa 9.14. PaccTaTb ra30BYIO B03AYIIInyIO XOITOAHITbHYIO YCTaHoBKY,
pa60TaIOIIIYIO no pa30MKnyToH cxeMe C pereHepal(HeH, npH xOITOAOnpOH3Bo-
AHTeITbHOCTH Q 0 = 116,3 KBT H Ha TeMnepaTypHoM ypOBHe t H = -70 DC.
.1J.aBJleHHe B03Ayxa nepeA KOMnpeccopOM P = 0,017 Ml1a, B03;:J;YX B pereHe-
paTopbI YCTaHoBKH 3a6HpaeTcH H3 oKpy)!(aIOIIIeH cpeAbI npH P = 0,1 Ml1a
H t o.c = 20 DC. BHYTpeHHHe aAHa6aTHbie KI1n. KOMrrpeccopa 11 AeTaHAepa
1I;K = 1I;IJ. = 0,8, 3JleKTpOMeXaHHQeCKHH KI1n. MaIIlHH 11 3M = 0,9. MHHH-
MaJlbHaH pa3HocTb TeMnepaTYP B XOJlOAHJlbHHKe t!..t 0 = 4 DC H pereHepaTOpe
t!..t p =8°C.
OnpeAeJTHTb napaMeTpbI B TOQKaX npouecca, MOIIlHOCTH MaIIlHH Hanna-
paTOB, XOITOAHJTbHbIH K03<P<PHIII1eHT, YAeITbHYIO 3aTpaTY 3HeprHH H 3Kcepre-
TwqeCKHH KI1n. YCTaHOBKH.
3aAaqa 9.1 S. PaCCTaTb B03AYIIInyIO XOITOAHITbHYIO YCTaHOBKY, pa60-
TaIOIIIYIO no pa30MKnyToii: cxeMe OT 3aBoAcKoH nHeBMoceTH, B KOTOpOH
nOAAep)!(I1BaeTCH AaBITeHHe P = 0,7 Ml1a. MOIIlHOCTb OT Typ60AeTaHAepa
CHHMaeTCH B03AyxoAYBKOH, KOTopaH C)!(HMaeT 06paTHbIH rrOTOK C Po AO
AaBJleHHH oKpy)!(aIOIIIeH cpeAbI Po.c = 0,1 Ml1a H 3aTeM BbI6pacbIBaeT
B aTMoc<pepy. PaCQeTHbIe YCJlOBHH: xOJlOAOnpoH3Bo)J,HTeITbHOCTb Qo =
= 10 K BT Ha TeMnepaTypHoM ypoBHe t H = -100 DC, TeMnepaTypa B03Ayxa
B I1HeBMOCeTH t = 20 DC, MHHHMaJlbHaH pa3HOCTb TeMnepaTYP B XOJTOAHJlb-
HHKe t!..t 0 = 5 DC, BeJTI1Ha HeAopeKynepaUHI1 t!..t p = 10 DC, TenJlOeMKOCTb
C p = 1,01 K]J)!(/(Kr . K), BHYTpeHHHe aAHa6aTHble KI1n. AeTaHAepa 1I;IJ. =
= 0,8 H B03AYXOAYBKH 11 iB = 0,7, MexaHHQeCKHH KI1n. AeTaHAepa 11 B03AY-
XOAYBKH 11 3M = 0,95.
BapHaHTHbIM MeTOAOM onpeAeJlI1Tb AaBJleHHe 06paTHoro nOTOKa, onpe-
AeJTHTb napaMeTpbI BO Bcex TOax, MOIIlHOCTH MaIIlHH 11 pereHepaTOpa,
XOJTOAHJlbHbIH K03<P<PHIII1eHT, YAeJlbHbIe 3Hepr03aTpaTbI, 3KcepreTHQeCKHH
Kl1n. YCTaHoBKH.
139

3aAaqa 9.16. IlOCTpOHTb rpaqJHK H3MeHeHHH TeMnepaTypbI B03,1J,YXa
B cocY,IJ,e, B KOTOpOM ,lJ,aBJIeHHe nOBbIIIIaeTClI C p = 0,1 MIla ,lJ,0 Pu. = 0,5:
1,0; 1,5; 2,0 MIla B pe3YJIbTaTe nO,lJ,atJH C)I(aToro B03,1J,yxa H3 I1HJIHH,IJ,pa
BbICOKoro ,lJ,aBJIeHHlI npH TeMnepaType T u. = 300 K. I1cXO,lJ,HalI TeMnepaTypa
B cocY,IJ,e T = 20 0 e. IloKa3aTeJIb a,lJ,Ha6aTbI k = 1,4.
3a.naqa 9.17. IlocTpOHTb rpaqJHK H3MeHeHHlI TeMneparypbI BH)'TPH COCY,Q:I
C B03,1J,YXOM npH ero a,lJ,Ha6aTHoM npollecce HCTetJeHHlI. HatJaJIbHbIe napa-
MeTpbI B03,1J,yxa:
p, Mna
T, °c
2,0 1,5
20 20
1.0 0,5
20 20
KOHetJHOe ,lJ,aBJIeHHe P = 0,1 MIla.
3a,lJ,aqa 9.18. Onpe,lJ,eJIHTb, Ha CKOJIbKO nOBbICHTClI TeMnepaTypa BOAO-
pO,lJ,a, HeOHa H rerrHlI B pe3yrrbTaTe 3<pcpeKTa .IbKoyrrlI )])111 cne)J,YIOIIIHX ycno-
BHit: KOHetJHOe ,lJ,aBJIeHHe Pu. = 1,0 MIla, HCXO,lJ,HalI TeMnepaTypa nO,lJ,aBaeMO-
ro ra3a T u. = 300 K, nepBoHatJaJIbHbIe ,lJ,aBrreHHe ra3a B cocY,lJ,e P = 0,1 Mna
H TeMnepaTypa T = 20 ce.
3aAaqa 9.19. Onpe,lJ,eJIHTb napaMeTpbI B xapaKTepHbIx TotJKax npollecca.
nOTpe6JIlIeMYlO MOIlIHOCTb, y,lJ,eJIbHYIO 3aTpaTY 3HeprHH, XOJIO,lJ,HJIbHbIH
K03<P<PHUHeHT H 3KcepreTHtJecKHM KIl,il. B03,1J,YIIIHOM YCTaHOBKH rH<p<pop,lJ,a-
MaKMaroHa C BbITeCHHTeJIeM npH XOJIO,lJ,OnpOH3BO,lJ,HTeJIbHOCTH Qo = 200 Br
Ha TeMnepaTypHoM ypoBHe T H = 85 K. ,il.aBJIeHHlI C)I(aTOrO ra3a P = 1,5 Mna
H paCIIIHpeHHoro - P = 0,1 MIla, TeMnepaTypa OKpY)l(aIOlIIeM Cpe,lJ,bI t o . c =
= 20 0 e, MHHHMaJIbHalI pa3HocTb TeMnepaTYP B XOJIO,lJ,HJIbHHKe t:..t 0 = 2 or,
B oxrra,lJ,HTeJIe t:..t K = 5°e H B pereHepaTope t:..t p = 3°e. BHYTpeHHHM KTI,il.
KOMnpeccopa 170i = 0,75, 3JIeKTpOMexaHHtJecKHM KIl,il. 17 3M = 0,85.
3aAaqa 9.20. Onpe,lJ,eJIHTb napaMeTpbI B xapaKTepHblx TOtJKaX, MOIlI-
HOCTb, nOTpeOJIlIeMYIO YCTaHoBKoM, y,lJ,eJIbHYIO 3aTpaTY 3HeprHH, XOJIO,lJ,HJIb-
HbIM K03<P<PHIlHeHT H 3KCepreTHtJeCKHM KIl,il. B03)J,YIIIHoro pe<pPH)I(epaTOpa
rH<p<pop,lJ,a-MaKMaroHa C BbITeCHHTeJIeM npH XOJIO,lJ,OnpOH3BO,lJ,HTeJIbHOCTH
Qo = 5QO BT Ha TeMnepaTypHOM ypoBHe T H = 88 K. ,il.aBJIeHHe C)I(aTOrO ra3a
P = 2,0 MIla H pacIIIHpeHHoro p = 0,2 MIla. TeMnepaTypa oKpY)I(alOlIIefi
cpeAbI t o . c = 20 0 e, MHHHMaJIbHble pa3HocTH TeMnepaTYP t:.. = 3 °e, t:..t p =
= 4 °e, t:..t K = 5 °e, KIl,il. KOMnpeccopa T/oi = 0,8 H T/ 3M = 0,9.
3a,lJ,aQa 9.21. epaBHHTb nOKa3aTeJIH YCTaHOBOK rH<p<pop,lJ,a-MaKMaroHa
C BhITeCHHTeJIeM, pa60TalOlIIHx Ha Tpex pa3JIHtJHblX ra3ax:
a) BO,lJ,opo,lJ,e (k = 1,41; c p = 14,4 K.IbK/ (Kr . K));
6) HeOHe (k = 1,68; cp = 1,04 K.IbK/ (Kr' K));
B) reJIHH (k = 1,66; c p = 5,24 K.IbK/ (Kr . K).
XOJIO,lJ,OnpOH3BO,lJ,HTeJIbHOCTb YCTaHoBoK Qo = 100 BT Ha TeMnepaTYP-
HOM ypoBHe T H = 70 K. ,il.aBJIeHHe C)I(aTOrO ra3a P = 1,0 MIla H pacIIIHpeH-
Horo - P = 0,1 MIla. TeMnepaTypa oKpY)I(alOlIIeM Cpe,lJ,bI t O.c = 20 0 e, MHHH-
M3JIbHbIe pa3HocTH TeMnepaTYp: t:..t 0 = 3 °e, t:.. t p = 4°e, t:..t K = 5 °e, KIl,il.
KOMnpeccopa T/ oi = 0,8 H T/ 3M = 0,9.
140

