Автор: Якушева Г.В.
Теги: русская литература художественная литература
ISBN: 5-02-032707-7
Год: 2005
Текст
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Literaturen
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9
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10
BMeCl110 npegucAoBUR
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a I1CCAeAOBaTeAbCKHM AYX qeAOBeKa, rAe u;ap5IT MeTacpopa, aJ\AerOpM5f,
CMMBOA. TPYAHO nOAt.JHHHTL lYIHOro06pa3He BTOpOH QaCTI1, Ka)l(Aa5I 113
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BeKOB, pO)KAeHHe 11 CllMBOAI1'-IeCKa5I CMepTb MX CbIHa 3BcpopMOHa...
<t>aYCT B pOAll f1Ayroca - 60ra 60raTcTBa, pa36pacbIBalOID;HM 6Yl\:la)K-
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nOMernaBIlIeH cTpOHTeAbHbIM nAaHaM <DaycTa, - MeTacpopa I'116eAH
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IJ;HM... Pa3MbIIIIAeHH5I 0 rrpwpoAe M MCKyccTBe, BCTpelJa xpHcTMaHcTBa
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MbICAb CbIHOB eBporreHcKoM KYAbTYPbI.
A rAaBHbIl1 HTor TpareAHH - B rrpHroBope focnoAa, crracrnero OT
Ab5IBOAa AYIIIY <DaycTa TorAa, KorAa TOT, Ka3aAOCh 6bI, Y)Ke npOMrpaA
MecpI1CTocpeAIO CBoe rrapM. 1160 Bhlcrnee YAoBAeTBopeHHe OH nepe-
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>KaeMOM C03epu;aHHll 6AarOAeHCTBH5I, KOTopoe OH rroAapMT APyrHM,
'JHapOAa cBo60AHoro Ha 3eMAe CBo60AHOH" , CqaCTAHBoro Ha OTBoe-
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11
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<. 'Y.>KAaTb 06 yronYP.IHoCTI1 I1AM rrpe./KAeBpeMeHHocTI1 Me"lITaHMH I'e-
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KdK TpareAliIO "XpI1CTl1aHCKYIO" 5,
B nepBOH qaCTH "<DaYCTa" npeAITOl.rreHl1e 0'l'AaeTC51 'J.>KMBOH )K113-
Illi u ("Aei1:cTBl1lO"), a He KHY[/KHOH rrpelVIYAPOCTI1 C'CAOBY"), HeAOBCpl1e
I\. KOTOpOI1:, KaK l\lbI rrOl\I, HI1l\1 BbICKa3bIBaA 11 KAHHrep. Bo BTOpOM 4ac-
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oopb6bI IvleA<AY EorOM C' CBeTOM", jj AYXOl\1") I1 AhHBOAOlvl ("TbMOH", H i\1d-
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: el\IHOe cyw;ecTBo 11 6AarOCAOBMleTC5I Ha caMOCTO.HTeAbHbIH nOMCK
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l'epoMx l\IHOrOTOl\'1HOH pa3H05I3bIKOH cpaycTl1aHhI XIX - XX lleKOB, KY-
i\a BIlI1CaAl1 CTpOKH pOl\laHOB, nOBecTei1, paccKa30B, Apa!\l, CTJ1XOTBO-
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WHH B Ayxe IVUiTe)KHOrO pOMaHT113Ma HaqaAa npoillAoro BeKa 'J6ai1:po-
HI1tJecKYlo" HeYAoBAeTBopeHHocTb OAHo06pa3HeM CKyY.HbIX cpI1AHC-
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3YCAOBHOH QeHHOCT11. B 30-e rOAhl n05IBAHeTC5I nyraIOIJJ;l1H KOpM4:He-
BbIM MyraHT - <t>aYCT B HaU;HCTCKOH HHTeprrpeTaU;l1H, 'JCBepXqeAO-
HeK", HI1CTHHHO HeMeqKHM" repOH, HOC11TeAb I1AeM rpynnoBoro 3r0113-
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12
BMecmo npegucAoBUR
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MO)l(eT 6hITh, IfMeHHO OTCIOAa B03bMeT Ha"lJaAO HOBa51 rAaBa HeCKOH"4:a-
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' HA cpaycToBcKI111 ClO)I(eT caMble Ba)KHhIe H caMbIe T'vlyql1TeALHble p,l\5I
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J)a3BHTH5I QeA013eQeCKOrO Ayxa - Aa>Ke eCAI1 3Ta cpHKcaql15I rrpOHCXO-
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TeBCKHX 06pa30B rOBOpl1T He TOAbKO 0 xYAO>KeCfBeHHOH CHJ\e Ii dAeK-
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KoeM npI1HIJ;11IIHaAbHOM pOAcTBe 3TIOXH feTe C HalIleM 3fIOXOH. POACT-
Be "HaqaAa" 11 "KOH a", KOTOpa5I H AeAaeT 3ry 113JIaKOBOCTJ," oco6eIIHO
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14
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BCTpeQaeMC5I C npOCneTI1TeAhCKOH TOlJKOH OTCy.eTa 11 B cOBpeMeHHblx
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CTe 11 AoreTeBCKJ1M 11HTepnpeTaIJ,I151M cpaycToBcKoro CIO)l(eTa (pa6oTLl
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HM5I reTeBeAeHM5I Ha npOT5IJKeHMH Bcero XX B., aKTYaA113MPYHCb B
Me>KBOeHHble, nepBble nOCAeBoeHHbIe rOAbl 11 oc06eHIlO B KO}-IJ e
80 - 90-x rOAOB.
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OTTO KHpHa ")KH3HeHHa51 MYAPOCTh feTe B ee OTHOIlleHMM K XPI1CTH-
aHcTBy"2, rrp01-£I1TaHHOM B 1900 f., OTMe aeTC5I, TO BceMY MHpOC03ep-
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1/513bI eCKM:Hrr, unpHpOAHO-"tJYBCTBeHHhI:H" xapaKTep (no BhlpaJKeHMIO
aBTopa, uein naturalistischer Zug"), CBO:H:CTBeHHO IIOH5ITHe uCOBeCTI1"
(Gewissen), npMMeH5IIO eeC5I AaJKe no OTHOrneHI1IO K reHMlO. TaKJKe
nOH5ITMe uAe TeAbHOCT:H" (Tatigkeit) Y feTe He orpaHM"tJHBaeTCH Cl1lO-
MHyrHhIM 6bITl1eM, HO HCXOAMT 113 y6eJKAeHI15I 0 HnpOAOA)J(eHHH e-
J\.OBeKa nOCAe CMepTM" (Fortdauer des Menschen nach dem T'ode). Ta-
KHM o6pa30M, -qeAOBe eCKaH Ae5ITeAbHOCTb Y feTe BnHChIBaeTC5I B
"MHpOBOM nOp5lAOK" (Weltordnung), pa3YMHyro OpraHI13aIJ;11IO MMpa.
Ib
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Te 06HapY)KJ1BaAa Bce 60AbllIe rrapaAAeAeH C HpaBCTBCHHbIM11 3aKOHa-
MH EnaHreAI1H. Dpocpeccop TeOAorHH IIpl1BOAHT H3BeCTHYlO Q11TdTY 113
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Ae)KallJ.l1I1. B OCHOBe l\-111pOBOH I1CTOpI1H, - 31'0 KOHcpAl1KT 6e3HepvI51 11
BepbI, 11 41'0 3f10XI1, OCBell eHHHble nepOI1, 6AeCT5I UJ.11 , ReAI1KOAYUJ HLI 11
fIAOAOTBOpHhI 11 AJ\5I COBpeMeHHI1KOB, H Af\5l nOTOl\1KOB - B OTAl1tIJ1e 01'
31I0X 6e3Bep1151, Aa)Ke npll BHelliHelYI AOCKe I1CQe3dlOw.I1X GeCCAeAHO
M5I nOCAeAYIO HX rrOKOAeHMM, He )KeAafOIlJ,HX YTpY/KAaTb ce651 II03Ha-
HHeM HenpOA)TKTl1BHOrO (Erkenntnis des Unfruchtbaren)3.
31'0 BbICKa3bIBaHHe, rrpI1BOA11MOe Kl1pHOl\-l B CB5I3H C He06xoAHl\10-
CTblO AOKa3aTb Te3HC ''6oro605I3HeHHOcTH'', "ecTecTBeIlHoi1", BHeKOII-
cpeccMoHaAbHoM peAHrI103HOCTI1 feTe (caMhn paCIIpOCTpdlleHHbLI1,
BllAOTb AO KOHIJ;a 90-x rOAoB Halliero BeKa, Te3I1C Xpl1CTHallCKHx l1H-
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paHCTne MHPY C ero HenpeXOA5IU.I.HMl1 HpaBCTBeHHLII\111 JdKOHal\IH J1
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nepraID ero COMHeHI110 npaROTY Eora 11 COTBOpCHHOl'O 111\1 :\ll1pa).
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17
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CTaB}{I.IJ;el\1Y IJcnaceHHe" qeJ\.OBeKa B 3aBHCI1MOCTh OT ero c06CTBeH-
HhIX (y lIeAarl1aH eB - HpaBCTBeHHo-aCKeTI1QeCKI1X) YCI1AI1H, OTpl1-
qa}{ IIaCAeACTBeHHYIO CI1AY nepBopOAHoro rpexa.
<DaKTI1"Y:eCKYIO npllBep)KeHHOCTh feTe OPTOAOKCaAbHOH peAH-
,-
1'11M - HeCl\10Tp5I Ha HeoAIIoKpaTHo AeKJ\.apl1pyel\lYIO 11M COOCTBeH-
HYIO "BHeu.epKOBHOCTL", - CTpeMJ1AaCh AOKa3aTh repTPYAa 5IHu;ep B
pa60Te "feTe 11 bI16AMH" (1929)5. CBoe HCCAeAoBaHHe OHa IIOCTpOI1Aa
no CTporo cpaKTYaAbHOl\lY, 6110rpacpl111eCKOtvlY 11 TeKCTOJ\.orI11.IeCKOMY
npI1H l1ny, CChIAa5ICh lIa l\lHOr01.II1CAeHHble CBllAeTeALCTBa COBpeMeH-
HJ1KOB, ITI1CbMa J1 np0l13BeAeHHH caMoro n03Ta. TloA"Y:epKHBa.H OCO-
6eHHoe BAH5IHHe Ha feTe repHryrepcTBa, 5IH ep TUJ;aTeAbHo npOCAe-
AI1Aa Bce 3TanhI 06paIJJ;eHl1.H n03Td K TeKCTal\1 HOBoro 11 BCTxoro 3aBe-
TOB, npJ1BeAa Bce QI1TaThI 11 CAeAaJ\.a ITOAC1.IeThI (251 - 113 BeTxoro,
331 - 113 HOBoro 3aBeTa), nOKa3aB, KaK nOCTeneHHO HapaCfaAa "06-
paw;aeMocTh" feTe K DJ16AHH (a TaK/Ke K anOKpl1cpl1'-IeCKI1M KHI1-
raM) - a 3HaQI1T, 11 Yl'Ay6A5IAC5I I1HTepeC K XpI1CTI1aHCTBY, TOAKyeMo-
MY B AaHHOM KOHTeKCTe HCCAeAOBa1'eAbHI1IJ;eH npe)J(Ae Bcero KaK
HpaBCTBeHHoe eHHe.
B TOM )Ke KAIoqe HccJ\.eAyeT XpI1CTI1aHcKYIO :MhICJ\.h feTe BOJ\.hcp-
raHf lllaHl}.e (1932,6, nOABOMI lIa 106I1Ae:HHhIX TOp)KeCTBaX B Ac:i1nU;J1-
l'e onpeAeAelIHhIH I1Tor H3yqeHHlO 31'OrO aCITeKTa MHpoBocnpM.HTI15I
BeAI1KOrO HeMIJ;a. "feTe HI1KOfAa He 6hIA 60rooTcryITHI1KOl\1. 3CTeTHl.Je-
CKl1M l\laTepl1aAJ13M... 6hlJ\. BHYTpeHHe 1.IYX<A eMY", - 1I0A 1.IepKI1BaeT Te-
OAor, aprylVleHTl1py.H CBOM I1CXOAHhIH Te3I1C 0 npI1HU;J1I1HaJ\.bHOH: Bpa)K-
Ae6HOCTI1 feTe II aTCH.CTI11.IeCKOMY MaTepI1aJU13MY" npOCBeTI1TeAhCKl1-
MH fIO CyrH nOAO)KCHH5IMI1 0 TOM, "Y:TO reTeBCKoe n03HaHI1e l\1l1pa qepe3
bora npeAlloAaraeT BOCnpH5ITI1e H npI15ITHe 6hITliH BO Bcex ero .HBAe-
IIJ15IX 11 npOTl1110pe1.II151X, YTBepX<,AeHHe CB5I311 AI11.IHOCTI1 ("l\1HKpOKOC-
10
lAQBQ J
a") C MaKpOKOCMOl\I, npH3HaHI1e HaAH1:II1H HeKoero "rrpacpeHOMeHa"
C'Urphtinomen"), HAeM pa3BI1TH5I H, rAaBHoe, cTpeMAeHH.e feTe CYAI1Tb
o AlOA5IX J1 5IBAeHJ15IX He no HX 3 lrrHp¥p.lecKoi1: peaAbHOCTH, a no
'jHAee", B HI1X 3aAO)l(eHHOM, 06beKTHBa H5I ("Objektivierung") KOTO-
pOM H eCTb Eor. CBoe IlOHI1MaHHe 3Toi1"HAel1" WaHJ. e TaK)Ke CB513hT-
naeT C HeKI1M npaBcTBeHHbIM a6coAlOToM (" cOBecTblO" ).
B nOCAeBoeHHble rOAbl113yqeHl1e CB5I3I1 feTe C XpMCTl1aHCTBOl\1 aK-
u;eHTHpoBaAo, B CAO>KHOH cHTyaI.J;HH "npeOAOAeHI151 rrpOlllAoro", HAelO
pa3BHTI151, IJCTaHOBAeHH5I", "BOCXO)l(AeHI151". PaCCMaTpI1Ba51 CB5I3b feTe
C xpHCTHaHCKoH TpaAI1U;Hei1 EBponbI (feTe H Xpl1CTHaHCKa51 TpaAI1IJ.H5I
EBponbI, 1947)7, BHAbreAbM TpoAAb COilOCTaBAHeT 3ry HAelO pa3BHTH5I
Y feTe C MbICAbIO MapTI1Ha J\.lOTepa 0 1:IeAOBeQeCKOM eCTeCTBe (11 cY-
w;eCTBOBaHHH) KaK rrpou;ecce 8 . DpH 3TOM nOAQepKHBaeTC5I B03MOJK-
HOCTh H peaAhHOCTb Y feTe cOBMeIIJ;eHH5I paIJ;HOHaAhHOrO Ha1:IaAa C He-
KHM BHyrpeHHHM "HaApaI.J;HOHaAbHbIM" HMrrepaTHBoM "KaHToBcKoro"
xapaKTepa, 03Ha1:IalOW;HM orn;yrn;eHHe COrrpH1:IaCTHOCTJ1 eAI1HMlJHOrO,
"cy6'beKTHBHoro" H KOHeqHOrO (CAyqaMHoro) 06ll\e 1Y, "o6'beKTI1BHO-
MY" H 6eCKOneQHOMY (3aKOHOMepHOMY), AI1KTYlOru;eMY onpeACAeHHble
3aKOHhI rapI\10HHlJeCKOrO cocyw;ecTBOBaHH5I He TOAbKO MaKpo-, HO :H
MHKpOKOCMOCY (lJeAOBeKY). "PeAHrH03Hoe" Y feTe B TpaKTollKe TPOA-
A5I OTI5ITb-TaKH npOQI1ThIBaeTC5I KaK npOCBeTMTeAbCKoe: ow;yll1,eHl1e
TaMHbI 6bITH5I y rr03Ta I1CCAeAoBaTeAb KBaAl1cpl1I.J;HpyeT He KaK "MI1CTH-
cpHIJ;l1pOBaHHe" 3Toro 6bITH5I, HO OC03HaHHe Toro, 1:ITO 3a KaJKAbIM "5IB-
AeHHeM" HaXOAHTC5I ero HeKa51 BbICWa5I Cyrb (" ... Bce 01:IeBHAHOe rrOKO-
HTC5I Ha rAy6oKoM, TpYAHo-rrOCTH)KHMOM <pYHAaMeHTe" - "...alles
Klare auf einem tiefen, schwer erforschten Grlinde ruhe", - yrBep>K-
AaeT feTe B CBOHX uI13peQeHH5IX B npo3e"). Cyrb, cAY)Kaw;a51 3aJ\orOM
3aKOHOl\lepHOCTI1, onpaBAaHHOCTI1, D;eAenoJ\.O)KeHHOCTH 6bITl15I, BOC-
rrpI1HHMaeMoro, TaKI1M o6pa30M, "rro3HTHBHO" - qTO, no y6c>KAeHHlO
TeOAora, B cOBoKyrrHocTH AOKa3bIBaeT IlAaToHoBCKO-XpI1CTl1aHCKJ1H
xapaKTep Ml1pOB033peHI151 feTe.
OKOH1:IaTeAbHbIM BepAHKT B peWe}IHH TpaAHD;J10IIHOrO cnopa 0
"5I3hIQeCTBe" HAH CTHXH nIOl\l xpHcTHaHcTBe feTe KaK reTCBCKOe "Aa"
xpHcTHaHcTBY ("sein Ja zum Christentum") BbIHOCHT 11 MapTHH 3ayne
B pa60Te "feTe KaK xpHcTHaHHH" (1949)9, rrpHBoA5I B KaqeCTBe apry-
MeHToB" "rrpHpoAHOM peJU1TMo3HOCTH" feTe C'XpMCTHaHcTBo AMI AI11:I-
Horo ynoTpe6AeHH5I" - "Christentum zum eigenen Privatgebrauch",
KaK ee onpeAeA51A caM n03T) ero "ecTecTBeHHocTb" (Natlirlichkeit),
"AeTcKocTb" (Kindlichkeit) H TOT TpeneTHbIM BOCTopr nepeA )KH3HhlO,
KOTOphH1 IiccJ\.eAOBaTeAh CB5I3hIBaeT C OC06hIM BI1AOM 60rOBocnpH5I-
TH5I Ii 6AarOQeCTH5I (Frommsein) feTe.
3THlJeCKOe HanOAHeHHe reTeBCKOrO XpHCTJ1aHCTBa aKu;eHTHpyeT,
BCAeA 3a p5lAOM APyrl1X IicCAeAOBaTeAeH KOHI.J;a 40-x rOAOB (3. EOMT-
Aep, X. CDAlOreAb, P. WHaMAep, M. TIHHCKI0), BI1AbreAbM KaAe B KHHre
"feTe H xpnCTHaHCTBO" (1949) 11. Te3HC yqeHoro 0 TOM, "lITO B "BeK Bap-
Cge.l\.KQ c MecjJUCInOcjJf'/1el\t B MUpOBOM C03HQHUU X){ UeKQ
19
BapCTBa" (TaK KaAe Ha3LIBaeT BeK DpOCBeIJJ;eHM5I, Bblpa)KaM 3Tl11\1
CBOlO OU.eHKY ero BOAhHOAYl\'lCTBa, 6e36o)KM5I, H AI1 6epTl1Ha)Ka", KYAbTd
l\1aTepHaALHhIX u;eHHOCTeH H 6YHTapCTBa) feTe np06Y.>KAaA "Crpei\1AC-
HMe K BbIcllleMY Ha1.JaAY B qeAOBeKe" ("Sehnsucht nach den Hohen dcr
Menschheit") M "lJTO <DaycTa B ero "KOHcppoIITaIJ;HI1 C XPl1CTOl\l" crraca-
lOT Hl'vleHHO AeBa Mapl15i 11 ./\1060Bh (TO)KAeCTBeHHa j'Be4IIO-)KeHCT-
BeHHOMyrr, das Ewig-Weibliche), oc06eHHO I1HTepeCCH Ha6MpdlOIlJ,C:H
CI1AY B MHpOBOM reTeBeAeHMI1 CepeAHl-IbI BeKa TeIIAeHl l1l H nepeCMOT-
pa CMCTel\-lbI u;eHHOCTeM npOCBel eHI151 He 13 lIAaHe OTKd3a OT l\-lOpaAl1
KaK CAep)KI1BaJOLqei1: cTpervIAeHl1C CMAblloro l.£CAOBeKl1 11 YCTapeBllICH
"TpaAHIJ;MH" (<D. HHL(We), HO B IIAdlle cyry60ro 06pal eJ-JI15I K XPI1CTI1-
aHCKOH f'.10paAl1 KaK clIoc06y CAep>Kl1llaHI151 r'CHAbHOl'O" 4eAOBCKiJ
rrpHBHTHel\1 eMY aAhTpYl13l\1a, OpraHYJ4eCKOro Olu;Yll\eHyHI nOCT05IHHO-
ro rrpI1CYTCTBl15111 npaB IIAPyroro,r r AIOOBH K 3TOl\lY APyrO;\IY KaK pel'Y-
AHTOPY qeAOBeqeCKMX OTHOlJJeHl1l111 "CTpe1\fAeHHH".
3Ta TeHAeHU;M5I, 3aKOHOI\lepHO B03HHKllla5I Ha cpOHe He TOAbKO Te-
OpeTMqeCKlfX, HO 11 rrpaKT}p-IeCKHX AOKa3aTeAbCTB orraCHOCTI1 6e3rpa-
HHtIHOrO carvloocyw;ecTllAeHM5I l.JeAOBeKa, BeAa K llpI1H I1IIl1aAbHOMY
M3l\leHeHI1IO npOCBeTI1TeAbCKOM KapTHHhI l'vlMpa. 4eAOBeK 13 HeH Y)Ke
He 5iBA5IAC5I 60ropaBHbII\1 B cBoeM clloc06HOCTM C03J1AaTb )l(113Hb no
co6cTBeHHoMY YC IOTP( III1IOr ero TBop'-!ecKaH 3HepI'M5I, 0f1paBAaI-lHd}1
KaK peaAH3dIJ;H5I "I1CKPbI 60/Kbei1:" - "pa3Yl\Ia" B re'l'ellCK01\'l r'<Payc-
Te", OKa3bIBaAaCb rroTenql1aAbHO yrpO)KalOl ei1: 3eMHoJ\1Y 6bITMIO
(H Cal\10H HAee era rapr v l0HI1I1). KOHcTaTHpOBaAC5I KpH3HC a6CO.l\.IOTHOH
Bepbl B I13Ha1..faAbHOe "Ao6po" Bcex 3aAO)l(eHHhIX B qeAOneKe Crpel\1Ae-
HIiM, J1 "rpexoBHoe" C03AaHHe DO)KMe CHOBa, KaK H BO BpeMeHa CpeA-
HeBeKOBb5l, HanpaB.l\.HAOCb nOA 3aIll.HTHTeAbHo-orreKalo ylO, BceBAa-
CTH)'lO, AeMMyprHtJecKYIO ceHb TBopu;a, OT KOToporo B Ka4eCTBe Aapa
4eAOBeK AOA./KeH 6bIA UpI1H5ITb He 6ecnOKOHCTBO Pa3YMa, no TepneHl1e
J\Jo6BH.
3Ta TeI-IAeHU;M5I, npeAHOCXHIu;eHHa5I - co BceM cnoc06HOCTblO l1C-
KYCCTBa 6bITb 1..fyrKHM ceHCMorpacpOM YMOHaCTpoeHI1M BeKa, - HaIJIAd
CBOe OTpa)KeHHe B Ml1pOBO:ti xYAO)KeCTBeHHOI1 AHTepaType Y)Ke KOHIJ.d
20 - 30-x rOAOB ("i\1acTep If Maprapvl'ra" M.A. .6YAraKoBa Cal\1b1H 5IP-
KMH TOMY rrpJ1Mep). B HaY'IHOH reTeaHe OHa np05lBMAaCb B CTpel\'li\eHI1I1
neAaAl1pOBaTb 3TI14eCKMH: nacpoc reTeBCKoro TBop4eC'fBa (B nepBYfO
O"lJepeAb - ero "<DaYCTa "), cpOKYCI1PYIO HHC5I Al\5l XpJ1CTl1aHCKHX TOA-
KOBaTeAeM B ero anocpe03e 6eCKopbICTHO-)KepTBeHHOHI1 Bcenpow.alO-
rn;eH (":>KeHCKOM") AlO6BJ1, nOCTerreHHO TpaHccpopMHPYlOIJJ.eHC5I B Heo-
aBrycTJ1aHCKJ1H anocpe03 YMOHcrrOCTl1TaeMOM IIMHAOCTM DO)Kbei"1" 12,
a A1\5f. CO HaAI1CTI1'lJeCKH HAM, lllMpe, COIJ.MaAbHO OpJ1eHTMpOBaHHbIX
J1CCAeAOBaTeAeM - B arrocpe03e 6eCKopbICTHO-CaMOnO)KepTBOBaHH0I1
Ae5ITeAbHOCTl1 Ha 6Aaro MHorMX.
B pa60Te KaAe rrpOHH aTeAhHbIMf - B CMblCAe nODblTOK era xy-
AO:>KeCTBeHHoro BOIIAOIl\eHJ151 B npOH3BeAeHMRX MMpOBOH AH:repa'IY-
LU
JAQnQ I
phI 1\lI1HYBIUerO CTOAeTI15I, KOH errTYaAbIIO TpaHCcpOpl\111PYIOII HX ;\lH-
cpOAOrei\IY cpaYCTOBCKOrO rep05I B IIanpaBAeH11H JlXpI1CTl1aHH3aql1l1"
nOCAeAHero (0 4:eM B CB5I3H C pOl\IaI-IO!\-1 MHXdVlAa EYJ\raKOBd YUO;\1H-
HaAOCb BbTllTe 11 0 qeM nOAP06Hee 6YAeT paCCKa3ano B fAaHP IV IIa-
CT05:£lJ.\CJ1 pa60TbI) - npe. cTaBJ\JleTC5I cY)KAeHMe 0 TOM, t.}TO <DaYCT,
AYXOBHO B03BbIllld5ICh Ha CBOeI'vl nyrH K Bhlf:OTa:M aAbTpYl13'la (11, CAC-
r\OBaTeAhHO, K XpMCTY), B IIpJ1III Hne He l\10r IJXOpOlIJO KOHY HTb": ero
3e 1Ha51 /KH3Hb 065I3ClHd 6IJIAa 6hITb TparI-PleCKOH 11 3ilnepIllHThC5I lJoC'-
AenAeHl1e!\I" 11 HaCl\1eWK<1l\tl1, E: ro Me4Ta He !\10fAa 6bITb OCYIlJ.eCTBJ\e-
Hil 11 OOH51Ta Ha 3e!\lAe, rAc oCYIJleCTBAeI-THe l ec PYKOBOAHA fvlcqrHc-
Toct)eAb.. .
3aTpouYI'bTe l(aAc I30rrpOCh[ I\06pCl H 3Aa B qeJ\()lH 4eCKoH IIaTYpc,
cBo6oAbI YCJ\OBCqCCKOrO Cal\lOocY1uecTBACHf17.l 11 1'.1 I. paCCI\-raTpHBaJOT-
C51 B cpYHAaMCHTdJ\hIIOl\l I1CCAeAOBaT-H1H repxapAa lv'tc6yca JlflpOOACT\Il 1
Xpl1CTHaHCTBa n )KM3IIH H Tllop4ecTBe feTe" (1964) 1-3 CKOPC{ R rr03l<1TH-
BI1CTCKO-ncorrpocBeTHTeAbcKoM, IH /KeAM pe.l\.l1I'H03HOl\T Ayxe. /1PAdH
aKQeHT He Ha CTHX11.HIIOl\l XpI1CTHa IlCTBe 5I31>p.-leCKI1-1.IYBCTn( I1HOrO l\111-
POOll YUJ,eHH5I feTe, a lIa >KH3HeHHO-Kol-IKpeTH01\1, Yl\10TlOCTl-1raeJ\101\1 B
6e3rpaHYP-IHO-YHHBCpCaAhHOlVl, 1J0TKpbITOM" KOC!\-IOCC l'eTeBCKoro TBOp-
qeCTBa, Me6yc BHOBL CB}f3bIBaeT feTe C 3TIOXOH: rlpocueU CI-IVT51 X VUI B.
KaK 3nOXOM He TOAbKO OTpl1qafIH5i H CKenCHca (Jl Meq )I1CTOCPCAbCKOH'I),
1-10 Ii npeMeHel\1 Bepb£ 13 IJ6oronOA0611e" (GolUihnljchkeit) "lIe/\OBeKa KaK
TBOpl.\a (Schopfer), 11 TBopu;a He TOJ\LKO Ae5!TCAhHOI'O, HO H COC'TpaAa-
TeJ\bHoro.
r. Me6yc nOAe:'\I113HpyeT KaK C nOCT:\lOAepHI1CTCKOH KOHl\E'IIlU1Ci1
"3CTeTH1.J.eCKOl'O HHAHBHAyaAH31'-'Ia" reT , npOKJ\al\lHpyeI\IOli, H pa3BH-
THe HH llIeaHCKoii HAeM CBepXAHLfHOCTH, X.OpTeroi1-I1-facC0TOI'vl,
Ha3BaBIllI1i\I reTe II ne 1.JHblI\1 Ae3epTl1pOM" I c6eraIOIl M}\1 OT peClAbHOH
nOlITAOCTH 6hITI151 cpeAI1 'JMIIOI'HX" B IICAJ1HCTBCHHOCTb" CBOCI'O HHYT-
peHHero I')J" (11 c6eraIOLU;I1l\-1 He TOAhKO B l\teTacpopHI}eCKO!\1 CMLICAe,
npMMepOM 1.Jel\lY 6erCTBO II I1TaAI-JIO) 14, - TaK 11 C AOKa3dTPAbCTBal\-111
peAHTl103HOCTH feTe KaK CHMnTOJ\IOl\1 ero Jl 0 61IJ;eCTBeIlHoM YlI-I'rerpa-
I I1I1I1, qTO, no MHeHHlO I1CcAeAOBaTeA5I, ynpoll aeT, "TPl1BJ-1clAB3yeT"
feTe. ABTOp 3TOH KH11rH, llJHpOKO I1CnOAh3yroU\HH AOKY1\H I1Thl, HI-1Ch-
1\ra 11 CBI1AeTeAhCTBa COllpelVleHHHKOB, npHBOAHT CAeAYIO]J YIO I,HTary
113 carvlo'xapaKTepHCTHKM feTe, I'Ae II03T AeTOlYI 1772 l'. 13 IIHCLT\le K
WapAoTTe cpOH llITeI1u TaK rOBopHT 0 ce6e n TpeTheJ\1 Al1qe: «B npHH-
q11ne OH He TBepA (B CMbICAe COBpeMeHHoro "ynepT'I. - T.R.) 11 lIe
cTperv1HTC5I HH K KaKOH oIIpeAeAeHHOI1 CHCTeI'vle... B Ol.ICHb MHorOM cJ\e-
AyeT 3a Pycco, HHKOI1l\l 06pa30M, OAHaKO, He 51BA.SI51CL CJ\enbI 1 npHBep-
)KeHlJ,eM nOCAeAHero. OH He H3 Tex, Koro Ha3LIBafOT OPTOAOKCOM. OA-
HaKO 11 He H3 Tex, KTO PYKOBOAcTByeTC5I rOPAOCTbIO HAM KanpH30M...
OH HeHaBHAHT cKenTuqH3M 11. CTpe1\1HTC5I K HCTHHe H HaXO)f(AeHMlO
,,-
IIPH4HH cym;ecTBeHHblX, rAaBHbIX OCHOB ObIT115I, Bep5I npH 3TOl\1 B BhIC-
IUyro AeTepMHHl1pYIOll YIO CMAY... OH He XOAI1T B epKOBb - Aa)Ke K
CgeAKQ c Meq;uclnUcjJe/le1\f B MUpOBOM C031lQllllU XX H(,K(l
21
II pI-p.laCTHIO, H peAKO MOAHTC5I. OOTOMY l.J:TO, rOBOpl1T OH r 51 I\J\5l 3TOfO
II eAOCTaTOqHO AHu.eMep (HAM" A)Ker.(', LUg neT. - r.J!.)... 51 OTHOIIIYCh C
()OAhIIlHM IIOQTeHI1eM K xpIIcTHaHcKoH peAUfJ1I1 - OAHaKO lIe B TOl\1
BVlAe, B KaKOM ee npeACTaB.l\5IlOT HanIH TeOAOrl1. 5l BepIO 13 6YI\YH\YJO
A\J13Hb, B Harne A yqrnee 6bITMe (Zustand)...».
3AeCh npM )KeAaHMI1 MO)KHO YBMAeTb KpaTKYIO rrpOrpal\l;YIY npo-
CBeTMTeAbCTBa feTe, B npMHu.Mne He H3MeHI1BIlIYJOC5I Ha rrpOT5L>KeIB111
BceH ero )J(M3HH, B TO l QHCAe M rrpM 3aBepWeHHI1 " <DaYCTa" .
Pa3YMeeTC5I, C rOAaMM BCe rAy6)Ke IIpOHHKaAO B C03HaHHP VI.B. fe-
Te 3aAO)KeHHOe B nero C lOHOCTH :vI.f. repAepO I npcAcTaBJ\cHl1e 06 113-
BecTHoM npOTHBOpeqHBOCTH, ar.16HBaAeHTHOCTH \leJ\OI3eKa B Cal\-IO-
OQeHKe co6CTBeHHOM AH"4IlOCTI1 OAHOBpCl\1eHHO Ii KaK 'ITllOpL\a", H KaK
"COTBOpeHHOrO". OOCAeAHee, KaK H3BeCTHO, ;\aBaJ\O IIOilOA Ii ,..\J\}{ qJilTCl-
AHCTH\.IeCKI1-peAMrH03HbIX TpaKTOBOK oopa3a <DaYCTa KaK l'o6pa3d
rrpeAynpe)KAeHM5I", oqeHHBaIO H:X ero "CnaCeHl1e" J\I1Illh n Kd'-leCTBC
cJKTa BbIcwero MHJ\OCCPAH5I. ABTop AaHHoro I1ccJ\eAonaT-IH5I. IIanpOTYlB,
I3 MOTI1Be "COTBopeHHOCTI1" (3aBHCHl\10CTH 0'1' BHeIIlIIHX CHA, Ol'paHH-
4eHHOCTH qeAOBeyeCKOH CBo6oAbI) BHAHT AOllOAHI1TC;\blIhle T5[rOTLI
)KI13HeHHOro CYIl1.eCTBOBaHH5I <DaYCTa (1.ICJ\OBeKa KaK TaK0130I'O), KOTO-
phle eMY npMXOAHTC5! npeOI\OJ\eBaTL Ha nYTI1 K .. anocpC03 y" (I' 0 Thl,
XpHCTl1aHCKHH Eor! CKOAbKO CTPaAaHHH 06pYUIHA ThI Ha CBOJ1X 6e.l\-
HbIX J\1OAeli - 11 3a 3TO lVlhI AOJUKHbI Te65I nOCXBa.I\5ITb 11 CAdBI1Tb B TBO-
MX xpaMax" - 110 du christlichcr Gott! \tVie viele Lejden haufst du auf
deine armen Menschen, und doch sollen wir dich in deinen Tempeln
daftir loben und preisen" - 113 IIPa3I'OBOpOR" feTe C KaHI J\epO { CpOH
MlOAAepOM 15 ). TaKJKe, no BepHOlVIY 3aMeQaHI1IO r. Me6yca, B 3peAoM
B03pacTe M3MeHHAOCh OTHOllIeHHe n03Ta K cKencHcy, K l' oTpI1 LI;aHHJO"
(Verneinung), BocnpMHMMaeMoMY n03AHI1M feTe KaK Heo6xo/.\HMa51
cryIIeHb Ha nyrH IIBOCXO)KAeHI15I" (Steigerung), OTyeJ'O I1C:X0Al1'l' VI
CB5I3b Y feTe AeMOHHqeCKOrO C 3BTeAeXl1eH, TBOp\.feCKoj:l l\-10l hIO, C110-
C06HOCThlO K aKryaAM3aqMH CBOHX nOT0HqI111 (Tatkraft), KOTOphIC 110-
3T 06HaPY)KI1BaeT B TaKMX peaAbHbIx AHu;ax r KaK HanOAeOH, repqol'
KapA-ABryCT CaKceH-BeMl\lapCKHH. B u.eAoJ\1 peAMrH03HocTh fCTC
TpaKTyeTC5I Me6ycOM KaK IIOIIbITKa c03AaHM5I HeKoero rYl\laHHCTH\.Ie-
cKoro, Ae5ITeAbHO-aAbTpYMCTHQeCKOrO YQeHM5I tv\5J. Bcex, 3Aei\leHThI KO-
Toporo OH crrpaBeMMBo HaxoAMT II B uBHAbreALMe Mei1:cTepe" 11 IJ;e-
J\.blO KOToporo nOAaraeTC5I o6 ee 6Aaro Ha OCHOBe npOM3BoAHTCAbHO-
ra TpYAa. 3aMeTMM 3AeCb, QTO 113neCTHoe reTeBCKoe onpeAeAeHHe 'I re -
HHaAbHOCTM" KaK 'InpOAYKTI1BHOCTH", KYAhT AeAa KaK aKTa He CPI1311-
QeCKOrO BOAeH3"bHBAeHH5I, HO C03HAaHH5I Ae)KHT, 6e3YCAoBHO, B PycJ\e
npOCBeTHTeJ\.bCKOH KOHqerrqHI1 eHHOCTI1 M Cl\lbICAa QCAOBeQeCKOI1
)KM3HH, KOHqenqMH, BbICTpoeHHOH 61OprepCKOH 3IIOXO.H.
3nOXOH, onpeAeAeHHOH 06pa30M MbICJ\H H Aei1cTBH5I TPYNIrn;erOC5I
H npOH3BOA5l:rn;ero TpeTbero COCAOBM5I, 3nOXOH, no COAep:lKaHl110 CRoe-
lVlY, Aa H no BpeMeHHbIM paMKaM MAeHTHqHOM 3pe OpOCBeIJJ;CHH5I B IIII1-
L.L.
TAQBQ J
pOKOlYl CMhICJ\e 3TOrO CJ\OBa. I1MeHHo 3Ta 3pa nepe>Kl1BaeT B XX B. Kpl1-
3l1C Be TOJ\LKO B CB5I311 co crpaXOl\tI nepeA HenpOAYl\laHHhlIvI BTOP)KCHl1-
eIvI qeJ\OBeKa B npl1poAY HAH nepeA Heca01'BeTCTBl1el\1 ero Y Ja 11 OTHO-
cM1'eJ\bHolf IIHepa3BI1TOCTbIO" (11)KI1BOTHOC1'bIO'', 3f'0113MOl\I) AYWI1, 110,
AYIvIaCTC5I, He B nOCJ\eAHIOIO 04epeAb H B CB5I3H C Tervl, qTO B llalUCl\r CfO-
AeT!111 npl1 rrepeH36LITKe l\IaTepl1aAhHblX eHHOCTeH TepHel'C51 CdTvla
BeAl1l.£CCT13eHHa51 pOAb TpYAa KaK ABI1>KHTeMl fvll1pOBOrO nporpecca.
focnOACTBO 1'OpI'OBo-cpHHaHCOBoro Kanl1TaAa 11 6IOpOKpaT11T..J:eCKl1-yrr-
paBJ\eHqeCKOrO arrnapdTa npI106peTaeT 1\111pOBOH xapaKTep, lIOKa3hl-
Ba5I, qTO cpYHKlJ.l151 He npOH3BOACTBa, HO pacnpeAeAeHH51 CTaHOBI1TC}l
HaH60hee 3Hal.£11l\1011 B 06I..IJ;eCTBe - Tel\tl Cal\ILIi\l 3aMeH5I5I Kpl1Tepl1H
KayeCTBeHHOCTH Ae5IHI151 (qeAOBeK eCTb TO, q1'O OH AeAaeT - liB Hal.£a-
Ae 6hIAO AeAo") KpUTepl1.eM KaQeCTBeHHOC1'11 AYIllI1 ClcepA arr, "coBe-
C1'H", Ad 11 Jl Y l\la': TO>Ke, HO He B ClYlblCAe 'IHHTeJ\AeKTa", jjpa3Y Ia",
Vernunft, a B '1'01\1 lVIHoroacneKTHOM 3HaQeHHI1, KOTopoe B:-'leu aeT u
ce65I HeMeQKoe CAOBO Sinn HAJ1 cppaH Y3cKoe mcntalitc).
CB}[3aHHbB 1 c nOI1CKaMH TaKoM II AylllH " HOBhIH pCJ\Vfl'11031IhIH
1/6Yl\1" 80 - 90-x rOAoB 110pOAHA B MI1pOBOH (HO He B OTeYCCTlleHHOH,
I'Ae IlOCAeAHI1M 3Ha1iI1TeAbHbIIvJ BKAaAOM B 113yyeH110 3'1'011 TCMbI OCTaA-
C5I TpaKTaT OTIJ;a Cepr1151 COJ\OBbeBa II feTe 11 Xpl1CTHaHCTllO" llpel\1eH
OepBOH MJ1pOBOH BOllHbI) reTeaHe u;eAYlO BOAHY pa60T, B KOTOpLIX B
TOM HAM HHOlYl acneKTe I1CCAeAYlOTCH np06Ael\1bl peAl1fl103HOCTl1 feTe.
j\lo6oIILITHO OTMeTJ1Tb IIPH 3TOIvl, tITO B HaqaAe 80-x rOAOB nOHBl1J\I1Cb
Aa)Ke ABe pa6oTbI, nOCBHrn;eHHble l1HTepecy feTe K BOCTOLlHOHnpauo-
cAaBHoH n.epKBl1, - npaBAa, IIOT..J:TH I1CKAlOlJl1TeJ\bHO B113aHTIH1cKOM
(B TOM tIHCAe CTaTb51 A.lKOHa XeHHI1ra l'feTeBCKHH I1HTcpec K BOCTOlJ-
HOM u;epKBl1" , 1982). ECTb HeMMO TPYAOB, 113Y1.1aIOI.l\l1X CB513b feTe C l1C-
AaMOM H CycpH3MOl\tI, BCTXI1M 3aBeTOM 11 HYAaH3l\10M. Ho, eCTccTBeIIlIO,
IIpe06AClAalO l1i1 MdCCI1B nOA06HblX MCCAeAOBaHHI1 (rAaBHLIl\I 06pa-
30M, HeMe KOH3bltIHbIX) IIOCBHI.IJ;eH np06Aervre OTHOllI81IH5I feTe K 3a-
naAHO 1Y xpl1CTHaHCTBY (J1HOrAa - C KOHcpeCCJ10HaALHbIl\1J1 l\10Al1cpl1-
Kau.I15IMl1: feTe 11 KaTOAM4eCKa5I epKoBb, feTe 11 PecpopMaIJ;I1H).
B OCHOBHOIvI TaKMe pa60TbI, HenpeIvleHHO BOBJ\eKaIOIlJ)1e B ccpepy
CBoero BHHJ.\1aHJ151 11 II <DaYCTa" , Bapbl1pylO1' HAel1, Bblpa>KCHHble ew;e B
1930 r cBoe06pa3HoM 3HIJ;I1KJ\.OneAMeM re1'eBcKoro XpHCTI1aHCTBa -
MOHorpacpl11.JeCKI1M l1CCAeAoBaHHeM BI1AbreAbMa <DAI1AHepa II feTe 11
XpI1CTHaHC1'BO" 16. 31'0 - Y)Ke 3HaKOMoe yrBep./KAeHl1e CB51311 reTeB-
CKOH peAHrl1l1 M 3THKI1, BbIBeAeHHe Cne l1cpH1.JeCKOrO xpl1cTHaHc1'Ba
feTe H3 ero o YIIJ.eHH5I (Ahnung) Jl6eCKOHe1.JHOrO" 11 TpeneTa (6J\aro-
rOneHI151, Ehrfurcht) rrepeA HWM, HCKpeHI-IocTI1 (Aufrichtigkeit) J1 qYB-
CTBeHHOCTI1 (KaK 0I.IJ.YllI.eHI15I P<1A0CTH 3eMHoro 6bITI15I - Sinnlichkeit),
BepbI B 6eCCl\lepTl1e AYlliW. OAHaKO aKryaAbHa5I Af\5l <DJ\I1AHepa, KaK 11
Af\5l Bcei1 reTeaHhI nepBoH nOAOBHHbI BeKa, HAe51 "cTpeMAeHI1}f" KaK
HeKoeH BHyrpeHHeH npY)KHHbI AyxoBHoro BOcx0X<AeHH51 J\HQHOCTI1
(KOTOPYIO <DJ\I1AHep, Bo06IIJ;e YAeAI1BlIll1H HeMaAO MeCTa aHaAH3Y 01'-
CgeAKQ c MecjJUClnOcpe.i\CM B MUp0130J\l C0311QHUU XX lleKQ
23
IIOrneHH5I feTe K npoTecTaHTcTBY, CB5I3ClA C BAJ15IH11eM <DpHAPI1Xa
lllACHepl\IaXepa) B rrocAeAHei1: -qeTBepTH BeKa yrpaTHAa 3Haql1MOCTb H
HleprHIO He TOAbKO cpaYCTOBCKoro rrOHCKa Ae5IH115I, HO J1 KYAbTHRl1py-
eJ\loro HeKorAa lllAeMepMaxepOM HeorrAaTOHOBCKoro nonCKa J/BCTpe-
lJI1" C a6COAIOTOM 6eCKOHeqHOro.
AKn;eHT Ha 3THQeCKOM COAep)KaHllM CTHXHHHOH peAJ1rH03HOCTH
"5I3bIQHHKa" (Heide) feTe, OTQeTAHBLH'f B rrocJ\.eBoeHHoH xpHcTMaH-
CKOH reTeaHe, rrpJ106peJ\. BO lVIHOfllX TpYAax nocAeAHHx AeC51TI1J\.eTHH
lIOBYIO TOHaAbHOCTb: rrpH3bIB K co6cTBeHHoH pa60Te AYlliH no "B3pa-
IlJ;I1BaHHlO rr B ce6e MHAOCepAH5I. He DO)KeCTBeHHa5:I MI1AOCTh (6J\aro-
;\aTb), He MOAHTBbI 11 yrroBaHHe Ha "BeQHO->KeHCTBeHHoe", HO C06CT-
l3eHHble, HHAI1B11AyaAbHble ryMaHH3M H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTh (pOACTBen-
Hble 3T11QeCK11M rrocryAaTaM cppaHQY3CKoro 3K311CTCHQHaA113l\Ia) npo-
B03rAalliaIOTC.H KOHeQHbIM BbIBOAOM H3 ABOHHoro napH reTeBCKOH Tpa-
reA11H. TaKOB CMbICA l1CCAeAOBaHH5I XeAbMyra THAbKe ufeTe H XPHCTJ1-
aHCTBO" {MIOHxeH, 1982)17, rAe BbIABl1raeTC5I HAe51 rraH3HTel13Ma feTe,
M5I KOToporo 3HTeAeXJ1H (Entelechie) - He 1.JaCTb 6bITHH (Sein), HO 6bI-
TI151 B OTHOllleHHH (K A06PY H 3AY. - T.}].) (ein Sein im Bezug) 11 rAe rro-
H5ITMe AeMOHll1.JeCKOro (der Begriff des Damonischen), aKKYMYAHPY5I B
ce6e Bce npoT11BOpeQI151 H OlllH6KH 6bITHH, BbIBOAI1TC51 3a npeAeAbI 11
"-qeAOBeQeCKOrO", H EO>KeCTBeHHoro, 11 I/Ab5lBOAbCKoro", 06pa3Y5I KaK
6bI uHI1QeMHYIO 3eMAIO", fjcJ\. aH" ("AeMOHI1QeCKOe 6bIJ\.0 A,I\5I feTe He
60>KeCTBeHHbIM, H60 Ka3aAOCb eMY Hepa3YMHbII\-I, H He QeAOBeQeCK11fvI,
1160 He HMeAO CMbICAa; HM Ab5IBOJ\.bCKI1l\I, M60 6bIBaAO 6;\arOAeTeAb-
HbIM, HI1 aHreAbCKHM, 1160 QaCTO 6bIBaAO OTMeQeHO 3J\.0PdACTBOM. OHO
51BMIAOCb KaK cAyqaH..." - "Das Damonische war fi.ir Goethe nichl
gottlich, denn es schien unverni.inftig; nicht menschlich, denn es hatte
keinen Verstand; nicht teuflisch, denn es war wohlUitig, nicht englisch r
denn es liess oft Schadenfreude merken. Es g lich dem Zufall...")1 B.
3TOT "cAyqai1", BblpbIBa5iCb 3a rrpeAeAbI 3aKoHoMepHoro, pa3pYlllae'l',
TaKHM 06pa30M, rapMOHI1IO YH11BepcYMa, 11 rrOTOMY He HY>KeH, 113;\11-
llIeH, orraceH BMeCTe C BorrAOrn;eHHOH B HeM 3HTeAexHeH - a, CAeAona-
TeAbHO, Ii nopbIBOM K C03HAalO eMY, cpOpMJ1PYIOr.u;eMY H rrepecpopl\1H-
PYIO eMY AeHCTBllIO. EMY y feTe, B TpaKToBKe TIiAbKe, npoTHBoCTOMT
'.pa3YMHOe", II Ao 6poe", BcenpeeMAIOrn;ee H MHAocepAHoe H60>KeCT-
BeHHO-QeAOBeQeCKOe" HaQaAO aAanTan;11M K 6bITJ1IO.
AHaAOrHQeH BbIBOA H CTaTbH npocpeccopa feTTHHreHCKoro YHM-
BepC11TeTa fepAa PMHKa B CTaTbe IIfeTe H xpMCTllaHCTBO" (1982)19, rAe
rrpJ1BOAHTC51 rrpHHn;llnMaAbHaH MaKCHMa feTe - IIMbI no eCTecTBY
cBoeMY rraHTe11CTbI, no HpaBcTBeHHocTH - MOHoTeHcTbI" (HWir sind
naturforschend Pantheisten, sittlich Monotheisten"), Ii60 nOCAeAHee
onpeAeMIeT MOpaAbHbIH Weltordnung (MHpOBOH rrOp5lAoK), H rAe Be-
AllK11H n03T He B nepBbIH pa3 061:>51BMIeTC5I He aTel1CTOM, HO HeorrAaTO-
HllKOM, Bep5Irn;HM B HnpOAOJ\)KeHJ1e )KH3HH: nOCAe CMepT11 11 BOcxO)KAe-
HHe K BbICllleMY cyrn;ecTBOBaHI1IO" ("Fortleben nach dem Tode und
24
TAQnQ I
einen Aufstieg zu hoheren Existenzen"). OAHaKO PMHK nOAqepKHBaeT,
qTO feTe He npH3HaeT 60)KeCTBeHHOCTH Xp11CTa (Ta CaMa5l u60rOMHJ\.h-
CKa5l" epeCh, C KOTOpOM MhI BCTpe"llaeMC5I B pOMaHe EYJ\.raKOBa) Hero
MCKYUHTeJ\.bHOH )KepTBhI, nOAara5l, lJTO "MHAOCTb" (U6AarOAaTh",
Gnade) BceBbIlliHero AOCT11raeTC5I 1.JeAOBeKOM HCKAlO"lJ11TeJ\.hHO C06CT-
BeHHhIMH YCI1J\.M5lMH, BeplllHHa KOTOphIX - MMJ\.ocepA11e (KaK ITO feTe:
U Bce J\.lOAcKl1e nperpeWeHh5I 1.JeJ\.OBeQHOCTh HCI.J.eJ\.HT" - I. Alle men-
schlichen Gebrechen siihnet reine Menschlichkeit) 18.
B COOTBeTCTBI111 C 11AeeM IHAOCepA115I, TpaKTyeMoM, OAHaKO, He
CTOJ\.hKO B Ayxe OQH1l\MaJ\.hHOH xpHCT11aHCKOH OPTOAOKCI111 H Aa.IKe He
CTOAbKO B 3K311CTeHI.J.MaJ\.hHOM ITAaHe, KaK CBoero pOAa Bap11aHT HOBO-
fO KaHTOBCKoro HpaBCTBeHHoro 11MnepaTMBa, CKOJ\.hKO B I1AaHe xapaK-
TepHoro M5I yMOHaCTpoeHMM KOHu;a Hawero BeKa KOCl\IH3Ma (CMJ\.a,
CKpenA5IlOrn;a5I Bce cyrn;ee If AalOLQM npaBO Ka)K,AOl\IY Ha 6hIT11e),
TpaHccpoplVIHpyeTC5I 11 ou;eHKa MecpI1CTocpeJ\..5I.
B pa60Tax BTOpOH nOJ\.OBHHbI BeKa (A. KpeTI.J.eH6axepa, f. Maxa-
J\.a, A. XeHKeMI 11 AP.) reTeBCKMM MecpHcTocpeJ\.L BhIcTyrraeT cpI1rypOH
He TOAhKO He YCTpailialOrn.eH, HO H, ITO CyrIf, He aHTarOHHCTIf'-IHOH
<t>aYCTY (11 C03AaBwe1VlY ero TBOPU;Y), npH3BaHHOM K AeMcTBHIO no BO-
Ae Eora M 51BJ\5IIO eHC51 ero np5lMhIM nOMOrn;H11KOM (der Begi.instigte).
TaKoe TOJ\.KOBaH11e MO)KHO 6hIAO 6bI CqeCTh BnOJ\.He npOCBeTI1TeAb-
CKMl\l 11 OTBe1.JalOUJ;HM reTeBcK11M rrpeACTaBl\eHM5IM 0 npOAYKTI1BHOM
B3a11MOAeMCTBMI1 3T11X, no BbIpa)KeHl1lO A. XeHKeJ\..5I, apXeTHI1111.JHhIX
co BpeMeH EH61\.11I1, KaK Ja 11 Nein, npOBOl HpYIOrn;HX 11CTOpHqeCKYlo
A11HaMI1KY CM1\. HeycTaHHoro c03HAaHHH H ynopHoro pa3pyweHH5I
(Uunvermi.idete Ttitigkeit und beharrliche Destruktion")20 - eCJ\.H 6hI
He CH5IT11e, pa3MhIBaHMe HAeH ABy[/KeHM5l, "CTpeMAeH115l" (Streben,
Bestreben), OTlJeTA11BOe B u pa30 1.JapOBaHHoM" cpaycT11aHe HalBero HO-
Bora fin de siecle.
DpH 3TOM Meq>I1CTocpeAh He TOAbKO "AeAh5lBOAM3HpyeTC5I'r, HO 11
AeMMCT11cp11I.J.I1pyeTC5I. ECAJ1 u AI0 60BL", Jl MH J\.OCepAl1e", aJ\bTPYJ1CTlI1.Je-
CKa5l BCenpeeMAeMOCTb, BCe MeHee AOKaAI13Y5ICb 1\.HWb B "13e1.JHO-)KCH-
CTBeHHOM", npH3HaeTC5l 60AbW11HCTBOM HCCJ\.eAOBaTeJ\.eM CI1AOH, no-
6YJKAaIOru.eH: (H UpOBep5lIOru.eM Ha nOMHHHOCTb) Aa)KC Ca1VIO "C'rpeM-
AeHI1e" ,.<DaYCTa (B CB5i3H C 1.JeM eABa J\.11 He I.J.eHTpaAbIILIM B COllpeMeH-
HOM cpaYCTOBeAeHMH CTaHOBHTC5l aHaAJ13 TpareAHM lIe TOJ\.bKO rpeT-
xeH, HO 11 <DI1AeMOHa 11 EaBK11AbI), CTaHOB5ICb, TaKI1l\I 06pa30M, CHJ\.OM
'13HTeAeXI1HHOM", HO J\.HweHHOH "AeMOHHl.£eCKOrO" Ha1.JaAa, - TO Ab5l-
BOA, YlVleHhllla5l CB011 pa3MephI, CAOBHO B03Bparu;aeTC5I K CBoelVlY
CMepTHOMY rrpOTOTl1ny l1.f. MepKY, 5lBA5I5l C06011 He Moryrn;ecTBeHHO-
ro nOCJ\.aHQa AAa, HO AI1Wh 06pa3 lJeJ\.OBeKd CKeI1T111.JeCKOrO, I1pOH11u;a-
TeAbHoro, XOpOlllO 3HalOll\erO HaTypy J\.IOAeH 11 He CTOJ\.bKO oilll16aIO-
ll\erOC5l B orrpeAeAeHMI1 ee Ka"lJeCTBa, CKOAbKO qY>KAoro MJ\.J\.I03I1H H
Bcenpow;alOw;eH TepnI1lVIOCTI1. TaK, B HeAaBHeM OpI1rI1HaAbHOH pa60Te
«Bpar11 06II1-eCTBa, "OAMHOQK11"» (1993) P. EaYI\11'apT CTaBHT 06pa3 re-
CgeAKQ C MecjJUCmOcpeAeM B MUpOBOM C03HQHUU XX BeKQ
25
I'CnCKOro MecpHCTOcpeMI B OAJ1H PHA C WeKCrn1pOBCKJ1M ral\1AeTOl\1,
,\AhIJ;eCTOM H3 MOAbepOBCKoro IIMH3aHTporra", AeCCltIIlrOBbIM TeAh-
xaHMepOM 11 Aa>Ke TaKHMH rep05IMH Cal\10rO feTe, KaK BepTep H TOPK-
BaTO Tacco. MOTI1B He c06Aa3Ha, HO pa306AaQeH115I, He )KeAaHJ15I 3Aa,
110 >KeAaHH5I CH5IT115I HAAI03HH, >KeAal-B15I, no cyr11, "rrpaBAbI", KOTOpa51
TaK11l\l 06pa30M npOTHBonOCTaBAeHa II A10 6B11" - 3TOT MOTHB, aKneH-
'l'11pyeMbIM 11 Aa>Ke AOMbICAHBael\lbIM COBpeMeHHbIM Vi TOAKOBaTeJ\.5Il\1H
reTeBCKoro "llepTa, 1.IyrKO YAOB11A TeHAeHIJ;1110, xapaKTepHYIO H M5I
\1HOrHX Meqn1CTocpeAeH xYAO>KeCTBeHHOH cpaYCT11aHbI XX B., OT 6YA-
raKOBCKoro H CeHTHl\feHTaAbHorO AbHBOJ\.a" BOAaH1\a AO a pTI1CTH\.fHO-
CKerrTI11.IeCKOrO Ab5IBOAa BaAepH Ii MHOrOQJ1CAeHHbiX MeAKHX MecpHc-
TocpeAei1 cpaycToBcKOH MeAOApal\lbI 11 6YCPcpOHa,AbI 3ana,AHOeBpone:i1-
CKOM H aMepHKaHCKOI1 A11TepaTypbI.
HI1Tb, COeA11H5IIOru;a5I HOBbIe acrreKTbI AHTepaTypOBeAt.JeCKoro pac-
CMOTpeHH5I reTeBCKOH TpareA1111 C peaAhHbIM AHTepaTypHhIM npoqec-
COM Harnero BeKa, C xy A0)KeCTBeHHbIMll MOAHcpHKaU;I15fM11 06pa30n
cDaYCTa 11 MecpHCToq)eA}I, rrOKd He npOBOl\HAaCb I1CCAeAOBaTeA5f IH.
B TO >Ke BpeM5I eCTb PHA TPYAOB, CTpeM5Irn;11XC5I AaTL 06lT YIO lIaHopaiVIY
pa3BI1TI15I cpaYCTOBCKoro CIO)KeTa B l\-IHpOBOH ;\yrrepaType XX B. Ope>K-
Ae Bcero 3AeCb cAeAyeT yrrOM5IHyrb KHHry Q)paHU;Y3CKoro cpaYCTOBe1\a
AHl\pe Aa6c3H .IJ\HKH cDaYCTa XX BeKa" (1957; 1967; 1973), rAe AaHa
AOBeAeHHa5I AO KOHIJ;a 60-x rOAOB 06CT05ITCAhH, d51 XOT5I 11 He Al111IeHHiHI
nporrYCKOB (113 KOTOpblX HaH60Aee c eCTBeHHbIY1 rrpeACTaBA5ICTC51
pOMaH lIivlecpHcTo'r KAayca MaHHa) KapT11I1a pa3J3HTJ151 cpaYCTOBCKOH
TeMhI B MHpOBOM A11TepaType, a TaK>Ke OTl.faCTH qH1AOCOcpl1H, rry6AHqH-
CTHKe, Teal'paAbHOM, KHHO- H paAHOHCKYCCTBe - paBHO KaK 11 P5IA cra-
Tell Taro >Ke aBTopa, nOCB5I eHHhIX aUilAorH4HOM np06Ael'vlaTHKe Yl
rrpeACTaBA5IIOrn;HX BbIAep)KK11 11AM pe3JOl\le 113 ynOM5II-rY1'OrO cPYJIAa-
MeHTaAhHoro TPYAa.
3aXBaTblBaeT qaCTb COBpeMeHHoro AHTepaTypHoro l\IaTepYfaJ\.a
Ha cpaYCTOBCKHH CIO>KeT H rneCT11TOMHOe cpaKTorpacpHQeCKOe HCCJ\C-
AOBaHHe K. AeAe5IHa uTel\la cDaYCTa B eBponeHCKOH AHTepaTYP(-)"
(1954-1967). C 1980-x rOAOB MOAl1cp11KaIJ;H:H cpaycToBcKoro CIO)KeTa
B TeKYIQeM AHTepaTypHoM npoI ecce CTaAH: rrpeAl\'leTOl\1 BHJ1;\ldHJ151 PH-
Aa OTeqeCTBeHHbIX, a TaK)Ke 3apy6e)KHhIX 11CCAeAOBaTeAei1.
K "llHCAY HaH60Aee 3aMeTHblX pa60T 3AeCh OTHOC5ITC5I KIIYIra
x. ApYKceKc 0 cpeMH:HH3aO;HH o6pa3a AOKTopa <DaycTa KaK 0 Ha6Hpa-
lOru;ei1 CHAY TeHAeHIJ;HH C nepBoH nOAOBHHbI XIX B. AO KOHqa XX B.
(1993) 11 CTaTbH KOMeKTHBHoro C60pHHKa "CDaycT. IlocTI-L/KeHHe MI1-
cpa" (1995), rAe Hap5IAY C yrroMHHaBllleHcH BhIIJ1C aKrlYaAbHOH TeMOH
<peMHHH3aU;I1H cpaycToBcKoro rep05I B conpe;'\1eHHol1 J\.HTepaType 3a-
TparHBaeTC5I, Ha rrpHMepe nbeCbI KpYICTI1HbI KocpTa "CaAOH rrpocpec-
copa Mecp11CTocpeA5I" (1995), TeMa cpeMHHH3aIJ;J1I1 06pa3a Ab}{ROJ\a,
rrOAHHMaeTC5I Bonpoc 0 TpHBHaA113aI HH 06pa3a CDaycTa B Cl1.eHH4ec-
KOM HCKyccTBe, BrrepBble BBOA11TC5I B rCTeBeAeHHe 3AoGoAHCllHa5I TCl\1a
26
rAQBQ I
aAanTail)1M repOeB cpaYCTOBCKOrO C1O)KeTa (yqeHoro AOKTOpa, MecpI1c-
TOcpeJ\5I H rpeTXeH) peKJ\.a1\IHhIl\1 I1CKYCCTBOM 11 MaCCOBOM AI1TepaTY-
poi1. B 3TOM )Ke C60pHHKe npeACTaBAeHhI 11 HOBhle M3bICKaHI1H B peT-
pOCneKTJ1Be pa3BHTH51 cpaYCTOBCKOrO ClO>KeTa B XX B.: CTaTbI1 3. 3a-
rappa «'1 cDaycT" B paHll,e. DHTb napOAI1HHLIX TeKCTOB 113 3110XI1 Dep-
BOM 1\lI1pOBOH BOHHhI» M T. Wa6KI1 0 BOCOpl151TI1H IlcDaYCTa" 13 HaIJ,I10-
HaA-coqI1aAI1CTHl.JeCKOH repMdHI1I1 H, B QaCTlIOCTI1, 0 cpaYCTOBCKYIX pe-
MI1HMCl\eHIJ;I151X B COl.JHHeHI1I1 I103ecpa re66eAbCa "MI1Xa3Ab. Hel\reu;-
Kd51 CYAb6a, 3arreqaTAeHHa51 B AHeBHHKaX" (1934), fAe rrepBhIH I1AeOAor
cpallll1CTCKOro peHxa rrpl13HaBaAC5I YCTal\IH repo51: "OepBYlo qaCTh 51
rrpOqeA. A;uI BTOpOH 51 CAI1111KOl\1 rAyn" - IJDen ersten Teillese ich. Flir
den zweiten bin ich zu durnm"21.
06111I1pHOe I1CCAeAOBaHl1e 3BOA1OIJ;H11 cpaycToBcKoro repo51 B MM-
pOBOH JU1TepaType XVI - XX (rAaBHbIM 06pa30M - rrOCAeAHI1X ABYX)
BeKOB, qaCTHqHO BOCrrOAH5IIOlIJ,ee rrpo6eAbI HJ\J1 HeonpaBAdHHYIO l\leC-
Tal\I11 cKoporoBopKY Aa6e3I1, rrpeAcTaBAeHo B KHHre aHrJ\J1HCKOrO cpa-
YCToBeAa A>K.B. C1\II1Aa li<DaycT B AJ1TepaType" (1975), cHa6)KeHHoi1,
CAOBHO B AorrOAHeHMe K rtcpaycToBcKOli" 6H6Al10rpacpMl1 Aa6e3I1; 6H6-
AHorpacpHQeCKOM trAn5lBOAMdAo:i1" - CAHlllKOI\1 paclllMpHTeAbHo, OAHa-
KO, TOAKyroru;eH cpaycToBcKMH CIOJKeT H BKJ\lOl.JaIO eH OrpOl\1HOe KO-
Mf4eCTBO npoH3BeAeHHH lillIllh rro rrpHHU;Hny HaA.I1.l.JH5I B HeM, B TOM
I1AH HHOH cpoplVle, TeMhI Ab5IBOAa (6eCd, AHTHXpI1CTa, CaTaHhI; TaK, B
nepeqeHh OKa3aAMCh BKAIOqeHHhIMH nbeca B. Woy "YQeHHK Ah5lBOAa" ,
IJKpaTKMW paccKa3 06 AHTHXpI1CTe" BAdAHMMpa COAoBheBa, rrAh5lBOA"
TaHHA3aKM A3IOH"bI1THpO H T.rr.).
BOAee 6Al13KYIO cpaycToBcKOH KOAAH3HH 6I16Al10rpacpHlO lt Ah5l -
BOAbCKoro rrapl1" B MHpOBOI1 AHTeparype (B OCHOBHOM, rrpaBAa, rrOBTO-
p5l10IJJ;YIO B cOKparn;eHHoM BHAe xYAO)KeCTBeHHYJO cpaycTl1any Aa6e-
3M) rrpeACTaBHA 0AHI1X 113 BHAHeHlIlI1X COBpeMeHHbIX cpaYCTOBCAOB,
AMpeKTOp MY3e51 <DaYCTa B KHHTIJU1HreHe (<Dpr) r10HTep MaxaA B
KHHre trMeTaMopcp03hI MecpHCTocpeMI" (1982), rAe rrOA4epKI1BaeTC5I
06ll.\eeBpOne:HCKaH TPdAIil\H5I AYaAHCTI1qeCKOrO H306pa)KeHH}I Ab51BO-
Aa (OT AaHTe, Tacco, raHca CaKCd, MHAbTOHa, KaAbAepOHa H KAorr-
lllTOKa AO BepAeHa, PeM60, EOMepa H AaAee - Y3AAca, narrI1HI1 M
3pHCTa IOHrepa C ero ItreAMonOAMCOM").
CnpaBeMl1BO OTMeqaH MHOr03HaQHOCTh, ItnpOTeMCTHQHOCTh"
(ItnpOTew - KaK HM OAMH APyroM 06Pd3 B MHpOBOH J\J1Teparype") 06-
pa3a reTeBCKoro MecpHcTocpeA5I, aKK)'MYAHpYIOm;ero B ce6e (11AJ1
rrpeABocxHrn;aIOrn;ero) pa3Hoo6pa3Hhle 'lIepThI TpaAM 110HHOrO CPOAb-
KAOpHOrO Ii AHTeparypHoro qepTa (MHTeAAeKT, I1pOHI1IO, CKAOHHOCTh
K 3naTd)Ky, K OTBep)KeHHIO aBTopHTeToB, K ttrpexyrr, K uKOCTIOMHOi1",
KapHaBaAhHOH TpdBecTHH H T.n.), HO rrpH 3TOM OpraHIil.JHO BIIMcaHHO-
fO B EO)KeCTBeIIHbIH Ml1pOnOp5lAOK C'BceXpIiCTl1dHHeHllII1H Ab5l-
BOA" - uAllerchristlichster Teufel", - TaK HMeHyeT ero aBTop KHI1-
rl1), r. MaxaA npocJ\eJKHBaeT HCTOpHQecKYIO TpaHccpopMaJ.J;HIO 06pa-
CgeAKQ c MecjJllClTloq)e.M:.'M H MUpOIJOIH C03HQllUU XX neKa
27
;cl ;\b5IBOAa (OAHMM 113 CI1HOHM!\fOB KOTOpOrO Hat.IJ1Ha51 C X VI B. CTaA
\ leq-H1cTocpeAb) OT AMTepaTyphI 3nOXIi Pecpopl\laU;1111 AO pOl\'IaIITJ13 Ia,
:d I'J\5lAhIBa51 Ii B BeK TeKYUJ.I1M. BhIXOMI 3a paMKM cpaycToBcKoro CI0-
'KPTa, HCCAeAOBaTeAh OTMeqaeT CB5I3b caTaHH3Ma XIX B. C CaTaHJ13-
\IOI\'1 HbIHeWHero CTOAeTH5I, B u.enM: A;;K. }\eonapAH, A;;K. KapA Y:H,
I U. EOMep, <D. HI1Qllle, )K. EepHaHoc, 3. AaHr3ccep, RbIAe.lUl51 Ba)K-
"YIO AMI Hac TeHAeHIJ;HlO ceKYMlpIi3aIJ;HI1 Ah5lBOJ\a (npH 3TO 1 3aMe-
I'H!VI, QTO 'IBaMIIl1pI13l\1" KaK KpaHHHH cnoc06 np05lBJ\eHM5I Bpa)KAbI
,\f,51BOAa K qeJ\.OBeKY H CTpel\IAeHH5I K ero YHHlITO)KeHHIO, qY)KAbIH re-
"CBCKOIvlY MecpI1CTocpeAlO, HO OTllaCTI1 CBOHCTBeHHhIH caTalllf3IvIY
XIX B., B XX B. nOCTeneHHO J\.OKaAI13yeTC5I B npMHl\J1nHaAhHO HonOH
A<aHpOBOH ccpepe, B COBpeMeHHbIX Tpl1.l\Aepax 6e3YCAOBHO "nHecpay-
CTOBCKoro" p5lAa).
OpMrMHaAhHhIH TPYA Toro )Ke HCCJ\e;\OBaTeA5I - '13aHHl\1aTeAhHa5I
<t>aYCTOBCKa51 3HIJ;MKAOrreAI151" (1985) AOfIOAH5ICT HeCKOAbKHl\,lYI HOBhl-
\{H cpaKTaMJ1 AI1TeparypHYlO M cu.eHI1t.lecKYIO (B TOM t.Jl1CAe KI1HO-)
cpaYCTHaHY XX B., AaBa51 Ka)KAOl\IY H3 rrpI1BO,t\HMbIX B rAOCCapYIH npo-
Yf3BeAeHHH KpaTKYlO H OCTpOyI\IHYlO )KaHpOBO-COAep)KaTeAbHYIO xa-
paKTepMCTHKY.
P5IA cepbe3HbIX AHTeparypOBeAqeCKHX TPYAOB, qaCTMYHO HAM qe-
J\.I1KOM nOCB5Irn.eHHhIX TeMe peu;enqHH cpaYCTOBCKoro ClO:>KeTa COBpe-
leHHOH J\HTeparypoH pa3HhIX CTpaH (KHorrcp 10. feTeBCKJ1H u<DaYCT"
BO <DpaHIJ;HH. EepAHH, 1920; Kappe >K.-M. feTe B N-IrAJ1l1. DapH)K,
1920; EeTc B.B. CYAb6hI <DaycTa B aI\1epHKaHcKoH AHTeparype. <DHJ\a-
AeAhcpH5I, 1951; PlOK3ep Y. feTe B HCIIaHCKOM i\fHpe. WTyrrapT, 1959;
AelIlHHT ep <D. reTeBcKHH <DaycT H COBeTCKa51 AJ1Teparypa. POCTOK,
1964; AACAb K. <DaycToBCKa51 TeMa B AsCTpI1M. BeHa, 1971; BHTOp-3H-
rAaHAepA. <DaycTB fAP. <J'>paHKcpypT-Ha-Mai1He, 1987 MAP.), 06paIl a-
51Cb B OCHOBHOM K HHTepnpeTa I151M reTeBCKOM TpareAI1H Ha HOHaAL-
HbIM AHTepaTypOBeAeHHeM, TeaTpOM, KHHO, MY3LIKOH, H306pa3I1TeAb-
HbIM HCKYCCTBOl\'I, AaIOT, TeM He MeHee, COAep)KaTeAbHble cpparl\leHTLI
cOBoKynHoH KapTMHhI pa3BHTH5I cpaycToBcKOH TeMhI H, COOTBeTCTBell-
1I0, TpaHccpopMaIJ;I1H o6pa30B <DaycTa M MecpHcTocpeA5I B t\1HpOBOH AH-
TepaTyPe XX B.
CooTHorueHHe HOBhIX <DaycToB H MecpHcTocpeAei1 C reTeBCKl1MH
npOTOTl1naMM HOCJ1T B yrrOM51HyrhIX pa60Tax npeHMyw.ecTneHHo "CIO-
)KeTHhIH" HAli THnOAOrHqeCKJ1J1 xapaKTep, npeMara51 HeMaAO TOHKHX
VI TOqHhIX Ha6AlOAeHHH HaA H3MeHeHH5IMJ1 BHelIlHOCTIi, 06pa3a lVlbJC-
AeH, JKM3HeHHblX u;eAeM, MaHephI IIOBeAeHH5I H T.II. npI1BbP.IHbIX o6pa-
30B, TpaHccpopMaIJ;HeH CAO)KI1BlIlHXC5I apXeTI1I10B. OAHaKo BhlcTpaH-
BaHHe onpeAeAeHHoH TpaeKTopHH pa3BHTH5I 3TI1X o6pa30B B AMTepa-
lype HbIHelllHero CTOAeTI151 B CB5I3H C nepe)KHBaeMbIM HaIvlH KpI13I1COl\1
rrpocBeTHTeAbcKoH 3pbI H, eCTeCTBeHHO, npOCBeTI1TeAbCKoro repo5l,
KOMnAeKC HAeM M 3CTeTI1qeCKHX napaMeTpoB KOToporo npeACTaBMleT-
C5I BOnAOrn;eHHhIM B reTeBcKoM <DaYCTe, OCTaeTC5I nOKa AJ\5I AHTepa'ry-
28
TAQBa J
pOBeAeHI15I OTKpbITOM 3aAa1.Jefi - K perneHMIO KOTOpOH HaM 11 XOTe-
AOCb 6bI npHCTYIIHTh.
OrpOl'YIHOe (OKOAO 150 Havll\leHOBaHMM, He Ct.I11Ta51 BHecpaYCTOB-
CKOH AMTepa'rypIIoH AhHBOAMClAbI M OTAaAeHHbIX peMJ1HI1C eHIJ;¥n1. -
ClVI. EM6J\l1orpacpHlO K AaHHOH pa60Te) KOAJ1QeCTBO TOAbKO AMTepaTYP-
HbIX l\10AM<PI1KaIJ;I1M cpaYCTOBCKoro CIO)KeTa B XX B., KOTopoe HalVI YAa-
AOCb YCTaHOBHTb, CBI1AeTeAbcTByeT 0 HenpexONIm;eli, a MO)KeT 6hITb,
11 060CTpHBrnei1C5I B HbIHernHelVl CTOAeTHH aKyYaAbHOCTH TpaAI1IJ;MOH-
HOM KOMM3I1H CAeAKH 1.JeAOBeKa C Ab5IBOAOl\1, IIoeAHHKa Jl A0 6pa" 11
11 3Aa ", l'EoX<.eCTBeHHoro" M IIcaTaHMHCKoro" B 3eMHOM 6bITllI1 AIOAeM.
CTapa51 npHTIla B reTeBCKOM Bapl1aHTe, C ero OAHOBpeMeHHO OAHO-
3Ha1.JHO-OllTI1l\1I1CTI1'-leCKI1M (3apaHee 3aAaHHbIl\I, JI npOCBeT11TeAb-
CKHJ\1") H MHor03Ha 1..J:HO-CHMBOAM1.JeCKI1M (" OTKpbITbIM") <pJ1HaAOM Aa-
Aa I1lVInYAbC pO)I(AeHMIO l\IHOrHX COBpeMeHHbIX MOAI1cpHKa Mli 06pa30B
<DaYCTa 11 lVlecpHCTocpeAJI, 1.IeM cnop, AorOBOp, A11aAor, COTPYAHHlJeCT-
BO MAH B3al1l\lHa51 TpaBeCTH5I, npeACTaBAeHHble B pa3Ho06pa3HbIX X<.a-
Hpax, 1l0 IoraIOT Y5ICHMTb HAM, no KpaMHeM l\1epe, nO-HOBOIVIY IIOCTa-
BHTh 113BeqHhle BorrpOCbI 0 ClVlbICAe HarneH )K113HI1, rpallHu.ax CB060AbI,
u,eHe nporpecca, BpeAe IIrrparMaTH1.JHOrO" 11 IIOAb3e 6eCKopbICTHoro,
B3aHMOOTHOllieHI1H 1'X<.eHCKoro" 11 II MY>KCKOrO" , JlnpHpOAHOl'O" 11 "AY-
XOBHoro", 'lpa3YMHoro" M "3l\10I.I;MOHaAbHOrO" HallaA, npaBOMepHOCT11
Aep3aHH5I 11AI1 I. nOK05I" , Ii T.rr. npOCAeAI1B 6AYX<AaHI1}{ HOBoro <DaYCTa
B HCKyweHll5IX XX neKa no BepllIllHaM HaM60Aee 3HaQMTeAbHbIX HAH
nOKa3aTeAhHLIX npOH3BeAeHI1H Ml1pOBOM eBpo-aMepHKaHCKOH, B TOM
lJI1CAe OTe1.IeCTBeHHoi1: AMTepaTypbI, MbI YBMAHl\1, C qera Ha1.JaAOCb M
tIeM 3aKOHt.IHAOCh Ab5IBOAbCKoe napM XX BeKa, KaKI1M rrpMllleA K nopo-
ry CAeAYIOw;ero CTOAeTH5I AaBHO 3HaKOMbIll repoi1:.
9 2. C/)AYCTOBCKAJI KOAAJ13MJI
B OTElfECTBEHHOM TEPMAHUCTJ1J(E
HOBEULllEfO BPEMEHM
rIocAe HeKOTOpOf'O 3aTHILIb5I u3acToMHbIX" 1960 - 1970-x rOAOll,
BIIOAHe 06'b5ICHHMOro oCAa6AeHI1eM I1HTepeca K Aep3aIoIJJ.el\lY, Herro-
KOPHOMY M HeoAH03HallHoMY repoID, K TOMY X<.e 5IBHO AerepoH3l1pO-
BaHHOl\IY B AUTeparype 2-i1 nOAOBI1HbI XX BeKa (CM. 06 3TOM B fAaBe V
HaCT05II.IJ.eM pa6oTbI), cpaycToBCKa5I np06AervraTHKa OKa3aAaCb B eHT-
pe BHHl\laHI151 60AbllIllHCTBa OTe1.JeCTBeHHhlX reTeBeAOB.
f1p06J\elVla <I>aycTa - 31'0 np06AeMa11 Bcero TBOpQeCTBa feTe, H
npOKAaM11pyeMoM BeKOM TIpocBem;eH115I BepLI B QeAOBe1.JeCK11H pa3YM
11 Aep3aHl1e, 11 rrp06Ael\Ia MCKOMoro nOAOX<.I1TeAbHoro rep05!, HAM lI ap _
xeTHna", II MOAeAl1" 1.JeAOBeyeCKOrO C03AaHI151 KaK TaKOBOl'O. 06parn;e-
HHe K HeM He TOAbKO B xYAoX<.eCTBeHIIOM, HO H B aHaAHTH1.JeCKOM AHTe-
pdrype, MhICA5I ei1 He 06pa3aMH, 1-10 nOH5ITI15IMH - CBMAeTeAhCTBO
Cge/lKQ c Mecj.)UClnOcpe/ e,\l lJ 1VlUpOnOM C03HClHllU X X nel\(1
29
KaK aKTyaAbHocTM 11 1I0CT0.51HHO YTBep>KAaIOll eHC5I CI1l'vIBOAI1LIHOCTJ1
(!)aYCTOBCKOrO repOH, TaK II TeX npO eCCOB, KOTOpble npOl1CXOA5IT B
KYAhTypHOM C03HaHI1l1 Toro HAI1 I1Horo reOnO;\HTl1lJeCKOrO u.eJ\oro, B
l aHHOM CAY4ae - POCClll1.
B 3TOH CB5I3ll npe)KAe Bcero HY.lKHO OTl'vIeTI1Tb Oc06yIO Bocrpeoo-
naHHOCTb aYCTOBCKOH Ilpo6AeMdTJ1KI1 11l\1eHHO OTeLIeCTBeHl-Ibll'vl AJ1-
Tepal'YPOBeAeHlleM KOI-IIJ;a XX - Ha1.IaAa XXI BeKa. ECAM Af\5I. nceM l\lH-
pOBOH AI1TepaTYPHoM HaYKI1 HOBeHwero npel'vIeHI1 npo6AeJ\lbI IlCJ1XO-
dHaAH3a, "ll3611paTCAbHOI'0 CpoAcTBa" AYlll, CI3}{3M paql1oHaAbHoro 11
'1MCTIi1.IeCKOrO, KAaCCJ1l\I1CTMlleCKoro M pOMaHTJ111eCKOro, XpI1CTJ1aH-
CKoro 11 "513hp.lecKoro" B TBop4ecTBe feTe 3aMeTHO IIOTeCHI1AI1 q)ayc-
TOBCKYlO npo6AeMaTI1KY c ee COAep>KaTeALHbIl\l HanOAHeHl1eL\I (Cl\1hJCA
.lKH3HH, 3aAaqa 11 cnoc06LI eAOBeqeCKOrO caMoocyrn.eCTBACHH}l,
npHHJJ;J1nbI CO l1aAbHOrO YCTpOHCTBa B KOHTeKCTe B3ilMMOOTHOlIIeHHH
" 51 " H "APyroro" 11 npaBa IICI1AhHOH AI1QHOCTH", pOAb "CAona" I1 I1 AeAa"
B 6bITHI1, nporpecc 11 ero QeHa 11 T .n.), TO Al\.5l POCCMU OHa rro- n pCJKHe-
i'vIY OCTaeTC5I fJ\aBHOH - 11 Ha Hee, no cyrl1, TaK HAM I1Haqe BhlXOMIT
1I01.ITH Bce OTe1.IeCTBeHHble reTeBeAbI, Ad 11 repl'vlaHMCTbI B eAO?\1.
B BenocpeAcTBeHHO 06pal.l-\eHHbIX K 3a>IBAeHHOMY acrr8KTY l1C-
CACA013alU171 TPYAax nOCAeAHHx Ael', He npeTeHAY5I Ha rrOAHOTY HX OX-
BaTa, B CaMOl'vI Ij rpy6oM" npH6AM)KeHI1H MbI Hdl\IeqaeI\l TPM OCHOBHble
TeHAeHIJ.I1M paCCI\10TpeHl15I cpaYCTOBCKOI1 np06Ael'vldTI1KH (KOTOPYlO
cpa3Y )Ke OTAeMleM OT np06AeM H3YQeHll5I caMOH reTeBCKOH Tparc-
AHH: Tl1nOAOrMH :>KaHpa, CTPYKTypbI, CHCTeMbJ 06pa30B, COOTHOlue-
HJ151 CTl1Aei1 J1 T.ll.).
nepBaR meHgeHll,UR cpopMllpyeT TpaKTOBKY <DaYCTa KaK ucmo-
pULLeCKoro muna B onope Ha KOIYlnapaTI1BMCTCKI1H: nOAxoA (Ha 3ana-
Ae oc060 pacnpocTpaHeHHblH B JlcpaycToBcKHX" I1CcJ\eAoBaHI1HX
1960-1970-x rOAoB). 31'0 - KIH1I'11 f.r. 11IllHl\16aeBOH II rIP06ACYIbl
cpaycTl1dHCTBa B rep IaHI1H» 11 jjPyccKa5I cpaycTl1aHa XX BCKd" I,
H.K. AAeKcaHAPoBoH 0 <DaycTe n 3anaAHoeBponeHcKoH AMTepaType II
ee CTaTb51 «ABCTpl1HCKHM " <PaycT" », CTaThl1 ee )Ke 11 H.K. TeACTOIHJi:t ()
cpaycToBcKOM pOl\laHC <D.M. KAHHrepa 2 , CTaTb5I 3.E. AH6vu-130Ha 0 <Dd-
YCTe B TBOpqeCTBe A.B. J\YHaqapCKOr0 3 , P5lA cTaTeH HOBOCHOHPCKOI'()
C60pHl1Ka JI<paycT-TeMd B MY3blKaAbHOM I1CKyccTBe 11 AI1TepaTypc",I,
106MAeHHoro (B qeCTb 250-AeTI151 co AH.H pO.>KAeHllH: fCTe) BblllycKa "Be-
CTHI1Ka Y Al'vl ypTcKoro YHI1BepCI1TeTa" 5. 3AeCb l\lhI BCTpellaeI\IC51 KdK C
06pa3u;arvII1 TpaAHIJ;HOHHoro, 06CT05lTeAbHOro, U aKaAeMM1..JeCKOrO "
CpaBHI1TeAbHO-HCTOp}p"leCKoro HCCAeAOBaHH5I, IIOCACAonaTeALIIO CO-
IIOCTaBMlIOU erO rrpOH3B8AeHI15I no YCTaHOBI1Bll1MMC51 lIapd;-VleTpa l
(TeMa, MAeH:, CIO)KCT, KOl\I1103HI I15I, CT.HAh, 06pa3Ha51 CHCTCl\la 11 T.A.),
TaK Ii C rrpHl\lepal\1I1 TaK Ha3bIBdeMOH TelVIaTI11.ICCKOH Kpl1TI1KI1 (subject
critic), aKTMBHO pa3Bl1Balorn.eHC5I B 3anaAHOl\1 (oc06eHHo - dHfAO-
aI\lepl1KaHCKOl'vl) AHTepaTypuBeAeHMH co BTOpOH nOAOBl1HhI lIpoIllJ\oro
BeKa M IIOpo)I(AeHHOH HOBbll'vl OC03HaHHel\1 MHTepTeKcryaAblIocTH xy-
30
fAQBa 1
A0)KeCTBeHHoro npOH3BeAeHH.SI Ii pOAH ero MHTepnpeTaTopa. nOCAeA-
HHH B ropa3AO 66AbIIleH Mepe, qeM 3TO 6hIAO CBOHCTBeHHO TpaAHqH-
OHHOI\IY AMTepaTypOBeAY (11 4TO C6AH)KaeT ero C AHTepaTypHLli\-I KPM-
THKOTvI), rrpOHBMleT CBOlO I1HAI1B11AYaAhHOCTb, cy6'LeKTMBHoe BI1AeHJ1e
H orrLIT (cB060AHoe rrepo 3cceHCTa, HeO)KMAaHHOCTb aCCOIJ.l1au.I1H, 3d-
'-:IaCTYIO HCXOA51Il.\I1X He H3 Tpe60BaHIiM TeKCTa, HO I13 3HaHHH 11 npHCT-
paCTI1:H HCCAeAOBaTeA51, OTHOCHTeAhHa51 Ilp0I13BOAbHOCTh B oT6ope
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TJ1na" MoryI' CAY>KHTh pa60TbI H.K. AAeKcaHAPOBOH, BToporo - TPY-
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6AeMaTI1KH - cAeAKH co " 3A0 1\'I" BO I1MH TaK HAM J1IIa l (e nOHl1l\Iael\10}1
nOAHOThI qeAOBeqeCKOrO caMOOCY CCTBAeHM5L B PYCCKOH )KC cpaYCfH-
aHe rroAP06HO aHaAJ13I1pyeTC5J "MocKBa" AHApe51 6eAoro - pO laH B
>KaIIpe "COBcTcKoro AeTeKTI1Ba", COOTHOCIiMbI:H C q)ayc'I'OBcKOH npo-
6Ae laTI1KOM AHUlb B TaKOM lIlHpOKOM rrAaHe, B KaKOi\-l C HeH l\10>KCT co-
OTHOCMTbC.SI np0I13BeAeHIie 06 yqeHOl\1 H OXOTHI1KaX 3a ero OTKPblTI1}l-
MM, HO HeT Aa>Ke yrr01\'II1HaHH5I 0 Ilbece "A,b5lBOA" M.n. Apu.bI6aweBd,
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A0A)KeHM5I TpareAMIi feTe " <DaycT" , B rrpHHJJ;l1rre OTBepraIOrn;MH CO Ii-
aAbHYIO yrOIIHIO B KaqeCTBe crroco6a AOCTIi)KeHI151 C1.JaCTAIiBoro 11
"YAoBAeTBopeHHoro" 6bITH5L 3Aecb )Ke, B H3AaHHl1 2002 r., Ca1\'IbIe CBe-
)KYle pa60ThI no "MacTepy Ii Maprapl1Te" M.A. EYATaKoBa, OAHOMY 113
caMbIX aKTI1BHO I1ccAeAyeMbIx COBpe1\'IeHHhIM AHTepaTypOBeACIIHCM
np0I13BeAeHI1H:, OTHOC5ITC5I K 1991 r. 3aTo .SIpKOe HJ1Cb1\10 Ii TIOABH.lKHd}f
l'vIbICAh TaAaHTAHBoH IiCCAeAOBaTeAhHIiIJ.bI cB060AHO paCWHp5-IIOT nOAC
aHaAM3a pa3Ho06pa3HbI1\1M IIpOeKIJ.Ii.SIMIi B 06AaCTb He TOAbKO AI1Tepa-
ryPhI, HO H cpHAOCOcpHH, peAHrYIYI 11 I1CTOpHM, He BcerAa, npaBAa, AO-
CTMra5.1 npIi 3TOM y6eAYITeAbHOCTIi Ii AOrIilJHOCTM, HO BcerAa npo6Y)K-
Aa51 I1HTepec 11 CTHMY AHpy.SI HHTeMeKryaAhHLIJ1: rrOI1CK 4J1TaTeMI.
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p051 KaK nCUXOAOrU4.eCKOrO IDuna ("tJTO 6hIAO oc06eHHO aKTyaALHo Ha
3anaAe B 1980 - Ha"tJaAe 1990-x rOAoB). B POCCMH 3AeCL IlOCTaBAeH LIM-
CTO Ha IiOHaAbHbII1 aKIJ.eHT Ha pa3ABoeHHOCTl1, rrpofHBopet.JI1BOCTH
cpaycToBcKoro apXeTYlrra - HaCAeAMIi Toro "PyccKoro LIeAOBeKa Ha
rendez-vous", B COOTBeTCTBIiM C KOTOpbIM MMeHHO l\'le1..f.Y Mi1C5I M cTpa-
AalOIIJ.l1:H OT CBOMX MeTaHYIM VlBaH KapaMa30B (a He HMUJIleaHCKa51
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nCI1XOAOrIi1.IeCKI1M TMrrOM (napaJ\AeAh, AocraTOLIHO nOAP06HO pa3pa-
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31
l)OTaHHaH MHpOBbIl\l A11TepaTypOBeAeHHeM XX B.) 11 npOTHBOrrOCTan-
J\eHl1e ero <Daycry-"cBepXqeAOneKY" (TpaKTOBKa, oc06eHHO aKTyaAh-
IIdH AA.H MHOrl1X 3anaAHhIX AI1TeparypoBeAoB 1950 - 1960-x rOAOB, KO-
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IIO-11CTOpHQeCKOe, HO KaK rrCI1XocpI13110J\or11qeCKOe HBAeHHe, C6AI1)Ka-
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neTep6yprcKoro C60pHI1Ka "feTe: )KH3Hh. TBOpqeCTBO. TpaAM HH"b.
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:Y1e>KAY AB)TM51 M11paMH, I1HcpaHTHAhHOCTb H cAa60CTb HOBOI'O cpaYCTOB-
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rn;ee BorrAo eHHe B "MaCTepe H MaprapHTe" EYAraKOBa. MecpHCTo-
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TeAhHHIJ;hI, B Ka-qeCTBe oneKaIOrn.ero cnyrHI1Ka, a 6opb6a faJ\Aepa co
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TOHKO nOA"IepKI1BaH 3AeMeHT rrapOAHMHOCT11 B pOMaHe recce H yr-
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AO)KHMK) 06pe"leH Be"lHO HrpaTh H rrepeI1:rpbIBaTh )K113Hb B CHAY CBoe-
ro nClixocpH3HOAOrHQeCKOrO CKAClAa.
B npHBeAeHHOM TpaKTOBKe YJKe Orn.yrMMbI CAeAbI rrepeXOAd K
mpembeii meHgeHll,UU - HHTepnpeTa 1111 cpaYCTOBCKoro repOH KilK
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CH rrpMH Mrr OTHOllIeHHH <DaYCTa K 6hITHlO. PacnpOCTpaHeHHhIC Ha 3a-
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(oco6eHHo -qaCThle B 1970 - 1980-e rOAbl - nep110A BcrrAeCKa MI1CPO-
AOr113aU;HH MlipoBoro xYA0)KeCTBeHHoro c03HaHH ) AalOT AMI rroA06-
HOH TpdKTOBKI1 0611IHpHhB'1: MaTepHaA, HO He CTanHT CO CTOAh 3HaKO-
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KO - H B 3TOM OTHOllIeHHH nocAeAHHH KopHeBbIM o6pa30M CBH3aHa C
32
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Ae5lTeJ\e KaK TaKOBOM 11, TaKHl\1 06pa30M, KpI1THyeCKI1 OCl"IbICJ\5IeTC5I
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CAeAOBaTeAhCKI1:H npHHIJ)1TI - n CTdTbe B.A. <DopryHaToBoll «PeI eI1-
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paM - AyxoBHoe CpOACTBO. KOC1VIWQna M npMPOr a 3poca y <DpellAa r HO
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33
B dHaJ\OrH\.IHOI\l PYCAe, B Of!Ope Ha KOHu.enU;I1fO "lVleTapaCCKi..3a"
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3bI, MaAb6paHilia H J\eH6HI1 a TOMY AOKa3aTeAbCTBOM.
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cnoc06ax OBAaAeHI1H 11M B e.l\.HX MCKOMoro OIITI1MaAbHOrO qe.l\OBeQCC-
Koro >K113HeYCTp0I1CTBa - TO orrpeAeA5IlOI.IJ;eH 11 cne M<t>l1qeCKoi1: xa-
paKTepHCTI1KOH HMeHHO npOCBeTMTeAbCKOrO Pa3YMa OKa eTCH ero
ct>aycm KaK CUMBOA npOCBemUmeJ1.1.CKOU. 3pbl: npeogoAeHHoe npOKARlnUe pa3YMY 35
II pHT5I3aHYIe M3MeHHTb MHp. To eCTb, MCnOAh30BaTb pa3YM He TOJ\bKO
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I OBaHHH qeAOBeKa, KOTopoe AOJUKHO 6bITb AOKa3aHO MM caMHM, a
l1 IeHHO: cnoco6HOCTbI{) qeAOBeqeCKOrO pa3YMa H Ha Aep3HOBeHHYlO
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II 3eMHoro" 3nHl\.Ora "<DaYCTa"?).
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!'J\aCHO rpeqeCKOH: 3TMMOJ\orHH - "KAeBeTHHK") ynpeKaeT fOCIIOAa B
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36
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B CBOeH: Aep30CTH H IIHetIHCTOl\t" lVlory ecTBe, rpellIHHKa, yqeHoro-aJ\.-
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und Drang KOHIJ;a XVIII B. B repMaHHH, nOllbITdJ\.C5I pacKpLITb B cBoew
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pa6J\.e3MaHcKMM BeKOM 3MaHCl1naU;1111 TIJ\.OTI1 BO Bcex acneKTax ee 6LI-
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BeK DpOCBeIlJ;eHI15I C ero KYAhTOM l'eCTeCTBeHHoro eAOBeKa",
onpaBAbIBaIOru;I1M Bce )KeAaHI15I 11 CTpeMAeHI15I AI1qHOCTJ1 KaK BHY-
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CKry II r ipaBI1AeH" (3a6AY>KAeHl1e pa3YMa, YJKe B XVIII B. BbICMe5IHHOe
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AOM), C IIOMOr.u.blO CDp3HCI1Ca E3KoHa - npOTHBHI1Ka AeKapTOBCKI1X
IIBpo)KAeHHhlx HAeI1" 11 arrOAoreTa eAOBeqeCKOrO OllhITa 11 pa3YI'vld,
He Mor He B3rMlHyrh Ha npo6AeMY cpaYCTOBCKoro qeAOBeKa KaK npo-
OJ\.eMY ero OCBo6o)KAeHH5I OT cpaHTOMOB CKOBhIBalO I1X TP<1Al1qH 1,
npeAYCTaHOBAeHHhIX B3rJ\.5lAOB M HOpM nOBeAeHH5I, CH5ITI15I Ta6y Ha
caMopaCKphITHe Al1qHOCTI1 H, rAaBHoe, Ha ee CTpeMJ\.eHHe OBAaAeTb
co6CTBeHHOH CYAh6oM.
3TOMY nOAPhIBY OCHOBonOAaralOru;MX npHHD;MllOB "TeOAOrI1 eC-
KOH" 3110XM npeAIIIeCTBOBaAl1 CI1MI1TOMaTM'llHhIe, IiAY I1e eru;e OT
XVII B., nonbITKIi 3a MTIiTb "1.JapOAeeB" (f. HOAe. "3aru;l1Ta Bcex BhIAa-
IO MXCH .MIQHOCTeM, KOTopble 6hIAH AOJKHO 06BI1HeHbI B MarMH". 1625;
HOHMaH M.-f., KMpxHep K.-K. "TIepBa5I MCTOpH'lleCKa5I aHKeTa 'llapo-
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(1674)2, aBTopbI KOTOpbIX, onl1pa5ICh Ha rroAo6paHHhIe MMI1 "AoKYMeH-
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38
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HI1M r 06pa3 CDaYCTa - HMeHHO c:DaYCTa, C ero CTIe HcpH eCKMM Ha6o-
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40
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<1>aycm KaK CUMBOA npOCBemUrnCJ\l,CKOU 3pbl: npeogoAel HOe npOK.JVlmUe pa3Y1\tY 41
I IJ,eM t.JYBcTBI1TeAbHOCTI1 M np06Y)KAeHMe COBeCTI1, Bce pacKaHBalOTC5I,
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42
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44
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46
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)'0 (11 CTHMYAlfPYIOru;ero) C HocTHble TeHAeHQMYI OCHOBHhIX AHTepa-
"ypHbIX apxeTHIlOB eBponeHCKOH AHTeparypbI.
EOAee Toro - MOAeJ\b He TOJ\.bKO eHoro, eCTeCTBOMCI1bITaTeMl H
KHH)KHI{Ka, HO qeAOBeKa Boo6ru;e, np05IBAeHHaJI B reTeBCKOM <DaYCTe
(KaK Ii B <DaYCTe K.AMHrepa, HO C ropa3AO 60AbmeM nCMXOJ\orl1"tJeCKOM
I IIoaHcnpOBKOH H AOCTOBepHOCTblO, BhIHrpbIlI1HO KOHTpaCTMpyrorn;eM
c pe30HepCKOH pHTOpMKOH, nacpOCHOH naTeTH:KOH M OTII1CaTeAl>HhIMH
MI1HHOTaMH, COnpOBOJKAalOII.J;MMM 06pMCOBKY KMIHrepOBCKoro re-
p05I) r AeAaeT nOCAeAHerO <pMrypOH He TOAbKO U 3HaKOBOH" , HO Ii qYBCT-
neHHO-KOHKpeTHOH, HCTOplIQeCKH Y3HaBaeMOH, nOAo6110 TeM )Ke faM-
Aery M AOH KHXOry, cO"tJeTaIO eH B ce6e "BHeBpeMeHHoe" H uCHlOMM-
llyrHoe" Ha"tJaAa H nOToMY nOCT05lHHO "TenJ\oH" , rOToBoH 1V\5I MOAl1cpH-
Kan;MH AI06bIX 3CTeTM"tJeCKHX HanpaBAeHIIH 11 3nox.
48
TAaBQ II
TaKOB )Ke 11 reTeBCKI1H MecpHCTOcpeAh. I1MeBun-fl1 npOTOTl1nOI\l, no
rrpH3HaHMlO C03AaTeMl 3Toro 06pa3a, COOCTBeHHoro APyra reTe, CKerr-
TMKa M HpOHI1QeCKOl'O HHMKa VI.f. MepKa 3 , 3TOT Ab5iBOA - "nAy!' I1
BeceAh4aK" M5I rOcrrOAa, 51BJUleT C060H He CTOAbKO J1CKYCHTeA5I <Dayc-
Ta, CKOAbKO McrrOAHHTeA51 JKeAaHHH, Ta5Ill MXC5I B ero rpYAH. MeqH1cTo-
cpeAh BeAb H 51BA5IeTC5I He AA5I Toro, QTo6bI C06AQ3HUmb rep05l, "npM-
BHB" eMY rpeXOBHble I\IbICAH - HO M5I Toro, QTo6bI npORepumb <Dayc-
Ta, BhI.HBMB caMhle MHTMMHble H COKpOBeHHhle ero CTpeMAeHYHI. TOAb-
KO no MeqH1CTocpeAID 3TO HHTI1MHOe H COKpOBeHHoe 11 B caMOM BhIC-
weH: T04Ke CBoero 06HapYJKeHH5I AOAJKHO 6bIAO 6bITh 3rOMCTyf4eCKH 1
J1 "CKOTCKI1M", a OKa3aJ\.OCb aAhTPYHCTI1QeCKI1l\. 11 BbICOKM 1.
TaK M 06pa30M, MecpHCTocpeAb y feTe He TOALKO rrepeCTaeT 6hITb
cBoe06pa3HOH YCTpal1JalOIJJ;eH 3MaHa l1eH -qeAOneqeCKMX rpeXOB 11
TeM naqe - OAHI eTBopeHMeM BceAeHCKoro 3Aa, HO H lIpeACTaeT I1C-
THHHbIM napTHepOl\l <DaYCTa, cnyrHI1KOM B ero 6eC1.JMCACHHbIX 6AY)K-
AaHI151X - rrpH 3TOM qaCTO IInporOBapHBaIOIIJ;HM" BCAYX 11 AeAaIOLQMM
TO, qTO <t>aYCT rOBopHTb H AeAaTb CTbIAI1TC5I.
Ho 3TOT CThIA, 3TOT HpaBcTBeHHbIH rropor, COBeCTh H eCTb TO, 4TO B
KOHe4HOM Ct.leTe OTAMQaeT H OTAeMleT <t>aYCTa OT ero AeI\10HI1QeCKOrO
KOlVrnaHbOHa. He pa3YM (B co6cTBeHHOI\I, Y3KOlYl 3HdQeHl1l1 c.\.ona)
II crracaeT" <DaycTa (1160 pa3Be He pa3YMCH, He 6J\eCT5Irn;, He OCTpoyrvleH
MecpI1CTocpeAb?) - HO HaAM1.JMe y nero 3Toli COBeCTI1 (CO-BCCTl1), llbl-
BOA.Hrn.ei1 r p05I 3a larI1QeCKli:H Kpyr TOCKI1, pe3I1Hb5l YlI1, ca!\10npe-
3peHI151, OTlJa5lHJ1.H, HCYAOBAeTBopeHHOCTH, CKYKI1. BCnOl\lHHM, 41'0
3Toro He CMorAa CAeAaTb IIlB1CTa5l" HaYKa:
Habe nun, ach! Philosophie,
Juristerei und 1edizin
Und leider auch Theologie
Durchaus studiert, mit heissen BemUhn.
Da steh ich nun, ich armer Tor!
Und bin so klug als wie zuvor...
51 6orocJ\oBbeM OBAClAeA,
H<1,A cpllAococpHeH KopneA,
lOpl1cIIPYAeHl I1IO AOAOHJ\
Y1 MeAHl1;HHY H3ynIl1J\.
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EbIJ\ H OCTaAC}{ AypaKoM... (21).
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eM rpeTxeH (eCAYI Mecpl1CTocpeAh C TeM caMbIM H)KHBOTHbIl\I" , 3r0I1C-
THQeCKI1M paBHoAYIlll1eM, KOTopoe OH TaK XOTeA o6HapY)KHTb y qeAO-
BeKa, ycrroKaHBaeT <t>aycTa OTHOCHTeAbHO co6Aa3HeHHOH 11M AeByrn-
KI1 TeM, QTO B IIOA06HOM c}lrrya YIYI "OHa He nepBa5I" - TO <t>aYCT,
CAOBHO npeABOCXI1 a51 H3BeCTHYlO MbICAb AOCToeBCKoro 0 "CAe3I1H-
Ke pe6eHKa", CIIoc06HOM pa3pYWHTb rapl\10HHIO eAoro MMpa, C ro-
peQhlO BOCKAH aeT:
C1>aycm KaK CUMBO./1 npOCBernUlneAJ,rKOU :Jpbl: npeogO./1eHHOe np0K.,UlIl1Ue pa3YMY 49
CThIAI1Cb, 4YAOBI1w;e! Be3Aecyu I1H AYX, YCJ\.bIlllb l\1eH5I! BepHI1 3'1'0 crpa-
ILII1J\. HI .u.e B ero npe)KHIOIO c06a1.{blO 060J\.01.IKY... l-fe nepBd}I! CAhIllH11Ub AM '[hI.
lITO rOBopHWb? {B OpHrl1HaAe - B03rJ\.ac KpaHHcro OT t la5IHI15I: Jammer!
Jammer! - HanOA06He: "rope MHe, rope!" - f.R.} l.IelloHeK He Mor ObI npOH3-
HeCTH HHl.JerO nOA06Horo!.. ivleH5I y6HHafOT crpa/\aHJ1R 3T0I1 P \I1HCTBeHHOI1,
d ero ycnoKaHBaeT r qTO 31'0 yqacTb TblC51tl (170).
Cnoco6HOCTh K COnepe)KHBaHHlO AeAaeT <l>aYCTa 60Aee Y5I3BI1-
I\lbIl\1, QeIVI MecpMcTocpeAb, AerKO onpaBAbIBalOI.IJ;I1H I1 06'b51CH5110-
ID;MM 3AO l\lHpa TeM, qTO "TaK 6hIBaeT H TaK eCTh". cDHJ\.ococpH5I Me-
rpI1CTocpeMl - 3TO cpI1AOCOcpI151 AeBHacpaHa KAMHrepa, C 1'011, OAIIa-
KO, pa3HI1u;eH, 1..I1'O AeBI1acpaH nepe/KI1BaCT HecOBeprneHCTBa 1..IeAO-
HeKa 11 l\lHp03AaHH5I, nbITa5lCh OTLICKaTh OCTpOBKH HpaBcTBeIlIIoii
QI1CTOTbI B AYUlax "n OcThIX" AIOAeH, a MecpHc'rocpeAh He Bepl1,], B
oJ\.aropOACTBO t.feJ\.OBeK,) Bo06LI e, 06HaPY)KHBa51 npn 3'1'01\1 nopa3H-
TCAbI-lOe pOACTBO CBoeH l\IOAeJ\.H horno sapiens - I1 Ca1\10rO ce65I,
/\b5lBOAa 06bIBaTeAbcKoro IJ;I1HH3IVla, 3r0I1CTI1"4eCKOrO npe3peHI151 K
cYAL6aM AP)rrI1X 11 KYJ\.bTa c06cTBeHHhlx YAOBOAbCTBl1H. MMeHHo 01'-
Toro, l.JTO Y uCHAbHoro", 3aI HIIJ;eHHOrO 6poHeH CKerrCI1Ca H paBHo-
/l,YIlIH5I tvlecpI1C1'ocpeA5I HeT IIAYUII1", Y nero HeT H "cTpelVIAGHI151", H
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AaHHoe IIKOAAoBcKoe" BeceAbe B Oorpe6Ke AY3p6axa, Ha BeAhl\10B-
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Cl\lhICAa, KpOMe caMOYCAa)KAeHI15I. ECAI1 He C1.Il1TaTL, pa3YMeeTC5I,
3aAaql1 AOKa3aTb focnOAY, Q1'O 11 qeAOBeK TaK)l(e JlTeMelI" r KaK Ab51-
BOA C/l'hl\la" B reTeBCKOM " <DayC're " , B COOTBeTCTBHI1 C npl1HIJ.I1naIVIM
lIpOCBeTHTeAI)CKOH OHTOAOI'I1H, OTO)KAeCTBAeHa C u He 6bITl1el\1", a
"CBeT" (Eor) - JlnopO;KAeHbe ThMbI H01..IHOH, QTO O1'H51J\. MeCTO y Hee
caMoH", 51BHAC5I aKTOM TBOp1..IeCKOrO BOAeI13'b5lBAeHH5I C03AaTe.i\.H,
pe3YAbTaTOM Ero "CTpel\IAeHH5I", "rrpopbIBa" I13 3TOM TbMhI, paBHo
KaK H B033BaHMe rOcnoAoM M3 " He6bIT.H5I" , "JKHBOTHOCTH" , T.e. co-
CT05lHH5I II Hepa3Y1"lHoro" , "HeoAYIIleBAeHHoro", YeAoBeKa, KOTOpO'-
ro Eor OAapMA. "pa3YMoM" , B IIlMpOKOM CMhICJ\e - BbICOKHl\lH AYXOB-
HbIMH n01'eHIJ;H5IMH, HHCKpOH EO/KheH").
f10TOl\IY M 6er no )KJ13HM MeqH1cTocpeMI - 31'0 cpaKTHl.J:eCKH KPy-
)KeHHe Ha MeCTe, MHI1MOe ABI1JKeHHe, cyeTa. TIOTOMY OH 11 He cnoco-
6eH Ha B03BhIIlIeHHe, Steigerung, 11 B KOHIJ;e TpareAl111 npeAcTaeT 1'Oq-
HO TaKHM, KaKHM MhI ero BI1AeJ\J1 B HaqaJ\e. B OTMiqMe 01' <DaycTa, IVIHO-
fO nepe)KHBillerO, MHoroe n060poBlllero B ce6e, MHOrOl\IY HayqHBIlIe-
rOC51 I1 rrOAH51BlllerOC51 AO BbICOT aAbTpYJ13lVla, AO oIl\y eHH5I CQaCTh51 01'
CBOel1 cnoc06HoCTH npl1HeCTH CQaCThe "ApyrI1M", 1..ITO I1 5lBJUleTC5I
fJ\.aBHhIl\1 AOKa3aTeAbCTBOM rrpeOAOAeHI151 I/)KHBOTHOro", IIHI13MeHHO-
ro" Ha"lJaAa. f10TOMY J/ cAa 6bIH" <DaycT B pe3YAhTaTe B03HeceH Ha He6e-
ca H YAocToeH anocpe03a, a HClAeJ\.eHHbIH QYAoAeHcTBeHHoH CHJ\.OH Ah51-
BOA MecpI1CTocpeJ\b OCTaBAeH B AypaKax 11 OCMeHH.
50
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Ho nO"lIeMY )Ke, HanyrcTBY51 Ab5lBOAa K <DayCTY, rOCrrOAb rOBOpHT 0
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KOH", 18). 3HaQYIT AH 3TO, °qTO MecpHcTocpeJ\.b 51Bl\.5ieTC5I Bce-TaKH ..CTJ.1-
l\IYJ\5ITOPOM", no6YAMTeAeM CTOAb rrOAe3HblX 6AYX<AaHI1H cDaycTa, KaK
1I0AaraeT eABa AM He 60AblIlHHCTBO reTeBeAOB?
BCnOl\IHHM, 1!TO Bce HaMepeHH5I, nAaHbI M )KeAaHH5I cDaYCTa B03-
III1Kdi\11 Y Hero Cal\10rO, B pe3YAbTaTe ero co6CTBeHHOH BHyrpeHHeH
pa60TbI - OT l\10l\leHTa OTKa3a OT caMoy6HH:CTBa (T.e. ..B03Bpalqe-
HI151" K )l(H3HH) I1PH 3BYKax rraCXdi\bHOrO KOAOKOAa AO npeACMepT-
HhIX nAaHOB rpaHAH03Horo CTpOI1TeAbCTBa ropoAa-rocYI\,apCTBa Bce-
o6IJJ;ero 6AarOAeHCTBH5I. J\tleq:H1cTocpeJ\.b 6bIA 6bICTpbIM, nOCAYUIHbIM
11 Moryll ecTBeHHbIM McnOAHHTeAeM 3Tl1X )KeAaHI1M 11 IIAaHOB - no
He 60Aee Toro. Aa)Ke npH3bIB Ab5lBOAil OKYHyrbC5I B KMn5lIU;.HH Kpyro-
BOpOT )K113HH, 3a6bIB 0 CMepTH, 5IB.l\.5IeTC5I, no cyrH, OTKAI1KOM Ha co-
KpoBeHHYlO nOTpe6HOCTb CDaYCTa: BeAb CBoe IIT5IrOTeHHe K CMepTH"
carvI OH BTIOAHe oAII03Ha"lIHO 06'b5lCH5IeT Mecpl1CTocpe.i\1O He OTCyrCT-
BHel\l BKyca K )KH3HH, a TervI, 1!TO He MO>KE:'T YAOBAeTRopMTb Bcex CBO-
MX :>KeAaHMH, CAep)J(HBael\1bIH B03paCTOM (1151 CAHlIlKOM CTap, 1!T06
3HaTb OAHH 3a6aBbI, / 11 CAHlllKOl\1 IOH, 1!To6 Bonce He )KeAaTb") 11 no-
CT05IHHbIM Tpe6oBaHI1eM IIH3BHe": "Crvll1p5lH ce65I! II (HCMHp5IH ce-
651!" - BOT MYAPOCTb npOIIHCHa5I, / VI3Be1!HbIH:, HeCKOITlJ.aefvlbIH npM-
neB, / KOTOpbIM C AeTCTBa np0)KY)K)KaJ\.M YWI1...", 57). OrpaHI11!eH-
HOCTb B03l\10)KHOCTeH, HO He CTpefvlAeHHH - BOT OCHOBa "CYHIJ;H-
l-\aAbHhIX" pa3MbIWAeHHH cDaYCTa BO Bpel\'I5I ero nepBorc 06w.eHI151 C
MecPHcTocpeAel\l. 011oro TaK AerKO npHHMfvlaeT cDaycT YCAyrH ,l\b51BO-
Aa, rOTOBoro Bce 31'11 OrpaHH:1!eHH5I CH5ITb.
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He, QTO OTKpbIBaeT nepeA HI1M cBo60AY AeH:CTBHH, CHHMa5I B 1'01\1 "YMC-
Ae 11 fvlOpal\.bHble OrpaHH1.JeHH5I CICMHp5lH ce651!") - 1.JTO, C OAIIOM CTO-
pOHbI, OCBo6o./KAaeT OT nyr YCTapeBIIlMX 11 HeHY)KHbIX YCAOBHOCTeM,
HO, C APyroH, l\10)KeT npl1BOAI1Tb 11 K HeraTHllHhIM nOCAeACTBM5IM (fpeT-
xeH, <DHAeMoH 11 EaBKHAa). Mecpl1CTocpeAl) Y feTe - ..A/\I1HHbIe PYKH"
cDaYCTa, KOTopble n03BOJUIIOT e IY uAOTHHYlbC5i" AO AI060H Me"lITbI, HO
IIPH 3ToM nopoH ycneBaloT 60AbHO 3aAeTb "APyroro". MecpI1CTo1>eAb
6YAopa)KI1T 11 "pa3Apa)KaeT" <DaycTa TaK)Ke CBOHM MpOHH"lIeCKH-Ha-
CMeIlIAMBbIM, CKeI1TM1!eCKM-qI1HHQHbIM, '.Hecephe3HbIM", ..HrpoBbIM"
OTHOrneHl1eM K 1!eAOBeQeCKoMY 6bITl1IO (B 1!eM BHAHTC5I 11 OTKJ\.OHeHHe
feTe KpaHHOCTeH II AI1 6epTHHa)J(a", CKenTHIJ;M3Ma BOAbHOAyrvIQeB BOAb-
TepOBCKoro TOAKa, a TaK:>Ke, 6bITb MO:>KeT, 11 HenpH5ITl1e pOI\laHTH1.JeC-
KOH I1pOHHH KaK crroco6a Ml1pOBOCnpl151TI151 - He CA aHHO y pOMaH-
Tl1KOB, pa3pa6aTbIBaBllIHX <PaYCTOBCKyro TeMY, TaK qaCTO aKIJ;eHT
AeAaAC5I HMeHHO Ha cpHrype MecpHCTocpeMI).
<DaYCT :>Ke, HarrpOTMB, npeAe.i\bHO cepbe3eH B CBoeM OTHOlIleHHl1 K
)KM3HI1. OH He HrpaeT, He 3KCIIepHMeHTHpyeT, He oT6bJBaeT 3eMHoe
ct>aYCln KQK CUMHOA npOCnellIUllU'/\I.,CKOU 3pLl: npeogO/\eHHOe npOK-\J.lmUe pa3YMY 51
HpeM5I, a )KI1BeT. CToAKHOneHI1:H: 3THX ABYX H3aI1MOCB513aHHbIX H KOH-
I'paCTHblx cpl1ryp He MorAO He nOpOAI1Tb CTOAh KpaCHOpeqHBOrO cpl1Ha-
I\d: npeKpaCHOAYlllHbIW, B OCHOBe CBoeH, <DaYCT-qeAOBeK oTAaeT Bce,
llTO OH HdKOTIHA 3a AOAryIO )K113Hh, B03BeAeHHIO rOpOAa CQaCTb5I, rAe
OYAeT JKHTb "HapOA CBo60AHbIH Ha 3eMAe cB06oAHOif" (Auf freiem
Grund mit freiem Volke stehn!). MecpHcTocpeAb )Ke, nOAb3Y5ICb CAerro-
TOM <DaYCTd (CHMBOAHQeCKa51 AOH-KHxoTcKa51 "cAerroTa" HAeaAHCTOB,
BLICOKoe 3a6AY>KAeHHe MetfTaTeAeH - 6AarOAap5I KOTOpbIlVI, oAHaKo, M
I Ie Tep5IeTC5I Be1.JHa5I HI1Tb qeAOBeqHOCTH, 11 B KOHn;e KOHll.OB COBeprna-
IOTCH BeAI1KHe OTKpbITH5I), 06MaHbIBaeT ero. He peBHocTHblX pa60THl1-
KOH, HO MOrHAbIII.WKOB-Ael\lypOB ("HapOA nOHYPbU1, / 113 JKHA, W CB51-
30K, 11 KocTeH...", 420) rrpl1fAarnaeT Ab5IBOA Ha MeCTO CTpOMKI1, 11 He 0
B03BeAeHI111 nAOTHHbI, HO 0 pbITbe MOrl1AhI <DaycTY I'OnOpMT CTYK AO-
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3a60ToH (B TpaKToBKe feTe - l\leTacpopa npH3eMAeHHOH, 6eCKphIA0I1
Hepelll.HTeAbHOCTI1, rrperr5lTCTBYIOIJJ;eM ocy ecTBAeHHIO AI060M: Meq-
Thl) reTeBCKOrO rep05I.
Ho pa3Be Mor MHaqe rrocryllHTh Ah51BOA? B TO"llKe npMAO)KeHH51
aJ\bTpY113Ma H A0A)KHbI 6bIAH pa30HTHch nyrH qepTa H qeAOBeKa -
npl1QeM 3H r ry311a3M H 6ecKopbICTHbIH HAeaAH3M nOCAeAHero CTaAH
cpaHTOMOM He caMM no ce6e, HO I1MeHHO H3-3a K03Hei1 MecpHcTocpeA51,
qHIll-f4Horo MH3aHTporra, rrpMHLJ;wfIHaAbHOrO npOTWBHI1Ka rrOAeTa qe-
J\oBeqeCKOH MbICAM 11 npoAYKTwBHoro AeHcTBH5I.
fl03TOMY neAyw;ei1 cpJ1IypOH B reTeBcKoH rrape <DaycT-MecpI1CTO-
cpeAh, 6e3ycAoBHO, C caMoro Hatfa.Aa H AD KOH a 5IBMleTC5I <DaYCT, a Be-
AOMOH - MecpHCTocpeAh. l1MeHHo reTenCKl1J1 <DaYCT (MOAeAb qeAOBe-
Ka) - HOCHTeAb 3HmeAexuu, TBOpqeCKOI1 CHAbI, "Ael\10HH3M" KOTOpOH
eCTb CKopee xapaKTepl1CTHKa ee MaClllTa6oB, B03rvl0)KHOCTe:H: ocyw;e-
CTBAeHI151, HeJKeAH I1CTO"lIIIMK B03HI1KHOBeHH5I. MecpHCTocpeAb He
TOAhKO "npe3MpaeT" "MOru;b QeAOBeKa - pa3)'M". OH B npl1HIJ;Hne npo-
THBHHK BC5IqeCKI1X l'npopbIBOB" H: "CTpel\tIAeHI1i1" - BcnOMHMM, C Ka-
KHM OrOpQeHHeM rOBOpl1T Ah5IBOA B TIpoAore Ha He6ecax 0 TOM, 1.11'0 ero
pOAHa5I H TbMa " KorAa-TO "BceM 6bIAa", a "CBeT" OTH5IA y Hee MeCTO, 1I0-
POAHB K TOMY )Ke qeAOBeKa, B030MHMBIIIero ce65I 1160)KKOM BCCAelI-
HOi1", HO OCTalOIl\erOC5I, no MHeHHIO MecpHCTocpeMl, "CKOTOM rr , He pe-
aMf3yrorn;Hl\1 3a.AO)KeHH0I1 B Hero "HCKpbI 60./Kbei1" (IICBeTa") H nOTOMY
A0.l\.)KHOrO npl1HaMe)KaTb "TbMe".
nOcnopMMTe! YBJ1AI1Te BOOllbID,
Y BdC 51 cYMac6poAa OTOOblO,
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Ho AaHTe MHe Ha 3TO nOJ\.HOMOllL5I (17).
TaK ronopHT MecpHcTocpeAb rOcrroAY, rrpl13Hana}I 3TI1l\1, Bo-nep-
BbIX, "HH3IIJee", l'nOAQHHeHHOe" no OTHOrneHl1lO K "cBeTY" nOAO)Ke-
52
TAQBQ II
liMe IITbMbI", uBTII1CbIBaIOrn;eMC51" B Kpyr EO)KCCTBeHHOI'O BAI151HI151,
a BO-BTOpLIX, OTO)KAeCTBA5I51 B He CAMlliKOM AaAeKOM npoeKQHI1 Ab51-
BOAbCKYIO Jl TbMy ", II He6bITHe" 11 'I )J(I1BOTHYlO" 6e3AYXOBHOCTh. (3AeCb,
KCTaTI1, YMeCTHbI 6bIAl1 6bI peIVII1HHc eHU;I1H C rrpOl\IeTeeBCKI1M l\ll1cpOM
B HeCKOAbKO HeO)l(HAaHHOl\1 paKypce: Mecpl1CTocpeAb KaK COBpeMeH-
HbIW 3eBC, 5l3bIl.JeCKI1H 60r, HeAOBoAbHbH'1 MeAKHM "KOTIOWeHHelVI" 1.J:e-
AOBe1.J:eCKI1X cy ecTB, C03AaHI1e KOTOphIX OH Upl13HaeT CBoeH OWH6-
KOM, pema51 POA AIOACKOH YHI1QTO)l(l1Th - H reTeBCKI1H rOCI10Ab C npo-
MeTeeBCKHM lVl11J\ocepAHeM K AlOAHM, BepOI1 B H11X 11 eAPocTblO AapoB
(oroHb - HCKpa EO)Kb51), nOCbIJ\aeMbIX l.JeAOBeKY AMI YAyquleHH51 ero
6bITM51 11 c06cTBeHHOH: Cyr11.)
IlocKOAbKY, KaK H3BecTHo, AJ\5I feTe I1Ae51 nporpecca, ABH)KeHH5I
BnepeA BcerAa 6hIAa Hepa3pbIBHO CB513aHa co B3aI1MOAeWCTBHel\1 'I no -
J\51pHOCTew", MecpI1CTocpeAb B IIcDaycTe" I1rpaeT TY pOAb "TeHYl", 6e3
KOTOpOH He 6bIAO 6bI "cneTa", pCAb He CTI1MYA5lTOpa AeHCTBI1H, HO 6y-
Aopa)l(arn;ero CKenCI1Ca, npoBoU;MpYlo ero Ha AOKa3aTeAbcTBa, HeBe-
pH51, KOTopoe - "01' I1pOTHBHoro" - n06YJKAaeT K Bepe, TOH CMAbI T51-
rl1 "BHI13", KOTOpa51, no 3aKoHY I1pOTI1BOAei1cTBH51, 3aCTaBA5IeT cTpe-
M11TbC51 BBepx.
reTeBCKI1H <DaycT 11 Mecp11cTocpeAb - 06pa3hI, B COOTBeTCTBHI1
C rrpocBeTHTeAhCKOM 3CTeTI1KOH, uAByxypoBHeBhle" ("peaAhHble" TH-
TIbl 11 repol1 rrpI1TQI1) H B3aI1MOAonOAH51eMble, B Qel\1 BI1AI1TC51 BAM5:lHMe
KaK cpeAHeBeKoBoM Ha3HAaTeAbHoH aAAerOpHH, TaK 11 IIKapHaBaAb-
Horo" peaAYl3l\la B03pO;KAeHI151, coeAHH5IlOrn;ero " Bepx lr 11 "HH3" Ii co-
3AalOrn;ero Ka1.J:eCTBeHHO BOBoe u.eAoe 113 ABYX KOIITpaCTHbIX cpl1ryp
(AOH KHXOT 11 CaHQO DaHca CepBaHTeca - caMble 5lpKI1e TOl\lY I1P11-
MepbI) .
B TO )Ke Bpel\I51 npeACTaBA5IeTC51 Ba>KHbIM 38l\1eTI1TL, 1.J:TO feTe, KaK
6bI nOABOA5I I1Tor J/TeOAOrl1tIeCKOH" 3noxe H OTKpbIBa51 3noxy npOCBe-
THTeAbCKyro, AOMaeT cpeAHeBeKOBO-B03pO)KAeHQeCKHe apXeTI1I1bI (11
CTepeOTHnbI) <DaYCTa 11 MecpMCTocpeA5I. cDaYCT CTaHOBI1TC51 CI1MBOAOM
HeYAep)KHMOrO 1.J:eAOBel.JeCKOrO CTpeMAeHI17I K cB060Ae Cal\IOBblpa)Ke-
HI151 H npe06pa)KeHI151 MHpa, C11MBOAOM C03HAaTeAbHOH CHAbI pa3Yl'vla
(AYlllH), HenpephIBHO MeH51IO I1X MHP; 'JTBOp511IJ;I1X" ero, nOA06HO CBO-
eMY EO)KeCTBeHHOMY npo06pa3Y - TBOPQY BceAeHHOM. Ero )Ke cnYT-
HMK MecpHCTocpeAb - CHl\IBOA HeBepM51 B caM cpaKT, 6AaI'OpOACTBO 11
Cl\1bICA 3Toro CTpel\lAeHI151, 061>eKTHBHO, Telvi He l\leHee, IJnOAorpeBaIO-
I.IJ.I1M", CTHIvIYJ\J1PYlOll1.11H 11 nOMOraIOrn;I1H 3TOMY CTpeMAeHl1lO ocy e-
CmBA5lmbCR (JJl.{acTb CI1AbI TOM, 1.J:TO 6e3 1.J:I1CAa / TBOpHT A06po, BceMY
)KeAa51 3Aa"), XOTH 11 MellIaIO 11H eMY BnOAHe ocyw,ecmBumbcR (B TOM
1.J:I1CAe - H no npl1"t!HHe Toro JJ 3Aa", KOTopoe np111.J:HHHeT AeHCTBOBa-
TeAb r Hapynra5I rapMOHHIO 06 ero 6AarOAeHCTBI151, 11 OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb
3a KOTopoe AO)KI1TC51 Ha IIOCAaHu;a AAa).
11 rocnOAb 6J\arOCAOBA5IeT npOTHBOpel.JI1BhIH COI03 31'011 rrapbI, BbI-
ceKaIOrn;eH I1CKPY ABI1>KeHI151 (6e3 rapaHTI1H AOCTI1>KeHH51 eAI1) KaK
</)aycm KaK CUlvlBOA npOCBen1UIlZeAI)CKOU 3pbl: npeogO/leHHOe npOKJUllllUe pa3Yl\lY 53
( \OBl1e pa3BMTI151 11 6ecKoHc4Horo cOBeprneHcTBOBaHI151 qeAOBeqeC-
I (11'0 6bITM5I, npMHl1Ma5! Ab5lBOAa B Kal.!eCTBe eCTecTBeHHoH 11 Aa)Ke He-
I II )XOAHMOM: cocTaBHoH :MMp03AaHH5I.
B CB5!311 C 3Tl1l\I, eCAM npMH5ITb KY ALTypcpl1AOCOcpCKYlO KOHIJ;enIJ;MlO
) I)} lCTa Kaccl1pepa, cor AaCHO KOTOpOH U CHl\IBOAJtP-leCKa5I cpYHK I15.l" -
'I 'y HKIJ;H5I C03AaHI151 CI1l\lBOAOB 5IBA5IeTC5I CPYHAa:MeHTaJ\.bHoH Al\5I Hame-
I () C03HaHI15I 4 , H60, TBOp5I Y1:X (T.e. co06lQa51 BHyrpeHHee "I1AeaAbHoe"
( ()/\ep)KaHHe BHeIllHeMY MaTepl1aAbHOl\lY cy6cTpa'ry) I r lbI COeAI1H5Iel\1
I )d3BeAeHHbIe KaHTOl\1 ccpepbl TeOpeTI1tJeCKoro 11 npaKTI1t.JeCKoro pa-
:YMa 11 rrOAynIaeM TY u;eAOCTHYlO l1HBapMaHTHYIO CTPYKTYPY (CHl\IBOA),
! ) IA KOTOpbIX 11 BbIQepQ11BaeT lVlarl1CTpaAbHYlO AHHHIO HCTOpl1t.JeCKoro
I )d3BI1TH5I, 51BA5IIO YIOC5! Hl1qeM MHLIM, KaK rrpou;eCCOl\1 "caMOOCBO-
()O>KAeHHH qeAOBeKa" - TO MbI npHAeM K BbIBOAY, '-ITO CBoeM AI1Hal\ll1-
'I ( CKOH rrapOH ct>aYCT- MecpI1CTocpeAb feTe C03AaA rrOAH03I1aQHble CHl\I-
I ;UAbI npOCBeTI1TeAbCKoH 3pbI.
C03AaBa5.l CJ1HTe3 rrpeACTaBAeHHH 0 CTeneHJ1 'JcaMOOCB060)KAe-
111151" QeAOBeKa 3TOM 3pbI (KOTOPYIO MbI onpeAeA5leM KaK HAY l1H OT
\VIII AO XX B. nepHoA AOMHHI1PYIOrn;eH BepLI B B03lVI0)KHOCTb QeAOBe-
I\.d C nOMOlQblO 3aKOHolVlepHbIx cpYHK I1M CBoero pa3YMa M c06cTBeI-I-
110M BOAH rrpe06pa3HTb l\IMp - paBHo KaK 11 rrOITbITOK BOITAOTYfTh B
/KI13Hb 3TY ll03l\10)KHOCTb; KaK nepHoA y6e:IKAeHH5i n TOl\I, LITO Ilxaocy"
l( eAOBeQeCKOrO 6bITY15I MO)KeT 11 AOj\)l(eH npeAliIeCTBOBaTb ero U nAaH"),
11iVleHHO reTeBCKMe crryrHI1KI1-aHTarOHI1CTbI <DaYCT 11 MecpHCTocpeAb
IIClAO)KHAH CBOlO HeOTIOp:>KHMYIO neqaTb Ha AaAbHel1WYlo TpaHCcpop-
\lal 1110 3THX TpaAI1IJ;MOHHbIX 06pa30n - MI1cpOAore 1 B MHpOBOH AI1Te-
paType.
TaK npOHCXOAI1T 11 B pOl'vIaHT11l.JeCKHX MOAl1cpJ1KaU;H5!X cpaYCTOB-
CKoro CIO:>KeTa nepBOM nOJ\.OBl1HbI XIX B., rAe B aTMoccpepe "Ml1pOBOM
CKop611" MorYI.IJ.eCTBO CaTaHbI, nOAqJ1H5IlOrn;erO ce6e c06Aa3HOM 30AO-
Ta 11 TIAOTCKHX HaCAa;KAeHHM: rpeXOBHoro qeAOBeKa, npeACTaeT - B
\IpaQHOH MI1CTI1QeCKOH cpaHTa3HHHOCTI1 MA11 CaTHpll'-IeCK11-06Al1l.IYf-
TeAbHOM 6YPAeCKe, 60Aee OlQyrl1MhIM B 3eMHOH )KM31111, Qe 1 BAdCTl,
60ra C ' 3AMKC11p Ab5.lBOAa", 1818-1822, 3.T.A. rOcpMaHa; "Me lYdp]'1
CaTaHbI", 1825 - 1826, BI1AbreAbMa raycpa), a 06pa3 cpaycToBCKOI'O 1'0-
PO}! Jl CHH :>KaeTC5!rI, onpOIII;aeTC5.l, AHlllaeTC5.l THTaHY'3Ma B CHAY 3r'011CTH-
lIeCKOH rrp11MI1Tl1BHOCTH HaMeqel-IHOH 11M I eAH (60raTCTBO 11 BAaCTb n
IlAAcKOM >KMTeAe" (1810) <Dpl1AP11Xa Ae Aa MOTI <DYKe, "He06bIQaH-
1I0M MCTOpMH TIeTepa WAelVl11MI" (1813) AAeAb6epTa WalVII1CCO; :>Ka:>K-
/\a 06AaAaHH5I npeKpacHoM :>KeHlL\MHOH - B A116peTIo 6aAeTa "<DaycT"
(1847) feHpI1xa reMHe.
TaK rrpoMcxoAHT 11 B KOHu;e XIX B., KorAa rrOCAe rrep110Aa BpeMeH-
lIoro cpaYCTOBCKoro II aHa61103a" B AMTcparype cepeAMHbI CTOAeTI15.l -
II aHTMcpaYCTOBCKoro" nepl10Aa rplOHAepCTBa, 6YP)Kya3Horo HaKonM-
TeAbCTBa, rOCTIOACTBa Biedermeier KaK CMCTeMbI eHHocTei1 11 CTHMI
>KM3HJ1 - HacrynaeT nepI10A OCTporo pa30QapOnaHl151 B "6IOprep-
54
fAQBQ II
CKOM" 3rrOXe, H paHHenpOCBeTHTeAbCKHH MOTHB Bceo6l.Qero eCTeCT-
BeHHOro paBeHCTBa AIOAei1: (Ii B CB5I3H C HHM TpaKTOBKa <DaYCTa KaK
MOAeAIi qeAOBeKa Boo6Il e) CMeH5IeTC51 OT4:a51HHbIM MOTHBOM HeHaBHC-
TH K 06bIBaTeAbCK0I1 r HHBeAMpOBaHHOI1, ")I(I1BOTHOM rr MaCCe, rrpOTHBO-
CT05Il.QeH BbIAalO eHC}I AHl.JHOCTH r " XYA0)l(H 11 KY " . Ho Y)Ke He TBOPU;Y
rrpOM3BeAeHHH HCKYCCTBa, KaK 3TO 6bIAO B HaqaAe XIX BeKa, B rOAbl
rrepBbIx pOMaHTI11.IeCKMX npoTecToB npoTHB cpl1AHCTepCTBa H IIOlllAOC-
TH o6bIAeHHoro, KOHcpOpMHcTcKoro, "3acToHHoro" cy ecTBOBaHH5f -
HO "TBOP Y )KH3HH". KOTOpbB'1 BbIHYJKAeH npeoAoAeBaTb HHepTHocTh
MHorHX, l.JTo6bl oCYl.QeCTBJUITb CBoe "CTpeMAeHHe" I CTaHOB51rn;eeCH B
AaHHOM KOHTeKCTe " BoAe i1: K BAaCTH", OTKa3aTbC51 OT paccAa6JUllo eH
11 CAep)KMBalOIJJ;eH ero TBOp"lleCKYIO 3HeprHIO xpHCTHaHCKOM MOpaJlli
COCTPaAaTeAbHOCTH, coyqacTH5I, OT XHMepbI lIo6 ero 6Aara" - M KO-
TOpbI:H rrOArOTOBHA rr01fBY M5f. n05IBAeHH5I B xYA0)KeCTBeHHOM C03Ha-
HI1M XX B. 06pa3a <DaYCTa-CnepXl.JeAOBeKa HHU;llIeaHCKoro THna.
B OCHOBe 3THX TpaHc<popMa HH: (HCTOKH KOTOpblX MO)l(HO HaMTH
YJKe B HeoAH03Hal.JHOCTH xapaKTepOB H cHTya HM reTeBCKOM Tpare-
AHH) Ae)KHT, rrYCTb Aa)Ke B nAaHe OTIaAKHBaHM51 OT Hero, npOCBeTH-
TeAbCKMH npl1H Hn 113MeH5IeMOCTI1 MHpa H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH qeAO-
BeKa 3a CBoe )K113HeCTpoeHMe, KaqeCTBO KOToporo 3aBHCHT OT cAeAo-
BdHH51 AH60 "BbICOKHM" no6Y)l(AeHH5IM pa3YMa C'Ayxa"), AH60 "HH3-
MeHHOMY" 30BY II)KHBOTHOro" Ha1.IaAd. XX BeK, 06HaPY)KHBa}l HOBbIe
rpaHH cpaYCTOBCKoro CTpeMAeHH5I H AOBOM! AO KpaHHeM TOqKH pa3-
BHTH5I ero nocAeACTBH5I, npeMO)l(HA lllHpOKHH cneKTp AllTeparyp-
HbIX MOAHcpHKa HH CMMBOAH1.IeCKOH reTeBcKoH napbI u<DaycT 11 Me-
cpMcTocpeAb rr , nbITalO HXC5I AaTb OTBeT Ha MHorMe BonpocbI 11 COMHe-
HI1}l eBponencKoH IJ;I1BMAI13aU;HH, B TOM qHCAe - aKT)'aAbHbIe M51 CO-
BpeMeHHocTH BorrpocbI 0 6AaroAeTeAbHocTH eCTecTBeHHoHayqHoro
nOHCKa 11 npeo6pa30BaTeAbHoH Ae5ITeAbHOcTH l.JeAOBeKa, I1epapXHH
qeAOBeqeCKHX u.eHHocTeH H CB5I3YIOIJJ;erO HaqaAa MHpoBoro qeAOBe-
1feCKOro coo6ru;ecTBa.
TAQBQ III
CDAYCTOBCK:vIM rEPOM
:vI 3AKAT IlPOCBETl1TEAbCKOM 3PbI
9 1. METAHUfl 11 nOMCK Jln03AHEEYPJKYA3HOrO" (/JAy-C'TA
HA 3AnAAE 11 B POCCl1U
B TpareAHM feTe " <DaYCT" , "60rarylO, neCTpylO H B BhICllleii CTCneI-IH
pa3Ho06pa3HYIO )l(113Hb" KOTOpOM caM aBTOp C4HTaA lIeB03MO)J(HLITvt "Ha-
HI13aTb Ha TOHKI1H IlIHypOK OAHOM-eAHHCTBeHHoH AMI Bcero npOH3BeAe-
HH5I HAeH" 1, MO)l(HO HaMTJ1 Ca!\1ble pa3Ho06pa3Hble KOHcpAHKTbI: l\1eJKAY
6e3rpaHHQHOCTblO CTpervIAeHHH - H KOHeqHOCTblO 1.JeAOBeQeCKOH )KH3-
I-Hi, >Ka>KAOH HCqepnbIBalOrn;ero 3HaHI151 - H HeB03MO>KlIOCTbIO AOCTI1Qb
a6COAIOTHOH HCTHHbI, )KeAaHHeM HaCJ\(lAHTbC51 nOJ\HOTOH 6hITH5I - J1 60-
J\e3HeHHOCTbIO CTOAKHOBeHH5I npH 3TOIVI C "APyrHl\I" HAll "APyrH1\1H rr ;
KOHcpAHKTbI Me>KAY CTpeMAe HeM IIOCTHQb l'vlHp Qepe3 :)CTeTHy:eCKOe,
BHeBpel\1eHHOe nepe>KHBaHHe - 11 3cpeMepHOCThIO 3TOrO CTpeI\IAeHI15I,
Ie/KAY pa3YMOM 11 QYBCTBOM, )Ka)K,AOH Ae5iTeAbHOrO npe06pa30BaHYUI H
COrrpOTHRAeHHervl "YCTOHQHBOCTH" 6bITI151. KOncpJ\l1KTbI OHTOJ\OrH lJec-
KYle, 3K3HCTeHlJ;Ha.J\.bHble, CO llaAbHbIe, rHoceOJ\or:WQeCKI1e...
Ho eCAM rrpl13HaTh, qTO KYAbTYPa HOBoro BpervleHM, BocnpHH5IB-
IIla5I cpaycToBcKMH apxeTHII KaK cpHrypy IIaccHoHapHYlo, 6YHTYlOll YIOf
Ae5ITeAbH)'JO H "HOHKOHcpOpMHCTCKyro", pa3BHBaAach IlOA 3HaKOM lJO-
HCKOB cBo6oAhI caMoocyru;ecTBAeHM5I AMqHOCTH B ee CB5I3M C OKPY)Ko-
IOIIJ;MM COJJ;HaAbHbIM M rrpMpOAHhIM MHpOl'vI, B IIPH5ITHH HAM OTKAOIIP-
HMH efO 3aKOHOB B3aMMHoro coc eCTBOBaHH5I - TO MhI npH3Hae I,
QTO cym;ecTBeHHa51 AlUI cpaYCTOBCKoro 1.JeAOBeKa npo6AeMa BhI60pa
Me y Ao6pOM H 3AOM nepepaCTaeT H3 npo6AeMbI OHTOAOrHQeCKOH
B npo6AeMY COJJ;HaAbHOH (HeH36e)KHO - npM caMOM KaMepHOM 6bITO-
BaHRH rep051) 3THKM, HpaBCTBeHHoro nOBeAeHH5I, qTO npOHCXOAYlT He
TOAhKO B 06AaCTH AOfMqeCKOrO MhIlIv\.eHH51 - cpl1AOCOcpCKHX, J\J1Tepa-
TYpOBeAqeCKHX, COJJ;MOAOfHqeCKHX TPYAax, TaK HAR HI-Iaqe OCMbICA5IlO-
IIJ;HX cpeHOMeH C1>aYCTa, HO M B o6pa3Holl, AHTepaTYPHO-XYA0)KeCTBCH-
HOM ccpepe.
TOAbKO B nepBOH nOAoBHHe XX B., C 1990 no 1945 f., B MHpOBOH
AHTepaTYPe rr05IBHAOCb 60Aee 60 npoH3BeAeHHH Ha "cpaycToBcKYlO"
TeMY, B TOM HAM MHOH Mepe HeCYlqHx OTneqaTOK reTeBCKoro TBope-
56
rAQBQ III
HH51. nOCAe BTOpOH MI1pOBOM BOHHhI xYA0)l(eCTBCIlHa5I J\.I1TepaTypa ne-
pe)KHBaeT, Ha BOARe 060CTpeHHOrO HHTepeCa K IYH:l)y, HOBOH IIcpayc-
TOBCKHrl peHeCCaHC". AeC5ITKH ApaM, nOBeCTeH, paCCKa30B, n03l\I, ca-
THP, 3CCe, I\IHCTepHH H T.A. HaJ1HCaHhI B XX CTOAeTHH Ha Tei\1Y "CDayc-
Ta" H cpeAH o6parQaJ3IIJHXC5I K HeM - M. 6YAraKOB, n. BaAcpl1,
T. MaHH 2 . Oco6eHHbIlf MHTepec B KOHTeKCTe AaHHoro HccJ\eAoBaHI15I
npeAcTaBMIloT Te np0I13I3eAeHH5I, KOTopble He rrpOCTO BapLl1pYIOT, HO
npHIIql1IlI1aJ\.LHO nO-IIOBOMY pa3pa6aThIBalDT cpaYCTOBCKYIO Tel\1Y,
rr03BOAH51 npOCAeAI1Th OCHOBHLle 3TanbI 3BOJ\fOI HI1 I'J\.allHI)IX rcpoe13
3Ha!'vleHI1TOH TpareAI1I1 B AJ1TepaType XX B.
V1.3BecTHO, qTO llOI1CK Hl\IeHHO reTeBCKoro CDaYCTa - Y>Ke HC
rpCII1HHKa, He qeCTOAIOOI\a 11 reAOHHCTa HapoAHoI1 KHl1fH 11 TpareAI1H
KpI1CTocpepa MapAO, - HeceT B ce6e "lIepThI Aep3HOBeHHOCTH paCI\Be-
TaIOll\CW MO H 6YP)J(ya3HoH 3IIOXH: H peHeccaHCHYlO CTpaCTb K )KH3-
HI1, H p06HH30HOBCKoe npeAnpHI1MQHBO-AeAOBoe rrpOTHBOCT05IHI1C
POKY, 11 rrpOCBeTI1TeJ\bCKYIO Bepy B CMJ\.Y pa3YMa H AeHCTBI15I BbTAaIO-
I.u;eHC5I A114.HOCTH.
OAHaKO BhIpa>KeHHhle B "<DaYCTe" HAeH paCKpenOrn;eHH5I HHAH-
BHAYYMa r l1HTaBlllHe B XIX B. CO HaJ\.bHhle HaAe bI AH6epaJ\.hHo-Ae-
MOKpaTY!"LJeCKHX H paAHKaJ\.bHblx )'1\10B, Y)Ke Ha py6eJKe BeKOB, oco-
6eHHO C KOHIJ;a nepBofo ACC5ITMJ\.eTI151 XX E., npeTepnenalOT H3BCCT-
HYlO TpaHccpopMaql1lO. He 6e3 BJU15IHH}l HI1U;llleaHCKO-IJIneHrJ\.epoB-
CKOH "cpJ1J\.OCOcpI1I1 )KH3HH" 11 KYAbTa 6HOAOrH3l\1a Ha 3anaAe YfBep)l(-
AaeTC51 HOBa51 KOHu.enu.H5I "cpaycToBcKoro qeJ\.oBeKa" KaK I/CBepX1.JeJ\.o-
BeKa", pacoBo rroAHou.eHHoro eBponeHAa, HMeHHO B CHJ\.Y 3Toro HMe-
lOlJ erO npaBo Ha HcOrpaHHqeHHOe H HHAHBI1AYaAHCTI1qeCKOe caMO-
oc ecTBAeHMe.
B 3TOH BepcHM r HeCMOTp51 Ha npOKAaI\1l1pyeMyK> ee C03AaTeMIf\.1H
I1HryHTHBHYlO "HenpeAHal\'lepeHHocTb" J1 BHeBpef'.leHHOCTh, OTtJeTAI1Ba
I1MeHHO KOHKpeTHa51 CO.J.HaAhHO-HCTOpI1QeCKa5I nOAOfIAeKa. B I-Ial.faAC
XX B. rrOAqHH5IeMOCTh 3anaAHoro !\ll1pa 3aKOHaM pa3Yl'vIa Y)Ke 6blAa
CI1J\.hHO cKO 1npOl\tleTl1pOBaHa, a cTpeMHII1;J1HC5I K .. a6coJ\.IoTHo:i1" cBo6o-
Ae H He CTeCH5Ie1\1bIl1 TPBAHIJ;HOHHhIMI1 MOpaAbHhI!\lH OrpaHH'-IeHH51MH
nOHCK "caMOAOCTaTOqHOM" AHqHOCTH 06HapY)KHJ\. onaCHYlO TeHAeHQHlO
K nOAaBJ\.eHIillO OKPY>KalOrn;I1X. 11 ('CAI1 reTeBCKHH <DaYCT - ChIH OTHOCH-
TeJ\.bHO "3AOPOBOH" 3ITOXW - HMeA, nOMI1MO AOKaAhHO-H:CTOpHQeCKOrO,
IiI 06'beKTI1BHOe, 06 eqeJ\.OBeQeCKOe 3HaQeHHe, TO <DaYCT "rr03AHe6yp-
)Kya3Horo" Mllpa - AeTHrn;e KpH3HCHoro, "60AhHoro" nepnOAa - yrpa-
TI1J\. CBOlO pOJ\.h YHHBepCdJ\.bHOfO CHMBOJ\.a H BhICryilHA KaK Bhlpa3HTeAh
YMOHaCTpoeHMM onpeAeAeHHoro BpeMeHH H KAacca.
3AeCh rrpeACTaBMIeTC5I oco6eHHO TIAOAOTBOpHhIM 06paTHTbC5I K
peu;enu.HH CDaYCTa - 3Toro BeQHOrO IIHKapo, HCKaTCMI H enfant terri-
ble MHpOBOH KYAbryphI, - B COBpel\leHHOH POCCI1H, cTpaHe, Ha npOT5I-
)KeHHH IIOqTIiI Bcero CTOJ\.eTM5I HaXOA51rn;eMC5I B nepHoAe nOMCKa, 6po-
)KeHH5I, 3KcnepHMeHTa ("POCCHH Ha KOAecax", ITO cpOPMYJ\.H:pOBKe
C1>aycmoBcKUU repuu II 3QKam npOCBemume/\bCKOll :Jpl)l
57
\ 1. fophKoro B IlKAY[Me CaMrIiHe"), Ii nOTOMY 5IBI1Billei1, B03l\10)KHO,
,,- v ..
lIal100Aee :rvIHorO BeTHbIM cneKTp BOCrrpIi5lTIi5I reTeBCKoro rep05I, KaK
II ero C03AaTeJ\..H, B AHTeparype Harnero BeKa.
003ClAH OCTaAIiCh crropbI 0 feTe B POCCHl1 py6e)Ka BCKOE: HeOAHO-
lIaqHOe OTHOrneHl1e K HeMY AbBa TOAcToro, Ha3hIBaBwero BeAl1Koro
IleMIJ;a "AO.IKHbIM KYMHPOM"; yrBep)KAeHl1e II HaAlleAOBeYHOCTIi" , caMO-
oxpaHHTeAhHOrO 3rOH3Ma If 6eCQYBCTBM5I IIHeqeCTHBu;a" feTe, KaKO-
B bIlVI aTTeCTOBaA ero B TpaKTaTe II feTe Ii xpMCTHaHCTBO II (1916) CB5I eH-
IIYlK o. CepreH COAoBheB3 - BnA01'h AO YCTaHOBAeHH5f, 1..2 6e3 BAl1HHl1}1
I LOAH1'HqeCKOH KOH'bIOHKTypbI B nepHOA OepBOH Ml1pOBOlr BOHHhl, 3I-Ia-
I\.d paBeHCTBa !\1e>.KAY feTe, EHCYlapKOlVl H KaH3epOl\1 BHAhI'eAhIVIOl\I 8TO-
phIM, KaK 31'0 AeAaA llepHOCOTeHHbIM. >KypHdAl1C1' M.O. MeHhlllI1KOlf 4 .
no cyrM, B 3TO!vI )l(e PYCAe cpOpMl1pOBaAC5i B cpeAe PYCCKOI1: J\l1oe-
paAhHOH MHTeJ\AMreHlJ;HI1, nepe)l(l1HdlOw.eM, C yy.eTOl\'1 06Il1.eeBpOlleii-
CKoro HaCTpOeHM5I fin de siecle, nepl10A 06ocTpeHHoro I1I-I'repeca K aH-
TI1-3TI1Ke M aHTM-MOPaAM HIiIJ;llle, o6pa3 feTe-IIHIJ.rneaHIJ;a, 6e3)KaAO-
CTHoro CBepXl.JeAOBeKa, "1136paHHHKa 3el\L\I1", no BhIpa>KeHHIO KOH-
CTaHTI1Ha EaAhMOHTa, - TO 3a 31Y IICBepX1.JeAOBeY:HOCTh" npeB03HOCI1-
:\10ro, TO 3a Bee npOKAI1HaeMoro.
CBoe06pa3HOM COlJ;l1aA-AeMOKpal'H1..£eCKOH l\10AHcpI1KaIJ;HeM fAaB-
1I0ro repo TaKoro j'eTe - <Daycra-Cl'pOI1TeJ\5!, <DaYCTa-aKTMI3MCTa,
OT rOll{eHHOrO KOMnAeKCOM I' BO 113Ma" 11 npH6eralOIIJ;erO K YCA yral\l
MecpMCTO-)KaHAapMa, - nOKa3a.A B CBoeM ApaMe "cDaycT 11 ropOA rr Ay-
IIal.JapCKI1H 5 , OAHI1M 113 MHorIiX Aep3HYBllII1H npOAOA)I(11Tb reTeBCKYlO
1'pareAM!O, M KaK pa3 C Toro MeCTa, Ha KOTOpOM OCTaI-IOBI1AaCb 3eI\1I-Ia51
cy Ah6a <t>aYCTa.
MAClAOC11MBOAI1CTbI (B l.JeCAaB HBaIIOB, AHApeH EeAhIl1, J\.A. 3A-
Allc-K06bIJ\.HHCKI1H, cpHAOCOcp 3.K. MeTHep Hero 6paT, KOl\11l03HTOp
H.K. MeTHep, 6J\.H3KaSi K HMM IOHa Mapl13TTa WarHHMH) OTKpbIBaIOT
13 feTe "BeAH"4aHlIJerO n03Ta-MHCT11Ka HaJl1eH 3IIOXM". OpMMepHO B
TOM )Ke KAI01.Je 06parn;aIOTC5I K cpaYCTOBCKo i TeMe BaAepMH EpIOCOB -
0AHH 113 nepeBOAtII1KOB TpareAHM feTe 11 aBTOp Ha6poCKOB COl>CTBPII-
HOM ApaMbI 0 <!>aYCTe, paHHHI1 EOpHC flaCTepHaK, C03AaTeAh "<Daycl'o-
sa MKAa", B KOTOpOM Ha nepBbIl'1 nAaH BbIcrynaeT liB "lJYAKax KilK
KpOBb, npH nape 6aHTOB" HB,AMeHHbIH M 3ardAOt.IHhII"'I CKerrTl1K-Eppa-
IJ;MOHaAHCT MecpHCTocpeAb 6 , HBMBllIHMC5I KaK OAMu;eTBOpeHl1e BHe3aII-
HaM 6ypl1, 6YAopa>Kall\eH KOMHaTHhIH Me aHCKMH )'JOT (BIIOAHe reTeB-
CKoe npOl.JTeHHe 06pa3a), KaK OAHO H3 npeABeCTMH 6YAYlll,eH B3aHIvr-
HOM TpaBeCTHI1 COCTaBHbIX B3aHMoAOnOAH5I1O eH apXeTI1IJHQIIOH: na-
phI "l.JeAOBeK-Ab BOAtr, KaK 3li3K npHcyrcTBM B 3AelIJHervl MHpe " TeM -
Horo", He n03HaBaeMoro AO KOH a C rroMo hIO pa3Yl\la Hat.IaAa (0 KOTO-
pOM He pa3 rOBapMBaA M feTe, B TOl\l l.JMCAe - B pOMaHe "fOAbl yqeHI1
BHAbreAbMa MeMcTepa")7,
TaK KaKoH )Ke rryrh OKa)KeTC Cal\lbIl\1 rrpOAYKTI1BHhIM M5I HOB oro
<DaYCTa?
58
fAQnQ III
9 2. CUMBOAMCTCKAJI IIBEPTJ1KAAb"
<PAYCTOBCKOrO TEPOJ/
B HaqaJ\e XX BeKa PClAHKaAbHble MbICAHTeMi H KYAbrypoAOrl1-Ma-
TepHaAMCThI BO rAaBe C r.B. nAexaHoBbIM, yrBep:>KAa5I npl1MaT npaKTI1-
KM HM TeOpl1ei1 (IICAOBOM"), rrpOqHTbIBalOT B 'l<DaYCTe" feTe peBoAIO-
l.\HOHHble npl13bIBhI (<<B H a q a A e 6 bI A 0 A e A 0, rOB 0 p 11 T
<D a Y C T. C TOqKI1 3peHH5I peB0J\10IJ;HOHHOro A e A a, a He peBOl\lO l1-
OHHOM cp P a 3 bI, A0A)KHbI MbI Ou;eHI1BaTh Bce CBOM AMTeparypHble H
BC5IKHe APyrwe "BblcrynAeHI15I"» 1).
EYAyr.u;I1M nepBbIH COBeTCKI1M HapKOM npocBeru;eHI15I A.B. J\YHa-
qapCKHM H eT B <DaycTe - rAaBHOM repoe feTe - qeAOBeKa BOllli 1I0
IIpeMMYI.IJ;eCTBY, IIpo06pa3 I1CKOMoro II06eAMTeAbHoro I/)KM3HeCTpo-
I1TeAH", CTpeM5IIl\erOC5I K nOAHOMY 3eMHOMY caMOYAOBAeTBopeHHIO
KaK eAI1HCTBeHHO AOCTOHHOt'I cpOpMbI IIpOTHBOCT05lHI151 )l(eC1'OKOM
6eCCMbICAeHHOCTI1 cy Ab6bI (CTaTbH "PYCCKMM <DaycT", 1902; U DepeA
AHIJ;OM pOKa", 1903). COeAI1H5I5I KYAbT BOAM C anOAOrl1eH 3HaHI15I -
3Toro CneIJ;I1cpl1"lleCKOl'O 3HaKa eBponeHcKoro HeoIIpOCBeTI:1TeAbCTBa
naqaAa XX B., B aHaAOrl11.JHOl\1 KAIOqe npOqHTbIBaeT feTe M BaAepl1M
EpIOCOB - aBl'Op He 1'OAbKO 113BeCTHoro nepeBOAa reTeBCKOH Tpare-
AI1I1, HO H Ha6poCKOB (nAaHa) c06CTBeHHOM Apal\lbI "<DaYCT B MOCK-
Be" 11 CTMAI130BaHHOM HCTOpMl.JeCKOH rrOBeCTI1 "OrHeHHbB1: aHreA"
(1907 - 1908), fAe BOM K npoHHKHoBeHMIO B TaHHbI npI1pOAbI ABYX
cPaYCTOBCKHX repoeB - peaAbHo >KI1BllIerO B HaqaAe XVI CTOAeTI151
Arpl1nnbI He11'eCreMl\ICKOrO M AereHAapBoro AOKTopa cDaycra pac-
Cl\laTpI1Bae1'C5I KaK HaH60Aee nAoAoTBOpHa5I H MO Ha5I )K113HeHHa5I
CHAa, 3aAOr MCTI1HHoro "B03paCTdHH5I" AMqHOCTI1, no cpaBHeHHIO C
KOTOpOM qYAeca "cpOKycHH.Ka" MecpI1CTocpeA5I, nOpa)l(aIO:rn;ero 01'-
AeAbHblMI1 rrp05lBAeHI15IMH BAaCTM BaA AIOAbMI1, HO He fIbITafO:rn;erOC5I
rrOCTHQb MMp B ero u;eAOCTHOCTM 11 Marl1CTpaAbHOM ABI1)KeHI1H, )K(lA-
KM M HeAOCTOHHbI BHI1MaHI151.
BbIXOASI ee 3a paMKH IIJ\.OCKo-npOCBeTMTeJ\.bCKOM "rOpI130HTaAH"2
CTpeMAeHl1e OXBaTHTh MHp BO BceR ero IJ;eAOCTHOCTM, 6e3 AeAeHM5I Ha
"BHelllHee" 11 "BHyrpeHHee", AocryrrHoe pa3YMY M HenOCTHraeMoe
(CTpel\IAeHMe, no cyrl1, pOACTBeHHoe feTe - OT"lJerO CMMBOAI1CTbI, K
neCTpOMY OTP5IAY KOTOpbIX IIpHHaAAe)KaA 11 EpIOCOB, Ha3bIBaAH rep-
MaHCKoro AI1TepaTypHoro naTpl1apXa "AaAbHI1M OTIJ;OM Haillero CI1l\1BO-
J\113Ma"3) - AeMTMOTHBHa51 xapaKTepl1CTI1Ka 060MX cpaYCTOBCKMX re-
poeD EpIOCOBa. OTIOI'O I1X 3aH5ITI15I MarMeR paCu;eHI1BaIOTC5I KaK 3aKO-
HOI\lepHbU1: IIOMCK pa3YMa, a 06pa:rn;eHMe K IIHeQI1CTOM" CHAe - KaK
B3bICKYIOll a5I M HeHaChITHa5I rroTpe6HOCTb npMMeHI1TL Bce M He npeHe-
6peqb Hl1qeM Af\JI YAOBAeTBOpeHI15I BhICOKOM, nOI1CTHHe 60>KeCTBeH-
HOM CrpaCTI1 II03HaHH5I. Ab5IBOA Y TaKoro cpaYCTOBCKoro rep05I - He
napTHep, a cAyra, eABa AI1 He rnyr 11 MaAbqllK Ha n06erYWKax.
CPaycmoBcKUU repoll U 3QKam npOCBemUmeAbCKOrl 3p.b1
59
TaK, AOKTOp <I>aYCT B pOMdHe 5plOCOBa BorrpornaeT: I'A qeM l\10ryr
c (JOJ\.a3HHTb AeMOHbI qeJ\.OBeKd, n03HaBlllero HX rrpHpOAY H npeAeAbI HX
I I fA? .. Pa3Be )KeAaHM5I \IeJ\.OBeKa OrpaHMqeHbI TeM, \ITO MO)KHO YAOBAe-
J HOpMTb C nOMOIIJ;blO TaKllX cpeACTB? Pa3Be He )Ka)KAeT tIeAOBeK no-
q laTb Bce TaMHhI BceH BceJ\.eHHOM AO caMoro KOHu;a H 06AaAaTb BCeI\-IM
I OKpOBHrn;aMH, 6e30 BC5IKOH MepbI? .vICTMHHbIH Mar BcerAa CMOTpHT Ha
.\(\r--.10HOB KaK Ha CHAbI HH3111He, KOTOpbIMH !\10)KHO IIOJ\.b30naTbC5!, HO
IIOAqHH5ITbC5I KOTOpbIM 6bIAO 6bI 6e3)'MHo. He 3a6YAbTe, tITO "4eJ\.OBCK
( (),fBopeH IIO 06pa3Y H IIOA06HIO caMoro TBop a 11 n03TOMY eCTh B Hel\1
"L30HCTBa, He rrOH5ITHbIe He TOllliKO AeMOHaM, HO M aHreJ\.a I. AHreAhJ 11
..\<. IOHbI MOryr CTpeMMTbC5I J\.Mlllb K CBoe IY 6Aary, nepBbIe - BO cJ\.any
I >O>KMIO, BTopble - BO CJ\.aBY 3Aa, HO tIeAOBeK MO.IKeT MCKaTb 11 CKop611,
if CTPaAaHH5I, H caMoH cMepTH. KaK rOcrroAb BceAep)l(HTellli CbIHa CEO-
e'ro eAMHopoAHoro npMHec B JKepTBY 3a COTBOpeHHbI11 11M 1\1I1p, TaK l\1bI
II0pOlO npllHOCM1\'I B )KepTBY HallIY 6ecCMepTHyro Aymy H Te1\'l yrroA06-
I\HervIC5I C03AaTeJ\.lO. .vI BCIIOMHHM CJ\.OBa eBaHreAbCKMe: KTO XOqeT AYIDY
(' 13010 C6epeQb, nOTep5IeT ee, a KTO rrOTep5IeT, TOT c6epe)KeT! " 4
B YCTa Arpl1nnbI He'ITeCreHMCKoro - OARoro H3 caMhIX 5IpKMX,
i\ep3KHX Yl\10B H aBdHTJOpMCTHtIHbIX cpHryp HeMeI Koro B03po e-
1£1151, C qbMM HMeHeM CB5!3aHhI M 6AeCT5ILQMe TpYAbI, M rryralOJ Me J\.e-
I'CHAbI5, - EplOCOB BKAaAbIBaeT AoporMe CMY l'vIbICJ\.M 0 E3aI1MOCB5I3H
l ceI'O CYll ero M BbICOKOH 065i3aHHOCTll tIeJ\.OBeKa nOCTMraTh 3TOT
\IMP, He 6051Cb TaHH "COKpOBeHHoro", H60 B HYlX}If KopeHMTC5I pa3rClA-
Ka 6bITH5I: II ECTb ABa pOAa HaYKM... OAHa... KOTOpa5! Bce npeA!\leTbI
paCCMaTpMBaeT OTAeAbHO... Ha3bIBalO 51 rrceBAOHaYKOM... 3TH-TO
IIceBAocpI1J\.OCOcpbI MCKa3HJ\.H H MarMIO, KOTOPYIO ApeBHHe IIOQI1TaAH
nepllIMHOH qeAOBeqeCKOrO n03HaHH5I" (131). ArpMnna npeMaraeT B
MarHI1 llCKaTb HeKMM CIIAaB OllbITa, 3HaHH5I, HHTYHlJ;HI1 M, - qTO B
/\aHHOM KOHTeKCTe oco6eHHo BaJKHO, - BOAM K rrpoHHKHOBeHJ1IO B
CYTb, B rJ\.y6HHY, B IICOKpbIToe", C KOTOpbIl\1 qeAOBeK IIOCT05lHHO
BCTpeQaeTC5I H CTOAb qaCTO OTBOpaQMBaeTC5! OT Hero B CTpaxe "IIP<:-
cTyrrMTb" IIpOAOJKeHHYlO CBbIlile qepry.
AHTH6H6J\.eMCKMM (eCAM BCIIOMHHTb 31\eCb HCTOpMlO C ApeBoJ\1 110-
3HaHM5I A06pa H 3J\.a) rracpocoM IIpOHI1KHyrbI arrOJ\.oreTI11fCCKvH peYH
.<\rpHnrrbl B 3a HTY cBoeM MarHH, KOTOpa5I eCTb 1l0HCK "coKpoBeHllol'o
: HaHH5I 0 npl1poAe", crroco6 II03HaTb "CBH3b Bcex BerIJ;ew M I1)'TW, KOTO-
pbIMH OHll BAJl5IlOT APyr Ha APyra'l, qTO 5IBMTC5I II rr0 J\.1IbIl\1 BonAOll eHI1-
eM COBeprneHHeHIlIeM cpHAOCOcpHH" H Tpe6yeT OT QeAOBeKa IItfHCTOM
HepbI H CHJ\.bHOH BOJ\.M" (131).
3Aecb npeAcTaBAeHHe 0 Bepe 51BHO BbIXOAHT 3a npeAeAbI XPHCTM-
aHcKo , npH06peTa5! xapaKTep CMMBOJ\.HcTHqeCKll-rraHTeHcTcKM ,
a eCJ\.H BAY1\1aTbC51, Aa)Ke H Aep3KO-epeTl1tIeCKHH: IIpaBo Ha MCKaHI151
;\lbICAH tIeJ\.OBeKa npHpaBHMBaeTC5I K 60)KeCTBeHHoMY - B TO Bpel\15I
KaK llMeHHO rOPAbIH5I, BOCTpe60BaBIlla51 paBeHCTBa c BceBbIllIHH I,
HM3BeprJ\.a HeKorAa aHreJ\.a CaTaHY B IIpeI1CnOAHIOIO.
60
TAQBQ III
"Ho B qeAOBeKe Bce )Ke HeT HMqerO 60Ace oAaropOAHoro, KaK ero
MbICAb, 11 B03BhIlilaThC5I CMAOR MbICAM AO c03epqaHM5I CYW;HocTei1 11 ca-
Moro 60ra - 31'0 npeKpaCHeMIlla51 n.eAb )KM3HH. HMO TOAhKO rr01\1HHTb,
t.JTO Bce B MMpe YCTpeMAeHo K OAHOMY, Bce 06pall aeTc5I BOKpyI' eAM-
HOM TOtIKM 11 Qepe3 TO CB5I3aHO OAHO C APYI'MM, Bce B orrpeAeAeHHbIX
OTHOllleHH5IX MeJKAY C0601O: 3Be3AbI, aHreAbI, J\IOAM, 3BepH M TpaBhI!
EAHHa5I AYllla ABM)KeT M COAHQe... 11 He6eCHoro Ayxa... H M5ITYIIJ;erOCH
qeAOBeKa, H npOCTOH Kal\leHL... AHlih B pa3HOI1 CTerreHM Harrp5.l>KeHHO-
CTM np05IB.l\5IeTC5I 3Ta AYllla B pa3HbIX Bern;ax..." (132).
31'0 orrpeAeJ\eHMe Marl1JiI KaK "HaYKH HaYK", 3Ta neycTaHHa51 XBa-
Aa BOAe qeAOBeKa, KOTOpa51 crroc06Ha COBepllll1Tb H "HeB03MO)KHOe",
cot.JeTa51 B Ayxe BpeMeHH H B PycAe paHHeI'o OTet.JeCTBeHHoro CMMBO-
AH3Ma "cpaycToBcKoe" 11 "HMIJ;llleaHCKoe" Ha1.faAa, He TOAbKO BhIABl1ra-
AM BMeCTO H3BeCTHOM cpOPMYAbI HMIJ.llle H B0 1\5l K BAaCTI1" cpOPMYAY
" B0 1\5l K 3HaH111O" (KOTopoe 11 51BMlAO C060M B KOHTeKCTe pOMaHa EplO-
COBa Ha11BhIClilYIO cpOPMY BJ\aCTI1), HO M paCKphIBaAH ceKpeT rrpeBOC-
XOACTBa yqeHoro <DaYCTa BM 6eCOM MecpMCTocpeAeM, "AOBKatIOl\I" ,
3HaIOIl].MM H npl1ervlbI", no He 3HalOIIJ;MM "MexaHIi3Ivla", npI1BOA5Irn;erO
B ABI1>KeHHe COCTaBHble tIaCTM 6bITH5I. BbIlIleCKa3aHHoe - OI15ITb-TaKH
B COOTBeTCTBMM C onpeAeAeHHhIMH TeHAeHIJ;I15Il\1Ii B PYCCKOH AYX013H0I1
KYAhrype cepe6p5lHOrO BeKa, - 03HaqaAO TaK)Ke 3aKOHOMepHOCTb 11
ue06xOAI1MOCTb 06paIIJ;eHH5I KO "3A y", TPY AHoro COlO3a C Ab5.lBOAOl\1,
Cal\10nO)KepTBOBaHHOH "nOTepl1 AYlllM" BO MM5I ocyrn;ecTBAeHM5I BbICO-
tIaHIUero rronpI1rn;a, I1CTI1HHOH u;eAI1 QeAOBeqeCKOH )KI13HI1 - rr03Ha-
HI15I, corAaCHoro C EO)KeCTBeHHbIM npeAHaqepTaHl1eM.
OAlIaKO B o TAM 1.f He OT 6AM3Koro, Ha nepBhIl1 B3rAHA. reTeBCKo-rrpo-
CBeTI1TeADCKOMY TOAKOBaHI11O "CMADI TOI1, t.JTO 6e3 I1CAa TBOpMT A06-
pO, BceMY >KeAa51 3J\a" - MecpI1CTocpeMl, cpaKTHQeCKI1 6AarocAoBeH-
Horo focrroAOM Ha COTpYAHHqeCTBO C qeAOBeKOM, EplOCOB Bl\lCCTe C
APyrMMI1 TeOpeTI1KaMM paHHero CI1MBOAI13Ma (rrpe)KAe Bcero,
K.A. EaAhMOHTOM, yrBep;KAaBIllI1M, 1.fTO Y feTe Bce, II Bpa ;KAe6Hoe e-
AOBeqeCKOH npI1pOAe, Bcryna51 B MeJKAoyc06HYlO 60pb6y 11 c03AaBa51
AHpI1'-IeCKl1e rp03hI, BcerAa npI1BOA,HT K paAyre" 6, TO eCTb K npJ1MI1pe-
HI1IO, corAaCHlO H rapMOHMM), BCAeA Ha HI1 llle BI1AeA MaKCMMaAbHO
AOCTel1Hoe B peaAhHOM caMoonpeAeAeHI1Ii qeAOBeKa II03HU;I11O MY)Ke-
CTBeHHoro rrpOTI1BOCT05lHH5I CYAh6e, npM3HaBa51 TparH3M 3eMHoro cy-
rn;eCTBOBaHI151 HeKoeH AaHHOCTbIO, He TOAbKO He Tpe6YIOrn;eH rrpeoAo-
AeHI151, HO H He06xoAJ1MOH AMI IIOAJU1HHOH rrOAHOTbI, Hacblrn;eHHocTM
Ii u;eAeco06pa3HOCTI1 qeAOBeQeCKOrO 6bITM5I.