r Orrpep:emfTb MOUlHOCrH, rrOrpe6JUleMbie ycraHoBKaMH, yp:eJIbHble 3arpa-
1M 3HepfHH, XOJIOAHJIbHble K03Q>Q>Hll.HeHrM H 3KCeprerMlIeCKHe KIlL!, ycra-
. HOBOK.
[ 3ap:aqa 9.22. Pacc'IHran ra30BYlO (B03P:YUlHYIO) ycraHoBKY fHQ>Q>op}],a-
I MaKMaroHa c p:eTaH}],epoM rrpH xOJIop:orrpoH3Bop:HreJIbHOCrH Qo == 100 Br
 H3 reMrreparypHoM ypoBHe T H == 90 K. L!,aBJIeHHe c)!(aroro ra3a p == 1,0 MIla
H pacUlHpeHHoro - p = 0, I MIla. TeMrreparypa oKpy)!(alOlUeH cpeP:bI t Q.C ==
= 20 °C, MHHHMaJlbHble pa3HocrH reMrreparyp B XOJIO}],HIIbHHKe f::1t 0 == 3°C,
B OXIIap:HreJIe H pereHeparope f::1 t K == f::1 t p = 5 0c. BHyrpeHHHH KIlL!, KOMrr-
r peccopa H }],eraH}],epa 11iK = 11iJl, = 0,8, 3JIeKrpOMeXaHH'IeCKHe KIlL!, MaUlHH
11 3M = 0,9.
Orrpep:eJIHrb rrapaMerpbl B xapaKrepHblx rO'lKaX rrpou;ecca, pacxop:
: XJIap:areHra, rerrJIOBble HarpY3KH arrrraparoB, MOlllHocrH }],eraH}],epa H KOMrr-
, peccopa, yp:eJIbHYIO 3arpary 3HepfHH, XOJIO}],HJibHbIH K03Q>Q>Hl.\HeHr H 3Kcep-
I rerH'IeCKHH Kfi,lJ YCTaHOBKH.
3ap:aQa 9.23. Orrpep:eJIHTb rrapaMerpbl B r04Kax rrpou;ecca, MOlllHocrH
. MalllHH H rerrJIOBble HarpY3KH arrrraparoB, y}],eJIbHble 3Hepro3arparbl, XOJIO-
p:HJibHbIH K03Q>Q>Hl.\HeHr H 3KceprerH'IeCKHH KIl,lJ ra30BOH (B03p:YJIJHOH)
ycraHoBKH fHQ>Q>opp:a-MaKMaroHa c }],eraH}],epoM Ha YCJIOBHH, rrpHBe}],eHHble
I B 3ap:a'le 9.19 (rrpoll.ecc rrop:Bop:a rerrJIa rrpHHHrb rrpH To = idem). BHyrpt:H-
HHH KIl,lJ p:eTaHp:epa 11iJl, = 0,7, 3JIeKrpOMeXaHH4eCKHH - KIl,lJ 11 3M = 0.85.
3ap:aQa 9.24. PacC4Hran ra30BYlO MalllHHY, pa6oralOllIYlO rro o6parHoMY
I 11.HKJIY CrHpJIHHra, rrpH rrpoH3Bop:HTeJIbHOCrH rro )!(HAKOMY B03p:yXY 8 JI/'I ==
= 0,00222 p:M 3 /c. CpeP:Hee p:aBJIeHHe reJIHH Pcp = 2,6 MIla, reMrreparypa
oXIIa)!()]:aIOllIeH BO}],M T Q.C == 293 K. MHHHMaJlbHbJe pa3HocrH reMrreparyp
B pe6pHcroM KOHp:eHcarope f::1t K = 5 K H B BOLl.HHOM rerrIIoo6MeHHHKe
f::1 t B = 10 K. BHyrpeHHHe H30repMH'IeCKHe KIl,lJ rrpOll.eCCOB C)!(arHH H paClllH-
peHHH 11 3 = 11: 3 == 0,6. 3JIeKrpOMeXaHH'IeCKHe Kfi,lJ = 0,98. Orrpep:eJIHrb
xOJIop:orrpoH3Bop:HreJIbHOCrb MalllHHbl, pacxop: reJIHH B MalllHHe, 3arpa-
lJeHHYIO pa60ry H MOUlHocrb, 3KceprerH'IeCKHH KIl,lJ MalllHHbI.
3ap:aQa 9.25. PaCC'IHrarb ra30BYlO MalllHHY, pa6oralOllIYlO rro o6parHoMY
11.HKJIY CrHpJIHHra, rrpH rrpoH3Bop:HTeJIbHOCrH rro )!(HAKOMY B03p:yXY G =
== 10 JI/'I = 0,00278 p:M 3 /c. Cpe}],Hee p:aBJIeHHe reJIHH p = 1,8 Mila, reMrre-
parypa OXJIa)!()]:aIOllIeH BOP:M T Q.C == 293 K, MHHHMaJlbHble pa3HocrH reMrre-
paryp B pe6pHcroM KOHp:eHcarope f::1t K = 3 K If B BOp:HHOM reTIJI006MeHHHKe
f::1t B = 7 K, BHyrpeHHHH H30repMH'IeCKHH KIl,lJ rrpou;ecca C)!(aTHH 11 K ==
H3
= 0,6 H paCllIHpeHHH 11: 3 = 0,7, 3IIeKrpoMeXaHH'IeCKHH Kfi,lJ = 0,98. Orrpe-
p:eIIHrb xOJIop:orrpoH3Bop:HreJIbHOCrb MalllHHbl, pacxop: reJIHH B MalllHHe,
33rpa'leHHYlO pa60ry H MOlllHocrb, 3KceprerH'IeCKHH KIl,lJ.

rnaBa AeCRTaR


TEPM03nEKTPM"tECKME TPAHCCI»OPMATOPbl TEnnA


nPIIIMEPbl
npHMep 10.1. C Y'IeTOM nepcneKTHBHOrO pa3BHTIUI nOJIynpoBolUfH-
KOBbIX MaTepHaJIOB H )J;OCTH)KeHHH 3Ha1JeHHH K03<P<PHIUleHTa )J;06pOTHOCTH
z = 0,01 II DC orrpe)J;eJIHTb XOJIO)J;HJ1bHbIH K03<P<PH1UfeHT H 3KCepreTH'IeCKHH
KTI;:J: TepM03JIeKTpH'IeCKOH rrorrynpoBolUfHKOBOH XOJIO)J;HJ1bHOH YCTaHOBKH,
eCJIH COnpOTHBJIeHHe norryrrpoBolUfHKOBblX 3JIeMeHTOB R = 20 OM, pa3HOCTb
K03<P<PHIUleHTOB TepMO-3;:J:C Aa = 1 BI DC, CHJ1a TOKa I = 3 A.
rOpH'lHe cmrn TepM03JIeMeHTOB OXJ1a)K)J;aIOTCH BO)J;OH t B = t O.c = 20 Dc.
MHHHMaJIbHaH pa3HOCTb TeMnepaTYP At r = Tr - T B = 1 DC. TeMnepaTypa
XOJIO)J;HbIX CnaeB To = 270 K.
PeweHHe. K03<P<PHUHeHT, Y'IHTbIBalOwHH Y)J;eJIbHblH TerrJIOrrpHTOK OT
rOpH'lHX cnaeB TepM03JIeMeHTOB K XOJIO)J;HbIM,
Z = a 2 lkR, k = a 2 I zR = 1/0,01 . 20 = 5 BTI DC.


TeMnepaTypa rOpH1JHX CnaeB
Tr = T B + At r = 293 + 1 = 294 K.
Pa3HocTb TeMnepaTYP Me)K)J;Y ropH'lHMH H XOJIO)J;HbIMH crraHMH
AT = Tr - To = 294 - 270 = 24 ° C.


€=


XOJIO)J;HJIbHblH K03cjJ<pHIUleHT
(iTol- kt!.T - O,51 2 R 1 .270.3 - 5 . 24 - 0,5 .3 2 .20
2 =
I R + (it!. TI 3 2 . 20 + 1 . 24 . 3


= 2,38.


K03<P<PHIUleHT pa60TOCrroc06HOCTH XOJIo)J;a
(T q) 0 = (To - To.c) ITo = (270 - 293) /270 = -23/270 = 0,0852.
3KCepreTH1JeCKHH KTI;:J: YCTaHOBKH
'TIe = € (Tq)o = 2,38.0,0852 = 0,203 (
20%).


3AAA'4111
3a)J;aqa 10.1. Orrpe)J;eJIHTb XOJIO)J;HJ1bHbIH K03<p<PHIUleHT H 3KcepreTH-
1JeCKHH KTI;:J: TepM03JIeKTpH'leCKOrO rrorryrrpoBo)J;HHKoBoro TpaHc<popMaTopa
Tewa, eCJIH K03<p<PHIUleHT )J;06pOTHOCTH MaTepHaJIa z = 0,003 II DC, con po-
THBJIeHHe norryrrpoBo)J;HHKOBblX 3JIeMeHTOB R = 15 OM, CHJ1a TOKa I =
= 4 A, pa3HocTb K03cjJcjJHIUleHToB TepMo-3l1:C Aa = 1 BI DC, TeMrrepaTypa
XOJIO)J;HbIX crraeB To = 275 K, TeMrrepaTypa BO)J;bl,oxrra)K)J;aIOWeH rOpH'lHe
cnaH, t B = t o.c = 20 DC, MHHHMaJIbHaH pa3HOCTb TeMnepaTYP At r = Tr -
- T B = 2 DC.


142




3a.aaQa 10.2. OrrpeJJ,errliTb xorroJJ,HrrbHbIH K03$$HllHeHT Ii 3Kceprem-
qeCKJIH KTI)], TepM03JIeKTpHQeCKOrO nOJlynpOBO)lHHKl)i:lOro 1 paHc<popMaropa
,eTTJIa, ecnH K01<pqJHIJ,I1eHT JJ,06POTHOC;li Z = 0,005 l/oC, COnpOTHBHemIe
J'leMCHTOB R = 100M, ilo: = 1,5 B/ °C, TeMuepaTypa ropflllHX cnaeB T r --
-- To.c = 293 K H XOITOJJ,HbIX - To = 273 K.
3a.aatUt 10.3. OllpeJJ;emuh MaKCHM3.'1bHOe :maqCHHC xonOJJ,HrrhHoro
K03cp!jJJiIUieHT:J. H 3KcepreTUQe<..KHH KTIJI: nOJJyrrpOI3oJJ;HRKoBoro TpaHcq>op-
MaTupa Tefma, XITH K03cpq>HIUfeHT lI,06pOTHOCHI Z = 0,01 1/°C, reMnep:J-
Typa xorrOJ],.HbIX cnaeB To = 270 K, pa3HocTb TeMIIrparyI' ilt = T r - 1'0 =
= 23°C, ila = 1 BloC.
3aJJ,aQa 10.4. O!ipeJJ,enHTb MJfHHMa.rn,HO fhiCTH)!GIMYIO teMnepaTYPY
OXJIa
eHv.H Tt 1liH H COOTBeTCfBYIOUIYIO fJ,.T MU : C repM03JIeKTpH'leCKOH
rronynp,-'Boli,mwoBoi'i ycralhDIOI, ecnu xonoJJ,onpmI3BOJJ,.HTenbHOc,'Tb Q 0 =
:= 0, 1cu<pt!mIUfeHT JJ,()OPOTHOGH .! = 0,002 1 i 0c, rCMllepaTypa rOpHQerO
cnaH Tr -- T ,LC = 20°C.