B CBeTe HerrpeAO>KHOCTH (M AOA>KHOCTI1) 3Toro TpaI'M3Ma, 3Toro 3a-
KOHOMepHoro, "paU;I10HaAbHOI'O" cAeACTBM5I 3aI'aAo Horo rro orrpeAe-
AeHMlO, "Hppau.MOHaAbHOrO" 6bITM5I, MO)KBO rrpIi3HaTb, 4TO cpaYCTOB-
CKa51 aypa, 110HCTI1He, npOHH3bIBaeT BeCh 6plOCOBCKIIH pOMaH - 11 B
3TOH CB5I3M KaK cpaYCTOBCKMe BOCrrpMHI1MaIOTC5I M OCHOBHa5I KOl\.J\I1-
3HH, H rAaBHble repOH npOM3BeAeHM5I - pbIu;apb PynpexT, OT JU1u;a KO-
(])aycznoBcKllU repoil. II JQKan1 npOCBelnUmeAI)CKOll :)pJ.JI
61
I'oporo BeAeTCH rrOBeCT130BaHHe, 11 rpacp reHpl1X cpOH OTTepreH:l\I -
. eI\lHOe 06.l\I1Qbe OrHeHHOrO aHreAa MClAI13A5I 7 . 31'11 rrepCOHa>KH Bl\IIeC-
Te C rAanHoH repoHHei1. PeHaToH - 06'beKTOM AI06BM H cOrrepHHqeCT-
Ba PyrrpexTa Ii reHpl1Xa, - I1lVielOT CBOI1MH rrpOTOTHrraM11 He CTOAbKO
l1CTOpHqeCKI1e, AereHAapHble H u KHI1 )l(Hble" cpHrypbI, rrOA06HO APYf'I1M
l\ei1:cTBYJOIl I1M AHIJ;al'vi pOMaHa, CKOAbKO peaAbHbIH: aBTo6HorpacpMQeC-
KHM TpeyrOAhHI1K: caMoro EprocoBa, AHApeH EeAoro H B03AI06AeHHYlO
060HX, H3BeCTHYIO B CBoe Bpe 1H B AHTeparypHo-60reMHbIX Kpyrax
J135111 HO-o60AbCTHTeAhHYlO H BIIeQaTAMTeAbHO-HepBI1QeCKYlO HHHY
[leTpOBCKYIO (K KOTOpOH o6parn;eno 11 nOCBHrn;eHHe "OrHeHHoro aHre-
Aa": II ...Te6e, )KeH HHa CBeTAa5l, 6e3YMHa5l, HeCt.J:aCTHaH, KOTopaH 1303-
AI0611.l\a MHoro... H 01' AI06BI1 IIoru6Aa...").
PyrrpexT H feHpHX, 06AC1AaH onpeAeAeHHbIM "cpaYCTOBCKHl\I" KOl\1-
nOHeHTOM (CTpaCTbIO K n03HaHHH l, HeYKpOTHl\10CTblO B CTpel\IAeIlI1HX
11 "AeMOHHt.J:eCKOM" COCTaBJ\5{IO eM: npHCHra AbHBOAY H OTpeQeHI1 01'
60ra PyrrpexTa, Ab5lBOJ\.bCKillI CY HOCTb OrHeHHoro aHreAa-MC1AH3A5I-
reHpHxa), B TO )l(e BpeM5I 51BJUllOT c060H CBoero pOAa AeKdAeHTCKI1H
BapHaHT cpaYCTOBCKoro Tl1na, BOCXOAHIIJ.HM He CTOAbKO K npOCBeTH-
TeJ\hCKOMY, CKOAbKO K cpeAHeBeKOBOMY, QYBCTBeHHo-reAOHHCTHQeC-
KOMY 06pa3Y-CI1MBOAY. OTQeTAHB !vlOTHB Tparl13l\la B CYAb6ax I1MeHHO
3TI1X repoeB, 060CTpeHHbIH CTpaCTbJO K 3K3a..l\.bTHpOBaHHOH BH3110-
HepKe, JKAYUJ;eH u)I(eHHXa He6eCHoro" 11 npHHHMalOIIJ;ei1 B 06AMKe II Ay -
xa CBeTAoro" OrHeHHoro aHreJ\.a - caMoro AbHBOJ\.a (BcrrOlVIHHM nOA3a-
rOAOBOK pOMaHa: uOpaBAHBa5l I10BeCTb, B KOTOpOH paCCKa3LIBaeTCH 0
AbHBOAe, He pa3 HBMlBlUeMC51 B 06pa3e CBeTAoro Ayxa OAHOM AeBYlllKe
11 c06Aa3HHBllIel\1 ee Ha pa3Hble rpexoBHhle nOCTyrrKI1..."), BJ\.eKy-ILI;eH
He B "CBeT", nOA06HO KpOTKOM H MHAocepAHOH reTeBCKOM rpeTxeH, HO
B H MpaK ". 3TOT TparH3l\-I 06YCAOBAeH "HellI1CTOI1", AI1CrapMOHM"lJeC-
KOM, H3HaQaAbHO Ab51BOAbCKI1H CyIIJ;HOCTblO reHpHxa M caM6M pOKOBOH
CHAOH cTpacTH PyrrpexTa, BO MM51 KOTopOM TOT rOTOB CHOBa H CHond
npMnaCTb K TPOHY AbHBOAa. n03TOMY B rroAo6HOM TparH3Me HCT repo-
I1tIeCKOrO opeOAa BbICOKoro CaMOrrOJKepTBOBaHMH BO I1MH rr03HaHI15I -
3AeCb, eCAH CBepHTb AaHHyro cpaYCTOBCKYIO KOAAM3HlO C rrpOCnCTJ1-
TeAbCKMM apXeTl1fIOM reTeBcKoI1 TpareAMI1, fIOI1CK CDaYCTa OCTaHOBI1A-
C51 Ha ")KHBOTHOI1" CTaAJ1H QyncTBeHHoro I1AH, no KpaHHeH Mepe, AI111-
Horo caMOYAOBAeTBOpeHM5I (npOCBeTI1TeAbCKMH CDaYCT, AaJKe fAy60KO
COCTPaAaH rpeTxeH, He Mor 1I0CTaHOBI1TbC5I" Ha CTdAHM CllaCTAI1BOH
J\J06BM, TO 6bIAa 6bI no CyrH CKopaH n06eAa MecpMcTocpeA5I C ero npo-
KAaMa:Ql1eH qeJ\.OBeQeCKOrO 3rOH3Ma H rrpe06AdAaHJ15I B 60>KeCTBeH-
HOM c03AaHHI1 6HOAOrHQeCKOrO I1 Y3Ko-cBoeKopblcTHoro HaQaAa).
B TO JKe BpeM5I B 31'01\1 Tparl13Me npOt.J:I1TbIBaeTC5I 11 MO Hoe rrpl1-
3HaHI1e BJ\.I15IIIMe >KeHCKOro (IIBelJHO-)KeHCTBeHHoro") HaQaAa Ha
)KM3Hb cpaYCTOBCKoro repOH: TOAbKO, B OTJ\.I1QMe 01' HCTOpHQeCKOrO H
J\.MTeparypHoro Arpl1nnbI HeTTecreHMCKoro, C B03po eHt.J:eCKHM ry-
MaHI1CTHQeCKH1\1 OIITI1MH3MOM C03AaBIllHM TpaKTaT JlO 6J\.aropOACTBe
62
F.I1QDQ I II
H npeBOcXOACTBe )KeHCKoro nOAa", H B OTJ\.M"lIHe OT 3HatIMTeAbHOM qac-
TM CBOHX co6paTheB-CHMBOJ\.HCTOB, BCAeA 3a BAa.AHMMpOM COAOBbe-
BbIM, yrBep>KAaBIIIHX B03BbIlllaIOr.u;yfO M 06AarOpa)l(MBalOrn;YIO pOAb
II Be"llHO-)KeHCTBeHHoro" , EpIOCOB II OJ\ ardA, {{TO "CBeT" )KeHIIJ;MHbI OK-
pameH 6e3YMMeM HepaCCY)K,L\aIOrn;erO "4YBCTBa (")I(eHm;MHa CBeTAa5l,
6e3YMHa5I... "). 11 B pe3Y.l\.bTaTe H BAeqeT B MpaK, Ii 6bIBaeT norAOrn;eH
I\lpaKOM - KOTOpbIH, OAHaKO, Y EplOCOBa - CI1MBOAMCTa AOOKT5I6pb-
CKoro rrepMOAa He MMeJ\. 0AH03HaQHO OTp:Yn aTeAbHOrO 3apHAa, HO
AHilib 0603HaqaA C060H TOT xaoc MHp03AaHM5I, B KOTOpOM M 06peQeJ-IbI
6peCTM <DaYCTbI-HCKaTeJ\.M RbIHelllHero AHH, B CM1Ya MI1 "cMepTM 60-
ra", Ilno TY CTOPOHY A06pa J1 3Aa".
Pa3BMTHe 3Toro MOTMBa l\10)KHO HaHTM B nanYlCaHH01\lI rrpMMepHo B
TO)Ke BpeM5I CTHXOTBopeHMH EplOCOBa II<DaycT" (1911), rAe MOJ\5IIJJ.eif-
C5I B xpaMe rpeTxeH rOAOC <DaycTa-c06Aa3HMTeNI, rroA06HbIH rAacy
CYAb6hI, 06'b5ICH5IeT, "liTO OH - IIY)I(dC", "n030p" M 'I rM 6eAb", ee "CB5I-
TbIHb 3aBeTHbIX TaTb" , 11 en Be cnaCTHCb MOAb6aMIi OT Be"llHOrO OCY)K-
AeHM5I He6ec (OT KOToporo OCB060AMA ee reTeBCKIiH rOcnOAh), OT Toro,
QTO OHa, I'CBeTALIH reHMM", AOA)KUa pa3AeJ\.J1TL CBOIO CYAh6y C CYAb60i1
<DaYCTa, 3a KOTOphIM lI KAy 6HAHCh TeHH rr : 1111 BO MpaKe o6a l\1bI!"8
YTO )Ke KaCaeTC5I <DaYCTOB II"lIMCTOrO" 3HaHM5I - TO OHM Y EpIOCO-
Ba, KaK CrrpaBeAJU1BO 3aMeqeHO KpMTMKon, 6AM)Ke K HCTOpHtIeCKOMY
CDaycTy, 1.JeM K repolO HapOAHOH KHMfl1 M rrpe*Ae Bcero H rAaBHhIM 06-
pa30M - AIOAH u;eAH H BOJU1, HaCTOAbKO cBo60AHbIe B CBoeM OTHorne-
HI1M K MMPY, qTO caMO TpaAMl HOHHoe nOH5ITMe rpexa HAM 6e3HpaBCT-
BeHHOCTM '-IY)KAO I1X 6eCTpeneTHOMY M cnOKOMHOMY - He aMOpaAM3-
i\1Y, HO MMMOpdAJ13MY.
TaK B cpaYCTOBCKHX rep05lx 3IJOXM AeKi1AaHca - lIynaAKa, pa3AO-
/KeHH5I", - EpIOCOB cpaKTViqeCKH rrpOKAaMl1pyeT HOBYlO MopaAb,
KY AbT BCeO"llMIIJ.aIOlT ei1: H B03BbIllIalOIl.\eM CJ1ALI 3HaHH5I KaK TaKOBoro,
B He CJ\.]iUIiKOM ACL'\.eKoi1 rrepcneKTHBe npeABOCXHrn;aIOrn;HI1 eHTpa.Ab-
H)'lO MAelO Ht1 HO-TeXHI1"l1eCKOM peBOJ\.lOQJ111 cepeAHHbl XX BeKa, KO-
TOpa5I IIopOAMJ\.a B MMpOBOH AMTeparype CHa"tIaAa npJ1T5IraTeAbHble 06-
pa3bI <DaycToB-cpH3MKOB, a BCKope em;e 60J\.ee npHT5IraTe.l\.bHble 06pa-
3bI <DaycToB OTKa3a OT HaytIHOrO IIOMCKa, qpeBaTOro HeHCQI1CAMMbIMM
TpareAMHMH M5I "lIeJ\.OBeqeCTBa.
I1MeHHo 3Ta He3aBHCMMa51 11 6ecCTpaIllHa5I BOA5I K caMoocyru.ecTB-
AeHHlO - BONI KaK TaKOBa5l, 6e3 IIYAbTpapa HOHaAMCTMqeCKOrO"
6procoBcKoro eAeIIOAaraHM5I, MMeHHO 3TO cTpeMJ\.eHMe IIQeJ\.oBeKa,
yrOl\1AeHHOro Hl1m.eHcKoH 6AeAHocThIO rroBceAHeBHolf )K113HM" U ne -
penTH 3a npeAeJ\.bI B03MO)KHOrO, - CI1J\.OIO conpMKOCHOBeHH51 C AYXOM
3J\a"9, - BOCXHrn;aeT B cTapMHHoH HeMe:QKoM J\.ereHAe OARoro M3 Teo-
peTHKOB M KPYIIHeHUlMx rr03TOB pyccKoro Cl1MBOAM3Ma K.A. EaAhMOH-
Ta. CTpacTHbu1 anOAoreT (11 c03AaTeAb 06pa3a) reTe-HM IlleaHQa,
"BCeqeJ\.oBeKa", u M3 6paHHHKa 3eMJ\H" , OH nOAaraeT, "liTO I-ieMeI.J.KHn no-
3T oCAa6HA B CBoeM TpareAI1M 11 ynpoCTMJ\. cpaYCTOBCKMM CIO)l{eT, B TH-
(])aycmoBcKuii repOtl II 3QKam l1pOCBenlUmeAhCKOU 3Pl)1
63
1'0TeHMH K "PClAyre" AMlliHA 06pa3 <1>aYCTa He06xOAHMOrO Tparl13Ma
/K113HH TOro, KTO npeCTyilHA urpaHI1IJ;bI qHCTO tIeAOBeqeCKOrO" 10.
OTcyrcTBl1e Y feTe "pOKOBoro" xapaKTepa "BCTpeQI1 Me>KAY AY-
111011: qe./\.OBeKa 11 AYXOM 3Aa", KOTopoe EpIOCOB TpaKryeT KaK CI1AY qe-
AOBeKa, EaAbMOHT BOCnpl1HI1MaeT KaK ero cAa6ocTb. A.Mi DaAbMOHTa,
npHBeTcTByro ero B <1>aYCTe, KaK 11 B [1poMeTee H AOH KI1XOTe, 1.IHC-
TbIH aKT BOAeVl3"b5lBAeHI1H, BHe COOTHOllIeHH5I C KaKOH-AI160 BblclIlei1 (a
3HatJI1T BHellIHei1:) u;eAhlO, IIyrb reTeBcKoro repo51 He rrpeACTaBAHeTC5I
3HaqHTeAhHhIM, a KOHIJ;OBKa TpareAI1V1 - BeAHtIeCTBeHHOH. HanpOTHB,
ero B03M aeT eABa ./\.VI He cpl1AMCTepCKaH npI13eMAeHHOCTb reTeBCKO-
ro perneHl15I cpaYCTOBCKHX npo6AeM: HaTBopHB BMeCTe C 1'3aKClAbl L j-
HbIM npH5ITe./\.eM" MecpHCTocpeJ\.eM Hel\laAO AYPHbIX AeA 11 nOl'y611B
rpeTxeH, reTeBCKI111 <DaYCT "AMI IICHxo./\.orl1QeCKOrO paBHOBeCI151 M3Y-
qaeT aHTH HhIH MHp 11 AeAaeTCH KaHdAH3aTOpOM", 'I <:DaYCT, rOPAbl11
<1>aYCT, >KeJ\.aBIlII1i1: 06./\.(lAaHI151 Bce./\.eHHoll, OH, TI1TaH r C HTaBIIIHi1 ce6}J
pOAHhIM 6paTOM C AYXO 1 3eMAM, He nOHI1MaeT TaKOH O eBI1AHOM HC-
THHbI, qTO AYXOBHbIH AI1CCOHaHC HeAh351 B03MeCTHTb MaTepI1a./\.hI-lbIi\1
B03Harpa)K,AeHl1eM! If 11.
BCAeA 3d EaAhMOHTOM He rrpJ1HI1Ma5I "yrMAI1Tapl-IOrO rr, "KaHaJ\.I1-
3aTopCKoro" ("ropH30HTaAbHOro") perneHM5I IIpo6./\.e lbI cpaYCTOB-
CKoro rep05l, fiOA BAH5IHl1elVl KOHQerIJ-I.HH "Be"llHO-)KeHCTBeHHoro"
SA. C. COAOBbeBa, TeopHVI CMI\IBOAI13l\1a B5P-I. 11. ¥1naHona 11 aHTpollo-
coqnil1 P. lliTeHHepa, M./\.ClAOCVlMBOAHCThI (A. EeAhl11, 6paTh5I - CPM-
AOCOcp 3.K. MeTHep H KOMII0311TOp H.K. MeTHep, /\..1\. 3AAI1C-Ko-
6bIAHHCKHII, paHHMe M.C. IlIarHHHH 11 E./\.. OdcTepHaK 11 AP.) IIPOqU-
ThIBdlOT B HCTOpl1V1 reTeBcKoro cDaycTa CHMBOAM eCKoe OIII1CaHMe
pa3BHTI1H eAoBetJecKoH AYlliH no "BepTI1KaAH", Qepe3 IIpeOAOAeHI1e
"BarHcpoBcKoro" (YMo3pMTeAhHo-a6cTpaKTHoro) H Ab5lBOAhCKoro
(MaTepHaAhHo-qyBcTBeHHoro) co6Aa3HoB, C IIOMOW.blO "Be HO-)KeH-
cTBeIIHoro", KOTopoe "T5IHeT Hac BBbICb" C'zieht uns hinan"), lIpl1-
6lU1)KalO eHC5I K "IIOCTyl)KeHHlO cOKpoBeHHoH >KI13HH cyuJ;ero"]'2 -
qTO IIpOHCXOAMT He IIocpeAcTBOM "BOAeBOrO,r BTOp)KeHJ1H 31IaIl M I It
OIIbITa, "MarI1H" no EproCOBY, HO IIocpeAcTBoM MI1CTH"lJeCKOl'U co-
eAI1HeHVl5I AYlliH HHAI1BI1AYYMa ("MI1KpOKOCMa") C "MaKpoKocMOM"
MMpoBoro Ayxa.
TaK IIaHTeHCTn eCKJ1I1:, HAH, lllI1pe, KOCMMlJeCKI1M YHl1BepCaAM3Ivl
feTe (Ha KOToporo Opl1eHTHpoBa/\.och reTeaHcKoe 60AhlIlMHCTBO MAa-
AOCVlMBOJ\..l1CTOB) TpaHccpopMl1pOBaAOCh B CBoero pOAd pOMaHTYIlfeC-
Koe rereAh5IHCTBO (BOCXO)I(AeHl1e eAHHH HOI'O K A6cOAIOTY Bceo6w;ero
tIepe3 60ph6y IIpOTHBOnOAO)KHOcTei1:), a reTeBCKHH <1>aYCT npeACTaBaA
MHCTI1KOM, 330TepH1.IeCKI1MH rryr5lMH 110CTI1raIOw.I1M 1.Iepe3 5IBHOe Tal1-
HbIH CMhICA c ero, CKpbIThII1: OT "He-cpaYCTOBCKJ1X" HaTYP - n AaH-
HOM TpaKTOBKe, Tex, KTO He cIIoco6eH He K AeI'1cTBI11O I1AM K Ha HOl\lY
IIOI1CKY, HAM K 060CTpeHHOH JKaX<Ae )KH3HI1, HO K caMOYI'Ay6AeHI11O H
Cal\10rr03HaHHIO - eAHHCTBeHHO nepHOMY AMI CI1MBOAI1CTOll-HeO.\JJ1C-
64
fAQna III
TMKOB nyrM cDaYCTa K paCKpbITMIO rAaBHOM 3ardAKl1 6bITl15I H 06peTe-
HHIO HCKOl\10H rapMOHHl111 Orn;yrn;eHI15I CqaCThH.
IOHbIM EOpMC DaCTepHdK, H3yqaBIllI1:H CHl\IBOAI13M rrOA PYKOBOA-
CTBOM 3AAI1Ca M CAYIlIaBllll1M B MOCKOBCKOJ\tI YHI1BepCHTeTe AeKIJ;I1H no
cpI1AOCOcpI1I1 f.f. WrreTa - HeorereAb5IHI a 11 CTOpOHHI1Ka eHJ15I cpe-
HOMeHOAOrHI1 3. fyccepA5I C ero rrpHHI..J.I1TIOM "qI1CTOrO" C03HaHH5I,
crroc06Horo MHryHTI1BHO, HenocpeAcTBeHHo :H AocToBepHo "CXBa-
THTb" HAeaAbHYfO CYll HOCTb (JJcpeHolVleH") npeAMeTa, C03AaeT B 1919
rOAY KpaTKMH "<DaycToB IJ;:HKA") II MaprapHTa" , JlMecpMcTocpeAb",
.. AI060Bb <:DaycTa"), B KOTOpOM, CTpeM5ICb, B COOTBeTCTBMI1 co CBOHlVII1
TorAalllHMMI1 3CTeTHQeCKHMH OpHeHTl1paMM, cAeAaTb xYA0)KeCTBeH-
HbIM TeKCT MaKCI1MaAbHO (lAeKBaTHbIM no cnoc06y H300pa>KeHM5I, 1-10
HJ1KilK He TO)KAeCTBeHHbIM H306pa)KaeMOMY npeAMeTY, 6e3rpaHYP-IHO
paCllll1p5IeT IIBTOpOH Cl\1bICA" CBoero OCHOBHoro n03THlleCKoro TIpl1-
eMa - MeTacpopbI, 3aCTaBA5I.H .. )KI1Tb Cal\10CT05ITeAbHOH JKM3HbIO nepe-
HOCHoe 3HaQeHl1e, B03BbICHB ero HaA rrp5IMhIM (J\:HXaqeB A.C.) 13, no-
6Y)KAa5I QllTaTeA.H I1CKdTb 3a nO:>Tl1'-IeCKHM JJ3HaKOl\1" -CMMBOAO [ nOA-
J\I1HHblli (CKpbIThIH, 3alllI1<ppoBaHHblM, I1HOrAa npI1HIJ;HIIHaAbHO He-
pa3rdAhIBaeMhIM) Cl\1bICA, 5ipK:HMM, COQHbIMM, OC5I3aeMbIMl1 11 naXHY-
HMI1 Ma3KaMM, KOHKpeTHbIM:H 11 3HaKOl\ILIMH AeTaMIMH C03AaBa.H He
CTOAbKO KilpTI1HY, CKOAbKO om.y eHHe HenOCTHraeMoi1 MOrn;H He7.lBHO-
ro, rryraIOlI.\erO H BAaCTHoro MHpa.
[10 ero 06pa3Y H rrOAo6HIO CTpel\1HTC5I BbICTpOHTb CBoero Jl pyc _
CKoro CDaYCTa" B5I"4eCAaB VIBaHoB 1 4 B Ha6poCKax (AUYX cu;eHax), 01'-
cbIAalonfI1x "4HTaTeA5I M K "DpoAory Ha He6ecax" reTeBCKO:H Tpare-
AHM, H K nYlllKI1HCKOM "Cu;eHe H3 cDaycTa". 3Aecb, AaBa5I CBOIO ou;eH-
KY MTOIY reTeBcKoro "<DaYCTa", B5I'-I. YlBaHoB YCTaMH Mecpl1CTocpCJ\5I
BbIpaJKaeT COl\1HeHl1e B "4eCTHOCTI1 (T.e. - 060cHoBaIIHOCT:H, apry-
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H01\1 cnope 0 qeAOBeqeCKOH cyrH (JJ... XOT5I 6hI rro6eAHTeAb / 5{ CBoero
pa6a rrOBAeK B rrpaBAHBbIH TIAeH, - COcpI1CTHKH cYAeMCKOH HcrrOA-
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npOTMBHHK "rOpI130HTaAbHOrO", "KaHaAH3aTOpCKoro" perneHH.H cpa-
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HAeaAa, / [1060PHHKOM Ao6pa - H B myrKY nOCMOTpeTb, / KaK Mac-
Ka AypaKa KO MHe npHCTaAa"17.
B KaqeCTBe TeppI1TOpHM AMI CBOJ1X IIOBbIX 3KcrrepHMeHTOB Me-
<pHCTocpeAb BbI6MpaeT Hnpe3a6aBHYIO Ha ceBepe CTpaHY, / Kpall 6Aa-
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(})aycmoBcKUU repoii U 3UKam npOCBemumeAbCKOu. 3Pbl
65
paHHOM MOHOAore 3HaKOMhIM MOTI1B PYCCKoro JlAHillHerO qeAOBeKa"
CIKaKa51 CKYKa! CKYKa! CKYKa!" - 43). HOBbIH cpaycToBcKMH repoH
nepe\.I11CA5IeT - eABa AM He B IIOHerllHCKOM" nOCAeAOBaTeJ\bHOCTH, -
Bce cnoco6bI, KOTOphIMll OH nhITaAC5I rrpeOAOAeTh 3TY 60Ae3Hb )KH3-
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Blle 0AI1HOQeCTBOM, 3aH5ITI1 HaYKoi1, 06J\erqeHMe yqaCTI111 Aa)Ke OC-
B060;KAeHMe nOABAaCTHhIX eMY KpeCThHH ('IHapOA XOTeA 51 3HaTb OC-
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Bce TaK )Ke nb5lH M HI1I.IJ;, BbIHOCJ\IlBbIH, rOAOAHbIH, / OOKOpHhl11, ne-
AOBep\.lHBbIH, XOAOAHbI:H..." (45). B pe3YAbTaTe - 1111 HeKYAa, YIIIC3a-
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)K1iJ3HM, HI1 J\I06BI1, HI1 C1\1epTI1 rvlHe He HaAO", OH npl13HaeTC5I B T01\1 ,
Y:TO Bce eT IIC TOCKOH, \.11'0 BHOBh 3a6J\eI.IJ;eT / 11 6pLI3HeT BAPyr .H3
CepAII.a BOH / He3pI1MhIH KAIOq, qTO TaHHo ITAe eT / 11 6YAI1T cepAu;a
T5I)KKI1H COH" (45). OAHH BbIXOA Bl1AI1T nepeA C06010 <DaycT B5I1.IeCAa-
na I1BaHoBa - OTKa3aBIllllCb OT HMeAKoro pa3YMa", KOTOpbI l npe)K-
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MO hIO 330Tepl1QeCKHX o6p5lAOB, I1HTYllTllBHO-MI1CTllQeCKOrO rrpo-
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IllY" 6hITH5I.
Ty pOAb, KOTOPYIO HeKorAa BblnOAHHJ\ M5I reTeBcKoro <DaycTa
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CTl1)KeHI151 )K1l3HM (M5I 1.Iero, ITO B5I"ll. I1BaHoBY, Hall60Aee rrpMrOAHbI
6bIAl1 l\lMcpono3TMQeCKMe npeAcTaBAeHI151 11 Ae:HCTBa), 11 B BbI5IBACHI1H
60)KeCTBeHHoH CY HOCTM BeI.IJ;eH - paCKpbIT1111 CHI\1BOAOB, MX I' 3ClIlJ 11-
cppoBbIBaIO llx", COCTaBA5IlOI.IJ;I1X OCHOBY peAI1fYI03HbIX l\1HcpOB, a TaK-
>Ke B peaAbHOM )KM3HeCTpOeHMI1, - npHMeqaTeAbHbIM 06pa30iYl co-
ceACTBOBaA B AYXOBHOH :>KM3HI1 POCCHM cepe6p5lHOrO BeKa C MAe5IYIH
60rOCTp0I1TeAbCTBa, TpaKToBaBIllero c0311AaTeAbHYlo Ae5lTeAhHOCTb
"lleAOBeQeCTBa KaK peAl1rl103HyID, CTpeMI1BIllerOC5I B )"leHl1l1 ivlapKca
HaMTll KAIDQ M5I pa3pemeHM5I He nOABAaCTHbIX HaTIHOMY 3HaHI1ID
AHQHOCTHhIX np06AeM (CTpax CMepTI1, CTapOCTH, OAHHO\.leCTBa) - 6e3
06parn;eHl1.H K HaAQeAOBeQeCKOH I1HcTaHII.I111 if B CB5I311 C 3THM o6o)Ke-
CTBMlBmerO KOAAeKTHB 11 rrporpecc KaK rapaHThI I1TOrOBOro (B pe3YAb-
TaTe paCTBOpeHM5I 11 nepeBOnAOI.IJ;eHI151) 6eCCMepTH5I 11 HenpeJ\O)KHOrO
66
FAQBQ III
9 3. llEPBAJI COL(J1AAHCTJ1llECKAJI npl1TLJA 0 <:PAYCTE
B 1917 r., B pa3rap DepBoi1 MHpOBO:H BOHHhl, AHTepaTOp H CB5Ill.\eH-
HHK OTeIJ. Ceprei1 (C.M.) COAoBbeB (rrAeM5IHHMK BA. C. COJ\.oBbeBa) B
HallIYMeBllIeM B CBoe BpeM5I H aKTHBHO BOCTpe60BaHHOM B M5ITym;eHC5I
pOCCHHCKOM AYXOBHOH aype KOHIJ;a XIX - HaqaAa XX B. TpaKTaTe lI[e_
Te H xpHcTMaHcTBo", rrpHHHMa5I CHMBOAMCTCKyro KOHIJ;enIJ;HIO reTe-
HHIJ.IIleaHIJ;a I H o6J\.Hqa5I repMaHcKoro n03Ta B caMooxpaHMTeAbHOM
3rOW3Me, 06'b51B1\.5IJ\. <DaycTa C ero HeTeprreAHBOH H 3rOMCTWQeCKOM
>KaJKAoM caMoocyrn;ecTBAeHH51 "HeqeCTHBbIM rOPAe oM", "HHTeAAeK-
ryaAbHbIM" H qHCTO HeMeIJ.KHM repoeM, 3a KOTOphlM rrOllIJ\.a fepMaHH51.
POCCI151 )Ke, rro MHeHHIO OTIJ;a Cepre51, rrpeAcToHT nOHTH 3a KpOTKOH 11
6J\.arOQeCTI1BOH rpeTxe H 2.
VICTOpH51 rrorrpaBHAa CB511u;eHHHKa: POCCH5I, B onpeAeJ\.eHHoM
CMbICJ\.e, nOllIAa 3a <DaycToM, rro nyrM rrpe06pa3yroIIJ;erO Ae5IHH5I - rro-
qeMY 11 np06J\.eMbI cpaycToBcKoro repo5I OKa3aAMCb CTOAb cyw;ecTBeH-
HbI M5I rrocJ\.eoKT5I6pbCKOH OTeQeCTBeHHoM AHTeparyphI.
rIepBhlM <DaycTOI\-I-CTpOHTeAeM, <1>aycToM-aKTI1BHCTOM rrpOHeCC5I
no c eHaM peBOlUOIJ;HOHHOM POCCI1H repo:H ApaMbI A.B. J\YHa'lapCKOro
" <1>aycT H ropoA" (1906 - 1916) no CyrH cBoeM, 6YP)Kya3Hbu1 repoH, KO-
AOHH3aTop, HaB5I3bIBalOIIJ;I1H CBOIO BOJ\.lO MaccaM, HO B HTore OC03HalO-
IU;IiW 3J\.0 CBoero IJ;e3apH3rvIa, H3roHHIOw.I1H CBoero Ah5IBOJ\.bCKOrO rro-
MOI1\HHKa - lI)KaHAapMa" MecpHcTo, 1131>HB1\.5I1011\HM nOAHYIO rOTOB-
HOCTb BnHcaTbCH B HAHMI110 HapoAoBJ\.acTH5I 11, HaKOHe , c06cTBeH-
HOM 6J\.aropoAHoM cMepTblO (rroA JlliKyroIIJ,l1e 06ew.aHM51 6eCCMepTI151 B
nalVHITH HapoAHoM) MCKynaID1u;HH rpex CBoero BO H3Ma.
B 3TOM: nbece, ClO)KeTHO rrOCTpOeHHOM: KaK pa3BI1THe oCYl1\ecTB-
J\.eHHoM npeAcMepTHoM MeqThl reTeBcKoro <DaycTa, KaK paccKa3 0
>KW3HH C03AaHHoro ero YCMJU1HMH ropoAa O)KHAaeMOro Bceo611\ero
CqaCThH Ha OTBoeBaHHOM y MOp5I npocTpaHcTBe, B 3TOM np0l13BeAe-
HHI1, COqeTalOI1\eM 3J\.eMeHTbI <pHAOCOcpCKOM ApaMbI M5I qTeHH51 (KaKo-
BOM OHa 6bIJ\.a H 3BAYMaHa aBTopOM), HapoAHO-nAOlIJ;aAHOrO AellCTBa,
MHCTepMH, arHTaIJ.110HHOro TeaTpa, npoe Hpyrorn;HMCH Ha KAaCCH-
IJ;HCTCKyro MOHOAOrHQH)'1O pHTOPHKY BpeMeH <DpaHQY3CKOM peBOAIQ-
IJ;I1H,.. pOMaHTHqeCKOM MeAOApaMbI II peaAJ1CTHQeCKOH CaTl1pbI, AYHa-
qapCKMM C03AaeT HOByro npMTlIY 0 <DaYCTe - npeTeHAyrow.ylO, KaK II
reTeBCKa5I TpareAHH, Ha BHeBpeMeHHOCTb H yHHBepCaAbHOCTb (qeMY
cnoco6cTByeT KaK CMeCh rrpaBAonOA06H5I M cpaHTaCTHKl1, peAYIJ.l1pO-
BaHHOM, OAHaKO, B rrbece J\YHaqapCKOro AO MHHMMYMa, CKOAbKO -
B Ayxe rJ\.06aAI1CTCKHX YCTpeMAeHMH C0IJ.l1aAbHhIX yrorrHcToB Ii npe06-
pa30BaTeJ\.eM HaQaAa XX BeKa, B ,j3crrepaHTHCTCKOH" HHTepHaIJ;MOHa-
AM3aJJ.HH MeCTa AeMCTBH5I (BbIMbIIIlAeHHbIM ropOA TpoT 6ypr H repJJ.or-
CTBO BeM.eHTpOTIJ;, - C "npOTeCTHhIM" 3TWMOAOrHQeCKHM nOATeKC-
TOM B Ha3BaHH5IX: "trotz" nO-HeMe KH - IIHeCMOTp51 Ha", "BonpeKH",
COOTBeTCTBeHHO - "Wellen trotz" - IIBOAHaM BonpeKH") H AeHCTBY-
C1>aycmoBcKuii repoi1 U 3aKarn npOCBemUmeAbCKOU 3Pbl
67
II )IQHX AH , CpeAM KOTOphIX - cpOAhKAOpHO-MMcpOAOrM"lleCKWH MecpH-
("TOcpeAh, OH >Ke 6apOH MecpHCTO, aAhrBa3HA - HaqaAhHHK rrOAHD;wH
II rOAMl\eHCKHH: qHH B I1cnaHMH), cpAOpeHTMHCKHH I\-faCTep AeAAa6eAAa,
l'IIHCKOrr BHAbcppHA, CYAbH 51H BaH-Aep-rOor, HapOAHbIH TPH6YH ra6-
p t3J\br AeTH <DaYCTa - <I>aycryA H <I>aYCTWHa, aAAerOpHqeCKHe rrepco-
Ild>KH - EYHT, 3aBMCTh, MMCTHQeCKMH pbI apb.
IlpeTeHAYIOIll;I1H Ha BHeBpeMeHHOCTb (HO lIe lIa BHeHCTOpl1'-I-
!fOCTb) <DaYCT CBepillHBllIl1XCH HdAe)I(A - <DaYCT HOBoro cOQl1yMa, H
IlcpeA HMM B03HHKaeT HOBa5I rrpo6AeMa: He rHoceOAorHt.JeCKa5I, CB5I-
klHHaH C nOHCKOM MCTHHHoro 3HaHHH, KaK 3TO 6bIAO Y repoeB B03-
pO/KAeHMH, 6pIOCOBCKoro AOKTopa cDaycTa H ArpHnrrbI HeTTecreM:l\1-
('KOrO, H He OHTOAOfHqeCKaJI, HMeIOIIJ;aH eAbIO onpeAeAI1Tb CMhICA 6hl-
1'1151, K qeMY CTpeMHACH npOCBeTHTeAbCKHH reTeBCKHH <DaYCT, HO CO-
I 11aAl>HaH.
npOCBeTHTeAbCKMH <I>aYCT - HKaHaAM3aTOp" B c03AaHHOM TIO ero
II peAHa'-IepTaHHHM ropoAe BIIAOTHYIO CTaAKMBaeTC5I C MaCIIITa6HOCTblO
KOHcpAHKTa, 0603Ha'-IeHHOrO Y)Ke B TpareAMH feTe: KOHcpAHKTa 11 5I " H
"l\pyroro" (CYAh6a fpCTXeH, 6Aaro-qeCTHBoH cyrrpY:lKeCKOH naphI -
<DHAeMOHa H EaBKMAhI, '-IbH XHJKMHa BMeCTe C X035IeBaMH 6hIAa 3aTorr-
J\eHa BOAaMH rrporpecca - TIAOTHHOM, KOTOpylO CTpOI1A <I>aYCT), KOH-
(t)AVIKTa, Ka>Kyru;erOC5I Hepa3peIllHMbIM, w60 JU060e AeMCTBJ1e, AI060H
IIpOphIB oAHoro cy6'beKTa HerrpeMeHHO YIIJ;eMA5IeT wHTepeCbI APyroro
(ApyrHX), H qeM HM KpyrrHee AH'-IHOCTh H HI1 3Ha'-IMTeAbHee npophIB,
Tel'vI THJKeAee >KepTBbI.
B HOBOM 06 eCTBe, c03AaHHOM YCHJ\HHMH "cBepxy", no BOAe HHC-
KAl0QHTeAbHOH AHqHOCTH", AOM:HHaHTa 3TOH AH'-IHOCTH HaqHHaeT orrpe-
;\eMlTb Hr cAeAOBaTeAbHO, MCKa)KaTb, rrOAaBA5UI APyrHe BOAM, 6bITHe OK-
PY)KalOll Mx. XYAillHe H3 HHX J\.O)KblO Ii AeCThlO npHcTIoca6l\HBalOTC5I K
lTOM TOTaAHTapHOH MOAeAH 06w;eCTBeHHoro YCTpOMCTBa, H3BAeKaH H3
Ilero CBOIO nOA.h3Y: HeKOHTpOAHpyeMoe eAHHOHaqaAHe CYAl1T BceBAac-
THe TeM, KTO ero nOMep)KMBaeT H OC eCTBJ\5[eT (TpH "3AOAe " - eOH-
('Kon, CYAbH Ii Ab BOA-nOAHQeHCKHH BnOAHe 060CHOBaHHO YTBepJK/\d-
lOT, qTO IrrropHAOK", TO eCTb 1]7 cTa6HAbHOCTh, KOTOpa5I HM BbIrOI\JId,
n6eCneqUBalOT "eAMHa epKOBb, eAMH CYA H eAHHa n0J\l1QH5I"3).
LITO >Ke KaCaeTC5i <DaYCTa, TO B 06 eCTBe, BbICTpoeHHOM no BepTH-
KaJ\H rocrrOACTBa-TIOAqHHeHHH (KOTopoe B AaHHOM KOHTeKCTe aCCO H-
1PyeTcH B JKeAaHHOM AMI 60AbIllHHCTBa npocBeTHTeAeH XVIII BeKa, B
TOM qHCAe - feTe, cTpoeM npOCBe:rn;eHHOH MOHapXHH), ero OIIJ;yrn;e-
!THe BbICllIeH YAOBAeTBopeHHOCTH npeKpaCHbIM MHrOM co6CTBeHHoro
OblTHH (C060M?) rrepepaCTaeT B Ha PQHCCI13M (jj BeAM'-IHe OCAenl1J\O ero.
OH BAI06HACH B ce651, KaK HOBbIl1 Hap I1cc..."), 11 3TO IJBeQHOe nOKAO-
lIeHHe nepeA C060IO nOraCI1AO ero pa3YM" (138), - xapaKTepHcTHKa
CKerrTHqeCKIi-npoHll aTeAhHoro MecpI1CTocpel\.5I, CAOBHO Ha HOBOM
'-rral1e <PaycToBa 6bITM5I npa3AHYlOru.ero CBOIO rr06eAY HaA JlncKpoM 60-
>KheH" - pa3YMoM qeAOBeKa.
68
fAQBQ III
4YBCTBO McnOAHeHHoro AOAra TpaHccpopMHpyeTC5! Y repo51 J\YHa-
qapCKOro B caMOAOBOAbCTBO ("51 - 6AarOAeTeAb 11. TBope 3TOM CTpa-
HbI", KOTOpyro " BbI3BaA M3 He6bITH5! - 51, 51 OAI1II! ", - 126, 120), B rrpe-
3peHHe K "06bIKHoBeHHbIM cMepTHbIM" (119). MYKH COBeCTH, HeKorAa
Tep3aBillHe reTeBcKoro <DaycTa B CB5I3M co cTpClAaHH5!MH, KOTopble ero
"cTpeMAeHH5!" npHHeCAI1 fpeTxeH, <DHAeMoHY H EaBKHAe, CMeHI1AHCb
cnoKoHHoH YBepeHHocTbIO B rrpaBe reHJ151 IIAaTHTb 3a CBOH 6AaroAe-
TeAbHbu1 flOHCK JKH3H5!MH ApyrHx JUOAeM (KorAa fa6pH3Ab - 6ecKo-
pbICTHhH1 3alQHTHMK yrHeTeHHbIx, rrpeAynpe)KAaeT HOBoro <DaycTa 0
TOM, qTO ocymeHMe 60AOTa 6YAeT CTOHTb JKM3HM AeC5ITKY HAH AaJKe
COTHe pa60tIHX, BO OTBeqaeT: "APyr MOH, MO>KeT 6hITb. MbI BeAeM
60pb6y C npMpOAOH. YeCTb I1 CAaBa naBIlIHM B 3TOH 60pb6e" - 118).
I1Tor TaKoro npaBAeHH5I - HeAOBOAbCTBO, 3aTeM B03Myw;eHl1e
HapoAa, cAa60cTh rocYAapcTBa, AHIlIeHHoro BHYTpeHHeH I eAOCTHOC-
TH, aTaKH BHyrpeHHHx M BHelllHI1X BparoB. YlTor nbeCbI: CHaqaAil -
rOPAbIH OTKa3 <DaycTa pa3AeAMTh CBOlO BAaCTh C HapoAoM, Ao6po-
BOAbHoe H3rHaHHe BbICOKOl\lepnOro BAaCTMTeMl, 3aTeM - BAaCTh Ha-
pOAa (HapoAHhIX TPM6YHOB), cnpaBMBlllaJIC5I co Bcervn1 3aAat.JaMH, KO-
Topble 6bIMi HenOCHAhHbI BeAMKoMY "OAMHot.JKe" <I>aycry, M3rHaHHe
"3AOAeeB" , nOKaJIHHOe B03Bpar.u;eHMe <DaycTa C nOCAeAHHM AapoM
AI06BH K AlOAHM - M306peTeHHoM MM B nepHoA BpeMeHHoro YAaAe-
HH5I OT AeA P060TOM, KOTOpbIli oCBo6oAMT HaceAeHMe ropoAa OT T5I-
>KeAbIX pa6oT, TOpJKeCTBeHHoe npMMHpeHMe reHM5I C MaccaMH, <I>ay-
CTa C ropOAOM, M <pH3MQeCKa51 CMepTb HeAaBHero BO*AH, KOTOpa5! 'IYf
)l{e 060paQMBaeTC5I ero, CAHBlllerOC5I C HapOAOM, 6eCCMepTHeM. "<t>a-
YCT YMep", - KOHcTaTHpyeT Bpaq. "<I>aYCT )KHB BO Bcex! )KI1B C Ha-
MM! "- B03pa.JKaeT fa6pH3Ah, M HOBbIM anocpe030M Ha 3eMAe, a He Ha
He6ecax, KaK 3TO 6bIAO Y feTe, 3aBeprnaeTC5! 3eMHOH nyrh HOBoro
<I>aYCTa: "fOAOBbI 06Ha)KalOTC5I. 3HaMeHa orrYCKalOTC5I. ElQe rpOMt.Je,
COAHet.JHO M no6eAHO 3aAI1BaIOTC5I rOAoca KOAOKOAOB. B fvleMeHHOM
TeMrre H BeAMqaBO HapOA 3arreBaeT rMMH:
npOCHYhC5I ropoA BJ\.aCTeJ\MH -
MOfY1!HH BeAHKaH.
I4apb TpoT 6ypr yrpOM cpeAh paBHHH
BAPyr Bblrrp5lMHh CBOH cTaH!
DOA 3ByKH rHMHa 3aHaBec MeMeHHO onycKaeTC5I" (146).
C n03HD;HH arrOAoreTa peaAbHOrO AeHCTBH5I BO MM5I ocy ecTBAe-
HM5I CO HaAHCTMQeCKHX HAeaJ\.OB AYHat.JapCKHH He Mor npHH5!Tb HH
6aAbMOHTOBCKoro OTBep)l(eHM5I cpaYCTOBCKoro "KaI-IaAH3aTOpCTBa",
HH 6plOCOBCKoro orpaHIP-IeHH5I cpaYCTOBCKoro nOMCKa ccpepOM n03Ha-
HH5I, HH "BeXOBCKI1X" ynoBaHI1H Ha caMOCOBeprneHCTBOBaHI151 OTAeAh-
HOM AMt.JHOCTH Ha OCHOBe peAHrH03HO-KYAbTYPHWX TPaAH I1M KaK
eAI1HCTBeHHoro nyrH K nOCTeneHHOMY npeo6pa30BaHI11O Ii 3KOHOl\tIM-
qeCKHX H CO HaA.bHbIX YCAOBHH - ynoBaHMH, oco6eHHO rpOMKI1X B ne-
(/)aycmoBcKuii. repoll U 3aKam npOCBemUmeAbCKOU Jpbl
69
Pl10A peaK I1M Ha C06bITH5I IlepBoM PYCCKOM peBoAlOU;MM
1905 - 1907 rr. M eCTeCTBeHHoro Y I'Ka6MHeTHhlx" MHTeMMreI-iTOB,
l;llepaWHHX MapKcMcTOB, cTpaxa nepeA He06Y3AaHHoH MOIIJ.bIO pa3-
I lleBaHHhlX Macc M HeMeMeHHOCTbIO peBoAlO MoHHoro AeHCTBM5I 4 .
B TO )Ke BpeM5I AYHaqapCKMH peWMTeAbHO OTXOAMT 3AeCb M OT CBO-
(\1'0 npe)KHerO uHI1QIIIeaHCKOrO" npeACTaBAeHM5I 0 cpaYCTOBCKOM re-
poe, BbIpa)KeHHOM B CTaTbe l'ITepeA JUfIJ;OM pOKa", KaK 0 IrTBopu.e", A/ili
KOTOpOrO uHapOA, 06rn.eCTBO" - urAbI6a MpaMOpa, 113 KOTOpOrO TBO-
1)11'f OH npeKpaCHOe '-IeAOBeqeCTBO COrAaCHO CBOeMY MAeaAY... El\IY HeT
(\eAa AO Barnero CqaCTb5l... OH 6YAeT... 3allJ)1rn.aTb orHeM 11 rAbI6af\1M or-
J iH TOATIY IIpOTI1B Hee Cal\10H - OHa A0A)KHa CTaTb IIpeKpaCHOH, OHa -
\IaTepM5I, M ee A0A)KHa npoHMKHyrb TBOpqeCKa.H MAeH reHH5I " s (He-
I'pYAHO 3aMeTYITb 3AeCb HeqTO rrp11H MnMaAbHO 06rn;ee C aBTOpaMI1
C60pHl1Ka uBeXM", oIIy6AMKoBaHHoro B 1909 f.: TO )l(e npeACTaBAeHMe
o KaqeCTBeHHOM pa3HM e 'leAMHMu.hI" M uMHO)KeCTBa", npeACTaBAeHMe
o Macce He KaK 0 CYMMe eAMHMIJ;, HO KaK 0 HeKoei1: HepaCqAeHeHHOM
cy6cTaH MM, CAOBHO 6bI HaXOMIw;eHC.H Ha HHOH CTaAMM He TOAbKO CO-
qI10KYAbrypHoro, HO M 6MOAOrMQeCKOrO pa3BMTH5I - IIO cpaBHeH11IO C
II 0AMHOqKOM", reHMaAbHOCTh KOToporo onpeAeA5IeTC5I B KOHeqHOM
ClleTe ero CIIoc06HOCTblO npeHe6peraTh TOMIOH - UAPyrMMM").
AMI aBTopa ApaMbI u<DaYCT 11 ropOA" IIp06AeMa reHM5I M TOAllhI -
OAHa M3 aKTYaAbHhIX He TOAbKO B 6YPJUlru;eH POCCMI1, HO M BO BceR EB-
pone HaqaAa XX BeKa 6 , TaK)I(e Mll\ym;eH nyrM MaClllTa6HbIX CO MaAh-
IIhIX pecpopM, - pernaeTCH B 60rOCTpOMTeAbHOM nAaHe: KaK He06xo-
I\HMOrO OTKa3a BhIAaIOru;eRC.H AI1qHOCTM OT npeTeH3MM Ha 11CKl\lOqH-
TeAbHOCTh M "paCTBopeHMe" ee B KOAAeKTMBe.
TaK <DaYCT CO HaAJ1CTMqeCKO:H 3nOXM - HeonpOCBeTMTeAhCKOM
lIaCAeAHMIJ;bI BephI BO BceMorym;ecTBo '-IeAOBeqeCKOrO pa3YMa M AeM-
CTBMH XVIII CTOAeTM.H - unOnpaBJUleT" cpaycToBcKoro repo51 6yp)KY-
d3HOM 3pbI, 3aCTaBJUl5I ero nepeAaTh II reH " cpaycToBcKoro Aep3aHI151 HC
OTAeAbHoMY qeAOBeKY, HO uKoAAeKTMBy"7.
4. "OEPATHAJI C1>AYCTl1AHA"
PYCCKOrO l1HTEAIlHrEHTA
MTaK, B MAeHHo-06pa3HYlO cMcTeMY cOBeTcKoH AHTeparyphI nep-
BhIX IIocAeoKTH6pbCKI1X AeT <DaycT nOIIClAaeT KaK 116YP)l(ya3HbIH re-
POM", 3aqacTYIO KaK MnOCTaCh "6ypJKya3Horo" MHTeAAllreHTa, aHTMAe-
;\lOKpaTMQeCKOrO B CBOMX np11T.H3aHI151X Ha MCKAIOqMTeAhHOCTh.
DpM 3TOM eMY npeAOCTaBJUlIOTCH ABe MCTOpHQeCKI1e B03MO)l(HOC-
'I'M. AM60 oTpellIMTbC5I OT CBoero lI e3apM3Ma, OT I1AAlO3I1H rrpOCBe-
lL eHHoro MOHapxa, BHHOBHoro B TOM, qTO BbIHY>KAeH yrBep>KAaTbC5I C
IlOMOI.IJ.hIO MecpMCTocpeAbCKMX 3J\OAe5lHMH, H npMMMpHTbC.H C pecrry6-
AI1KaHCKMM HapOAOIIpaBCTBOM, KaK 3TO 6bIAO B yroIIMqeCKH-cpaIl'fac-
70
rAQBQ III
TIi eCKOH: ApaMe A.B. AYHa apcKoro "<DaycT H ropoA" (1916), T.e. BbI-
pBaTbcH 3a npeAeJ\.bI cBoeH CO lia.AbHOM cPopMaIJ;I1H 11 I1HTerpHpoBaTb-
C5I B HOBYJO. l\H60, KaK 3TO np0I13011IJ\.O B nOBeCTH .t\eoHI1Aa .t\eOHOBa
"KoHe MeJ\.KOrO eAoBeKa" (1922)1, npl13HaTb B o6pa3e eHoro Jlli-
xapeBa - "oBarHepI130BaBllIerOC5I" <t>aycTa - CBOIO HC'lJepnaHHocTb
rrepeA AM OM HOBoM >K113HH.
B 3TOM paHHeI1: nOBeCTH A. AeoHoBa n05lBMleTC5I Ii OTAaAeHHbIH
nOTOMOK MecpMcTocpeMl, 0 KOTOpOM B KpliTHKe 2 CnpaBeAAHBO rOBO-
pI1AOCb, 'lJTO OH 60Aee pOAcTBeH MeAKoMY, "naKocTHoMY" 6ecy <D. Co-
Aoryoa, qeM nOJ\.HoMY "cpaHTaCTI1'lJeCKI1 orpoMHoM CI1AbI" reTeBcKoMY
Ab5lBOJ\.Y. 11 repoM, KOToporo 3TOT 6ec "cMyr.u;aeT", - He CMeJ\.bIl1 <Da-
YCT, a nOTpHceHHbII1 peBOA1O lieM npocpeccop <t>eAOp AHApeH'lJ AM-
xapeB, CYMeBIIIIiH u MI1Te J\.bHbIM Hanp5I)KeHMeM YMa Ii BOAIi" TaK rAY-
60KO IIpOHHKHyrb liB Hel1CnOBeAMMbIe rAy611HbI IIaJ\.eOHTOJ\.orliqec-
KOM 11 APyrlix, pOAcTBeHHblx 3ToM, HaYK, 'lJTO, IIO)KaAyM 11 )K.IiA Bce
BpeMH TaM, B AOIIOTOIIHOM rAe-To, C I1TaJI HaCT05lm;ee 3a HeCT05lm;ee
OTpa)K.eHMe Tex HeB03BpaTHbIX BpeMeH". He <DaycTa, a CKopee Bar-
Hepa cOBpeMeHHoM HaYKIi I1cKyrnaeT epT, Aa 11 He 'lJepT, a I/cpepT" -
"TaKaJI rHYCb... PYKI1 B 60KIi, MOPAa nAlOraBaSI Ii 3TaKoe nJ\.e6eHCTBO
BO BceH cplirype... C AYIlIIi BOpOTIiT!" (224 - 225). Ho "MeAKMe" nepco-
Ha)KH AeoHoBa TO)Ke IIbITaIOTC5I no-cBoeMY UHCTOJ\.KOBaTb MHpo3Aa-
HMe" (226), o6cYR<AalOT BonpocbI Ba)KHbIe Ii o611 e3HaqMMbIe: 0 CYAb-
6ax IiBMAM3a l1l1, CMbICAe IiCTOpIiI1, MeCTe IiHTeJV\.MreHU;MH B peBo-
AlO MM. uI1cTOpI1QeCKOH ollII16KOH" CqliTaeT J\HxapeB caM cpaKT cY-
II..\eCTBOBaHI151 yqeHoro B peBoAlO 110HHYIO 3ll0XY, BIIOAHe corJ\.acy-
HCb B 3TOM C "OneKalOrn;IiM" ero Ab5lBOAOM. IfTIAlOraBbIM cpepT" - He-
'lJTO BpoAe nepcoHlicpliKa IiH xYAIllero, HeAo6poro, unoAnoAbHoro" B
AHxapeBe - YCAY>KAMBO nOACKa3bIBaeT IIpocpeccopy: "LJeAOBeQI1-
Ha - nrrYKa 3eMHaH, 3aqeM C Hee pa3HbIX TaM 6AaropOAHbIX lllryK
cilpaIllHBaTb!" (248); )'Bep5l5l, 'lJTO HOBoe, CTp05lIIJ;eec5I B POCCHIi, 3TI1
"BaHbKIi" HenpeMeHHo "no KI1pnI1'lJI1KY" paCTaIIJ;aT 11 qTO HH OH, AI1-
xapeB, HI1: ero HaYKa pOCCHHCKOM AeMCTBIiTeAbHOCTI1 He HY/KHbI.
YAI1BIiTeAbHO HaIIOMIiHalOT ero CAOBa MecpHCTocpeAeBCKoe orrpeAe-
AeHM qeAOBeKa KaK "CKOTI1HbI H3 CKOTOB". Ho eCJ\.1i <DaycT orrpoBep-
raeT TaKoe cYJKAeHI1e Ii cBoeM )KM3HblO, M cMepTbIO, o3apeHHO:H Be-
pOH B npeKpacHbIl1 CMbICA QeJ\.OBeQeCKOrO 6bITM5I, TO AHxapeB nacy-
eT IIepeA XI1XI1KalOIIJ;MM, I13AeBalOr.u;MMC5I cpepTOM, OCTaBA5IH Af\5f. ce65I
TOAbKO OAHY nepcneKTI1BY - "YMepeTb 6e3 KpliKa" (277).
Ho He CTpeMJ\.eHl1e qeAOBeKa pa3YMHoro K caMOOC03HaHl'IIO H IIO-
3HaHHlO MI1pa 6bIAO MCTOpl1"t!eCKOH OIllI16KOH B nepI10A 3Hcpopl1'lJec-
KHX H<1Ae)I(A Ha YCileIllHOCTb IIOIIbITOK IIepeXOAa K peaAbHOMY HapOAO-
ilAaCTI1IO. HCTOpli'lJeCKOH OIlII16KOH HBI1AaCb II03J1U;HH AeOHOBCKoro re-
pOH - rrpI1H linI1aAbHa51 OTI'OprHyrocTb OT "o6r.u;ero" 6 bIT 1151 , Cy6neK-
TI1BHo-neCCMMI1CTl1qeCKHH B3rA5IA Ha XOA I1CTOpIiH. n0311 I1H B IIPI1H-
I MIIe aHTl1cpaYCTOBCKa51 - He CJ\.yqaHHo II03TOMY B3bICKyIDIIJ;IiH 6bI-
C1>aycmoBcKUU repoL1 U 3aKam npOCBemUmeAbCKOii 3Pbl
71
'l'H5I H pB"Y I1MC5I B rp5lAym;ee <DaYCT 6bIA orrpaBAaH H "crraceH", a AH-
xapeB rM6HeT 6e3 rrpaBa Ha arreAASlD.HIO.
K aHaAOrHqHOMY cpHHaAbHOMY Kpaxy, MPIHOMY M MCTOpHqeCKOMY,
IIpHXOAMT ern;e OAMH HHTeJ\AI1TeHT - COOTeqeCTBeHHMK H COBpeMeH-
HIiK AHxapeBa, KAHM CaMfHH, repol1 OAHOMMeHHOM 3rrorreH MaKCHMa
fophKoro (1925-1936).
THrrOAOrlf\IeCKOe pOACTBO IjKAHMa CaMfHHa" Ii reTeBcKoH Tpare-
AI1I1 YCTaHaBAMBaeTC5I11 B np5lMOM conOCTaBAeHl111 ABYX rrpoM3BeAeHI1I1
(P. WpeAep), H onocpeAoBaHHo, Qepe3 uAoKTopa cDaycTYca" T. MaIIHa
(T. MOTbIAeBa, A. 3aToHcKMM)3. OHO YCMaTpI1BaeTC5I HCCAeAOBaTeA5lMH
13 p5lAe acrreKTOB: B pa3BepThIBaHMM AeMCTBH5I BOKPyr cBoe06pa3Horo
IlaKTa KAMMa CaMrl1Ha C Ah5lBOAOM M pa3paCTaHMH 3Toro AeHCTI3 1}I B
paCCKa3 a pOAM MHTeAAJ1feHU;MH B orrpeAeAeHHOM MCTOpM1.IeCKOM CHTY-
a IiM; B BOCC03AaHMM KapTHHbI MHpa rAaBHhIM 06pa30M qepe3 CTOAK-
HOBeHMe qeAOBeqeCKMX C03HaHMH 11 pa3BMTMe CIO)KeTa - B Ayxe .. pO-
i\1aHa BocnMTaHHSI", - B 3aBMCMMOCTH aT nOTpe6HOCTeH MHTeAl\.eK1Y-
aAbHO-AYXOBHOM 3BOAlOU;I1H rep05l, KOTOphUf HaXOAMTC5I B COCT051HI111
"6AY>KAaHM5I", nOI1CKa T01.IKH orrophI 11 CMbICAa CBoero 6bITIi5l. OTQerO r
C OAHOH CTOpOHbI, reTeBeAeHHe M rropOAMAO onpeAeAeHMe <DaYCTa feTe
KaK II <DaYCTa B nyrM" M C03AaAO HeMaAO pa60T 06 aBaHTlOpHO-npMKJ\JO-
y:eHqeCKOM 3AeMeHTe B reTeBcKoM TpareAHM. C APyroH CTOpOHhI, OT8-
tleCTBeHHoe AMTepaTYPOBeAeHHe (A. 3aTOHCKHM, orrMpalO HHC5I Ha
paCCY)KAeHM5I a CaMrHHe A. AYHaqapCKofo) crrpaBeMMBO KBaMlcpMIJ;H-
pyeT rophKOBCKoro repo51 KaK uHHTeAAeKTYaAbHOrO rrMKapo", /l6poMlry
HCTOPHM", 6AY)KAaIO:w.ero B KpM3MCHOH "POCCMI1 Ha KOAecax".
CorrOCTaBAeHH5I, MoryI.I.J;He rrOKa3aThC5I HeCKOAbKO HaT5IHyrhIl\1H,
nOAyqaIOT AOIIOJ\HMTeAbHble 060CHOBaHM5I, eClill K HHM rrpMBAeqh HC-
TOpMIO OCMhICAeHM5I 06pa30B cDaycTa H Ab5IBOAa B TBOpqeCTBe rOphKO-
ro, rrpeAIIIeCTBOBaBIIIeM C03AaHMIO UKAHMa CaMrMHa".
B nepBbIM pa3 B paCCKa3e "0 1.JepTe" (1899)4 fophKMI1 rrpeAcTaBM1-
eT "AY1.IIIIero H3 Bcex M3BeCTHhIX HaM qepTeM, C KOTOpbIMM n03HaKO-
1\-IHA Hac BeAMKHM feTe", B KaqeCTBe MYAporo 3HaTOKa )K113Hl1 r 06J1a-
>KalOIIJ;erO nepeA PYCCKMM HHTeAAMreHTOM "BClO AO)Kb H Mep30cTIJ cro
6hITH5I". B HarrHcaHHOM B TOM )Ke rOAY paCCKa3e /lEm;e a qepTe" ropL-
KOBCKHM MecpHCTocpeAb 6epeT Ha ce651 ew;e 60Aee HeO>KMAaHHYlO
CPYHKU;HlO "OqHCTMTeASl AynIM" PYCCKoro HHTeAAMreHTa. AeAaeT OH
JTO COBeprneHHO 6eCKophICTHO - Ayma HBaRa ¥fBaHOBM1.Ia B3aMeH 3a
YCAyry eMY COBCel\1 He HY)KHa: "TIoMMAyMTe? r KYAa MHe ee? ¥f3BHHM-
Te! 51 XOTeA CKa3aTb - Ha 1.ITO ee MHe?. 3TO 6bIAO paHhrne, KorAa cy-
IQecTBOBaAH 3AopoBble, KpyrrHhle AyuIH...". ITocAe Taro KaK CTapaHH5I-
MH qepTa H3 AYlliH PYCCKoro HHTeAAHreHTa 6bIJUI YAaAeHhI Bce IIOpOKM
11 MeAKMe CTpaCTH, B HeM OKa3aAaCh rrycToTa ('jOAHH Me OMeTM5I OC-
TaAMCh B qeAOBeKe, Aa M TO 6e3 BC5IKOrO COAepJKaHM5I... rr) (III, 463, 467).
HeYAHBHTeAbHO II03TOMY, 1.JTO B H05l6pe 1905 r., B IIepl1:0A rrOA'bel\fa
lIepBoM PYCCKOM peBoAlOU;MM 6AaropoAHO-06AHQalOllJ;MM ropbKoBCKHH
72
fAQBQ III
1.IepT BhIcryrraeT 06BHHHTeAeM HHTeAAl1reHTa -" OObIBaTeJUl", HOCHTeJUI
605I3AHBOro, KOHcpOpMI1CTCKOro, 6e3Ae5ITeAhHOro pa3YMa - "HBaHa
HBaHOBH"lJa": JlYTO AeAaTh Ha 3eMAe "lJepTY Terreph, KorAa AIOAI1 rrpe-
B3011IAH ero B TBOp"lleCTBe Mep30CTeH? 51 CTaJ\. Teneph KaKI1M-TO 3a-
IlITaTHhIM cyrn.eCTBOM... Ha6AlOAaIO, yqYCh rrpOBOQl1pOBaTh... 51 6hIA Ha
BailieM C'Le3Ae H BHAeA, KaK ycepAHo BhI XOpOHI1AH B rrOTOKax CAOB
AI060Bh K pOAI1He, HHTepeChI TPYAHm.HXC5I KAaCCOB, npaBAY, l.JeCTh..."
(JiH e e 0 "lIepTe") (V, 450).
B HanHcaHHOM B Te )Ke H05I6phCKHe AHH 1905 r. paccKa3e "0 Ce-
pOM" "lIepT ycrynaeT MeCTO CepOMY - HCTHHHOMY HOCHTeAIO 3Aa,
IJMaJ\.eHbKOM ABoeAYiliHOM raAHHe", KOTOpa51 "BcerAa 3aHMMaeT cepe-
AHHY Me>KAY KpaHHOCT5IMH, MeIlIa51 11M CBoeKophICTHOH cyeTOI1 CBoeM
pa3BI1ThC5I AO KOH:Qa, AO a6cypAa, AO I1AeaAa", KOTOpa51 "6e3AapHo
CMellIl1BaeT ABa OCHOBHbIX n;BeTa JKI13HI1" - "lIepHbIH 11 KpaCHhIM -
liB OAHH TYCKAbIH, rp5l3Hbu1, CKyqHhIH", 1J3aAepJKMBaeT CMepTb OT)KHB-
IlIero, 3aTpYAH5IeT pOCT JKHBOrO", a KorAa IJ)KH3Hb AhIIIlMT MeMeHHO,
Cephul HaCJ\.a)KAaeTC5I C"lJaCTbeM nOK05I". II VI, n03BOMIIOT eMY MAH HeT,
OIl YCTpaI1BaeT AA.5I ce65I )KM3Hh TerrJ\.yro, )KM3Hh ChITyIO, )KI13Hb )'101'-
Hyro" (V, 458).
VITaK, I1C1.Ie3aeT MecpHcTocpeAb, KOTOPOMY He"llerO AeJ\.aTh C Aerpa-
Al1pOBaBIlIHM nceBAo-"<DaycToM". J.1C"lJe3aeT H caM "<DaycT" - He
CTOAbKO I1CKyrnaeMhII1, CKOAhKO HarryrcTByeMhIH "lIepTOM MeAh"lJalO-
ITI;I1H PYCCKI1H I1HTeAJ\MreHT. TI05lBJUleTC5I OKpallIeHHhIH B TpaAH HOH-
HbIH U;BeT Ab5lBOJ\.a CepbIl1 - AYXOBHhIM MeI.I.J;aHHH, OJ\.Hu;eTBopeHHe
rr06eAHBllIero c06J\.a3Ha TpYCJ\.MBOrO CBoeKopbICTH5I.
MO Hoe xYAO>KeCTBeHHoe BonJ\.orn.eHHe 3Toro THna - KJ\.HM
CaMrMH. CBoero pOAa IIClAIlIHM <DaycT, HeAocToHHhIH HacJ\.eAHHK HOCI1-
TeJUI Aep3aIO ero pa3YMa, ew;e nhITaIOIIJ.I1I1:C5I npeTeHAoBaTb Ha Ka-
Koe-TO BeJ\.I1"l1l1e, - HO npeTeHAoBaTh HeYBepeHHo, MHorOCAOBHO 11
TPYCAl1BO, KaK npeTeHA)'1OT Ha CHMBOA BAaCTM, AaBHo YfpaqeHHoH.
He cAyqaHHo n03ToMY MHOr03HaQMTeAhHa5I MaCKa cpeAHeBeKoBoro
aAXI1MI1Ka, B KOTOpyro CaMrl1H p5lAHTC5I B MaCKapCtAe HaKaHYHe 1905 r.,
C Hero 6bIAa c611Ta C OCMe5IHl1eM.
3AeCh On5lTb np05lBMAOCb xapaKTepHoe AMI nepBhIx AeC5ITHAeTHH
XX B. CO HoAorH3HpoBaHHoe BOCnpl151THe <DaYCTa KaK 6yp>Kya3Horo
rep05I, "liTO H 3aCTaBJUIAO rOpbKoro TpaKTOBaTh cpaYCTOBCKHH rrOI1CK -
6YAb OH 06parn;eH B 06AaCTh 3HaHH5II1AH Ha rrOAe 3eMHhIX HacAa/KAe-
HHJ1 - KaK HHAI1BI1AYaAHCTH"lIeCKM-reAOHHCTH"lJeCKHH aKT, KaK 3a5IBKY
Ha 3AHTapHOCTb, HCKAI01.IHTeAbHOCTh CBoero rrpaBa Ha caMoocyrn;ecTB-
AeHl1e. J.1 "liTO, no CYfH, B03Bpa aAO K "AoreTeBCKI1M" npeACTaBAeHM-
51M 0 <DaYCTe, Ha KOTopbIe, c06CTBeHHO, H CChIAaAC5I rOphKI1H B CBOI1X
paCCYJKAeHI151X Ha cpaYCTOBCKYIO TeMY. TaK, B CTaThe "Pa3pyrneHHe
AI1l.JHOCTI1" (1908 - 1909) rOpbKI1H IIHllIeT: IJC03AaBa51 3TY AereHAY
(0 <DaycTe. - T.J/.) , HapoA KaK 6hI XOTeA OTMeTHTb AyxoBHoe 6eCCHAHe
AM"lIHOCTM, Y>Ke AaBHO I15IBHO Bpa>KAe6HOH eMY, OCMe5ITh ee >KaJKAY Ha-
C1>aycmoBcKuii l'epOu. U 3aKam npOCBemUmeAhCKOii 3Pbl
73
('Aa>KAeHMM H nOIIhITKH n03HaTb HeII03HaBaeMOe M5I Hee" (XXII, 33).
I'a >Ke MbICA.h IIOBTOp51eTC51 B CTaTbe uQ TOM, KaK 51 YLIHl\.CH IIHCaTh"
II 928). « BOT 6eCIIOl\.e3HOCTh YC11AJ'IJ1 3THX eAHHHlJ; AOCTHqb 1/ BhlcllleM
j)AacTH" H 6hIAa OCMe5lHa B l1CTOpHH npl1KAlOt.IeHHH cpeAHeBeKOBOrO
I\OKTOpa <DaYCTa, KOTOPOMY M caM t.IepT He IIOl\10r AOCTI1\.{h Bce 3HaHHH,
()eCCMepTH5I» (XXIV, 494).
UpH 3TOM cAeAyeT HMeTb B BHAY, TO Ha BOCIIpH5ITHe rOphKMM 06-
l)a3a <DaycTa KOHIJ;a XIX - Ha aAa XX B. OTt.IeTAI1B)'1O IIe aTb HaAO)KHA
raK Ha3bIBael\1bIH PYCCKHH cpaycTH3M. TOT PYCCKI111 cpaYCT113M, 6epy-
IqHM Ha"llaAO OT H.C. TypreHeBa C ero IIOBeCThlO 'j<DaYCT" 11 pet.IbIO
1/ ral\ll\.eT H AOH-KHXOT", CcpOpl\1YAI1pOBaHHbIH C.H. I3YAI'aKOBbI!\1, YUl1-
/\CBlllHM B VIBaHe KapalYla30Be TYIll upyccKoro <DaYCTa", H IIOMep>Kall-
IlhIH KaK YMoHacTpoeHMe A.C. Mepe)KKOBCK11M, A.H. IlleCT013Lll\I,
H.A. EepMIeBhIl\1, K.H. J\eoHTheBhlM, A.H. AHApeeBhIM:, cD.K. COAory-
()Ol\1 J1 AP., KOTOpbIH 6hIl\. OTMeqeH, HapHAY C QepTal\l11 3rOH3Ma 11 HHAI1-
IH1AYaAH3Ma, HeKHM "raMAeTH3MoM", ABoHcTBeHHocTbIO, pecpl\.eKcHe:i1:.
3TOT PYCCKHH cpaycTH3l\1, HaCl\.eAHHK npeTeH311M, CTPaAaHHH 11 He-
IlpHKa5IHHOCTH HJ\JilIIHHX l\.lOAeH", OAo6peHHhIH pOCCHHCKHl\1 60ro11c-
KaTeAbCTilOM py6e)l(a BeKoB, pacKphIT YCTaMH caMoro Cal\lrHHa B IIa-
\lHTHO:H HOBorOAHeM peQI1 B 3aKAlO HTel\.hHOH qaCTH 3TIOIIeH. 3AeCh
CaMrHH pa3BHBaeT Tel\IY <DaYCTa 11 AOH-KHXOTa KaK IJcaMYlO 3Ha1.J11-
'J'eAbHYI0" M5I PYCCKOH HHTeJ\AHreHIJ;HH H, oT6paChIBa5I OT ce651 6l\.aro-
pOAHO-IYMaHHCTI1 eCKoe AOHKHXOTCTBO ('j ...51 He AOH-KHXOT... MHe
Ot.{eHh IIOH5ITHa MhICAb... 0 CTpaillHOH Bl\.aCTH paBeHcTBa"), IIpH HCJUleT
ce651 K nopoAe <DaYCTOB, HO BI1AHT B PYCCKOM cpaYCTI13Me onopy He Ha
Pd3YlYI - "opraH <DaYCTa, KpHTH eCKH I1CCl\.eAYlO ero MI1p", a Ha Be-
PY, KOTOpa5l, IjI13Bl\.et.IeHHa51 H3 l\.Or11KH, l\.HllleHHa51 onopbI B t.IYBCTBe,
BeAeT K paCKOAY B CJ\.OBeKe, BHyrpeHHeMY pa3ABOeHJ1IO ero. VIMeHHO
OTClOAa, 113 3Toro paCKOl\.a B03HHKalOT KaqeCTBa, xapaKTepHhIe AJUl
PYCCKOH HHTeJ\AHreHIJ;HI1: IllaTKOCTb, HeIIpO HOCTh ee np11HIJ;I1I10B,
OOHAHe pa3Hope HH, 6hICTpa51 CMeHa BepOBaHHH... 06MAHe cpaKTOB
IIpeAaTel\.hCTBa...". IlepBaH)Ke peIIAMKa Ha peqh CaMrHHa, C KOTopoi1
\lfHOBeHHO COrl\.aIllaeTC5I opaTop: "Barn AOH KI1XOT H <DaycT - 601' 11
i\b5IBOl\. AocToeBcKoro..." (XXII, 302 - 303).
TaKMM o6pa30M, B IIpeACTaBl\.eHHI1 rOpbKoro Aerp<1AI1poBaBlllHH
co BpeMeH CBoero I1CTOpHQeCKOrO B03HHKHOBeHl151 OT Aep3aH11H K He-
YBepeHHOCTH II03AHe6YP)Kya3HbIM <DaYCT-CaMrHH Y>Ke BOIIl\.OIIJ;aeT B
ce6e qepThI AhHBOl\.a. HOBhH1: <DaYCT He npOCTO no6e>KAeH t.IepTOM, HO
[J or l\.OIll.eH 11M.
Ho KTO JKe 3TOT II06eAHBlIll1H AbHBOA H BO 11M51 'Iero 3aKAlOt.IaeT C
IIHM COI03 H3Mel\.bqaBlIIHH repoM?
3TO - uMeAKHM 6ec", "CK HhIH cephlH AeMoH", no cnpaBeMH-
BOMY Ha6l\.lOAeHHIO AYHaQapcKoro 5 , u;eHTpaAbHhIl1 o6pa3 AhHBOl\.a B
PYCCKOM Al1Teparype OT forol\.5l AO COAory6a. TOAbKo eclUI B IIOMOC-
'1'11 M IIOillAOCTlf TaKoro 6eca MepeJKKOBCKHH, HanpHMep, BHAel\. AHK
74
rAQBa III
TOAllbI co CBoMcTBeHHbIMH eM qepTaMH (lIforoAb H qepT", 1906), TO
rOpbKI1M, OT"tJaCTM rrpeABOCXMrn;a5I KAayca MaHHa C ero pOMaHOM
IIMecpMCTocpeAb", YCMaTplfBaA 3AeCb OpraHMQeCKHe KaqeC1'Ba MHTeA-
AMreHIJ;I1H, C ee nOCT05IHHbIMI1 npeTeH3ll5!MM Ha COIJ;HaAbHYlO HCKAIO-
Ql1TeAbHOCTb H C1'OAb )Ke nOCT05!HHOH COIJ;MaJ\bHOH y ep6HoCTblO,
Bhlpa)KalOrn;eHC51 B rOTOBHOCTH aAanTMpOBaTbC5-I K AlO60H BAaCTH
(HAl1 116e)Ka1'b" 01' Hee).
KaK H A. AeOHOB B IIKOHu;e MeAKoro qeAOBeKa", rOpbKHH, BepHO
YAaBAllBa51 MAeIO B3aHMHoro COOTBeTCTBH5!, rAy6HHHOM CXO>KeCTM CO-
CTaBHbIX napbI 'l"lJeAOBeK-Ab5!BOA", BI1AHT B Ca1\1rHHCKOM 116ece" XYA-
IlIMe QepTbI caMoro rep05!. TOAbKO B IlKAHMe CaMrMHe" IIMeAKHM 6ec"
oMeru;aHMBllIerOC5I HHTeAAHreHTa Y)Ke He nepCOHl1cpHIJ;HpyeTC5! HH B
caMOCTOHTeAbHyro ./U1"lJHOCTh, HH Aa)Ke B BI1AeHHe, KaK II cpepT" Aeo-
HOBCKoro MeAKOrO qeAOBeKa. I1CTOtIHMK 3Aa IIepeHOCMTC5I B ./U1"lJHOCTb
caMoro repOH, npeBpaIl a5! ero B aHTMrep05I, B HeraTMB, B IIceBAo-<I>ay-
CTa. Ah5!BOAbCKHH IIaKT CaMrHHa 3aKAIO"lJeH C AbHBOAbCKHM B caMOM
ce6e, 3aKAlOLIeH He 6e3 BHyrpeHHeM 60pb6bI, - HO 3AOBeru;ee .. a 6bIA
1\M MaAb"lJHK", AeMTMOTMB TPYCOCTH, npeAaTeAbCTBa, 3rOMCTI1"lJeCKOrO
'IHeyqacTH5I11 3Byn-IHT Bce HaCTOHqMBee H CHAbHee, H AYllla CaMrMHa
rrpOAaeTC51 6ecy ca IocoxpaHeHH5! M TIOKOR.
A;uI rOpbKoro, aII01\oreTa peBOJUOIJ;HOHHOH aKTHBHOCTM, B 3TOM -
HenpOrn;aeMbIM rpex CaMrHHa, OqeBHAHOCTb ero II(lAeHH51 M KaK AI-PI-
HOCTH, M KaK npeACTaBMTeM KAaCca, C1'aHOBHrn;erOC5I peTporpaAHOH
CllAOM, KorAa OH TepHe1' n01'pe6HOCTb B ABH)KeHHH M AeHCTBeHHOM
nOI1CKe. 11 pa3YM A106MTelUl nOKOH Y>Ke He AeTMT BnepeA, KaK pa3YM
<1>aYCTa C'nopbIB BpO.IKAeHHbIM KYAa-TO BBepx, TYAa, B 3eHHT! "), a Ha-
ITpaBA5IeTC5! BHyrpb ce65.1, Ha caMOKonaHHe H pecpAeKCMlO. (H, C06CT-
BeHHO, nepeC1'aeT 6bITb pa3YMOM, - BCIIOMHMM "cpaYCTOBCKYfO" pe"lJb
CaMrHHa) .
CYA HaA CaMrHHbIM BeAeTCH rOpbKI1M C HBHO reTeBCKOH TOl.J:KH 01'-
C"lJeTa. 1160 HAe51 AeMCTBM5!, CTOAb c)'IlI;ecTBeHHaH Al\5f. OTBa)KHO HCITbI-
TbIBaIOrn;ero Ml1p M ce6H reTeBcKoro <I>aycTa, 6bI1\a 11 M5I rOpbKoro
npHHD;HnMaAbHbIM KpHTepMeM ou;eHKM KaqeCTBeHHOCTH, COIJ;HaAbHOH
M HpaBcTBeHHoM IIOAHOI eHHOCTI1 MbIcMrn;el1: AM"lJHOCTM.
HAeH HMeHHO IIcpaycToBcKoro", a He uMecpHCTocpeAbCKOrO" AeHCT-
BH5!. XOT5! M5I rOpbKoro, no yKopeHHBllIeH:C51 B MHpOBOM reTeBeAeHHl1,
H B TOM LIMCAe B PYCCKOH peBOAlOQHOHHO-AeMOKpaTHqeCKOM MbICAl1,
TPMHIJ;I1H He <I>aYCT, a MecpMC1'ocpeAb, AP5IBOA C 60AbillOH 6YXBbI, TOp-
rOBaBlllMH HeKorAa "KpynHble M 3AopOBble AyuIM", - n06YAMTeAh
MbICAJ1, IIcpaHaTHK 3HaHI1H", 6YAopa)KHTeAb MCKaHMH. TaKOBbIM OH
rrpeACTaeT B n03AHHX CTaTb51X rOpbKoro, B C1'Mxax I1HoKoBa - aB1'O-
6MorpacpMqeCKOrO o6pa3a caMrMHCKO 3noneM. TaKa5! KOHu;en H51
MecpMCTocpeM CAOBHO 6AarOCAOBAeHa H CaMMl\'1 rOcnOAOM, B npOAore
Ha He6ecax HanyrcTBYIOrn;ero Mecpl1CTocpe.MI "pacrneBeAMTb 3aCTOH"
"lJeAOBeKa.
C1>aycmoBcKuii repoi1 u 3aKam npOCBemUmeAhCKOii 3Pbl
75
Ho He HBJUIeTCH AH MecpI1CTOQ:>eAb 110 CyrH '4:aCTblO caMoro CDayc-
I'd - ero c06CTBeHHbIX BonpOCOB, COMHeHI1H, HeYAoBAeTBopeHHocTH,
IKeAaHHH nOAHOM )KH3HH, )Ka bI )l(I1BOrO 3HaHMH H Ael1:cTBHH, 3CTeTH'4:e-
(' Koro COBeprneHCTBa H T.I1.? Pa3Be MecpHcTocpeAb npI1BHeC B )l(113Hb <Da-
veTa '4:TO-HH6YAh H3 Toro, qero He 6hIAO B cTpeMAeHI1HX 11 HaTYPe caMoro
IleJ\.OBeKa? BCnOMHI1M CAOBa qepTa 0 <DaYCTe B DpOAore Ha He6ecax:
OH pBeTC5.I B 6011:, H AI06HT 6paTb nperpClAbI,
11 BHAHT u;eAh MaH5I yro BAaJ\H,
11 Tpe6yeT y He6a 3Be3A B HarpClAY
VI A lllHX HaCAa>K,AeHHH Y 3eMMf 6 .
reTeBcKMM MecpHcTocpeAb, TaKlfM 06pa30M, OTHIOAb He reHepaTOp
(>ccnOKOMHbIX YCTpeMAeHHM <DaYCTa, a AHllIb HX OCy eCTBHTeAbr H Y/K
TeM 60Aee OH - He B011AO:r.QeHHe BeqHO ABM)KY:r.QerOCH Pa3YJVIa (T.e. 13
IlpOCBeTMTeAbCKOM rrOHHMaHHlf, 6e3YCAOBHoro A06pa). KaK pa3 Ha-
I1pOTHB. uMO h qeAOBeKa - pa3YM rrpe3HpaJ1:" , - HT MecpHCTO-
cpeAh 6yprna. B I-H qaCTM, B cu;eHe JlPa60QaH KOMHaTa <DayC'ra", Me-
(pl1CTocpeAh TaK 06'bHCHHeT CBoe npOHCXO:IKAeHHe
51 - qaCTH qaCTh, KOTopaH 6hIAa
KorAa-TO BceM 11 CBeT np0l13BeJ\.a.
CBeT 3TOT - IIOpO>KAeHLe TbMhl H01.JJIOI1
11 OTHHA MeCTO Y Hee CaMOI1 (II, 51).
rAaBHa51 3Cl,Aa'lJa MecpHcTocpeJUI - AOKa3aTh focnoAY, t.JTO OH co-
l3eprnHA ornH6KY, OTHHB y TbMbI (He6hITR5I) qaCTb rrpocTpaHcTBa H CO-
3AaB BceAeHHYIO (6bITMe, cBeT), B KOTOpOH 'lJeAOBeKY C'60/KKY BceAeH-
HOM") )KI1AOCb 6bI Ayqrne, II He 03apH ero TbI EO/Kheli MCKpOH H3Hyrpl1.
OH 3ry MCKPY pa3YMoM 30BeT. 11 C 3TO:H MCKpOH CKOT CKOTOM )KMBeT"
(TaM /Ke).
AOKa3aTb CKOTCTBO, )KHBOTHOCTh, u6HOAOrli3l\1" t.JeAOBeKa, r01'OBO-
ro HK06bI - 6bIA 6hI TOAbKO CT05l:r.QHH co6Aa3H! - OTKa3aTbC5I 01' 3aKO-
HOB pa3YMa, T.e. 01' 3aKOHOB CnpaBeAJlliBOCTH H Ao6pa, 01' BeqHOrO AilH-
>KeHH5I IIBrrepeA M BBbICb", nO)KeAaTb B Mlfr YAoBAeTBopeHHocTH OCTd-
HOBKM, nOKOH, qT06bI rrpoAJlliTb CBoe 6AaJKeHCTBO, M 3TMM OKa3aThC}1
HeAOCTOHHbIM uEOJKbeH MCKpbI" - BOT u;eAb reTeBCKoro AbHBOJ\.a. Ta-
KHM 06pa30M, Mec:t>MCTocpeAbCKOe OTpHn;aHMe eCTh OTcyrcTBHe BepbI B
orrpaBAaTeAbHbIH CMbICA qeAOBeqeCKOrO pa3YMa, T.e. B caMYlO I1AelO
homo sapiens KaK cyrn;ecTBa BbIcrnero, no cpaBHeHHlo C )KMBOTHbIl\1
\1HpOM, rropHAKa I1MeHHO B CHAY CBoero II HaA6bITOBoro" , 6eCKopbICT-
110ro H Aa/Ke )KepTBeHHoro CTpeMAeHMH K nOCTOHHHOMY caMOCOBep-
llleHCTBOBaHHIO Ii A06py.
Ho pa3Be He Bblpa>KaeT 3AeCh MecpHCTocpeAb COMHeHHH, KOTopble
:\1YQl1J\.H H caMoro <DaYCTa, - B CBOHX B03MO)l(HOCT5IX, B rrpaBax pa3Y-
Ma, B OCMhICAeHHOCTlf CBoero 6hITH5I, B u;eAeco06pa3HOCTH n03HaHH5I,
13 u A0 6pOKaQeCTBeHHOCTM" QeAOBeQeCKoJ1: npMpOAbI - H KOTopble OH
CYMeA caM, IIno c06CTBeHHOM OXOTe" , IIBblpBaBllIHCb H3 yYI1HKa", npe-
76
TAQBQ III
OAOAeTb, rrOTOMY 'ITO He OTAaA AYIlIY Ab5IBOAY lIeBepM5I H HeAlO6BH?