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0,18 0,9827 0,984 0,9980 0,2876 0,9818 0,9860 0,9958 0,2828
0,22 0,9743 0,9795 0,9970 0,3497 0,9729 0,9791 0,9937 0,3432
0,26 0,9650 O,969(] 0,9959 0,4088 0,9623 0,9729 0,9912 0,4022
0,30 0,9531 0,9584 0,9945 904666 0,9501 0,9614 0,9883 0,4596
0,34 0,9400 0,946 0,9929 0,5223 0,9363 0,9506 0,9849 0,5150
0,38 0,9260 0,934 0,9912 0,5 761 0,9209 0,9386 0,9812 0,5683
0,42 0,9099 0,9198 0,9892 0,6269 0,9040 0,9253 0,9770 0,6193
0,46 0,8932 0,9049 0,9871 0,6755 0,8851 0,9109 0,9724 0,6677
0,50 0,8745 0,8881 0,9847 0,7206 0,8662 0,8954 0,9674 0,7133
0,54 O,85S4 0,8710 0,9822 0,7632 0,8453 0,8788 0,9620 0,7561
0,58 0,8351 0,8526 0,9795 0,8025 0,8233 0,8610 0,9561 0,7958
0,62 0,8132 0,8328 0,9765 0,8379 0,8002 0,8424 0,9499 0,8322
0,66 0,7910 0,812/ 0,9734 0,8704 0,7760 0,8229 0,9432 0,8653
0,70 0,7681 0,7918 0,9701 0,8994 0,7511 0,8024 0,9361 0,8950
0,74 0,7443 0,7701 0,9566 0,9248 0,7253 0,7811 0,9286 0,9211
0,78 0,7199 0,7476 0,9629 0,9463 0,6989 0,7591 0,9206 0,9435
0,82 0,6850 0,7247 0,9590 0,9643 0,6718 0,7364 0,9123 0,9622
0,86 0,6696 0,7012 0,9549 0,9786 0,6443 0,7130 0,9053 0,9771
0,90 0,64 38 0,6773 0,9506 0,9892 0,6194 0,6892 0,8943 0,9884
0,94 0,6172 0,6524 0,9461 0,9952 0,5882 0,6649 0,8847 0,9958
0,98 0,5916 0,6283 0,9414 0,9992 0,5599 0,6401 0,8747 0,9996
1,02 0,5654 0,6037 0,9365 0,9993 0,5315 0,6150 0,8643 0.9995
1,06 0,5392 0,5789 0,9314 0,9958 0,5032 0,5897 0,8534 0,9960
1,10 0,5 135 0,5544 0,9262 0,9896 0,4750 0,5641 0,8422 0,9887
1.14 0,4877 0,5296 0,9207 0,9797 0,4471 0,5384 0,8305 0,9780
1,18 0,4620 0,5049 0,9150 0,9668 0,4196 0,5127 0,8184 0.9640
1,22 0,4372 0,4820 0,9092 0,9543 0,3925 0,4870 0,8059 0,9467
1,26 0,4124 0,4566 0,9031 0,9336 0,3659 0,46]4 0,7929 0,9264
1,30 0,3883 0,4329 0,8969 0,9132 0,3399 0,4360 0,7796 0,9032
1,34 0,3646 0,4095 0,8904 0,8905 0,3147 0,4109 0,7658 0,8773
1,38 0,3417 0,3866 0,8838 0,8658 0,2901 0,3960 0,7516 0,8489
1,42 0,3192 0,3640 0,8769 0,8388 0,2665 0,36]6 0,7370 0,8182
1,46 0,2976 0,3423 0,8699 0,8110 0,2338 0,3376 0,7220 0,7854
1,50 0,2770 0,3211 0,8627 0,7816 0,2219 0,3142 0,7065 0,75 10
1,54 0,2570 0,3005 0,8552 0,7510 0,2011 0,2912 0,6907 0,7146
1,58 0,2375 0,2803 0,8476 0,7187 0,] 814 0,2690 0,6744 0,6772
1,62 0,2192 0,2610 0,8398 0,6861 0,1627 0,2474 0,6577 0,6387
1,66 0,20] 7 0,2425 0,8318 0,6532 0,1452 0,2266 0,6406 0,5994
1,70 0,1851 0,2247 0,8236 0,6199 0,1287 0,2066 0,6231 0,5596
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1,82 0,1403 0,1759 0,7978 0,5195 0,08618 0,1517 0,5680 0,4400
1,86 0,1272 0,1612 0,7889 0,4865 0.07424 0,1353 0,5488 0,4010
1,90 0,1150 0,1474 0,7797 0,4544 0,06341 0,1198 0,5291 0,3628
1,94 0,1032 0,1341 0,7703 0,4221 0,05364 0,1054 0,5091 0,3257
1,98 0,0928 0,1219 0,7607 0,3916 0,04491 0,09191 0,4887 0,2900
2,02 0,0829 0,1104 0,7510 0,3619 0,03717 0,07946 0,4678 0,2595
2,06 0,0739 0,0997 0,7410 0,.3332 0,03038 0,06804 0,4465 0,2233
2,10 0,0655 0,0897 0,7308 0,3056 0,02448 0,5 762 0,4248 0,1928
2,14 0,0579 0,0803 0,7205 0,2789 0,01942 0,04822 0,4027 0,1644
2,18 0,0509 O,0716S 0,7099 0,2535 0.01513 0,03979 0,3801 0,1382
2,22 0,0446 ,06377 0,6992 0,2297 0,01155 0,03234 0,3572 0,1144
2,26 0,389 ,05 651 0,6883 0,2072 0,00861 0,02580 0,3338 0,0929
2,30 0,0337 ,O4981 0,6771 0,1859 0,00625 0,02017 0,3100 0,07392
2,34 0,0291 ,04376 0,6658 0,1661 0,00440 0,01538 0,2858 0,05735
2,38 0,0250 ,03828 0,6543 0,1478 0,00298 0,01139 0,2612 0,04320
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2,46 0,01819 ,02885 0,6307 0,1151 0,00117 0,00557 0,2107 0,02183
2,50 0,01535 0,02482 0,6185 0,10060 0,00066 0,00360 0,1848 0,01434
2,54 0,01289 0,02127 0,06062 0,08767 0,00034 0,00216 0,1585 0,00875
2,58 0,01076 0,01812 0,5937 0,07586 0,00015 0,00117 0,1318 0,00481
2,62 0,00892 0,01534 0,5 81 0 0,06522 0,00006 0,00054 0,1047 0,00225
2,66 0,00735 0,01292 0,5682 0,05577 0,000020 0,000200 0,07713 0,000840
2,70 0,00599 0,01079 0,5551 0,04 727 0,000002 O,OO005(] 0,04917 0,000220
2,74 0,00486 0,00897 0,5418 0,03986 0 O,OOOOO 0,02078 0, 0ססoo 8
2,78 0,00390 0,00738 0,5283 0,03331 ° 0 0,00004 0
2,82 0,00310 0,00602 0,5 147 0,02760
2,86 0,00245 0,00489 0,5008 0,02268
2,90 0,00191 0,00393 0,4867 0,01849
2,94 0,00148 0,00313 0,4725 0,01492
2,98 0,00113 0,00246 0,4580 0,01190
3,02 0 0 0,4506 0
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0,02 0,9998 0,9998 0,9999 0,0315
0,06 0,9979 0,9985 0,9994 0,0945
0,10 0,9942 0,9959 0,9983 0,1571
0,14 0,9886 0,9918 0,9967 0,2190
0,18 0,9812 0,9866 0,9946 0,2801
0,22 0,9720 0,9799 0,9919 0,3401
0,26 0,9611 0,9721 0,9887 0,3987
0,30 0,9485 0,9630 0,9850 0,4557
0,34 0,9525 0,9807 0,5109
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0,42 0,9008 0,9281 0,9707 0,6149
0,46 0,8819 0,9142 0,9647 0,6633
0,50 0,8616 0,8991 0,9583 0,7091
0,54 0,8400 0,8829 0,9514 0,7520
0,58 0,8172 0,8657 0,9439 0,7920
0,62 0,7932 0,8475 0,9359 0,8288
0,66 0,7681 0,8283 0,9274 0,8623
0,70 0,7422 0,8082 0,9183 0,8924
0,74 0,7154 0,7872 0,9087 0,9189
0,78 0,6878 0,7655 0,8986 0,9418
0,82 0,6597 0,7429 0,8879 0,9610
0,86 0,6310 0,7197 0,8767 0,9764
0,90 0,6019 0,6959 0,8650 0,9879
0,94 0,5726 0,6715 0,8527 0,9957
0,98 0,5431 0,6466 0,8399 0,9995
1,02 0,5135 0,6212 0,8266 0,9995
1,06 0,4840 0,5955 0,8127 0,9957
1,10 0,4546 0,5694 0,7983 0,9880
1,14 0,4255 0,5432 0,7834 0,9768
0,18 0,3969 0,5168 0,7679 0,9620
1,22 0,3687 0,4908 0,7519 0,9435
1,26 0,3411 0,4638 0,7354 0,9217
1,30 0,3142 0,4374 0,7183 0,8969
1,34 0,2880 0,411 0 0,7007 0,8688
1,38 0,2628 0,3850 0,6826 0,8380
1,42 0,2385 0,3592 0,6639 0,8046
1,46 0,2152 0,3338 0,6447 0,7687
1,50 ' 0,1930 0,3088 0,6250 0,7301
1,54 0,1720 0,2844 0,6048 0,6909
1,58 0,1522 0,2606 0,5839 0,6494
1,62 0,1336 0,2374 0,5625 0,6067
1,66 0,1163 0,2150 0,5407 0,5630
1,70 0,1003 0,1934 0,5183 0,5187
1,74 0,0856 0,1727 0,4954 0,4741
1,78 0,0722 0,1530 0,4719 0,4296
1,82 0,0602 0,1343 0,4479 0,3855
1,86 0,0494 0,'1167 0,4234 0,3423
1,90 0,0399 0,1002 0,3983 0,3002
1,94 0,0316 0,0848 0,3727 0,2596
1,98 0,0245 0,0707 0,3466 0,2209
n po A 0 n )I( e H II e n p II n 0)1(, 26