I160 Af\5I reTeBCKOrO cDaycTa 3TM Ha'IaAa He pa30pBaHhl. OCHOBHoe OT-
AH1.JHe MecpMCTocpeJ\51 OT cDaycTa - 6e3AYXOBHOCTb qepTa H OAYllIeB-
J\.eHHOCTb qeJ\.OBeKa, XOAOA paBHoAymH5I Ab5lBOAa H rop5ItJee COynIaCTMe
qeAOBeKa. <DaYCT COBeplllaeT He MeHbllIe HenpaBHJ\.bHoro, OlllH601.JHO-
ro, I' 3Aoro", 1.JeM MecpHCTocpeAh, HO OH HCKyrraeT 3TO 3AO CTpaAaHH5IMI1
iii MYKal\11i1 COBeCTH, pa3BHTMeM c06CTBeHlIOM AYlllH, KOTOpOM HeT Y
MecplilCTocpeJ\51 (H KOTOpOM: OH 6e3ycnelIlHo AOMoraeTC5I). MecpIilCTO-
cpeAL 3KCIIepHMeHTHpyeT, a <DaYCT Hw;eT. I1cKpeHHOCTh iii 6eCKopbIC-
THe nOIilCKa - 3aAOr onpaBAaHH5I <DaYCTa. Pa3YM <DaYCTa OKa3bIBaeT-
C5I rapaHTOM ero Ao6pa.
A.MI fopbKoro, MAYI ero B PYCAe reTeBCKoro nOHHMaHH5I HOpMaAb-
Horo 'IeJ\.OBeqeCKOrO 6bITH5I KaK pa3YMHoro Ae5lHH5I, OMelQaHHBlllHMC5I
H<DaycT" - CaMrMH H OCY>KAeH nOTOMY, 'ITO ero HarrpaBAeHHa5I MC-
KAlOt.fHTeAbHO Ha 3aAaqy caMocrraCeHH5I HTeXHHKa MbIIIlAeHH5I rrpeKpa-
ru;aeT pOCT ero MbICJ\.H" c'a Mew;aHCTBe"; XXV, 18) H, CJ\.eAOBaTeJ\.bHO,
napaAH3yeT ero BOAlO K 06 eCTBeHHO 3HaQHMOMY, T.e. AOCTOHHOMY
qeJ\.OBeKa AeM:CTBHlO. COOTBeTCTBeHHO OH Aerp<lAHpyeT HpaBCTBeHHO,
06HapY/KHBa5I 11 B AHt.fHOM: )KH3HM Hecrroc06HOCTb K COCTpaAaHHlO, TO-
BapHrn;eCTBY, BepHOCTH, J\.J06BM.
B Ha6poCKax K II03Me H4eJ\.oBeK" (1903) fopbKMM C BocToproM rrH-
CaA 0 4eAoBeKe C 60AhllIOH 6YKBbI, rr06YR<AaeMOM ero Be'IHOM: rroAPY-
roM: MbICAblO HeycTaHHo, COBceM rro-cPaycTOBCKH cTpeMHTbC5I " Bne -
peA! - H BbIllIe! Bce - BrrepeA". VI C npe3peHHeM xapaKTepH30BaA aH-
THnoA 4eAoBeKa, HAeHTH'IHbIM: "CepoMY" Ab5lBOJ\.Y: "OH - 6Aaropa3Y-
MeH. fapAoe C03HaHHe BHyrpeHHeM: cB060AbI 1.Jy)Kft.O ero cepeHbKOM: H
Y3KOM: Ayme... Ero He6oAhllIOe cepAIJ;e TeCHO Ha6HTo MaAeHbKIiIMH
BO>KAeJ\.eHH5IMH - )KaR<AOH YA06cTBa, nOK05l, cTpeMAeHHel\1 K CbITOC-
TH, rroqeT)', OH XOqeT nOJ\.HOTbI /KeAYAKa H AyrIIH...» (V, 489).
VlAeaAbHbIH YeAoBeK rOpbKoro - 3TO <DaYCT feTe, KOToporo Ae5l-
TeAhHa5I MbICAh BOBJ\.eKaeT B ry Y 6bITH5I H B KOHIJ;e KOHIJ;OB IIpHBOAHT
K no6eAe HilA c06CTBeHHbIM MHAHBHAYaAM3MOM, rrpopbIBY K qeJ\.OBeqe-
CTBY H OC03HaHHIO CBOeM: CB5I3H C HHM. MbICAb (TOqHee u6J\.aropa3Y-
MHe") qeAOBeKa HepelllHTeAbHO-TpycAMBoro, naCCHBHoro M5I fOpbKO-
ro, KaK H MJI feTe, HeH36eJKHO "BarHepH3yeT" AH'IHOCTb, 3aMbIKa5I ee
B Ka6HHeTHOM OAHHO'IeCTBe.
<DaYCT 6J\.Y)KAaA B nOHCKax npOAYKTHBHoro AeMCTBH5I - H rrepeA
CMepTblO Me"4:TaA 0 6AarOAeHCTBMM HapOAHOM. CaMrHH 6AY)KAaeT B rro-
HCKax nOK051 - H Ha rrOCl\.eAHHX CTpaHHIJ;aX 3IIorreH AYMaeT 0 TOM, KaK
npaB 6bIA HeKHH pMMCKHM HMnepaTOp, )KeAaBIlIMH, 'ITo6bI Bce rOJ\.OBbI
TOAIIbI CpOCJU1Cb B OAHY: ee J\.erqe 6bIAO 6bI oTpy6MTb. MO)KHO crropMTb
06 3McpOpHH cTapu;a <DaycTa - HO pOMaHTM3M BepbI BO BceCHAHe pa-
3YMa M AeM:CTBIi51 Bel\. K npM5ITHlO )KH3HH Ii HHTerpa HH B qeJ\.OBe1.JeC-
KYIO 06rn;HOCTb, a Tpe3Ba51 caMooxpaHHTeAbHa5I OCTOpOJKHOCTb CaMrH-
Ha - K cTpaxy rrepeA peaAbHOCT5IMI1 6bITM5I.
<:t>aycmoBcKuii repoi1 u 3aKam npOCBemUmeAbCKoi1 :Jpbl
77
OpeTeH3HH Ha HCKAlOt.IMTeAhHOCTb - caMOYAOBAeTBOpeH-
I {OCTb - aHTHAeMOKpaTI13M - CTpeMAeHHe K nOKOIO - OAHHO'IeCTBO H
"-pax: TaK BbP-lep'lHBaeT fOphKHM TpaeKTopHIO naAeHH5I H6yp/Kya3Ho-
1'0 repo.H".
TaKOM, C 060CTpeHHO-COIJ;HOAOrH3I1pOBaHHbIX n03HlJ.11J{ CTOPOH-
IIJ1Ka peBOAIOlJ.HOHHOro IIpOAeTapHaTa 6ypMIIIJ;HX rOAOB, )'BHAeA fOpb-
KHI1 U3BHe HpaBCTBeHHO-COIJ;HaAbHYIO 3BOAlOlJ.HlO "CHAbHOM AI1'lHOC-
I'H", H3MeJ\.bQaBillerO j'<1>aYCTa" 3aKaTa npOCBeTHTeAbCKOM 3pbl, - H
CYA HaA HHM COBepillaeTC5I fOpbKHM no reTeBCKHM, npOCBeTMTeJ\.b-
CKI1M KpHTepH5IM.
5. (/)AYCT-"XYAO)/(HUK"
HAlJUHAET 11 npOUTPbIBAET
rOpbKHH, rOBOp51 0 CaMrHHe KaK 06 06pa3e cOBpeMeHHoro I1HTeA-
AYlreHTa, IIHCaA, 'ITO OH 3HaA ero KaK THn He TOAbKO HallleH CTpaHbI, HO
11 CDpaHIJ;HH H AHrAHH. AeMCTBHTeJ\.bHO, MHOfHe nOCTaBAeHHble B ropb-
KOBCKOH KHHre "cpaYCTOBCKHe" BOIIpOCbI HMeAM 06rn;eeBporreMCKHll HH-
Tepec, H He cAyqallHo 6YKBaAbHO Qepe3 ABa rOAa nOCAe Toro, KaK CMepTb
lIOMeIllaAa rOpbKOMY AonHcaTb nOCAeAHHe CTpaHH bI 3IIOrreI1, OOAb Ba-
J\epH Ha'IHHaeT I1I1CaTb ApaMaTI1QeCKYJO n03MY "Mow <DaYCT" 1.
B Hell npo6AeMa COBpeMeHHoro <1>aYCTa, TaK)l(e OTMe'IeHHa5I KPH-
:311COM rr03AHe6YP)l(ya3Horo C03HaHH5I, AaHa u3Hympu, 'IeAOBeKOM, KO-
TOpblM Y)l(e B 1919 r. B CTaTbe uKpH3HC Ayxa" I1peAynpe>I<AaA 0 B03-
:'vl0)l(HO:H I10Tepe Toro lJ.eAhHOrO onTHMHCTHQeCKOrO eBpOrreI1CKOrO ca-
10C03HaHH5I, KOTopoe Bblpa60TaAOCb BeKaMH npeAIllecTBYIOI..QerO
KYAbTyPHoro pa3BHTH5I, H rrpeABOCXHI..QaA TOT naHTparH3M, TY IICMbIC-
;\oyrpary", KOTopble CTaAH xapaKTepHbIMI1 AJUl MHpOOI..Qyrn;eHH.H 3Ha-
4I1TeAbHOH 'IaCTH eBporreMCKOH HHTeJ\JU1:reHU;HH 1930 - 1940-x rOAoB2.
3TO OT'IeTAHBO np05IBHAOCh B cBoe06pa3HoM <paycTHaHe KpI13I1CHOro
lIepHoAa - pOMaHe "CTenHoM BOAK" fepMaHa fecce.
fepMaH recce, HeMe no rrpoI1CXOJKAeHHIO, rpaR<AaHHH Ml1pa, - B
AynIIIIeM CMblCAe 3THX CAOB, - no y6eR<AeHHlO Bbl6paBllll1H MeCTOM
>KI1TeAbCTBa (11 n03HIJ;HeM - H60 WBeM apH5I B onpeAeAeHHoM O'fHO-
IlleHHM He TOAbKO CTpaHa, HO H TOQKa 3peHH5I) HMeHHO lllBeHIJ;apHIO,
'\1aAeHbKHM npo06pa3 6YAyrQero eBponeMCKoro MHpa B3aI1M0I10HHMa-
HH5I H TepnHMOCTH, KaK pa3 B rOp5IQHe rOAbl HapaCTaHH5I BOAHbI rep-
i\laHCKOro caMoyrBepJKAeHH5I, c06Aa3Ha KOToporo He H36e/KaAH HI1
repxapT faynTMaH, HH TOMac MaHH, HH CTecpaH feopre, KaK H MHorHe
APyrMe ero COOTeQeCTBeHHI1KH, rrepBbIM B EBporre nOKa3aA TpareAHIO
cpaYCTOBCKoro qeAOBeKa HOBoro BpeMeHH, 0603HaQl1BIIIerO ce65I CHM-
BOAM"lJeCKHM nceBAOHHMOM "CTerrHOH BOAK".
ABT06HorpacpHQeCKHM repOM pOMaHa feece, rrp03paQHO 3aIIIHcP-
pOBaHHbIH rroA HHHIJ;HaJ\.aMI1 IIf.f." (fappH faAAep), nOA06Ho reTeB-
78
rAQBQ III
CKOMY <Daycry, 1.JyacTByeT B CBOeM rpYAM H ABe AYlllM" , OAHa M3 KOTO-
pbIX II pBeTC B 06AaKa", a APyraH - B 6ypHbie BOAHhI )KI1TeHCKOro MO-
pH. OAHaKO eCAH npOCBeTMTeAbCKI1M repO:H feTe MllI.eT CHHTe3 cTpac-
TM K c03HAaHMlO (Ayxa) M )K.a)I(,AbI peaJ\.bHoro 6hITI1£ (AeMCTBfHI) Ii C'-IM-
TaeT B rrpHHl\Hrre ero oc eCTBHMhIM, nOAaraH TeM caMbIM B03MO)K-
HbIM Ii oc eCTBMMbIM TBOpqeCKOe npe06paJKeHI1e AeMCTBMTeAbHOC-
TH - TO rappH faJV\.ep, AllT.H II 3aKaTHoro BpeMeHH", OCTpO o:r.u;yw;aeT
HeCAH5IHHOCTb 3TMX ABYX CTIiXMM CBoero cy:r.u;eCTBa, JJXYAOJKH1-fl£eCKO-
ro", cpaHTa3MMHO-AYXOBHoro, Aep3alOI.QerO - Ii TPdAHl\MOHHO-KOH-
cepBaTMBHoro, II 3elVIHoro" Hal..laJ\..
KaK M <DaYCT feTe, raAAep - CbIH 6IOprepCKOH 3nOXH, HO B OTAI1-
lll1e 01' reTeBCKoro nepCOHaJKa, OH y)l(e He <1AeKBaTeH eM, M OTAaMleTC5I
OT Hee, nOCT05lHHO rrpM 3TOM OrA51AbIBa5lCb M CTPdAa51 OT cBoeM cTpaH-
HI1QeCKOM 6ecnpMIOTHoCTH. npMMeqaTeAbHO npH 3TOM, '-11'0 reTeBCKMH
<DaycT, AaJKe nyrernecTBY51 BO BpeMeHM H rrpocTpaHcTBe, OCTaBdAC5I
YKopeHeHHbIM B cBoeM 3IIoxe H ee CMCTeMe u;eHHocTew H Be3Ae qYBCT-
BOBaJ\. rrOA C060M orropy. HanpoTMB, repoH recce, Aa.JKe He BbIXOAH M3
KOMcpopTa6eAbHOM 61OprepCKOH KBapTMpbI, OW;YIIJ;aeT ce651 6pOASIrO:H,
II "
H3roeM, OAHliM H3 Tex HeMHorHX cYMacrneAllIMX ,M5I KOTOpbIX eAI1H-
CTBeHHO c ecTByeT rrAeHI1TeAbHbIM Ii He HY)I(HbiM JJHOpl'vIaAbHbIM" AIO-
MIM MHp Hco6Y3AaHHbIX cpaHTa3HH, pHCKOBaHHbIX MbICAeH M CTpacTei1.
ECJ\M <DaYCT feTe B CBoe BpeM5I YXOAMT OT fpeTxeH - OJ\HIJ;eTBOpe-
HMH CKpOMHoro 06aHHM5I 61OprepCKoro MHpa, - nOTOMY, '-ITO AMI Hero
CJUfllIKOM MaAa ee AeBIi1Jb5I CBeTeAKa Ii OH B OnTMMJ1CTIiQeCKOM caMO-
yrBep)KAeHMM CTpeMMTC K TOMY, QT06bI pa3ABJ1H)'B rpaHMIJ;bI ee KOM-
HaTbI, CAeAaTb CTOAb )l(e '-IHCTbIM, I1CKpeHHMM, ynop5lA01.JeHHbIM 11 TPy-
AO.l\106MBbIM BeCb MHP, TO CTenHOH BOAK YXOAMT 113 6IOprepCKoro AO-
Ma nOTOMY, l..ITO OH "tlYBCTByeT ce6.H qY)KaKOlVI H He HaXOAHT 3AeCh HM-
KaKOH OIIOpbI.
3Ta 6ecrrpHIOTHOCTb ra.J\Aepa, ero CTpaHHHqeCTBO 6e3 IJ;eA11 ,
rrpMHIJ;MrrMaAbHO MHoe, He)KeAM rryrb npOCBeTMTeJ\bCKoro <DaYCTa, Ha-
nOMHHaeT 6ecu;eAbHoe HKpY)KeHMe" MecpMCTocpeMl, AL5IBOAbCKoe
CJ\eACTBHe HeBepH5I H CKenCHca. npw 3TOM, C OAHOH CTOpOHbI, I1HTeA-
AMreHT faMep, HaCJ\eAHI1K 61OprepCKOM ryMaHHCTl1l..1eCKo:ti KYAbTYpbI,
CTPdAaeT OT CBoeM HeCOBMeCTMMOCTIi C nOKHAaeMbIM MM l\IWpOM ("lJTO-
TO rrOXO)Kee Ha MOAb6y" rrOCT05lHHO '-lHTaAOCb B HepBHOM J\HQe repo51
recce) Ii MCITbITbIBaeT HerrpeOAO.MIMyIO THry K HeMY. TIpe>KAe qeM 3aM-
TH B CBOIO rpH3Hyro, 3any eHHYIO KOMHary, 3aBaAeHHYlO KHMraMH
(MOTI1B HyM03plfTeAbHO-KHH)K.HOrO" M B TO )Ke BpeM5I II aHTH6YP)l(ya3-
Horo" c eCTBOBaHI15I), rapp11 Ka;KAbIH pa3, CJ\OBHO y BpaT pa5l, yca-
)K}IBaeTC5I Ha J\eCTHH"tJHOM rrAO aAKe M, nOA06HO CKop6HI.QeMY nilAllIe-
MY aHreJ\Y, BAbIxaeT B ce651 3arraXH yrpaQeHHOrO 6AaJKeHCTBa: BOCKa r
KOTOpbIM HaTepT IIOA, cAa60ro rrpl1BKyca CKHrrHAapa, KpaCHoro Aepe-
"
Ba - Bcero Toro, l..ITO BMeCTe C03AaeT BbIcrnee Bblpa)K.eHHe Me aH-
CKOH QMCTOTbI, TJJJ;aTeAbHOCl'H 11 TOQHOCTH, HcrrOAH:eHMH AOAra M Bep-
cPaycmoBcKUU repol1 U 3QKam npocBemume./lbcKoll :JplJl
79
I fOCTH B MaAOIVI"3. TO't.{HbIH AHarH03 3TOH HaB5I31.IMBOH T rH, 31'011 60-
\e3HeHHoM rrpHBbI1.IKM C1'aBHT J1 x03 MKa AOMa - A06poHpaBHa 6JOp-
l'epCKa51 TeryllIKa ("Y Hac 3AeCb naXHeT Onp5lTHOCTblO If rrop AKOM,
IraXHeT yroTHOM H 61\.arOnpHCTOMHOM )KM3HbIO, H 3TO eMY rrOHpaBH-
,\OCb. nOXO)Ke, "tJTO OH K 3TOMY He rrpMBbIK Ii B 3TOM Hy aeTc5I" -
210L M caM raJV\.ep ("Ho 51 XOT5I M cTapbIM, HeMHoro Y.lKe 061\.e3.l\.bIM
CTerrHOM BO.l\.K, 51 TO>Ke KaK-HHKaK CbIH CBoeM MaTepH, a M05I MaTb 1'0-
>Ke 6bI1\.a MeI11;aHKa" - 217).
OAHaKo, C ApyrOM CTOpOHbI, repoH recce BMeCTe co cBoeii BeqHOM
TOCKOM "no KaKoMY-To rroA06MlO POAHHbI" (cpYHAaMeHry, T01.IKe ono-
pbI) He crroc06eH 3CiAep.IKa1'bC5I B MaTepHHCKOH KO.l\.bI6eJ\.M YCTOHlfl1BO-
"0 11 CKyqHO-OAHoo6pa3Horo 61OprepCKoro CYlI eCTBOBaHH5I. "51 1\.100-
1\10 BAbIxaTb Ha 1\.eCTHHIJ;e 3TOT 3anax TIIlIIIIHbI, rrOp5IAKa, qIfCTOTbI, 6J\a-
ronpHCTOMHOCTH If 06Y3AaHHOCTH, 3anax, B KOTOpOM BcerAa, HeCJ\10T-
pH Ha BCIO HeHaBMCTb K Me:(.QaHCTBY, HaXO)KY l.{TO-TO TpOraTe.l\.bHOe".
Ho "1\.1061\.10 rrepecrynaTb 3a1'eM rropor c06cTBeHHoH KOMHaTbI, I'Ae Bce
: TO KOHQaeTC5I, rAe cpeAH HarpOMO>KAeHI-IbIX KHHr Ba.J\.5IIOTC5:£ OKypKH
cMrap Ii CT05lT 6yrbIAKIi 113-noA BHHa, rAe Bce HeyroTHo, Bce B 6ecrro-
p5lAKe Ii 3anycTeHMH H rAe Bce KHHrH, PYKorrMcH, MbICAH - Bce OTMe-
lfeHO H nporrHTaHo TOCKOM 0AI1HOKMX, TPYAHOCTLlO 1.IeAOBeQeCKOrO 6bI-
TI15I, TOCKOM rro HOBOH OCMbIC1\.eHHOCTH 1.IeJ\.oBe1.J:eCKOH )KH3HH, YTpa-
THBTlleM CMbIC1\." - 226 - 227}.
1160 KaK IfCTMHHbIH <DaycT no AYXY, 60J\.bllle Bcero CTCIIHOI1 B01\.K
BeHaBHAI1T 3ry carvloAoCTaT01.IHy!o ycrroKoeHHocTb, AOBOJ\.bCTBO: "npe-
KpaCHa5I BeIl\b - AOBO.l\.bCTBO... Ho co MHOH, K COJKaAeHMlO, rrpOI1CXO-
/\MT TaK, 't.{TO J1MeHHO 31'oro AOBO.l\.bCTBa 51 He BhIHorny, OHO 6bICTpO OC-
T01.IepTeBaeT MHe, If 51 B OTQa5lHMIf ycrpeNIMlIOCb B APyrl1e TeMneparyp-
Hble rro ca, no B03MO)KHOCTH rryreM pClAOCTeii, a Hd XYAOH KOHe Ii C
nOMo hlO 60AeM. CTOHT MHe HeMHoro nOJKHTb 6e3 paAOCTI1 H 6e3 60-
J\M, rrOAhIllIaTb B5IAOH 11 npecHoM CHOCHOCThlO TaK lIa3bIBaelVlbIX Xopo-
IilHX AHeM, KaK pe6511.IeCKa5I AynIa M051 HarrOJ\.lI5IeTC5I 6C3HCiAe.>KIIOH '1'0-
CKOH, H 51: llIBbIp 1O 3ap.IKaBAeHHYIo MY3Y 6J\.arOAapeHH5I B AHIJ;O COIIllO-
1'0 Eora AOBOAbC1'Ba, H )Kap caMoH JUOTOM 60J\.H MHAeM: MIle, 1.ICl\1 :Yl'd
3AopOBa KOMHaTHa51: TeMneparypa" (225).
nOpO>KAeHHe orpoMIIoll II CAO.IKHOM 3IIOXIi Btirgerzeit, AOl\lI1Han-
TOM KOToporo, KaK Y:>Ke rOBOpl1AOCb BbIllIe, HaM BMAI1TC5I CTpeT'vlAeHl1e K
l'apMOHHQeCKOIvIY coeAMHeHIIIO II Ayxa " II "AeMCTBI15I", " n J\.aHa" 11 "ocy-
T"U;eCTBAeHH5I", qeAOBeqeCKOrO nOTeHIJ;IfaAa 11 ero peaAM3aO;HM, cpayc-
TOBCKMH QeJ\.OBeK repMaHa recce CTpa.AaeT, TaKMM 06pa30M, He CTOAL-
KO 01' c06CTBeHHoro 6eCCH1\.H5I (YCTaAOCTM, arraTHI1, orraCHoro AyrneB-
\loro ., 3aCTO "), CKOAbKO OT CBoero HeCOBnaAeHH5I C OKpY.IKaIOUJ;HJ\1
1HpO:rvl, IIorpY.lKeHHbIM D :>TOT 3aC1'OH.
OpHl\leQaTeAbHO npll 3TOM - H 3AeCb cyw.eCTBeHHO OTJ\.H't.{Me
faJV\.epa 01' pOl\1aHTl1lJeCKOrO rep05l, xy A0)KHI1Ka, npIfHIJ;MrrMa1\.bHO
oTrOpOAHBll1erOCH OT IIOlliAoro 61OprepCKoro, cPMAHCTepCKoro cy-
80
rAQBQ III
eCTBOBaHI1.H H HaxOMI erO CBoe IIpHCTaHI1IJ e B B03AYWHbIX 3aM-
Kax 3CTeT11QeCKOM BI1AHMOCTH, MellTbI, 06YCAOBAI1Ba5I 3THM CBO:H
cBoe06pa3HhI:H CTaTyC 3Bcpopl10Ha, CBOIO 3cpeMepHOCTb, CBOIO 6ai1-
pOHHQeCKH-6YHTapCKYlO HeAOArOBeqHOCTh, He)l(H3HeCrroc06HOCTb,
He3eMHYlO KpaTKOBpeMeHHOCTb "MeTeopHTHOM" BCllbIlllKH KaK cno-
co6 npOHBAeHI1H B 3AewHeM Ml1pe, - qTO repOM recce Be OTAeMIeT
ce6H OT OKPY)KalOrn;ero. OH BnOAHe C03HaeT CBOIO npHl.faCTHOCTb He-
HaBMAHMOMY H I MI1PY Meru;aHCTBa, CBOlO reHeTHqeCKYIO CB5I3b C
HI1M, CBOlO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a Hero. OTCIOAa aM611BaAeHTHaH TO-
HaAbHOCTb npe3peH11H K MHPY, COeAI1HeHHaH c npe3peHHeM K caMO-
MY ce6e. BOT npHroBop, KOTOpbIH: BbIHOCHT raJV\.ep qeAOBeqeCTBY H.a
AeKQHH "oAHoro 3HaMeHHToro <pHAococpa 11 I1cTopHKa KYAbrypbI",
IIqeAOBeKa C eBpOneHCKl1M I1MeHeM":
B3r.l\.5lA ero 6bIJ\ cKopee neqaJ\hHbIM, qeM MpOHHlJeCKMM, OH 6bIA 6e3MepHo
Ii 6e3HCl,Ae)KHO ne4aAeH: TMxoe, 110tITH Y>Ke BOilleAUJee B npl1BbPiKY OTLJa5lHHe
COCTaB.l\.5IAO cOAep>KaHHe 3Toro B3f.l\.5lAa. CBoeH O'fLJa51HHOH CHOCTbfO OH npo-
CBeLJHBaA He TOAhKO AHLJHOCTb cyeTHoro opaTopa, BbICMeHBaA He TOJ\.bKO Cl1lO-
MHHYTHYlO cHTyaU;HlO, O):KHAaHH 11 HaCTpoeHH ny6J\.HKM, HeCKOAbKO npeTeH-
L\M03HOe Ha3BaHI1e 06'b51BAeHHOH J\eKl..\l-U1 - HeT, B3r.l\.5lA CTerIHOrO BOJ\Ka
npOH3aA Bee Hawe BpeM51, Bce MeJ\bTelueHl1e, BeCb Kapbepl13M, BCIO cyeT-
HOCTb, BCIO l\1eJ\KYIO B03HlO MHHMOH, nOBepXHOCTHOH AYXOBHOCTI1 - Aa LJTO
TaM, B3fA5IA 3TOT npOHWKdJ\, YBbl, ell\e rJ\y6>Ke, 6bIJ\ HanpaB.I\eH ropa3AO AaAb-
we, lfeM TOJ\bKO Ha 6e3HCl,Ae)KHbIe H3'b51HhI HaIliero BpeMeHH, HalueH AYXOBHO-
CTH, HaweH KY J\bTYPbI. OH 6blJ\ HanpaBJ\eH B cepAu;e BCeI'O qeJ\OBe"4eCTBa, B OA-
Hy-eAHHCTBeHHYIO ceKYHAY OH 51pKO Bblpa3HJ\ Bce COMHeHM5I MblcJ\HTeJ\5I, MO-
>KeT 6bITb, MYApeu;a, B AOCTOMHCTBe, B CMhICJ\e '4eAOBeLJeCKOH )KH3HH Boo6 e.
3TOT B3f.l\.5lA rOBopHA: '4BoT KaKHe MbI WYTbI ropOXOBbIe! BOT KaKOB LJeJ\o-
BeK!" - H J\I06a5I 3HaMeHHTocTb, J\I06oH y-M, J\106ble AOCTH>KeHH5I Ayxa, J\106ble
qeJ\OBeqeCKHe nOTyrM Ha BeAHqIfe Ii AOJ\foBeqHOCTb WJ\H lIpaxoM 11 OKa3bIBa-
J\HCb wyroBcTBoM! (212).
Ho 3TOT BbIBOA no6eAHBlllero MecpHcTocpeA51, 3Ta I1CTI1Ha Ah5I130Aa,
y6e)KAeHHOrO B HHqTO)l(eCTBe EO)KeCTBeHHoro C03AaHI15I, HeAocToi1-
Horo CBoero TBopu;a, npoHl1KHyrbl He TOAbKO rrel.faJ\.hlo, HO 11 ca 106I1-
qYIOIIJ;Ml\tI KpHTI1IJ;J13MOM OAHoro 113 3TI1X TBOpeHI1H: "rrOl.fBa ero rreCCH-
l\1113M?i - He npe3peHHe K lI1PY, a npe3peHI1e K caMOMY ce6e, 1160, npH
BceM YHHllTOJKaIOrn;eM 6eCIIOm;aAHOCTl1 ero cYJKAeHlIM 0 3aBeAeHHbIX
rropHAKax HAM 0 AIOAHX, OH HHKorAa He cqHTaJ\. ce6H HCKAIOqeHl1eM,
CBOI1 CTpeJ\.LI OH HanpaBA5IA B nepBYIO OqepeAb B caMoro ce65I, OH He-
HaBI1AeA H OTpl1U;aA ce6H caMoro B nepBYJO OqepeAb..." (213).
11 HMeHHO liB TOM-TO OH 11 6bIA, HeCMOTpH HH Ha QTO, lfCTlfHHbIM
xpl1CTHaHl1HOM H HCTHHHbIM MyqeHHKoM, qTO BCHKYlO pe3KOCTb, BCH-
KyK> Kpl1TI1KY... 06PYlIII1BaA,.. rrepBbIM AeAOM Ha caMoro ce6H. 41'0 Ka-
caeTCH OCTaAbHbIX, OKPYJKalOm;I1X, TO OH ynOpHO npeAnpHHHMaA ca-
Mbre rep0I111eCKHe H caMble cepbe3HbIe rrOIIbITKM AI06HTb I1X, OTHO-
CI1TbC5I K HHM CnpaBeAJ\.I1BO, He rrpWQI1HHTb 11M 6oAH..," (214).
(/)aycmoBcKuii l'epOLl U 3aKam npOCBemUmeAbCKOtl 3pbl
81
HerrOMeAbHOe BHMMaHlle K KaJKAOMY qaCTHOMY cyrn;ecTBoBa-
Ill/no, K Ka)KAOll AI11.JHOCTM - 6YAb TO Aa)Ke KOHCbep)KKa I1AJ1 rOpHI11.J-
HaH, 3Ta YHaCAeAOBaHHaH OT 3110XH f1pocBell eHMH (a OTHIOAb He OT
pOMaHTI1qeCKOrO KYAbTa "HCKAIOqHTeAbHOll Al1qHOCTI1") uTpeTbeco-
CAOBHa5l" H XpI1CTllaHCKa51 YCTaHOBKa Ha rrpM3HaHI1e caMo eHHOCTM
v v
;\100011 -qeAOBeQeCKOI1 I1HAMBHAYaAbHOCTI1, Cl\.lbIKaHCb B C03HaHllJ1
CTenHoro BOAKa C YHI11..ITO>KaIO eH (AbHBOAbCKOi1) ou;eIIKOH lJeAOBe-
Ka KaK TaKOBoro, pOJKAaeT B HeM nOCT05.iHHOe qYBCTBO Bl1HbI 3d qeAO-
BeqeCKOe C03AaHMe, KOTopoe, OAHaKO BOCrrpMHI1MaeTC5I faAAepOM He
CTOAbKO B OHTOAorlP.leCKH-a6cOAIOT113I1pOBaHHOM, CKOAhKO B MCTO-
pI1qecKI1-06YCAOBAeHHOM, 3BOAIOU;J10HHO 1 (a 3HaQI1T, 11 rrOMcx<a-
UJ;HM M3MeHeHI1IO) rrAaHe.
KorAa-TO reTeBCKMH <DayC'I' rrbITaACH KHM)KHYlO MYAPOCTb Coel\ 1-
HMTL C peaAhHOH >KJ13HblO. CTenHOH BOAK BOl\.bHO I1JUf HenOAbHO oco-
3HaeT ce6H npOAYKTOM Il paC IIJ.errAeHI1H" paHHerrpOCBeTMTeAbCKoro co-
103a "Ayxa" M "Ae:HCTBMH", pa3AeAeHHH IleCTeCTBeHHoro qeAOBeKa" na
II rrpOCTbIX" AIOAeH, KOTopble pOJKAeHhI, 'I QT0 6I>I )l(MTb, a He AYl\.laTb", J1
Tex, KTO "AYMaeT" (HOCMTeJ\e:H "Ayxa", "pa3)'Md", CEoero pOAa 113aKBa-
CKH", "BblclIlero" CAOH QeAOBeqeCKOrO co0611 ecTBa). 11 TOT, KTO )KM-
BeT I npaKTI1QeCKH aAanTHpOBaH K peaAbHOH >KH3HI1 H, no CAOBdM fec-
ce, XOPOUIO yMeeT OTJillQaTb cyrny OT BOAhl, "HY, a KTO AYMaeT... Bce-Ta-
KI1 nyraeT cyrny C BOAOH, I1 KOrAa-HI16YAb OH yroHeT" (pe3YAbTaT OTO-
v v
pBaHHOCTM OT peaAbHOI1 )KI13HMI1 ABOMCTBeHHoro 1.JYBCTBa AIOOBM-He-
HaBMCTI1 K HeM).
3Ta HOBaH TpaHccpopMaLI.I1H pOMaHTI1qeCKOH TeMbI npoTHBoCTOH-
HI151 rrparMaTYPIHo-YAa"4AI1BOrO cpHAHCTepa-06bIBaTeMI H HeAenO-He-
3ClAaQAI1BOrO cpaHTa3epa-XYAO)KHI1Ka, CTOAb XOpOIlIO 3HaKOMaH no
TBOpqeCTBY 3.T.A. fOcPMaHa, a B XX B. - TOMaca MaHHa, y repl\laHa
recce rrpI106peTaeT xapaKTep caMo6111..IeBaHllH, caMoo6BHHeHI1H lfH-
TeAAMreHTa B TOM "caMrHHCKOM" KOMIlAeKce ABoeAYUlI1H, HepClliH-
TeAhHOCTI1, 6ecrrpI1H I1I1HOCTJ1 (TO eCTb - HeYKopeHeHHOCTJ1, J\ldp-
rI1HdJ\.bHOCTI1, 6e30CHOBHOCTH), COJJ.MdJ\.bHOM 3rOM3Me, KOTOphII1 rC'c-
ce (KaK, BnpOQeM, 11 fOpbKHH) BOCrrpI1HMMaeT B Ka1JeCTBe Oi\IIOH M3
I1pI1 MH C03AaHI1H AypHoro, rrpecryllHoro H CTOAb HerrpMHTHoro Cl\IY
06 ecTBa. BOT rrpl1Mep OAHOH: 113 TaKI1X caMOMHBeKTI1B, 6ecrrOll aA-
HbIX, npOHI13aHHbIX CaTI1pl11..IeCKllM 06AH I1TeAbCTBOM 3A06oAHeBHOH
ny6AllIJ;HCTI1KH:
focnOAHH raMep, cnoc06HbUi COqyll-lHTeJ\b, 3HaTOK MOQapTa H feTe... pa-
TOBM, npaBAa, 3a pa3YM H QeJ\OBe4HOCTb H rrpOTeCTOBdA rrpOTYlB >KeCTOKOCTI1
BOMHbI, OAHaKO BO BpeM.H BOHHbI OH He AdA nOCTaBYlTb ce6.H K CTeHKe YI paCCT-
peA51Tb, tlTO 6hIAO 6bI AOfl1t..teCKHM BbIBOAOM 113 era MbICAeH, a HdlueA KaKOH-TO
cnoc06 CYI..IJ;eCTHOBaHI151, BeCbMa, pa3YMeeTC5I, npI1CTO:HHbI:H H 6J\.aropOAHhlH,
HO KaKOH-TO BCe-TaKYI KOMrrpOMI1CC. OH 6hIA, AaJ\ee, npOTI1BHI1KOM BAaCTYI 11
3KcnJ\yaTan.I1M, OAHaKO B 6aHKe Y Hero Ae)KaAO MHO>KeCTBO aKql111 lIpOMbIW-
J\eHHbIX rrpeAllpH5ITH:H, H rrpOQeHTbI C 3TliX aKlI;HH OH 6e3 3a3peHI151 COBeCTH
82
TA.QBQ III
lIpOeAaA. 1 TaK 6bIAO BO BceM. AOBKO crpoH H3 ce651 npe3HpalO ero MHp I1Ae-
aAMCTa, rpycTHoro OTllIeAhHMKa 11 HeroAYJ01l\ero rrpopoKa, rappM raAAep 6bIA,
B CYW.HOCTM, 6yp*ya... (OH) HaxoAHA )KM3Hb, KOTOpylO BeAa repMMHa, npeAo-
CYAI1TeAbHOH, cOKpynlaAC5I 0 HOllax, pacTpa4eHHbIx B pecTopaHax, 0 npoca-
)KeHHbJX TaM Tfu\epax 11 OTHlOAb He pBaACH K CBoeMY oCBo60)KAeHbIO 11 COBep-
I.lleHCTBY, a Hao6opOT, BCHlleCKM pBaAC5I Ha3Cl,A, B Te YAo6HbIe BpeMeHd, KorAa
ero AYXOBHoe 6aAOBCTBO eII.J;e AOCTaBA5lAO eMY YAOBOAbCTBI1e 11 rrpl1HOCHAO
CAaBY. TOllHO TaK )Ke B3AbIXa.,\I1 06 HAeaAbHbIX AOBoeHHblX BpeMenax rrpe3H-
pael\1hIe 11 BbICMel1BaeMble 11 1 llMTaTeAI1 ra3eT, nOTOMY "lITO 3TO 6bIAO YAo6Hee,
qeM I13BAeqb KaKOM-TO YPOK 113 BbIcTpClAaHHoro (319).
3Aecb 01-rqeTAHB COIJ;HaAhHO-nOAHTI1"lleCKI1ii acneKT TpaKTOBKI1 06-
pa3a CTenHoro BOAKa, B KOTOpOl\I - B Ayxe cpeAHeBeKoBoH HapoAHoH
KHI1TH 0 <DaycTe, HeKOI'Aa (Ka3aJ\.och, HaBcerAa) onpoBeprHYToM cDayc-
TOM npOCBe eHH5I, - Orr5ITb COeAHH5IIOTC5I nOTpe6HOCTh Yl'vICTBOBa-
HH51, TBOpl.JeCKOrO Aep3aHH5I - H )KHBOTHhB'f caMocnaCMTeAhHhIH reAO-
HI13M, npH06peTaIOm;IB1 B HOBOe BpeM5I CPOPMY COIJ;HaAbHOH TPYCOCTH
H KOHcpopMH3Ma.
He nOToMY J\H reTeBcKHH <Payer OAHI-IOK OAlIHOqeCTBO!\1 THTaHa,
HI-\y ero HaBCTpeqy AlOMIM, )KeAaIO ero nOI\10Qb HM, nOAHbIH Bephl If
OIITUlVIH3i\1a, a repoH recce - 0AHHOqeCTBOlVl '4C'renHoro BOAKa rr , Heno-
H5ITOrO, nyralOll\ero 11 BceMY qY)Koro? 3TOT HOBhIH <PaYCT He HdXOAI1T
TOqKM fJ pHAO)l(eHH5I CBOHi\-l cHAarvI, 11 ero )Ka:/KAa II )l(HBOH KpOBH )1(113-
HH'r HOCHT He C0311AaTeAhHhIH, a pa3pYU1IfTeAhHbIH, rl16eAbHhIH xapaK-
Tep. ("51 CTenHOH BOAK... 6ery, l1I.IJ;y, I K Ab5IBOAY 6eAHyJO Aymy Ta-
ru;y"). HeBOCTpe6oBaHHbIH, OH -qYBCTByeT ce651 rOTOBhIM K AI060MY
rrpecTyrrAeHl1lO, KOTopoe CAOBIIO onpaBAbIBaeT ero IIOCT05IHHYIO
60Ah - CTpClAaHHe 01' c06CTBeHHOH HeHY)KHOCTM, BHyrpeHHeH pa3-
ABoeHHOCTH, pa3pyrneHHocTH, 01' HaAHqH5I B caMOM ce6e He TOAhKO
EO)KeCTBeHHoro, HO 11 Ab}fBOAhCKoro HaqaAa. (Cal\10np03BaHHe raJ\Ae-
pa - He TOJ\.hKO l\leTacpopa OAHHOqeCTBd. BOAK - 300MOpCPHbH1 CHIvI-
BOA, HMeIOW;I1H B cpOAbKAOpe pa3HhIX HapOAOB 3HaqeHHe I' 3Aa", a B
xpHCTHaHCKOH CHMBOAHKe CpeAHeBeKOBb51 - HepeAKoe OTOJKAeCTB-
AeHHe C '-IepTOl\1).
M5ITYIJ.J;erOC.H rep05I reCce, ero nOAPyra, ero IInOAOBHHa", )KeHCKa5I
HnOCTdCh CTenHoro BOAKa - repMHHa (TO)Ke l\IOAHcpHKaIJ;H5I aBT06HO-
rpacpH'lJeCKOrO rep05I, Ha3BaHHa5I )KeHCKHM BapHaHTOM MMeHH rep-
IVlaH), TaK /Ke, KaK H fappM - HOCHTeAhHHI\a paHeHoro Ayxa, yBep5IeT,
lJTO HMeHHO uTOlVl;\eHHe Ayxa" (a He 6HOAorM-qeCKI1-)KHBOTHOe naqaAO,
KaK nOAaraJ\. reTeBCKHH MecpHCTocpeAh) HOCHT neqaTh Heql1CTOrO, '-ITO
06a OHH C raJ\AepOM - AeTH AbHBOAa, M B ee AJ1] e Bel1HO-/KeHCTBeH-
Hoe fecce 30BeT HOBoro <DaYCTa He K crraceHHlO, a K CMepTH.
raAAep (KaK H aBTOp) He cnopHT C repMMHOH, OH TO>Ke 06HaPYJKH-
BaeT Ah5lBOAa B caMOM ce6e:
AlOAeM. Tl1na rappM Ha CBeTe AOBOAbHO MHoro, K 3TOMY Tl1ny, B qaCTHOCTM,
npI1HClAAe)KaT MHor11e XYA0)KHI1KH. Bce 3TH AIOAI1 3aKAIO'4aIOT B ce6e ABe AY-
CPaycmoBcKUU repou U 3aKam npOCBemUnleAbCKOii :Jpbl
83
lllH, ABa cyrn;ecTBa, 60)l(eCTBeHHoe HaqaAO 11 Ab5.1BOAhCKOe, MaTepHHCKa5I H OT-
U;OBCKa5I KpOBb, CIIoc06HOCTb K CqaCTblO 11 cnoc06HOCTb K CTPa.AaHHlO CMellla-
AHCb H IIepeMelllaJ\.l1Cb 8 HHX TaK >Ke Bpa>KAe6HO H 6eCIIOp5IAOQHO, KaK 1..IeAO-
BeK H BOAK B rappH... Y Bcex 3THX AIOAeH... )KH3Hb He rrpeACTaBMIeT C060H 6bI-
TI15I... BeQHOe, MyqHTeAbHoe ABI1)1(eHbe H BOJ\HeHbe... CpeAI1 AlOAeH 3Toro TI1IIa
B03HHKAa OilaCHd5I Ii CTpallIHa5I MbICJ\b, 1..ITO, MO>KeT 6bITb, BC5I )KH3Hh 1..IeAOBe-
QeCKa5I - OpOCTO 3Aa5I 01llH6Ka, BbIKHAbIlIl npaMaTepI1, AHKI1H, Y)KaCaIOw;e-He-
YAaQHbIH 3KcnepHMeHT Op1lpOAbI. Ho B HX )Ke cpeAe B03HHKAa H APyra5I
MhICJ\b - lITO qeJ\OBeK, MO)KeT 6bITh, He npOCTO )l(HBOTHOe, Ha.AeJ\eHHoe H3Be-
CTHbIM pa3)'MOM, a AHT5I 60rOB, KOTOPOMY CY*AeHO 6eCCMepTHe (245 - 246).
raAAep MCIIbITbIBaeT He 6AarorOBeHMe nepeA JKM3HhlO, HO pa30qa-
pOBaHMe B HeM, pOAcTBeHHoe TOCKe Ka6HHeTHoro CTapu;a <DaycTd nep-
BbIX CTpaHMU; reTeBCKOH TpareAMM; HO qY>KAoe OMOAO)KeHHOMY <Daycry
reTeBCKOrO 06pa3u;a. feTeBcKMM <DaYCT YTBep aeT Bepy B 6Aaroe
npeAHa3HaqeHHe qeAOBeKa - a fappH faJ\Aep B Boo6paJKaeMOM pa3ro-
Bope C feTe (OAHI1M 113 KYMHpOB fecce, 6hIBlIIHM, no ero rrpl13HaHMIO,
"113 Bcex HeMe KI1X n03TOB TeM, KOTOPOMY 51 60Abille Bcero 06513aH, KO-
TOpbIli 60Abrne Bcero 3aHMMaA, npeCAeAOBaA, nOA6ClApl1BaA MeH5I 11 BbI-
Hy aA CAeAOBaTb HAM )Ke npOTI1BMTbC5I eMy")4 KOp11T BeAMKoro CTap-
u;a 3a 3TOT rrpeKpaCHhIH 06MaH. np11 3TOM fecce cpaBHHBaeT feTe C BO-
pOHOM - TO cpeAHeBeKOBOM AeMOHOAOr11I1, Ah5lBOAOM, rocnOACTByro-
HM B B03Ayxe 11 3aHYIMalOrn;11M TaKoe JKe MeCTO B Ml1pe nTH , KaKoe
BOAK 3aH11MaeT B MHpe JK11BOTHbIX, HaXOAH Ii B "COBeprneHHOM" reHHM
feTe TeMHoe, "AHOHMCMMCKoe", AeMOHMqeCKOe Ha"llaAO.
OAHaKO CCbIAKa faJ\J\.epa Ha CAOBa HOBaJ\J1Ca: "HaAO 6bI rOPAMTb-
C51 60AbIO, BC5IKaJI 60Ab eCTb rraM.HTb 0 HarneM BbICOKOM Ha3Ha"lleHMH"
(217) rrpoeU;MpyeTC.H Ha OC03HaHHe CTerrHbIM BOAKOM CBoero cTPMa-
H11.H KaK oru;ym;eHM.H HeOpraHl1qHOCTM, qYJKepOAHOcTI1 H 3Toro Ah5I-
BOAbCKoro, HecorAaCHoro C peaJ\bHbIM M11pOM Ha"tJaAa B CBoeH AYlIIe,
Toro, qTO Tpe6yeT OTIOpJKeHM5I, HaCTO.HTeAbHO CHTHaNI 0 TOM Henpe-
XOMIrn.ei1 BHyrpeHHei1 OOAbIO.
B I1Tore ra.J\J\.ep npMXOAMT K Bepe B B03MO)KHOCTb np111\tl1pCII I-'HI C
CaMI1M C060H 11 Ml1pOM, npeOAOAeH1111 HeHaB11CTH K ce6e (KaK I10CMTP-
AIO Ab.HBOJ\bCKOrO HaqaAa, "tJTO MernaeT el\1Y AI06HTb M APyrl1x - "ero
)KM3Hb 6bIAa rrpl1MepOM TOrO, "liTO 6e3 AI06BH K CaMOMY ce6e HeB03-
MO)KHa M A1060Bb K 6J\.M)KHeMY, a HeHaBI1CTb K ce6e npI1BOA11T K TOqHO
TaKoM JKe 1130MlU;I11i M K TaKoM]')Ke TO"llHO OTqa.HHMIO, KaK H OTD5IBAeH-
HbB1: 3ro1i3M" - 214). KaK H reTeBcKHM <DaycT, OH npOXOA11T qepe3 pa-
30qapOBaHHe B caMOM rrpou;ecce 6bITI1.H, rrOHCK AI06BH, rrorpYJKeHl1e B
M11p Heo6Y3AaHHblx cpaHTa3MM, HI1CXO)K.AeHl1e K "lIYBcTBeHHbIM nepBo-
OCHOBaM 6hITI1.H - B "BA" )KMBOTHOCT11 (cyeTbI MaCKapdAa y fecce,
CTOAb HanOMHHalOru;ee "BaAbnypr11eBY HOQb" reTeBcKoH TpareA1111) -
M5I Toro, "lITo6bI rro"llYBcTBoBaTb ce651 rOTOBbIM rro6eA11Tb Ab5IBOAa B
c06cTBeHHoH Ayrne (npeJKAe Bcero KaK cTpaxa nepeA )K113HbIO, 60513-
HblO AeMCTBH5I).
84
FAQBQ III
raAAep - '.BeqepHHM" qeAOBeK, nOKa e e CKBepHO qYBCTBYIOIJJ;HH
ce6.5l yrpOM, npH BOcxOAe COAH a. Ho CnpaBeMI1110 nl1CaA fecce B no-
CAeCAOBHH K lllBeH apCKOMY M3AaHHIO pO:MaHa: "I1CTOpl15I CTenHOrO
BOAKa XOTb H 11306paJKaeT 60J\.e3Hh H KpH3HC, HO He 60J\.e3Hh, KOTOpa5I
BeAeT K CMepTH, He rH6eAb, a ee npOTHBOnOAO)KHOCTh: Hc eAeHHe"5.
AeMCTBMTeJ\.bHO, B 3aKAlO"tJeHMe faAAep OIJJ;y aeT ce651 06AClAaTe-
AeM orpOMHbIX B03MOJKHOCTeH. Ero "pe6.5lqeCKHM" AYX He HCC.5lK, HO
nOAOH HaAe;KA, 060raI.IJ;eHHhIX HOBblfvl OIIbITOM caMOII03HaHH.5l.
51 nOH5Ih Bce... 5I nOH5Ih Mo apTa... - CI1l\1BOh Be1..JHOH u.eHHOCTI1 lJehOBe-
'l£eCKOM )K113HI1, 3ane1..JaTheHHOM B I1CKYCCTBe... 51 3HaA, tITO Bce COTHH TbIC5IlJ
cpl1ryp I1rpbI )KH3Hl1he)KaT y MeH5I B KapMaHe... 51 6blh corAaceH HalJaTb ee e e
pa3... KOfAa-HI16YAb 51 CblrpaIO B 3TY Hrpy IIOh)"Illle. KorAa-HH6YAb 51 HaYYYCb
CMe5lTbC5I... MOQapT >KAaJ\. MeH5I (392).
WeAbIO B03pO eHH51 3Toro HOBoro cpaYCTOBCKoro qeAOBeKa CTa-
BHJ\.OCb - npHMMpeHHe C )KH3HbIO, HAeaAOM - He TOAhKO "COBeprneH-
HbIe", "6eCCMepTHhle" feTe H MOn;apT, HO H CB51TOH <DpaHQMCK ACCH3-
CKHH (CHMBOA Bceo6'beMAIO eM AI06BH K npHpoAe H AIOAHM) , a eAMHcT-
BeHHO B03MO)KHbIM cpeAcTBoM TaKoro B03pO)K,AeHM51 npeAIIOAaraAOCh
HCKYCCTBO, BbICOKa51 Mrpa, ccpepa 3MOU;MOHaAbHO-l1ppa MOHaAhHOrO,
HaxOMl eroc5I B nOrpaHMQHOM 30He cHa; peaAhHOCTH H cpaHTa3MH.
Tep.5l.5l npocBeTMTeAhcKMe reTeBcKHe opMeHTHphI, pa30QapOBaHHa51
B pa3YMe KaK B cnoco6e IJ;eAOCTHoro n03HaHH.5l M OCBOeHH5I MHpa M KOA-
AeKTHBH3Me KaK OCHOBe COIJ;HaAhHOrO 6AarOAeHCTBH51 cOBpeMeHHa51 3a-
nClAHa51 cpMAOCOcpM51 11 onpeAeAeHHa51 BeTBb OTeqeCTBeHHoH (rAaBHhIM
06pa30M, 3K3I1CTeHIJ;l1aAHCTbI) nOlllAH no II)'TH, 0603HaQeHHOMY
A. EeprCOHOM KaK "HOBa.5l MeTacpH3I1KH", - "HaHBHhIM", '.AOHayqHblM"
OBAClAeHl1eM "KOHKpeTHhIM" OIIhITOM oTAeAhHoro, HCKyccTBeHHo M30-
Al1pOBaHHoro qeAOBeKa. "KOHKpeTHbIM" qeAOBeKOM 3THX cpl1AOCOcpOB
6hIA CI1MBOA - He B KaCCl1pepOBCKOM CMbICAe aKKYMYMIJ;HM 11 nepeBO-
Aa B "KOHCTHTyfMBHYIO" ccpepy C03HAalO MX MHp npHHQI1IIOB HAeM
"npaKTMqeCKOrO pa3YMa" 3nOXM - HO KaK 113BAe1.IeHHhIH 113 I1CTOpl1H H
06 eCTBa 3HaK OTpMIJ;aHH.5l pa3Hoo6pa3HhIX peaJ\.bHbIX CB5I3eH, nOATa-
qHBalO HW 11 caMY eAb n03HaHI151: coeAHHHTh qeAOBeKa C MHpOM.
A0Ka3bIBa.H B OqepeAHOH pa3, QTO KpaHHOCTH Mppan;HOHaAbHO-
qYBCTBeHHoro If YM03pHTeAbHo-a6cTpaKTHoro npHH HnOB nOCTHJKe-
HH5I MHpa CXOA5ITC5I, DOAh BaAepH Y)Ke B paHHeM CBoeM HalllYMeB-
rneM npOM3BeAeHHH "Be1.Iep C rOCnOAI1HOM TeCTOM" nbITaeTC.5l CMO-
AeAHpOBaTb TMn qeAOBeKa - BbIpa3HTeA51 "qHCTOrO 51", CqaCTAMBoro
M cBo6oAHoro B CBoeM MbICMlI.l\eM OAHHOqeCTBe. CBo60AHoro AaJKe
OT CBoeM AHqHOCTH, T.e. OTO Bcex "CA aMHOCTeM" BpeMeHH, KJ\.aCca,
Hal\HOHaAbHOCTH, ceMbH, 06CTO.5lTeAbCTB, 6HorpacpHH H T.n. - THIl,
YAHBMTeAhHO HanOMHHaIOI.QHH "KOHKpeTHoro" qeAOBeKa Mppan;MO-
HaJ\HCTOB H 3K3HCTeH I1aJ\.MCTOB, OT KOTOpbIX BaAepH XOTeA 6bI 6hITb
He3aBHCHMbIM.
c:]>aycmoBcKUU repoi1 U 3QKam npOCBemUmeAbCKOU 3Pbl
85
He3aBMCMMhIM rrOTOMY, qTO, B OTAH"4lle aT Ha3BaHHbIX cpI1AOCO-
(i)OB, BaAepll AeAaeT rrOCAeAHlOIO II eAMHCTBeHHyro CTaBKY MMeHHO
Iia qeAOBeqeCKllH Pa3YM. He AOAr, He CTpax M 3a60Ta llAM CMepTh,
paBHO KaK H He rrOAC03HaTeAbHoe, rrOAYMI1CTHqeCKOe ow;yw;eHHe
KO.lV\.eKTllBHoro H)l", 51BA.5lIOTC5I M5I Hero TeM Crrel\M<pMqeCKMM, qTO
I LlqAeH5IeTC5I KaK xapaKTepHCTllKa qeAOBeqeCKOrO cyrn;eCTBOBa-
111151, - HO TOAbKO MHTeAAeKT. BonpeKI1 CAOJKMBllleMC5I B COBpeMeH-
IIOH eMY 3arrMHOH cpl1AOCOcpMll CMTYa J111 rropyraHM5I pa3YMa, rrpe-
Ile6pera51 Cal\'IOYBepeHHoCThIO pa3YMa XVIII B., rrpeTeHAYIOrn;erO Ha
pOAb AeMl1ypra MCTOpJ1H, H pa3YMa XIX B., H(lAe1Orn;erOC5I 06'b5ICHMTb
Bee e rrOMOrn;b1O TOqHbIX 3HaHI1H, TI. BaAepH arre.lV\.MpyeT K Pa3Yl\IY
XVII B. - K AeKapTY e era llAeeH C03HaHH5I KaK eAI1HCTBeHHoM AO-
cToBepHocTH. 3Ta I1Ae5l, COeAI1HeHHa51 C pOAcTBeHHhIl\1 cy6'beKTHBl-Io-
pOMaHTll"4eCKOI1 cpHAOCOcpl1ll rrpMH HnoM HeCOBMeCTllMOCTM 06DeK-
THBHOH H cy6'beKTHBHoH I1CTMH (HAe5I, rrpoTHBOrrOAO)KHa51 reTeaH-
cKoH, KaK pa3 HCKaBlIleH COll3l\1epMMOcTb 11 rapMOHI1IO 06'beKTHBHo-
1'0 H cy6'beKTJ1BHoro) 11 AerAa B OCHOBY TOM KapTHHbI "4eAOBeQeCKOI'O
cy ecTBoBaHM5I II CB5I3aHHOro C HeM HOBoro rraKTa "4eAOBeKa II Ab5l-
BOAa, KOTOpa51 rrpeMO)KeHa B HMoeM <DaYCTe".
Ha"lJ:aTa51 B 1938 - 1939 rr., BhIllieAllla51 rrepBhIMll cpparMeHTaMll B
1941 r., 3Ta ApaMaTMqeCKa5I n03Ma OCTaAaCb He3aKOHqeHHOM H3-3a
CMepTI1 BaAepH B 1945 r. Harrl1CaHhI J\.HIIlb ABe qaCTM - KOMeAll51 u }\1O-
CTa, I1J\.M Kpl1CTaAbHa51 AeBH a" M ApaMaTllQeCKa51 cpeepH5I "TIYCTbIH-
HHK, HAM TIpOKMITHe BceJ\.eHHOH" . B rrpeAHCAOBlll1 K 3TI1M rrp0l13BeAe-
HH5IM BaAepl1 rrHCaA: "CTOAhKO Be:rn;eH 113MeHMAOCh Ha 3TOM CBeTe B
TeqeHl1e CTa AeT, lITO MO)KHO 6bIJ\.O llCKYCllThC5I c06Aa3HllTeJ\.bHOM llAe-
eM rrepeHeCTI1 B Harne rrpOCTpaHCTBO, CTOAh OTAHqHOe OT rrpOCTpaHCT-
Ha HaqaAa XIX BeKa, 060I1x 3HaMeHMTbIX rrpoTaroHMcToB cDaycTa fe-
Te... 3apOAllJ\.aCb MbICJ\.b: C03AaTh 3-10 "4aCTb <DaycTa, KOTOpa51 MorAa 6hl
3aKAlOQl1Tb eAYIO cepllIO pa3AI1qHbIX npoll3BeAeHI1H: ApaM, KOMeI\HM,
TpareAJ1:H, cpeepl1H, CTMXOB, rrp03bI - 1160 TeMa <DaYCTa He MO>KCT HC-
4eprraTbC5I, KaK CYAb6a caMara "4eJ\.OBeqeCTBa" 6.
TI03TY rrpeACTaBMJ\.C5I cDaYCT, )KHByrn;HH B XX B., KOTOpbIH 1101\111 HT
Bce CBoe rrpOIIlJ\.oe, He pa3AMqa51 Ae:HCTBI1TeAhHbIx C06bITI1I1 H AerCII;\.
c03AaHHhIX 0 HeM n03TaMI1, XYA0)KHHKaMH, MY3bIKaHTal\fH. OB >KI1BeT
B yeAMHeHHOH BHJ\Ae M IIllllIeT MeMyapbI, "4T06bI rrOJ\.HOCTblO OCB060-
AHThC5I aT BJ\.aCTI1 6bIJ\.oro. C HHM p5lAOM - AeBH a J\.1OCTa, era yqeHH-
a 11 ceKpeTaprna, TaMHO BAlO6J\.eHHa51 B cDaYCTa, "KpllCTCl.l\.bHa5l", HO He
nOXOJKa5! Ha HallBHyro reTeBCK)'1O rpeTxeH. VIAM./VUfIO rrbITaeTC5I OMpa-
lIllTb Mecpl1CTocpeJ\.b CO CBOI1Mll cnyrHllKaMll 11 cAyraMI1, rrpeACTaBAeH-
HbIMI1 B 06AH"lJh5lX Ah5lBOAOB cpeAHeBeKOBhIX cppaHU;Y3CKHX MI1CTepllH
Ii BOrrAOrn;aIO HX pa3J\.I1"tJHhle "tJeAOBelIeCKHe CJ\.a60CTH M rropOKll. 3Ae-
i\leHT AoreTeBCKHH, aAAerOpl1QeCKM - MaCKa PClARhIH, Ha3llAaTeAhH O-Tea-
TpaAhHbIH, OR KaK 6hI HaMeKaeT Ha YCJ\.OBHOCTb, Hecephe3HOCTb "HeCT-
parnHOCTh rr 3T11X HCKYCllTeAeH. CaM CTHJ\.b 06 eHI15I MecpllCTocpeJ\5I
86
TAQBQ III
BaAepl1 C nOABAaCTHbIMH eMY AeMOHaMH CBOI1M I1l1rpOBbIM" XapaKTe-
pOM HarrOMHHaeT CKopee onepeTOqHOe 06IIJ.eHl1e 6apHHa C KperrocT-
HbIMI1 I1AJ1 YKpoTHTeA51 C JKHBOTHbIMH, qeM 06paru;eHHe KH51351 TbMhI K
CHAaM 3Aa.
He CJ\"y"tJaMHo 3TOT AeCaKpaJ\H30BaHHhIl1: MecpHcTocpeAb Teprrl1T
lIOpaJKeHHe 3a lIOpa)KeHl1eM: OH 6eCCHAeH lIepeA qHCTOTOM AIoCThI,
eMY He YAaeTCR oAypaqHTh YqeHHKa, rrpHllIeAillerO 3a COBeTOM K <Day-
cry. - BnOAHe pa3yMHoro, HPOHl1qHOrO IOHOllIY, COBceM He HaiiOMH-
HaIOru;ero npOCTOAyuIHoro reTeBCKoro 6yprna. <DaYCT BaAepH OTHO-
CHTC5I K MecpMCTocpeJUO nOqTM CHHCXOAHTeAbHO - KaK CYI.IJ;eCTBO
BbICIllee, Hpa3YMHOe", yroHqeHHOe K IIHH3MeHHOMY", IIJKI1BOTHOMY",
rpy60MY HaqaAY. HHTeAAeKryaAhHbIl1: <I>aYCT BaAepH pa3rOBapHBaeT
co CBOHM Ab5lBOAOM MeHTopCKHM TOHOM HaCTaBHI1Ka, KOpOTKI1MI1 acpo-
PI1CTIPIHbIMI1 cppa3aMI1 CKAOHHOrO K Yl35.1IIJ.HOM Hrpe CAOB cpI1AOco<t>a,
KOTOpbIl1: 3HaeT 60AbIlle 11 nOHI1MaeT rAy6)Ke, qeM ero 6eCCMepTHbIl1: H
!\10rym;ecTBeHHbIH HCKYCH:TeAb.
fepOH J/Moero CDaYCTa" MHI1T ce651 HaCTOAbKO caMoAOCTaTOqHbIM,
'-ITO Aa>Ke npeMaraeT eMY rrOMor.u;b H: rrOMep>KKY, 1160 IIpelIyra H5I
BAClAhIKH: aAa B HaIIlH AHYI cepbe3Ho cKoMrrpoMeTHpoBaHa", on Jl rroTe -
p5lA KpeAHT" Y AIOAeH.
KaK 11 B II KAMMe CaMrHHe I', 11 CMbICAOBOH, H CIO)I(eTHbIH aK eHTbI
IJAb5lBOAhCKoro naKTa" u;eAI1KOM nepeHeceHbI Ha cpHryPY CDaycTa, HAH
aHTI1-<DaycTa. (BcnOMHI1M 3AeCb, KaK CeTOBaA Ha CBOIO IIHenpocpeccH-
OHaAhHOCTb" no cpaBHeHHlO C JUOAbMH Mecpl1CTocpeAh H3 paccKa3a
fopbKoro IJJ;I elI.\e 0 qepTe"). fepoM BaAepH rrpHHI1MaeT Ab5lBOAa H: ero
CBI1TY (OAH eTBOpeHHe, KaK Y>Ke rOBopHAOCb BbIllle, He a6CTpaKTHoro,
TpaHc eHAeHTHoro Jl 3Aa 'l, HO 06bIqHhIX AIOACKHX HeAOCTaTKOB 11 nCH-
XOAOrH'-IeCKHX cAa60CTeH, KaK npaBH:AO - CAeACTBI1H H3MfllIHeH QYB-
CTBI1TeAbHOCTH qeAOBeKa, OT KOTOpOH TaK CTpClAaA H TaK BClO >KH:3Hb
6e3ycneiliHo lIbITaAC511136aBHTbC5I caM BaAepl1 KaK OT rAaBHbIX, no ero
MHeHI1IO, nOMex qeAOBeqeCKOrO c eCTBOBaHI151) B KaqeCTBe Henpl1-
51THoro , HO HeH36e)KHOrO YCAOBH5.I >KH3HH - 1160 B npMHIJ;Hne <DaycT
BaJ\.epH YAoBAeTBopeH. B OTAMQl1e OT CBoero npeAllIeCTBeHHHKa 113 re-
TeBCKOH TpareAHH, OH HHKYAa He CTpeMHTC5I H AHllIb OBAaAeBaeT HC-
KYCCTBOM CBoero H30AHpOBaHHoro, /lOCTpOBHoro" CYI.IJ;eCTBOBaHH5I.
II AbIIIlaTh H or.u;yrn;aTb - BOT llleAeBp Moero HCKYCCTBa... 51 eCMb... 51
AbIlllY H: BI1)KY... 3TO KYAb1VII1I-Ia H5I B pa3BHTl111 Moero HCKYCCTBa, KAac-
CH:qeCKI1H BeK H:CKYCCTBa cyrn;ecTBOBaHll5l"7.
BbICIIIHH MHr TaKoro <DaYCTa - B HaCAaX<AeHHl1 Ka OI1 MMHyrOH
6bITYl5I. AeHCTBH5I, ABM)KeHH5I Y Hero HeT HI1KaKoro: npaKTMQeCKa51 Ae-
51TeAbHOCTb rrpeACTaBJ\.5IAaCb BaAepl1 IJBbIpO)KAeHHeM, Mep30CTblO,
rrpHBOAHm;eM K cyeTHOMY CYI.IJ;eCTBOBaHHIO" I a ABYI)KeHHe - TeM I qTO
npHBHOCHT B JKH3Hb qeAOBeKa CTpClAaHYle H 60J\L.
B CTaTbe I1l1cKYIIIeHHe CB5ITOrO <1>A06epa", HanYlCaHHOH B
1942 r., KaK pa3 TorAa, KorAa C03AaBaAC5I /lMoH <I>aycT", BaAepH, lIO-
cPaycmoBcKUU repoii U 3QKam npOCBemUmeAbCKoi1 :-Jpbl
87
l\araH HCTOqHHKOM UHcKymeHH5I CB5ITOrO AIITOHM5I" <DA06epa I1l\1eH-
110 reTeBCKOrO "<DaYCTa" 11 MHOrO rOBOp}I 0 nOCAeAHel\l, 3aKAlO4aeT:
.'...Ab5lBOA r YBhI, - 3Ta Cal\la npHpOAa, 11 HCKYllIeHl1e COCTaBMH T ca-
\[Oe OqeBI1AHOe, CaMOe I10CT05lHHOe, Cal\10e Hel136bIBIIOe YCAOBHC
BC5IKOH /KH3HH. )KI1Th - 3Ha'Il1T e)l(eMrHOBeHHO HCIIbITbIBaTb B l.IelVI-
TO HeAOCTaTOK", "3TO - Ab5lBOAbCKa51 npY/KHHa OpraHl130BaHllbIX
cyrn;eCTB" 8.
B Ayxe 3Toro BbICKa3bIBaHH5I TpaHccpopl\lHpyeTC5I y BaAepH 11 06-
pa3 cpaycToBcKoro repo5I. ECAH reTeBCKI1H Mecpl1CTocpeAb c06Aa3H5I-
eT <DaycTa nOAHOTOH 6bITHH, 3HeprMeH IIOHCKa, CTpel\1AeHH8M H
CTpaCT5IMH, TO <DaYCT BaAepH /Ka/KAeT KaK pa3 ITOK05I M BHAVIT B
CTpeMAeHH5IX I10pOK, TaK KaK OHM pO)KAalOT HeYAOBAeTBopeHHoC'J'h
H 60Ab. flOTOMY M OKa3hIBaeTC5I 6eCCI1AbHbIM MCKYCHTeAh Ab5I130A Hc1-
Aepl1 - BOIIAOrn;eHHe Toro "6ecnOKOHCTBa", KOTopoe HCXOAI1T H3
MaTepl1aAhHOH, "HM3111eM" npI1pOAbI AlOAeH 11 KOTOpOl\IY pa3Yl\'1 A0/\.-
>KeH I1pOTHBOCT05lTb, c03AaBa5I CBOM c06CTBeHHbLH Bo06pa)Kael\-lh1I1,
HO 60Aee AOCTOBepHbIH 11 HaAe)KHhIH, He/KeAM cyrn;eCTBYlOlI MH B
AeHCTBMTeJ\.hHOCTJ1, MMp. ECJ\M reTeBCKJ1H <DaYCT M5l yrAy6J\eHH5I
3HaHH5I pBaAC5I B MHp, TO <DaYCT BaAepl1 nOAaraeT, 'ITO .lU1ll1b 1.IeAO-
BeK, YAaAMBllIHHC5I OT MHpa, cnoc06eH K IIOHHMaHHIO. OOHI1l\-laHHlO
lIe MHpa, KOTOpbIH, no BaAepl1, Hen03HaBaelVI, 1160 He MO/KeT 6bITb
HHQeMY ynoA06AeH, - HO ce6.H.
OAHaKO eCAJ1 CTpeMAeHHe reTeBCKoro cDaYCTa K AeMCTBHIO YBeH-
qaAOCb oru;ym;eHl1eM 6Aa/KeHCTBa H OCMbICAeHHOCTI1 6bITHH, TO CTpelYl-
AeHHe <t>aYCTa BaAepH (KaK 11 ropbKOBCKoro J\JKe-<DaYCTa Cal\1fHHa) K
nOKOIO H "caM03aMKHyrocTH" npHBOAHT K OC03HaHHlO TparH3l\la 11
6eCCMbICAeHHOCTH /KH3HM.
Tepnl1T Kpax CaMrHH - H <DaYCT BaAepH B KOHIJ;C KOHIJ;OB OTKa-
3bIBaeTC5I OT BC5IKI1X cpOpM peaAhHOH /KH3HH ("MHe HaCK)'t.!MAO 6brTh
TBopeHHeM"). EOAee Toro, a6cYPAHOCTb rrpe)KHeH, "TeCTOBCKOH"
I1Ael1 "tJHCToro" 6bITH5I /KH3HH IIocpeACTBOM oAHoro I1HTeAACKTd
BITOAHe 0AH03HaQHO BblpaJKeHa B "<DaYCTe" BaAepl-I C nOI\IOlf h}O 00-
pa3a TIYCTbIHHI1Ka.
KorAa B reTeBCKOH TpareAJ1H MecpMCTocpeAh TO>Ke CTaBHJ\ BOLIpOC
o I1paBOMepHOCTH cyrn;ecTBOBaHI15I QeAOBetJeCTBa (QaCTI1 IIEO>Kbero"
MHpa, "CBeTa", OTHHBiliero MeCTO Y "TbMbI" He6bITI1H), TO cDaYC'f CllOeI1
)l(II3HblO AaBaA IIOAO)KI1TeAbHbIH OTBeT Ha Hero, onpaBAbIBa5I ce65I VI
AYXOBHO B03BhIIlla5ICb He TOAbKO Qepe3 Ae5ITeAbHhIl'1 pa3YM, HO l11.Jepe3
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MeTacpopMQeCKOMY 06pa3Y 3aCTYnHH bI rpeTxeH, - H I10l\10rAH 3aIIJ;I1-
TJ1Tb ero).
B n03Me BaAepH I1YCThIHHI1K - CHMBOA AOBeAeHHoro AO a6coAlO-
Ta yrroBaHHH Ha "QIICThIH", " BHe 6bITHHHbIM", OCB060)KAeHHbH1: OT
qYBCTB pa3YM - B IIpo ecce nOCAeAOBaTeAhHoro OTpHIJ;aHI15I qYBCT-
BeHHoro 6hIT115I npIIXOAI1T K nOAHOMY BCeOTpHIJ;aHHlO, He ru;ClAHw;el\lY H
88
rAQBQ III
pa3YM KaK opraH II03HaHH5I HeHY>KHOrO BHeWHcro Ml1pa. "CAOMaHTe
TepHOBHHK 3HaHM5I", - npM3blBaeT OH, a BceAeHUYIO Ha3bIBaeT OIllH6-
KOM B AeMIHOM rrpOCTpaHCTBe He6bITHSL (MblCAh, He HOBaSl AJ\5I BaAepH
11 Y)l(e BbICKa3aHHaSl MM B 1922 r. B rr03Me II 3CKH3 3Mel1": "BceAeH-
Ha.H - TOAbKO 01ll116Ka B qllCTOTe He6bITl15I") 9 .
TaK "cy6'beKTHBHbIH"" pa3YM n03AHenpOCBeTl1TeJ\.bCKOrO <I>aYCTa
06HaPY)KMBaeT HeCIIoc06HOCTb 6bITb He TOAbKO ABH)l(yrn;eif CI1AOH 6bl-
Tl1Sl, HO H "HdAAMqHOCTHbIM" HaqaAOM, 06eCIIeqHBa1O l1M CBSl3b A1O-
Aeif C MHpOM H Me>KAY C060H. 3TY pOAh BaAepH OTBOAl1T pa3Be qTO XY-
A0)KeCTBeHHOMY TBOpt.IeCTBY - eAMHCTBeHHO crroc06HOMY, no ero
MHeHHlo, B Halll BCK AaTb B03MO>KHOCTb u;eAOCTHoro "nOCTH)KeHHSl"
(M60 rrOHHMaHMe HeB03MO)l(HO) !vlHpa, OIJJ.yrHTb ce6Sl B "l'vlalllHHHY1O"
3I10XY MCTOQHHKOM 3HeprHM, Bblpa3HTb ce6Sl M ocyr.u.eCTBHTb CB5I3b
l\-le>KAY rrOKOAeHHSlMM.
3Ta I1AeSl BaAepM, OTQeTAMBee Bcero Bblpa>KeHHa5I B ero TeopeTM-
qeCKOl\'1 3cce II 3 BllaJ\HH M apxHTeKTop", CKa3aAaCb TaK)l(e Ha TpaKTOB-
Ke M!\1 "YHMBepCaAbHbIX AHqHOCTeM" AeoHapAo Aa BHHqH H feTe, KOTO-
POMY BaAepH IIOCB5ITHA B 106HAeHHoM 1932 r. peQb B Cop6oHHe, IlOA-
qepKHYB H.MeHHO TBopllecKoe (rrpoTeH3M, OpcpH3M, Ael\-10HH3M B CMbIC-
Ae, paBH03HaQHOM reTeBcKoH 3HTeAexHH) HaqaAO BeAHKoro HeMu;a KaK
MCTOllHMK ero "BOAM K )KJ13HM" H rapaHTH10 AOAroBpeMeHHocTM 3CTe-
Typ.leCKoro B03AeH.CTBH.Sl.
VI HfvleHHO B nAaHe HaAe)KA Ha II 3cTeTHllecKYlO 6eCKOHeQnOCTb"
(TepMMH BaAepH) HCKyccTBa, BHOCSlIl\ero MAAlO3HlO rropHAKa B xaoc ....
6bITH5I, npOQI1TbIBaeT 60AbUIHHCTBO HccAeAoBaTeAeH M 3aMblceA HCO-
KOH1.£eHHOrO I/CDaycTa". CAOBHO B03pa)KaSl "ABaAQaTb AeT cnycTSl" Ae-
OHOBCKOMY yqeHoMy-aHaxopcry AMxapeBY, repoif BaAepH IlOAaraeT
HCTopHllecKoH OIllM6KOH, 3a6AYJKAeHHeM He ce65I 11 CBoe CyI.QeCTBOBa-
HHe MbICMir.u.ero OAHH01.£KM, HO AbSlBOAa KaK CMMBOAa "Mep30CTHoro"
lVlaTepHaAbHOrO MHpa.
CaM cpaYCTOBCKMH repol1 CPpaH4Y3CKoro rr03Ta IIpeArr01.JHTaeT
"BblrraCTb" H3 MCTOpHH. CDaYCTY BaAepH He HY>KHa peaAbHaSl )KM3Hb -
1.JepeAa OAH:006pa3Hblx AHeM, BOBAeKaIOI1J;MX B rrOlliAOCTh - HAM HHU;-
meaHCKYIO >KeCTOKOCTb BbIHY*AeHHOrO AeHCTBM5I. Ho OH 6YAeT )f(MTb
Bel.fHO. B xYA0)KeCTBeHHbIX TBopeHHSlX, B IIOCTOSlHHOM B3aHMOAeMCT-
BI1ll I1CKYCCTBa 11 Y!vle1O MX BocnpMHMMaTb ero. flOCAeAHlle cu;eHbl
II Moero <I>aYCTa", cTpeMSlI..IJ.erOCSl, KaK H reTeBcKaSl TpareAl'HI, K CMellle-
HHIO 3CTeTMQeCKMX IIAaCTOB, qepeAOBaHHIO H B cOAep>KaTeAbHOM , H B
"TeXHHqeCKOM" rrAaHax "rr033MM" H "IIp03bI", CAOBHO OTCbIAalOT K aH-
TMqHOH: BHeBpeMeHHOM CTaTMQHOCTH H Sl3bIqeCKOH 6e33a6oTHOCTH Ha-
cAa eHMSl MCKYCCTBOM, pa3pymaIOrn;ero "CTeHbI" t.IHCTOrO l1HTeAAeK-
ryaAH3Ma. 11 B TO )l{e BpeM5I OHM HaCblrn;eHbI 3CTeTCKH-<paHTa3I1:HH0I1,
rrOt.JTI1 Kyprya3H0I1 MrpOH C KYJ\bTYPHbIMM CJ1MBOAaMI1 B CTMAe cBoe06-
pa3Horo HeopOKOKO, "ocry>Karorn;ero" >KHB)'1O qYBCTBeHHOCTb KOKeT-
AHBbIM paCCYAOllHblM 3KCIIepMMeHTaTopCTBOM.
<PaycmoBcKui1 repoii U 3aKam npOCBemUmeAbcKoii. :JpLl
89
OAHaKO P06KHH OIITHMI13M nOCAeAHerO ynoBaHH5I rr03AHe6YP)KY-
dlHO:H KYAhTYphI Ha CrraCHTeAhHyro CPYHK MIO CaMOn;eHHOrO HCKYCCT-
Ha rrOABepr KpHTHqeCKOMY COMHeHHIO TOMaC MaHH.
B 1943 r. OH HatJHHaeT 11 B 1947 r. 3aKaHqI1BaeT CBoero "AoKTopa
(Daycryca" - pOMaH, rAaBHhIll repoll KOToporo, KOMn03HTop AApHaH
- \eBepKIOH, OTKa3aAC5I OT /KI13HI1 BO I1M51 TBOpqeCTBa. )KM3Hb M5I Be-
1'0 - HeYAaqa, 60Ae3Hb, 6opb6a C qY)KAbIM Ii Aa>Ke BpaJKAe6HbIM Ha1..J:a-
\OM. B 3TOM CMhICAe - npoTHBorrocTaBAeHM5I qeAOBeKa 6bITMlO M He-
"pI151TM5I peaAbHOCTH - OH rrOIIleA ern;e AaAbIIle <!>aycTa BaJ\epH. VI,
TaK)Ke B Ayxe <!>aycTa BaAepH, HCKYCCTBO eHI1T BbI1lIe qeAOBe\.fCCKOI1
A<I13HM, CqMTa5I eAMHcTBeHHo AOCTOMHbIM crroc060M cyrn;eCT130Balll1}{
TOAbKO c03AaHHe xYA0)KeCTBeHHblx np0I13BeAeHI1H, TOAbKO 6blTHC H
VlCKyccTBe.
TI03TOMY rraKT C Ab5IBOAOM AeBepKIOH 3aKAIOQaeT BO HM5I TBOpyC-
CKOH MOrn;M - M B 3TOM HeT HH'lJerO HeO)KHAaHHOro HMeHHO AJUI
T. MaHHa, BcerAa cOnp5lraBIllero HCKYCCTBO C AeMOHM'lJeCKMM KdK OT-
KAOH51IOrn;HMCH OT 6IOprepCKO:H JlHOpMbI".
MHpoBoe AHTeparypoBeAeHI1e, B TOM QI1CAe OTe'lJeCTBeHHoe, B 06-
CT05lTeAhHbIX HCCAeAOBaHM5IX rrOKa3aAO, "lITO pOMaH T. MaHHa rrOCTpo-
CH - BO Bcex IlAaHax - Ha COOTHeCeHHI1 C <DaYCTOM feTe KaK C II BbI -
COKOM >KI13HblO" 10. MO)KHO CKa3aTb - C )l(H3HblO II A0J\)l(H OM " . VI60 ec-
AM Af\5I feTe reHI1H uI1AeaALHO-HOpMaAeH" 11 B AI060H 06AaCTI1 3TO -
AYXOBHoe 3AopOBbe H "orrpeAeAeHHOCTb BbI3BaHHbIX... (HM. - T.R.)
B03Ae:HCTBHll" 11, ecJU1 Aa)l(e Af\5I BaAepH rrepl10Aa HarrI1CaHH5I u<Dayc-
Ta" HCKYCCTBO - crroc06 KaKorO-TO rrpopbIBa K AIOAHM (XOT5I 6bI B Ka-
qeCTBe 3CTeTM'lJeCKOrO rrepe)KHBaHH.H, 3dMeH5IIOrn;erO peaAbHOCTb, HO
o6eCne'lJI1BaIOrn;ero "HHTeAAeKryaAbHYlO" CB5I3b Me)KAY AIOAbMH M B
llpocTpaHcTBe, 11 BO BpeMeHM), TO M5I 6e3paAOCTHo-paBHoAyrnHoro,
1160AhHOrO" J\eBepKIOHa Hap01..J:HTO YCAO)KHeHHOe, "HerrOH5ITHOe", 3AJ1-
TapHoe MCKYCCTBO. Ho HCKYCCTBO, He OpHeHTI1pOBaHHoe Ha "APyrHx"
(IIHe MOry ChhIIIlaTb 0 CAYlllaTeMlX!" 12 - BOCKAHIJ;aeT repOH MallIld),
c03AaBaeMoe C rrOMOrn;blO rOPAbIHM Ab5lBOAa, 3aKpbIBaeT Bce B03J\10>K-
HOCTI1 TaKoro rrpopbIBa.
B pe3YAbTaTe - He 06ern;aHHoe 'lJepTOM TOp)KeCTBO XYA0)KHHKa 0'1'
YAaBllIe:HC51 eMY I1rpbI cpOpM, KOTOpaJI5IK06bI Ba)KHee MernalOllJ;I1X 3'1'011
I1rpe MOpaAbHbIX co06pa)KeHHll, HO - XOAOA 0AI1HOQeCTBa, B03BpaT K
xaocy rrepB06bITHOCTH, HcaTaHHHcKHM 6AYA" M MOAb6a 06 YTpayeHHoti
I\yrne "AbHBOA:H30BaHHoro rr, rrOTep5lBlliCrO qeAOBeqecKYIO cy6cTaII-
qMIO AeBepKIOHa.
np06AeMbI cYAe6 repMaHHH M MHpa, I1CTOpI1QeCKOrO npou;ecca 11
lIporpecca, KOHcepBaTM3Md H AHHaMM3Ma, peA11rMM (UKYAhTa") H KYAb-
Typbl, MCKyccTBa VI )KVl3HM, BbIAdIOIJ.J;erOC5I OAI1II01.JKM H "MaCChI rr, "3AO-
pOBOrO" M "60AbHOrO" HCKYCCTBa, Ayxa H AeMCTBH5I, HHTeAAeKTy-a.Ab-
Horo H 'lJYBCTBeHHOrO, pa3YMa M CepAQa, TPClAMIJ;MOHHbIX eHHOCTeM
6yp/Kya3Horo ryMaHH3Ma H HX pa3pyrneHH5I, COOTHOllIeH1151 "HAeaJ\b-
90
T.I1QBQ III
Horo" H uBMTaAhHOrO", MY3bIKa H CAOBa KaK cpOpM TBOpqeCKOrO OCBO-
eHH51 MHpa, C03HaHH51 H nOAc03HaHHH, aM6anaAeHTHOCTH UBeqHO-
)KeHCTBeHHoro", B03MOJKHOCTH a nyreJi COBeprneHcTBOBaHHH qeAOBe-
Ka H 06m;eCTBa - Bce 3TH H APyrMe IIp06AeMbI CcpOKYCHpOBaHbI B PO-
MaHe T. MaHHa B eAMHOH MaCllITa6HOH H MHoroaCileKTHOH IIpo6AeMe
COOTHOllIeHHH A06pa M 3Aa, Bora M APHBoAa B qeAOBeqeCKOM 6bITHH,
IIocTaBAeHHoH Ha TPClAHII.HOHHOM HeMe KOM (HCTHHHO HeMeIJ;KOM, no
T. MilHHY, - M OAHOBpeMeHHo, cAeAYH nocToHHHOM J/AByacileKTHoc-
TH", HM1, KaK OH caM ee Ha3bIBaeT, uABycMhIcAeHHocTH" HBAeHMM,
l1MeHHO TaK TpaKryeMblx IlapCiAoKCaAbHO-rAy60KoM AOrHKOI1: IIHcaTe-
MI, 06rn;eQeAOBeqeCKOM) CIO)KeTe 0 AOKTope <Daycryce.
3Ta caMBOAHqeCKaH KOAAH3HH CAeAKH qeAOBeKa C qepTOM MaKCH-
MaAbHO aKryaAM3HpOBaHa, Aa>Ke AOK)'MeHTHpoBaHa aBTopoM pOMaHa,
cTpeMHll\MMCH, - B Ayxe H CTI1AMCTHKe cpeAHeBeKOBOH: HapoAHoM
KHl1fH 0 <DaycTe, - IIpHAaTb cBoeMY IIOBeCTBOBaHI1IO qepTbI IIOMMH-
Horo CBHAeTeAbCTBa 3IIOXH (qeM pOMaH Ha AeAe H HBMACH, OTCbIAaH AH-
60 K peaAbHbIM, AM60 K YKil3aHHbIM caMHM IIHcaTeAeM, AH60 AerKO Y3-
HaBaeMbIM C06bITHHM M npoToTHnaM, HaIIpHMep - qepTbI 6MorpacpHH
cDpHAPHxa HHIJ;ll1e B cYAb6e UTaryAbHOrO" repoH pOMaHa, KOMIl03MTO-
pa AApHaHa AeBepKlOHa, H IlpHHIJ;MIIbI aTOHaAbHOM MY3bIKH ApHOAbAa
llleH6epra, oilpeAeAHBIllI1e ero HOBaTopcKoe TBOpqeCTBo).