OTBETbl K 3AAA4AM
1.1. KPHBaH, npOXO)J.Hll\<IH tfepe3 3HatfeHHH: T q = 0 npH T = T o.c = 293 K; T q :=
= 1 npH T = co K; T == - co npH T = 0 K
1.2. a) B 5,12 pa3a; 0) B  30 pa3; B) B 308 pa3
1.3.267K; 120K; 3K
1.4. TJ =41,5%
1.5. 3KceprnH XIlMoHa YMeHhUlHTCH Ha 26,8 K.IbK/Kr
1.6. 3aTPaThi 3KccprnH 567 K.IbK/Kr
1.7. PaooTa YMeHhl1IHTCH B 0,835 pa3a
1.8.
K.. . . . . . . . . . . 93 293 253 213 173 133
A3/f/AT/f.K- I . . . . 0,0339 0,0034 0,00458 0,00646 0,00978 0,0165
93 53 13 8 3 2 1 0,1
0,0339 0,105 1,73 4,58 32,5 73,3 293 2930
1.9. a) 60000 pa3; 0) 10000 pa3; B) 2000 pa3; r) 3 pa3a
1.10. K03Q)(pHlJ,HeHT. pa60TOCTIoco6HOCTH 3aHIDKaeTca. A6comoTHaa norpCUlHOCTb:
a) B 0,06; 6) B 0,13; B) B 3,0. OmOCIITeJIhHaH norpeUlHocTh: a) 2,4';i; 6) 1,2%;
B) 11,2%
1.11. K03<p<pIIlJ,lIeHT paooTocnocooHoCTH 3aHH)I(aCTCH. A6comomail norpeUlHocTh:
a) 0,01; 6) 0,045; B) 0,19. OTHOCHTeIlbHaH norpcUlHoCTh: a) 3,5%; 0) 8,8%;
B) 20,8%
1.12. K03<P<PHlJ,HeHT pa6oTocnocooHoCTII 3aBblll\<leTCH Ha 0,008 HJ1H Ha 7,85%
21. Qrro =24,2 KBT
2.2. Qrro = 56,1 KBT
23.3 x =0,613; e =1,631; TJ e =O,337
2.4. 3 T . H = 0,22; Jl = 0,455
2.5. qo = 1070 K.IbK/Kr; qK = 1446 K.IbK/Kr; N = 4,5 KBT; f = 2,6, TJ e 
40%
2.6. QK = 1541 KBT; Qno = 96,6 KBT; N K =532 KBT; f =02,17; TJe =0,366;
3
d 3M =53,2 K.IbK/Kr; d K = 69,6 K.IbK/Kr; d KO/f = 125 K.IbK/Kr; d no = 13,83 K.IbK/Kr;
dlI.p = 16,7 K.IbK/Kr; d M = 43,8 K.IbK/Kr
27. q 0 == 136,8 K.IbK/Kr; q K == 187,5 K.IbK/Kr; N K == 8,6 KBT; f = 2,42; TJ e =
. 3
=0,366
2.8. qo = 1110 K.IbK; qK = 1520 K.IbK/Kr; qno = 48 K.IbK/Kr; N = 540 KBT;
f =2,17; TJe ==0,37
2.9.
to ==tH' °C .
f . . .
TJ e
10
21,9
0,767
o
0,935
0,673
-10
0,536
0,6
-20
0,387
0.59
-30
0,283
0,584
-40
0,212
0,568
2.10.
t K =t B , °c .
e.........
22
0,369
0,593
27
0,33
0,58
32
0,28
0,573
37
0,248
0,558
42
0,226
0,527
47
0,191
0,507
52
0,176
0,501
TJ e ........

2.ll. Qo = 48,1 KBT; Quo = 13,4 KBT; N: = 5,4 KBT; 3 r . H = 0,324; j.I = 3,9;
1](' =0,51
2.12. Qo = 800 KBT; Quo = 145 KBT; N K = 405 KB1; 3 TH = 0,348; j.I = 2,87;
3
Tie = 0,43
2.13. I!.B = 263 Kr YCJ10BHOrO Tonm-ma/4, I!.b = 14,6 Kr ycnOBHoro TOnJlHBa/f,il)K
2.14. I!.B =55 Kr YCJ10BHOrO TOnJ1HBa/4, I!.b = 1.31 Kr YCJ10BHOrO TOnJlHBa/f,il)K;
j.I "" 8
2.15. N:=4256 KBT; j.I =2,37; Tie =0,53
2.16. N=925 KBT; j.I =3,25; Tie =0,64
2.17. j.I = 4.03; N r = 45,853' 10 3 KBT.qfroA; I!.B = 2617 T/['OA
2.18. j.I = 3,34; N K = 14 KBT
3.1. A = 0,634; Tli = 0,8; 4HCJ10 llHJ1HHApOB Z "" 4 (AY-45); II = 960 06/MHH;
V=51,5 M 3 /4
3.2. A = 0,612; Tli = 0,779; Z = 2 (I1>B-20); II = 960 06/MHH; V= 39 M 3 /4
3.3. A =0,562; Tli =0,779; z =4 (AY-200); II =96006/MHH; V=298M 3 /4
3.4. V=238M 3 /4; Tli""'82%
3.5. V= 89,4 M 3 /4; 1]i "'" 83%
3.6. V = 1140 M 3 /4; Tli"'" 81%
4.1. Q H =11180I<,il)K/4; pH = 0,15 Mna; t =_IO°C; T =14,7"("
4.2.Q =895KBT; p =0207S-Mna; t H =__5°C; T = -10,4°C
4.3. Q = 42,8 KBT; p = 0,207 Mna; t H = -2 °C; T = -4.07 o[
4.4. t B' = 2,54°C; T \ = 0,63°[
4.5. t B' = 2,27°[; T \ = - 3,29 °c
4.6.t B ' = 2,42°C; T\ =0,58°C
4.7. p = 1,2 Mna; t = 30,5°C
4.8. P'.: = 1,05 Mna; t = 25°C; T'\ = 24,6°C
4.9. P'K = 0,9 Mna; t = 22 °C; T'\ = 20,7°[
5.1. [ = 2,37
5.2. I!.t = 0,26; [ = 3,5
5.3. q 0 = 1200 Kll)l(/Kr; q r = 2090 K,il)K/Kr; 3 = 1,74
5.4. TlO = 17%; TlH = 11%
e e
5.5. TlO = 29%
e
5.6.Qr = 2840KBT; Qa=2510KBT; Quo = 129KBT; QK=1480KBT; Qp;=
= 343 KBT; 3 = 1,9; E = 0,527; Tie "'" 26%
5.7. Qr = 1830 KBT; Qa = 1440 KB1; Quo = 81,4 KBT; QK = 730 KBT; QA =
= 403 KBT; 3 = 2,44; E = 0,41 ; Tie "'" 30%
5.8. qr = 2480 K,il)K/Kr; qK = 524 Kll)l(/Kr; quo = 126 Kll)l(/Kr; qa
= 2140 K,il)K/Kr; qA = 419 K,il)K/Kr; 3 = 2,12; Tie = 27%
5.9. I!.t = 0,36 - 0,39 < 0; OAHocTyueH4aTaH YCTaHOBI<a pa601aTb He MO)l(CT
5.10. I!.H.cr = t Kp - t cn = 0,356-0,175 = 0,181; [H.cr = 4,55; I!.t,..cr=
= tKP - t cn = 0,55 - 0,39 = 0.16; [B,cr = 3,8
5.ll. q' = 239 K,il)K/Kr; q  = 2496 K,il)K/Kr; q = 2320 Kll)l(/Kr; q"
A " "J" 
= 128 K,il)K/Kr; q r = 1745 K,il)K/Kr; q a = 158_ K,il)K/Kf'; q K = 1155 K,il)KIKr; J =
=3,61; E = 0,281; Tie = 29%
192