KOHeQ 6IOprepcKoH 3IIOXH, AOAI'OM 3pbI rociloAcTBa IIpocBeTH-
TeAbCKMX u;eHHocTeM - YBa)KeHHH K IJecTecTBeHHoMY" qeAOBeKY, pa-
3YMY, TPYAY a A06poHpaBHIO, cTpeMAeHI1e K B3aHMHoMY MI1AOCepAHIO
M nOHcKY rapMoHHM B 3AelliHeM MI1pe, aneAMlII.HH K 113AOPOBOMY" MC-
KYCCTBY (CHMBOAOM KOToporo AMI MaHHa 5lBNIeTC51 feTe) B MCTOpaqe-
CKOM pa3pe3e COBnaA C nepHOAOM 6AYJKAaHHI1:, HCKYCCTBeHHO-MCTe-
pHqeCKHX (B pe3YAbTaTe TO)l(e cBoe06pa3Horo COI03a C AbHBOAOM)
B3AeTOB H OTtlaHHHOro IIClAeHHH fepMaHI1H 1920 - 1940-x rOAOB, H IIO-
TOMY IIp06AeMbI 3IIOXaAhHble H Aa>Ke BHeBpeMeHHble TeCHO YBH3bIBa-
lOTCH B np0I13BeAeHMH TOMaca MaHHa C rrp06AeMaMH OCTpOCOI.J;I1aAb-
HbIMH H IIOAMTHqeCKHMH.
CAOBHO npOAOA>KaH Tel\1Y uCTeilHoro BOAKa" r. fecce, T. MaHH
BbIBOAHT Ha aBaHCIJ;eHY THIIHtIHOrO repoH IIpeKpacHoAYIliHoro
Btirgerzeit HaqaAa XX BeKa, TaAaHTAMBOro H 06pa30BaHHoro XYAO>K-
HMKa, B KOTOpOM 6e3ycAoBHO OilpeAeNIlOIIJ;HMM HBAHIOTC51 OpraHHqeC-
Kd5I CBH3b C 6IOprepcKoH 3noxoM Ii TBOpqeCKOe Ha'!aAO.
IloAo6Ho rappl1 ra.AAepy, AApMaH AeBepKlOH IIOCT051HHO om;ym;a-
eT CHOM IIKOPHM", CBOIO I'MaA)'lO pOAI1HY" - cpOAbBapK DlOXeAb (B CO-
pOKa Il51Ta l\1HHyrax e3AbI OT BbIMbIllIAeHHoro HeMeU;Koro ropOAKa
KaI1:3epCarnepHa, rAe TaK uYAHBI1TeAhHO coxpaHHAaCb CpeAHeBeKOBaH
aTMoccpepa", 3aIlax CTapOM MlnbI, B TeHH KOTOpOI1: HrpaA, a rrOTOM 3a-
CbIIIaA MaAeHhKHM AApHaH, BeCb naTpHapXaAhHO-A06pOTHbIH YKAi1A
OTI.J;OBCKOro AOMa. repOH MaHHa Ha CKAOHe AeT C03HaTeAhHO BbI6Hpa-
eT AJ\5I IIpO:>KHBaHHH MeCTO, Aa>Ke B AeTaMlX HaIIoMHHaIOIIJ,ee ero POA-
([)aycmoBcKuii repoii U 3aKam npOCBemUmeAbCKOii 3Pbl
91
110M EIOXeAb, a KOHe )l(H3HH, Y)Ke 6ecc03HaTeAhHO, npOBOAI1T TaM, rAe
()I ( 11 51BI1AC51 Ha CBeT, OKPY)KeHHbIH neqaAbHOM AlO60BbIO 11 3a60TOM
t'I'O KpOTKOM 11 caMOOTBep)KeHHOH MaTepH 3J\.bc6eTbI - BorrAOrn;eHI151
(>IoprepCKOH YCTOHql1BOCTH, Hap.e)KHOCTH 11 BepHOCTI1 TPaAM H5IM.
Ho Y>Ke B 06pa3e OTI.J;a AeBepKIOHa, VlOHaTaHa, OTt-leT.MIBO npocry"
IlaeT 11 "OrraCHa5l" cpaYCTOBCKa51 TPaAH H51 rrpOCBeTI1TeAbCKOM 6IOp-
l'epCKOH KYAhTypbI - HHTepec K 51BAeHH51M rrpl1pOAbI 11 TaHHaM 6bITI151.
,,\pyr 11 6Horpacp J\eBepKIOHa, CepeHYC WeMT6AOM nl1IIIeT: «V1oHaTaH
ql1TaA He TOAbKO AYXOBHble KHMTI1 , HO 11 APyroro pOAa CO"llI1HeHH5I, He-
COMHeHHO CBI1AeTeAhCTBOBaBllIHe 0 ero CKAOHHOCTI1 Hpa3MbIlllJ\.5ITb 0
CTHXI151X": 51 I1MeIO B BI1AY ero 3aHHTI151 - B BeCbMa YMepeHHbIX, KOHeq-
110, MaCIIITa6ax H C npHBAeQeHl1eM caMbIX CKpOMHbIX rroc06HM - eCTe-
cTB03HaHHeM, 6110J\.orHeM, a TaK>Ke cpl1311KOH 11 onbITHOM XHMlfeM» -
22). Y 3THX 3aHHTHH, npOAOJ\.)l(aeT WeMT6J\.oM, 6bIA HKaKoM-To MHCTI1-
qeCKHH npHBKYc, HeqTO B 6bIJ\.bIe BpeMeHa CqHTaBllleeC51 qyrb AM He
KO.l\AOBCTBOM. 3Aecb 51 A0J\.)KeH 3aMeTHTb, QTO HeAoBepHe peARrH03Ho-
crrHpHTyaMICTI1QeCKOH (T.e. cpeAHeBeKOBOH - F.R.) 3nOXI1 K pacry-
l1 eH: CTpaCTl1lIpOHHKHyrb B TaH:HbI npHpoAbI MHe 6bIAO BcerAa rrOH51T"
110. EAar01:IeCTHe BI1AeAO B 3TOM naHI16paTCKoe 3aHrpbIBaHI1e co ccpe-
pOM rrOA3anpeTHoro, He rOBop51 Y)I(e 0 TOM, 1:ITO 60)Kbe TBopeHHe (npH-
pOAa 11 )K113Hh) CTaHOBHAHCb TaKI1M 06pa30M qeM-TO MOpaAbHO IIOAO-
3pHTeAbHbIM. CaMa npHpOAa TaK 1136bITO"tJHO nOAHa nOpO:>KAeHI1H, ro-
TOBhIX BOT-BOT nepenAecHyrbc51 B KOAAOBCTBO, ABYCMbICAeHHbIX npl1-
lIYA, 3aBYaAHpOBaHHhIx, HeonpeAeAeHHbIx HaMeKOB, "liTO HCCJ\.eAOBa-
HHe ee He MO)KeT He npeACTaBASlTbC51 CMl1peHHOMY 6AdrOQeCTI1IO HB-
HhIM HapymeHl1eM Toro, qTO nOA06aeT QeAOBeKY" - 22).
MHOr03Ha"llHTeAbHOe (KaK 11 Bce B 3TOM cpHAOCOcpCKOl\l pOMaHe-
TpaKTaTe, pOMaHe-AHcrryre, CBOeI1 KOMn0311 HeM HanOMI1HaIOrn;eM He
TOAbKO KOHTpanYHKTHQeCKOe nOCTpoeHl1e MY3hIKaAhHbIX, T.e., no
T. MaHHY, HaH60J\.ee aAeKBaTHbIX C03HaTeAbHo-6ecC03HaTeAhHOM CTH-
XHIi 6bITH51 np0I13BeAeHI1:H, HO 11 CAOBeCHyro rrOAMcpOHHIO pOMaHOH
CTOAh rrOQI1TaeMOro MaHHOM AOCToeBCKoro) npHMe1.JaHl1e: paKOBYIIII,I
C HX 06I1TaTeMIMH, JKI13HbIO KOTOpbIX oc06eHHO HHTepeCOBaAC5f CTap-
IllI1H J\eBepKIOH, C OAHOH: CTOpOHbI, 6bIAH TI1IIHqHbIM HHBeHTapeM KOA-
AYHHH 11 aAXl1MHKOB, "Hal160Aee nOAXONIII I1MH COCYAaMI1 Af\5I 5IAa YI
AI060BHbIX HanHTKOB". Ho OHI1 TaK)I(e "CJ\.Y)I(HAI1 B u.epKBax YKparne-
HHeM AapQHKOB AMI CB5ITbIX AapOB 11 peAI1KBHH 11 Aa)Ke qam M5I npHqa-
CTH5I. LITO TOAbKO 3AeCb He BoccoeAHHHAOCb: 51A H KpaCOTa, HA H BOA-
rne6CTBO, HO TaKJKe BOAllIe6cTBO H :o;epKOBHoe TaHHcTBo" (26).
flocAeAHee MO)KHO BnOAHe OTHeCTH H K TBOpQeCTBY Mpl1aHa J\.e-
BepKlOHa. flO1..J:eMY I1MeHHO I1CKYCCTBO CTaAO norrpH eM 3Toro HOBoro
AOKTopa CDaycTa? He nOToMY AM, QTO B npeACTaBAeHHM TOMaca MaH-
Ha e e CO BpeMeH fIepBOM Ml1pOBOM BOI1HbI 11 CBOHX npeOAOAeHHhIX-
HenpeOAOAeHHbIX "Pa3MbIIlIAeHMH: anOAHTHQHOrO" (1918) HHTeAMI-
reHTbI (AIOAH Ayxa, COBeCTb Ha:O;l1H, rOAOC Ha:O;Hl1, HHcTpyrvleHT npo-
92
rAQBQ III
rpecca H T.n.) AeAHAHCb Ha uI.J;HBMAH3aTOpOB" (TaKOBbIM OH C n1TaA
CBoero 6paTa feHpI1xa MaHHa, Ha3bIBa51 ero Zivilisationsliterat). CTpe-
M5I HXC5I, ITO MHeHHIO TOMaca, AHilib K YCOBepweHCTBOBaHHlO "TeXHO-
AorHH" 6bITH5I, MaTepMaAbHOMY, IIOBepXHOCTHOIVIY, HHBeAMpYIOw;eMY,
"OMaCCOBAHlOl.QeMY" nporpeccy - H nOMHHHbIX HOCHTeAeH KYAbTY-
pbl, M5I KOTOpblX CYLQeCTBeHHa CB5I3b c II KopHeBbIl'vIH " , nOAC03HaTeAb-
HbIM Ii KOMeKTHBHo-6ecC03HaTeAbHhIM (KaK H r. reCce, T. MaHH HC-
nbITaA BAH5IHMe K.r. IOHra) H B TO )Ke Bpel\'l5I HenOBTOpI1MO-HHAHBHAY-
aAhHbIM HaqaAOM, BcerAa COAep)KaW;I1M B ce6e HeqTO 'ITeMHoe", II AHO -
HHCHHCKoe", HeKOHTpoAHPyeMoe ('IBHTaAbHoe" B HI1IJ;IIIeaHCKOM
CMbICAe) H HMeHHO B CHAY 3Toro nO,MHHHO TBOpqeCKoe.
n03I1TliBHa5I Ae5lTeAbHOCTb npeo6pa30BaTeAH npHpoAbI - rrpo-
CBeTI1TeAbCKoro reTeBCKoro <DaYCTa Y)Ke He YCTpaI1BaeT TOMaca
MaHHa: CAHiliKOM OqeBHAHbI CTaAH C nepBblx AeC5ITHAeTHM BeKa onac-
Hble nocAeACTBH5I KYAbTa TeXHOAOrHqeCKOrO nporpecca H caMoAocTa-
TOqHOrO aKTHBH3Ma. BepHbli1 CblH 6IOprepCK0I1 3nOXYI 11 HacAeAHHK,
BonpeKH 06 eIIpYIH5ITOMY H OTQaCTH CrrpOBOI.J;HpOBaHHOMY 3a5lBAe-
HI151MH caMoro rrHcaTeM (BbI3BaHHbIMH CKopee nOAel\'IHqeCKHM 3arra-
AOM Bruderzwist MH0rOAeTHero KOHl\enryaAbHOrO cnopa C AeKAapl1-
pOBaHHbIM npeeMHHKOM npoCBeTHTeAbcKHx HAeM 6paToM feHpHxoM)
MHeHHIO, HAeM npOCBeTI1TeAeH XVIII BeKa - HO He cppaHl\Y3CKI1X,
KaK CTapIIIMH 6paT, a HeMel\KHX, TOMac MaHH BCAeA 3a <DPHAPHXOM
WMAJ\.epOM B l1CKYCCTBe, 3CTeTHqeCKOM npe06paJKeHHYI AeMCTBH-
TeAbHOCTH BHAHT rAaBHyID CnaCI1TeAhHYIO CHAY HOBoro BpeMeHM.
npl1 3TOI\1 He "AeTH npHpOAbI" (VI.B. feTe, A. TOACTOi1), a u AeTH Ayxa"
(cD. WHMep, <D. AOCTOeBCKI1H) - HI.IJ;Yll.\erO, 6ecnoKoMHoro H rAy6o-
Koro, npOHHKalOII1;erO B caMyID Cyrb qeAOBeKa, - npHHHI\laIOT Ha ce-
651, B TpaKToBKe T. MaHHa. 6peM5I MeccHH, H B TO JKe BpeM5I - <Dayc-
TOB XX BeKa.
TOAbKO HCKYCCTBO, no TOMacy MaHHY, cnoco6HO npOTHBOCT05lTb
HCTHHHOMY BapBapCTBY l\MBYIAM3aU;HH B03BpaTOM K l\lHMMOl\IY BapBap-
CTBY JlAOKYAbTypHbIX" r T.e., no CyrH, H AO II;HBHAH3aII;HOHHbIX" BpeMeH.
AApYIaH - TaKoe )Ke BTopoe H5.[" II HCaTeJ\Jl, KaK H CepeHYC eHT6AOM,
rOBOpI1T: uMHe ./UiqHO HaHBHOCTb, 6eCC03HaTeAhHOCTb, CaMOOtIeBYIA-
HOCTb ;Ka)Kyrc5I HeOTbeMAeMbIMM npM3HaKaMI1 Toro 5IBAeHI151, KOTopoe
MhI 30BeM KYAhTYPOH... HaM KaK pa3 HeAocTaeT HaHBHOCTM... HaM HaAO
I13P5IAHO Ha6paTbC5I BapBapCTBa, qTo6bI BI-IOBb 06peCTM cnoco6HOCTb K
KYAbrype. TeXHI1Ka, KOMcpOpT - BOT qTO 06'b5lBAHIOT KYAbrypOH, a 3TO
He TaK" (80).
3TOT B03BpaT K CBe>KeCTM H HenocpeAcTBeHHocTH BOCnpH5ITH5I,
K nepBo6blTHOH MOll.\11 HAOKYAbTypHoro" HCKyccTBa, K rpy60H 11 5IC-
HOM peaAbHOCTH KYAbTa, OCAO)KHeHHOro H HCKa)KeHHOrO " 0 6MI1P-
IJJ;eHHoi1", )KeMaHHOM, HeecTecTBeHHoH KYAbT)'pOH uMalIlHHHoH"
3110XH npeACTaBA5IeTC5I AeBepKIOHY HaH60Aee HAM eAHHCTBeHHO B03-
MO)KHbIM B ccpepe I\lY3bIKH, KOTOPYIO eHT6AOM - KOHCepBaTI1BHO-
<PaycmoBcKUU J'epoil 11 3UKam npOCBemUmeAbCKoi1 :Jphl
93
\ CTOl p.lliBOe, TPClAHIJ;liOHHo-ryl\IaHHCTMtJeCKOe Ii Jl3AOpOBOe", HO B TO
,I,e BpeM5l He cBo6oAHoe OT cpMAHCTepCTBa 11 AHlIIeHHoe cpaYCTOB-
\ "KOM OTBarli " 5l " nHCaTeMl, - BbIBOAI1T 3a npeAeAbI ryMaHHCTMtJec-
I,OH KYAbTYPbI.
3aMetJa}1, QTO 11MeHHO .KAaCCHKo-cpI1AOAorHtJeCKHe HHTepeCbl
(. B513aHbI C AI06oBbIO K KpaCOTe Ii pa3Yl.\IY tJeAOBetJeCKOMY", WeHT6J\OM
I OAbKO 3TOll cpeAe tJeAOBetJeCKoro Ayxa, B CKpbITOH nOAeMHKe c reTeB-
(" KI1M <PaYCTOM H C HeBOAbHbII'v1 rrOATBep>KAeHHel\rI eBaHreAhCKoro
"13 Ha"lJaAe 6hIAO CAOBO", AOBep.HeT CPYHK HH "lleAOBetJeCKoro conep-
IlleHCTBOBaHI151, AOKa3bIBa5l, "lfTO 'IBHyrpeHHee pOACTBO 5l3hIKOBOH
KYAbryphI Ii ryMaHMTapHbIX 3HaHI'1]1 BeHtJaeTC51 HAeeH BOCfIHTaHH5I,
tlpH3BaHHe rreAarora KaK-TO caMO C060H BhITeKaeT H3 npHBep>KeHHOC-
I'll K KJ\.aCCHqeCKOH CP:HAOAOfHH. "4eAoBeK, 3aHHMaIOrn;I1J1C5I eCTeC'fBeH-
IIO-HCTOpHqeCKHl\ll1 peaJU15.1:MM, MO)l(eT, KOHetJHo, 6bITb yqHTeAeM, HO
IIHKorAa He CTaHeT BocrrHTaTeAe!\1 B TOM Cl\lbICAe H B TOM cTeneHH, KaK
/\Io6:HTeAb li3H HOH CAOBeCHOCTM. Aa H 5!3hlK 3BYKOB (ecMf n03BOJUf-
TeAhHO TaK liMeHOBaTb MY3bIKY), 6bITb l\IO)l(eT, 60Aee npoHliKHoBeH-
I{hui, HO CTpaHHO HetJAeHopa3AeAhHbIH, He Ka)KeTC5l MHe OTHOC5lill;HM-
C5I K neAarOrHQeCKH-ryMaHHoM ccpepe... HeCMOTp}1 Ha BCIO AorHtJeCKH-
IlpaBCTBeHHyro CypOBOCTb, KOTOpOH eM yrOAHO npliKphIBaTbC5l, MY3bI-
Ka... Bce )Ke rrpHqaCTHa l\l11PY AYXOB, 11 51 He nop YCb 3a nOAHYlO ee
OAarOHaAe)l(HOCTb B AeAax qeAOBetJeCKoro pa3YMa H QeAOBeqeCKOrO
AOCTOI1HCTBa. A TO, T.lTO 51, BorrpeKH CKa3aHHOMY, BceM cepAu;eM eM
npeAaH, - OAHO H3 6AarMx I1AJ1 IIary6Hhlx npoTHBOpe"llHH, HeOT'bel\IAe-
MbIX OT rrpHpoAhI QeAOBeKa" (16).
MY3bIKa J\.eBepKIOHa COQeTaeT B ce6e pacKoBaHHyro CTHXHIO HP-
pal.(MOHa.J\.bHoro, HerrOABAaCTHoro "TexHH3aU;liH" - H B TO )Ke BpeM5l
CTpOliTC5I Ha Hrpe 1.IHCeA, Ha rrpOCtJHTaHHOCTH 11 COpa3l\rlepHOCTI1, CO-
eAHH5l5!, TaKliM 06pa30M, cy6'beKTMBIIoe H 06'beKTHBHoe B llpH3pa4-
HOM 06AaCTH "MHcplitJeCKoro, Co60pHoro", K tJeMY rrpH3bIBaA KOMI103H-
Topa OAHH H3 MHOrI1X ero 3eMHbIX HCKYCI1TeAei1, TeopeTHK HCKYCCTBd
BeHAeAh Kpe"lfMap. 3ClAYMaHHbIM AeBepKlOHOM rrpophIB K HOBOMY Ka-
qeCTBY MY3bIKH npOAHKTOBaH, C OAHOll CTOpOHbI, ero BpeMeHeM, KOTO-
poe C "caMOAOBOAbHOM C03HaTeAhHOCTblO, IIOHeBOAe 3aCTaBMIIOIl\CH
YCOMHliTbC5l B eCTeCTBeHHOM pa3BHTI1H )KH3HH Ii HaCa>KAaIO eH AO)K-
I1yro, AYPHYIO I1CTOPHQHOCTb, T5IrOTeeT K TeM ymeAllII1M 3noxaM 11 C 3H-
ry3Ha3MoM nOBTOp5leT I1X CHMBOJ\.HQeCKl1e AeHCTBa, B KOTOphIX CTOAb-
KO TeMHoro, CTOAbKO CJVlepTeAhHO oCKop6HTeAhHOrO AMI Ayxa HOBeM-
luero BpeMeHH, CO)K)KeH:He KHHr, HarrpliMep..." (50), a C APyroM CTOpO-
IibI, )l{eAaHHeM BocrrpOTMBliTbC5l XOAY BpeMeHH, npeoAoAeTb nOllIAYIO,
nOBepxHocTHYIO, nceBAoKYAbTypHYlO IJ;HBHAI13aIJ;HlO, B03BbICHBIIlHCb
HaA HeM, "BbliiaB H3 Hee", rro6eAHB ee B03pO)I(AeHHeM 3a6bITbIX CTI1-
Xf[l'1 H CHA.
CAOBHO OTBetJa51 Ha 3TOT nopbIB He TOAhKO CBoero BhICOKO THJVIoro
APyra AeBepKIOHa, HO 11 CBoeH HeCtJaCTHOM Ii A10611MOM fepl\laHHI1
94
rJ\QBQ III
(MeTacpopI'PleCKHe napaM.eJ\M KOTOpOH C 06pa30M KOMn03HTOpa no-
CT05lHHO npOBOASITCH B pOMaHe), TaK>Ke nbITaIO eM:C5I, no MbICAR
I4eMT6AoMa (H TOMaca MaHHa) rrpOTHBOCT05ITb XOAY nCTopHIi peaHH-
MaQIfeH OT)I(HBlllerO, uBapBapCKMX", uIfCKOHHbIX" CTHXI1H, nOBeCTBO-
BaTeJ\.b paCCY)l(AaeT C COMHeHHeM: uMO>KHO AM... npMBeTCTBOBaTh...
nOCTOHHHO nOBTOp5IIO eeC5I B IfCTOpHH O)KMBAeHHe Taro, qTO CXOAHT
B MorHJ\.Y, H He cAeAyeT JU1 paCCMaTpHBaTb pecpopMaTopoB KaK rAaIlla-
TaeB OTCTaJ\.OCTH 11 nOCAaHu;eB HeCqaCTb5l? BeAh HeT HHKaKoro COMHe-
HM5I, t.ITO qeAOBe eCTBO 6hIAO 6hI M36aBAeHO OT HeCKOHQaeMOrO KpOBO-
npOARTIfH H CTpalliHoro caMOMCTpe6AeJ-IH5I, eCAJ1 6bI MapTHH AIoTep
He B03pOAHA epKBH" (117).
3aKoHoMepHo, t.ITO TaKYIO 3aAaqy If B TaKliX 06cToHTeAbcTBax
MO>KHO B3BaJ\.liTb Ha ce6H AHIllh C nOMOIl bIO Ab5lBOAa.
DblA y MeH51 cBeTAbIM, 6bICTphIH YM M HeMaAhIe AapOBaHM.H, HI1CnOCAaHHLIe
CBbIlue (roBopuT B nOCAeAHeM CBoeM OTKpOBeH1111 J\eBepKIOH. - T.fl.) , MX 6bI
B3paII UBaTb pa\fHTe;\bHO U 1.JeCTHO. J-fo CAJ1111KOM .HCHO 51 nOHHl\la1\.: B HaIII BeK He
npOHTJ1 npaBbIM nyreM U CMl1peHHOMYAPOMY; MCKYCCTBY>Ke U BOBce He 6bIBaTb
6e3 nOn eHJ1.H AbHBOJ\.a... nOUCTHHe, B TOM, qTO HCKYCCTBO 3aB.H3J\.O, OT}DKe;\e-
;\0 J1 caMO f;\YMUTCH HM C060H, qTO Bce CTaAO TaK HenOCUAbHO 11 rOpeMbI1.JHbIH
lJeAOBeK He 3HaeT, KYAa>K eMY 110AaTbCH, - B TOM, APyru U 6paTbH, BUHOIO Bpe-
M.H. Ho, e>Ke;\u KTO rrpl13BaA HelJJ1CTOrO 11 np03aAO>KHA eMY CBOIO AYIIIY, Aa6bI
BhIpBaTbC5I .113 T.H)KKOrO 3AonOAYtIH5I, TOT caM nOBeCHA ce6e Hd welO BUHY Bpe-
MeHH H npeAdA Ce65! npOKMITulO. 1160, CKa3aHO: 6AH H 60APCTBYH! tIo He BC5I-
KHU CKAOHeH Tpe3BO 60APCTBOBaTb; If 3aMeCTO Toro, 1.JT06 pa3)'MHO neQbC51 0
HY>KAaX 1.JeAOBeKu, 0 TOM, 1.JT06bI AJOAHM AyqIlle )KU;\OCb Ha 3eMAe U cpeAh HUX
YCTaHOBU;\C5I I10PHAOK, 1.JTO AaA 6hI rrpeKpaCHbIM AIOACKlfM TBopeHUHM BHOBb no-
1.JYBCTBOBaTb fIOA c06011 TBepAYIO rrOlJBY H -qeCTHO B)KUTbC5I B JUOACKOli 06uXOA,
UHOH CBOpaqHBaeT C npHMOH AoporH H npeAaeTC5I caTaHUHCKHM HeHCTOBCTBaM.
TaK Iy6uT OH CBOIO AYIUY H KOHqaeT Ha CHaAKe c nOAOXILleH CKOTHHOH
(644 - 645).
I1cKycCTBo, CB5I3aHHOe C Ab5IBOAOM, - 3TO, 6e3YCAOBHO, H6oAhHoe
HCKYCCTBO". Ho 3HaqHT JU1 3TO, qTO H 113AopOBoe" HCKYCCTBO AMilleHO
np.l1.QaCTHOCTW K "TeMHOMY", "Ab5lBOAbCKOMY", HppaU;HOHdAbHOMY?
fIo T. MaHHY, 3TO H TaK, Ii He TaK. C OAHOM CTOPOHbI, UeMT6AOM -
Bblpa3 TeAh n03MTHBHoro ryM:aHMCTHQeCKOrO 6IOprepCKoro HaqaJ\.a,
rOBopHT 0 "AeMOHI1QeCKOl\l xapaKTepe qeAOBeqeCKOH >KH3HM" (119)
KaK TaKoBoH Ii B TOM MJU1 HHOH Mepe nOBTOp5IeT H3AlO6AeHHyro (co
BpeMeH "ToHHO Kperepa") MhlCAb nHCaTeMl 0 CB5I3H TaAaHTa C 60Ae3-
HhIO Ayxa (MhICJ\.h, Boo6IJJ;e pacnpoCTpaHeHHYlO B nCHXOJ\.orHM KYAh-
TypbI Py6e)Ka BeKOB M O'NaCTH BOCXOAHrn;yro K yqeHHIO 3. <t>peHAa).
C APyroi1: CTOpOHhI, TOT )Ke T. MaHH, KOHCTaTHpOBaBIIlHM: B CBoew xy-
v _ v
A0>KeCTBeHHOH nYOAH HCTMKe Ii JU1TeparypHoM KpliTHKe pa3AeAeHI1e
reHHeB Ha Jl3AOPOBhIX" H u60AhHbIX", YCTa1\'IH Toro >Ke eHT6AOMa yr-
Bep)KAaeT HaAMqHe unpOCBeTAeHHoro" H IIHenpOCBeTAeHHoro" HC-
KYCCTBa:
(]>aycmoBCKUlll"CPOll II 3QKam npOCBemUIIleAbCKOZl pbl
95
...CAOBO IIreH11H", XOT5! H CBepXMepHOe, BCe )l(e o6AdAaeT 6AarOpOAllbIM,
J apMOHHtJeCKHM H 3ApaBO-QeAOBeqeCKHM 3B aHl1eM... VI TeM He MeHee HeAb-
'HI OTpl1 dTb..., t:lTO B Cl15!IOI..QeH ccpepe reHH5I TpeBOJKHO COllpHcyrcTByeT Ae:MO-
11l1QeCKOe HdQaJ\O, rrpOTHBHoe Pd3YMY, t.JTO CYJ..U;eCTByeT y)l(dcalOIl\d51 CB5!3b
[\le/KAY reH11eM 11 TeMHbIM l apCTBOM 11 HdKoHeu., '-ITO l1MeHHO 1l03TOMY 3IU1Te-
['hI, KOTopble 51 CTdpdAC5I K HeMY (AeBepKlOHY) rrpHAOJKHTb: 116AaropOAHbIH",
I/rapMOHHt:leCKHH.", - He COBceM nOAXOAHW;He 311HTeTLI, Ad>Ke KorAa - C 60-
/\blO perndlOcb 51 Ha TdKoe pd3rpdH11QeHI1e - pe1..J:b I1AeT 0 QHCTOH, HerrOMeAb-
HOM reHl1aAhHOCTII, KOTOpyro fOCllOAb bor 6AdrOCAOBaA (HAll rrOKdpaA?) qeAO-
i3eKd, d He reHMaAbHOCTH rl16eAbHoM H 1l0POQH0I1, 0 rpeIllHOM, ndTOAOrHQeC-
KOM C)I(HraHMH npHpOAHbIX crroco6HocTeH, 0 Mep30cTHOM BbInOAHeHHH 6oro-
npoTMBHoM CAeAKH... (lO-lt).
nonbITKOM perneHH5I 3TOH CAOJKHOH AMI T. MaHHa AHACMl\lbl
MOJKHO CqHTaTb CAOBa qepTa B pa3roBope C }\eBepKlOHoM, 51BHO 0'1'-
HeceHllble K feTe: II ... Y Te651 HeT MCTOpHqeCKOrO nOAXoAa K Bonpo-
cy, eCAH TbI JKaAyeIllbC5I, "liTO BOT, AeCKaTb, Hl\151peK CYMeA nOAyY:I1Th
Bce cnOAHQ, 6eCKOHe Hble 6Aa.IKeHCTBa, 6eCKOHelJJlble CTpClAaHI151, a
HHKTO He CTaBHA nepeA HHM IIeCOqHhIX aCOB H He IIpeA'b5lB.l\5IA eMY
nOA KOHe c eTa. AaphI, KOTopbIe OH B CBOIO KAaCCI1QeCKYlO 3IIOXY
CYMeA nOAyql1Tb 11 nOMlil\10 Hac, HhIHe MOJKeM npeMO)KMTb TOAhKO
MbI" (309).
npMMeqaTeAbHO rrpH 3TOM, 111'0 YJKe B 3TOM nacca.IKe HapyrneHa
Tpa,AHD;I10HHa5I Al\5I T. MaHHa (Ii rrp05lBJUlIOru;a5lC B 6lOprepCKOl\1 THITe
eHT6AoMa) CB5I3h 113AopoBoro" TaAaHTa (K KOTOpOI\IY npH1.IHCMlAC ,
Hap5lAY C A. TOACTbIM, feTe) C HeH3MeH eMoH M HeH3MeHHoH "npl1po-
AOH", npo ecc BonAoru;eHM5I KOTOpOH "3AOPOBbIM" HCKYCCTBOM KBaAM-
<PI1 I1pOBaAC5I KaK CBoero pOAa caMoy AOBAeTBop5l1Oru;a.SlC5.I Cal\10cpI1K-
ca H , a cpaycTOBCKoe IIToMAeHHe Ayxa", cnoc06HoCTh K IInpophIBY"
(KAI01.IeBOe nOH5ITHe IIAOKTopa CDaycryca") - C ..60Ae3Hblo" TaAaHTa 11
ero HenpeMeHHOM CB 3blO C Ab BOAOM.
nocJ\.eAHee OKa3bIBaeTC5I 06YCAOBAeHHhIM He CTOAhKO H3HaT..£aAb-
HbIM, IIreHeTH1.IeCKHM" Tpe6oBaHl1eM reHMaAbHOCTM, CKOAbKO '.BpeMe-
HeM", HCTopH eCKMMM 06CT05lTeAbCTBaMM .lKM3HM XYAO.IKHHKa. B 3TOf\1
llAaHe T. MaHH rrpH6AH)KaeTC5I K reTeBCKOMY nOHMMaI-IHlO AeMOHJ11..Je-
CKoro KaK HeKoeH I1ppa 110HaAbHO-TBOpQeCKOH, 113HTeAeXHHHOH", 1-10
no KaQeCTBeHHOM OKpaCKe HeMTpaAhHOH CHAbI, KOTopa l\'IO:IKeT 6hlTb
I1CnOAb30BaHa H BO 3AO, 11 BO 6Aaro. YTO )Ke KacaeTC C0103a C Ah5.IBO-
AOM (KOTOpbIM Ii Y feTe, 11 y T. MaHHa He npHAYMhIBaeT, ITO CyrH, fV\5i
qeAOBeKa HHqerO HOBoro, HO AMllih ..ocB060 aeT", ..pa3pernaeT 01'
6peMeHH", IlIIOChIAa K 1.JepTY P060CTb, CKOBaHHOCTh H BC.SIKMe TaM e-
J\OMYApeHHble COMH:eHM " - 308), TO IIpHHD;I1TIHaAbHO Ba>KHbIM OKa-
3hIBaeTC.SI He cpaKT 3Toro II "OCB060/KAalOrn;erO' (11 AalOrn;ero B03MO)K-
HOCTb BhInOAHMTb 3aA)'MaHHoe) C0103a, a COOTHOllIeHHe, COnOAqHHe-
HHe, xapaKTep CB5I3H BHyrpl1 Hero.
96
FI1QBQ III
AYaAHCTI1QeCKa£ npYlpOAa qeAOBeKa, npYl3HaBael\'Ia5I cpaKTYll.JeCKH
BCeMI1, co BpeMeH OpOCBern;eHI15I (AeKAapl1pOBaBlllero He H3HaqaAb-
HYJO rpeXOBHOCTb, HO "npaBI1AhHOCTb" 11 6Aarylo 3aAYMaHHOCTb lI ecTe -
CTBeHHoro" l.JeAOBeKa) 06parn;aBIllMMI1C£ K c!O)Kery CAeJ\KH qeAOBeKa C
Ab5IBOAOM, OrrpaBAbIBaeTC5I H feTe, 11 TOMaCO!\l MaHHOM BbICOKYIM AO-
BepHeM focnOAa K cBoeMY TBopeHHlO, KOTOPOMY npeAOCTaBAHeTC5I
npaBO C03HaTeAhHOfO BbI60pa Me>KAY A06pOM YI 3AOM. OTcIOAa 11 OAHH
113 acneKTOB rrp06AeMbI CB060AbI B pOl\laHe TOI\laCa MaHHa KaK rrpo-
6AeMbI CBo60AbI BbI60pa B AI060H HCTOpHl.JeCKOH CI1rya1\H11 Me)l(AY DO-
fOM H Ab£BOAOM (OTCbIAa1Orn;a5I K TpaKTOBKe np06AeMbI BHHbI H 01'-
BeTCTBeHHOCTI1 nOCAeBoeHHbIM eBporreHCKHM 3K3HCTeHl\HM.H3MOM),
QTO B03AaraeT Ha HOBoro <DaYCTa OTBeTCTBeHHOCTh 3a pe3YAhTaT CBoe-
fO rraKTa C Ab5IBOAOM.
ECAI1 B I1Tore IIAb5IBOAhCKOe" IIOAqHHeHO '160)KeCTBeHHOMY" (ry-
MaHHOMY, "CBeTAOMY", "3AOPOBOMY", IlPOAYKTI1BHOMY HaqaAY), TO CO-
103 C AbHBOAOM nOAyqaeT onpaBAaHHe B CBeTe reTeBCKO-MaHHOBCKOH
TeOAI1u;eH: KaK TeHb, KOTopaH AeAaeT 5fpl.Je CBeT (HcpaBHeHHe", BbI5IB-
A51lOIIJ;ee Cyrb), KaK CTHMYA K COBepmeHCTBOBaH11lO, KaK "nOAlOc" TOM
CI1CTeMbI B3aHMOAeHCTBM5I, KOTOpa5I eAI1HCTBeHHo crroc06Ha ABMfaTb
l.JeAOBeKa BnepeA. ECAH )Ke n06e)l(AaeT AbHBOA - TO naKT C l.JepTOM He
HMeeT onpaBAaHH5I H BeAeT qeAOBeKa K fI16e.MI, B Mr KOTOpbIM 11 Y fe-
Te, 11 Y T. MaHHa TOJKAeCTBeH He CTPdAaHlfIO (3TO KaK pa3 eCTeCTBeH-
Ha51 H Aa)Ke He06xOAHMa5I qaCTb l.JeAOBeqeCKOrO c eCTBOBaHH5I),
HO He6bITI11O.
B cAyqae Mpl1aHa J\eBepKlOHa peQb I1AeT He 0 napl1 C Ab5IBOAOM 11
Aa)l(e He 0 naKTe C HHM, H60 11 TO, 11 APyroe rrpeAnOAaraeT HaAl1l.Jl1e
ABYX AOrOBapI1BalOIIJ;lfXC5I CTOpOR, Ka)KAaH H3 KOTOpbIX HMeeT CBOJO
cy6cTaHIJ;HIO. M5IBOA, 51BI1BUIHHC5I J\enepKlOHY (IIO H "), pOACTBeHHbIM
qepry AOCToeBcKoro H "cpepTY" J\eOHOBa, no Cyrlf - nepCOHl1cpYlKa-
U;lf5i Toro II He1.J:lfCTOrO" , "6eCOBcKoro,t, 1160AbHOrO rr , "liTO Y)Ke rHe3AH-
AOCb B Aywe Mpl1aHa. He cAy-'-IaHHo T. MaHH OCTaBMIeT OTKpbITbIM BO-
npoc 0 cpaHToMHOCTl1llAH "peaAbHOCTH" HBAeHYl5I qepTa KOl\ln03I1ToPY
11 orrpeAeAeHI15I CTOAb 3Ha1.JHMOrO pa3roBopa C HI1M KaK AlfaAOra - I1AH
MOHOAora.
B'3TOivi nOCAeAHeM BHAlfTC5I yrAy6AeHHe npou;ecca AeCaKpaAl13a-
I.J;1111 H AeMI1CTl1cpHKaI.J;HH 06pa3a Ab5IBOAa B AHTeparype XX BeKa. B
caMOM AeAe - qepT, 5IBMlIO I1MC5I J\eBepKlOHY (II MY )KQI1Ha AOBOAhHO
XAlfIlKHH... Ha yxo HaXJ\06yqeHa KenKa... AI11\O HeCBe)Kee, KOHl.JHK HO-
ca HeMHoro CKOllleH; nOBepx TpHKOBOH, B nOnepeqHYlo nOAocKY PY-
6axH - KAeTQaTa5I KYPTKa..." - 292) AHlileH TPClAMI.J;HOHHhIX aTpl16y-
TOB I1HcpepHaAhHOCTI1 (poroB, KonblT H T.n.), ero n05IBAeHl1e He co-
rrpOBO)I(AaeTC5I HI1 cepHbIM 3anaXOl\I, Hlf npenparn.eHH5IMYI. Ero MI1Mlf-
KPH5I, nOCTOHHHa51 113MCH1.J:I1BOCTb, '.xaI\leAeOHcTBo" era 06AYlKa -
3TO MHOrOAI1KOCTb 3eMHbIX, peaAhHbIX HI1CKYCI1TeAeH" J\eBepKIOHa,
Tex, KTO AH60 y6eJKAaA ero R He06xOAl1MOCTI1 B03BpaTa K nepB06bIT-
<J)aycmoBcKUU repoll U 3aKam npocBemumeAbcKoll 3Pbl
97
111)IYt CTMXM5IM BapBapCTBa, "Ml1cpMqeCKOM C060pHOCTI1", B KOTOpOH
I )dCTBOp51eTC5I Cy6neKTMBHOCTb 11 nepeXOA11T B HeqTO uBbICllIee" Tpa-
. \11 [ HOHHa51 ryMaHHCTIfqeCKa5I KYAbTypa, 1\M60 C06Aa3HH1\. a6COJ\IOT-
\ 1011 CB06oAOH HpaBCTBeHHOrO BbI6opa, 06YCJ\OB1\.eHHOH IJOTHOCH-
I'PAbHOCThIO" 3THQeCKHX HOpM, H1\.M COBpa aA npH3bIBaMH K C03Aa-
If 1110 rHnepTpOcpHpOBaHHo-cy6'beKTHBHbIX, Bblpa:>KaIOru;HX T01\.bKO
1IIIAHBIfAYaAbHYIO npaBAY C06CTBeHHOrO BOCnpH5ITI15I H nOTOMY
II peHe6peraIO I1X KpIfTepHHMM 06'beKTMBHOCTH, rrOHHTHOCTH, pea-
\ HCTH"tJHOCTH np0113BeAeHIfH (KOHIJ;eIII. H5I, OTChIAaIO aH K TeOpl1H
KYJ\brypbI X. OpTerH-facceTa), HAM )Ke, HanpOTHB, I1CKYillaA B03-
\IO)KHOCT5IMI1 XOpOlllO OnAaQHBaeMOM TpI1BHaAH3an.HI1, orrOlUAel.B1}f
11CKYCCTBa (BeHAeAb Kpeq 1ap, 3peHcppI1A KYl\lncp, 36eprapA WACII-
(l)Yc, Cay1\. <DHTeJ\b6epr, Xa11M EpeH3axep).
OAHaKO cBoM BbI60p J\eBepKIOH CAeAaA caM, 11 eI.IJ;e AO Toro, KaK
t\b5IB01\. HBIfACH K HeMY - He npeAAara51 CAeJ\KY, a KOHCTaTl1py ee.
"601\.e3Hb" BOllIAa B n1\.OTb 11 KpOBh HOBoro <DaYCTa Y)l(e TorAa, KorAa
()H, HeB3IfpaH Ha rrpeAynpe)KAeHl1e, BbI6paA CBOIO "5IAOBMrylO 6a60q-
K y", Hetaera esmeralda, OTpaB1\.eHH)'IO Kpacory pa3J\0)KeHM5I - 06-
\laHqHBbIH C061\.a3H qYBcTBeHHoH peaAbHOCTIf, JKeCTOKOe M3Bparn;e-
lIMe Be'lHO-)l(eHCTBeHHoro, KOTopoe rrpMHeCJ\O AeBepKIOHY He cnace-
Hue (KaK 3TO cAe1\.aAa M5I reTeBcKoro repo51 unpe>KAe Ha3bIBaBllIa5ICH
r'peTxeH"), a rH6eJ\b. YcrynKa QYBcTBeHHocTIf, llOXOTI1, H)KI1BOTHOMY"
IlaQaAY, co"tJeTaBlllaHCH C BhlcoKoMepMeM IIYMcTBOBaHH5I", )KeAaHl1eM
B03BbICHTbC51 H<lA oKPY)I{alO HM nyreM npHH5ITHH CHCTeMhI u;eHHoc-
TeH 3Toro oKPY)I(alO erO If rr06eAHTh xaoc ceroAHHlllHero B03Bparn;e-
IIl1eM K xaocy npOllI1\.OrO, npHBe1\.H AeBepKlOHa K TOl\lY, QTO C BhICOT re-
IU1a1\.bHOCTM OH OKa3aACH HH3PHHyr B ny-LJMHY 6e3YMI1H. EpocaH BbI30B
BpeMeHH, OH co BceM MoryllI.eCTBOM CBoero TaAaHTa He Cl\10!"' npOTHBO-
CTOHTb eMY, - B OTJ\.HQIfe OT CKpOMHoro WeHT6AOMa, OTCTpaH eMoro
lIaIJ;HCTaMH OT npenOAaBaHMH, YXONIrn;ero B TeHh, B l\IOJ\QaHHe, BO
"BHyrpeHHIOIO 3l\IMrpaIJ;MlO", HO He OTKa3aBilierOCH OT ryMaHHCTH\.IeC-
KHX MAeaAOB XIX BeKa, HaA KOTOpbIMH TaK HpOHIf3I1pOBaA J\eBepKloII.
YIpOHH5I - cnoc06 AIfcTaHU;MpoBaHHH, npeOA01\.eHMH, B03BhIUJe-
f1H5I HaA TeM, qTO BhI3hIBaeT TBOIO HacMeIlIKY, - C caMoro AeTCTBa OK-
pallIHBaAa OTHOIlIeHHe AApHaHa K AIONI I H BceMY, \.ITO npoHcxoAMAO
BOKpyr Hero. MOTHB "oco6eHHOCTIf" (CTOAh KoppecnOHAHPYIOrn;HH C
ouaCHOM HAeeM repMaHCKoro MeCCHaHIf3l\tla - He CJ\.y-LJai1Ho CepeHYC
WeHT6J\OM OCTOpO)l(HO ynoMHHaeT 0 TOM, QTO H Jl Be 1\.I1Kl1e AIOAH" ero
l)Te4eCTBa nOB11HHhI B ee B03HllKHOBeHMM) 3ByrtIHT B pOMaHe T. /1aHHa
KaK MOTHB J\O)l{HOrO, "AhHBOAbCKOrO" cyrn;ecTBOBaHH5I. 31'0 He THTa-
11l13M reTeBCKoro <DaYCTa, MAym.ero BIIepeAI1 C MbICJ\hlO, KOTOPYIO
HfIOJ\.He MO:>KHO Bhlpa3HTh 113BCCTIIbIMH reTeBCKI1MM C1\.OBaMI1: H3a\.IeM
'l'aK A01\.ro H HCKaA nyrM, / KOAb He AaHO MHe 6paTbeB nOBeCTH"13.
3TO - npeTeH3H11 Ha THTaHH3M caMOB03BhIllIeHI1H, AOXOMIIJJ.ero AO
roi1 CTeneHM "caMOrrpeKJ\.OHeHHH... C1\.ilAOCTHOro TpeneTa nepeA Ca IHl\1
98
r/1QBQ III
C060l1, KorAa caM ce6e Ka>KelllbC5I 60rOH36paHHbIM I1HCTPYMeHTOM", 0
qeM rOBOpHA J\eBepKIOHY Ab5IBOA (H.MI OH ce6e CaM), 31'0, no cyrl1, TO
)Ke 3rOCTI1QeCKOe caMOYAOBAeTBOpeHl1e, KOTopoe )KeJ\.aA HaRTH B re-
TeBCKOM repoe Mecpl1CTocpeAh 11 3a KOTopoe npOKAl1HaAa T-IeHoro AOK-
Topa HeMeIJ;Ka51 HapOAHa.5I KHHra.
BOT IIO"tJe My" , B rrepByro o"tJepeAb, repOH: T. MaHHa - He <I>aYCT, d
AOKTOp <Daycryc, 11 ero aIIe.M..H I15I K 'jAOKYAbT)'PHOMY" HCKYCCTBY, K
uBapBapCTBY" - AHIIIb 3HaK HOBOH HHKapHaIJ;HH cpeAHeBeKOBoro re-
AOHHCTa-tJepHOKHHJKHHKa, CT05Irn;erO no ry CTOPOHY Ao6pa.
rAdBHbIH rpex J\.eBepKIOHa M5I T. MaHHa - BhIIIaAeHHe H3 "tJeAO-
BetJeCKoro coo6 eCTBa H3-3a OTCYTCTBH5I He06xOAHMOH 3Toro
M06BR K JUOAHM.
Koro JKe AI0611A 3TOT qeAOBeK? B CBoe BpeM51 >KeHIl\lfHY, nO)KaAYH. B KOH-
l\e )KI13HH - pe6eHKa. VI e e, 6bITb MO>KeT, 06a5lTeAbHOro nepTonpaxa, KOTO-
poro OH, He IIOTOMY AH qTO K HeMY np.H B5I3aJ\.C51 , nporHaA OT ce651. VI npOrHaA B
CMepTb. KOMY OH OTKpbIA CBoe cepAl e, KOMY AM AOCTYI1 B CBOIO >K113Hb? 3TO-
ro C HMM He CA aJ\.OCb. Ee33aBeTHyID npeAaHHOCTb AAp.HaH rrpHHHMaA, - 51 B
3TOM yoe eH, - nOAqaC BOBce ee He 3aMe'-Ia5l. Ero oe3pa3AHqHe OblAO TaK Be-
AHKO, '-ITO OH eABa OTAaBaA ce6e OTqeT B TOM, 41'0 npOHCXOA.HT BOKpyrr B KaKOH
KOMnaHHH OH HaXOA.HTC5I, H TaK AaAee. AI-HlIb B caMbIx peAKHX cAyqa51x OH Ha-
3bIBaA CBoero cooeceAHHKa no l1MeHH, 11 31'0 3aCTaBMIeT AYMaTb, qTO OH npo-
CTO He 3HaJ\. ero lfMeHH... 0Al1HOqeCTBO AApl1aHa 51 OhI cpaBHlfA C nponaCTblO,
B KOTOpOH 6e33ByqHo H 6eCCAeAHO r.H6Al1 qYBCTBa, np06Y>KAeHHhle 11M B AlOA-
CKI1X cepAI ax. BOKpyr Hero u;apl1Aa cry>Ka, I1 KaK T >KKO CTaJ\.O MHe, KorAa, Ha-
IIlfcaB 3TO CAOBO, 51 BCnOMHI1A, QTO OH caM OAHa*AbI ynoTpe6HA ero, I.f B KaKOM
CTpalllHOH CB5I3H! (13)
HCTpalllHa}l CB5I3b", 0 KOTOpOM ynOMI1HaeT UeHT6AoM, 3TO CB5I3b C
QepTOM, HaQaBllla5lCH C Toro ,jAb5lBOAbCKOrO cMeIIIKa", KOTOpbIM J\e-
BepKlOH C AeTcTBa pearl1pOBaA Ha TO, 'ITO Y APyrHx (B TOM "tJHCAe 11 Y ero
OTIJ;a) MorAO BbI3bIBaTb CAe3hI. AymeBHblt'I XOAOA - npH"tJHHa ero He-
cnoco6HOCTH HHTerpHpOBaTbC5I If B "tJeAOBeqeCKOe C006lQeCTBO (eAHH-
CTBeHHa}l JKeH HHa, KOTOpyro AApl1aH 3axoTeA CAeAaTb cnyrHI1IJ;eH
CBoew JKI13HH, OHa JKe HOCMTeAbHHIJ;a "3AopOBoro" reHa HCKYCCTBa 11
6AaropOAHoro )KeHCTBeHHoro HaqaAa, MapH5I rOAO, eABa Y3HaB 0 qYB-
CTBax 11 HaI\lepeHH5IX J\.eBepKIOHa, pellI11TeAbHO OTAaAHeTC5I OT Hero), 11
B ryMaHHCTl1qeCKyro KYAbTYPHyro TPiiAl1IJ.l1lO: HenpOAYKTHBHbIM OKa-
3bIBaeTC5I "YMCTByrolI e-BhICOKOMepHoe II T5IrOTeHHe J\.eBepKIOHa K .1\10-
TepaHCKOMY 60rOCAOBI11O (HanpaCHO, no CAOBaM I4eI1T6AOMa, O)KHBMB-
llIeMY OTMHpalOlQyIO peAMrHIO), KaK 11 06parn;eHHe KOMII03HTopa K MY-
3bIKaAbHOH: "apxaRKe", TOMY "caMOApeBHeHllIel\IY, AaBHO 113'b5lTOMY H3
06MXOAa", AHllIeHHOMY "MepTB5I erO KOHTpOMl pa3yMa" r 0 qeM C BOC-
ToprOM rOBopHA Ab5lBOA H qTO OTBepraA HaCAeAHHK rrpOCBeTI1TeAhCKMX
IJ;eHHOCTeH L(ei1:T6AOM.
J\eBepKIOH BhIrra,AaA, B CI1AY CBoero IIpI1HIJ;HnHaAbHOrO 3rOIJ.eHTp11-
qeCKOrO 1130MIIJ;HOHI13Ma, 113 6lOprepCKOH u30AOTOH cepeAHHbI" CBO-
(/)aycmoBcKU ii l'(-P()/'j U :JQKam npOCBemUmeAbCKOii 3Pbl
99
11 \1 THrOTeHlieM K KpaMHOCTHM 3CTeTli3Ma M BapBapCTBa, C OAHOR CTO-
I )()HbI, paU;110HaAI1CT:HqeCKM-XOAOAHOrO, paCCYAOqHOrO, C APyroH -
1 I)ICB060JKAalO erO BCe rrOTaeHHble, "YCMMpeHHbIerl KYAbT)'POi1 MH-
("l'HHKTbI I1CKYCCTBa. OH BblrraAaeT, HaKOHeu;, 11 113 CaMOH HCTO-
!)vU1 - Ah BOA 06'b CH eT AApl1aHY, qTO AAOM paCfIAaTbI 3a BOCXO e-
II He Ha HeqeAOBeqeCKI1e M XOAOAHbIe ("CTY>Ka" - HaCTOHq:HBO nOA-
lJepKHnaeMbll1 AeHTlVIOT:HB :H 06pa3a qepTa, H 06pa3a KOMl103I1TOpa)
l bICOTbI TBOpqeCTBa CTaHeT M5I KOMn03I1TOpa He6bITI1e ("3AeCb npe-
Kparn;aeTCH Bce"), T.e. Ta "TbMa", nOpOJKAeHl1eM KOTOpOH npeACTaBaA
IleKorAa B reTeBCKOM "<DaYCTe" MecpMCTocpeAb, YBep BWIIM, qTO qeAO-
HeK HanpaCHO OAapeH "CBeTOM" - "liCKPOM EO)Kbei1", KOTOpyIO OH He
YMeeT :HCnOAb30BaTb no Ha3HaqeHHlO, OCTaBa Cb no CyrH CBoeH cyrn.e-
('TBOM ")KHBOTHbIM", 6e3AYXOBHbIM M npHHClMe>KaI..I.J.MM Ab BOAbCKOMY
l apCTBY HenOABM)KHOCTM M MpaKa.
OAHaKO HeCqaCTHOro KOMn03HTopa He cAyqaHHo TaK rop qo
1\106liT H HCKpeHHe onAaKHBaeT CepeHYC WeHT6AOM - KaK OTnaB-
IUYIO, rrorM6mylO qaCTb CBoero c06CTBeHHoro II H", KaK CAOMaHHYIO
BeTBb OT o6 ero "KOPHH", KaK qeAOBeKa OAROM C HI1M KpOB:H, 11 He
cAyqaMHo B pOAHOM rHe3Ae :HMeHHO Y rpYAI1 CBOeM: 6IOpreplllH-MaTe-
pH, - BonAo eHMH BeqIIO-)KeHCTBeHHoro Bcenpom.eH11H II Tepne-
J\I1BOH 3a60TbI, ycnoKaHBaeTC5I M TI1XO AoropaeT nOTep5lBIIIMM paccy-
AOK reHI1H, 3TOT 6AYAHhIM CbIH pa3pYllIalO erOCH 61OprepCKoro AO-
Ma. Aa)Ke " 3a 60AeB", AeBepKIOH He MO)KeT CTaTb He3aBMCHMbIM OT
CBoero npOMCXO>KAeHI1H, OT CBoero 61OprepCKoro eCTeCTBa. n03TO-
!\1Y caMbIM TPYAHbIM CTaHOBHTCH M5I Hero McnOAHeHlie AbHBOAbCKO-
1'0 3aBeTa "He B03AI0611!" I1MeHHo AI06BH, - qeM HH cTapllle, TeM
lIaCTOMQI1BeH, - l1 eT OH B )KM3HH H CTPdAaeT 60Abme Bcero OT ee
HeB03MO)l(HOCTH. He np06J\.eMbI TBOpQeCTBa, a CMepTb rrocAeAHero
fIpMCTaHI1 a ero CepAeqHOH rrpI1B5I3aHHOCTH, He HaXOA51 eH ce6e
npHIOTa - MaAeHbKOro nAeM5IHHI1Ka, aHreAa, 3Ahcpa, MaAbQMKa
113xo" HenOM)'Ka, - OKa3bIBaeTC5I rrOCJ\.eAHHM 11 pemalOI..I.J.MM TOAq-
KOM M5I IIorpY)KeHMH AeBepKIOHa B CTI1XIIlO Ab BOAbm.I1HbI. V1MeHHo
TorAa OH, caM B cBoeM rOPAbIHe oTKa3aBIIlI1M:CH OT "cBeTa", pewaeT
AHllIMTb 3Toro CBeTa Bcex, 06'bHBJ\JI , l.JTO 116bITb He AOJUKHO" HI'Plero
u A0 6poro 11 6AaropOAHoro... Toro, qTO 30BeTC5I QeAOBeQeCKI1M... To-
ro, 3a l.JTO 60pOllliCb AIOAH, BO MM5I l.Jero IIlT)'PMOBaAH 6aCTl1AHI1 Ii 0
LIeM, AI1KYH, B03Bem.aAH AyqllIMe YMbI, 3Toro He AOAJKHO 6bITb. OHO
6YAeT OTHHTO. 51 ero OTHHMY" (517).
HOBhlH <DaYCT XOqeT, IIOA06HO cpeAHeBeKOBOMY aJ\XMMMKY, nOA-
411HI1Tb Ha)'KY Mar:HM, 3aMeHIiTb 1.IYBCTBa MHCT:HHKTaMH, OTH5ITh Y qeAO-
He1.IeCTBa PMOCTb H CBeTAoe, onTHMMCTI1QeCKOe Ml1pOo yrn.eHMe, BbI-
paJKeHHOe "AeBHTOH CI1McPOHHew" BeTXOBeHa - anocpe030M CqaCTAH-
BbIX rrpOCBeTHTeAbCKMX HMe)KA Ha Bce06 ee 6paTCTBO Ii rrpOIJ;BeTa-
Hl1e; COTBOpl1B CBOIG KOMn03MU;111O Ha npHHU;Hnax AMcrapMOHHI1 H aTO-
HaAbHOCTM, rAe eAoe pa36HTO "paCCYAOQHO-l1rpHBOH paCqeTAI1BOC-
100
TAQBQ III
TblO" Ha cpparMeHTbI Ayp.lalO ero H aTOMH3I1pYIOll erOC5I qeJ\.OBeqeCKO-
1'0 C03HaHM5I, fAe BMeCTO OAbl uK PaAOCTH" 6YAeT 3B aTb "neCH5I K
rreQaAl1". HOBbIM <DaycT oTBepraeT rrpeMO)K.CHHYIO feTe MHCCMlO U;ll-
BI1J\.M3aTopa, OH CMOTpHT Ha3aA, a He BrrepeA, Oll XOqCT 110BepHyrb I1C-
TOpMIO BCn5lTb, CTaB qapOAeeM M q:epHOKHHX<HHKOM AOKTOpOM <Dayc-
'ryCOM, a J\JOAei1 I10rpY3HB B nepB06bITHblH xaoc, BO BHeMOpaAbHYIO
CTHXHlO qHCTO:H B:HTaAbHOCTH ()K.llBOTHOCTl1).
HpaBCTBeHHbIH HMrHJ\J13M 3aCTaBJUIeT AeBepKIOHa, KaK H cpeAHe-
BeKOBoro <DaYCTa, 6pOCHTb B 130B XpHC1Y. He3(lAOJ\.ro AO co6CTBeHHO-
ro AYXOBHoro KOH a (npHCTYTIa 6e3Y!\1H5I), AApHaH J\.HCTaeT cTpaHHqbI
HapOAHOH KHl1fl1 06 yq:eHoM 6e36o)K.HHKe, 06 Y)Kace 6e3HaAe)K.HOrO
paCKa5IHH5I, OXBaTHBIlIeM ero rrepeA CMepTblO, 0 ero "TaMHOI1 Beqe-
perl - I10cJ\.eAHeM: BCTpeqe C yqeHHKaMH H rrOCJ\eAOBaTC.I\.5lMH, KOTO-
pbIX OH, rrpO a5ICb HaBcerAa 11 rOTOB5ICb I1pI1H.HTh CBOM >Kpe6I1M, npH-
3bIBaeT pa30MTHcb no AOMaM H CilaTb. J\eBepKlOH BCIlOMHHaeT IIpo a-
HHe eBaHreJ\hCKOrO XpHcTa co CBOHMH anOCTOJ\aMH Hero IlpH3hIB -
"6Al1Tb H 60APCTBOBaTb" BMeCTe C HMM npH ero MOJ\.eHHl1 B caAY recp-
CVlMaHCKOM. AApHaH Bce qarn;e o6pa aeTC5I K 06pa3Y XpHCTa - CHa-
qaAa KaK 6bl OTIaAKHBa5ICb OT Hero, o YlQa5I ce651 qyrb J\.M He AIITH-
XpHCTOM, 3aTeM, no Mepe yrJ\y6J\eHM5I B COqI1HHTeJ\.bCTBO, Bce 60Aee
HcnbITbIBa51 qYBCTBa OTqa5IHM5I, paCKa5lHI15111 cTpaxa VI Bce 6oJ\ee H 60-
J\.ee B HapacTalO eM CBoeM caM06MqeBaHHM rrpH6J\.H)Ka5lCb K o6pa3Y
DO)KberO CbIHa (WeMT6J\.OM He pa3 rrOAqepKHBaeT BHelllHee CXOACTBO
CTapelOrn;ero AApHaHa C 06AHKOM XpVlCTa; 3AeCb )'MeCTHO BcrrOMHHTb
H yrBep/KAeHI1e paCCKa3qHKa uCTenHoro BOAKa" 0 TOM, 'liTO HMeHHO B
CI1J\.e H rHeBe KPHTHKl1, 06pa eHHO:H Ha ce651 caMoro, IIp05lB:HJ\OCb HC-
TI1HHOe xpHCTliaHCTBO raAAepa).
Ho nO>KaJ\.yM: caMblM CI1AbHbIM aKTOM paCKa5lHH5I 11 caMo06BHHe-
HH51 J\eBepKlOHa 51BMJ\.OCb ero IIocJ\.eAHee COql1HeHHe - ,. nJ\.aq AOKTO-
pa <Daycryca". 3Aecb 6bIJ\a "ocYJ..U;ecTBJ\.eHa yrOIIH5I cpOpMbI Y)K.aCalO-
rn;e pa HOHaAHCTHqeCKoi1" (XOJ\OAHO:H, 6e3AYIuHoll), YXOAH eM B CHJ\.Y
3Toro B HerrOABH)KHOCTh, B He6bITHe, B HHqTO: «3TO TI1TaHl1qeCKOe
ULamento" ... rJ\.y60Ko HeAMHaMMqHO, AMIIIeHO HapaCTaHH5I 11 KaKoro
6b! TO HI1 6hIJ\.0 ApaMaTH3Ma - rroAo6HO KOHIJ;eHTpVlQeCKHM KpyraM OT
6porneHHoro B BOAY KaMH5I...» (628). To eCTb AHllIeHO TOM 3HeprHM
ABH>KeHH5I, "rrpopbIBa", KOTOpOM IIpHH HnHaAbHO Bpa)KAe6eH npo-
CBeTHTeAhCKll TOAKyeMbIM Ah51BOJ\ - npoTHBHHK cOBeprneHcTBOBaHM5I
qeAOBeKa Ii MHpa (oTclOAa H 60J\.ee Bcero OCKop6JUIlOaJ.ee MaHHOBCKO-
1'0 qepTa IIpo3BH e uDicis-e -non-facis") H KOTOpa51, c06cTBeHHo, H 5lB-
JUIeTC5I CneIJ;HcpHqeCKO:H xapaKTepl1CTI1KOM cpaYCTOBCKoro repo51 (KaK
MOAeAl1 "HAeaAbHO-HOpMaAbHOrO" qeJ\.OBeKa - BeAb HMeHHO B TaKOM
nJ\.aHe, B KaqeCTBe "rrapClAHrMbI cpOpMHpOBaHH5I Bcex CYAe6", paccMa-
TpHBaeTC5I B pOlVlaHe CYAb6a AeBepKIOHa). :vI HMeHHO 3TOT XOJ\.OA 11 He-
I10ABH)KHOCTb (pe3YJ\.bTaT "HeJ\.106BH") Bhl3bIBalOT y J\eBepKlOHa
BcrrJ\.eCK OTQa5IHM5I, llJ\.aq «0 M HTeJ\.bHOM ecce homo ... cOKpyureHHoe
cPaycmoBcKllU l'epOU U 3aKam npocnemUme/lbCKOii :Jpbl
101
'I "
ax, Aa npl1pOAbI HaA qeAOBeKOM 11 MCKYCHTeALHoe B03BeIIJ;eHHe 0 ero
()AHHOqeCTBe» (627), KOTopoe AeBepKlOH BOCnpl1HI1MaeT KaK TynHK,
j)AMHCTBeHHbIH (M HeB03MO/KHbIM, KaK 01-1 CQ11TaeT, M5I HefO) BbIXOA 113
KOToporo - B03Bparn;eHHe B AOHO XpHCTl1aHCKOro (TPClAI1IJ.HOI-IHOrO
)IOprepCKoro) rYMaHIf3Ma, K AlOMIM, K TenAY yrpaqeHHoI'f, OTAaHHOII
",\ b51 BOA Y AYllll1.
AeBepKlOH He OCTaBMIeT ce6e HaAe)KAbI Ha "CrraCeHl1e", B Ayxe Ha-
POAHOlf KHHfH OH TpaKTyeT CBOlO CYAb6y AHillb KaK "rrpeAynpeX<Ae-
IIHe" APyrl1IvL OAHaKo "3BeH5I YlO HOry" HaAe bI Ha npe06pa)KeHHe
(\OKTOpa <1>aycryca, CH5IIOl.Q)'ID, " KaK CBeTOq B HOqM», YAaBAMBaeT
L eHT6AoM B rrpeAeAbHoM OTQa5IHHM KaHTJ.TbI 3Toro HeCqaCTHOro HCKd-
reM "TPYAHOfO" (B I10CAeAHeM caM AeBepKlOH BI1AI1T eAHHCTI3eHHYIO
B03MO)KHOCTb CBoero orrpaBAaHI'HI: II MO)l(eT 6bITb, rOCI10Ab 3dqTt 1' MIlC
TO, QTO I1CKaA TpYAHoro, He /KaAe5I ... ce6}l" - 648).
DpI1Me1.£aTeJ\LHO, '-ITa TaKoe rrpeo6pa.weHMe, "B03pO/KAeHIIC" (1.£e-
pC3 CMepTb - BrrOAHe B Ayxe xpHCTIfaHCKOI1: 3K3ereTl1Kl1 H reTeBCKoro
IIpOCBeTl1TeAbCKoro cycpH3Ma: "CMepTb M5I /KH3HH HOBOJi") npeAI10-
AaraeTC5I He B CB5I311 C YCMAeHHeM TBOpqeCKOrO Aapa HA11 paClllMpeHI1-
eM C03HaTeAbHbIX B03MO/KHOCTeH, HO HMeHHO B CB5I311 C B03Bparn.eHM-
e1\1 "AyrnM" C OTKa30M OT caMoynoeHI151 c06CTBeHHOH HCKAIOqI1TeAbHO-
CThIO, co cnoc06HOCTblO K COU;I1aAbHOH. I1HTerpaIJ;HI1 - qTO MO>KHO
pacu;eHIfTb H KaK I1apaAAeAb K TO MY rrOI1CKY "<DaYCTa cepAu;a" BMeCTO
4ICDaycTa pa3)'Mc1", KOTOPOMY, Hal.JHHa5I C M. EYAraKoBa, OTAaAa AaHb
AMTepaTypa XX B.
He cAyqaHHbl B 3TOH CB5I3H H nOCT05IHHble rrpOeKU;Hl1 pOMaHa Hd
aKryaAbHble COU;lfaAbHO-nOAI1TH\.!eCKHe np06Ael\1bI, KdTerOpHqeCKOe
Henpl15ITl1e "3Aoct!acTHoH nOAHTHKM" HaU;HcTcKOH repMaHIfH H B TO
>Ke BpeM5I COQYBCTBeHHa51 OQeHKa HAeaAOB PYCCKOH ("BOCT01.£HOH. rr )
peBOAlOIJ;I1H If HC1Ae/KAbI Ha TI03HTI1BHYlO TpaHCcpOpMaU;HIO 3arraAHOH
AeMOKpaTHH. Heo6xOAHMOCTb H3MeHeHM5I IIBpeMeHHrr, YCAOBHH CY-
I.IJ;eCTBOBaHHH cpaYCTOBCKOrO (TBOpqeCKOrO, Aep3aIO:r.u;erO, caMo6bIT-
HOrO) repo51 rrOBOpaQI1BaeT 3aAaQY ero COIJ;l1aAbHOH I1HTCI'paIJ.Hl1
APyroH CTOpOHO:H: He TOAbKO OT qeAOBeKa (Aa:iKe "TMTaHHQeCKOrO"
CKAC1Aa) 3aBMCI1T u;eAb ero CTpeMAeHHH r HO M OT CHCTeMbI u;eHHOCTeH,
rrpHH5ITOM B 06 eCTBe. B 3TOM TIAaHe MHTepeCHbI CY)KAeHH5I OAlIO-
fa M3 nepCOHa)KeM pOMaHa, Xpl1CTHaHCKoro COIJ;HaAMCTa MaTIeyca
ApQTa ("coU;HaA-MaTIeyca") 0 TOM, KaK rrpaB ObIA feTe, yrBep;KAaB-
lllMM, 1.ITO "xpMCTHaHCTBO 6blAO rrOAl1Tl1QeCKO:H peBOAlOIJ;lfeH., OlIIH-
OOQHO CAeAaBIl1eMC5I peBOAlOIJ;HeM MOpaAbHOM. IToAHTHqeCKHM r AIO-
OHA rOBopHTb OH (MaTIeyc), BepHee COIJ;HaAbHbIM r xpMCTHaHCTBO
AOAJKHO CAeAaTbC5I OTI5ITb ... peAMrM5I, YBH3aHHa51 C COIJ;l1aAbHbIl'vIM 3a-
Aa'lJaMM, - B 3TOM Bce AeAO II (157). (CHMIITOMaTHQHa B 3TOM OTHO-
IlleHHH np5lMa5I CB.H3b, YCTaHaBJ\JIBaeMa5I B "AoKTope <Daycryce"
l\le)KAY npocBeTMTeJ\.bCKHM paIJ;HOHaAH3MOM M HAeeH COU;HaAbHO
3AOPOBOM, pa3yMHO:H opraHH3aIJ;HI1 a 6:r.u;e CTBa , - KaK H aKryaAM3H-
102
rAQBa III
pOBaHHa5I, KaK BCerAa y T. MaRHa, KpHTHKa "3KOHOMHQeCKOrO MaTe-
pHa.Jill3Ma" HeOnpOCBeTMTeAbCKOrO pecpOpMaTOpCTBa, HrHOpHpyro-
rn;ero B03MO:>KHOCTb BTOp:>KeHH5I B npHHQHnHaAbHO Ba)KHYIO II AyxOB -
HYIO" ccpepy nOMlTHKH Toro HppaQHOllaAbHOrO "AeMOHHtJeCKoro",
ITO cBeAeT Ha HeT 3KOHOMHtJeCKHe YCHAH5I.)
nOCTeneHHbH1 )Ke OTKa3 AeBepKIOHa OT COnpHqaCTHOCTH - BO
Bcex cpopMax - peaAbHOMY 6bITHIO rrpHBOMIT K pa3pbIBY He TOAbKO C
HerrocpeACTBeHHbIM qeAOBetJeCKMM OKPY/KeHMeM, HO M C qeAOBetJeCT-
BOM Boo6m;e, a rronbITKa caMoYAOBAeTBOp5l1Om;erO c03HAaHH5I - K ca-
MOYRHtITO)KeHHIO.
KpH3HC HHA,I1BMAYaAMCTHqeCKOrO C03HaHM5I cTapeIOm;ero 6yp)KY-
a3Horo <DaYCTa XX B. npOCAe/KMBaeTC5I 3Aecb AOCTaTOtIHO tIeTKO. He-
KorAa MCKAIOqHTeAbHOCTb <I>aYCTa BbIABMraAaCb feTe KaK HopMaTHB-
HbIH 06pa3eu; AJ\5f. Bcero qeAOBetJeCTBa. 3aKJUOqaJI AJ1qHbIl1 IIaKT C Ab5l-
BOAOM, 3TOT <t>aYCT meA no nyrM rrpH5ITM5I :>KH3HM, CTpaCTHoro /KeAa-
HH5I Bo6paTb B CBOIO CYAb6y Bce, qTO AOCTYIIHO tJeAOBeqeCKOH AOAe, -
If B pe3YAl>TaTe npHxOAMA K OC03HaHHIO CqaCTb51 KaK 06I.IJ;eCTBeHHO no-
J\e3Horo Ae5lHH5I. 3THM ero naKT 3THQeCKH onpaBAbIBaeTC5I: CB5I3b tIe-
AOBeKa C Ab5IBOAOM-"3AOM" pa3pbIBaeTC5I, MecpIfCTocpeAb OCMeSlH H
IIo6e)K.AeH, a <I>aYCT, OTAeAHBlllHHC5I OT CBoero HeraTMBHoro crryrHHKa,
B03HeceH H B03BeAl1tIeH.
B rrpOTHBOBec reTeBCKOMY, uaHTM-<t>aYCTbI" - KAHM CaMrHH,
<I>aYCT BaAepH, AApiiaH J\eBepKIOH - BbI5IBJUllOT CBOIO HCKAIOqH-
TeAbHOCTb KaK CTpax nepeA )KH3HblO, CTpeMAeHHe YKPbITbC5I OT T5IrOT
H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 6bITHSI. OHH nOCTYTIaIOT BonpeKH HCTopHtJeCKM
CnpaBeA/lliBOH MaKCHMe feTe 0 "KO.i\AeKTHBHoCTH" tIeAOBeqeCKHX
cyrn;ecTB, H IIOTOMY HX naKT C "tJepTOM He nOA aeT onpaBAaHH5I, HX
cy6'beKTHBHoe 6bITHe He MMeeT 06I.IJ;eCTBeHHOM 3HatIHMOCTM. Bce
OHH, Ka bIl1 IIO-CBoeMY, rronClAalOT BO BAaCTb 6eca HAH OTo eCTB-
A5IIOTC5I C HHM. <I>aYCT, OTAeAHBIIlHH ce651 OT -qeAOBeQeCTBa, HAb5IBOJ\H-
3yeTCSI". I1CTHHHbIM 3AOM, TaKHM 06pa30M, BbICTYIIaeT AeryMaHH3a-
I1;H5I - KaK cAeAcTBHe HHAHBHAYaMl3Ma H COAHIITHqeCKOrO MMpO-
Orn;YLQeHHSI.
npH 3TOM norrbITKH 06peCTH TOtIKY onopbI B UQHCTOM" pa3YMe HJ\.H
B MCKYCCTBe, oTAeAeHHOM OT peaAbHOrO 6bITH5I (Y)Ke Y BaAepH) H Aa)Ke
pa3pymaIOlQeM ero nporropU;HM H OTBepraIOIIJ;eM BCSlKHH rrOHCK rapMO-
HMH B tJeAOBeqeCKOM MHpe ("AOKTOP <DaycTyc"), BbICTYIIalOT KaK B03-
BpaT Ha3(lA, B MpaK 6e3)TMH5I, B «AOKYJ\bTYPHbIH» rrepMOA, KaK OTXOA,
a 3aTeM H nOAHbIH pa3pbIB C TpClAMIJ;M5IMH ryMaHI13Ma, TeMH MOpaAhHbI-
MH u;eHHOCTSlMH eBporreHCKOH QHBHAH3aU;MH H TelVl MHpOOrn; eHMeM,
K npH5ITHIO KOTOpbIX npHmeA reTeBCKHH <I>aYCT.
CX>aycmoBcKuil repoil U 3QKam npOCBemUmeAbCKOii 3Pbl
103
9 6. C1JAYCT C KOPlfllHEBbIM OKPACOM
OAHaKO <DaycT, rrpOl1rpaBIllI'u'1 rrapl1 Ab5lBOAY 11HAHBHAYaJ\HcTJ.p-Ie-
CKoro C03HaHHH, 51BA5IACH B rrepBoH IIOAOBHHe XX B. He TOAbKO B 06pa-
le OTtIaJlBllIerOCH aHaxopeTa. 113 MpaKa HOPAH"lJeCKI1X AeCOB H 60AOT
qJallI113Hpyrom;eHC5I repMaHMH BbIllieA HHOM, aAbTepHaTHBHbIH BapH-
aHT BbIpOJKAalO erOC5I <t>aycTa. He CHI1KllIerO 11 OTKa3aBIllerOC5I OT
acTHH B peaAbHOR )K113HI1 no TOR npH"lJHHe, 1.JTO H3-3a cBoeH HCKAIO-
4l1TeAhHOCTH OH He CYMeA ClAanTHpOBaThCH K HeM, - a, HarrpoTHB, ar-
peCCI1BHOrO 11 BbIABHralOI.IJ;erO CBOIO HCKAlQ1.JHTeAbHOCTb KaK npaBo Ha
IIOAaBAeHHe OKpY>KalOlIJ;HX.
npeTeH3H5I Ha "CBepX1.JeAOBe1.JeCTBO" B HaqaAe XX B., eCTCCTJH II-
HO, Y)Ke He MorAa OIIHpaThC5I Ha MOm;b OAHH01.JKH - BpeM5I P06J1IJ30-
HOB npOIIIAO. OHa rrpOKJ\.aMHpOBaAa 3rOH3M KOAAeKTHBHhIll, HHAI1BH-
AYaAM3M rpynnoBoH - 11 caMhIM nOAXOAHI.IJ;MM 060CHOBaHHeM AJ\5f
3Toro CAY)KHJU1 Y)Ke He AOKa3aTeAbCTBa pa3YMa, a apryMeHTbI Hppa-
IJ;IIOHaAM3Ma, npI1HIJ;HII rrpeAonpeAeAeHHOCTI1 6110AOrl11.JeCKOrO HaLIa-
Aa, CHHMalOm;ero, lIO CyrH, B03MO)KHOCTb cBo60AHoro pa3BHTI15I
M5I KaJKAOrO HHAHBHAYYMa H, B03Bpam;alOIIJ;ero K rpy60H aHTM-Ae-
MOKpaTH1.JHOCTH cpeOAaAbHOrO MbIIIIAeHH5I, K BapBapCTBY CpeAHe-
BeKOBb5I.
fpyrrrroBoH HHAHBHAYaAM3M XOTeA n06eAHTb anaTHIO np5lQyrn;ero-
C5I OT )KH3HII OAHHOqKH. OH rapaHTHpOBaA CqaCTbe rpynne 3a CqeT
MHorHX, OCTaBIIlI1XC5I BHe ee. 11 AMI nOAaBAeHH5I 3THX MHorHX Tpe60-
BaAOCb AeHCTBHe. TaK "BOCCTaHl1e rrpOTHB /K113HH" 06epHYAOCb u BOC -
CTaHHeM rrpOTIiB Macc", KYAbTOM He C03MAaIOlIJ;ero, a pa3pymalO ero
AeHCTBHH - aHTMAeHCTBlieM.
IlponOBeAYIO HH aMOpaAbHbIll THTaHH3M "KOpl11.JHeBhIH:" aHTH-
<DaYCT - repOH HaQHCTCKHX HHTepnpeTa:O;HH feTe B Ayxe p03eH6ep-
rOBCKoro H MlIcpa XX BeKa" - 6bIA TaKHM)Ke HCKa>KeHHeM reTeBCKOrO
<DaYCTa, KaK 11 C1>aYCT HcnyraHHbIll (11 eI.IJ.e 60Aee CTpalllHbIM, TaK KaK
He npOCTO OTBepraA AeHCTBHe, HO AHCKpeAHTHpOBaA ero).
KpaHHOCTM I1ppa:O;HOHaAM3Ma H rHneppa:O;HOHaAM3Ma COIllAHCL.
OpeHe6pera51 HAe5lMH Bceo6 HOCTI1, pa3BHTH5I, HpaBCTBeHHoro no-
p5lAKa, - HAeHMH uKOAAeKTI1BHbIMH" - 11 Te, H APyrHe CTpeMHAHCh, B
rrpOTIiBOpe1.JHe C reTeBCKHM <DaYCTOM, yPiTH OT "ClU1IIIKOM qeAOBeqeC-
KOro". :vI 060c06AeHHoe OT 3Toro "1.JeAOBe1.JeCKOrO" AeHCTBHe, KaK H
060co6AeHHbIH OT Hero pa3YM u TBOp 1.JeCKOe HaqaAO", npHBOAHAI1 K OA-
HOMY pe3YAbTary: AYXOBHOMY 0Al1qaHHIO, perpeccy.
<1>aYCT caMo:o;eHHoro AeHCTBH5I TaK >Ke Tep5leT AYIIIY H uAhHBOAH3Y-
eTCH", KaK If <DaYCT caMo:o;eHHoro HCKYCCTBa. 3TO IIocAeAHee - KaK
CBH3b MeJKAY 3ro:o;eHTpH1.JeCKOH YCTaHOBKOH AM1.JHOCTH 11 rrOllliTH'-Iec-
KOH peaKIJ;HeH (HBHBllIaHC5I, KCTaTH, OAHHM 1f3 acrreKTOB II AeBepKlO-
HOBCKOH np06AeMhI B uAOKTope <1>aycTyce rr ) - 6bIAO nOKa3aHO C TOq-
104
rAQBQ III
HOCTbID xYA0)KeCTBeHHOrO rrpeABMAeH115I e e B 1936 r. KAaycoM MaH-
HOM, CbIHOM T. MaHHa, B pOMaHe uMecpMcTocpeAb". repoH pOMaHa aK-
Tep XeHAPHK XecpreH (HMeIOrn;HR CBOHM AerKO yr<1AhIBaeMhIM rrpoTo-
TMrrOM 3HaMeHHToro HeMe Koro aKTepa H pe)KHCCepa fycTaBa rpIOHA-
reHca), AeAa5J. cTaBKY Ha HenpeMeHHocTb .MPIHoro caMOBhI5IBAeHM5J.,
npHCIIOCa6.i\MBaeTC5I K Ha HcTcKOMY pe)l(HMY - H IIOCTeneHHO u Ab5I -
BOAM3yeTcH", B)I(11Ba5ICh B pOAb MecpHcTocpeAH, OTO eCTBAH5J.Ch C
HMM H Tep5J.5J. CBoe TBOpT.JeCKOe, ucpaYCTOBCKoe" HaT.JaAO.
A BMeCTe C HHM - qeAOBeT.JeCKoe. LITO, KaK nOKa3aHO B c eHe no-
rpe6eHH5J. rrOKOHT.JMBllIerO caMoy6HHCTBOM aKTepa OTIO Y AbpHXa, ClO-
)KeTHOrO H rrCHXOAOrl11.JeCKOrO aHTHrrOAa XeHAPMKa, OC03HaBaAOCh 11
caMHM repoeM KaK "CTbIA", KaK yrpaTa HeB03BpaTHMOH eHHOCTH
( " COBeCTH", II AYllI H" ) .
OAHaKO BepHyrh CBOIO Ayrny B3aMeH Ha 3eMHbIe. "JKMBOTHble"
6Aara, C6POCMTb C ce65J. npMpOCllIYIO K HeMY B AHn;eAeHCTBe 0Ae/K-
AY MecpHCTocpelUl XecpreH YJKe He cIIoco6eH: Mrpa 3allI.i\a CAHlll-
KOM AaAeKO, BbH1MI 3a npeAe.i\bI cu;eHbI B TparHT.JeCKH cepbe3Hyro
JKH3Hh.
TaK TpaBeCTH5J. TeaTpd.i\bHillI TpaHccpopMHpOBd.i\aCb B peaAbHyro
TpaBeCTHlO. TIcHxoAOrHT.JeCKa5J. H cOll;IIaAbHa5J. Aa6HAbHOCTb TBOptIeC-
KOi1 AMtIHOCTH, YMeCTHa5J. Ii Aa)Ke Brre1.JaTMIIOIl.\a5I Ha cu;eHe, OKa3bIBa-
eTCH HenpMeMAeMOH M onaCHOH B AeHCTBHTe.i\bHOH: )l(H3HH. KAlOqOM K
TaKOMY rrp01.JTeHMIO CYAb6bI CBoero rep05J. KAayc MaHH M36HpaeT, no-
CTaBMB I1X 3TIHrpacpOM K pOMaHY, CTpOKI1 feTe H3 "BM.i\breAbMa Mei1-
cTepa": "Bce OllIM6KH qeAOBeKa npOIl.\alO 51 aKTepy, HH OAHOR OlllM6KM
aKTepa 51 He npOIIJ,alO qeAOBeKY" 1.
TIapaAAe.i\bHO KAayc MaHH pa3BMBaeT M aKTyaAbHyIO C HatId.i\a
XX B. (OC06CHHO B 30 - 40-e rOAbI) TeMY HOBoro <DaycTa KaK MHTel\AM-
reHTa, HCnOAb3yrorn;ero CBOM pa3YM He B KaqeCTBe HHCTp)'MeHTa caMO-
rrO)KepTBOBaHHoro rrpeo6pa30BaHH5J. OKPY)KalOrn;eR AeMCTBHTeAbHOC-
TM, nOA06HO npOCBeTHTeAbCKOMY reTeBCKOMY repOID. HO B KaqeCTBe
HHCTpYMeHTa caMOCIIacaTeAhHoro npMcnoc06.i\eHMH K HeH ("rr03AHe-
6YP)Kya3HbIH" AerpaAHpOBaBllIHH aHTM-<I>aYCT CaMrHH).
Pq.306.i\aqeHHe uKOpMtIHeBOrO" <DaYCTa KaK MHHMoro Bblpa3HTeJUI
M HaCAeAHMKa A llIHX TPCiAHIJ;HH Han;HOHaALHOrO Ayxa. He3aKOHHO
Y3yprrHpOBaBiliero npaBa HaCAeAOBaHH5J., KaK MecpHCTocpeA51, BpeMeH-
HO CKpbIBalOru;erOC5I IlOA MaCKOH <DaYCTa, CTaJ\O HeCKOAbKHMM AeC5J.TM-
AeTHHMM rr03AHee, B rrepMOA 06ll1.eMHpOBoro arrore5I "pdCtIeTa" C Ha-
MCTCKHM rrpOIliAbIM, CTep)KHeBoi1 TeMOM CTM.i\H3aTOpCKH-rrapOAHM-
Horo, cpHAOCOcpCKo-cpaHTaCTMqeCKOrO pOMaHa AaTbIlIlCKoro IIMCaTeJUI
H KOMrr03HTopa Maprepa 3apHH5J. "<DaAbIIIMBhIH <DaYCT, HAM TIepepa-
60TaHHaH rrOBapeHHa5I 11 npI1CrrelIlHI1l..Jh51 KHHra" (1973)2.
ClO)KeT pOMaHa CAO)KeH H l\IHOrOCAoeH. 3TO H HCTOpH5I AoroBopa,
B pe3YJ\.bTaTe KOToporo cTapoMY cpapMa eBTy 51HHcy BpHAPMKHCY
TpaMrreAaxy B03Bparn;aCTCH 1\10AOAOCTb, a B3aMeH OH oTAaeT cTpaHcT-
(/)aycmoBcKUU repol1 U 3aKam npOCBemUme./lbCKOii 3pbl
105
I YlOI.IJ;eMY "CTYAeHTY eCTeCTB03HaHI151" II MY3bIKaHry KpliCTOcpepy
MapAOBY rrpaBO nepepa60TaTb Ii AOnOAHliTh B COOTBeTCTBI1M C HOBhI-
\U1 Be51HI151MI1 ero IITloBapeHHYIO 11 npMCneIIIHI1l.£hlO KHMry". 3TO 11
paCCKa3 0 CAO)KHbIX B3aI1MOOTHOIlleH11SlX, TPYAHOll CYAb6e B )K.113Hll,
l1CKYCCTBe 11 AlO6Bll Kpl1CTocpepa MapAOBa (o6pa3a, BHAI1MO, aBTO-
0I10rpacpI1QHOro). 3TO II HCTOpliSi J\aTB11M C 1930 no 1945 r., KapTHHhI
>KH3HH AaTBI1HCKOrO ropoAa, 11 HTeMHreH [(1111 , BAdAeTeAbHhIX "cTapo-
x0351eB rr 11 6eAHSIKoB, CTOAKHOBeHllH nOAMTI1l.£eCKI1X napTMH, 60peHHH
B AYXOBHOM, KYAbrypHoM, COII;liaAbHOH )K113HI1. 3TO H BBeAeHHoe KYP-
CMBOM pOMaHTI13HpOBaHHoe nOBeCTBOBaHl1e 0 )K.113H11 11 CMepTH dHr-
AI1HCKOrO ApaMarypra Kpl1CTocpepa MapAo.
OOBapeHHa51 KHI1ra, Ha3BaHlie KOTOpOH He cAyqaHHo BLu-reCCHO B
:3arOAOBOK pOMaHa, - CHMBOA caMo6bITHOM KYAbTypLI, 51pKOH llaql1-
OHaAbHOM AYIIIM AaTbIlllCKoro HapOAa. ABTOpOM ee C4I1TaeTC}f 5lHl1C
TparvlI1eAaX, "cpaAbIllHBbIH <Dayer", AO BpeMeHH rrpl1TBOp5!lOll J1HC}i
llHCTOKpOBHhIM AaThIlllOM, HO, B COOTneTCTBI1H C CI1Tya[(l1eI1, o6Hapy-
>KHBaIOI.U;J-B1: CBoe Hel\IeJJ;KOe np011CXOA<AeHl1e 11 rrpI1Bep./KeHHOCTb
"TpeTbeMY peMXY". LIT06hI nOAY1.II1Th npaBO nepepa60Ta T h KHHry 11,
orrepeBlli11Ch Ha HaU;110HaJ\.hHOe HaCAeAHe, Bhlpa311Tb B TpaAI1II;110H-
HOM HapOAHOM cpopMe HOBoe COAep)KaHHe, Kpl1CTocpep MapAOB,
11306peTIll11M QYAOAeMCTBeHHWH OMOAa)KllBalOlQI1H 3.I\MKCYlp KM-30,
IlpeMaraeT CTapOMY 5IHI1CY MOAOAOCTh 11 "CAdAKYlO /KM3Hb". VI XOT5I
B 3TOl\1 AorOBope 11 ero ocy ecTBAeHI111 HaAl1IJ;O 3AeMeHT cpaHTaCT11-
KI1 YI Aa.>Ke napOAI1I1, 11 Kpl1CTocpep, 11 5IHHC He COMHeBaIOTC5I B TOl\1,
YTO B 3TOH c11ryaU;HI1 MapAOB BhlnOAH51eT TparM1.IeCKH cephe3HYIO
pOAh MecpHCTocpeMi.
OapdAOKCaAbHO MeH51IOTC5I 3AeCb TpaAM 110HHhle B3aHMOOTHOIlle-
HH5I <1>aYCTa 11 AhSlBOAa, OCAO)KHeHHhle COrrepHf.PleCTBOM 113-3a AI06BJ1
HOBOH: MaprapI1ThI - yroHl.£eHHOH 11 CTPdAalOll eH rr03TeCCbI Mapra-
pMTbI WeAAa: "nOCAaHe J\roU;l1cpepa, T5I)KKO YHM)K.eHHbII1:, CTpaAaA no
MaprapHTe, B TO BpeM.Sl KaK AOKTOp <1>aYCT, 06peT5I AelVIOHl1l:1eCKY10
13AaCTh, 6e3HaKa3aHHO rA)'M11ACSI HClA HI1M 11 nOTelllaAC51" (8, 148). no
CYTM AeAa, 11CT11HHhIM CaTaHoH, BOllAOI.IJ;eHl1elVI a6COAlOTHoro 3Aa, 11 pe-
,\aBIllerO Ao6po 11 0AH03HaQHO aHTarOHI1CTHl.£HOrO eMY, B pOI\1aHe 3d-
pl1H.Sl BhlcTynaeT cpaIllMcT TpaMrreAax 11 ero np11CneIIIHHKYlI1110Kp013I1-
TeJU1. He cAY"lIaHHO MapAoB Ha3hIBaeT 11306peTeHHhIH TpaMneAaxoM
IIrrperrapaT CMepTH" , I1CnOAb3yeMbIH B ra30BhlX KaM:epax, "caTaHHH-
CKHM", a no6eAY HClA cpaIlll13MOM B AaTBMH pe3IOMHpyeT TaK: "CaTa-
lfHHCKa51 KOMeA1151 OKOHl:I11Aacb!" (8, 169).
OCBo6o;KAeHlle J\aTBHM B 1945 r. COBeTCKI1MI1 BOHcKaMH conpo-
BO>KAaeTC5I KpaxoM 11 r116eAbIO TpaMneAaxa, CTaBIlIero K TOMY BpeMe-
lIH KOMeHAaHTOM KOH Aarep5l. A Kp11CTocpep, C HeKoTopbIM HpaBcT-
BeHHhIM COMHeHl1eM 6ePYI.IJ;HHCSl 3a rrpOAOA>KeHI1e ero TpYAa, C PClAOC-
ThlO y6e aeTCSlr t!TO TpaMIIeAax Bcero AHIllb "6eCCTbI)l(11H nAarl1aTop
H TaTb", t!TO OH cn11CaA AaHHh1l1 TPYA, npI1CBOI1A ce6e aBTopcTBO KHll-
106
fAQBQ III
rH, OTKYAa urrorneA B MMp CO"llHblH AaTbIlllCKMH 5I3bIK" (8, 172). CAeAo-
BaTeAbHO, cpaAbllII1BbIH <DaycT OKa3aAC5I AOJKHbIM, He3aKOHHbIl\I H He-
AeHCTBI1TeAbHhIM xpaHMTeAeM Ha HOHaAhHOrO HaCAeMI5I.
M. 3apMHb rrpoBoAHT HaCTOH"lIHBbIe CIOJKeTHbIe H HAeHHo-cMbIC-
AOBble rrapaAAeAH MeJKAY CBOHM AaTbIlliCKHM repoeM H 3HaMeHHTbIM
ApaMaryproM KpMcTocpepoM MapAo, KOToporo MapAoB BocrrpHHM-
MaeT KaK CBoe u npeA 6bITHe": "...51 ...CB5ITO BepHA, 1..J.TO AYllia KpHCTO-
cpepa MapAO CrryCT5I TpHCTa rr5ITbAeC5IT AeT BbI6paAa Moe TeAO" (7,
45). npH 3TOM HTparH"lIeCKilll HCTOpH5I AOKTopa <DaycTa" MapAo
rrpeArrOQHTaeTC5I lIpOH3BeAeHMIO feTe. «Bbl, OqeBHAHO, HMeeTe B BH-
AY era (feTe. - T.R.) "<1>aYCTa", - rOBopHT MaprapHTa, KorAa eM
npeAAaralOT IIOqHTaTb feTe. - 5l AM1..J.HO npeArrOQI1TalO H<DaYCTa"
MapAo» (7,77). MapJ\.oB BHOCI1T B pOMaH TeMY npOTI1BOrrOCTaBAeHH5I
I eAbHoro, HHaHBHoro", "3AopoBoro" HCKyccTBa HCKYCCTBY KOHTpac-
TOB, rpoTecKa, Hecopa3MepHocTeM, AI1CrapMOHHM, OTAeJ\5l5I B 3TOM
lIAaHe MMp lIleKclIHpa 11 feTe, u3Toro 3aHOC"lIM.BOrO rreryxa C rpe6ellI-
KOM MHHHcTpa" (7, 17), OT MHpa MapAo M focpMaHa. uHarrpacHo BbI,
OLJ:TeHHbIH MarHcTp, - rOBopHT MapAoB, - eXMAHH"lIaeTe KacaTeAb-
HO rrOATeKCTOB 11 cpaHTacMaropMM. llIeKcIIHpoBa 3IIoxa 6bIAa 3noxoM
CliAbHbIX, HaHBHbIX M MOHOAHTHbIX AlOAeM. MbI JKe, Hao6opoT, pa3-
Py6J\.eHbI Ha MBepHH, HbIHelllHHe TIHCaTeJ\.H CHH I1BepelllKI1 co6HpaIOT
H TBOp5IT M03aHKH" (7, 18).
OAHaKo rrpOB03rJ\.arna51 He 6e3 rrpeAB35ITOCTH feTe CJ\.HIllKOM rap-
MOHI1QHbIM, caMoAoBOAhHbIM, ycrroKoeHHhIH (peIJ;HAI1B AO)KHOrO TOA-
KOBaHI15I feTe KaK 'IOJUfMnHM a"), '{To6bI Bblpa311Tb AI1CrapMOHHIO H
TparI1LJ:eCKI1H rpoTecK rrepBOH rrOJ\.OBMHbI XX B., aBTOp pOMaHa, lIO cy-
TH, HaXOAHTC5I B ccpepe BJUf5lHI15I n03TI1"l1eCKOrO MMpa HMeHHO reTeB-
CKoro <DaycTa. 06 3TOM rOBOp5lT He TOMKO MHOrO"lll1CAeHHble aHaAO-
rl1M ero rrpoM3BeAeHW5I C TpareAHeH feTe, a He MapAO: BBeAeHl1e o6pa-
3a MaprapwTbl, TeMbI J'Be"llHO-JKeHCTBeHHoro" H cTpClAalO eH AI06BH;
rAaBa "BaAhIIyprHeBa HOqb", 51BAeHI151 M 06pa3hI, C HeM CBH3aHHble (OA-
Ha M3 rAaB "<DaAbIlII1BOrO <DaycTa" TaK/Ke HOCI1T reTeBCKOe Ha3Ba-
HHe - HCTp(lAaHM5I MOAoAoro BepTepa"); onl1CaHHe rrpo ecca OMOJ\.O-
:>KeHH5I, rrpHBOAHII.J;ee Ha rraM5ITb "KYXHIO BeAbMhI" B lI<DaYCTe"; IJ;IiTa-
TbI 113' reTeBCKoro "<DaYCTa", ynoMI1HaHHe 0 MHCTH"lIeCKOM xope (cho-
rus mysticus), AeMypax H T.n., 3al1MCTBOBaHHoe y OAHoro 113 rrepCOHa-
JKeH reTeBCKOH BaJ\.bIIyprl1eBOH HOqM I1MH "KH5I35I TbMhI" YpMaHa, AaH-
Hoe 3apl1HeM CMMBOJ\.H\.IeCKOMY 06pa3Y fHTAepa - IICBepX"lIeAOBeKY"
11 "KH5I31O ThMbI" YpwaHy-AypexaHY, W T.A.
Oco6eHHo Ba)KHa B acrreKTe BhIHBAeHWH reTeBcKoro BAH5IHI1H npo-
BepKa "HCTHHHOCTH" <DaYCTa B pOMaHe 3apMH5I. AeHcTBHTeAbHo,
IICPaAbIllb" MHHMoro <DaycTa-TpaMneAaxa He TOMKO B TOM, qTO OH
(KaK M cpallIH3M, MeTacpopH"tJeCKOH IIepCOHHcpMKa l1eH KOToporo OH
HBA.SIeTCH) 06MaHOM 3aBA(lAeA "AynIOI'i" HapOAa, Y3YPTIHpOBaA "aBTOp-
CKoe rrpaBO" Ha HaIJ;HOHaAbHOe HaCAeAHe - HO Ii B TOM, qTO eMY, KaK
ct.>aycmoBcKuii repoii U 3aKam npOCBemUmeAbCKor1 3pbL
107
HeKorAa <1>aycry MapAO, MOAOAOCTh H 3HaHH.H OKa3aAMCb HY)KHbI TOAh-
KO AMI AOCTHJKeHH.H AHqHOH UCBepXqeAOBeqeCKOH" BAaCTH H )KH3HeH-
HbIX HaCAaJKAeHHH. HaCTOHm;HH )Ke <DaYCT M5I 3apHHH - MapAOB,
HAyu.I;HH T.HJKKHM nyreM npeOAOAeHHH 06bIBaTeAbCKoi1 pyrl1HbI, A)K.H H
HecnpaBeAJUiBOCTH K nOCTH)KeHHIO u 0 6rn.eqeAOBeqeCKOH", HapOAHOH
)KH3HH, K CJlli.HHHlO C HeR, K TPYAY, AeHcTBHlO H npoTMBoCTOHHHlO 3AY
BO 11MH COqYBCTBI1H H A106BM K JUOMM. 3TO <DaYCT HMeHHO reTeBcKoro
THna, "<DaYCT C ero HeyrOAHMOH )Ka>KAOH n03HaHH.H" (7, 23) - XOTH
MapAoB H OTHOCMT, C HeAOCTaTOtIHbIM OCHOBaHMeM, 3ry xapaKTepMc-
TMKY K <Daycry MapAo.
B cKop6M 3an03AaAOrO paCKa5IHHH, Tep3a5ICb YCT)'IIKOM "3A y", T'J16-
HeT repoH KpHcTocpepa MapAo. C o yru;eHHeM Toro, qTO era "BCK
...pacTpaqeH BnycryID, nyru;eH no BeTPY" (8, 168), KOHQaeT caMoy6Hl1-
CTBOM H cpaAbllIHBbIH cDaycT- TpaMneAax, 3aKAlOQa5I JKH3Hb CAORaM Ii
rep05I TpareAMH MapAo:
CBeTMAa AByI)KyrCH, HeceTCH BpeMH,
np06bIOT qaCbI, npYlAeT 3a MAOlO AbHBOA... (8, 170)
MCTMHHbIH )Ke 3apHHeBCKHH <DaYCT, KpHcTocpep MapAOB, npOHAH
qepe3 CTClAHIO AyxoBHoro H cpM311QeCKOrO YMHpaHI1H B cpallll1CTCKOM
AaTBHl1, B03pO;KAaeTC5I K HOBOR )KH3HH, npeABKYllla51 "npeKpacHoe
MrHoBeHHe" TBOpqeCTBa. CAOBHO nepeou.eHI1Ba5I rrpe)KHee HecnpaBeA-
AJ1BO-TeHAeHu.M03Hoe OTHOIIleHHe K feTe, MapAOB-aHTHcpaIlIMCT Ha rro-
cAeAHMX CTpaHI1 ax pOMaHa Ha3hIBaeT feTe cpeAR npeACTaBI1TeAeH Be-
AUKOR aHHCTI1QeCKOH TPaAHQMI1 HeMe KoH KYAbTYPW, KOTOpYffi
npeAaAM Ha HcTbI 11 Ha KOTOPYffi opHeHTl1pyeTC5I OH caM (8, 165).
TaK )Ke, KaK H reTeBcKHH cDaycT, <PaycToBcKHH repoH 3apl1HH
I1AeT nyreM He nOCTerreHHoro naAeHHH, "npOAa>Kl1" ce651 AbHBOAY AHQ-
Horo 6AaroIIoAyqHH, reAOHW3Ma, 3rOHCTHqeCKOrO caMOYCAa*AeHH5I,
HO "B03BbIlIleHHH", qepe3 CTpClAaHHH, 3a6AY>KAeHHH, cAa60CTH, Aa>Kp
OTCT)'IIAeHHH OT caMoro ce6H H caMonpeAaTeAbCTBO, qTO 3aKOHOl\lepIlO
3aCTaBASleT ero HTpaBeCTHpOBaTbCH" B 06pa3 MecpHCTocpeASl, - lIpaB-
Aa, AO)KHOrO Mecp11CTocpeMl, Mecpl1CTocpeMl /l Ha BpeMH", 1160 MapAOB
He MO)KeT npHcnoco611TbCH K COBpel\leHHOH "AeMOHMaAe".
B HTore B onTHMHCTMQeCKOM KJ\.lOqe pemaeTC5I Y 3apHH}{ npo-
6AeMa HHTerpau.HH B )KH3Hh TBOpQeCKOH ("HCKhIOQHTeAbHoi1") Alp.{-
HOCTH - qTO, no 3ap11HIO, 06eCneqHBaeTC.H He TOAbKO ee 6JUf30CTbIO
K "HapoAHhIM KOpHHM" C'KPOBblO M nOQBOH"), HO 11 COCTpaAaTeAbHO-
AeHTeAbHhIM ryMaHH3MOM. OpH 3TOM BhIpO>KAalO Hi1cH B TPYCOCTb,
6erCTBO OT )KW3HH H tIpeBaTbIH B CBH3H C 3Tl1M "Ab5IBOAM3aU;Mei1"
raMAeTM3M HepeIIlHTeAbHOrO OTeqeCTBeHHoro <DaYCTa OKa3bIBaeTC5I
y 3apHH5I 60Aee nOAXOAHrn;eH OCHOBOM M5I rrpH6AI1>KeH11H K BeA11-
KOMY reTeBCKOMY npoToTHny, qCI\1 lIaCTYTIaTeAbHbIH aKTHBl13M ':KO-
pHQHeBOrO" <DaYCTa. OHTOAorHH ("B HaqaJ\e 6hIAO AeAO") YCTynaeT
l\1eCTO 3TI1Ke. 11 eCAH rrpHMOA11HeHHo-rry6AI1.I I1CTHqeCKaH CB5I3b, KO-
108
r/1QBQ III
TOPYIO rrpOqepQMBaeT 3apHHh MeX<AY ryMaHM3MOM 11 OnpeAeAeHHOH
IIOAHTHQeCKOH OpMeHTa HeH 11 COIJ;I1a.AbHbIM cTarycoM, CTpClAaeT (B
IIpHHIJ;HIIe) yrrpom;eHHeM (He 3HaKOMhIM TpareAHH feTe, AaAeKOI1 B
cBoei1 lVIHorOKpaCO"llHoi1 opraHHKe OT MCKYCCTBeHHO-KOJ\Aa>KHOrO
IIoCTpOeHM5I 3apHH5I), - TO caMa HAe5I aKT)'aAhHOrO 3THqeCKOrO Ha-
rrOAHeHH5I 06pa30B <DaYCTa 11 MecpHCTocpeA5I, ceKY.i\5IpH3aIJ;H5I (M CO-
IJ;l1aAH3aIJ;H5I) 3aAO)KeHHbIX B HI1X Ao6pa 11 3Aa TO'-lHO cpHKcHPyeT OC-
HOBHYlO TeHAeH I11O IIOI1CKa II03HTHBHoro cpaYCTOBCKoro rep05I All-
TepaTYPOM XX B.
B 3TOM CB5I3H nOKa3aTeAbHO H pa3BHTHe B AJ1TepaType PYCCKoro
3apy6e)Kh cpaYCTOBCKOI1 TeMbI, OIIHpaBllleMC KaK Ha H3BeCTHYIO C
IIpeApeBOAIOIJ;HOHHbIX AeT TpaKTOBKY reTeBCKOrO rep05I B Ka'-leCTBe
"CHAbHOM AM"lIHOCTH" (B TOM qHCAe - CTaTb A.C. Mepe)KKoBcKoro
"feTe", 1915), TaK H na MAyuJ;yro OT C.H. EYATaKoBa, C.M. COI\OBheBa,
a TaKJKe OAHoro H3 BMAHbIX AMTeparypoBeAoB PyccKoro 3apy6eJKb
A.A. EeMa (cTaTbl1 uCDaycT B TBOpqeCTBe nyrnKHHa" , "Ocy eHHe <Da-
YCTa", "0 AocToeBcKoM", 1932 - 1933) H OT'-IaCTH B q. VI. VIBaHOBa
(cTaTbH "KpH3HC HHAHBHAYaAH3Ma" , 1909; ufeTe Ha py6eJKe ABYX CTO-
AeTHH", 1 9 12) KOHIJ;errQHlO Ab BOAH30BaHHoro <DaYCTa, He npOTI1BO-
CTo :w;ero, HO pOACTBeHHoro IIO CyrH MecpHcTocpeAJO, 06HaPY)l(HBalO-
w;ero H3Ha"tJaAbHYro OIIaCHOCTb "tJeAOBe-qeCKOH )l(a>KAhI II03HaHI1 H
AeHCTBH , 3TOH rrOIIbITKH caMoo6HOBl\eHH H caMOBblpa)KeHH no-
cpeACTBOM KpYll1eHH AMlIHOCTH IJAPyroro" (KOHIJ;errIJ;HIO, rrpeABOCXH-
THBlIl)'IO 06IIJ;eMHpOBOH AHTeparypHbIH IIpOIJ;eCC Aerep0l13a HH H J' ca -
TaHH3aIJ;HH" cpaYCTOBCKoro repo XX cToAeTH ).
11M B pycAe BTOpOH KOHIJ;errIJ;I1H, B KHHre pa3MbIIIIAeHI;H1 H BOCIIO-
MHHaHHI1 "BeqHbIH MHpaJK" (1922) M.n. ApQbI6ameB C ero HaCTOH'-IH-
BbIM yrBep>KAeHHeM IJYMcTBeHHoro y60>KeCTBa" I\IOAei1:, J/OXBa"tJeHHbIX
IIOAHTHqeCKOH 60Pb6oIi1", H60 OHH II ... AonycKaIOT BC Koe HaCHAHe HaA
"tJYBCTBOM, BOAeIO H JKH3HelO "lIeAOBeKa, 3a KOToporo OHH 60pIOTC5I"3,
He npHHMMaeT reTeBCKoro aIIocpe03a "cDaycTa", KaK H OIIpaBAaHH TO-
MY cpaKTY, qTO AaJKe "HeHCqHCAMMbIe BblrOAbI" peBOAIO:qHH M5I rp5lAY-
rn;HX IIOKOAeHHH "HH Ha HOry He YMeHbllIaT YJKaca CTpB.AaHHH H CMep-
TH Tex, KTO IIa,AeT B 3TOH 60pb6e" (10 - 11).
TIocKOAhKY TOT JKe Ap bI6allIeB IIOAaraA, "tJTO HMeHHO CTpB.AaHl1e
B.i\5IeTC5I CTMMYAOM pa3BHTH JKH3HI1, OqeBHAeH IIeCCHMHCTI1QeCKHM:
BbIBOA 0 HeH36e>KHO IIeQaAbHOM COAepJKaHHH qeAOBeqeCKOrO 6bITH
KaK TaKOBoro - BCAeACTBHe qero 6peHHbIH JKHTel\b 3eMAH, 6eCKOHeq-
HO B03HeCeHHbIH feTe ("<DaYCT", 'JTIpoMeTeii", IJEO:IKeCTBeHHoe",
"CTapOMY XpOHOCY" M T.n.), Y ApIJ;bI6arneBa AOCTOHH AMIllh )KaAOCTH 11
COqYBCTBeHHOH, TepneAHBO CHI CXOAHTeAhHOH JU06BH K uMaAeHbKOMY,
JKHBOMY, CTpClAaIOI..U;eMY 1.IeAOBeKY... co BceMH ero cAa6oCT MM H nopo-
KaMH" (131-132).
B 3TOM KOHTeKCTe TparHcPapc Ap bI6aIlleBa "Ab BOA" (1925), Ha-
IIMcaHHhIH B KaQeCTBe ocoBpeMeHeHHoro npOAOJ\.)KeHH reTeBcKoH
(])aycmoBcKUU I'epull U 3aKam npOCBemUmeAbCKOii :Jpbl
109
'l'pareAMM, 6bIA IIOAeMl1qeCKJ1 HarrpaBAeH rrpOTMB C03AaHHOH B 3MMTpa-
I HJ1 ApaMbI A.B. AYHaqapCKOro 'l<DaycT 11 ropoA", I'HapOAOrrOKAOH-
v " v
110M , OrrTH!\IHCTMqeCKl1 rrpeACKa3bIBalO eM paCKa HHOe paCTBOpe-
I IHe BbIAalOIl1.erOC OAMHOtJKl1, COBepllll1BIllerO HaCHAbCTBeHHbII1 (XOT51
yI He06xOAHMbIM, 11 rrOAe3HbIl1) aKT Ae51HM51, B MaCCaX, M TeM AOCTl1raIO-
Lu.ei1: HCKOMOrO BbIClllerO MrHOBeHM5I - IIpe06pa)KeHM B 1160)KeCT-
BeHHyK>" CMAY KO.lV\eKTHBa, TO eCTb - peaAbHOrO, COrJ\.aCHO 60rOCTpO-
HTeAbHOH KOH errU;MI1, 6eCCMepTM .
ApIJ;bI6ameB He cAyqaHHo B co6CTBeHHOM ApaMaryprHtJeCKOM
paCCKa3e 0 BonAo eHHbIX MetJTax reTeBCKoro rep05I BbIBOAMT B Ka-
y:eCTBe rAaBHOH cpMryphI Mecpl1CTocpeMl. 3aKAlOqMBllIMM napM C
'IAYXOM CBo6oAbI" 0 TOM, qTO <DaYCT caM 3arrpOCMT CMepTH, KorAa
YBJ1AI1T, K qeMY rrpHBeAa 60pb6a 3a "cBo6oAY, paBeHCTBO M 6paTCT-
BO", apl\bI6arneBCKMH Ab5IBOA, pa3BMBa51 MbICAb "BeAMKoro HHKBJ1-
jHTOpa" 113 pOMaHa ,jEpaTb5I KapaMa30BhI" <D.M. AOCToeBCKoro, AO-
Ka3bIBaeT, qTO 6l1TBa 3a COQl1aAbHbIe npaBa 5IBMAaCh AI111Ib rrpou;ec-
C01\l 06HapY)KeHM XYAIIlMX QeAOBeQeCKJ1X KaqeCTB - AMu;eMepM5I,
KOpbICTl1, TIl.J;eCAaBM5I, )KeCTOKOCTH M AJKM, a CTpeMAeHJ1e K cB060Ae,
CTaB AeCTa6MAM3MPYlOIIJ;MM cpaKTopOM, clloco6CTBOBaAO BaKXaHaAH-
3a MH 06 eCTBaf "Ab5lBOAJ13MPYlOrn;ero" Aa)Ke MaprapMry. B l1TOre
cDaYCT ApU;hI6arneBa rrpMHMMaeT A, YXONI co cu;eHbI )KM3HM He C CO-
3HaHMeM BblrrOAHeHHoro AOAra (KaK CTaBIlIHI1 aHaXpOHJ1QHbIM, HO He
YTpaTMBIlIMM 6AaropOACTBa <DaYCT 3apH 6YP>Kya3HoH 3nOXH J13 Apa-
MbI A.B. AYHaqapCKoro), a C qYBCTBOM rAy6oqaMIIlerO pa30qapOBa-
1I115I, C om;ym;eHfleM 6eccMbIcAeHHoc M cBoeM )KM3HM M BpeAoHocHO-
CTH CBoero Ae:t'ICTBM51.
XapaKTepHbIM rrapClAOKCOM, OARaKO, BJ\5IeTC TOT cpaKT, qTO caMa
3Ta "aHTMIIOAHTHqeCKa rr nbeca Apn;bI6allleBa rrpOQJ1TbIBaeTC51 KaK
3Ao60AHeBHoe, OCTpO aHra)l(HpOBaHHoe B bIcryllAeH Me, KOTopoe M3
116oraTeHllleM, rreCTpOH 11 pa3Ho06pa3HOH JK113HM" reTeBCKoro II <Dayc-
Ta ", HI1KaK, no CAOBaM ero C03AaTeJ\5I, He "HaH113bIBae 10H" Ha "1 Of-'-
KI1I1111HypOqeK oAHOH-eAHHcTBeHHoH MAefl"4, BrrOAHe B Ayxe oTBepra-
eMoM 11M "60AbIIleBMCTCKOH" 3CTeTMKM BbI6paAO llliIIlb rrp06AeMY CO-
LI;MaAbHOrO rrepeycTpoMcTBa, 3aMeH5I5I npM 3TOM AOCTaTOtIHO a6CTpaKT-
IIbIe 3McpopM1.IeCKMe IIpeABHAeHM reTeBCKoro repo TOQHOH 11 AerKO
Y3HaBaeM0I1 KOHKpeTI1KOM COBeTCKOH AeHCTBMTeAbHOCTM, a H3 IllMpO-
KOH na.JU1TpbI KpaCOK reTeBCKoro H<DaYCTa" M3BAeKa AMlllb lllap)K,
l'pOTeCK, rrapOAMlO H capKa3M. DpMMeQaTeAhHa TaKJKe aKryaJ\H3MpO-
L3aHHa51 TpaHccpopMaIJ;M5I ApIJ;bI6allIeBbIM KaK TPClAl1IJ;MOHHbIX reTeB-
CK1iX 06pa30B (M5IBOAa-MeQJHCTocpeJUl, cDaycTa, Iv1aprapl1TbI, Map-
TW), TaK 11 CMMBOllliKO-aAAerOpM"tIeCKI1X rrepCOHa)KeM (BMeCTO reTeB-
CKMX 3a6oTbI, MaTepeH 11: T.rr. n051BJ\5IIOTC o606w;eHHble 06pa3bI -
"IIAaKaTbI" CO MaAHCTOB, Pa60QMX, KOMMTe'NMKOB M T.A., 3aCTaBA5I5I,
B qMCAe npOtIero, 06HapY)KHTb rrpeeMCTBeHHYIO CB5I3b Me y cneQI1-
(PMKOH xYAO)l(eCTBeHHoro MbIlliAeRM5I rro3AHero CpeAHeBeKOBb , M3
110
TAQBQ III
apCeHaAa KOTOpOrO tIeprraA feTe, H "AeBoro" 3anaAHOeBpOneHCKoro
3KcrrpeCCHOHH3Ma 1920-x rOAOB).
3HaMeHI1TbB1 pOMaH-aHTl1yronH5I EBreHI151 3aM5ITI1Ha I'MbI" (1921,
orry6AHKoBaH B 1924), He OTKAOH5I5I ap4bI6arneBCKOW TpaKTOBKI1 peBO-
AJOQHI1 KaK aKTa, BeA ero K n06eAe Ab5lBOAa HH3111I1X 1.IeAOBet.JeCKMX
HHCTI1HKTOB, BI1AHT, OAHaKO, rAaBHoe 3AO He B caMOM HaCI1AbCTBeHHOM
nepeBopOTe, HO B TOM HHBeAl1pOBKe, ycpeAHeHI1I1, 3acToe, KOTopble 3a
HHM nOCAeAYIOT - HAI1 MOJYf IIOCAeAOBaTb 5 . ECAM Y ApQbI6allleBa
3AO - pa36Y)KeHHbIH II BYAKaHI13M" TOJ\nbI, TO Y 3aM5ITI1Ha 3TO - perAa-
MeHTHpOBaHHoe cpl1AI1CTepCTBO IIpeAcKa3yeMoro IInOK05l". ECAI1 ApQbI-
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11 ynpaBJ\5IeMO, no paCrrOp5lAKY, yrBep>KAeHHOMY "cBepxy". 3AeCb 3BY-
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C6AI1JKalO"I.QJ1M B 3TOl\1 acrreKTe aHTliyroIIHIO 3aM5ITI1Ha C ApaMOH AYHa-
qapCKOro, a 06a 3TH rrp0I13BeAeHI151 BbIBOA51 K np06AeMe 113Aep)KeK c06-
CTBeHHO QHBHAM3aTopCKOH Ae5ITeAbHOCTI1 cpaYCTOBCKoro rep05l, OCTpO
nOCTaBAeHHOH e e feTe (fpeTxeH, <DHheMoH 11 EaBKI1Aa, qb51 c-qaCTAI1-
Ba51 cTapocTb 6bIAa cOKpyrneHa, 3aTonAeHa He06xoAl1MOCTbIO "AMI ct.Ja-
CTb51 MHOrI1X" IIOCTpOI1Tb nAOTI1HY - ClOJKeT, KOTOPOMY feTe rrpl1AaBaA
oc060e 3Hat.JeHl1e, KOTOpbLH C ryMaHI1CTHtIeCKMX rr0311LI;wH aKQeHTl1pO-
BaA rAaBHbIH OTetIeCTBeHHbIW Kpl1TI1K feTe HatIaAa XX B. CepreM COAO-
BbeB 11 OT3BYKI1 KOToporo HeTPYAHO HaMTI1 KaK B HpaBCTBeHHOH MaKCI1-
Me AOCToeBCKoro 0 uCAe311HKe pe6eHKa", crroc06HOH HapYUll1Tb, CAe-
AaTb MHI1MOH MJ1pOBYIO rapMOHI1IO, TaK 11 B HpaBCTBeHHo-"3KOAOrM1.JeC-
KOH rr AI1HI1H OTetIeCTBeHHOH AI1TeparypbI BTOpOH rrOAOBHHbI XX B.:
jjnpo aHHe C MaTepoi1" B.f. PacnyrHHa HAP.).
EJUi30CTb K pOMaHY "MbI" (M TeM caMbIM K OCTpeHIIIMM rrpo6AeMaM
reTeBCKOrO "<DaYCTa") 06HapY)KHBaeT I1beCa OAHoro 113 HaH60Ace Ta-
AaHTJ\MBbIX 6hIBIllHX "cepanHOHOB" A.H. AYHu;a "foPOA TIpaBAbI"
(1924). 3Aecb rOBOpHTC5I 0 I10CTpOeHHoM C A IlllHMH HaMepeHI151 111 ro-
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3HaHtI5I, >K113Hh pa3MepeHHa, MOHOTOHHa M I1ycTa, - OT1:'OrO 11 J1CKaTe-
All CQaCTb5I IIOKHAaIOT ee. TaK B HOBOH TpanccpopMaqllll rrpocryrraeT,
c OAHOM CTOpOHbI, 113AI06AeHHa51 reTeBCKa51 TeMa rrOHCKa, CTpel\1J\eBM5I,
6AY>KAaHM5I - I1YCTb Aa)Ke C HeJ136e:>KHbIl\B1 01Il116KaMI1, - KaK eAllH-
CTBeHHO AOCTOMHoro II OnpaBAbIBaeMOro 3Cl'vIHOrO nYI'M 1.JeAOBeKa,
a C APyroM, BhIpa)l(aeTC5I COMHeHl1e B 6AarOTBopHOCTH pecpopMaTOp-
CKHX YCJ1AHH He TOAhKO Al\5I Ka OM OTAeAbHOM: All"tJHOCTI1, HO II M5I
HpaBCTBeHHoro 3AOPOBb51 061I eCTBa B u;eAOM.
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Ilporpecca, IlOA tIHH5IIOw;erO 11 paCTBOp5lIO erO "lIeAOBel.{eCKyK> MHAH-
BHAYaJ\.bHOCTh, IIOMep)KHBaeT 11 rrOBeCTb H.<D. Ha)KI1BHHa "VIcKyme-
Hl1e B I1YCTbIHe" (1921) - TaKJKe cBoe06pa3Hoe npoAoJ\){(eHl1e 11 orrpo-
<1>aycmoBcKui1 repoii U 3aKam npocBemumeAbcKoll 3pbl
111
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KOAOHMH Ha OAHO 1 113 OKeaHCKHX OCTpOBOB.
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p05I B paCCKa3e E.H. 4HpI1KOBa u<DaYCT" (1900), npeABOCXI1TI1BIIIa5I
BepeHI1QY AerepoM3MpoBaHHhIx, 6YAHHQHbIX, onycTI1BllII1XC5I rroA
BJ\M5IHMeM Henpo6HBael\IOH KOCHOCTH nORceAHeBHoro 6bITI151 cDayc-
TOB XX BeKa.
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II ...3aBepUH1AaCb... 3IIoxa 6YP)Kya3Horo ry]V[aHH3Ma... l\IHp BCTynaeT
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pl15I I1HTeAAeKTa 11 TBOpQeCKOH MOlli;H, HH C nOMOIIJ;bIO BhlCOKOMepl1H
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pOH3HpOBaHHbI:H) ct>aYCT HHAHBHAYaAHCTH\.IeCKOrO C03HaHJ151 y)Ke He
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AHH? J\YHaQapCKI1H B ApaMe, 3apHHh B pOMaHe OCTdBI1A11 CBOHX repo-
eB Ha Ilopore BXO;KAeHH5I B HOBYIO )KH3Hh: MbI 3HaeM 60AbIlie TO, 0'1' \.Ie-
ro OHH OTpeKJ\.HCb, '-IeM TO, KaKHIvII1 OHM c06HpalOTC5I 6bITb. Ho K 1940 r.
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Al1AC5I C 1929 r., TaK H He COQT5I CBOlO pa60ry 3aKOH'-IeHHOlf. Pe'-Ib I1AeT
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I1HTepecHoM CTpeMAeHI1eM K KOHCTPYKTHBHO:H TpaHccpopMaU;HI1 re-
TeBCKI1X repoeB, M')O B HeM CAeAaHa IIOITbITKa C03AaHHH nOAO,)KI1TeAb-
Horo 06pa3a <DaYCTa Ha rrpHHU;MrrHaJ\.bHO HOBOH OCHOBe - He Pa3YMa,
HO CepAu;a.
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MaACH EYAraKOBbIM KaK CJ\.eACTBHe paU;110HaJ\J1CTHQeCKH-nparMaTH-qe-
Om ct>ayclna Pa3YMU K C])aycmy Cepgu.a
113
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qeCKOH a6CTpaKTHOCTH, "apXeTHIIHqHOCTR", CBOHCTBeHHhII\1 Boo6 e
xYAOJKeCTBeHHOMY C03HaHMlO XX B., EYAraKOB BhICTpaRBaeT BeqHhIM
t1 BHeBpeMeHHOH P5IA IIpOTHBOIJOCTaBAeHMM: pa3YIVI - cepAu;e, paIJ;110-
) laAM3M - "tJYBCTBHTeAhHOCTb, rrpaKTHqeCKa5I IJOAh3a - 6eCKophICTHa5I
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HepBOH nOAOBHHbI XX B., HeT HI1 B03Bpa eHHOH lOHOCTI1, HI1 KpaCOThI,
11M KperrKMX MYCKYAOB, HH Heo6bIKHOBeHHhIX B03MO)l(HOCTeM ero re-
TeBCKoro rrpeAllleCTBeHHHKa. MY3e:HHhIH CAY)KaIIJ;liM nOA"lIepKI-Iyro
0YAHI1"l1HOrO BMAa, OH He HY/KAaeTC5I BO Bcex 3TJ1X aTpH6yrax, 1160 He
CTpeMI1TCH K BAJ15IHlilO Ha )K113Hb J10CpeACTBOI\1 AeMCTBl151. nOTOMY '-[TO
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KOM MbICA1>}() KOHu.a 1910 - Hd4aAa 1930-x rOAOB H OTpa3HBIUa5IC51 no-
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l'aKOBCKHH rvlacT p, B OTJ\Hl..£He 01' reTeBCKoro <t>aYCTa, He HYX<AaeTC5I B
HCIJhITaHM5IX ycnexoM, 60raTCTllOl\-1, QYBCTBeHHbIl\tll1 paAOCT51l\IH 6bITI15I.
Hero, ChIHa APyroH 3fIOXIi, J13Ha'4:aAbHO peUJeH J1 Bonpoc 0 neo6xo-
r,\I1MOCTH o6ru;ero, a He TOJ\bKO J\UQHOrO npeycrre5IHHH YI 6J\.ara.
Ho BOT nyrh AOCTR)I(eHM5I 3Toro 6Aara MI.IJ;eT HOBhIl1: <DaYCT He B
Ae5IHHH, a B HpaBCTBeHHOM caMOYCOBeprueHcTBOBaHHH. BonpOChI CO-
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BeCTH, COCTpaAaHI1H, B3aI1!\-fHoro IIOHI1MaHI151, AOOpOTbI II BMeCTe C TeM
BorrpOChI BbICIllI1X, "HeMaTepI1dAbHbIX" o:eJ\.eBbIX YCTaHOBOK pa3BI1Tl15I
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OAHO 113 rrepBbIX npOH3BeAeHI1H MUpOBOH J\I1TeparypbI, npeABOCXvl-
THBIIIMX OCHOBHYlO ee rrpo6AeMY CepeAI1HbI XX B.: COOTHOUleHJ1e 311a-
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pOAI1BIllMMC5I AO BTOpOM MHpOBOH BOMHbI, C npeAYIlpe aIOl1 eH rrpo-
30pAMBOCTbIO BbIAeAHeT HMeHHO A1060Bb KaK Iepy "lIeJ\.OUeqeCKOrO B
4eAOBeKe. 11 C u;eAhlO YKperrl1Tb CB5I3yroIIJ;ee J\.lOAeM ryMaHHoe HalJaAO
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B03pOX<AalO eI1C5I A106BIi K AlOMIM. BhICKa3aHO HeMMO I1HTepeCIlblX
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EYAraKOB "I1CIIpaBASlA" KaHOHM"lIeCKHe eBaHreAli5I B rHOCTI1'4:eCKOM.
60rOMliAbCKOM, J1AJ1 MaHlixeMCKO-AYaAMCTM"lIeCKOM Ayxe 2 . Ho CKopee
114
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Ka Ha 60)KeCTBeHHocTb. Hn lIe06hlKHoBeHHoro pO)I(AeHH5I, HI1 AeMoH-
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B OTAI-ry.11e OT eBaHreAbCKOrO HHcyca H3 Ha3apeTa, Hewya fa-HoIJ;pH
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3111' 11 COBceM He o3a6o eH rrp06AeMaMH CBoero MeCCl1aHCTBa. OH, KaK
11 MaCTep, 06hIKHOBeHHhIH: qeAOBeK, CHAa H CI1I\IBOAI1QeCKOe 6eCCl\lep-
THe KOToporo B TOM, qTO B >KeCTOKHM BeK 01-1 npOB03rAaCHA: w4eAOBeK
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AaBa5I OT IIOKOAeHl15I K nOKOAeHHIO 3CTacpe1Y A06pa.
B MaCTepe MHxaHAa EYJ\I'aKOBa MHoro Crre I-HtH1"leCKH Ha l1o-
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KOB" BaC11AM5I WYKllIHHa: CTpeMAeHHe AOMCKaTbC5I AO caMbIX "rrOCAeA-
HI1X" BorrpocoB qeAOBeqeCKOrO 6bITI15I, Cl\lhICAa >KM3HH, yrroBaHHe Ha
CHAY Ao6pa, )J(wTeMCKa5I HenpHcnoc06AeHHOCTb 11 He3arn.l1rn;eHHocTb.
Ho qTO )Ke pOAHHT 3TOT HOBbIH BapwaHT PycCKoro <DaYCTa C ero re-
TeBCKHl\1 rrpoToTHnoM ? 11, npe*Ae Bcero, <DaYCT All 3TO?
npOeKIJ;H5I 6Y./\TaKOBCKoro MaCTepa na rep05I reTeBCKOH TpareAl111
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MacTepy yHTH Ha "IIOKOM", B HOCTaAbrl1'leCKOe npornAoe H, H rroAo 6HO
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EyAfaKOBa, CB5I3aHHble co BceM CTPYKTypOM pOl\laHa, C 06pa3aMl1 Ha-
3BaHHOH "reTenCKMM" Hl\tleHeM B03AJ06AeHHOH MaCTepa - Maprapll-
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raKOBCKoro "lepTa - BOAaHAa.
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Om <Paycma Pa3YMa K C/Jaycmy Cepgup
115
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peMAeH Ii He YC1)'I1aeT HMKaKMM c06Aa3HaM Ha nyrM K rAaBHOMy H
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AeHMH IJeAOBeqeCKOH 06rn;HOCTM.
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npOTI1BOnOCTaBAeHbI "AJOAH aKTHBHoro AeHCTBI1H AlOMIM IIaCCHBHbIM
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MaprapHTbI M oc06eHHO HOBoro MecpHCTocpeJUI.
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116
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Kopo1..Je rOBOp51, rrepeAo !\-IHOIO CT051A MecpI1CToQ:>eAh" (284 - 285).
3Aech qepT OKa3aAC51 Ha nOBepKY peAaKTopoM-H3AaTeAeM PYAOJ\.b-
CP11, nepCOHa)KeM "rrpOXOAHbIM", He ClO:lKeT006pa3YfO I1M. B "MaCTe-
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cTocpeAeM Hero OKPY)KeHHeM: BOCnOMI1HaHl1e rrepBoro 0 BCTpe1..Je C
"O"l£apOBaTeJ\.bHOH BeAhMOH" Ha EpOKeHCKHX ropax, HaMeK Ha "6po-
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o MecpHCTocpeAe u<DaYCTa" rOBopHT focnOAh:
H3 AYXOB oTpHu,aHb5I TbI Bcex MeHe
EbIBaA MHe B T5IrOCTb, I1Ayr Ii BeCeAbQaK (18)
M11xa11A EYAraKoB ern.e B 60AbllIeW 1epe o6HaPYJKHBaeT CBOIO
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117
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\l1 eMepOB, 3aBMCTHHKOB, TPYCJ\J1BhIX KOHcpOpMI1CTOB, BpaAeH, BOpOB,
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CBoero MecpHCTocpeA5I B Ml1pOBOH rrOp5IAOK.
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118
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119
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HH5I - KaK H BTopoe npHllleCTBHe XpHCTa. XpHCTHaHH3HpOBaHHbui
<DaYCT l\-111J\ocepAH5I, C03AaHHbII1 AHTepaTYPOH XX B., He HaxOAMT
MeCTa B peaAbHOM KapTHHe MHpa, OH y-J\IHpaeT, 113rOH5IeTC5I I1AH yxo..
AHT caM.
TaKOM <t>aYCT TeprrMT nOpa)KeHHe H B TOM cAyqae, KorAa, OTKa-
3aBllH1Cb OT BeAI1KI1X nAaHOB YAyqIlleHH5I JKI13HM Bcero qeAOBeQeCT-
Ba, OH TIbITaeTC5I AaTb CqaCTbe OTAeAbHOMY qeAOBeKY (TeMa, MCTOKH
KOTOpOR TaK)Ke MO)KHO HaRTH B 6YAraKOBCKOM pOMaHe: )KeAa5I rrpo"
6YAHTb Ao6po B AYIUax AlOAei1, MaCTep HeBOAhHO npHHOCI1T "3AO",
)KH3HeHHble OCAOJKHeHH5I CBoeR B03A1061_eHHOH MaprapHTe). <DaYCT
KaMepHoro fv1l1AOCepAM5I, 60ALllIe nOXO)KHH Ha TPGAI-II.J;110HHoro PO-
MaHTvp-leCKOrO rep05I "60Ae3HM BOAM", <DaYCT BHyrpeHHeH pa3AI30eH"
HOCTH, l\1T-leHHK c06CTBeHHhIX CepAe'-lHblX rrepe/KHBaHI1H, YCTaBIlll1H
OT CBoero I'/\06aJ\.H3Ma, HO He crroc06HbIH II03MTHBHO HHTerpHpo-
naThC51 H B qaCTH)rlO )KM3Hb, BhlBeAeH B pOMaHe HTaAb51HCKOrO TIHca..
TeA51. 3HpHKO EeJ\AaTI1 IIKaTOAI1\.feCKa5I HeBeCTa" (1968), fAe "Bpaqy-
IOIIJ.I1H AYWY", fAy6oKO BepYlOw.HI1 <DaycT-rrcHxHaTp BAI06A5IeTC5I B
CBOIO lOHYIO rraQueHTKY, HO TaK 11 He MO)KeT Hcu;eAHTb ee - KaK H Bhl-
rryraTbC51 113 co6CTBellHhIX ceMeMHbIX Heyp5IAHIJ;, BbI3BaHHbIX 3TOR
AlO60BbIO.
'.XpI1CTMaHH3J1pOBaHHhIi1" <DaYCT orrp060BaA B tvlMpOBOH AI1Tepa-
TYpe Hall1erO CTOAeTHH 11 rp03HbIM rryrb CaBOHapOAbl, B KOHeqHOW
nepCrreKTI1Be OKa3aBIllI1HC.S! rryreM MecpHCTocpeJ\JI C ero rrpe3peHI1eM
K POAY qeAOBe"lJeCKoMY 11 y6e eHHocThlO B "0IlIH6oqHOCTI1", "He-
YAat..IHOCTH" ero cOTBOpeHH5I - KaK 31'0 CAY"4HAOCb B nOCTaBAeHIIOH B
1968 f. B napll>Ke KOMeAliJ1 TIbepa rpHnapH 1I0pOKAHTHe MecpMcTo-
cPeJ\JI", rAe CDaycT CTaHOBMTC}I narroH PHMCKHM H, nOAHbIW rHeBHoro
pa30qapOBaH1151 B AlONIX r C03HaTeAhHO C nOMO hlO aTOl\1HOH 60M6bI
pa3py aeT 3eMAlO C TeM, qT06bl 3aHOBO Ha'laTh I1CTOpHlO qeAOBe"lJeCT-
Ba. KOMI1QeCKMM >KaHp, H36paHHhu1 rpHrrapH, ClY15IrqaeT OCTpOry rrpo-
6AeMbI, KOTOpa5I B AaHHOM rrp0l13BeAeHHH c6AH)J(aeT KAepHKaAb"
HYIO - H Ah5IBOAhCKYIO HeTeprrHMocTh K qeAOBeKY, npOTI1BOnOCTan-
AeHHyrD MHAOCepAl1lO eBaHreAbCKOrO XpI1CTa.
Hey6eAHTeAbHbIM KaK xYAO)KeCTBeHHbIH o6pa3 H HeCOCT05IBllII1M-
C51 KaK nporroBeAHHK OKa3aAC5I 11 XpMCTI1aHI13HpOBaHHblH repoM pOMa-
Ha OAHoro 113 BI1AHhlX rrHCaTeAeH: PYCCKoro 3apy6e)l(b5I B.C. 5lHOBCKo-
ro, "nOpTaTHBHoe 6eccMepTl1e" (1938-1939), HanHcaHHoro He 6e3
BJ\.H5IHH51 H.<D. <DeAopoBa, B.C. COAoBbeBa, H.A. EepMIeBa, a TaK)I(e
P. lllTeHHepa, rrp0l13BeAeIIl1H, B KOTOpOM npoBoAHTCH MblCAb 0 Heo6-
Om C1>aycma Pa3YMa 1< C1>aycmy Cepgu,a
121
\OAHMOCTH AMI o6rn;ero 6AarOAeHCTBI151 npeJKAe BCerO AyxoBHoro npe-
()Upa/KeHl15I qeAOBeqeCTBa (Te3I1C, pa3AeMieMbIH, KaK MbI YJKe Bl1AeAH,
11 repoeM M.A. EYATaKoBa - C rrpl16AM3HTeAbHO OAHHaKOBhIM pe3YAb-
TaTOM M5I ero npHBep/KeHIJ;eB).
EOAee onTMMHCTH"lJeCKOH MOAMcpMKaIJ;HeH cpaycTOBcKOM KOMM-
'HiH, HarrpaBAeHHOM Ha nOMCK 3THqeCKHX u;eHHOCTe:H, 06HapY)I(MBae-
\lhIX co C"lfaCTAHBOH HeorrpoCBeTHTeAbCKOH y6eJKAeHHOCTblO B 06bIQ-
IIOH "lfeAOBe"lfeCKOH )K113HH, CTaAa HanHCaHHa51 B 1942 r. B BoeHHOM
CTaAMHrpaAe nbeca C. AAellIHHa II MecpHcTo<pelu/' . 3Aech TaK)J(e BO
rAaBY yrAa CTaBHTCH He npo6AeMa peaAJ13aU;HH "CBepXQeAOBeqeCK.HX"
YCTpeMAeHHH <DaYCTa, HO coxpaHeHMe H npMYMHO)l(eHHe l11J:eAOBe'-lHO-
CTH" KaK rAaBHOM npeAeCTH H KOHeQHO:H u;eAM cy ecTBOBaHH5.I. uYeAo-
Be"lfHOCTH" , OAHaKO, He I1AeaAbHOH H I1CKOMOH, HO HaAMQeCTBYIOIIJ;eH B
110BceAHeBHOH peaAl>HOCTH.
B npeAHCAOBHH aBTOp nheCbI rOBOpl1T 0 TOM, qTO He TOAbKO He Ha-
XOAHT npH"lfHH, no KOTOphIM "lJeAOBeK AOAA<eH 3aBJ1AOBaTh MO M
CBepX'beCTeCTBeHHoro, a, HanpOTHB, nOAaraeT, "lJTO HMeHHO HeQI1CTaH
CHAa BnOAHe MO>KeT nO)l(eAaTh ce6e 06bI"lJHOrO 3eMHoro YAeAa: "He
MecpHcTocpeA.b cnoco6eH BBeCTH B c06Aa3H <DaycTa, a cDaycry eCTb
qeM c06Aa3HHTb MecpMcTocpeMi. BMecTo 6eCKOHe"lJHOrO c ecTBoBa-
HHH, BMeCTO rrOrOHI1 3a nycTbIMH CM 1BOAaMM - nycTh KOHe"lJHa5l,
fIYCTb nOAHasI He TOAhKO PClAOCTI1, HO H CTpClAaHH5I H cocTpClAaHH5I -
QeAOBeQeCKa51 )KH3Hh. 11 <DaYCT AapHT MecpHCTocpeAlO 3TY /KH3Hh, a He
pOCTOBlQH"lJeCKH CCYJKaeT ee"9.
TP<iAl1U;HOHHoe napM, TaKMM 06pa30M, "TpaBecTMPyeTC5I": CTapbIH
CDaYCT, COBepllIHB 3ClAYMaHHoe, Y1vlHpaeT, a BMeCTO Hero 5IBMleTC5I HO-
Boe " AMT5I 3eMHoe" - MecpHCTo<peAb, "O"lJeAOBe1J:eHHbIH" Qepe3 COCT-
PClAaHMe H AI060Bh K MaprapHTe, AerKO OTKa3hIBaIOIJJ;MHC5I11 01' CBoeM
Ah5lBOAbCKOH CyrH, M 01' CB5I3aHHhIX C HeM npHBHAerl1H - BI1AOTh AO
6eCCMepTH5I, 3aKAlO"lJasI CBoe npeBparn;eHHe AJ1KYIO MM B03rAaCOf\1:
"51 - "lfeAOBeK!"
9 2. (/)AYCTbI EAATOPOAHOrO AEMCTBUJ/
11 <PAYCTbI OTKA3A OT AEfIHUfl
C 40-x rOAOB XX B. npo6AeMbI COIJ;l1fu\.hHOH 3THKH rrpeAeJ\.bHo 060-
CTp5IIOTCH, nepepaCTa51 B npo6AeMY BbI)KMBaeMOCTH QeJ\.OBe"lleCKoro
pOAa KaK TaKOBoro. BTOpa5I MHpOBa5.1 BOHHa, I1306peTeHl1e 5IAepHOro
0PY)KM5I, CTpax rrepeA aTOMHhIM anOKaAMilCHCOM nOpOAHMf cTpax ne-
peA rAy6HHaMH 3HaHH5I, a B MHpOBOH A11TepaTYPe - cBoeo6pa3HYIO
u3cxaTOAOrHQecKyro <paycTMaHY». OTKa3 eHoro, AaJKe u.eHolO rH6e-
AM, OT Ha Horo rrOHCKa, MOI)'I.Qero rrpl1BeCTI1 K KaTacTpocpe, OTKa3 OT
IIAb5lBOAa" BCeCI1AbHOrO l1HTe.i\J\eKTa BO l:IM5I coXpaHeHI15I '-leAOBeQeCT-
Ba H "1J:eAOBeQeCKOrO" CTaA perneHI1eM l\IHOrI1X "cpaycToBcKl1X" KOJ\AI1-
122
rAQBa VI
311M (ApaMaTl-p-IeCKa5I HOBeAAa aMepHKaHIJ;a 3./vK. EMHra 'jB03Bpa e-
Hl1e AOKTopa <DaycTa", 1958; pOMaH 3HaMeHHToro BO*MI u pa3 6I1TOrO
nOKOAeHH5I" /vK. KepyaKa "AOKTOp 3aKc. <DaycT, qaCTb TpeTb5I", 1959);
pOMaH Cop6cKoro (AYJKHIJ;KOro) rrHCaTe.l\5I IOpH.sI Epe3aHa "Kpa6aT,
HAM Dpe06pa)l(eHHe Ml1pa", 1976).
npeABeCTl1eM u;eAoM "cpaycToBcKOH" BOJ\.HhI B MMpoBoM AMTepary'"
pe 1950 - 1980-x rOAOB 5IBMAaCb cpMAOCocpCKo-ny6AHIJ;HCTHQeCKa.sI
ApaMa 6bIBlllero BO;KMl OTeqeCTBeHHoro II03TH"lJeCKOrO KOHCTPYKTH-
BH3Ma HAbH CeAbBHHCKoro "QHTa5I <DaYCTa"l, 3aKOHqeHHa5I B HaqaAe
1947 r., ony6M1KoBaHHa5I B 1952 r. rrepBbIM, a B 1956 r. BTOpbIM I13Aa-
HHeM, 60Aee qeTKO (B Ayxe BpeMeHH) BbI.sIBHBlllHM MMpoB033peH"lJeC-
KMH H nOAHTHQeCKHH 3aMblceA aBTopa.
Oacpoc 3TOH ApaMbI (H./lli TpareAHI1, no )l(aHpoBoMY onpeAeAeHMIO
CeAbBHHCKoro), C caMoro HaqaAa 0603HaQeHHbU1: OcpHIJ;HaAbHOH KPH-
TI1KOH KaK unpOTeCT npOTMB peBaHIlIH3Ma, HeOHaIJ;H3Ma H yrp03bI
aTOMHOH aBaHTIOphI" r BbIXOAHT, OARaKO, 3a paMKH 3J\.o60AHeBHOM no-
AHTHQeCKOM np06AeMaTHKM.
HeCMOTp5I Ha CBOHCTBeHHyro OPTOAOKCaAbHOH 3CTeTHKe CO Ha-
M1CTH"lJeCKOrO peaAM3 la, oc06eHHO CTporo perAaMeHTHpyeMoH B KOH-
u;e 40-x - HaQaAe 50-x rOAOB, qeTKYIO 6I1nONIpHOCTb pacnpeAeAeHH.sI
unOAOJKHTeAbHbIX" H "OTpliu;aTeJ\.bHbIX" 06pa30B nbeCbI, OAHOU;BeT-
HOCTb xapaKTepHCTMK H 0AH03HaQHOCTb BbIBOAOB, CeAbBliHCKHH CY-
MeA nOKa3aTb ce65I H B 3ToM ApaMe TaAaHTM1BbIM 3KcnepHMeHTaTo-
pOM. OH npeBpaTHA H3BeCTHYIO OrpaHHQeHHOCTb xYA0>KeCTBeHHbIX
nOAXoAoB B HX cBoeo6pa3Me M npeMO:>KHA B 3CTeTHt:teCKOM nAaHe oPW-
rHHaAbHbIH CIIAaB 3AeMeHTOB KOHCTPYKTMBH3Ma, 3KcnpeCCHOHHCTM-
qeCKOrO TeaTpa C ero 06pa3aMH-HAe5IMM, MOHOAoraMH-A03YHraMM,
npH e06pa3HbIM H B TO JKe BpeM5I IIAaKaTHo-ny6AHU;HCTMl.J:eCKHM CIO-
JKeTOM - 11 5IBHhIX xYAOJKeCTBeHHbIX npoeKU;MH Ha reTeBCKoro "<Day-
CTa" C ero nOCTO.sIHHOH, CKpbITOM HAH OTtIeTAMBOH cpHAOCOcpCKOH AHa-
AOrH"lJHOCTbIO, CneIJ;HcpHqeCKMM npeAOMJ\eHHeM B BeqHble H Bceo6:W;He
CHlOMHHyrHblx H AaJKe AOKaAhHbIX rrpo6AeM.
CY HOCTHa5I OCHOBa CIO)KeTHOrO AeMCTBH5I (npOMCXOMI:w;ero B
EepAMHe B Mae 1945 r.) H nOAeMHqeCKHX paccYJKAeHHH, 06HAbHO
BBeAeHHbIX B 3ry ApaMY, nocTpoeHHYIO rro npHHIJ;Hrry cpHAOCOcpCKO-
ro AHcn)'Ta, - TMnHqHa5I M5I 3nOXH KpH3Hca npocBeTHTeAbcKoH 3pbI
(H OCTpO aKryaAbHa5I B 3anClAHoH, oco6eHHo HeMe KoH, AHTeparype
C KOHu;a 20-x rOAOB) npo6AeMa COOTHeCeHH5I "Ayxa" H "AeHCTBH.sI".
TOAbKO aKIJ;eHT 3AeCb CAeAaH He Ha nOTeH HaAbHOH orraCHOCTH Aew-
CTBM5I, KOTopoe MO)l(eT UOnOpOQMTb" BbICOKMH AYX rpy60M np030M
CBoero ocy ecTBAeHH5I - H3.lU06AeHHOH TeMe paCCY>KAeHM5I AH6e-
paALHOM HeonpOCBeTHTel\bCKOH HHTeJ\AHreH HH 3an<lAa nepBOH no-
AOBHHbI XX B.2, a Ha nOTeHl HaAbHOH onaCHOCTH Aep3aIOm;ero Ayxa,
KOTOpbIH, a6COJ\.IOTH3HPYH CBoe CTpeMAeHMe K HeM3BeAaHHOMY, MO-
:>KeT npHBeCTH KO 3AY.
Om cDaycma Pa3YMa K cDaycmy Cepgu,a
123
MOAeAbIO TaKOrO CaMO eHHOrO CTpeMAeHH5I CeAbBMHCKHM H36H-
l)aeT reTeBCKOrO <DaYCTa - XOTSI peT.Ib 3AeCb, CTpOrO rOBOp5I, HAeT He 0
IleM, 0 <DaYCTe - JJ apl1HCKOM repoe", C TeM ero "cynepMeHcTBOM", KO-
ropoe B nOCAeBoeHHbIe rOAbl CTOAb pellIMTeAbHO OCY a.A11 MHorMe 3a-
I [C!AHbIe AHTeparypOBeAbl, BCAeA 3a CeAbBI1HCKHM HecrrpaBeMHBO
3KCTparrOAHpY5I qepTbI crreKYAHTHBHOM HaQHCTCKOM I1HTepnpeTa MH
I-fa reTeBCKoro repOH.
B npOAore aBTOp nbeCbI 06pa MCb K KHMre (JJpYKonHCH"), 3aHOBO
lIepeAMCTbIBaeT TpareAl110 feTe, CTapMCb OCMbIC.l\.HTb ee C n03l1Ql1H HbI-
HelliHero AHH - T.e. MM 1945 r. BocnpMHMMa5I <DaycTa KaK KBHHT3cceH-
D;lno HaQMOHB.i\bHOrO Ayxa, aBTop neqaAbHbIMM rAa3aMM CMOTpI1T Ha 6e3-
rpaHHT.IHOCTb JKeAaHHH AaBHO AI06HMoro rep05l, OH KaK 6hl YBI1AeJ\. BO-
OT.IHIO AOBeAeHHYIO AO KOHeqHOM TOqKH AHHI1IO nOCT05lHHOrO paCKp l1-
BaHM5I CITl1paAM qeAOBeT.IeCKOH cBo6oAbI M YJKacHYAC5I TOMY, K T.Iel\IY 3TO
MO)KeT npMBecTH, nO)KeAaB Ha MCXOAe npOCBeTI1TeJ\.bCKOM 3phI orpaHM-
4MTb JlTPaAHQI15IMH M aBTopHTeTOM" TO, T.ITO Ka3aAOCb 6e3YCAOBHbIM 6Aa-
rOM, npaBOMepHO onpOBepraIO MM BCSlQeCKl1e TPaAHQHI1 M aBTOpI1TeTbI:
KaK npe)KAe, 3B)'l'IaT opraHOM BeAllQeCTBeHHOH CTpOcpbI,
On5lTb B OqepTaHb5lX n03MbI BOCXOAHT ropa 3a ropOM ...
Ho BAPyr Te651 OXBaTllAO npeA qYBCTBHe KaTaCTpOQ:>bI:
B lIeM-TO BAPyr H3MeHHAC5I 60rOTBopMMhri1: repoiif.
VI BOT YJK HHbIe CTpOKH Terrepb HaBHcaIOT, KaK HfO.
HOBbIl1: 5IBA5IeT 06AHK C AeTCTBa H3yqeHHbII1: TOM.
ThY AM He TOT, qTO npe)KAe, HAJi ceAeeT KHHra,
Ho 51BHhI qepTbI 60AbHbIe B CTapOl\1 APyre TBoeM.
Te651 nOtITll AHXOpClAMT... Tw XOqeWb ero AOnOAHI1Tb!
LITO-TO HaBeKH BblqepKHyrb! rAe-TO YBAetIb BrrepeA!
11 CTpaWHO, KaK OT KOI.I.J;YHCTBa... H TaK rrpOAeTaeT IIOAHOqb.
Ap0>KaI..l.\He TBOll PYKH rAaNlT CYXOH nepeIIAeT.
3ap51 neryxaMH nponeAa. Ho TbI, cor6eHHbIH HeAyroM,
Bce eI.I.J;e C KeM-TO rnentIeIllbC5I, KaK co cBoeH CYAb6oH.
A 3TO Y KHllJKHOH nOAKH CnOp5IT BeKa APyr C APyroM,
3TO BeAYT nOeAIIHOK CTOAeTll5I Me:>KAY C060H... (558)
C TOqKH 3peHHH TPClAH HoHHoro ryMaHM3Ma CeAbBMHCKMH oTBep-
raeT KOHQeIIQMIO yqeHoro ("<DaycTa")-cBepXqeAOBeKa, IIOABOA51rn;yIO K
npHH MIIY H36MpaTeAbHOCTH qeAOBeqeCKOrO npaBa Ha caIvloocy e-
CTBAeHMe, "ceAeKTHBHoCTM" qeAOBeqeCKOrO pOAa Bo06ru;e. AAenTaMM
TaKoH KOHQeII MM B IIbece BhlcrynalOT yqeHbIM-cpM3MK AOKTOp Hop-
AeH ("CeBepHbIH" T.IeAOBeK?), IIpeTeHAyroru;IifH Ha pOAL COBpeMeHHoro
<DaYCTa, ero "3aKa3T.IMK" M OAHOBpeMeHHO AbHBOA-co6Aa3HMTeAb cpa-
lllMCT-reCTaIIOBe rpacp EOAO H HX "MOPaAbHillI nOMepJKKa", cpI1AO-
cocp-nparMaTMK YMAb5IM A?KeMc (THIIa)K BI10J\.He B Ayxe HaqaBIlleMCSI
JlXOAOAHOH BOHHbI" M HOBoro nOAl1TI1"lJeCKOrO IIpOTMBOCTOSlHIifSl), yr-
BepJKAaIOI..QMH, QTO "MCTI1HHO ..\J\.H Hac TO, "lITO Ha 1 BblroAHO".
1:l4
r AQBQ VI
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HM5I He CTOAbKO IIOCTM1..J:b TaHHbI BceAeHHOM, CKOAbKO 06"b.HTb 11 orn;y-
TIiITb co6CTBeHHhIM 6bITl1eM BeCb MI1p C'nepraMeHTbI He yrOAHIOT
>Ka)KAhl"), B35ITh B orrpeAeAeHHOlVl CMhICAe Ha ce651 Bce 1'6peM5I pOKO-
Boe" QeAOBeqeCKI1X CYAe6, QT06hI B pe3YAhTaTe qepe3 C0I13MepeHlfe
ce6H C HMMH npMHTH K IIBhIClileMY MI1ry" aAhTpYHCTHQeCKM-C03MAa-
TeAbHoro rrepe.>KMBaHI1R.
Y6eAI1BlllMCh B TOM, Q1'O MHp rrOrp5I3 BO 3Ae ("BCIOAY u.apI1T Mecpl1-
CTocpeAb"), HOPAeH pernaeT He npOTl1BOCT051Tb eMY B 6ecnOAe3H0I1,
KaK OH CQI1TaeT, 60pb6e, a nOHTI1 K HeMY Ha cAy){(6y (3HaKOlYla51 TeMa
npeAaTeAhCKOM aAanTaIJ;I1I1 MHTeJV\I1reHTa K BAaCTI1), nOATII1CaB rrpeA-
AO)KeUHYIO Ab51BOAOM-rpacpOM 6yr1\lary, corAaCHO KOTOpOJ1 eHhIM
065I3yeTC5I CAY>K Tb "BeAHKOH I1Aee cpIOpepa" - 11306peTeHI1IO aTOM-
HOM 60I\16LI, I1MeIOIJ..J.eM u;eAbIO "YHI1QTO>KeHI1e KOMMYHI13lVla BO MM5I
IJ;J1BMAI13aIJ;MM". CAY)I(l1Th He no npHQHHe 3A06HOCTI1 CBoeM HaryphI,
OTHlOAb: qYBCTBHTeAbHhIH AOKTOp nO-CBoeMY nepe)KI1BaeT, BI1M! AlOA-
CKl1e CTPaAaHH5I. Ho rr06e;KAaeT 3r0113M, 1I)I(I1BOTHa5I" CTpaCTb K c06-
CTBeHHOMY 6AarOAeHCTBI1.1O. OTCIOAa M calVIocrraCMTeJ\bHoe "Heyqac-
" ...,
THe ,paBHOAYIliMe - TeMa, aKryaAhHa51 B MMpOBOI1l1, B TOM t.H1CAC, CO-
BeTcKoH AHTeparype 30 - 40-x rOAOH KaK TeMa rAaBHoro qeAOBeQeCKO-
ro nopOKa, C rroMorn.blO KOToporo COBeprnalOTC}l Ha 3eMAe H npeAa-
TeAhCTBa, 11 y6HHcTBa ("3arOBOp paBHOAYWHbIX" EPYHO 5!ceHcKoro), If
BbI3BaHHa K )l(H3HI1 3Maqel1 npOTI1BOCT05IHH5I cpalllH3MY, TOTaAl1Tap-
H01\lY HaCHAMIO HaA AHqHOCTblO, KOHcpOpMM3MY MdCCOBoro nCI1X03a.
CTpaXOM rrepeA BcerrOAaBMlIOlQeH MOrn;blO BAaCTH - MOTl1ll, CTOAh OT-
QeTAl1BO rrpOBeAeHHbU1: B "MaCTepe H MaprapHTe" EYAraKOBa (06pa3
nI1AaTa).
AOKTOp HOPAeH - Ha lfCTCKI1H <DaYCT, "apI1MCKI1H repOH" - pa-
OOTaeT HdA rrp0113BeAeHlleM cpaYCTnaTpOHa, He HaCAa./KAa51Ch HHQeM,
KpOMe cMeAoH HrpbI CBoero YMa, - M 3TI1M "Ab BoAH3yeTc5I", 5IBA5I
c060H rrpOAOA)KeHHe raAepeM AMTeparypHblx Tl1rrOB "caMOYAOBAeTBO-
p5lIOrn;I1XC5I" aHTH-<DaYCTOB: CaMrHH - <DaYCT BaAepM - AApI1aH J\e-
BepKIOH - XecpreH (CM. fAaBY III) H rrpeABocxHrn.a51 B03HI1KlIlYlO n03A-
Hee B IllpOBOM cpaycToBeAeHMH TpaKToBKY cTpacTH K Ha)'Ke KaK reAo-
HMCTI1QeCKOI111 3rOllCTMQeCK0I1 (T.e. ">KMBOTHOi1") no cYUJ;ecTBY.
B COOTBeTCTBHI1 C 06rn;I1M HarrpaBAeHl1eM ryMaHI1CTHQeCKOHl\lbIC-
AM XX B. CeAbBHHCKI1M rrepeHOCllT aK eHT C caMoro cpaKTa "CTpeMAe-
HH5I" (rrOHCKa HeYAoBAeTBopeHHOH MbICAI1) Ha 4eAb 11 xapaKTep 3Toro
CTpeMAeHH5I, Hl\leHHO B HI1X YCMaTpI1Ba KpI1TepHM AJ\5I orrpaBAaHH
I1All OCY)KAeHl15I llCKdTeMI.
KorAa HOPAeH rOBopHT 0 ce6e: .. ... 51 Y)I(e M COBceM <DaYCT, H60
TpareAM5I <DaYCTa - B ero neQHOI1 HeYAOBAeTBopeHHOCTI1 HaCT051-
rn;MM!", - eMY peWHTCJ\bIIO B03pa)l(aeT Pyrrop aBTopCKllX HAeH, He-
MeIJ;KMH KOMMYI-II1CT BepHep: "He corAaceH! ... TpareAH5I <DaycTa - B
Om (])aYClna Pa3YMa 1\ (/)aycmy Cepgu.a
125
( ro OTOpBaHHOCTI1 OT HapOAa. 06IJJ;eCTBeHHaH rrp11pOAa HaYK11 CTOAK-
IiYAaCb C HHAI1BI1AYaAHCTlll-IeCKJ1l\I XapaKTepOM yqeHOrO. j'cDaycT" -
:)TO TpareAI15I 0AI1HOQeCTBa, 1160 repo:H ero TBOpHA gAR HapOAd. A HaAo
ObI - Blytecme C HapoAoM" (564).
Dpn Bceii HaHBHOM npHMOAl1HeHHOCTI1 rrocAeAHero yrBep;KAeIIJ1H
OqeBHAHO, QTO np06AeMa "HeAlO6BI1" K APyrOMY, 3r0l13Ma I1 paBHOAY-
UH15i, nOACeKalOW;l1X Aep3HoBeHHbIM nOAeT MhICAl1 H AeHCTBM5I <DaycTa
13 KYAbrypHOM C03HaHMI1 XX B., Y l1Abl1 CCAbBI1HCKOrO HaXOAI1T CBoe
perneHI1C He B I1HAI1BI1AYaAbHOM HpaBCTBeHHO!\-I COBepweHCTBOBaHl1I1,
He BO B3pa HBaHl1I1 B ce6e carvloM A06pOTbl 11 rrOHl1MaHH,J (3!VIIlaT11H),
HO B YCTaHOBAeHl111 onpeAeAcHHbIX B3aHl\10YBa.IKHTeAbHblx J1 nap.l1TeT-
HhIX C0D.I1aAbHhIX CBH3eH. MeJKAY AHQHOCTbIO (B TOM "l{l1CAe BbIAalOJ ei1-
CH) J1 TeMI1, KTO ee OKpY>KaeT. 3Aecb HeAb3H He YBHAeTb 6AM30CTl1 co-
Bpe!\-feHHoro aBTopa K CO l1dAhHO-3TI1tJeCKHM I1CKaHI1HM caMoro 3pe-
Aoro I1 II03AHerO feTe (pOMaHbI 0 BHAbreALlVle I\IleHcTepe, 3aKAlOYH-
TeAbHble cu;eHhI "<DaycTa" 11 Aa)Ke j'113611paTeAbHoe CpOACTBO"3).
npHHIJ;l1l1l1aAhHO Ba>KHbIM 5lBAHeTC5I 11 TO, tJTO CeAbBHHCKMI1 He
CB5I3bIBaeT QeAOBeqHOCTb C OTKa30M OT HayqHoro nOI1CKa 11 rrorrhITOK
113MeH11Th MHp AeHCTBHeM (TPYAOi\I), QTO TO.IKe, 6e3YCAOBHO, Ae.IKI1T B
pYCAe reTeBCKl1X rrpeACTaBAeHI1M 0 He06xOAI1MOH npOAYKTHllHOCTI1
qeAOBeKa KaK Ha1160Aee i1AeKBaTHOM Bblpa>KeHl1H 11 onpaBAaHI1l1 ero
6hITI15I.
KOHu;errIJ;l1lO cBoe06pa3Horo 3Tl1QeCKOrO HeonpOCBeTI1Te./\.bCTBa
CeAbBI1HCKOrO, KaK 6bI rrpMMMp51IOm;yro PYCCOHCTCKyIO H BOAbTepOB-
CKYIO AHHHI1 rrocpeACTBOlVl YCTaHOBJ\.eHH5I "npaBI1AbHbIX" CO HaAbHbIX
CBH3eH 11 CH5IT1151, TaKl1M 06pa30M, orraCHOH np06AeMbl rOPAhIHl1 carvlo-
HdAeHHHOro M caM03aMKHyroro pd3YMa rryrervl nOCTOHHHOI1: ero KOp-
peKTl1pOBKH Qepe3 06m;eHJ1e 11 C0l13MepeHI1e C "APyrHMJ1" I rrOMep)KH-
BaeT I1 060CTp5IeT cnop 0 Eore OTKpbITO BBeAeHHhII1 aBTopOlVl B TeKCT
CBoero np0I13BeAeHI1H, rrOCTpoeHHoro rro npI1HIJ;Hrry AHcrryra, rAe ap-
v
ryMeHToM CJ\.Y)!(J1T He CIO)KeTHbIH rrOBopOT, He CI1TyaU;I15I, HO yoe d-
IO ee CJ\.OBO.
HaQI1HaeT 3TOT cnop CBOI1MI1 pa3MhIIIIAeHH51Ml1 0 BcellbIWHCM KaK
He06xOAJ1MOM TotJKe OTCtJeTa A06pa H 3J\.a AMI nOrp5I3lIlerO B rpexax
tJeAOBetJeCTBa OAHa 113 rrOAO)KHTeAbHbIX repOI1Hb rrbeCbI, CBeTAa}J M '-I11-
CTa5I AyrnolO AenyuIKa BaAeCKa, pecpAeKTHPYIOrn;a5I rpeTxen Ha I1CT-
CKOH 3nOXl1, )KepTBOH KOTOpOM OHa ce65I oW;YI.IJ;aeT ("BeAh 51 IIoA06Ha
rroAeBoH nbIAHHKe, nonaBlIleH nOA rAyxoe KOJ\.eco", 631) I1 rrOCT05IHHO
IJ;I1THPYIO a.H reTeBcKYIO repOI1HlO. 03a60tJeHHaH HpaBcTBeHHhIM pe-
JUlTl1B113MOM 11 nparMaTl1tJecKHM IJ;I1HI13MOM CBoero CAHlllKOM "l.\HBl1-
AM30BaHHoro", TeXHOKpaTHQeCKOrO BeKa, BaAeCKa ceryeT:
B BblcllleH ccpepe
HIiKTO He B:HAI1T Dora. KTO BI1HOH?
Mlip nOYMHeA!
11 Bce )Ke HaAO CHOBa
126
f}\QBQ VI
Vl306peCTH MepHAa npaBoTbI,
KpMTep1111 AMI Ao6poro J1 3Aoro ...
Ho KaK )Ke 3TO 6e3 HAeM Bora?
o rOcnoAH ... TbI AOJDKeH 6bITb! TbI eCTb! (640)
Ho Ha Tpe60BaTeAbHbIH 11 cTpacTHbIH rrpH3bIB HaHBHoH BepbI
OTBeqalOT cpa3Y TPI1 OTpe3BJUIIOID.MX rOAoca, TpoeKpaTHo orrpoBep-
ralOIIJ;I1X HaAe;KAY Ha TpaHCn;eHAeHTHocTL 3THQeCKOrO a6coAlOTa.
Bo-nepBblX, 31'0 rOAOC caIVIoro Eora, pa3'b5ICHHIOIIJ;HH CBbIIlle ("H3
KpeCAa", no peMapKe aBTopa), qTO ero BbICOKoe :HM.H - CKopee fjpe-
l\feCAO". (HHa Py6e>Ke 3IIOX 06bl'IHO Tpe6YlOT H Moero yqacTb5I",
641), 'ITO npH TenepeillHeM Hpa3Maxe 3HaHb.H" OH Y)Ke lIe l\10)KeT
CPYHKIJ;HOHl1pOBaTb IIAOMOBbIM B cTapyme'IbeM C03HaHbe", 11 B Ayxe
paAHKaAbHOH pa HOHaAHCTHQeCKI1-rrpOCBeTHTeAbCKOH KPHTHKH
pa3BeH"tI:HBaeT caMYIO I1AelO C03AaTeJUI, HaXOAH B nocAeAHeM .lU1J1Ib
KOHn;eHTpaIJ;HIO 'IeAOBeqeCKHX rropOKOB (11: 3THM OTO)KAeCTBA5I.H ce-
6.H C Ab.HBOAOM):
... BhI TBOpl1AH bora
no cBoeMY nOA061110. Ho BbI
He 06AaAaAH npehecTblO, YBbI:
"nOA06be" OTpa3HAO Hac fAy60KO,
VI C03AaHHbIH ypOA aMH KYMHP
YpOAOBaA 11 BaUl AYXOBHbIJ1 MHp.
fOIIHTep CBeA ero K COJ\AaTCKI1M ApaKaM.
Ao TeMHOH CTpaCTH HH3BeAa TaHHT.
Y I1YAeeB OH Tep3aeT CTpaXOM,
Y Xpl1CTHaH CTPdAaHMeM TOMHT,
VI TOAbKO COBpeMeHHaJI 3I10Xa
rhaCHT CKB03b 6peA 3BCpelOlll.HX COJ\AaT:
113p5I HalllHnpeAKH C03AaBaAH Bora -
TYT lJeAOBeKa HaAO 6bI c03AaTb!
HCaMoKpMTHKY" Bora rrOMepJKHBaeT MaTh BaAeCKH, OTBepralO-
rn.a.H (He 6e3 BAJ1.HHH.H aKryaAbHOrO 110JlliTl1QeCKOrO OIIbITa) B HAee Bce-
BbIIllHero IITOTaAliTapHOe" Ha'IaJ\O, napaJ\.M3yK>lQee CB060AHbIH Bbl60p
Qe.l\OBeKa:
TbI qHCTO nO-AeTCKH HCKaAa Bora,
Ho nOH5Iha, 1..ITO H OH KYMHP,
A MbI KYMHPOB BHAeMi MHoro... (57l)
3aKAlO'IJ1TeAbHOe JKe perneHHe 110 np06.l\eMe "noTycTopOHHOCTI1"
A06pa H 3Aa BbIHOCHT lJeCTHbIH 11 KaTerOpHQHbIH BepHep: "BbI XOTHTe
C03AaTb Bora 113 TOM enoTKH MMCTH'IeCKOH 30.l\hI, KOTOpa.H Oce.l\a Ha
AHe Ha)'KH? HapOA - 31'0 11 eCTh cOBecTL, 3TO HMeHHO Ta cHAa, KOTO-
pa.H KapaeT 3AO H B03BeAI1l{HBaeT A06po, 3TO I1Ae.H BblcllleH CnpaBeMH-
BOCTH, QI1CTeMilleH npancTBeHHocTH 11: COBepmeHHoro ryMaHH3Ma"
(627 - 628).
Om (])aycma Pa3YMa K (])aYCD1Y Cepgu,a
127
B AaAbHeHlIIeM 060)KeCTBAeHI1I1 nOHHTH5I jHapoA" (BeCbl\-la XapaK-
TepHOM AMI COBeTCKOrO MeHTa..lU1TeTa - peJJ;I1AI1Ba HHapOAOrrOKAOH-
lII-fqeCTBa" pOCCHMCKOH MHTeAMIreHU;HH BTOp011 IIOAOBHHbI II03anpO-
JI1AOrO BeKa) BepHep BbIABHraeT "naHrronYAMCTCK)'lO" KOHu;enIJ;I1IO 6bI-
TI1H: IIHapOA - 3TO AB:HJKeHl1e" f IInpou;ecc", IIOAYXOTBopeHHaH CTHX11H
3eMAM, CrrOC06HaJI OCMbICAHTb 11 rrOA"llHH:HTb ce6e He TOAbKO Bee APY-
r:He HBAeH:HSI 3eMHoro mapa, HO 11 3aKOHbI CBoero c06CTBeHHoro pa3-
BHTHH" (627 - 628). B rrOMepJKKY TaKOI1 OHTOAorWM (uMeHHo AIOAI1, B
cBoeM COBOKYIIHOCTH o6pa3Y51 HeKoe HOBoe KaqeCTBO, crroc06HbI pa-
110HaAbHO, BHe MI1CTWQeCKOM BOAM Bora, KaK H nOMex Ab5IBOAa, opra-
HI130BaTb CBOIO CYAb6y, 3THM :H c03AaBaH XOA HCTOpMI1 - 11 TaKa51 op-
raHM3aU;I1S1 CYAb6bI B03MO>KHa AMlllb KaK pe3YAbTaT COBI\leCTHOH, co-
rrpHJKeHHOM co MHOf:HMH MHTepeCaMI1 QeAOBeqeCKOH aKIJ;Wetl) CCAb-
BHHCKHM npHBOAI1T 3nMrpacpoM K 5-11 KapTHHe cAeAyrorn;I1e CAOBa ne-
AHKoro n03Ta 113 ero HPa3rOBopOB C 3KKepMaHOM": "4TO TaKoe B HilIIIH
AHI1 CYAb6a? DOAMTHKa - BOT eYAb6a!".