5.12. q' = 146 K)]JK/Kr; q = 2260 K)]JK/Kr; q = 2380 KD.JK/KI'; q =
= 120 K)]JKtr; q: = 1175 K)]JK/Kr; q = 2350 K)]JK/Kr; q = 2450 K)]JK/Kr; 3=
= 4; € = 0,25; 1'Ie = 31 %
5.13. ql' =-2795K)]JK/Kr; qA = 926K)]JK/Kr; qK = 1142K)]JK/Kr; qa =
= 1840 K)]JK/Kr; 3 = 2,65; e = 0,39; 1'Ie "'" 21%
5.14. qA = 690 K)]JK/Kr; ql' = 2585 K)]JK/Kr; qK = 1130 I<)]JK/KI'; qa =
= 1870 K)]JK/Kr; 3 = 2,48; € = 0,403; 1'Ie "'" 27%
5.15. ql' = 2762 KD.)\(/Kr; qK = 2550 K)]JK/Kr; qa = 2680 K)]JK/Kr; G 
"'" 0,21 Kr/C; 3 == 1.15; E = 0,87; 'lJ e  37%
5.16. QI' = 1430 KBT; QK = 1190KBT; Qa = 1420 KBT; 3=1.25; E =
=0,8; 'lJ e  18%
5.17. QI' = 144 KBT; QK = 121 KBT; Qa = 140 KBT; 3 = 1,23; € =0,184;
1'Ie  2570
6.1. Po =5,17 Mna; W = 1130 M/C
6.2. W = 477 M/C
6.3. W = 283 M/C, T = 253 K
6.4. a* = 537 M/C; P* = 4,9 Kr/M 3 ; P* == 1,09 Mna
6.5. IV == 826 M/C; T = 500 K; v == 3,1 Kr/M 3
6.6. 1) n = 18,3; 2) n == 22,8; 3) n = 22,2
6.7. 1) W = 767 M/C; W = 1075 M/C; W == 1540 M/C
6.8. 1)..jkR == 20,1; 2) y'kR = 24,5; 3)....(kR == 22,8
6.9. M == 3
6.10. a* = y 2k/ (k+ 1) 
6.11. AMaKc = y' (k + 1) / (k - 1)
6.12.
k . . . . 1,67 1,4 1,3 1,13
1T* 0,487 0,528 0,546 0,579
T* . . . . . 0,749 0,833 0,867 0,939
E * . .. . . 0,65 0,634 0,628 0,616
C pOCTOM k CKOpOCTb YBenH'nmaeTCH, a KpHTH'leCKHe AaBneHHH H TeMl1epaTypa YMeHlr
llIaIOTCH.
6.13. 1,18; 1,080; 1,063; 1,03
6.14. a = 348; 336; 324; 319; 298; 284; 246; 201; 142,5 M/C (k= 1,4);
a= 426; 410; 395; 380; 363; 347; 300; 245; 173M/c (k = 1.3):
6.15. a* = 302; 314; 366; 409; 448; 485; 517; 550; 580 M/C (k = 1,4);
a* = 377; 391; 456; 510; 558; 604; 645; 685; 721 M/C (k = 1,3)
6.16. UMaKC = 0,52; 1'Ie = 0,41
6.17. UMaKC = 0,478; 1'Ie = 0.32
6.18. UMaKC = 0,589; 1'Ie = 0.47
6.19. d p *  12 MM; d p1 "'" 153 MM; d 2 = 27,5 MM; d 3 = 27,5 MM; d c =
=66 MM; Ic == 42,3 MM; I K = 220 MM; I A = 248 MM
6.20. d p * = 2,6 MM; d p1 = 13 MM; d 2 = 7,82 MM; d3 = 7,79 MM; d c =
=13 MM; Ic = 41,9 MM; I K = 62,3 MM; I A = 37,1 MM
6.21. fpllf p * = 2,07; h/f p * = 8,28; f3/f p * == 8,28
6.22 UMaKC = 0,259; 1'Ie = 10%
6.23. d D * = 19 MM; d D1 = 154 MM; d 2 == 309 MM; d3 = 219 MM; d c
= 472 MM; Ic = 259 MM; II< = 285 MM; lK == 1644 MM
193

6.24.
U . . . . . . . . . ., 0 0,2 0,325
Pc' Mna . . . . . . . 0,0051 0,005 0,0049
6.25. U MaKC = 0,65; Tje = 19%
6.26. a) d p * = 58.5 MM; d p1 = 245 MM; d 2 = 648 MM; d 3 = 459 MM; d c =
= 7S.S MM; Ic = 794 MM; I K = 597 MM; 1/1, = 1930 MM;
6) d p * = 29,3 MM; d p1 = 122 MM; d 2 = 324 MM; d 3 = 229 MM; d c =
= 380 MM; Ic = 395 MM; I K = 298 MM; 1/1, = 962 MM
6.27.
U . . . . . . . . . .. 0,0 0,3 0,65
Pc' Mna . . . . . . . 0,0079 0,0078 0,0075
6.28. U MaKc = 0,263; Tje = 0,1
6.29. d p * = IlMM; d pl = 0,4 MM; d2 = 227 MM; d 3 "'" 140 MM
6.30.
U . . . . . . . . . .' 0.0 0,2 0,4
Pc' Mna . . . . . . . 0,0052 0,0051 0,005
6.31. UMaKC = 0,365; Tje "'" 14%
6.32. d p * = 15 MM; d pl = 116 MM; d 3 = 195 MM; d 2 = 308 MM; d c
=414 MM; Ic = 246 MM; I K = 253 MM; 1/1, = 1424 MM
6.33.
U . . . . . . . . . .. 0,0 0,2 0,5
Pc' Mna . . . . . . . 0,0105 0,0103 0,01
6.34. U MaKc = 0,25; Tje "'" 12%
6.35. d p *  5,8 MM; d pl = 52 MM; d 3 = 76 MM; d 2 = 118 MM; Ic = 82,9 MM
6.36.
U . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Pc, Mna . . . . . .. 0,0057
0,2
0,0054
6.37. UMaKC = 0,2; Tje = 0,08
6.38. fplff p * = 79; f3ff p * = 148
6.39. unp = 0,249; Tje "'" 0, I
6.40. unp = 0,36; Tje = 14%
6.41. u np = 0,246; Tje = 22%
6.42. QK = 296 KJ])Kfc; Qpa6 = 2200 KLl)l(fc; d p * = 38.7 MM; d pl = 230 MM;
d 3 = 410MM; d c = 930MM; Ic = 563MM; I K = 3690MM;I/1, =3362MM; e==0,343;
'TIe "'" 7%
6.43. Q" = 1450 KBT; Qpa6 = 1080 KBT; d p * = 21,4 MM: dDl = 145 MM;
d 3 = 303 MM.; d c = 650 MM; Ic = 290 MM; II< = 2420 MM; 1/1, = 2480 MM; E =
= 0,31; Tje "'" 5%
6.44.f/1,ffT = 0,1222; f c ff/1, = 0,509; Jl.* = 0,56
194