DpeACTaBl1TeAH JKe IITeMHoro" MHpa B ApaMe CeAbBI1HCKOrO rro-
KAOHHIOTCH KaK Bory Ii 3AeKTpOHY", H 3THM KaK pa3 npOTHBOCTOHT HC-
TMHHOI1 Ha)'Ke, TaK KaK B11MIT B TOp)KeCTBe II 3AeKTpOHa" AOKa3aTeAb-
CTBO BceCMAMH lirrpeAonpeAeAeHHH", cpaTaAbHOM rrpeAHa"llepTaHHOC-
TW qeAOBeqeCKOH. IOAOAH H u;apH ero B 3eMHOM MHpe 3Aa, He n03B0A51-
lOr..u;ero IIKOAMqeCTBY" "lleAOBeqeCKOrO 3HaHHH rrepeI1TI1 B HKaqeCTBO"
YCOBepllIeHCTBOBaHHoro C rrOMO blO pa3YMa 6bITI1H. 3aKOHOl\lepHO
n03TOMY Y CeAhBI1HCKOrO OTo eCTBAeHI1e TaKoro pa6CKI1-"3AeK-
TpOHHoro" f 6e3AYXOBHO-TeXHOKpaTHQeCKOrO C03HaHI15I C TpaAHU;I10H-
HbIM KAepHKaAbHbIM 06CKypaHTM3MOM, OITI1paIOJ.IJ.I1MC5I Ha II "llYAO, TaH-
HY :H aBTOpI1TeT", rrpOB03rAaIllaIO HM rrpHHIJ;I1IIMaAbHyro HeI13MeH-
HOCTb, IICTaTHqHOCTb" Mwpa (HMeHHO -qero He >KeAaA KaK qeJ\OBeqeC-
KOM " CIIH "llKH" reTeBCKI1M focrrOAb) 11 YCMaTpMBalOrn;HM B qeAOBeKe
rrpeJKAe Bcero rpeXOBHoe Ha"llaAO, rrOMeJKarn;ee rrOAaBAeHI1IO. He CAY-
qaMHO rr03ToMY B ApaMe CeAbBHHCKOro 3cecoBcKHM reHepaA rpact> Eo-
AO OKa3aACH no COBMeCT:HTeAbCTBY He TOAhKO AbSlBOAOM, HO M OCBeH-
IJ;HMCKMM CBH eHHHKOM.
CJ\OBHO B OTBeT Ha OTtIeTAMBO 3Byqarn;He B AMTepaTYPe IIOCAeBO-
eHHbIX AeT npH3hIBbI 6pOCl1Tb 3aH5ITMH HaYKOH Boo6rn;e, y60HBI.1ll1Cb
rrocAeACTBMH rrOAeTa BcecoKpyrnaIO eH MbICAM, CeAhBHHCKI1H, C Tie-
TOM IIMCTOpHqeCKOrO OnTHMI13Ma" COBeTCKoro l\leHTaAMTeTa, cpOPMY-
AMPyeT KOHu;enU;:HIO IABYX" HaYK. HaYKI1 KaK CTpeMAeHMH rr03HaTb MI1-
p03AaHl1e C u;eAhIO 06AerqeHM5I H YA llIeHHH "lleAOBeQeCKOI1 aCTH -
11 HaYKM KaK caMou;eHHoro .. 3AeKTpOHa" , 6e3pa3J\l1"llHOrO K ccpepe CBO-
ero rrpWMeHeHMH (/lA;\5I Bac HaYKa cy ecTByeT BHe qeAOBe"lleCTBa 11 ero
CTpaAaHHH, - rOBopHT BepHep HOPAeH)r. - 3TO IIO"llTM 3CTeTl1qeCKaH
KaTerOpI1H") H rrOTOMY AerKO HAyr..u;ei1: CAY)KI1Tb 3AY (KOTopoe AJ\5I CeAb-
BMHCKoro He TOAhKO caM MeQJHCTocpeAb, HO M Eor - TOT J\OJKHbIH KY-
MMP, KOTOpbIH aKKYMYAHpyeT Ii KOHcepBMpyeT AIOACKI1e nopOKM, rrpw-
128
fAQBQ VI
AaBa51 MM cTaryc 60:iKeCTBeHHOCTH H HeM3MeHHOCT11. Eor, TO>KAeCT-
BeHHbIH Ah5IBOAY B CBoeM HeBep11H B 6Aaryro OCHOBY 11 BbICOKoe npeA-
Ha3HaqeHHe qeAOBeqeCKOrO cyru;eCTBa).
HaYKa "no TY CTOPOHY Ao6pa H 3Aa", OHa >Ke HeH36e>KHO - "3J\.a5l"
HayKa, no CeJ\.1>BHHCKOMY, He HMeeT npaBa Ha CYIJ..J;eCTBOBaHHe. Dpo-
cpeccop HOPAeH He OTKAHKaeTC5I Ha npH3bIB BepHepa: H<DaYCT!" IIHa-
POA!" II TPYA! ", Hero nanK11 C pa3pa6oTKaMM aTOMHOH 60M6bI J\.eT T B
KaMHH. A nanKH C qepTe)KaMH H paCQeTaM11 MHpHoro aTOMa, AoceJ\.e
np5ITaBllIHeC5I B ceMcpax, BepHep nepeAacT J\.MKyro eMY HapoAY. TaK
qeTKO H A03YHroBo-oAH03HaQHO npHCOeAHH5IeTC5I CeAbBHHCKHH K re-
TeBcKo-npocBeTMTeJ\.bCKOH KOHIJ;enIJ;MJ1 3HaHH5I He KaK cnoc06a yxoAa
OT )KH3HH (cpeAHeBeKoBbIM, " 3acToMHbIH" MJ\.H pa3PYllIHTeJ\.hHbIM, B
KOHe1JHOM HTore - HenpOAYKTHBHbIM npMHIJ;Hn), a KClK nyrH HaXO;KAe-
HH5I B HeM HCTHHhI "Bblcillero M11ra", KOTOpa5I eCTh 06IJ..J;eCTBeHHO 3Ha-
1JMMOe (H nOToMY npOAYKTHBHoe) Ae5lHHe.
TaK CHOBa npOKJ\.aMHpyeTC5I - nOCAe M5IrKOrO OTKAOHeHH5I EYMa-
KOBa H npM3bIBa K "OnpOIJ..J;eHHIO" AAelllHHa - nyrb Aep3aHH5I KaK
eAHHCTBeHHO AOCTOMHbIH MJl "4:eAOBeKa cnoco6 cym;ecTBOBaHH5I:
ThI AOA/KeH AI160 )l(H3HHIO 3eMHOlO (3AeCh) -
)KH3HblO "paCT11TeAbHOH", 06bIAeHHOH. - r.JI.)
AOBOJ\eH 6hITb Ii rJ\yno >KI1Th, KaK CKOT,
VlJ\R nOAH5ITbC5I rOPAOlO AYlliOlO,
f10H}[B, qTO K npaBAe Aep30CTb J\Hlllh BeAeT... (670).
TaKHMH BnOAHe reTeBcKMMH, XOTh M B35ITbIM11 H3 "<DaycTa" HH-
KOAayca AeHay CAOBaMM, nOCTaBAeHHbIMM 3nHrpacpoM K 3aKAlOtI11-
TeAbHO:H KapTHHe ApaMbI, CeAbBHHCKHH npOK.l\.aM11pyeT C0103 "Ayxa"
M uAeHcTBH5I", Heo6xoAMMO CB5I3aHHbIX C aAbTPYHcT111JeCKOH HAeeM
cAYJKeHH5I AIONlM, B03HHKaIOIJ..J;eH 3Aecb Y)Ke He KaK yron11 nAH 3M-
cpopHqeCKOe BHAeHMe, nOAo6HO TOMY, KaK 3TO 6bIAO B 3aKAlOQHTeJ\.1>-
HhIX cu;eHax 3eMHoH )KH3HH <DaYCTa, HO KaK BnOJUIe peaAhHa5I B03-
MO)KHOCTb.
B03MO:iKHOCTh, OAHaKO, He peaAH3yeMa5I C aBTOfvlaTH"4:eCKOH 6e-
3YCAOBHOCTbIO B 3aBMCHMOCTH OT HaMepeH11H 6eCKopbICTHoro <!>ayc-
Ta, AeKCTBYIo erO B .l\.MTeparype XX B., KaK npaBHAO, B nanp}[)KeHHOM
nOAe peaAbHOH )KM3HM H KOHKpeTHbIX qeAOBeqeCKllX CTpaCTeH. C
TPYAHOCT5fMH nyTH B COBpeMeHHOM MHpe npeKpaCHOAyn1Horo <Dayc-
Ta-yt.IeHOrO (KaK 11 <DaYCTa-nponOBeAHHKa, <DaYCTa-XpHCTa) MbI
BCTpeqaeMC}1 B 6AH3KOH no >KaHpy npOH3BeAeHHIO CeAhBHHCKOro CPH-
AOCOcpCKO-CHMBOJ\.MtIeCKOM TpareAHH YKpaHHCKoro n11CaTeMl AAeK-
caHApa AeBCiAbI H<DaYCT H CMepTb" (1960)4. 3Aech - CTOJ\.1>)I(e 1JeTKoe
pacnpeAeAeHMe pOAeH H CTOAKHOBeHHe 11AeH, TOT :iKe COlO3 TeXHOKpa-
THtIeCKOrO 6e3AyIIlM5I 11 3rOHCTMtIeCKOrO 11HM3IVla C peAHrH03HhiM 06-
cKypaHTH3MoM, TO >Ke npOTHBOCTO}IHMe HppaqHOHaAbHOrO unpeAO-
npeAeJ\.eHM5I" , 6e3)KM3HCIIHoro 11 cpaTaAbHOrO "qHcAa" )l(11BOH AYllle
TllmYJl.bllLlU Jl.UCln neplJOrO u3gaHlui gpaMhl A.B. J\ YHG40pCKOTO II CDaycnl
u Topogll. /VI., 1918. j\yqO)KIHIK He YK0301l
:- - .....;;:. . -.::..., -' - - - :' - --
-- -... :: - - -:> :::.-:-
..-;' 7 " '" .... " \ - """"" .... 1!" ,
....., "" . :--.. ....:..: .- - .:-""III _
, .hF ...' ..... "-=- ., -
:. ' f / ' - .... -:- .
. . ?" ,\. t' . - = ((f_" '/
... - .It \ . , J
r" ....... " ,. , :---..
: . - .: :j, )' ., -
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.... /,/., '. . -"' .".,/ ) . -" " '
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f / - ,J. /J / -
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= II "l1t". \. 'lIfA' . \-. ... . .-'
ft "II( \ I,,,i h I, \, ' i,\ ;.\\
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\\\ \, : :, ..:G f ," .,,/1.;- \
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3. EOp/l0X. FpCLBIOpO K II BOJ1.bnyprueBoLI HOLf u If U3 I-tl l/.OClnU fl1pCLregu u
11.8. renle "(/)aycln". 1922-1923 rr.
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i
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w",:,._ " - . . _____ _ ... -<.. "_...._.- I ,. _
,-, . -- ....---------. -.. - -'"-----
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H.B. Feme (1-$1. llacInb). BeiiMap, HeMe4Kuii Ha4UOHaAbHbZii meamp. 2001 r.
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129
6hITIDI H HayqHOMY nOHCKY, }Ka.JKAym;eMY npeOAOAeTb cpaTaAbHOCTb, a
3aOAHO H He AHIlleHHOe nOAeMHtlHOCTH no OTHomeHHIO K feTe npoTH-
BOnOCTaBAeHHe TaAaHTa KaK "CBeTAoro" Ha"tlaAa 6e3AapHOCTH, CBH3aH-
HOH C AeMOHHtleCKHM.
OAHaKO TpareAIDI J\eBa.AhI, TaK )Ke, KaK H ApaMa CeAbBHHCKOro,
BnHTaBIllaH B ce6H "tlepThI COBpeMeHHOH "ApaMhI HAeH", 3CTeTHKH 3KC-
rrpeCCHOHH3Ma H HeOKAaCCH H3Ma, OTtleTAHBO THrOTeeT CBOHMH AHThI-
MH "OAWIeCKHMH" CTpocpaMH, 06pa3aMH-CHMBOAaMH, pOMaHTHQeC-
KHMH aJV\.eropHRMH K CHMBOAH3MY BTOpOH "tlaCTH reTeBCKOrO "<I>ayc-
Ta" H e e B 60AbIlleH Mepe npeTeHAyeT Ha HeKyID Bceo6 HOCTh CBO-
HX nepCOHaJKeH H H3BeQHOCTb CTO.J\..KHYBIlleH HX CHTY HH - npH
BceH HeconOCTaBHMOCTH H XYAOJKeCTBeHHOH 3HaQHMOCTH H 60raTCTBa
cneKTpa HAeH TpareAHH YKpaHHCKOrO APaMaTYPra H "<I>aYCTa" feTe.
nOAo6HO TOMY, KaK re-reBCKHH "<I>aYCT" Ha"tlHHaeTCR C pa3MhIIII.J\.e-
HHH 0 npOJKHTOH JKH3HH, 0 "KHHJKHOH" MYAPOCTH H 0 CMhICAe JKH3HH,
06pa aRCb npH 3TOM K EH6J\.HH, HOBhIH <I>aYCT J\eBa.AhI, MOAOAOH yqe-
HhIH-aCTpocpH3HK .HpOCAaB COOTHOCHT CBOH MhICAH, COMHeHHH H Ha-
AeJKN:jI C nOpTpeTaMH-CHMBOAaMH BeAHKHX yqeHhIX-ryMaHHCTOB, no-
AaraR ce6H npHMhIM HaCAeAHHKOM K. QHOAKOBCKOro, A. 3HHmTeHHa,
MapHH CKAOAOBCKOH-KropH, VlpeH H <I>peAepHKa >KOAHO-KlOpH H Ha-
XONI B HX BhICOKOM Ayxe H 06pa3e AMI nOAPaJKaHHH, H He3pHMhIX
rrpOBOJKaThIX no TPYAHhIM AoporaM )l{H3HH. .HPOCAaB, KaK H AHpHtlec-
KHH repOH APaMhI CeAbBHHCKOro, BAOXHOBJ\.ReTCH c eHaMH H3 reTeB-
CKoro "<I>aYCTa" - HO, ChIH 3nOXH, YJKe nO"tlTH paCCTaBmeHCH C TeMa-
MH "paCIIJ\.aThI C npOIIIAbIM", AHCPcpepeH Ha HH "N3YX HeMe KHX
KYAbTYP" H T.n. H nOCTapaBmeHCH 3a6hITb Ha HCTCKoro <I>aYCTa, OH
BHAHT B reTeBCKOM o6pa3e He 06'beKT KPHTHKH, crropa H rrepeOCMhIC-
AeHIDI, HO anOAornlO Toro CaMoro a.J\.hTPYHCTH"tleCKOrO Aep3aHIDI, KO-
Topoe H OH nOCTaBHJ\. AMI ce6H eAbIO H K KOTOpOH CTpeMHJ\.HCb ero Be-
AHKHe npeAllIeCTBeHHHKH:
HeT, BbI He AMI a6CTpaK HH JKHAIi,
A np06HBaAH nyrb H3 TbMbI.
BbI qeAOBeqeCTBY CAYJKHAIi
VI 6bIAH AO KOH a AIOAbMH (206).
np06AeMa CQXpaHeHHR "tleAOBe"tleCKOrO B yqeHoM, He OTKa3bIBa-
lO eMCH OT Aep3aHIDI, KOTopoe co BpeMeH BhICOKoro CpeAHeBeKO-
BbR, B03pOJKAeHHH H npOCBe eHHH paCCMaTpHBaAaCb rrpeJKAe Bcero
KaK npo6AeMa B3aHMOOTHOIlleHHR "tleAOBeKa Hero co6CTBeHHOH
CYAb6hI, BCTaAa Tenepb KaK npo6AeMa B3aHMOOTHOIlleHHR yqeHoro H
06 eCTBa, OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH He TOAbKO nepeA C060H H EorOM, HO H
rrepeA BceM QeAOBe"tleCTBOM. VIMeHHo 3Ta npo6AeMa, Ha KOTOpyro B
HTore BhImeA H <I>aYCT feTe H KOTOpyro co BceH 6e3hICKYCHOH npRMo-
llliHeHHOCTblO 06HaJKHl\. CeAbBHHCKHH, CTaHOBHTCR OCHOBHOH B npo-
H3BeAeHHH J\eBClAhI.
130
rAQBQ VI
He cAyqaHHo CTaH 6.1\.arOpOAHhIX cpM3l1KOB B TpareAl111 YKpaI1H-
CKoro Apa!\-larypra CI1!\IBO.1\.l'P-IeCK11 nOMep)KaH TOM. "BeTKoH CHpe-
HI1", 0 Heo6xOAMMOCTM rrpl1cyrcTBI15I KOTOpOH B KOCMoce KaK 3HaKe
qeAOBeqeCKOrO TenAd, "qYBCTBa", "OAYXOTBOp5l1Orn;ero" TO"'llHYIO Ha-
YKY, TaK MHoro rOBOpMAll B rneCTI1AeC5ITble rOAbI. OAHIJ;eTBOpeH11eM
3TOM "BeTK11" B nhece BblcrynaIOT 6.1\.I1)KaHIIIl1e cnyrHI1IJ;bI )K113HM
5IpOC.1\.aBa M ero M.1\.(lAIIIerO 6paTd (nOTeHIJ;l1aAbHOrO npeeMHMKa
rAaBHoro rep05l), CTO.1\.b)Ke npeKpaCHoro AYIII010 1OHoro cpH3HKa Po-
MdHa. )KeHa 5IpOC.i\aBa XYA0)l(HI1U.a - rrOKJ\.OHHI1I a dBaHrapAMCT-
CKoro I1CKYCCTBa KaK Bblpa>KeHH5I HOHKOHcpopMl13Ma, HeopTOAOK-
Ca.1\.hHOCTH, TBOpqeCKOrO I10I1CKa, BbI3BaHHoro HOBbIMI1 rrp06.1\.eMa-
MM naY'"!HO-TeXHI1QeCKOrO OCBOeHI151 Ml1pa, "'liTO 6hI.i\0 Bo06rn;e CBOM.-
CTBeHHO TpaKTOBKe MOAepHI1CTCKOro I1CKYCCTBa COBeTCKOH rrOCAe-
BoeHHoH I1HTeAAl1renIJ;MeM; HeBeCTa POMaHd - nI1aHI1CTKa-KoHcep-
BaTopKa.
Ml1p >Ke 3.i\a B 1'pareAl111 J\eBaAhI - 31'0 He "CeHTI1MeHTaAbHhIM
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Aat.J:alOrn;I1M "rrAOXI1X" AIOAeM, 11 He reTeBCKI1H Mecp11CTocpeAh, He Bep5l-
I.IJ;I1M B qeJ\.OBeKa, HO rOTOBbIH AOKa3aTb CBoe y6e/KAeHI1e B qeCTHOM
cnope, "TBOp51 A06po" Aa)Ke TorAa, KorAa )KeAaJ\. 3Aa, 11 He COBeCTllli-
BhIH: repOl! nheChI AAellII1Ha, H Aa)Ke He OTKphITbIH Bpar-y6I1Hu;a Apa-
MhI CeAhBI1HCKoro. nepeA HaMH 3AO 06bIAeHHoe, nOBceAHeBHoe 3.1\.0
U;I1HI1"'l1HOrO 3rOH3Ma H ce651JU0611BOrO KaphepH3Ma, 3AO 6e3)KaAOCTHO-
ro 6e3pa3AMt.J:H5I K OKpY)KalOrn;eMY Ii rOTOBHOCTI1 A106011: QeHOI1: AO-
6I1TbC5.I co6CTBeHHOI'0 ycrrexa, "3AO" 3eMHhIX IIOpOKOB 06pa3 a roph-
KOBCKoro "Cepororr, 6YJ\.raKOBCKoro TIHAaTa, Ab5lBOAa BaJ\.ep11, "Me-
cpHCTocpeMI" KAayca MaHHa. Ero HOC11Te.l\.H - HH)KeHep-KI16epHeTI1K
BaAliM, HeqTO BpoAe AOKTopa HOPAeHa MI1pHOrO BpeMeHH, TOAbKO 6e3
I1CKAlOQI1TeJ\.bHOCTH CBOMX HayqHhlx ycnexoB 11 COOTBeTCTBeHHO 6e3
BhICOK11X npeTeH3HI1: Ha pOJ\.b CDaYCTa; 3aTeM - c03AaHHoe BaA11MOM
Kl16epHeTH"'lIeCKOe qYAOBMrn;e MexaHTporr, OH )Ke CaTaHa, H 6paT Ba-
A11Ma - AI1QeMepHhII1:, )KeCTOKI1M 11 BAaCTHhIH MOHax, ClIMB01\. KAepH-
KaAbHorO MpaK06eCH5I.
J3aAHM CTpa,AaeT CaAbepMeBCKHl\1 KOMrrJ\eKCOM 3aBHCTl1 K TaAaHT-
.1\.HBOMY 11 YAaQAMBolVlY 5IpOC.i\aBY. npM 3TOl\1 OH, nOA06HO repoID
cpeAHeBeKOBOH AereHAhI 0 rOAeMe I1AI1 "<DpaHKeHllITeHHa" M3pl1
WeJV\.l1, rrorraAaeT IIOA B.1\.aCTh C03AaHHoro 11M caMHM MexaHTpona-
CaTaHhI, Koero OH COTBOpI1.i\ 6e3AYXOBHbIM, "QI1CTbIlVI" I1HTeAAeKTOM.
3AeCh HHTepeClfhl, C OAHOll CTOpOHbI, YCH.i\MBalOrn;d5lC5I TeHAeHLT.MH K
ceKYlVlpH3aU;l1I1 3Aa, KOTopoe He TOJ\.bKO cyru;eCTByeT PHAOM C qe.1\.O-
BeKOM, HO 11 c03AaHO 11M Cal\1HIVl, a c APyroH CTOpOHbI, pa3BHTHe 060-
3HaQeHHOH eJT e BaJ\epl1 MhICJ\H 0 TOM, 'ITO HaYKa He TOX<AeCTBeIIHa
MeXaHMGeCKOl\1Y 3HaHHlO 11 l\IO>KPT 6hITh Aa)l(e rrpOTI1ROrrOAO./KHOH
eMY: KaK paIJ;110HaAbHOe, CTfH'MHlqeeC5I K C03AaHl1JO CliCTeMhI np11-
QHHHO-CJ\.eACTBeHHhIX CB51JPi'l IldlidAO - HppaU;J10HaAbHOMY MHpO-
Om <Paycma P03YMa K ctJaycmy Cepgu.a
131
npeACTaBJ\eHI1IO, paCCMaTpHBaIOIJ..J;eMY Ka)KAbIH cpparI\leHT 6bITI15I
Oe30THOCHTeAbHO K ApyrOMY. 3TO - HOBOe ITO CpaBHeI-IHlO C reTeB-
CKMM ITOH.l11\-laHlfe 1J3HaHI15I" , 3aqaTKH KOTOpOrO MO>KlfO YBHAeTb,
npaBAa, B cpl1rype BarHepa - cpHrypbI, KaK If BCe B JI<DaYCTe" feTe,
MHor03Ha4HOH (He TOAbKO Cl1MBOA cpHAMCTepa HAH CXOAaCTa, HO J1
II Ka6HHeTHoro", "Y3Koro" r lI<pparMeHTapHoro" 11 nOTOMY ueupOAYK-
TI1BHOrO 3IIaHH5I). CHMfITOMaTI1l.IHO, 1.JTO HMeHHO BaI'HCPY, a lIC <:Day-
CTY YAaeTC5f AOCTHqb BbICOT IJTeXHl1l..!eCKOI'O" OB.l\.aAeHl151 Ta lHal\ll1
llpHpOAbI - c03AaTb rOMYHKYAyca. OAHaKO nAOA ero II YI1C l'oro", He
OAYXOTBopeHHoro BblCOKOM u;eAblO r IITeXHOKpaTH1.JeCKOrO" 3IIa111151
OKa3aAC51 He)KH3HeCIloco6eH 11 6bICTpO rH6HeT - B COllpMKOCIIOB(\-
HHH C /KHBhIMI1 CTHXH}!MH 6bITI15I.
ECAJ1 5IpocAaB y6e)KAeH B TOM r qTO B MHpe I apHT CTpOl'HH lIOP}I-
AOK, qTO BceAeUHa}l "OAyweBAeHa" BhICOKOH rap OHHeH Ao6pa, 1\0-
CTH>KHtvlOH M5I \.leAOBeKa - MbICAb B onpeAeAeHHOivl Cl\IbICAe peAJ1 I'M-
03Ha5I r HO B nOHHMaHHI1 5IpocAaBa, rep051- r 'npOTarOHHCTa,r TpareAHH
AeBdAbI, aHTponou;eHTpHCTCKa5I, - TO U;HHHK-peMITHBl1CT MeXdHT-
pOll (CaTaHd) npOB03fAalllaeT:
MHe 4Y)KAO 111\o6po 11 3AO.
HClA HaMJ1 Be4HOCTH Kpbl.l\.O,
VI 3.1\.eKTpOHbI, H cpO'fOHbI,
TepMOAl1HaMl1KH 3dKOHbI,
A HdAO BceM Qapl1T 411c.I\.o (195).
Ero c03AaTeAb H pa6 BMHM r cpaKTHqeCKH OTKa3bIBa5ICb r KaK H
HOPAen CeAbBMHcKoro, OT reTeBCKOM HAel1 npoAYMaHHocTH 11 I13Ha-
1.JaAbHOH 6AaroH opl1eHTHpoBaHHocTH Mnp03AaHH5I, TaK)Ke oTBepraeT
IIallliYHe B l\IHpe Eora KaK rapaHTa 3aKoHoMepHocTH, cnpaBeMHBocTVI
II pa3Yl\IHOCTH 6bITH51:
B HaUl BeK K116epHeTH4eCKI1X CBepIUeHJ1:H
VlCKYCHeH Eora Ka>KAbIH J1H)KeHep...( 196).
B YHI1COH C HHMH MOHax - CI1l\'IBOA HeHaBHCTH K qeAOBelJ('CK()-
MY CTpeMAeHlfIO OBAdAeTb 6bITHeM qepe3 II03Hal-IHe eI'O 11 C J'J'H [\J YT-
paTMTb a6COAIOTHYIO IIOKOpHOCTb TpaHcu;eHAeHTHOMY, II IlOTYCTO-
pOHHeMY", He nOMe>Kam;eMY 5fKo6bI OC!\1bICAeHHIO, HO AHlllb lIepac-
CYJKAalOw;eM Bepe - B11AHT B HCTOqHHKe MHp03AaHH5f TaK>Ke He
HpaBCTBeHHbIH A6cOAIOT, HO A11lllb tvIO b OCBo6o./KAeHHOrO aTOMa
l "3HeprH51! B HeM - aAbcpa 11 OMera. 3HeprH5I! BOT 6bITH51 3aKoH",
223). Ilo3ToMY cAY.lKHTeAh IIoAo6Horo AeMHypra (t.Ib5f 6e30THocM-
TeAhHa5I K Ao6py H 3AY BOA51 np05IBMleTC51 .l\.HWb B BbIllleynOl\tl5IHY-
TOM 113HeprHll") HaxoA11T co6paTa B MexaHTpOIIe-CaTaHe, B KOTO-
pOM M5I Hero Ba)KeH He 3TI1\.leCKHH 3HaK " nOAO )KHTeAbHOCTH" 11AH
"OTpMI.J;aTeAbHOCTH", HO 3HaK rocnOACTBa, HppaQHOHaAbHoro, nOA-
4I1H5IIOI..qerO ce6e BOAlO 3eMHhIX C03AaHHH (r ... HbIHe OH COlO3HlfK.
132
rAQBQ VI
Aa, 11MeHHO! COlO3HI1K BepIlblM. MOM. He CTpawelI qepT. HeBepbe B
"tJepTa cTpaIlIHo!", 214).
MOHax, qY*AbIM, TaKHM 06pa30M, >KeJ\aH1151 reTeBCKoro rOcnoAa
BHAeTb B JUOMlX c ecTBa Cal'vlOCTO.5lTeAhHble, pa3)'MHble 11 '16Ay alO-
w.11e" B rrOI1CKaX HCTHHbl11 3eMHoro CqaCTh.H, o6'beAHH5IeTC5I C MexaH-
TporroM-CaTaHoM, C OAHOM CTOpOHbI, H KaphepHCTOl'v1 BaAHMoM, C APY-
rOM, B KOBapHhlx 3aMhlCAax nory611Tb 51pocAaBa, OTrrpaBA5llOll erOC51 B
Aep3HoBeHHbIM KOCM11qeCK11M rrOAeT. CrrAeTaeTC5I 06LlqHa.H 3el'vllla51
KAeBeTa, ,-'\ypHO HanpaBAeHHble HaYKoIIoA06HLle '16110TOKI1" 11 AeMcT-
BHe Ab5lBOAbCKl1.X CI1A - H 51pocAaB rroI'116aeT B KOCl\10Ce rrOA 3BYKH
OAhl WI1J\J\.epa 'I K paAOCTI1", 11cnoJ\H.HeMOll, no peMapKe aBTopa, >KeH-
CKI1M XOpOM.
Ho, B Ayxe CBOMCTBeHHOM COBeTCKOH 3CTeTHKe "OfIT11MI1CTvP-ICC-
KOM TpareAI1I1", Aa)Ke CBOeI1 CMepTblO 51pocAaB AeBaAbI AOKa3LIBaeT
CI1AY 4eAOBeqeCKOrO Ayxa ("... HOBOM 3pbI HOBbIH qeJ\OBeK / 11 B CAa-
60CT11, H B CHAe - "4eAoBeK! / He 3Bepb! He Ab.5lBOA! He rocnoAHHM
pa6! / 11 TO, qTO Aa>Ke C MYKOIO B Ayrne, / 3eMHoIO qeAOBeqeCKOIO l'vlY-
KOI1 / Crroc06eH OH rrOAH.5IThC5I B HaAHe6ecbe...", 227), 11 Heo6xOAI1-
f\10CTb AB11)KeHI1R "BrrepeA 11 BBbICb". "Ae.5lH11e - BOT 6bITH5I 3aKOH! " -
BOCKAM aeT 5IpocAaB, KOTOpbIH, KaK 11 BepHep CeALBl1.HCKOrO, TO)Ke
XOqeT 'InOrrpaBJ1Tb" reTeBCKoro rep05l, HO AI1I1Jb B OTHOIlJeHHJ1 caMoro
npJ1HI\l1rra "3aAep)KKH" npeKpaCHoro MrHOBeHh51 (T.e. rrpepLIBaHH5i
BcerAa npeKpaCHoro AB11>KeHH5I )K113HI1):
cDaycT! )KecToKo o1ll116c51 ThI, <DaycT!
CepAU;Y IlOKOI1 IIOAcKd3aAa YCTaAOCTh.
TbI 3dAep)K(lA 6e3pacCYAHo MfHOBeHhe -
B HeM >Ke, KaK B CeMeHI1,
CKphITO ABJ.DKeHhe... (234).
TaKa5I nonpaBKa BhIBOAHT Hac K HOBOM TpaKTOBKe cpaYCTOBCKoro
KOHcphHKTa, CcpOpMl1pOBaBIlIe:HC.5I K KOH:QY XX B.: cDaYCT npOHrphIBaeT
rrapl1 nOTOMY, qTO OH npOMrphIBaeT BpeM5I - caMhIM Ba)KHbIM cpaKTOp
qehOBeqeCKOrO 6bITI1HS. Yrry eHHoe BpeM.5I- OCTaHOBKa nporpec-
ca - 3aCTOH - rrOKOM - TaKyID eIIOqKY, npoe l1pYIO yIDC5I na 6YAra-
KOBCKoro 'IHeCOBepllIeHHoro" MaCTepa, npl1llIeAIIlero K "nOKOIO" 11
fIOTOMY He 3aChY)KI1BllleMY 'ICBeTa" I BbICTpal1BaeT AeBaAa, He rrpOTI1-
BonOCTaBA5I.5I, a OTOJKAeCTBA5I5I IIporpecc C ryMaHHoCTbIO. nOCheAHee
nOATBep>KAaeTC.5I TaK)Ke 11 HeOKAaCCJ1II.I1CTCKI1-rrp5lMOAMHeI1HbIMH 11
Cal\10KpI1Tl1qHbIMI1 AeKAapaI M.5IMI1 AeBClAoBCKoro MexaHTpOIIa-CaTa-
HhI, KOTOphIM 06'b5lCH.5IeT BaAHMY, qTO 3rOM3l\1 - IIpI1qMHa ero Hayq-
HhIX HeYAaq ("B TOM Cyrn;HOCTh AeAa, qTO TbI CAY)KMJ\ ce6e Bce eAO. /
A rOBOp.51 MHaqe, MHe!" (242), a TaK)Ke - MOHaxa, B 3aKAIOQl1TeAhHbIX
CTpOKax ApaMhI npeBpam;aIOI..IJ;erOC.5I B pynop aBTOpCKI1X HAeM 11 yr-
Bep;KAalO ero HeOTBpaTI1MOCTb 11 npeeI\ICTBeHHocTb qeAOBeqeCKOrO
Aep3aHI1.51;
Om (])aycn1(J Pa3YMa x (])aycmy Cepgl (J
133
nonpaBUll1 CMepTb, OH (5IpocAaB. - f.JJ.)
AI111Ib CI1AhHee CTElA,
ThICR y:eAHKHlvl, 1160 HeCTL tII1CJ\a
.6e3Yl\1JJ.dM Aep3H013el-lHhIM, B03Me"J'raBllll1;\1
BOCACA 3d H11M K CBeTHAal\1 B03HeCTI1Cb (244).
TpareAHIO AeBaAbI CMeAO MO)KHO paCCI\1aTpHBaTh 13 KOHTeKCTe 110-
cAeAHero 3Tarra neorrpOCBe r [11TeAbCTI3a He TOAbKO B COBeTCKOH, HO H B
MHpOBOH AHTeparype Harnero CTOAeTI151, Ha CMeI-lY qeMY npHXOAI1T ne-
peHHqa <DaYCTOB, Y>KaCI-IYBlIIHXC5I l\10Il H pa36Y)KeHHOrO aTOlYIa,
npHHIJ;VYJIl1aAbHO OTKa3hIBdH)UJ;HXC5I OT 01JaCHbIX npOphII30J3 B HeVY3BC-
AaHHoe H, 13 TOM HAM 1111011 Mepe rrpOAO.l\.JKa51 CIO:IKeTHO-COAep>KaTPJ\h-
HbIe XOAbI pOMaHa Ey J\.raKOBa H ITheChI AAeIllHHa, YXOA5III l1.X, OOH}) B : d
IIAel.J11 CBOHX MaprapJ1T, B MHp HeMYApeHoro 11 CnOKO-HHOrO l.JeAOBCLl{\-
CKoro CqaCTb5I.
CTpax nepeA aTOMHbiM KOHIJ;OM BceAeHHOI1 6oJ\ee OTKpOBeHHO 11
0AH03HaQHO 6bIA Bblpa)KeH B AHTepaType 3anClAa, Hanp}Il\1yro aCCOIJ;l1-
I1PY5ICb c nOqT11 cpeAHeBeKOBhIM Y)KaCOM nepeA CBo60AOH rrOHCKa pa-
3)T1\Ia - HeYAep)KI1MOrO, HlP-Iervl, no onpeAeAeHl1lO, He CTeCH51eMOrO H
nOTOl\IY BcerAa yrpO)KalO ero.
KYAbTypOAorl1, COU;HOAorl1, nC11XOAOrH 3arOBopl1A11 0 'juaCAa>KAe-
HI1I1 HaYKOM" KaK 0 CaMOu;eAbHOM 11 3r0I1CTl1QeCKOM B11Ae caMoYAOBAe-
TBOpeH115L Aa:>Ke Obep TeM5Ip Ae WapAeH, HHKorAa He Bblpa)KaBllll1H
rrpHBbIQHOrO AJUI 3anaAHbIX cpyrypoAoroB Harnero BeKa neCC11M113Ma B
OTHOlIleHHM 6YAyw;ero qeAOBeqeCTBa, 3a5lBHA 0 cMepTeAbHoM onacIIo-
CTI1 H3BeQHOrO CTpeMAeHH5I K "MaTepHaAbHoii OpraH113aIJ)111 3C:vIHOI'O
Ml1pa", B OCHOBe KOToporo, no ero MHeHMlO, Ae)KI1T '/rrpOMeTeeBCKHi1,
111\.11 cpaYCTOBCKI1M, AYX caMo06o)KaH1151"6.
BepHep reH3eH6epr, BbIAalOmI1HC5I CPH3HK XX B., OAHI1M 1'
nepBbIX YBHAeA B rCTeBCKOl\I <DaYCTe npo06pa3 COBpeMeHHO]'O yq(\-
Horo, OTAaBlllerOC5I uAb5IBOAY" - Hayxe, C TeM QT06bI C ee IJ01\1011 1)1()
rrOCTpOMTb HOBbIM MMp HayqHo-TeXHI1QeCKHX AOCT11)KeHI1M H 0I\J f()
BpeMeHHO orpOMHbIX onaCHOCTeH Al\5I qe.l\.OBeQeCTBa. B JJaIIIYj\1<\I -
meM nOCTaHOBKe 1950-x rOAOB TIepBoH qaCTH reTeBCKOM Tpdl'P;\ltl1,
ocy ecTBAeHHoi1: M3BeCTHbIM 3arraAHoeBpOneMCK11M aKTepO!\1 l-1 p< \-
)l(11CCepOM rYCTaBorvI rplOHAreHCOM, TpaAJ1IJ;HOHHbIH Ka6MHeT C11c1YC-
Ta - rOTMqeCKa51 KOlYIHaTa C BbICOKMMM CBOAaMM - 3aMeHen CTeK-
AHHHOH KOHCTPYKI MeM, HanOMllHalOrn;eH lYlOAeAb aTOMa. BeAhI\H1U-
CKl1H Illa6aru BaAbI1yprMeBoH HOq11 B 3TOH nOCTaHOBKe pa3p5l)KaeTCH
'"' ,....
B3pbIBOM - BHe3anHa5I TbMa, aTOMHbIH rpHO, 51pKa5I BCI1bIIIIKa HaA
6yrnYIOw;eH TOAI10H...
OOCAe XHpOCHMbI OAHI1 3arrCiAHble yqeHhle rrOilIAH no nyr11 3ABap-
Aa TeJ\Aepa - C03AaTe;\}i eIl.\e 60Aee r l\10 HOM, BOAOPOAHOH 60M6bI,
APyr11e - no nyrl1 P06epTa OnneHreHMepa, OTKa3aBrnerOC5I pa60TaTL
HClA CMepTOHOCHbIM opY>KMel\I .r rrOABeprrneroc5I 3a 3TO npecAeAoBa-
Hl151M aMepl1KaHCKMX BAaCTeM.
134
rAaBQ VI
BTOpOH nyrb Ka3aAC5i 60Aee COOTBeTCTBYIO I1M rrpeACTaBAeHH5IM
o rYMaHHOCTH, XOT5I M no cy eCTBY aHTl1cpaYCTOBCKliM. B 31'011: CB5I311 B
CepeAI1He XX BeKa, C OAHOH CTOpOHhI, rr05IBJ\.5leTC5I MHO)KeCTBO rreCCH-
MHCTI11JeCKH-TparlI1JeCKMX, 3aHOBO rrpOKAI1HaeMbIX <DaYCTOB, 3a1JaC-
TYJO npoe llPYlO I1XC5I He TOAbKO H He CTOAhKO Ha 06pa3, C03AaHHbIl1:
feTe, CKOAhKO Ha AOreTeBCKI1X <DaYCTOB, CaMoHaAe5lHHbIX ll aAXl1 1\ll1-
KOB" l11JeCTOA106:qeB - eCAM He B ClO)l(eTe (3aqacrylO nepeHOC5IIJJ;eM-
C5I B COBpe:MeHHOCTb, OXOTHO I1CrrOAh3YlOrn;eM lVIOTI1B-JU06BI1-YBAelJe-
HI15I-c06Aa3HeHI15I HeBHHHOH cpaYCTOBCKHM repoer-.l), TO B Ha3I1AaTeAh-
HOM I1Tore. TaKOBbIMI1 rrpeACTa.J\J1 repOH pOMaHa TIbepa <DHCCO IIAl3Y-
CMblCAeHHbIe AOKa3aTeAhCTBa" (1950), rAe cOBpeMeHHbH1 cDaycT - pe-
BOAlOIJ;I10HHbIM: AHAep H cpaHaTI1QHblI1 cpI1AOCOcp-3K3I1CTeHIJ;I1aJ\.MCT, He
06HapY)KI1BaeT HHQerO, Kp01\1e HeYMepeHHbIX /U1QHbIX aM611I.J;I1H, H
KOH1JaeT npOBaAor-.l; CTI1AI130BaHHbIX IIbec Af\5I KyKOAbHoro TeaTpa
"cDaYCT B dAY" (1944) aHfAM1JaHHHa PHqapAa YOPAa, Opl1eHTl1pOBaH-
HOM: Ha TpareAl1lO KpHcTocpepa MapAo, 11 "AeHcTBa 0 AOKTope <Dayc-
Te" (1951) BI1AbreAbMa Be6eMI, rAe rrOpl1:qaeTC5I MeQTa repo5I OBAaAeTb
:Ml1pOM C rrOMOIIJ;blO aTOMHoro 0pY>KI15I.
C ApyrOH CTOpOHbI, IIeCCI1lVU13M o6pa aeTC5I He TOAbKO Ha calVI0ro
rep05I, CKOAbKO Ha ero "cpaYCTOBCKyro CTpaCTb", H 3a.i\OrOM "Cilace-
Hl1.5I", CaMOI1AeHTHcpI1KaIJ;I1H 11. B KOHeqHOM C1JeTe, y AOBAeTBOpeHH5I
)K113HbIO QeAOBeKa CTaHOBI1TC5I He IIOpbIB B He113BeAaHHoe, HO "B03-
Bparu.eHHe K ce6e", B cnOKOHHoe, TPClAMQHOHHoe, Al1111eHHOe 0Aep)KH-
l'vl0CTI1 "CTpeMAeHH:H", yK>THoe AOMaillHee cy ecTBOBaHHe. TaKOBa
KOHo;enIJ;l15I IJ;eAOrO IIOKOAeHH5I rrOCAeBoeHHbIX <DaYCTOB, COOTBeTCT-
BeHHO aCCOI.J;HI1pYlOIQa5I "n06eAHTeAH" MecpI1CTocpeA51 C 6e3YCAOBHbIM
3AOI\1. CpCAI1 HI1X - repol1 KHHOCQeHapl15I "KpaCOTaAb5IBOAa" (1950),
C03AaHHoro H3BeCTHbIMI1 cppaHIJ.Y3cKHMI1 Apal\laTypl'a:MI1 PeHe KAe-
pOl\1 11 ApMaHoM CaAaKPY; CT.l1A1130BaHHoH nOA HapoAHYlO KYKOAbH)'lO
ApaMY TIbeCbI "faRc cDaycT" (1952) ApaMarypra f AP faHca 311:CAepa,
3cpcpeKTHo BKAlOQalO eH rr0.iU1Tll3l1poBaHHyro I1HTepMeAI1lO - nyre-
rneCTBl1e repOH B AMepMKY, C HeH36e)KHOH Kpl1THKOH TaMoIIIHeH Tex-
HOKpaTI11JeCKOH j'6e3AyxoBHOM" IJ;I1BI1Al13aIJ;I1I1, nepCOHa)K11 ApaMbI
IIA?KOH CDaycT" (1957) aHrAl1"tIaHHHa 3HTOHH Eoppoy, HOBeAAbI aMepl1-
KaH:qa 3ABapAa EI1Hra "B03Bparn.eHHeAoKTopa cDaycTa" (1958), pOMa-
Ha COOTe"tIeCTBeHHI1Ka EI1Hra, uKOpOMI 6HTHI1KOB" A?KeKa KepyaKa
"AOKTOP 3aKc. <DaycT, "tIaCTb TpeTb5I" (1959).
"EI1THI1KI1", HAM II pa36HToe IIOKOAeHl1e", - He CAHIIIKOlVI l'v1HOrO-
1.JnCAeHHa5I rpyrrna aMepl1KaHCKI1X III1CaTeAeH, 3a5IBI1BllIHX 0 ce6e B ce-
peAHHe 1950-x rOAOB H IIpl1BAeKllll1X K ce6e orrpeAeAeHHYlO QaCTb MO-
AOAe)Kll, COeAI1HI1.M1 BKYC K 60reMHOH )KH3HI1, 6POAH)KHl1QeCTBY, Ha-
CJ\a*AeHHlO eCTeCTBeHHbIMH PdAOCT5IMH 6bITH5I C aHapXHQeCKI1M 6YH-
TOr-.l IIpOTliB YCT05IBlllllXC5I HOpM HMe aHCKO:H" MOpaAH 11 CTaHAapTI1-
3aI.J;1111 /U1"tIHOCTI1, a TaK>Ke C rrpl15ITMeM xpl1cTl1aHcKoli 3THKI1 11 HHTepe-
COM K A33H-6YMI13MY C ero I1AeeM: " M3 6aBJ\.eHH5I" 01' MMpa 1Jepe3 BHyr-
Om (/)aycma PU3YMa K (/)aycn1Y Cepg a
135
peHHee "IIpOCBeTAeHMe" H 1i0TpeweHHOCTbrr. AOMHHaHTOH MHpOB03-
3peHQeCKHX 11 nOBeAeH1.IeCKHX YCTaHOBOK 3THX rrpeAllleCTBeHHMKOB
COBpeMeHHbIX XHIIIIH, npeAcTdBHTeAell "KOH1'PKYAbyYpbI" XX B., rrpo-
B03rAaCI1BWHX "peBOAIOIJ;IflO plOK3aKOB rr , 6bIA, no cyrl1, HeOPYCCOHCT-
CKHH rrpOTeCT npOTHB Bcex cpOpM I'HaCHAM5I" HaA JKH3HbIO (B 1'01\1 "l111C-
Ae 11 nyreM BOHH HJU1 TeXHI1QeCKHX H306peTeHHH).
B 3TOM nAaHe ceHTHMeHTaAbHbIH cpaHTaCTI1Ko-yrorrI-PleCKI1H pO-
MaH A>KeKa KepyaKa IiAoKTOp 3aKC. <DaYCT, llaCTb TpeTb.H", BXOMIll\HM
B aBT06110rpacpH1.IeCKHll IJ;I1KA lIJ\ereHAbI AYAyra", BrrOAHe BrrHChIBaeT-
C5I B PYCAO iJ6111'HI1lleCTBarr KaK CBoeH 6eCCIO)I(eTHOH HMnpeCCI10HI1C-
THQHOC1'bIO, TaK H anOAorHeH "eCTeCTBeHHOH" JKl13HH 6e3 "Ab51BOAb-
CKHX" HOBaIJ;I1H:, Hecyrn;HX rope B MI1P, rAe H TaK MHoro 3Aa. Yli\1eIIIIO
TaK, 11 BnOJ\.He 060CHOBaHHO, paCCMaTpl1BaIOT 31'0 rrpOH3BeAeHI1e HC-
cAeAOBaTeAI1 TBOpQeCTBa KepyaKa 7 .
OAHaKO eCTb OCHOBaHH.H YB11AeTb B IIAOKTope 3aKce" 11 napacppa3
'IAOKTopa <Daycryca" TOMaca MaHHa, CBoero pOAa "OTBeT" rrOCAeAHe-
l\'IY neBU;Y 1161OprepCKOH", rrpOCBeTI1TeAbCKOH 3pbI 01' lleAOBeKa Honoro
BpeMeHI1, YCTaBIllero 01' 3KCrrepHI'vIeHTOB unpocnern;eHHoro" pa3Yl\ld 11
npeTeH3HH Ha I1CKAI01.II1TeAbHOCTb. CaMa cpaYCTOBCKa51 KOMH3H5I Ke-
PyaKa npeACTaBAHeTC5I BOCnpHH5ITOH He HenocpeACTBeHHO 01' feTe
11A11 01' HapOAHOH KHl1rl1, HO rrporryru;eHHOH lJepe3 rrpM3MY pOl\1dHa
T. MaHHa, HaXOMIrn;eHC5I B ccpepe BAI151HI151 ero n03THKH.
31'0 np05lBA5leTC5I 11 B CIO)KeTe pOMaHa, KaK BcerAa y KepyaKa, He
OTAHqarorn;eMcH CTpOHHOCTbIO, OAHaKO OTHOCJ1TeAhHO npOCTOM, All-
lueHHOM reTeBCKOH: cpaHTa3HHHOCTI1, MHorocpl1rYPHOCTI1, cpeepl1YHO-
CTI1, AI1HaMH3l\la, pe3KI1X nOBopOTOB - rrpHTOM, 1.ITO 3AeCb, KaK 11 B pO-
MaHe T. MaHHa, BbICTpoeH "BTOpOH", cpaHTaC1'HQeCKI1H nAaH. KaK H B
"AOKTope <1>aYCTyce", rrOBeCfBOBaHl1e cocpeAOTOlleHO BOKpyr 6110-
rpacpH1.IeCKOll KaHBbI, ero pa3BMTHe nOCTO.HHHO 3aMeM5IIOT pecpAeK-
CHIf no nOBoAY AM1.IHOCTIf H CYAb6bI rAaBHblX nepCOHa)KeH, qTO OTCbI-
AaeT K pOMaHY BOCIT11TaHH5I 11 cBoe06pa3HoMY "poMaHY Bne1.IaTAe-
HHH" (no aHaAOrl1M C "poMaHoM 11AeH" TOMaca MaHlla If np030H "no-
TOKa c03HaHH5I"). DAH30CTb K "AOKTOPy <1>aycTYcy" oru;yrHMa 11 B
ABOHHOM acneKTe OCBern;eHH5I C06bITHll, C01.IeTaHHI1 KOMrr03H 110H-
HOM cpparMeHTapHocTH C HecneIliHo-o6cTO.HTeAhHOH MaHepoH H3AO-
)KeHH5I 01' rrepBoro AH a OAHoro 113 repoeB 11 paCCKa31.IMKOB OAHOBpe-
I\leHHO, OKpaweHHOH MMrrpeCCI10HHCTH1.IeCK11MH TOHaMH HcrroneAaAL-
BOCTM H B TO JKe BpeM5I cHMnTorvraTHQHO 3aI'vIeH5IIOr.u;eM JKeCTKOCTb I1Il-
TeAJ\eKyYaAbHbIX AHCKYCCI1M nOA 3HaKOM rrpHcyrcTBH5I CaTaHhl -
I1AM "KpeCTa rr , BOCnpl1HMMaeMoro KaK "HaKa3aHMe", "1'.HJKKOe 6pe-
M5I", - M5IrK11M AHpH3MOM BOCIIOMHHaHI-U1, npOHI13aHHbIX IIcBeTAoi1:11
xpHCTMaHCKOH CI1MBOAHKOH. C6AH>KaeT C MaHepOH "AOKTopa <Dayc-
ryca" TaKJKe CTpel\1AeHHe KepyaKa C03AaTb HAAI03l1IO AOKYMeJITaAb-
HOCTH, C06AIOAa.H XpOHOAOrHT.J:eCKYIO J1 Aa)Ke cKpyrrYAe3H)'IO TOJlOl'pa-
cpH'-IeCK)'IO TOQHOCTb.
136
f;\QRa VI
KaK Y TOMaCa MaHHa, "I\BYUJ\.aHOBOCTb" xYA0)KeCTBeHHOrO BHAe-
HM5I rrpeAITOAaraeT y KepyaKd opraHYPleCKoe COqeTaHHe ccpep IIBhICO-
r, v v v
Koro , 3arreQaTAeHHoro B KYJ\.bTYPHOM rraM5ITI1 J\.ereHAOM, rrpIfTtIeH,
CKa3aHHeM - H 3eMHoro, 6YAHHQHOrO 6bITM5I. flpaBAa, B jlAoKTope 3a-
Kce" 60Aee KOHKpeTHO-1.IYBCTBeHHoro, /lAOCTOBepHoro", rrOQTH CPH3H-
tJeCKH OC5I3aeMoro. flpHcyrcTByer B pOMdHe KepyaKa H CTOAh CBOHCT-
BeHHa5I T. MaHHY MpOHIf5l, TaK)I(e rrpOHH3bIBalOrn.a51 BClO TKaHh nOBe-
CTBOBaHI151 If 3aXBaThIBaIOIIJ;a51 B CBOH apeaA rAaBHhIX repoeB (XOT5I y
aMepHKaHCKoro rrHCaTeMI 60Aee 51BHa5l, 60Aee OTKpOBeHH051, 6oJ\.ee
1.IYBCTBeHHa5l, 6hlTb MO>KeT, CAerKa rpy6oBaTa5l).
3CTeTH1.IeCKHM CHMrrTOMOM He OTxoAa, HO nepeOCMhICAeHI151 no-
3THKl1 KAaCCH"tJeCKOH H6IOprepCKOH" 3nOXM H OAHOBpeMeHHO npeABO-
CXHrn;eHHeM onpeAeAeHHhIX "tJepT rr03THKI1 AaTMHOaMepl1KaHCKOro pO-
l\IaHa nocAeAHe:i1: 1.IeTBepTIf BeKa rrpeACTaBAHeTC5I H BHeceHHe B TKdHb
nOBeCTBOBaHH5I /lAoY.Topa 3aKca" rOp5lQeH cpOAbKAOpHOM CTPYH, C01.Ie-
TaHl1e npoHHKHyrOH MHCTHIJ;H3MOM cpaHTaCTHKM, COBpeMeHHOH lVIH-
<pOAorHH (TpIfBMa..AI130BaHHOH Qepe3 cpIfAhMhI y)l(aCOB; TaK, H3 cpl1AhMa
IIApaKYAa", 1931,3. Epa)'HHHra B351T o6pa3 BaMnHpa rpacpa KOHAlO) H
3THHQeCKl1 oKpallIeHHOH: peaAhHOcTH. flocAeAHee, B Ayxe 3CTeTHKIf
.16HTHIfKOB", cnoco6cTByeT BbIBOAY 3TOM peaJ\.hHocTH H3 Kpyra H Bce -
o6 ero" (TPdAHU;HIf) B ccpepy "oco6eHHoro", rrpophIBaIOlqerO HopMa-
THBHOCTb TPdAH:QH:H. TaK, HanpHMep. nepeAaeTc5I B pOMaHe KepyaKa
Qepe3 AbIMKY BocnOMIfHaHI1:H paCCKa3QIfKa AOMaHa5l cppaHU;Y3cKa51
petIb era MaTYlllKI18.
Ty >Ke eAb rrpecJ\.eAyeT I1IIIHpOKOe BBeAeHIfe B pOMaH CAeHrd, )KH-
BOM I1rpbI CAOB (limb - uBeTKa", "CyqOK", l11.IaCTb TeAa" H "oTpoAhe",
.IHerrocAYIlIHbIM MaJ\hQI1IlIKa"; kid - "Ko3AeHoK" M "rrapHl1llIKa";
dumb - /lrJ\.YXOH" H "rAynbIli" H T.n.), HaTypaAHCTH"lIeCKMX naCCa)KeM.
B 3TOM TaK)Ke orn;yrHMo np05lBAeHHe cBo6oAHoro If BCerrpI1eMAeMOro,
"OTKpbIToro" xYA0)KeCTBeHHoro MHpa "6IfTHHKOB" - KOTOpbIH: KOH-
TpacTJ.!pyeT C T01.IHO:H, pacpIfHHpoBaHHoH npo30M T. MaHHa, HO 3aTO
OTChIAaeT K MHorOKpaC01.IHoMY, HaChIIIJ;eHHoMY COQHOH AeKCI1KOH, rpy-
60BaTbIM lOMOpOM, HapoAHoH 3poTHtJecKoM cpaHTaCTI1KOM If QYBcTBeH-
HOCThlO KHHITeAbcpep30B reTeBCKOMY "<Paycry".
Ho eCAM repOH feTe, 51BHBiliMCb B rrape co CBOI1M no6y aIOIIJ;HM
CII)'THIfKOM MecpHCTocpeAeM, CTaA YHIfBepCaAbHbIM CI1MBOAOM 1'6AY)K-
AaHI1H" npOCBeTI1TeAbCKOH 3phI B nOHCKax rrpHHOC5Irn;ero CQaCTbe
AeHCTBI151, TO HOBbIH cpaYCTOBCKHH THII KepyaKa - 3TO OAHa H3 MOAIf-
cpHKallH:H HAy ero aT r. Topo If Y. YHTMeHa "aMepHKaHCKoro KYAh-
TYPHoro repo5l" - He npeAIIPHHI1MaTeJ\.51 H "aKTI1BHCTa" r HO 6p0A51rH,
6Ay alO erO 6e3 u;eAIf C O YIIJ;eHl1eM CQaCTh51 Ee3AeMCTBH5I. 3ano-
BeAHOe 6H6J\.eMCKOe /lCAOBO" 3aMeH5IeTC5I He II AeAoM" , HO 1'4YBCT-
BO I", TOQHee - "HOBOH 1.IYBCT" l3I1TeAhHOCThIO , CMHTe3I1pYIOrn;e:i1: pa-
3)'M M tIYBCTBO B oU{yU{elluu r KOTopoe e e B 1930-1940-x rOAax rrpo-
K.l\a!\1HpOBaA KaK eAMHCTBCJ 1110 ;\OCTOBepHYIO M AOCTOMHYlO peaAh-
Om <PaycnlCl Pa3Y."vta K <Paycmy Cepgqa
137
HOCTb BaJ\.epH, He CyMeB, oAHaKO, BbIBeCTH 3TO OIJJ;YIl eHHe 3a npeAeAbI
c06CTBeHHoro J1.H".
A?KeK KepyaK, KaK Hero eAI1HOMbIlllAeHHMK11, llUlpOKO 11 AOBepQI1-
80 paCKpbIBaeT CBOlO HHAHBI1AYaAbHOCTb HaBCTpeqy r'vIl1py M rrpeMara-
eT CAI1TbC5I C rrpeKpaCHbIM H Bet.J.HbIl\1 B Hel\l - rrpl1pOAOH (KOTOpa5I B
reTeBCKOM II CDaYCTe" TpaKTOBaAaCb KaK KOCHa5I laTepI15I, COrrpOTI1BJ\5I-
fO:w.a5IC5I "pa3YMHOlVIY" YCOBeprneHCTBOBaHI1IO 6bITM5I), OTpellIMBllll1Cb
OT cyeTbI 11 6eCCMb1CJ\eHHoro KOJ\OBep1..J:eHI151, IIrrYCTOTbI" rrporpecca.
CBeTJ\aH HeopOMilHTI11..J:CCKa51 MeJ\OAI1}I KOpOTKI1X np03pal.JHbIX cppa3
npOB03I'J\alliaeT 3eMHoi1"arrocpe03" 3Toro <DaYCTa, rAC HeT MeCTa MI1C-
Tl1qeCKOl\1Y XOPY 11 He60)KMTeNI Y!, HO CBeTI1.T COAlIU;C, nOlOT rrTI1IJ;bI, pa-
A)'1OTC5I p03alVI 11 MOMlTC5I Eory 06bIQHble )KeHlll,I1HbI, 11 B KpaTKOM 1\111-
re BOJ\.llIe6HOH raAAlOIJ)1HaLI.1111 BCTpelJaIOTC5I AOKTOp 3aKC 11 J\ereHAap-
JIbIH 1..JapoAeli <Dayc1Yc (Wizard Faustus) - c TeM, "lI'r06bI npoTHBoIIO-
CTaBI1Tb TerrAO 06hI"lfHOH )KH3HH He1136e)KHoMY "3J\Y" HayqHoro nOMC-
Ka, 6AarocAollHTh nepnoe H rrpOKA5lCTL BTopoe.
CQaCTAI1Ba51 pa3B5I3Ka, He AHllleHHbIH AerKOM "l1rpoBo:i1" HpOHI1I1,
HeKoero OTeQeCKOrO CHMCX01\I1TeJ\bHoro A06pOAYWI15J no OTHOIUeHI110
K 'J6J\.YAHOMY CbIHY" MaTepl1-npMpOALI happy end 3'l'I1X rrpoH3BcAe-
HHJ1, CB5I3aHHbI11 C rrpMH l1nMaALHbIM - BO I1M5I ryl\laHIiOCTH, coxpa-
lleHH5I 11 pa3BHTI15l )KJ13HH Ha 3el\1J\e - OTKa30l\1 01' Hd n..JHOrO nOHCKa,
KOIITpacTl1pyeT co CT05I I11\j B 3anaAHoH cpaycTMaHc JTHX J\.eT He-
CKOALKO OC06H5IKOM B CBOe}'! pea6HAHTa HH TaKoro rrOHCKa cpaHTaCTI1-
Ko-yronl1t."feCKHM pOl\laHOl\! P06cpTa ")TOMeca "cDaycT 57" (1957), rAe
yqeHhlH, )KepTBYH C060H, npoAaeT Ayrny Ab5lBOAY, "tlTOOLI HaHTH cpop-
lY J\ Y Bce06w;ero H306YIJ\I1H, l\ll1pa 11 C1..J:aCTb5l, 3a 1..J:TO 11 Y AOCTdI1BaeTC5I
nOCl\1epTHOro rrOt.£HTaHI151, a TaK)Ke C HOBeMoH KapAa KopHa 1/ CDaycT
eAeT B Al\1ep!1KY" (1958), B KOTOpOH reTeBcKMH repoH, crraCllll1Cb OT
MCcpHcTocpeJ\5l, 6e)KMT B HOBbIH CneT, B cTpaHY HenoKoAcGHl\10M Be-
phI B rrporpecc 11 HeI1CC5IKaeMOro OIITI1l\IM3lVla, fAe H 1I0J\yy.aCT I303MO)K-
HOCTh rrpOAOJ\)I(I1Th CBOl1 I1ccJ\eAonaHI151 II y6eAI1TbC5f B HX 6AarOAC-
TeALHOCTH AJ\5I QeJ\OBe1..J:eCTBa.
OAHaKO TMrrI11-lH IM KaK AJ\5I 3anaAHoeBponeMCKOH, TaK H M5I al\le-
pl1KaHCKOH AI1TepaTypLI cepeAHHbI 1940-x rOAOB OCTaeTC5I neCCI1l\1H-
CTI1l.JeCKHI1 MCXOA cpaYCTOBCKOH CI1rydIJ,I1M, npI1BOMillI.eM Al160 K KaTa-
CTpocpe 11 npOKJ\5lTl1lO, J\I160 K OTKa3Y OT cpaYCTOBCKI1X CTpeMJ\eHI1M,
AH60 K "Ab51BOAH3aLI;I1H" cpaYCTOBCKoro rep05I (rr03Ma Al\bcppeAa X3H-
3a, Hayes, JJnOpa)KeUHe <DaycTa", 1944, rAe repoM pa30QapOBaH 11
CAOMAeH B cOBpeMeHHoM aMep11KaHcKofvl o6w;ecTBe, AHIlleHHOM Jl no -
33Ml1" 11 cTpeMAeHMH K I1AeaAbHoMY; rrpOHI1KHyra51 rop: KOI1 HpoHl1eH
n03Ma KapJ\a WarrHpo JlYcrrex cDaycTa", 1954, fAe BbIClllI1M AOCTI1)Ke-
HMeM AOKTopa OKd3bIBdeTC.H rrepBbll'1 aTo lHbIH rpH6 B nycTbIH5IX HeBa-
;\bI; ApaMa-MOpaJ\J1Te OAHoro 113 BI1/\HhIX eBporreHCKHX nOCTpOMalJTI1-
KOB AopeHca AappeAa JlI1pJ\aHACKl1rf <DaYCT", I'Ae repOH npHXOAYlT K
BhIBOAY 0 6eCCMbICAeHHOCTH aKTV1Blloro AeWCTBH5I, rrpOTHBonOCTan-
138
fA,QBQ VI
A5l5I eMY npl1H:QHnMaAbHOe 11 6AarOe 6e3AeHCTBMe, KOTOpOe XOT5I 6bI He
!\lernaeT II AYHe nOAHI1MaTbC5I If COAHU;Y caAHTbC5I").
OCY.lKAeHMe <DaYCTa-"CBepX1.JeAOBeKa", TeCHO CB5I3aHHOe C tvrOTH-
BOl\1 KaTaCTpOcPHtJHOCTll nOCAeACTBHH He06Y3AaHHbIX cTpervrAeHllH ero
pa3YMa H BOAM, 3ByY:I1T B 31'0 BpeM5I M B MHOr01JI1CAeHHhIX CiAarrTa 115IX
cpaYCTOBCKoro CIO)KeTa K orrepHbIM M 6aAeTHbIM AH6peTTO (B TOM 'l{11C-
AG B orrepe I1rop5I CTpaBl1HCKOrO l'nOXo eHYUI rroBecbl", 1949, A116-
peTTo Y.-X. OAeHa H K. KaAbMa), KHHoc eHap115IM (B TOM 'llI1CAe TOMa-
ca AHAaHa "AoKTOp 11 AeMOHbI" , 1955).
flp06AeMa onaCHOCTH l1CKYllIeHH5I "repOl1'lleCKHI\l" , HecY MM B
ce6e pI1CK caMo060:iKaHl15I If onpeAeAeHH5I caMoro ce65I u;eHTpoM opra-
HH3au.MH MaTepl1aAbHOrO Ml1pa, BAaAbIKOH He TOAbKO c06CTBeHHOH
CYAb6hl r HO H CYAe6 APyrHx AIOAeH (BcnOI\IHHM MaKCMl\IY feTe 0 1'01\1,
qTO IIAeHCTBYIOIIJ;HI1: BcerAa 6eCCOBeCTeH" 11 TOAbKO I'C03ep aTeAb"
I1lVleeT COBeCTb, a 3aOAHO M CHMBOAHQeCKYlO napy "3aKAaHH5I" - <DH-
J\el\IOHa 11 EaBKHAY), 0603Ha1.JeHHa5I BCKope rrOCAe OKOH1JaHH5I BTOpOH
l\1l1pOBOH BOHHbI nbepOM TeH5Ip Ae WapAeHOl'vi 11 06paw;eHI-Ia51, B TOM
qncJ\e, K 06pa3Y <DaYCTa (rrOMep)KHBa.5I, no CyrH, 3apOAI1BlUYIOC5I e e
R KOIIIJ;C XIX B. TpaKToBKY reTeBcKoro repoR KaK II KOAoH113aTopa" ,
"cncpXqeJ\oBeKa", CT05I erO B CHAY JIoTpe6HOCTI1 AeHCTBH5I BHe MO-
paAH), BbI3BdJ\a B "HayqHoH" cpaycTHaHe ("AJ1TepaType 0 cpI13HKax")
IIalJaJ\a 1960-x rOAOB HOBbIH nOBopOT, 0603HaQeHHOH IIKOMeAHeH" (1'11-
IIIP-IHOH AJ\5l aBTopa IITparH1.JeCKOM KOMeAHeH") <DpMAPHxa AIOppeH-
1'vlaTTa I' cDH3HKH" (1962).
3Aecb r B aTMoccpepe c)'MaCrneAllIero AOMa, rAe cKphIBaeTC5I II npa -
BeAHHK", reHl1aAhHbIH yqeHbIH Me6MYc, )KepTBYIOIl HH C060H 11 cBoeM
A106H IOH (y6MHCTBO cecTpbI MOHHKH) C TeM, 1JT06bI cnaCTH 01' pa3py-
JJII1TeAhHbIX nocJ\eACTBI1H CBOI1X HaYtfHbIX OTKpbITHI1 1.JeAOBetJeCTBO r B
OCTpbIX H rrapClAOKCaAhHbIX CIO)KeTHhIX IIOBopOTax 11 cTpeMHTeAbHblx
AI1CKYCCI15IX CTaBHTC5I P5IA aKTYaAbHbIX M B TO >Ke Bpel\151 BetJHblX l' cPa -
YCTOBCKYlX" BorrpOCOB.
31'0 H Y)Ke M3BeCTHbIJ1: MHpOBOH JUiTeparype Borrpoc 0 IIAh5IBOAb-
CKOM" caMoynoeHMI1 yqeHoro rrpou;eCCOM MhICAI1 If paBHoAynIHM K
BAH5iHHIO c06CTBeHHbIX H306peTeHHH Ha lUOACKHe CYAh6hI (aHTHTIOA
Me6Hyca cPH311K-IllITHOH EeHTi\.epr rrhITalOllJ;:H:HC5I BhIBeAaTh nOA Mac-
KOH cYMacIlleAIllero HHbIOToHa" ceKpeTbI reHI15I, 3a5IBMIeT: "PeG.b
HAeT 0 cB060Ae HarneH HaYKH H HH 0 1.JeM APyroM. MHe Bce paBHo, KTO
06eCneQHBaeT HaI\f 3TY cB06oAY... MbI AOJUKHhI OTKphIBaTh HOBhIe 06-
i\.aCTH, BOT H BC5I Harna 3(lAaQa. A KaK 1JeAOBe1JeCTBO rroHAeT no TeM rry-
T5IM, KOTopbIe MbI eMY OTKpoeM, 31'0 AeAO He Harne C BaMH, a qeAOBe-
1JeCTBa")9.
31'0 M Y)Ke orrp060BaHHbIH Ml1pOBOH cpaycTMaHoH XX B., HO B nbe-
ce AlOppeHl\laTTa oc06eHHO BrreqaTlUIlOID;HH 3cxaTOAOr11QeCKHM MO-
THB, MOUJ;HO H rp03HO 3Byqal i'n1 B "HOBOM nCaAOMe u;ap5I COAOMOHa":
CHMBOA MYAPOCTH, rreBIlIHH IICKorAa 0 AI06BH H PCiAOCT5IX 6bITH5I, AOH-
Om (/)ayc/:7(J Pa3Y}.-(Q K C/Jaycmy Cepgu.a
139
A5I AO KpaI1:HeH T01JKI1 npMAO.>KeHM51 CBOHX "MHOfHX 3HaHI1I1:", B KOTO-
pbIX, KaK 11 6bIAO JIM CKa3aHO HeKOrAa, "MHOrO neQaAI1", YCTaMH CBOeH
COBpeMeHHOI1: "HHKapHaJJ;HM" - "6e3YMHOrO" MYApeu;a Me6Hyca
TOp>KeCTBeHHO M MpaqHO nOeT 0 /KH3HH, TIOBep>KeHHOI1: H: nOfM6rneH:
OT 3TOrO neqaAbHOrO 3HaHH:5I:
51 - o.apb COJ\.OMOH... M051 MYAPOCTb nOATOqMJ\.a 10e 6J\.arOqeCTHe, H KOf-
Aa 51 IIepeCTaA 60 ThC5I Dora, MO MYAPoCTb YHHlITo)J(l1.l\a Moe 6oraTcTBo. 11
HbIHe MepTBbI MOH ropoAa H nycTo IJ,apCTBo, KOTopoe MHe 6hIJ\O AOBepeHo. 80-
KPyr TOJ\.bKO CI1Hee Mepu;aHHe nycTbIHb, H rAe-TO BAaAM BOKpyr MdAeHbKOJ1
:lKeATOH 6e3bIM5IHHOH 3Be3AhI OAMHOKO 11 6eCCMbICAeHHO KPY:lKHT paAMOaKTI1H-
Ha 3eMJUI...(416).
BhI5IBJ\5leMa51 3AeCh TeMa 113HaHH5I" KaK rrpepOraTH:BbI Ii OTBeTCT-
BeHHOCTI1 "u;ap51", "AeMI1ypra" I1CTOpI1tIeCKOrO rrpou;ecca, OTCLIAaIO-
a51 K TpaAH MOHHOH npOCBeTHTeAhCKOH KOHIJ;enU;HH pa3YMa KaK
II KOpM1.JerO I1CTO pMI1", rrpOBOU;I1pyeT TeMY y-qeHbIX (" cpM3I1KOB") KaK
HOBhIX "60rOB" COBpeMeHHoro MI1pa, cnOC06HOI'0 yrlpaBJUITb MM - 11 B
TO )l(e BpeM51 HenpeOAOAI1MO 3aBI1CHl\1bIX 01' Hero. 3aBI1CI1MOCTb HI\leH-
HO OT MHpa, a He OT pe3Y AhTaTOB CBoero II 3HaHI151" KaK TaKOBoro, C 1.Je1VI
MhI CTClAKMBaeMC51 B TaK Ha3bIBaeMOM "CHHAPOMe CDpaHKeHIlITeHHa".
1160, KaK CnpaBeMHBO yrBep)KAaeT Me6MYc, IJ ncc , l.JTO l.JeAOBeK pa3
OTKphIA, lIe MO)KeT 6bITb 60Aee CKpbITO". nOtITH HeI136e)KHbIl1 TparH-
qeCKMH MTor Hay-qHblx I1CCAeAOBaHHH - CAeACTBMe He caMoro npo ec-
ca MhICAM, a6COAlOmHO HeM36eJKHOrO H 3aKOHOMepHoro, HO HeAOJ\JK-
Horo I1CrrOAb30BaHH51 pe3Y.lU:>TaTOB 3Toro npo ecca, 1.ITO 5lBNleTC51 om-
HOCUmeAbHblM, BpeMeHHhIM 11 B npHHIJ;I1ne npeOAOAI1MhIM.
OTClOAa 5lpKO Bhlpa>KeHHa51 COIJ;H:aAI13aU;l15I M nOAI1TM3aU;M51 cpayc-
TOBCKOH np06AeMbI B TIheCe AK>ppeI-IMaTTa. OTKpbITHe Me6Hyca XOT5IT
HCIIOAb30BaTh npOTMB060pCTByrorn;I1e CTpaHbI M5I "060pOHhI" - B
lIpeMBepI1H Ot.JepeAHbIX BOI1:H M HOBhIX 6eC"lU1CJ\.eHHLIX >KepTB (BO 113-
6e>KaHHe KOTOphIX Me611Yc 11 rrpI1HOCHT CBOIO "eAMHI11.JHYlO" )KepTBY,
ce651 11 uarHIJ;a" - 6AaropoAHYIO MOHHKY). nOCKOAhKY Y cOBpeMclI-
HbIX eHhlx, npI1 BCel\1 Mo ecTBe HX 3HaHI1I1:, BeT CI1A M5I Toro, qTO-
6bI rrpOTMBOCT0511'h Moryl.QeCTBY TOTaAI1TapHhIX rOCYAapCTB (a AIOp-
peHMaTI rrpOHI1u;aTeAbHO YCMaTpHBaeT B COBpeMeHHOM Ml1pe npeo6-
AClAalOII1;l1H: TMTI HMeHHO 31'oro rOCYAapCTBa, BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Taro,
KaKMe caMOHa3BaHM51 AalOT ce6e Te Ml\J1 HHhle pe)KMlVlbI), TO C IvlaKCH-
MaAhHOH OC1'pOTOI1: BCTaeT 3K3I1CTeHIJ;MaAhHa51 np06J\.ervla J\J1qHOM. OT-
BeTCTBeHHOCTI1 y-qeHoro. Me6I1Yc IThITaCTC}f pelllMTb ee B OIITHMaAh-
HOM, Ka3aAOCb 6bl, pYCAe caMOOTBep>KeHHOrO 3CKeI1:n113Ma, npOAO-
>KeHHOl\1 3arr HOI1: AHTeparypoH npeAllleCTBYIOllI;I1X AeC5ITHAeTHI1. OA-
HdKO, pa3BOpa1JI1Ba51 3ry np06AeMY n IlpI1HLJ;I1I1l1aAbHO HOBOM acneKTe,
Me6MYC rrpI13bIBaeT K "6erCTBY" He 0'1' 311dHl151, a OT 'JroCYAapCTBa" KaK
OT 60Aee CTpalllHOM, He)KeAI1 I130UpC'I'CU IIa5f eHbI n1, l\lalUI1Ilbl Bce-
06ll ero nOpa)KeHH5I. AHKTaTY :JTOI'O KacpKl1aHCKOro MOHCTpa AlOp-
140
I \uHa VI
pePMaIT YCTaMll Me6Hyca I1pe,L\J\araeT npOTHBOrrOCTaBHTh "C0103 yqe-
HbIX" (BhI3hIBaIOrn.HX OTAaAeHlIble aCCOIJ.HaU;HH C 'InepeBepHYBilleW"
!\1I1p ' pecrry6JUfKOH cpHAOCOcpOB" - 3HIJ;HKAOrreAHCTOB XVIII B., a TaK-
)Ke C MelJTaMH 0 .. IIHcaTeAeKpaTMM", IvIY APOl\1 3HaTOKe "lleAOBe"lleCKHX
AY1ll Y rrpe3HAeHTcKoro PYA£ HeMe KI1X HeorrpocBeTHTeAew-AM6epa-
AOB 1910-1920-x rOAOB). Me6HYC rrOA"llepKHBaeT KaK KJ\.IOlJeBhle B3a-
I1MOCB5I3aHHhIe CAOBa "Verantwortung" (OTBeTCTBeHHOCTh) 11
"Vernunft" (pa3YM), y6e a5I CBOHX KOAAer, t:ITO OC( 6hIH Aap yqeHhlx
HaAaraeT Ha HMX H oc06yIO l\'IHCCHIO rrOI1CKa 6AarMX CYAb60HOCHhIX pe-
rneHHH.
B 3TOM CBH3H B03HMKaeT If HeCKOAhKO HeO)l(MAaHHbIW AMI nOCAe-
BoeHHoM cpaYCTHaHhI (H HaXOAHllJ;J1H HeKoTophH'1 OTKJ\.HK pa3Be r.l'O B
KOIvII1lJeCKOH cu;eHe )1(. TapAbe II CDaYCT I1 I10PHK", 1955, 0 KOTOpOM ro-
BOpHTC5I B r AaBe V HaCT05Iw;eH pa60TbI) paKYpc rrp06AeMbI IIHCKAIOQH-
TeAhHocTM" cpaycToBcKoro repo5I, paCCl\1aTpHBaervl0M 3AeCb He B TIAaHe
ero HeYl\lepeHHbIX 11 rrOTOMY HenpaBOMepHbIX (OTTaAKHBalOllJ;11X I1AI1
CMellIHLIX) rrpeTeH3HH, HO B rrAaHe ero 'onepe)l(alOw;erO" pa3BHTI15I.
reHHH AMI AIOppeHMaTIa, TaKHM 06pa30M, He IICBepX'-IeAOBeK", He
npeACTaBHTeAh oc06011 AlOACKOH rropOAbI, HO rrpOCTO IIqeAOBeK 6YAY-
IlJ;ero" (pOACTBeHHbB'1 reTeBCKOMY reHHlO KaK HCKOMOMY CHHTe3Y
II HAeCl.!lliHO-HOpMaAhHOrO " ).
B corAaCMll C rrpOCBeTHTeAbCKOM KOHu;err He:H AHqHOCTH, HMeHHO
Jl pa3yM " Ae)KHT B OCHOBe 3Toro orrepeJKaIO erO pa3BHTH5I. OAHaKO, B
OTJliPIHe OT rrpocBeTHTeAei1 XVIII B., Me6HYc He rrpH3bIBaeT K H3MeHe-
HIflO 06 eCTBa (ero HaCHAbCTBeHHOMY HAM rrporrOBeAHHqeCKOMY, BOC-
I1HTaTeAhHOMY IIrrOATSIrMBaHHIO" AO CBoero YPOBH5I, AO ypOBH5I ' aBaH-
rapAa"). CqHTa5I 3TO HeB03MO)l(HbIM, 6AaropoAHhIH yqeHhIH npH3hIBa-
eT KOAAer K IICaM03aKAaHHlO", K CO)K)KeHHlO CBOHX PYKorrHceH, K pac-
TBopeHHlO B Maccax, K nepeoAeBaHHlO, rrp5ITaHHIO, Harr5IAHBaHHlO lllY-
TOBCKHX MaCOK, K oTKa3Y OT cBoeM reHl1aAbHOCTH - AMlllb 6hI He CTaTb
HeBOAbHbIMH y6HMu;aMH:
Die Vernunft forderte diesen Schritt. Wir sind in unserer Wissenschaft an
die Grenzen des Erkennbaren gestossen... Wir haben das Ende unseres Weges
erreich1: Aber die Menschheit ist noch nicht soweit... Unsere Wissenschaft ist
schrecklich geworden, unsere Forschung gefahrlich, unsere Erkenntnis
todlich. Es gibt fur uns Physiker nur noch die Kapitulation vor der
Wirklichkeit... Sie begriff nicht, dass es heute die Pflicht eines Genies ist,
verkannt zu bleiben. Toten ist etwas Schreckliches 10 , - MbI AOlilAH AO KOHl\a
Halilero nyrH. Ho QeAOBC1.IeCTBO OT Hac OTCTaAO. Mbl BblpBaAHCb BnepeA, H HH-
KTO He cAeAyeT 3a HaMH. BOKpyr Hac IIycTOTa. Halila HaYKa CTaAa cTpalllHa, Ha-
lllH HccAeAOBaHH5I OIIacHbI, HalllH OTKpbITH5I CMepTOHOCHbI. Y cpH3HKOB eCTb
TOJ\hKO OAHa B03MO)l(HOCTb: Karuf'ryAl1pOBaTb nepeA AeHCTBHTeAbHOCTblO. MbI
eH He IIO IIAeqy. OHa H3-3a Hac IlOfH6HeT. MbI AOAJKHbl OTpeQbC51 OT HalllHX
3HaHl1H, H 51 OT HHX OTpeKC5I... OHa (MOHHKa. - r.JI.) He IJOHHMaAa, 'ITO cero-
AH5I AOAr reHH5I OCTaBaTbC5I HenpH3HaHHbIM (418).
Om (/)nYC/l1U PU3YJ"la K ([)aycmy Cepgu,a
141
Ho cpHHaA IIbeCbI OnpOKI1AhIBaeT HClAe bI Ha 1/3arOBOp pa3YMa" I
IIOATBep a.H 17-11 H 18-H Te3I1CLI 113 ABa,Au;aTH OAHoro nporpaMMHoro
"nYHKTa", KOTOpbIIvIM AlOppeH:vIa'IT conpoBOAHA CBOlO TeMY: "To, "lITO
KaCaeTC.H BCeX, 1\10ryr pernaTb TOAbKO BCe BMeCTe" H .. J\106a51 IIOTIbITKa
OTAeAbHOrO lIeAOBeKa pernHTb Al\5f. ce6.H TO, "lITO KaCaeTC5I BCeX, HeI13-
Oe)KHO KOHlIaeTC5I HeYAa eH" (411). PYKOfIHCH C HOBbIMl1 OTKpbITH.HMll
(perneHHeM npo6AeMbl BCel\lHpHOI'O T5II'OTeHyHI, C03AaHl1eM eAHHOH
TeOp1111 3AeMeHTapHbIX "tJaCTHIJ; 11 T.rr.), KOTopbIe caMOOTBep>KeHHO
C)KeI' l1X C03AaTeAb Me6HYC, He cropeAH 6eCCAeAHO, KaK H nOAO)KeHO
PYKOfIHC5IM C 6eCCMepTHbIMI1 HAe.HMI1: TaHKOM HX TIIJ;aTeAbHO KOIIHpO-
BaAa cYMacrneAllIaJI I'op6YHb51 AOKTOp IJ:aHA, X0351HKa fICHXHaTpl1 eC-
KOll Ae e6HI1U;bI, B KOTOpOH YKPbIBaAl1Cb pa3YMHbIe AlOAH, .HBAHlOIJJ;a5l-
C5I OAHOBpeMeHHO I'AaBOM Mo eCTBeHHoro KOHu;epHa u3AOPOBbIX"
AIOAeH, I'OTOBbIX YHI1QTO)l(HTb II IIopa60THTh MHJ\AI10HbI ce6e nOAo6-
I1bIX BO HM5I 60raTCTBa II BAaCTH. A6cYPAHbIH Hp AlOppeHMaTIa He
Tpe6yeT rrepCOHHcpHKa l111 Ab5lBOAa B 06pa3e nOTYCTopOHHeH CI1AbI:
pa3Be He cepHbIM 3anaXOM rrpeHCnOAHeM: BeeT OT 3TOH I'pOTeCKHo-pe-
aAhHOM cppeHAeHH IJ:aHA, HaIIOMI1HaIOm;eH 3KcnpeCCMOHHCTI1 eCKH-
ypOMHBbIe 06pa3hI AerpaAllpYlOI.IJ;HX 6yp>Kya paHHeI'O reHpHxa MaH-
Ha (pOMaH "B 3eMAe 06eToBaHHoi1"), HeCYIJJ;el1 C C060M xapaKTepHYlO
l\lOppeHMaTI'OBCKYIO aTMoccpepy "06bIKHOBeHHOI'O YJKaca" ("BI13I1T
CTapOH AaMbI")? Aa H caMa OHa BIIOAHe OAH03Hal.J:HO OTAeMIeT ce651 OT
QeAOBelIeCTBa: "MOH TpeCT 6YAeT BAaAeTb Ml1pOM, OH 3aXBaTI1T Bce
CTpaHbI 11 KOHTl1HeHTbI, BCIO COAHe Hyro Cl1CTeMY, AO caMOH TYMaHHO-
CTI1 AHAPoMeAbI... 3aAal.J:a perneHa. VI He B IIOAb3Y AIOAel1, a B nOAb3Y
rop6aTOM CTapOI1 AeBbI" (407 - 408).
AOKTOPY WaHA TO)Ke 51BMIAC5I Qapb COJ\.OMOH BO BceM Kpace 11 Cha-
se cBoeH; OHa, 06MaHOM (CHAOH, YJ\.OBKOli, npeHMyu eCTBOM cHryan;HH)
OBAClAeBllIa51 PYKOIII1C5IMH Me611yca (MOTHB HenpaBeAHOI'O BAaAeHH5I H
HCnOAb30BaHI151 MYAPoro nHCaHI151, oco6eHHO OT"tJeTAMBO rrp05lBHB-
lllH:HC5I B 60Aee II03AHeM pOMaHe Maprepa 3apI1H5I), TOJKe C I1TaeT ce-
651 HacJ\.eAHl1n;eH Ayxa BeAHKOI'O n;ap.H. CaM cpaKT rrpHQaCTHOCTI1 AO-
CTH)KeHH5IM pa3YMa, cAeAOBaTeAbHO, TaK>Ke He cnacaeT OT uAb5lBOAb-
rn;l1HbI", KaK H He 03Ha"tJaeT 6e3YCAOBHoro COI03a C He:H. KopeHb "3J\.a"
I1Al1 "Ao6pa", no AIDppeHMaTIY, Ae)KI1T B pa3YMHOM ynpaBAeHHI1 MH-
pOM - HAM OTCyrCTBHI1 ero, 'll'fO, B CBOIO o epeAb, 3aBHCHT OT ypOBH.H
pa3BI1TH5I "pa3YMa" 06rn;eCTBa.
3Ta KOHu;en I151, OTTaAKHBalOIIJ;a5lC5I OT npOCBeTHTeAbCKOH B CBO-
eM ynoBaHI1H Ha MYAPYIO pacrrOp5lAI1TeAbHOCTb pa3)'Ma, He npeArrOJ\.a-
raeT, OAHaKO, Y AIOppeHMdTTa peaAbHbIX nepCrreKTI1B rrp116Jill)l(eHH5I K
u;apCTBY nOCJ\.eAHero. 3HaHI151 KaK Ha60p orrpeAeAeHHbIX cpaKTOB H
YMeHI1H npOTHBonOCTaBJUllOTC5I 3AeCb pa3YMY KaK "AYXY" (Geist), co-
103Y paccYAKa (Vernunft) 11 QYBcTBa (Sinn, Herzlichkeit). MhICAb OCTa-
HOBI1Tb HeJ\.b351, pe3YAbTaTbI ee Cnp5I'raTb HeB03MO)l(HO, B Hepa3YMHoM
(MI13aHTpOIIl1 ecKoM, Ab.HBOJ\.bCKOl\1) l\1l1pe HaYKa 6YAeT CAY>KMTL 3AY,
142
fAana VI
He)'MoAI1MO pa3pyrna51 )K.1131IL: TaKOB HCTOpliqeCKI1:H rrpOrH03 OAHOrO
H3 Hall60Aee HpKliX COBpeMelIHblx nHCaTeAeH, AOCTOHHbIX rrepa nOAJ1-
TH"4eCKHX CaTHpl1KOB npocBeTHTeALcKoro XVIII B. - CBllcpTa, cDI1A-
AHHra, BOAbTepa. TaKoB H Hepa3pernMMbIM Tparll1.JeCKllH rrapdAoKC co-
BpeMeHHblx <DaycToB - .lKepTB JJnoAHTllqeCKllX rrpOxOAllMIJ,eB" (Bblpa-
)KeHlle Me6Hyca).