/J . . . . . . . . . . . °
tJ.T x/Tc . . . . . .. 0,216
0,2
0,206
0,4
0,172
6.45. fA/f T = 0,1275; fp,/fc = 1,57; /J* = 0,54
/J . . . . . . .
tJ. T xl T c . . .
tJ.T x . . . . .
tJ.Tr: ... . .
°
0,199
53,2
°
0,2
0,186
54,5
13,6
0,4
0,1457
42,7
28,4
0,544
0,1
29,4
0,56
0,127
0,7
0,0625
18,3
42,7
6.46.
/J . . . . . . . . . .. ° 0,2 0,4 0,61 0,9 1
Tx,oC........-25 -22 -12 +5 +15 +27
6.47.
Pc' MIla . . . . . " 0,2
tJ. T x' °C. . . . . " 26,5
tJ. T r:>°C.......6,61
6.48.
Pc' MIla . . . . . .. 0,2
tJ. T x' °c . . . . . " 24,4
!
6.49.
Px' MIla . . . . . .. 0,11
tJ.T x' °C. . . . . .. 54
6.50.
dc, MM . . . . . . " 8
tJ. T x' °C. . . . . .. 56
tJ. T r:' °c . . . . . " 24
6.51.
dp" MM ....... 12
tJ.T x' °C. . . . . " 48
tJ.Tr:, °c . . . . . " 20,6
0,6
58,6
14,65
0,4
42,3
0,13
50
7
57,7
24,7
14
51,1
21,9
1,0
68
17
0,6
48,5
0,15
46,8
6
58,8
25,3
16
52,5
22,8
1,4
73,2
18,3
0,8
49
5
59,9
25,7
18
50,6
21,7
0,7
0,0732
0,9
°
0,9
0,0203
5.96
53,8
1
°
°
°
1,8
75
18,8
1,0
49
6.52. C YBenH'leHlleM d r (OT 36 11.0 42 MM) COOTBeTCTBeHHO YBenllIJIIBaeTCJI tJ. T x
(c 47,3 °C 11.049 °C)
6.53. b = 9 MM; h = 4,5 MM; d r = 26,5 MM; dl3, = 11,8 MM; I = 265 MM
6.54. b = 17 MM; h = 9 MM; d r = 51,3 MM; dp, = 26 MM; I '" 103 MM
6.55. b '" 1 MM; h = 0,5 MM; d r = 2,94 MM; dp, = 1,06 MM; I = 29,4 MM
195

6.56.
T a 6 n It U a 6/H
.. Qo. KBy TIe' '7c Tlx' '7c
0.4 1.163 16 1.4
0,8 1.15 7 0,5
6.57.
II . . . . .
Tle' %. . .
0,2
0.6
0,4
2,14
0,6
2.27
0,8
l,33
7.1. IJ.h T l1JUI R-13 npHMepHO B 3 pa3a 6onbwe, '1eM WlJl R-14, IJ>.h T l1J1Jl R-IJ
nptlMepHo B 1,4 pa3a GOJlLUr. '!eM l1JI1I R-23; IJ>.h y l1J111 R-23 npKMepHO B 2 paJ3 Gom.-
me. '!eM WIll R-14
7.2. }1ruI :naHa IJ.h T = 2400 KJhK/KMom.; l1J1H 3THJI€.'Ha IJ.h y = 1800 Kl:tJK/KMonL;
lLIJH MeT.IH3 IJ>.h y = 400 KlbK/KMOm.; l1JIJl "ponana IJ.h y = 300 KlbKIKMOm.
7.3. l1.mi KHCJJOpoIDI IJ.h y = 800 K.IlJIC/KMOm.; llflH aJOTa IJ>.h y = 650 KlbKIKMOm.;
J:UPI KptlllTOHa IJ.h y = 1700 KlbK/KMOIlb; l1JIH aproHa. IJ.h y = 850 KlbK/KMom.; llfI1I
ReOBa IJ.h y = 0 K.1bc/KMOm.
7.4..l1IlB BOLlOP0,l:\ilI1h T = - 200 Kl1x/KMoJIL, l1JIH :reJlHH hT = -280 KlliK/KMom.;
BOJJOpo.a II remDl npH npoccemfpO&a1IHII B ycnoBIfIl.'C. OKpY)l(31Oweli cpeIlLI HaFpesamcH
7.5. Ts'" 2.4 K
7.6. uP = 0.062; p; = 0.0115 ma; T: = 2,5 K; Qc = 94 BT; TIe = 0.14
7.7. uP = 0.076; PJf = 0.009 Mna; T: = 2.4 K; Qc = 60 BT; 1J e = 0,122
7.8. liP = 0,085; P: = 0,007 MIla; T: = 2,2 K; Qc = 350 Br; TIe = 0,22
7.9. :) = 10.2; E = 0.098; TIe = 0.259
7.16. :) = 7,25; E = 0.138; TIe = 0,365
7.11. :) = 7,9; E = 0.126; "fie = 0,336
8.1. /;= 201000 KlliK/Kr C)K3Toro BOJ.ayxa
8.2. y = 0.058; TIe = 5,6 %
8.3. 1'Ie ...6 %
8.4.
t H' °c . . . . 3 5 10 15 20
y . .. .. .. .. . . 0.045 0.042 0,030 0,016 0.003
8.5.
QH3' KlliK/Kr CJlCa.TorO B03J1yxa 0 4.2 8.4 12.9 17,2 21.5
y . . . .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... . .... . .. 0,07 0.06 0,05 0,04 0,03 0.02
8.6.
P2' Mna . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 0.1 0,50 10.0 20.0 22,0
InPiPl . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 0 3,9 4,6 5,29 5,39
hr KlliK/Kr. . . .. . . . . . ., 0 325 600 1100 1140
8.7. J' = 0.057; llC = 662 J(.lhK!Kr C)l(aTOrO B03nyxa; /;= 12200 KlliK!Kr 0)1(11-
«eHM\Jro B03JJYX3; TIe "" 6 %
8.8. y = 0.096; {; = 8800 KlbK/Kr 01lOl)l(eHHOI'0 B03l1yxa; fie "" 8 %
196

8.9. y:o 0,17; I; = 4950 J(}lJK/KI' OJICIIJIreHHOro B03nyxa; fie "" 15 %
8.10. y::: 23; 'Ie "" 22 %
8.11. I; = 2930 KJb«/KI' OJIOIX(eHHOI'O B03Ayxa; fie - 24 %
8.11. 1:0 0,245; 1 - M:: 0.62; I: :: 2960 Klbc/KI'; 1Ie = 24 %
8.13.
MJcroC .... I 3 5 7 10 15
I - M . . . . . . " 0,615 0,61 0.605 0.6 0.59 0.58
8.14. y - 0,22; 1; = 3000 KJJ:#./JU' OJIOIJICeHHOI'o B03.ilyxa; fie :: 24 %
8.15. Y -0.156; I: = 3210 KlbK/KI' O?IOf)KeHHOrO BO'JAyxa; TIe = 22 %
8.16. Y - 0.036; 1: = 7010 KlbK/KT OJKJI)I(eHHOrO II03Ayxa; TIe = 10%
!1.17. Y -0.034; 1: = 7455 KJb«fKI' OJKJf)f(eJlHOI'O Bo:myxa; 'Ie = 9.5 %
8.1& y:o 0,049; I - M = 0,93; I;:: 3900 KIb«/KI' OJIODICeJIHOfO B03Ayxa
8.J 9. ". .. 40 %
8.2& a. = 147 KBT; Qx = 21.3 KBr; Q = 19 KDr; N, = 30,5 KDr; NU =
= 23,7 KBt; Km = 49.1 KDr; Ny = 745 KBr/Kr; fie -43 %
8.21. Ox = 62,4 KBr; Qx = 10,3 K81'; Q = 5,38 KBT; N, = 12,6 KBY;
V n = l1.9I1Br; Nm = 21,8 K!I!; Ny = 835 KBT/Kr; 1Ie "" 38 %
8.12. 0. = 331,5 KB1'; Qx = 51,3 KBY; Q = 39,7 KB1'; N, = 61,6 KBY;
'V n = 62.Br; Nm = 121 KDr; Ny = 834 KBT; TIe = 38 %
&21 .) I - 70 KJ1JK/M 3 HI "" 230 K.IlJK/M 3 ; 6) I - 912 KIb«/M 3
&.24. a) I - 840 K .IIJK/M J ; 6) I - 925 K.lIJlt/M 3
8.15. 1 .. 57 K.IlJK/M 3
&16. '-51,6 Kllx</M 3
8.17. .) I - 36 Kllx</M 3 B03Jl.; 6) 1 -19,6 KJbK/M 3 J103,11,.
8.2& # = 4000 Klbc/KMOm; e N D = 650 KJJ:#./KMOJUo
. .
&. a) I... 175 K.IbK/M 3 ; 6) I ... 25 KlbK/M 3
&3& 1 ... 225 Klbc/M 3 B03A)'X3
8.31. II) 1 ... 250 Klbc/M J Boonyxa; 6) I ... 763 KlbK/M 3 Bo:myxa; B) I ... 968
KIJ;1Ic/M J .o.yxa
8.32. k ... 100 M/'I
8.33. k ... 20,S 114/'1
&34. k "'153 M/q
&15. 'lie = 14 %
9.1. 1) qo.x = 87.5 KIb«/KJ'; Nt( = 786 KBT; N n = 616 KB1"; ,= 0,34; e = 2,94;
e = 0,47
9.1. 't'o.x = 141 KlbK/Kr; Nt( = 420 KBT; Np, = 283 KBT; , = 0.587; e = 1,7;
TIe = 0,)9
9.1 "- = 0,15
9..4. 1) Tl3iI1 = 1; 2) 0,8; 3) 0,66; 4) 0.50; 5) 0,33; 6) 0.17
9..5. "tsoa = 0,765; 'l)H. = 0,51
9.6. 'I.cn = 0,75; l1ren = 0,71
9.7. pz = 0,5 MJla; qo.lI = 112 KJ1JK/Kf; G = 4.81 Kr/c; N;' = 746 KBT; N; =
= 304 KBT; 3 = 2,21; <' = 0,45; TIe = 8,3 %
9.& 1 P1. = 0,375 MJIa; qo.x = 135,3 J<,!IJI(fKI'; G = 8,4 Kf/C; N;':: 1540 KB1';
N; = 535 kBT; 3 = 2,88; <' = 0,35; TIe = 6.4 '70
1'7

II. P2 = 3,05; qo.x = 87,6; G = 8,97 Kr/c; N = 945 KBT; N; = 554 KBT;
3 = 1,12; E = 0,89; TIe = 16 %
9.9. I. P2 = 0,57 Mila; qo x = 181.5 KlI.JK/Kr; G = 1,9 Kr/c; N = 457 KBT;
N= 162 KBT; 3 = 2,54; E = 0.39; TIe = 9,7 %
II. P2 = 0,6 Mila; qo.x = 189,9 K.lIJK/Kr; G = 1,85 Kr/c; N = 374 KBT; N =
= 160 KBT; 3 = 1,84; E = 0,54; TIe = 13,7 %
9.10. qo.x = 128 KlI.JK/Kr; G = 3,92 Kr/c; N = 584 KBT; N; = 204 KBT; 3 =
= 1,9; E ,., 0,63; TIe ,., 16 %
9.11. P2 = 0,28 Mila; q X = 128 KlI.JK/ Kr ; G = 7,4 Kr/c; N = 1080 KBT;
3 
NTJ, = 356 KBT; 3 = 2,13; E = 0,47; TIe""' 9 %
9.12 P2 = 0,406 Mila; qo x = 174,5 KlI.JK/Kr; G = 1,76 Kr/c; N = 353 KBT;
N; = 116 KBT; 3 = 2,04; E = 0,49; TIe ,., 13 %
9.13. G = 0,5 Kr/c; N = 120 KBT; N; = 12,8 KBT; 3 = 10,72; E = 0,9; TIe '"
,.,13%
9.14. G = 2 Kr/c; N = 524 KBT; N; = 119 KBT; 3 = 3,4; E = 0,29; TIe ,.,13 '%:
9.15. p'= 0,064 Mila; G = 0,165 Kr/c; N B ,., 10,3 KBT; NTJ, = 10,5 KBT; E =
= 0,37; TIe = 41 %
9.16. Tc = 387 K; 403 K; 408 K; 410 K
9.17. Tc ' = 127 K; 137 K; 151 K; 190 K
9.18. 1) Ha 177°C; 2) Ha 10PC; 3) Ha 173°C
9.19. N = 5 KBT; 3 = 25; E '" 0,04; TIe = 10 %
9.20. N = 9,75 KBT; 3 = 19,5; E = 0,052; TIe = 12,7 %
9.21. a) N = 3,19 KBT; 3 = 32; E = 0,03; TJ e = 10,6 %;
6) N = 1,9 KBT; 3 = 19,6; E = 0,05; TJ e = 17,2 %;
0) N = 2,04 KBT; 3 = 20,4; E = 0,5; TIe ,.,17 %
9.22 G = 0,0033 Kr/c; N = 1,24 KBT; N; = 0,1 KBT; 3 = 11,35; E = 0,009;
TJ e = 27 %
9.23. I K = 462 KlI.JK/Kr; qK = 460 K.lIJK/Kr; 1 11 = 21,6 KlI.JK/Kr; G = 0,00838 Kr/c;
N K = 4,53 KBT; NTJ, = 1,41 KBT; N 3 = 3,12 KBT; 3 = 15,6; E = 0,064; TJ e ,., 16 %
9.24. Qo = 0,835 KlI.JK/C; G r = 0,0049 Kr/c; 1 = 918 KlI.JK/Kr; N= 4,6 KBT;
TJ e = 0,5
9.25. Qo = 1,03 KlI.JK/C; G r = 0,0075 Kr/c; 1 = 894 KlI.JK/Kr; N= 6,8 KBT;
lie = 0,42
10.1. E = 1,35; TIe ,., 9 %
10.2 E "'2; TJe '" 15 %
10.3. E MaKC "'5,3; TJ e "'45 %
10.4. Tt'IH= 235 K; 6.T MaKc = 58°C

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