MOTHB HeH36e.IKHOH Ab5lBOAM3aIJ,HH HaYKH B HhIHeUIHeM, - KaK
I1 HeKorAa cpeAHeBeKoBoM, - MHpe, AeAalO I1H cOMHMTeAbHoH ca-
MYIO cpl1ryPY <DaycTa, 3B llT TaK.lKe B AI16peTTO 6aAeTa reAbMyra
cDoreMI "MecpMcTocpeAh" (BnepBble IIOKa3dH B KapAcpY3 B 1961), rAe
fAaBHbIM repoH, HH)KeHep repo - 1'1111 BIIOAHe cOBpe leHHoro yqeHo-
rO-KM6epHeTHKa, Tep}1eT cBo6oAY B AeryMaHH3MpoBaHHoM MMpe Tex-
HMQeCKOM HBI1All3aU;llH, HeCMOTp5I Aa)Ke Ha YCMAM5I JJBeQHO-)KeHCT-
BeHHoro" - ero 6AaropoAHoM II caMOOTBep)KeHHOM B03AI06AeHHoH
rro IfMeHll BeH5I.
B TO )Ke Bpel\l51 rrOAHTI13aU;H5I cpaYCTOBCKoro KOHcpAHKTa, 3HaKO-
Ma5I rro rrp0I13BeAeHH5IM COBeTCKHX nl1CaTeAeH H OT"lIeTAllBa51 y AIOp-
peHMaTTa, IIopOAHAa B AMTeparype BOCTOl.IHOM EBpOIIbI H OIITH lMC-
T11QeCKI1M THII "CHAbHoro", JJ I1 W;YLQero" <DaYCTa 6e3 MecpllCTocpeMI,
cBo6oAHoro MAM oCBo6o aIOlQerOC5I OT Ah5lBOAbCKoro BJ\M5IHH5I H
Ivlorylu;ecTBeHHoro MCKAIOQHTeAbHO 6AarOAap51 co6CTBeHHbIM TaAaH-
TaM H, rAaBHoe, cnoco6HOCTH TOl.J:HO BnHCaTbC5i B IIporpeCCHBHbIH
XOA HCTOpl1H.
TaKa5I MOAllcpHKaqll51 cpaYCTOBCKoro 06pa3a, BbIXOMI 3a rrpeAeAbI
np06Ael\lhl yqeHoro B COBpeMeHHOM l\ll1pe, cpOKYCMp013aAaCb Ha 60Aee
IllHpOKOH rrpo6AeMe Aep3aHH5I, "npopbIBa", COOTHOWeHH.H BbIAalO-
w;ei1c5I J\J1'-1HOCTH H 06w;eCTBa r coxpalleHH5I HpaBCTBeHHOH BbICOTbl B
3KcTpervlaAbHbIX Cl1ryau.M5IX 11 T. II. - C IIpeAIIOl.J:THTeAbHbIM BbIXOAOM
K no6eAe " Ao 6pa" (nporpecca, aAbTpYVf3Ma, 6eCKopbICTH5I 11 T.n.) HaA
'j3AOM" (MpaK06eCMel\I, 3aCToeM, TIl\eCAaBllCM, KOpLICTblO 11 T.rr.). CalVI
cpaYCTOBCKHH repoi1 npI1 3TOl\1 qaCTO rrpoeO;HpORaAC.H Ha 06pa3 (HAll
06pa3bI) BeAHKMX (JUITeparypHblx MAM I1CTOpIP.ICCKHX) npeArneCTBCH-
HHKOB: l.J:epTa, oco6eHHO CBOHCTBeHHa.H rr03THQeCK0I1 CTpYKrype cpay-
CTl1aHbI BTOpOH nOAOBMHbI XX B. 11 6epyuJ.a51 MCTOKH B COIloC'raBAeHHll
COBpeMeHIIbIX <DaYCTOB C HX reTeBCKl1lVl HAM AoreTeBCKHl\ll1 IIPOTOTH-
rral\-111 B AMTeparype IIepBOH nOAOllI1Hbl CTOAeTH5I C'MaCTep H Mapl'a-
pHTa" M. EYAraKOBa r "AOKTOp <Dayc'ryc" T. MalH-la, /IMaM <DaycT"
fl. BaAepl1 HAP.). TaK, repOH ApaI\lbI EMAHOI'O PY lblHCKoro IIl1CaTC/\5I
BHKTopa EcpTI1MMY j'AOKTOp <DaYCT, BOAllle6HHK" (1957) Hal.J:HI-IaeT
CBOe CYIJJ;eCTBOBdHHe ern;e B XlII CTOAeTI1M, B rOAbl )K113HH AaHTe, d 3d-
KaHQI1BaCT - B 3IIOXY J\eOHapAo Aa BI1H1.JM, caM CTaHOB5ICb OAHOJ1: 113
I1fIOCTaceH reHH5I B03pO)Kj\CHH5I (MOTHB "nyrerneCTBl151 BO BpelYIeIII1",
cBoeo6pa3HOI1: TpaHCBpe:\1( lll-IOM TpaBeCTYlI1, H311eCTHLJ:H no cpaYCTOB-
CKI1lYlllpOM3Be / \eHH5IM EYAraKOBa, KepyaKa, AenaAbI, Epe3aHa). B KOH-
u;e KOHI OB CHJ\hHbIlI AYX0;\ cDilycT EcpTI1MI1Y CTaH0f3HTC51 HaCTanHM-
Om CPayc/l/u }>C13YMQ K CDaycmy Cepg4a
143
KOM Meqn1CTocpeJ\51, B PC3YAbTa'l'e qerO AeMOH paCKaI1BaCTC5I BO BCeX
CBOHX rpexax (MOTYlB "OQeAOBet.£I1BaH1151" Ab5lBOJ\a, C KOTOphII\l1\lhI Y)Ke
BCTpeQaA11Cb Y C. AAenH1Ha), a HOCI1TeAervI peaAhHOrO 3Aa, ry651I..qero
<DaycTa-BMHl:IH, BbTcTyrraeT YlHKBH311TOp A;KMpoAaMO CaBOHapOl\.a.
TaK i\leqlHcTocpeAhCKoe "3AO", paBHO KaK H nophIB TBOpqeCKOH, "cpay-
CTOBCKOH" 3HeprMI1, 06HapY.iKI1Ba5lCh B I1CTOpMQeCKOH peaAbHOCT11,
pea6HAHTYlPYIOTC5I 11 AeMHCTl1cpI1QMPYlOTC5I - B TO )Ke Bpervl51 IIOA a51
(paKTydAbHYla OCHOBaTeJ\hHOCTb (HeKarAa CBaHCTBCHHYIO HapaAHOH
KHHre 0 <DaYCTe, HO Y)Ke KO BpeMeHaM feTe rrOp5lAKaM yrpaqeHHoli).
TaKa51 )Ke COIJ;l1aAhHO-HCTOpH'4eCKa51 KOHKpeT113a Yl51, naAILI1TaH-
Ha51 6AaropaAHhIM y6e)KAeHl1el\1 B He06xOAHIVIOCTM TeXHI1t.£eCKaro rrpo-
rpecca, HalTpaBAeHHoro He Hd caMOB03BbIllleHHe M YAOBAeTBapeHHe
QeCTOJ\Io6U5I11306pCTaTCJ\H (Y'4elIoro), HO Ha 6J\aro AIOAeH, IlOAb3Y 06-
Jl ero AeAa, - paBIlO KaK H YBepeHHocTblO B TOl\I, lITO AI060H Kal'vH. H-
lD,HK, aAep)Kl1MblM /Ka;KAOH 3HaIH1H, MO.>KeT CTaTb 'J<DaYCTOl\l" (CMTya-
UH5I rep05I, 113 rrpOCTbIX pa60QMX nOAH5IBlllerOC51 1\0 HH.>KeHepa), 6bIACl
xapaKTepHa M5I AparvIbI BOCTO"4.HOrepMaHCKoro l111CaTeJ\5l cDoAbKepa
6paYHa uraHc CDaYCT" (B ApyrOH peAaKlJ;HYI - "XHHu;e M KYJ-[[J;e",
1968) 11, OTMeQeHHbH'1 TaK)Ke, npl1 BceH cBoeH xYAa)KeCTBCHHOI1 )KYlBO-
CTM, 3AeMeHTal\lH rrOAHTJ13aU)111 (13 Ayxe Bpel\leIU1 11 1\leCTa C03AdHH51
IIbeCbI, 3Ta - II 60pb6a C peBI13HaHM3IvIa 1").
TpaHccpopl\JaU)110 <DaycToBcKoro repo}l npe){<..L\e Bcero B repo.H
TIpaBCTBeHHoro, "repo.H QeCTJ1" IIpeMaraeT 11 pOMaH BQHrepCKOI'O III1-
CaTeJUl J\acJ\a AIOpKO "Ct.JacTA:HBOe llYTewecTBMe AaK'fOpa cDayC'ra 13
npeYlCnaAHIOIo" (1979) 12, rAe cpaHTaCT 1"4eCKI1i1 3AeMeHT TaK)Ke rrpe-
AeAbHO aKryaAJil3MpOBaH U nOAMTH3HponaH ("4.eI\ry cnoc06cTByeT Hapo-
l.£HTa CYXOH, nOt.JTH IIpOTOKOl\.bHhlM CTllAb rrOBeCTBOBaHlI5I, CTpeMJ\eHMe
K AOKY1"leHTaJ\M3aQI111 06pa30B I1 C06hITl1H, q1'O B npHHIU1IIe 51BMeTC.H
cneQl1cpl1QeCKOH 1JepTOH n03THKM XX B., yqllThlBalOlJ. eM: npeACKa3aH-
HYIO e e rerel\.eM HeKOTOpylO YCTaAOCTb 1JHTaIOIIJ;ei1 ny6A.l1KH OT XYAO-
)KeCTBeHHora BbIMbICAa 11 T5Iry K AOKYMeHTaAJ13MY, COt.£eTdlOlQYlOC51,
OAHaKO, B AYXOBHOH KYAhTYpe HaIIlera CTOAeTM51 C T5Il'OTeHHel\l K 1\111-
cpy, rrpHTqe, J\ereHAe KaK HKAIOQaM" rr03HaHM5I CerOAH5IIIlHerO rvll1pa).
fepoH paM aHa AepAL Ca6(lA01Il r YXONII..IJ;HH H3 )KH3HI1 pa30QapOnaH-
v v
HbIM - I1 TaK, "4TO ero CJ\yqaHHa51 CMepTh rrOXO)Ka Hd CaI\10Y0l1HCTllO, -
l'eM He IVreHee, rrpll3HaeTC5I "c-qaCTAHBbIM" ero HeO./KYlAaHHbll\l 3aIIJ;MT-
HYlKOrvl, aABOKaTOM A6col\.IOTa :tvlecpYlcTocpeAeivI. Ah}[BOAOl\1 HOHOM: cpop-
MaQHH, JU1llleHHOM opeoAa MHCTl1Q113Ma, cKopee npocTo IIpoHHIJ;a-
TeAbHOM 3HaTOKe QeJ\OBeQeCKI1X AYllI, qY OIVI npe3pl1TeAbJIaH YlpO-
HI1I1 reTeBCKOrO rrepCOHa)Ka, HO rrpaHYlKHYTOM COt.JYBcTBYleM 11 rpyC'r-
HOM CHHcXOAHTeAbHOCThIO K AlOAHM, KOTOphIl1: lleKOrAd 3aIIJ;YI aJ\. l1l\.e-
reHAapHbU1: npo06pa3 Ca6aAoilia r AOKTopa cDaycTa (Y)Ke 3HaKoMblH
MOTI1B Be1JHOrO B03Bpa eHH5I He"lllIOl'a 06pa3a, xapaKTepHbIH .l\MI MH-
pOBOH cpaYCTHaHhI XX B.) - no KpYlTCpJ1lO ollpeAeJ\eHH5I C 1 -ldCTb51 KaK
BHYTpeHHei1 cB060AbI.
144
rAana VI
YIMeHHo B 3TOM IIl\.aHe 6hlA CqaCTAHB reTeBCKUM <DaYCT - Aa)Ke B
CBOeM B03MO)KHOM 3a6AY*ACIIHI1 IIBbICIllerO" M JlrrOCl\.CAHerO" Ml1ra
3eMHoro 6bITH5I. l1MeHHo B TaKOM CMbICl\.e rrOl\.araeT Y AaRlileMC5I Ivle-
<p11CTocpel\.b 11 >KM3Hb CBoero HOBoro IIOA3aIlJ)1THoro: Ca6ilAOU1, CTOI1-
KHM KOMMYHI1CT, He YCT)'nHBIllI1M B CBoe BpeM5I BeHrepCKI1l\I cpalllHC-
Tal\t-HI1l\.aIllI1CTal\l, BhIAep:>KaBIIIHH J/HcrrhITaHlIe 6AarorroJ\ YQHel\l" (1\10-
TI1B, aKTYaAhIlbll1 B l\.HTepa'rype CTpaH COI.J)1aAHCTI1 1 -leCKOrO l\.arep51 B
1960 - 1970-e rOAhl; B HailleH cTpaHe BhI3BaBIUI1H BOl\.HY TaK Ha3bIBae-
MOll 'JaHTI1 lew.aHCKOH" l\.MTepaTyphL B TOM l.J:HCAe - rrp03a B. WYK-
llll1Ha, 10. TpHcpOHOBa, <D. A6paMOBa), IIO:>KepTBOBaBlllHH AI11.JHbIM
rrpeycrre51HHeM paAl1. BbICOKMX HAeaJ\.OB, IJCqaCTAI1B" Tel\1, qTO coxpa-
HMl\. Bce '/CTpel\-lJ\..eHW5I" H BhICOTbI CBoero h}{" - He3aBHCMMO 01' BAH5I-
HJ151 BHeIIIHHX 06CT051TeAbcTB.
To, "tlTO C411TaA >KeAaHHhIM 11 HeAOCTH:>KMl'vlbIM AIOppeHl\IaTT, TpaK-
TOBaAOCh KaK B03MO)KHOe BeHrepcKHM l1HCaTel\.el\I - HO KaK H80CO-
3HaHHO B03l'vIO)KHOe, 6e3 Orn; eHI151 nOAHoH YAoBAeTBopeHHOCTI1 re-
TeBCKoro ct>aycTa rrpeAcMepTHoro MI1I'a, KaK CqaCTbe He I.COfAdCH5I" C
".-
OhlTI1eM, HO, II KaHTOBCKO-3K3HCTeH:U;HaJ\I1CTCKOl\1 CJ\lLICl\.e, CqaCTbe BLI-
nOAHeHHOI'O AI11..IHOrO AOAra, AI1YHOrO J'KaTerOpvp-leCKOl'O HM.llcpaTI1-
Barr, Al11.JHOrO BbI6opa. B TO )Ke BpeM5I 11 3 J\..0" t.IeAOnetleCKoro CYlu;eCTBO-
Bar-Hi5I OIl}ITh paCTBOp51eTC5I B peaAhHOlYl Ml1pe, l\eCaKpal\.H3Y5I II lJ yMw -
pOTBOp5I5I" TPClAl1IJ;MOIU-IhIH 06pa3 Ab}lBOAa, Bce 60J\..ee C6AI1)KaIO ero-
C5I C peaAbHhll\1 Qel\.OBeQeCKI1M TMfIOI\1.
npel1l\1y ecTBeHHoe BHHl\1aHl1e K 3TH'-IeCKotvIY HanOAHeHYIIO <payc-
TOBCKoro 06pa3a. BHe 3aBHCI1MOCTI1 01' KOHKpeTHO-l1CTopHQeCKOI1 CHry-
aU;UH ero 6hITOBaHI151, CIIoc06CTBOBaAO 11 rrOCTerreHHOlVIY, rro J\-lcpe YAa-
AeHH5l OT C06bITI1I1 BTOpoii rvII1pOBOH BOHHbI, CH}lTl1lO MOTHBa rrpoKJ\51-
TJlUI <DaYCTa IJCMepToHocHofr" HaYKH, KOTOphIM Bce qaw;e OTIeCI-I5ieTC5I
MOTI1BOI\l 1J0AYilleBAeHI15I" HaY"-lHOrO rrOHCKa (Jr pa3Y J\Ia"), ryI\IaHHOCTblO
11 A06pOTOM (licepAt\eMIi) yqeHoro. bOAee I10AXOA5I eH CIO)KeTHOH OCHO-
BOM M5I 3Toro OKa3bIBaJ\.aCh He COBpel\-leHHOCTb C ee llpJ13paKOM aTOl\1-
Horo arrOKaAWnCl1Ca, HO npOIJIl\.Oe. TI05lBl1AI1Ch l\IHOrOt.IMCl\.eHHbIe '.pea-
6Hl\.HTl1pYIOIl\He" Tpc1AHQMoHHoro <l>aYCTa npOH3BeAeHH5I, TaK I1AI1 J1Ha-
Qe BapblfPYIOIl\He CIO)KeT HapOAHOM KHHrl1 (IIJ1CTOpI15I 3HaMeHYITOrO
BOJuue6HMKa AOKTopa <DaYCTa" K.l\.ayca MaMrrel\.5I, 113AaHHa51 B 3ana,A-
HOM fepMaHI1M B 1962 f., "Ae5IHI15I 11 IIpHKJ\.lOQeHI151 AOKTopa <Daycryca"
<DpMu;a Xa6eKa, 0I1y6l\.MKOBaHHbIe B 1970 r. B BeHe, M T.n.), a TaK>Ke IIpO-
113BeAeHM5I r C03Ail!OIIJ;Me 06pa3 II pOl\1aHTI1QeCKOrO" <DaycTa, B KOTOpOM
aK:u;eHTl1pOBaHhI ero cTpacTb K n03HaHHlO He CTOAhKO TaMH IIpHpOAbI,
CKOl\.hKO npeAeCTeH /KH3Hl1 r IIorpY)KeHHYIO B Ml1p qYBCTB, IIOHCK Heo-
ObIKHOBeHHOH l\.I06BH (coeAI1HHBllla5I qepTbI AMTeparypnoro BeCTepHa 11
3cKei1rrI1CTCKOM HAMJV\.HH ApaMa OHa Ai1roy 113 Texaca I. <DaYCT B ce-
lVleMHOM KPYry", 1964, npeAAaralorn.a5I cBoe06pa3HhII1 yTellll1TeAhHhIM
rrapacppa3 Ha TeMY CYAh6bl reTcBcKoH rpeTxeH, 11 T.rr.), "tlTO BeJ\..O K Aere-
pOH3alJ;I111 yqacTHI1KOB cpaYCl'OnCKOro KOHcpl\.I1KTa.
DIll ([>aycll/ll /)(nYl\-IQ K <1>aycmy Cepgu,a
145
3HatIHTeAbHOM rrOIIhIl'Koi1 CHona Bcepbe3 paCCMOTpeTb cpayCTOB-
CKYlO npo6AeMY B CBeTe B3al1J\10AeHCTBI151 HayqHoro rrOMCKa H HpaBCT-
BeHHOCTH B KOHTeKCTe I1CTOpI1l1 06 eCTBeHHoro nporpecca npeAnpM-
H5IA B cepeAHHe 1970-x rOAon COp6CKMM TII1CaTCAh IOpMM Epe3aH B PO-
;\1aHe IJKpa6aT r HAM npe06pa)KeHHC M11pa rr (1976) 13, KOTOpbI.H Ca1\1 an-
TOp Hd3blBaA «Bapl1dHTOM "cDaYCTa». 3AeCb yqeHbIH-reHeTI1K 5tH Cep-
6l1H IfpeBpaII.J.aeT ce65I C rrOMOl.L\bIO cPOPMYJ\hI, OTKphITOH 111\1 carvII1M, B
IJCBepXM03r". OAHdKO I\10Il\b pa3y a He np11HOCI1T y eHOMY YBepcn-
HOCTH H CI1AbI B CTOAKHOBeHI1M C )!\J13HeHIIbIMI1 TPYAHOCT5IlVII1, )KeJ\aH-
Horo YAOBAeTBOpeHH51 6blTHeM - Ii 'forAa, CAOBHO CAeAY5I Tparl1tIeCKO-
t\lY onpeAeAeHH.lO EA33a naCKaMl (tIeJ\oneK - Bcero .AI1llJb "MbICJ\5IIlJ.H i
TpOCTHMK"), Cep6l1H B rropbIBe OTl.Ja51HYI51 11. 6e3HaAe>KHOCTI1 peUldeT
3aT0411Th ce6H B 3a6pOlueHHOM XI1>KI1He, To6bI TaM "rrpeBpaTHTLC5! B
TpaBHHKY I1AI1 MaAeHbKY[H pOCTOK COCHbI". 3HaHYf51 ("TeXHHqeCKd}! ll,Jif-
BHAH3al M5J") He AaIOT, TaKI1I'vl 06pd30M, C4aCTb}I I10J\Horo caMOOCYIJ P-
CTBAelll15I I1X HOCI1TeJ\5IM - KaK 11 Bce y qeAOBeqeCTBY. "5! 6bIJ\ CBUA(\-
TeAel\l OTKpbrTHI1, 133pLIBdBIlJHX 061J enpHI-J5IThle pal\lKl1 r 11 npMBeTCTBO-
BaA I1X, 130CTOp/KeHHO r KaK 11 J3C(- r a rrOTOI\l BbIHY>KAeH ObIJ\ npYf1HdTb,
liTO 11 OHH He i.\IOl'JU1 CACJ\aTb qeAOBeKa cBo6oAHbIM" (98), - KOHCTaTJ1-
PyeT Cep611H.
Yacro COOTHOC5ICb - pa3l\1bIllIAeHJ1>I:vIH, peI\lI1I-Il1cqeH I15I lH: llpH-
i\1blrvl I1Tl1pOBaHJ1ervl, - C "cDaycTorvl" feTC (KaK 11 C IIAoKTOpO 1 cDayc-
ryCOl\I rr 'T. l'vlaHBa), repOM Epe3and BHOCMT HOBhIM :vIOl'J1B B COBp\. l\leH-
Hoe OCMhICAeHHe Kl\lO'YenOM ,A;\5I nOHHMaHvUI reTeBCK0ro 06pa3a CI e-
l-lbI rrepeBOAa 6H6A1111. ECJ\.M ,J\.51 <DaYCTa 3fIOXJ1 npOCBeII.J.eHH5I "Haqa-
AOM Bcex HaqaA" 6bIAO AeAO (Ae51TeAbHbIM pd3yM) - TO Al\5l Yl.JeHOrO-
HCKaTeNI XX CTOAeTI1}I nepBOCTeneHHbIM OKa3bIBaeTC51 Borrpoc 0 CH-
;\e (KOTOPYlO B AaHHOl'vl KOHTeKCTe MO)KHO paCCf\taTpJ1BaTb KaK AI1KTaT
rOCYAapCTBa, HHCTpYMeHTa aAl.JHhIX, BceCHJ\bHbIX 11 6e3)KaJ\OCTHbIX
OAl1rapXOB - cpeHOMeH, eCAH TaK MO)KHO Bblpa311ThC5I, COUHaALHof'l
:vleTacpH3I1KH: HaA-C'f051 eH M BHe-CT051 eH).
5lH Cep6HH, OTqeTllliBO aCCOI. YII1PYIOIl. M:HC5I C AApHaHOl\'1 AeBep-
KIOHOM r a OTqaCTI1 - 11 C repoeM IIMoero cDaYCTa rr O. BaJ\epl1 r B CBOelYl
caMo3aMKHyroM IJOrPY>KeHI1U B "l.JI1CryfO HaYKY", l'qHCTbIM pa3Yl\I" He
Ol YLQaeT yrpO/KaIOr.u;ero rrpH6AYI:>KeHH51 onaCHbIX I10CAeACTBI1I1 CBOMX
3aH5ITI111: reI-IeTI1KOH - M IIAb5lBoAH3yeTC5I" caM. "BbI AYM:aeTe, tITO UbI
<DaYCT r - rOBOpHT eMY ero APyr Ii lI aHre J\-npeAyrrpeAI1TeAh" ApTYP
KYHHHrac. - A Ha caMOM AeAe BbI MeqH1cTocpeAb. 11 13 3TOM napl1 Ehl
npoMrpaeTe caMoro ce65I" (227).
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o KOH e cpaYCTOBCKOM 3Pbl, H 06pa3 <DaYCTa, C OAHOI1 CTOpOHbI, 3al\Ie-
aeTC XpHCTo06pa3HbIM repOeM (TeHAeHU;H5i, HAYll a5I OT pOi\laJ-Ia
MHXaHAa EYAraKOBa "MaCTep 11 MaprapI1Ta") - a, C APyrOl1:, qel\OBe-
qeCTBO CAOBHO paCCTaeTC , CMe Ch, co CBOHl\[ cpaYCTOBCKI1 l npo-
lUAhIM, rrpeMara BepeHI1:r y IJ CHH)KeHHhIX", AcrepOH3V1pOBaHHhIX AO
onOllIAeHI1 <DaYCTOB Ii Mecp11cTocpeAeiI.
HaCl\-leIIIKY HaA IIpeTeH3M MM <DaYCTa llAOIJJ;aAHOrO K)TKOl\bHOrO
TeaTpa XVII - XVIII BB., Bhlpa)KalOlJ YlO {.IYBCTllO rrpeBOCXO.L\CTna Ao6-
pOHpaBHoro 3pHTeMI-06bIBaTeJUI HaA HeAerrblI\1 B cBoeM rOPAhIHe yy.e-
HbIM AOKTOpOM, Y/Ke B KOH e XVIII B. Cl\1eHHAa IlapOAI15i lId <DaYC1'il,
npeAITOAaralO:w;a IIpI1H HIIHa.AhHO HHOH xapaKTep ero OCl\le5iHl15I: no-
IIbITKY 'JCHH)KeHH " BeA11QeCTBeHHOCTI1 ero 06pa3a, J'cH THe" TpaI'113-
Ma ero CYAb6hI H rAaBHoe, IICI1XOAOrl1QeCKOe npeoAOAeHHe TOM AHC-
TaH H11, O1'AeMlIO eM 01' <DaYCTa, KOTOPYIO CTMH olu;y a1'h 3pl1TeAH
(\.urraTeAI1), C1'OAKHYBIllHCb B 31'01' nepI1.0A C 1I0BOM TpaKToBKoH H31H!-
C1'HOfO 06pa3a.
nepBa TaKa napOA1151, 6YAYlJ:H KOl\'II-p-leCKI1!\1 nOApa>KaHHeM,
C1'pO HMC Ha Hap01.1HTOM HeCOO1'Be1'CTBHI1 CTI1AI1CT1111eCKHX YI TeI\1a-
THQeCKI1X rrAaHOB IIp0I13BeAeHH5I, C npl1el\'IolVl 1'paBcc1'HH - 'JrrepeAH-
U;OBKI1" CIO>Ke1'a, IIepeHeceHHoro B I1HYlO ccpepy, IlO5IBI1AaCb 6YKBaAh-
HO BCAeA 3a TparHQeCKH-BeAMQeC1'BeHHbIM KJ\HHrepOBCKHl\l cDaycToM B
1793 f. B KaQeCTBe OTKAllKa Ha Hero ("eDaycr, cpparlYleH1' rrapO;\l1H" ,
IIOAIII1CaHHbIM aHOHHl\IHbIM "AOHAOHCKI1M aH1'HKBapOM").
napOAHMHble 3Ael\'leHTbI HeCAH B ce6e M pOlVlaIITH\.leCKHe I1IITCp-
npeTau,HH cpayc1'oBcKoro CIO)KeTa. npl1 3TOl'vl, B CBH3H C pa3paCTuJO-
IIJ.HMC51 i1 yrpo.IKaIOll\e MHCTl1cpHU,I1PYIOll HYIC}{ H npeAcTaBJ\clIHi1 po-
IVlaHTHKOB MoryIl\eCTBOM CaTaHbI, rra pOAHHIJ 0- n peo.L\Ol\(' BC1 ro 11 ( \1 Y I
'J AeMMCTl1cpl1l HpYIOII.J;eMY", II pH3BaHHO 1 y CH5I1'h .. CTpax II C ;\re XO.\1 C II Vj-
)KeHHIO 110ABepr AaCh IIpe e Bcero Ah BOALCKO- Mecpl1 CTO<t)l\/\ I)C Kd >1
ccpepa CJMervlyaphl Ca1'aHbI" B. raycpa: Al16peTTO 6aJ\eTti II(DdYCT"
r. reHHe).
B KOH e XIX B. <DPHAPI1X HH llIe, npI13HaBa5I B CBoelVI "P()KA('[l HM
1'pareAI111 113 Ayxa MY3bIKH" (1872) <Dayc1'a ayreHTM1.JHhll\1 Hl\lHCt)OI\I"
(MoAeAbro) cOBpeMeHHoro qeAOBeKa, HeAocryfIHblM nOHHl\1aHI1IO npo-
IlIAbIX 3IIOX, yrBepJKAaA, Tel\-1 He MeHee, C MpOHI1.eH, 1.11'0 B CBOI1X I1Ae-
aAbHO-pOMaHTHqeCKHX YCTpeM!...eHI151X cDayc1' JJ 1'aK )Ke HaJ1BeH, KaK H
ero Maprap11Ta" ('I<DaYCT - 1'pareAH II03HaHI15I? B CaMOlYl AeAe? 51.
cMeroch HaA <DaYCTOM").
Ha aAo BeKa (I&Cepe6p5lHbIM BeK" - B oilpeAeAeHMM O1'e1.1eC1'-
BeHHblX KYAbrypoAoroB, la Belle Epoque - B TepMI1HOAOrHH 3arrCiA-
HoeBpOIIe:H eB), C ero rrpOTHBope HBOC1'hIO, KOHTpacTHocTbIO, He-
TeprrHMOCTblO M peMITI1BM3MOM, rrepeC 10TpOM rrpe)KHHX eHHocTeM
H rrOHCKOM HOBbIX, C ero 3CTeT113MOM 11 AeKaAaHCOlVI, rrOABepI'HYB co-
MHeHMlO eHHOC1'b cpaycToBcKoro CTpeMAeHM 11 rpaHAMo3HOCTh 3a-'
152
I"AQBQ V
MbICAa B COI03e -qeAOBeKa C I\h}IBOAOM, rrOpOAHAO MHO./KCCTBO rrapo-
AMH, KOl\leAMll, IOMOpMCTMt.IeCKHX 11 MI03I1K-XO.M.bHbIX rrapacppa30B,
CKeTqeH Ii 3CTpaAHhIX peBIO Hd cpaYCTOBCKI1M CIO)KeT: (HOBe.M.a HKo-
Heu; <DaYCTa" , 1904, KAoAa <t>appepa BO <DpaHL WI1; ApaMaTI1QeCKI1M
AHCL\Or HOcTaHoBKa BeQHOrO )KHAa" , 1905, A. rpacpa, B V1TaA.HI1;
pOMaH T. MHqMHbCKOro "KceHA3 <DaycT", 1911, orry6AI1KOBaHHbIH
B BapwaBe, 11 T.rr.).
CpeAu HJ1X 6bIAH rrpoH3BeAeHl15I, HaCbIJl eHHhle (oTtIaCTH - B Tpa-
AHIJ.HI1 feTe. HO B 60Ablueff .l\lepC - B TpaAl1qHI1 KAl1Hrepa Vi POMdHTM-
KOB) 3J\el\1CHTal\IH COl l1aAhHOH caTHphI (pOMaHhI lIeMLJ;a 11. raYAbKe
IJ CDaYCf rrpI1KOBaHHLli1:". 1910. I1113BeCTHOI'O q)paHI Y3cKoro TIYICaTeA5I-
fOl\10p11CTd 11 3KCnep11l\leHTaTopa A. ./Kapp11 HAe5lHJ15I 11 MHeH115I AOKTO-
pa <DaycTpOAA51. naTacpI13HKa", 1911, BBeArnero B Ml1pOBOH o6J1XOA
caf\'IO nOH5ITHe "rraTacpH3HKI1" KaK HeKOeI1 HHTeJ\AeKTyaAbHoH naTOAO-
f11.H, HaY1.1HOH 3aYl\JI1).
Oc060ro BHJ.1.IVlaHH5I acJ\Y)KMBaeT 31\CCb Hl\1eBIUa51 AOArOBpel'vleH-
Hbu'1 ycnex Kor.leAl1R <DpaHKa BeAeKMHAa jj<DpaHI HcKa" (1911), KOTO-
PYlO caJ\I aBTOp Ha3Bal\. "l\IHCTCpI1eH" Y1 I'Ae repOI1H5i, MOAOAa5i AeBym-
Ka cpaYCTOBCKoro CKJ\ ,a, B TC'-ICHI1C ABYX J\eT PYKOBOAJ1Ma5I HaCTaBHM-
KOM "l\1eqnfCTocpeAbCKoro" TMIla, Be,\eT XOAOCT5IIJ;KI1I1 06pa3 :iK113HHr
norpY)KaHCb B IVll1p CTOAb XOp0lI10 J13I3eCTHOH: BeACKI1HAY H tIaCTO BOC-
f1eBael\10H H}\'[ 60rer.1hI, AI1TeparypHbIx Ka6ape, ne065I3aTeALHhIX AIO-
OOBHbIX CB5J3CH - 11 KOHt.Ia5i B 11Torc 6AarorrOAY-IHbIl\1 JiI CrrOKOH:HLIM
6yp:iKya3Hbly! 6paKOl\1 (T.e. Tall caMOH oOhIBaTeAbcKOH ")KHBOTHOC-
TbIO", KOTOpYI-o 11 CTapa.l\C51 o6naPY)J(HTb 13 GCI-lOne ncex qeAOBeqeCKHX
no6Y*AeH1111 reTeBCKMH: MeqHfCTo<peAb).
BhlcMeMBaeT C l\recp11CTocpeAbCKI1X rr03I1IJ;I1H cpaYCTOBCKI1e al\16H-
IJ;J1l1I }If TIOJ\.Ha51 npeBpdlqeHHM. rryraHI1L\, rr060"4:HLIX CIO)KeTHbIX I1HTpHr
11 KapHanaJ\.hHo-orrepeTO\.fHa5I. HacbIIII;eHHa51 rneKCI1l1pOBCK11l\111 pel'vll1-
HMcqeHql151IVIH KOr v leAI15I MCI1i1HCKOfO ApaMaTypra X. EeHaBeHTe "Me-
rpI1CTocpeAa" r nOCTaBJ\eHHa}f B MaAPMI\ B 1918 f. 3Aecb rAdBHoe AeH-
CfByJOrn;ee AI1QO, YHacAeAoBanwee I1M5i J1 BeceAbu1 xapaKTep "Ah5I-
BOAbCKOi1" repOI1HH 6aAeTHoro AH6peTTo reHp11xa feMBe, B03HMKaeT
113 pe6pa MeQ.1I1CTOcpC.1Ul H I3CJ\aCTb I13AeBaeTC5I HM CTaphIM, HO He yr-
pdTJ1BlllllII\1 QYBCTBeHHbIX nophIBOB <DaYCTOJvr, 3aCTaBA5BI ero MeTaThC5i
e y )KeHO 1 3J\b30H II AB I5i CBOJ1l'vIW y-y:eHHKdMW. OKTaBHO H Map-
rapI1TOH, B KOHqe KOHIJ;OB oC'raBMl5i Y'leHoro AOKTopa oAypaQeHHbIM H
BceMH nOK11HVTbIM.
.I
B TOM )Ke KAlO"lJe pa3BMBafOTC5i C06bITW5I JiI B 113AaHHOH B 1908 f. B
BeHe HoneMe P.-X. .6apTllia "HOBbIM <DaycT" r rAe AeM:CTBl1e Haq11HaeT-
C5i c YBAeKaTeAbHOrO paccKa3a HeKoero cTYAeHTa APY3b5IM 0 CBoeM
AlO6HMOM repoc - cDaycTe. cTap11Ke, OAep)KI1MOl'vI, HeCMOTp5I Ha B03-
pacT, JKa>KAOH )KH3HI1 Ii )l(eAaHHer\l OCTaBI1Tb CAeA B HCTOpl1I1. ApY3b5I
y6e>KAalOT ero rep051 B TOM, QTO caM OH MO)KeT 6bICTpee Bcero AOCTHqb
60raTCTBa 11 CAaBbI, Harrl1CaB J\M6peTTO onepeTTbI "cDaYCT KaK npapo-
Om gerepoU3UpOBQHHOrO cPaycma K C!>aycn1}' ycn1CU\O.l\,ry
153
AI1TeAb >KYPHaAI1CTOB", - BeAb rrpeACTaBHTeJ\.M :iTOH 3aMeQaTeAbHO:H
npOcpeCCl111 TO)Ke npOAaAH CBOIO AYillY Ab.5lBOAY. lOHorna npMHHlVlaeT
COBeT - 11 BO I1M.5I AOCTI1)KeHM5I HaMelfeHHOrO 3dKJ\IOQaeT TpaAM. HOH-
HYIO CAeJU<.Y C qepTOM. OAHaKO HTOrOBOH eAblO 6hIT11.51, AaIO eH eMY
IIOAHOe YAOBAeTBopeHl1e, OKa3bIBaeTC5I BCeI'O AJ1ilIb 3aBOeBaHHe cepA-
u;a IOHOH COCeAKM, OqapOBaHHOH C03AaHHOH 3TJ1M HOBbIJ\-1 cDaYCToM
oneperrOH.
B rrpeABoeHHbIH rrepHOA CTaAa 3apO aTbC.5I H cpaYCTHaHa MaCCO-
BOM AMTeparypbI, COeAI1H.5IIOll.\a.51 B 06pl1COBKe 06pa30B <l>aYCTa H Me-
cpl1CTocpeAH 3AeMeHTbI AereHAapHble 11 HCTOpl1lJeCKl1e, reTeBCKl1e - 11
rrpl1111eAlliHe H3 HapOAHbIX KHl1r, AerKO CrrAaBA5IIOIIJ;He B TKilHI1 CBOHX
np0113BeAeHI1H. cpaHTaCTHKY, pOl\-IaHTl1qeCK)TlO CI1IvlBOAHKY, 3KCrrpeCCI1-
OHI1CTl1lJeCKyro nacpOCHOCTb C 6bITOrrI1CaTeAbCTBOM, CO I1aAbHOM: CaTH-
POM: 11 Kpl1THKOH HpaBOB (rrOCTaB.I\.eHHa.51 B I-IbIO-HopKe ApaMa
A.-A. CDI1Ke uMI1CTep <DaycT", ApaMaTHQeCKa5I cpaHTil3J151 PY!\lhII-Ia BI1K-
Topa EcpTI1MI1Y '14epHbIH neTYX", 06e - 1913 1'.). K nOAo6HOMY )Ke TM.-
rry OTHOC.5ITC.5I Ii MHOrO"lJI1CAeI-IHble AM6peTTO KOMeAI1HHfJIX Ollep, MlO-
311KAOB 11 6aAeTOB (B TOM "lJ11C.I\.e pa3pa6aThIBalOllJ;l1e Tel\1Y J\£06BI1 Me-
cpHCTocpeMlI1 MapTbI), C03AaIOW;l1eC.5I B 3TH rOAhl.
CI1MrrTOMaTI1QHbIM Af\5I IIOHHMaHH.5I cpeHOl\leHa I\-laCCOBoro KY Ab-
TYPHoro C03HaHI15I .5IBMIeTC5I TOT cpaKT, QTO CHI1)KeHM.e, OC.I\.a6AeHl1e,
"peAYKl.\I1.51" cpaYCTOBCKoro repo.51 B Haqa.l\.e BeKa llTAa rrapaJ\.J\eAbHO C
HOBbIM reTeBCKMM "6YMOM", C yrBep>KAeHHelVI H ..0lVlaCCOBAeHI1eM"
KY.l\.bTa feTe KaK cpMrypLI OAI1Mnl1M:CKI1-BeAl1yeCTBeHHOH, HHdA" -CTO.5l-
w;eH 11 TaKI1M 06pa30lVl MI1CTHcpl1 11pyeT\1011 11 i\ll1cpOAor113J1pyelVloH.
Oc060e BHI1MaHl1e npl1B.I\.eKaAl1 "TeMHhle", HerrOH51THbIe, MHOrOl.J:I1C-
AeHHble H npocTo HenpOTII1CaHHhIe !\leCTa reTeBCKI1X npoH3BeAeHMH, 11
BTopa.51 qaCTh uCDaycTa", TaK B03Myw;aBllla.51 B CBoe BpeM5i CBOeI1: Heno-
CAeAOBaTeAbHOCTbIO, '13araAOQHOCThlO" 11 cpparMeHTapHOCTblO I1pO-
HI1QHOrO aHaAMTHKa feHpMxa feHHe, CPOKycHpOBaAa Hal16oAhlIll1M: MH-
Tepec Tex, KTO T5IrOTe.l\. K YM03 pI1Te.l\.bHO-" HaA qYBcTBeHHbIl\tI", HapOl.JI1-
TO YC.I\.O)KHeHHbIM crreKY A5IIJ;li5IM, C03AaBa51 3TI1M CBOlO 3rraTa)KHyro
"OAe>KAY" B BeK nepeCMOTpa TPClAI1IJ;110HHbIX u;eHHocTei1: 11 nOHCKOB
HOBoro CMhlC.I\.a )l(113HI1.
3Ta CKJ\.OHHOCTb K u Ka 66aAI1CTM"lleCKOMY" reTeBeAeHHIO, 3Ta u 111-
CTl1cpMKaIJ;115I" feTe OTBe"lIaAl1 , Ha Halli B.'3, rAHA TOM: nOTpe6HOCTl1 B
II KYMl1pe" , uHAO.l\.e" (no onpeAe.l\.eHI1IO TPYAHonOCTnraeMO!\-I), KOTO-
pa.51 xapaKTepHa M.5I l\laCC B rrepeXOAHhIC rrepYIOAbI 6pO)KeHH5I I1AeVt,
KorAa pe3KO nOMIpH3YIOTC.5I "lJaCTI1 06w;eCTBa: paAHKaAbHa5i (B HaIlICH
HCTOpHl.JeCKO:H CHTyaIJ;MI1 - npOCBeTHTCAbCKa.5l, Opl1eHTHpOllafIlld5I
Ha nOAQI1H.5IeMOCTh Ml1pa 3aKOHaM '-IeAOBCqeCKOrO pa3YMa KaK COI03a
I1HTeAAeKTa 11 BO.l\.I1 K AeHCTBHIO) 11 KOHcepBaTMBHa}{ (B AaHHo r KOH-
TeKCTe - pa3pbIBalOI11;aJI rrpOCBeTH'l'CAhCKI111 COI03 pa3YMa M ROJ\H,
"Ayxa" 11 uAeHCTBli5I" , 3aH5ITa51, eCA¥I 10)KHO TaK BhIpa3I1TbC.H, cJ\O)f(e-
Hl1eM 6eCKOHeQHbIX KOM6MHaIJ;1111 H3 (pparMeHTOB 6hITYI5I, B T01\1 l[l1C-
154
fAQBQ V
he BllyrpeHHero MHpa lJeAOBeKa H 6hITHH KOC1\.1J1QeCKOrO, no 3apaHee
3(lAaHHOMY PHCYHKY - J1 npHHu.l1fIl1aAbHO OTKa3hIBaIO a5ICH 3TOT
pHCyIIOK 113l\leHHTh). OlJeBI1AHO, lJTO nepBaJI Tpe6yeT AMI peaAIf3a-
U;HM CBOI1X rrOTeHIJ;HM 60Ablilero HarrpH)I(eHHR, 60Aee aKTI1BHOrO BbI-
6poca TBOpqeCKOH 3HeprHH (reTeBcKoll 31ITeAeXHH) J1 OTBeTCTBeHHO-
CTM, QCl\1 BTopaH. OqeBI1AHO, QTO BTopaR npeAnOlJl1TaeT a6CTpaKU;l1lO
peaAbHOCTH, Hrpy cpaHTa311I1, YMCTBeHHble IuapaAbI 11 pe6YCbI - Ha-
CTaBAeHHI0, 3CTeTH3M - 3Tl1Ke, npou;ecc - BhIBOAal\1. BTopaH qaCTb
06'beKTJ1BHO CTaHOBI1TC5I CHAOH, rrperr.5ITCTBYIOru;eH rrporpeccy (B
npOCBeTH:TehbCKOM, jj MBHM13aTOpCKOl\1rr rrOHHMaHHH 3Toro CAOBa),
ee H:CKYCCTBO CTaHOBI1TCH He l1rpOH pe6eHKa, onp060BalOru;ero CBOM
B03l\10)KHOCTI1, HO I1rpOM cTapu.a, MIl yrn;ero OTBheQeHH5I OT Henpe-
0AOAI1MhlX T5IrOT 6bITH5I, KOI\lneHCaU;I1H BbIHYJKAeHHOro yraCaHl1eM
co6CTBeHHbIX CI1A 6e3AeHCTBI1R.
TaKOH HrpOM Hal\1 BI1AHTCH 11 CHMBOAI1CTCKaH TpaKToBKa feTe Ha-
qaAa XX BeKa (0 KOTOpOH rOBOpI1AOCb B fhaBe III HacToHrn;ell pa6o-
ThI) - MMeIOru;aH, OAHaKO, CBoM KYAhTYPHO-HCTOpI1QeCKHM CMbICA If
rrpeABOCXI1TH:BllIa5I, B QaCTHOCTl1, KYAhTOM II BelJHO-)KeHCTBeHHoro"
KaK MOTHB "xpMCTMaHI13aU;I1I1", TaK M MOTHB "cpeMI1HI13aII;HH" CDaYCTa,
OTQeTAI1BO rrp03ByqaBllll1e BO BTOpOM nOAOBHHe XX CTOheTHH.
TaKoH HrpoH rrpeACTaBMlIOTCH H "6e30naCHhle", IIKaMepHhIe" CDa-
YCTbI 11 MecplICTocpeAIf 1900-x rOAOB - 6AeCT5Im;erO "I1MnpeCC110HHC-
TJ1QeCKOrO" BpeMeHI1 eBponeHIJ;eB, oTHrOI.I.J;eHHhIX, OAHaKo, rrpH3Ha-
HHOH 60Ae3HblO py6eJKa BeKOB - 60Ae3HhIO BOAH (maladie de
volonte) .
HecAyqaHHo rr03ToMY THTaHHlJeCKOrO <DaycTa B MMpOBOH AHTepa-
Type He O)l(I1BI1AO HH C03AaHH5I B 1885 r. I1HTepHaIJ;110HaAhHoro
Goethe-Gesellschaft ("rCTeBcKoro 06m;ecTBa"), HH IIbIIlIHhle TOp)l(eCT-
Ba B 1908 r. B CB5I311 co CTOAeTHeM co AHH BbIxoAa B CBeT nepBoH lJaCTH
reTeBCKOH TpareAl1l1 {BKA.lOqaBllIHe, B Ql1CAe rrpoqero, l1CrrOlllieHHe
MHOrOQI1CAeHHblX l\IY3bIKaAbHbIX npoH3BeAeH11H Ha IIcpaycToBcKYIO"
TeMY, OT IITpHYMcpaJ\.bHOH CHMcpOHHH B QeCTb cnaCeHH5I <DaycTa" ANI
opKecTpa H xopa 1\.. XaHAI1, HrccpeAbAa COQI1HeHHOH B 1882 ror AO 8-Ii
CI1McpOHHH 1906 r. rycTaBa MaAepa Ha CAOBa M3 KaTOAI1QeCKOrO rIfM-
Ha "VenI creator spiritus" M cpMHaAbHOrO arrocpeo3a BTOpOH "([aCTH II<Da_
YCTa" - 3IlaKOB He CTOAhKO onpaBAaHMH cpaYCTOBCKoro Aep3aHH5I,
CKOAbKO HeOdBrYCTl1aHCKOH TpaKTOBKH II CDaYCTa" KaK pelWTI103HO:H
TpareAHH, rAe "cnaceHMe" npOHCXOAI1T MCKAIOQHTeAbHO 6AarOAap5I
Hen03HaBaeMOM 11 HenpeAcKa3yeMoIi IIMHAOCTM EO)KbeH"). TaKJKe He
"YKpynH:HAH" <I>aYCTd H HaIllYMeBIIlMe B CBoe BpeMH rrpH3bIBhI AeHn-
IJ;l1rCKoro cpaYCTOBeAa H KYhbTypOAora MaKca focpMaHa C03AaTb, no
npl1Mepy EaHpeI1TCKOrO TeaTpa, Crrel\HaAbHbIH 3aMOK M5f rrpeACTaBAe.
HMH reTeBCKOI1 TpareAHH.
CAeAaTb 3TO IIOIIhITaAHCb HeMeU;KMe MAeO.hOrH nepBOM MHpOBO
BOllHbI, peaHI1MMpOBaB H pea6HAHTHpOBaB aKTI1BH3M <DaYCTa - 0A-
Om gerepoU3UpOBQHHOrO C!>aycma K C!>aycmy ycmaAOMY
155
HaKO rrpHAaB ero 06pa3Y 51pKO Bblpa)KeHHbIe HaU;HOHaAMCTH1:JeCKVle
H, KaK CAeACTBMe 3Toro, HHAHBHAyaAHcTH eCKH-3rOHCTHqeCKHe
(TaK Ha3blBaeMblM: rpynrroBoH 3rOM3M) M arpeCCMBHble 1:JepTbI ( 0 qeM
TaKJKe rOBopHAOCb B r AaBe III). 3TO cyrn;ecTBeHHo TpaHccpopMl1pO-
BaAO npocBeTMTeAbCKHM reTeBCKIiM: CHMBOJ\, rrpeArroAaraIO I1H B
AeHcTBHH aKT peaAH3aU;MH TBOpqeCKOH 3HeprHI1, cOBoKyrrHo o6Aa-
AalOrn;eM H KOJ\JfqeCTBeHHbIMH (cMAa 3HeprMH), Ii KaqeCTBeHHhlMM
(u;eAerroAaraHHe, HarrpaBAefIHocTb 3Heprl1H) xapaKTepMCTMKal\IH.
B HOBOM <t>aycTe urrpyccKoro" o6pa3u;a AelvlcTBHe, oTopBaHHoe 01'
IJ Ka 1:JeCTBa", CTaHOBHAOCb Bcero AHlIlb "CHAoM" - KOTopoe OTKAO-
HIfA, KaK M ..CAOBO" C.MbICAb") reTeBcKMH repoH, HaXOA5I OIITMlVIaAb-
HbIM TO, qTO HaxOAl1AOCb Me>KAY HliMM 06011MH M B TO JKe BpeM5I
B HHX 060HX:
UB HaqaAe 6bIAO CAOBO". C nepBblx CTpOK
3araAKa. TaK AM nOH5IA 51 HaMeK?
BeAb.51 TaK BbICOKO He CTaBAIO CAosa,
4T06 AYMaTb, qTO OHO BceMY OCHOBa.
uB Hat.:laAe MbICAb 6bIAa". BOT nepeBoA.
OH 6AH)Ke 3TOT CTHX nepeAaeT.
nOAYMalO r oAHaKo, \lTo6bJ cpa3Y
I-Ie I10ry6J1Tb pa60ThI lIepBOH cppa30i1.
MorAa AM MbICAb B c03AaHbe ./K113HL BAOXHyrb?
'1 EhIAa B Ha\laAe CI1Aa". BOT B qeM cyrb r
Ho nOCAe He6oAbilloro KOJ\.e6aHh51
51 OTKJ\.OH5IlO 3TO TOAKOBaHhe.
.H 6bIA OTI5ITb, KaK BH./KYr C TOARY C611T:
uB HaqaAe 6bIAO AeAO" - CTIfX rAaCMT (47).
<DaycT B repMaHHH rrepl10Aa DepBoM MHp0130M BO.HHhl HHTepnpe-
THpoBaH KaK HHKapHal H5I HeMeQKoro Ayxa He TOl\bKO J\HTepaTypOBe-
AeHl1eM ¥f KYAbrypoAOrl1e:H: - ocpYLu;ephl AeHC'fBYlOll\eH apl\IHl1 HOCI1AH
B nOXOAHOM paHLI;e reTeBCKYlO TpareAHlO (11, lITO rrpHIVle1.JaTCJ\hHO, rrpe-
HMYI1 eCTBeHHO ee BTOPYIO qaCTh) KaK cBoe06pa3HYlO IIbHOAHIO" BO-
aHCTBeHHoro, CTOMKoro 11 Bce rrpeOAOAeBalOIJJ;erO HeMeqKoro Ayxa,
AOJUKHYIO BHymHTb MYJKeCTBO Ha rrOl\JlX cpa)KeHI1M (06 3TOl\1 B 1916 r.
ill-UneT HeKHM: KarrHTaH K. ByHAepep B apMeHcKoH ra3eTe, 0 TO l )J(e
CBI1AeTe.l\bCTByeT aHOHMIvlHoe M3AaHHe 1919 r. II <DaycT KaK BO)l(,Ab.
KHHra MJI pa3MbIlllA5I1OIIJ;I1X").
Ha 3TOM BOAHe BIg 16 r. n05lBMleTC5I MMHHa.H 3ny{t.leCKa5I II03l\la
3.-A. 3HreAbrapATa u<DaycT, repMaHcKIIl1lVIHcp", "4b5I rracpocHa5I pHTO-
pHKa, rraHrepMaHHCTCKHe HAeM H a6CTpaKTHa5I CHl\IBOAMKa 06HapY)J(H-
BaAH Kpa:H:HIOIO qY*A0CTb peaAhHOMY lVIHpOOIJJ;yr.u.CHI1IO H cppOHTOBO-
lVIY 6bIT)' Hel\1eQKHX C01\AaT 11 ocpHu;epOB.
HeCMOTp51 Ha ycepAHo nOACBeQl1Bael\lbl11 lV1I1cpl-p-IeCKl1J1 opeOA BO-
Kpyr QeAa TaKoro <DaYCTa, Cyrb ero HBHO ynporu;aAaCb, CBOA5lCh K Tep-
neHHIO H OTBare B YHli"4TOJKeHMH Bpa>KeCKHX BOMCK H 3aBOeBaHl1l1 HO-
156
fAuna V
BbIX 3el\leAb. uKYAaqHbIM" THTaHJ13M TaKOrO <DaYCTa (rrpI1BOAH J1I1: K
HeBOAbHO 1Y KaJ\.aM6yPY, 1160 Faust rrO-HeMeU;KH 11 eCTh IIKYAaK"), He
3HaTOrn;ero HI1 CTpel\lAeHHH BBbICb r HM >Ka>KAbI 3HaH}UI, 1-111 BKyca MHO-
rOKpaCOlJHOrO 6hITI151 r HH AOH-KYIXOTCKHX rropbIBOB KG Bce06IIJ;eMY
6Aary 11 crrpaBeMI1BOCTI1, HI1 raMAeTOBCKI1X COMHeHHH r HH l\lY1.IeHI1H OT
CBOel1 IIpa3ABoeHHOCTI1" I CBOMX OlUM60K VI rpeXOB, cDaYCTa, l..J:Y)K,L\oro
lIe06Y3AaHHbIM >KeAaHH5Il\f, CABl1raIOlIJ;I11\-1 Bpe:\1CHHble I1J\.acTbI, BOC-
KpeulafO Hl\l MepTBhlx H OCYllialOW;HM 6oAoTa - THTaHJ13M TaKoro
<DaYCTa 6bIA I\1HHM, AO)KeH, HeaAeKBaTeH. OH TO)Ke CY>KaA, IIrvl11KIllHpO-
BaA", IITpI1BHaAM3HpOBaA" reTeBCKHH CI1MBOA, OrpaHHlJHBa51 ero 6e3-
rpaH11"llHOCTb, HI1Bel\JfpY51 ero HeOPAHHapHOCTh, rrOA"llI1H5I5I ero aHTM-
cpaYCTOBCKI1Ivl M aHTI1IIpOCBeTI1TeAhCKI1M rrpHHU;I1rraM BhIHYX<AeHHOrO,
npeAYCTaHOBJ\.eHHorO r "npeAHa3Ha eHHoro" 6hITH}I, rI TPilAH U;I1J1 H aB-
TopHTery". HaU;110HaAMCTl1lJeCKI1H AO.>KI-IOrepOH3HponaHHbI:t'r cDaYCT
51BI1J\.C51 n03TOMY cpaKTHtICCKH TO)Ke <DaYCTOl\l AerepOH311ponaHHbIM -
11 OAHOnpel\IeHHO II ManTl1pOBaHHhI I" <DaYCTOl\'1 MaCCOBOH KYAh1)'pJ:)I.
HCCAY'"laHHO peaKll,H5I Ha cpaYCTOBCKoro rep05I B l\lHpOBOM (rrpC)K-
Ae ncero aHrAHHCKOH H aMepl1KaHcKotl) A11Teparype 130eHHbIX H rro-
CAeBoeHHbIX J\.eT HOCHJ\.a 51BHb'iH OTTeHOK aHTHMI1AVITapl1CTCKOH 11 aH-
THrepMaHCKOH 6YCPcpOHClAbI: 06pa3 cDaYCTa, BOCrrpHH5.lTbII1, C II J\.crKOH"
PYKJ1 ero COOTeqeCTneI-IHMKOB KaK I1IIOCTaCb BOMHCTBeHHOI'O HeMe KO-
ro Ayxa, l1l\leHHO B 3TOM Ka1.IeCTBe 6bIJ\. 6ecrro aAHO BblulyqeH H AaJKe
YHH)KeH (rr05IBHBlllHHCH B 1919 r. B AOHAoHe cpaHTacTI,p.JeCKJ1-CaTHpM-
qeCKHH paccKa3 Ha cpaycToBcKI1M ClOJKeT M. EHp60Ma jjEHOX COl\lC" M
H3AaHHhH1 B TOM JKe rOAY B HblO-I1opKe pOMaH A.>K.-E. K36e./\Aa jllOp-
reH, KOMeAHH rrpaBocYAI15i ll ; ony6AJ1KOBaHHa.H B /\oHAoHe B 1925 r. HO-
BeMa M. B3pHHra nDocAeAHHe AHI1 AOKTopa <DaycTa"; TparHKOMeAI15I
rropryraAbCKOrO ApaMaTypra fl. K03AbO Ae KapBaAbO IIBCAIIKI1H AOK-
TOp, AYIIIa <DaYCTa" , ChIrpaHHa5I B 1926 r. B AMcca60He, HAP.). C 60Ab-
IIIeM CTerreHbIO rAy6MHbl H pecpAeKCHH 3TOT acrreKT cpaYCTOBCKOM Te-
MbI 6hIA paCKpbIT B Apal\le BHAHOrO aBCTpl1HCKOrO III1CaTeA51 CDpaHu;a
BepcpeJ\5l jjl..JeAoBeK 113 3epKaAa" (1920). WYMHbIM ycnexoM rroAh3yeT-
CH B Ha'IaAe 20-x rOA napOAI15i Ha H3BeCTHYIO pOMaHTMqeCKYIO one-
PY illapA5I rYHO - orrepeTTa AAb6epa Kappe 11 KJ\.oAa Teppaca u<DaycT
B Cel\JeHHOl\1 Kpyry" (1923).
CepeAI1Ha 1920-x rOAOB, nOCTerrCHHO paCTBOp5l51 npo6AeMY HaU;M-
OHaAI1CTI1l..J:eCKOrO 1130A5IlJ;MOIB13Ma <DaYCTa, rrpOAOlVKaAa r TeM He l\le-
Hee, AI1HHlO llpOHJ1'IeCKH-CaTl1pHl..J:eCKOrO "CH5ITM5I" MaCIlITa6HOCTM
cpaYCTOBCKoro rep05l. Y6e>KAeHHhI(r rrpOTHBHHK Bcex cpOpf\1 11 np05lB-
AeHHM pa MOHaJ\.113Ma, 6eAJ.,fHHCKUM ApaMaTypr MHilleAb Ae reJ\.bAe-
pOAe nMIlleT B 1926 r. Af\5! MI03MK-XOAAa TpareAHlO 'jCMepTb AOKTopa
<DaycTa", rAe 13 OpraHHqHO 1 CllAeTeHI1H, COOTBeTCTBeHHO cBoeM XYAO-
)KeCTBeHHoH MaHepe, 3AeMeIlTOB l\10AepHI1CTCKOH 3CTeTI1KH H TpaAI1-
IJ;Hil HapoAHoro 51pMapOQHOrO TeaTpa, rrpeBpa aeT B cpapc I1CTOpl11O
HCKaHI-f]1 yqeHoro AOKTopa.
Om gerepou3upOBClHlloro (]Jayema K (/)aycmy yemCU\.OMY
157
CAOBHO COrAaUla5ICb C Bhlpa)KeHHOH OCBaALAOl\1 WrreHfAepOI\l B
"3aKaTe EBporrbI" (1918 - 1922) MbICAbIO 0 TOM, "liTO IIcpaYCTOBCKJ1H: lle-
J\OBeK" eCTb l\10AeAb "lleAOBeKa He TOAbKO Hel\leIJ;KOrO, HO eBporreilqa
Hoo6r.u;e, H B HaqaAe XX CTOAel'l15J rrpoTeKaeT IlepJ10A yraCaHJ15I 3TOI'O
"lIeA013eKa, ero caMo6bITHOH TBoplleCKOH 3HeprJ1Y1 (AI 3BTeAeXJ1I1") H
BceM eBporreHCKOJ1"cpaYCTOBCKOH" KYAhTypbI, rrepeXOA51U eH B ccpepy
rrOBTOp53el\10CTH, "Ol\1aCCOBJ\.eHM5J", nOTepI1 Yll\1rrYAbca K ABl'DKeHMIO,
ccpepy o6e3AyweHHoH TeXHOAOrUJ1, I YlBI1AH3a HH, rrpOTl1BOCT051IIJ;eM
KYAhType, EBpona B 1920 - 1930-e rOAhI CTaJ\a rpoMKo XOpOHHTb CBoe
cpaycToBcKoe rrpOIlI.l\.Oe. BMecTe C A.1\tIepHKOM - aKI eHTHpOBaBI.Ilei1 B
3TI1X BeceAbIX 1I110Ml1HKaX rro <!>aYCTY" He TOJ\bKO YBepeHHOCTh B TOl\1,
"liTO, BOnpeKJ1 neCCHMI1CTI1QeCKOl\IY rrpOpOQeCTBY UlrreHrAepa, KOHeq
"cpaYCTOBCKOM 3pbI" eIIJ;e He 6YAeT 03Ha4aTh KOHIJ;a Bce 'I 3aJIaAHOM
KYAbTYPLI, HO H OIITHJ\'IHCTHl.£CCKOe y6eX<,AeHl1e B 6AarOAeTeAhHOCTl1
TeXHOKpaTI11.IeCKOH QHBYlAH3a HH, "MaCCOBOH KYAb1YPbI", rrpOTI1BO-
CT05Im.eM THTaHa -OAHHOl.£KI1.
Oapl1JKaHJ1H Dbep MaK-OpAaH nepeHOCI1T J1CTOpI1IO <DaYCTa B
MHp H01..£HbIX Kacpe, HapKOTHKOB H "A<: BO"lleK" (HOBeJ\Aa 'JMaprapHTa B
HOl.ll1", 1926), rrpOAOA.)Ka5i 5IpKO 0603Ha"lleHHYJO CIOppeaAHCTH"lIeCKJ1MH
"cpaycToBcKHMl1" CJ. eHaI\IH reAbAepoAe AJ1HHIO KaK cOAep)l(aTeAbHoro,
TaK Ii 3CTeTHQeCKOrO IICHH)KaIOlll,erO ocoBpeMeHI1BaH115I" cpaycToB-
CKOH TeMLI BO cppaHKOH3bIQHOM JU1Teparype.
B cBo6oAHOM ApaMaryprl1"4eCKOM KOAAa)Ke COeAJ1HHeT 3AeMeHTbI
rrapoAl111 Ha TpareAl1lO feTe J1 "lIapyIOw.yIO AerKOCTL lIIeKcrrHpoBcKoro
lIepa /vK.-X. TIpoyrpo B lVIY3bIKaAbHOH KOMeAMM 1'/vKOH <!>aYCT, AOK-
TOp cpI1AOCOcpl111 , l1AM <DaYCT, eCAI1 yroAHo", rrOCTaBACHHOH B 1930 r. B
<PHAaAe.l\.bcpl111; B 1931 1'. B I1cnaHJ1l1 I105IBJ\5IeTC5I cai1HeTa (McnaI-ICKa5I
OAHOaKTHa5I rrheca-cKeTt.J:) C. rl1HbOJ\5I Ha cpaycToBCKl1M CIO)KeT 'lcDpaK
MeqH-lcTocpeMI"; B 1937 r. B CaHTb5lrO (Y.l1AM) OAl1H H3 MaHa HaUIHX
6hIBllIHX COOTe 1 IeCTBeHHHKOB, A. feplllyHoB, ny6AHKyeT CaTl1pYlllCC-
KYIO KOMeAl1lO 1/ K.i\l1HI1Ka AOKTopa MecpHcTocpeJ\.5l" . AHaAOfJ11.JHOrO Tl1-
ITa np0113BeAeHI15I B03Hl1KalOT B IlapH)Ke, KoneHrareHe (poMaH
K. XbepTe lI<DaycT"), CTOKrOAbMe, AOHAoHe, PI1Me. <PaycToBCKa5I TeMa
HepeAKo CTaHOBHTC5I OCHOBOM 11 A.f\5I HOBoro, oco6eHHo MOAHorO B EB-
pone C Ha1..£aAa 30-x (11 lIO 1970-e) rOAoB )KaHpa PCiAHOrrbeCbI.
YIpoHM"lIeCKOe OTKAOHeHl1e cpaYCTOBCKoro T.HTaHl13Ma, B T01\1 '-II1C-
Ae - B ero HaIJ;HOHaAMCTl1"l1eCK01\-J BapJ1aHTe, np05lBJ\5IeTC5I11 B "KOCIvIO-
lIOJlliTl1l.1eCKOM", HBHO T5IrOTeIOrn;eH K COI03Y C "pOMaHCKl1l\1" AYXOM H
BceM EBponOM BeMMapCKOI1 pecny6Al1Ke ("BeAbMa C rapu;a, BeceAbIH
pOMaH" n. Eypra, 113AaHHhlii B 1921 I'. B XareHe; rrOCTaBAeI-IHa}l B
1925 r. B EepAYlHe IlnapOAHa}i ApaMa" KAa6YHAa (A. XeHlllKe) "nOpOq-
Ha51 :>K113Hh HeKorAa 3Hal\1CHYlTOrO apXl1l\Iara Kpl1CTocpa BarHepa",
HAP.).
OAHaKO B aT 10c<pepe HaOY1 pa IOlqero CHAY cpalllH3!\1a B fepl\laHI1H
CHOBa Hatll1HaeT Bce OTlIeTJ\J1BPi1 3ByqaTb 3HaKOMbiM MOTHB CDaycTa-
158
T.l1QHQ V
Hel\1e KOro repo - MOTHB, np03ByqaBIllHH nepBbIM MO HbIM aK-
KOPAOM n01.ITH OAHOBpeMeHHO C n05IBAeHl1eM "3aKaTa EBpOnbl rr
lllneHrAepa, rAe <DaYCT 0AH03IlaqHO "WHTepHaU;IfOHaAH3HpOBaAC5I" I
B KHHre EPYHO rOAb a "<DaYCTOBCKOe 11 HeMe11;KOe. KpMTHKa OCBaAb-
Aa WneHrAepa" (1922). B 1926 r. 6epAI1HCKa5I KI1HOCTYAH UFA co-
3AaeT nporpaMMHbIl1 cpMAbM cD. MypHay H X. I(aH3epa u<paycT" C
npeAl1cJ\.oBMel\1 fepxapATa raYIITl\1aHa "CAOBO 0 <DaYCTe rr , rAe TeMa
HdLT.110HaAbHOM MOIU;H H HaLT.110HaAbHOrO OAMHOqeCTBa reTeBCKOrO re-
p05I, pelllMTeAbHO OTAeMlel\10rO 01' HCKYCtrreA5I (npl1"tJI1HY BCeX ero
"HenpaBMAbHbIX" nocTynKOB) Mecpl1CTocpeA5I, pa3pa6aTbIBaeTC5I co
BceM cepbe3HOCThlO H Aa)Ke HeKOe:H I1AeaAI1CTI1lleCKoJ:'I l\1paQHOCTb10 3 .
<DHIypa <DaYCTa, OCBHrn;eHHa5I ApeBI-lerepMaHCKOH MHcpOAOl'MqeCKOH
CYlMBOAJ1KOH, B03HMKaeT B n03Me P. rlaHBuT a H<DaYCT M EAeHa"
(1920), B TpaKTaTe CDpl1APHXa rYHAoAbcpa II Dapau;eALc" (1927), rAe
rroAYAereHAapHbIM 06pa3 eCTeCTBOl1CrIbITaTeJ\..H, XI1l\IHKa, 6HoJ\.ora,
BpaqeBaTeMl-HOBaTopa, 6pOCl1BlllerO B HaqaAe XVI B. BbI30B TpClAIf-
ll;HOBHOM cxoJ\.acTHqeCKOH l\leAI1 I1He H BbIABl1HYBIllero eHHe 06
II apxee" KaK 0 BbIClIlel\1 AYXOBHOM IIpMHIJ;I1IIe, ynpaBJ\..5IIOrn;e1\l )l(H3He-
Ae5ITeJ\bHOCTblO "lJeJ\.OBeKa, conOCTaBJ\..5IJ\.C5i C 06pa30M <PaycTa. COIIO-
CTaBMIACH B CBoMcTBeHHoM fYHAOAhCPY KaK anoJ\.oreTY "qn1AococpHM
1K113HH" B ee MI1CTMKO-AeMOHI14eCKOM Bap.l1aHTe I1AaHe CJ\.eAOBaHM5I
!reKoeMY HM1\1aHeHTHOMY, He l1ppa 110HaAbHOMY, a, CKopee, aHTl1pa-
11;I10HaAbHOMY AYXY (Geist) H 113HatIaAbHoMY "npa-nepe)KHBaHMIO"
(Urerlebnis).
Ilapa.AJ\eAbHo B Te >Ke rOAbI Ha pO/\HHe <PaycTa B03HlIKaeT Al1Tepa-
TypHa51 OIIII03n H5I 3TOMY MI1CTH<"pyn.).l1poBaHHo- Ml1cpoJ\.orl13H ponaH-
HOl\1Y repoID JlHeMeIJ;KOrO Ayxa". B pOMaHe P.-X. EapTllIa, Y:>Ke H3BeCT-
Horo CBOHl\1 o6paW;CIIl1eM K cpaycToBcKon TeMe (HoBeAAa II HOBbIM
<DaycT"), U CaTaHHHcKHM 3al\1bICeA" l1923), AencTBHe KOToporo nepe-
HeceHO B cOBpeMeHHocTb M B TO )Ke BpeM5I npOllHTbIBaeTC5i u napa 60-
AHtIeCKH", KaK nepecMoTp TPClAMIJ;HOHHOH Ii TparHtIeCKH-BeJ\.MtIeCT-
BCHHOI1 J\.ereHAbI, CTapbIM <PaYCT npeACTaeT KaK Mpat.JHbIM CHMBOA YXO-
Muu.ero, MH3aHTpOIIHlleCKoro H 3aBHCTAMBoro "cpeAHeBeKOBoro" (ac-
COU;I1I1pYfOll erOC5I C 3aMKHyrbIlVI HrepMaHCKI1M") l\ll1pa, 3A06HbIM t.Jep-
HOKHl1>K.HI1K, ry6HlIJ;I1I1 CBOeI'O conepHHKa 11 aHTI1.IIOAa Dapau;eJ\.bca -
CMMBOA l..{eAOBeKOAI06I1BOrO B03pO)J(AeHM5I (MMpa BcenpeeMJUOlQerO,
KOCl\IOIIOAMTHlJeCKoro), yqeHoro, Hecyw.ero HOBhI. i, onTHMMCTH"tJec-
KMM B3rA5IA Ha qeAOBeqeCKOe eCTeCTBO I1 ero opraHH"tJeCKYlO CB5I3b C
npMpoAOH M MCnOAb3YlOIJJ.erO nOCTM>KeHMe ee TdHH, KaK H 3HaHMe He-
3pMMbIX XMMM'leCKHX npo eCCOB, lIa nOJ\.b3Y AlOA5IM, Ha Bblpa60TKY
HOBbIX CnaCI1TeAbHbIX AeKapCTB.
f1pH 3TOM CTapbB1: <PaYCT, HeClVIOTp5I Ha J\.I060Bb lOHOH rpeqaHKH
EAeHbI (nOIIbITKa BJ\.l1Tb QYBCTBeHHYIO, )l(H3HepdAOCTHYlO aHTHqHyro
"KpOBb" B OCTbIBdlOrn;ee eCTeCTBO <t>aYCTa), AYMaeT TOAbKO 0 TOM, 41'0-
6bI B30pBdTb nJ\.aHery (Tel\la I'116eAH 1Hpa KaK pe3YAbTaT C03HaTeAL-
Om gerepou3UpOnall/lOl'O C!>aycn1a K C!>aycmy YClna/'oMY
159
Horo AeMCTBH5I aHTI1ryMaHHbIX eHbIX H H306peTaTeJ\eH, xapaKTCp-
Ha51 M5I MHpOBOM AMTeparyphI Me>KBOeHHbIX J\eT: pOMaH VIoraHlIeCa
P. Eexepa IIl\1oH3HT, HAH EAHHCTBeHHO CrrpaBeA/lliBa51 BOHHa", 1926;
npOH3BeAeHl15I rep6epTa Y3Al\.Ca 1920 - 1930-x fOAOB, pOMaH OTe"lJe-
CTBeIIHoro KAaCCHKa HayqHo-cpaHTaCTHqeCKOM AI1TepaTypbI AAeKcaH-
Apa Ka3aH eBa "DbIAalOll.I;HH OCTpOB", 1939 - 1940). C03HaHI1e cTap-
u;a (rreqaTb IIInenrAepoBcKoH KOHn;enIJ;I1H cpaycToBcKoro repo51) 3KC-
TpanoJ\J!pyeT CBOt'I neCCHMI13M, CBOlO 03A06AeHHYIO pa30qapOnaH-
HOCTb Ha Bce "lJeAOBeqeCTBO, no cyrH, CMbIKa5lCh C !\1ecpl1CTocpeAhcKoH
OU.eHKOM pOAa AIOAcKoro KaK 'I OlllM 6KH" C03AaTeA5L <DaycT EapTllla
He TOAbKO He rrpHeMAeT 6hITM51, HO H npH3hIBaeT K caTaHHHCKO IY BOC-
CTaHI1lO rrpOTHB MHpa, ero qeAOBeK He u60rorroA06eH", He OAep>KHM
"CTpeMAeHHeM" H nOHCKaMH BbICillero MHra 6bITH5I, HO pa3AaBAeH,
KaK HeKorAa KJ\J1HrepOBCKHM <DaYCT, HO TOAbKO 6e3 ero 6YHTapCTBa,
caMO)'BepeHHOH CHAhI, KAOKOqym;eI1: AaJKe B HeHaBHCTH, - OTQa51HH-
eM 6e3bICXOAHOCTH, 6ecnepcneKTHBHOCTH, HeHY)J{HOCTH CBoero cy-
Il\eCTBOBaHM5I.
TaK aBTOp "CaTaHHHCKoro 3aMhICAa" rrpOTHBOilOCTaBA5IeT "AO)K-
HorepOH3I1pOBaHHOMY" B Hppa HOHaJ\..hHO-HaI HOHaAliCTHqeCKO!\1 I\Y-
xe cDaycTy <DaYCTa AelVIHCTM<pHIJ;HpOBaHHoro (H60 Ka)KAbIH 311H30A y
EapTII1a HMeeT pe l\.hHOe 06'b51CHeH11e) 11 Ael\1HcpOAOrI13HpOBaHHoro,
AHIIIeHHOro opeOAa AereHAapHOCTH 11 BeJ\J1qH5I - AeKAapHpY5I, no cy-
TH, CBOM OTKa3 OT <DaYCTa KaK rep051.
AHaAOfl1"lJHbIH OTKa3 OT <DaYCTa "AeMOHHQeCKHX" rJ\06aAHCTCKI1X
YCTpeMAeHHW AeMOHcTpHpyeT H paCCKa3 H. I4ep epa "l1oxaHHec, Ae-
reHAa 0 <DaYCTe", H3AaHHbIM B 1927 f. B MlOHxeHe, rAe BbIABHraeTC5I
06pa3 <DaycTa 60Aee xpHcTHaHcKMH, He)KeJW: reTeBCKHH - B 3HaK To i
rrpHH HI1HaAbHOM TpaHccpopMa HH cpaycToBcKoro repo51 XX B., KOTO-
pa51 HaII1Aa CBoe nO.l\HOe Bhlpa)KeHHe B "MaCTepe 11 Maprapl1Te" EYA-
raKOBa, a 3AeCb npOCMaTpHBaeTC5I CKopee KaK TeHAeH H5I K "YCMHpe-
HHIO" H "paCKa51HHIO" TpaAHI HOHHoro nepCOHa.IKa.
"OpOK.l\5.lTl1e" HaH60Aee H351Il\Hoe 11 B TO .lKe Bpel\151 cpHAOCOcpCKH-
rAy60Koe, C KOAAaJKHO-YCAO)KHeHHOM, I.CHHTeTHqeCKOH" CTPYKTYPOI1
H CTHJU1CTH4eCKOI1: MdHepOH, 01't!aCTH IIpeABOCXHw;alOJ.I eH TparH"tfeC-
KHH HcpaHTaC'THKo-MarH"l£eCKHII" peaAH3M KOHu;a XX - Ha'4aAa XXI DB.
(OaTpHK 3IOCKHHA 11 AP.), nOAyqHA )'TOHt.JeHHo-aM6ML\n03HbJM CDaYCT B
HOBeA.l\.e aBCTpHHCKoro ryMaHHCTa "CTapOM IIIKOJ\bI" PYAOAbcpa ndfIe-
pa cpOH TypHa "AOKTOp <DaYCT, CYAb6a yqeHoro", orry6AMKoBaHHbIH B
BeHe B 1919 r" HO o6peTIIIeM nonY.l\5IpHOCTb B 20 - 30-e rOAhI. Ee re-
pOM, 6M6AHOTeKapb M 3pYAHT, OTCbIAaIO:W;UM Hac K AI06MMbI1\1 06pa3al\1
'jKHH)KHHKOB" HHTeAAeKTyaAbHO-l1pOHH"lJeCKHX CTHAH30BaHHhIX po-
ManOB AHaTOAH.H cDpaHca (a66aT KyaHL5Ip), 06HapY.lKHBaeT B AaBKe
eBpe5l-aHTHKBapa HeH3BeCTHbIM MaHycKpl1IIT (rrpHel\1 cAY"lJaHHOrO 06-
HapY)KeHI151 CJ\eAOB YXOMlln;eM 3IIOXH, 3HaKOl\1bB1 no "AOH-KMXOTY"
CepBdHTeca), uanHcaHHbIH PYKOH <DaycTa. 3apa>KeHHbIH cbavcTHaH-
160
f}\QBQ V
CKOM )Ka)l(AOM )KH3HH, 6116AHOTeKapb BOBAeKaeTC5:I B MHOrOqHCAeH-
Hble rpaHAH03Hble 11 1'parHqeCKHe rrpHKJUOQeHH51 yqeHoro AOK1'opa, B
OIIHCaHl111 KOTOpblX, npOHH3aHHblx 1'OHKHM 11 oAHoBpeMeHHo eAKI1!\1
lOMOpOM, CMeIlll1BaI01'C5I rrpoIIlAoe H HaC1'05lrn;ee, Meq1'a 11 peaAbHOC1'h,
COH 11 5lBb, 06pa3bl repo5i PYKOTIHCl1 - If Ka6MHeTHoro I1H1'eJ\AeKTYaJ\.a.
TaKHM cIIoc060M cpaYCTOBCKHe rrpeTeH3HI1 "6H6JU10Tel.£HOH KpbICbI",
aCCOI.J;HHPY5ICb He TOAhKO C Hal1BHO-6peAOBhIMM H caMOHaAe5:IHHbIMH
I1JV\.103H51!\111 PbIIJ;ap5i DeqaAbHOrO 06pa3a, HO Ii C I1ppaIJ;HOHaAhHO-rpO-
TeCKHblM 6apOQHhIM BOCrrpl1511'HeM Ml1pa KaK rrpI1H HnHaJ\bHO Heno-
3HaBaeMoro, HeynpaBJUIeMOrO, XaOTHqeCKOrO H, rAaBHoe, HMelO ero B
CBoeH OCHOBe He AI1HHlO ABI1>KeHH51 BnepeA, HO CnHpaAb BeqHOrO KO-
AOBpau..r.eHH51, TaK)Ke Ae3aBYl1pyroTC51 H HaCMelllAHBO OTKJ\.OHHlOTC51.
<DaYCTOBCKHH ClO)KeT B nOA06HOM acneKTe - KaK HenpaBOMOqHOe
H Heocy eC1'Bl1MOe CTpeMAeHl1e 1I0AI1HOQKH" H3MeHMTb MHp HAM pea-
JU130BaTh CBOM 6e3rpaHHQHble JKeAaHl151 (BcrrO IHI1M Y)J(e npMBOAMB-
WYIOC51 B fAaBe II HaCT051rn.eH pa60TbI KOH eTI MlO cDayc1'a Y fopbKoro
KOHIJ;a 1910-x rOAoB) B Al11'eparype 20 - 30-x rr. HepeAKo CAY)KMA OCHO-
BOll M M5I AeBOpaAl1KaAbHOH rrOAH1'l1QeCKOH CaTl1pbI (3. BHnpex1',
IIIOHI..IH cDayc1''', 1925). CaTHpHQeCKOI1 TpaBecTHeH, HaChIIIJ;eHHO i co-
HaAbHOH KpHTMKoM, OCTpbIMl1 11 6e3JKaAOCTHbIMH KapTI1HaMH >KH3Hl1
cOBpeMeHHoro napl1)KCKOrO II AHa " 5IBI1AaCh ApaMa )K0p)J(a PH6MOH-
Aecc3Ha 1/ <DaycT", 113AaHHa51 B )KypHaAhHOM BapHaHTe B 1930 r. 3Aecb
HeMHOrOqHCAeHHble OCTpOBKM AHpH3!\la TOHyr B c eHax nopoKa, )Kec-
TOKOC1'I1 11 a6cypAa, 113AO>KeHHbIX H351IIJ;HbIM, TOQHbIM, 11306HA yro1..Ql1!\l
napdAOKCaAbHhIMJ1 CPOPMYAHpOBKaMH CTHAeM, a cDaycT, BOBAeqeHHbIH
B KPyroBopoT 6ecCoAep)KaTeAbHOH 11 nOlllAoM )KH3HJ1, o6MaHyrbII1
cBoeH B03AlO6AeHHoH, YAH'llHOH IIpOC1'l1TyTKOH EAeHoH, 11 BIIaBllIl1H B
OTqa.SIIfMe OT YTpaThI 31'011 CBoeH nOCAeAHel1 UAAIO 3 1111 , ycrynaeT fAaB-
HYIO pOAb B IIbece " 3MeI1HOMYApoi1 " , Xl1TpOM 11 HHl11.JHOH CAY>KaHKe
0CPl1Al1H. cDaycToBCKl1e aM6M HH, TaKHM 06pa30M, onYCKaIOTC5:I Hd ca-
l\-lhIM HH)KHI1M ypOBeHb >KH3HH 11 B 60peHHH MeAKI1X CTpaCTeM YHHl.£TO-
>KaIOT CaMI1 ce651 - a MecpJ1CTocpeAbCKoe HaQaAO, "OAOMalllHMBa51Ch" ,
urrpJ13eMJUI5:ICb" B 06pa3e cAY)KaHKM, TOp)KeCTByeT npaBory CBoero
npe3pe H5:I K qeAOBeKY.
CJ1l\ITITOMaTHQHO, qTO 3KCrrpeCCI10HHCTbI - Ha1160Aee II rpOMKl1e",
nO)KaAYM, cpHryphI B HeMeu.K05:I3bI1.JHOH AHTeparype 1920-x 1'0AOB -
060lIlAM (3a HCKAIOtIeHHeM - <DpaHu;a BepcpeAH) CBOHM BHHMaHHeM
cpaYCTOBCKYlO TeMY, nOAara5:I, BM/ I1MO, ee B 31'01' nepl10A HeAOC1'aTOQHO
'lcepbe3Hoi1" 11 MaClllTa6H0l1 A!\5l CBOMX npeAeAbHbIX o606 eHHH.
B TO )J(e BpeI\l.H ApaMa BePcPeJUI 'lL{eAoBeK 113 3epKaAa" (1920)4
npeAcTaBMeT B KOHTeKCTe AaHHoro I1ccAeAOBaHH51 OC06bIM HHTepec.
CBoeo6pa3HhlH IIapacppa3 Ha Te!\IY cpaycToBcKoro 6AYJKAaHI1.H BCJ\eA
3a CBOI1MI1 Il co 6Aa3HaMI1", nepc.0HI1(tnlIJ;l1pOBaHHbIMI1 B HOBOrvI 'IMe-
cpI1CTocpeAe" - ABoMHHKe repo5I Tdl\1aAa, ero 3epKaAhHoM OTpa)Ke-
HI1H - "Spiegelmensch", 3'1'0 np0113BeAeHHe rrpeMaraeT nYTb Uqepe3
Om gerepou3upOBaHHoro (/)aycma K C:Paycmy ycmClAOMY
161
TepHHM" K HpaBCTBeHHOMY CCiMOO'IHI..IJ;eHMlO, K nOAHOM IIo6eAe AYXOB-
HOrO HaqaAa, CHMBoAM3HPyeMoM BXO:/KAeHHeM B MOHaCThlph, npeoAo-
AeHHeM 3rOHCTI1qeCKOM BOAH K JKH3HI1 H paCTBOpeHHeM BO Bce06'beM-
AIOrn;eM AlO6BM. TaK IIpeABOCXHru;aeTC5I 3TMQeCKa5I YCTaHOBKa "cpayc-
TOBCKOrO CIOJKeTa H pa3perneHHe <PaYCTOBCKoro KOH<pAMKTa qepe3 OT-
Ka3 OT Ae HH5I, OT yqacTI15I B 3MIIHpHQeCKOH ./KH3HH Bo06 e, C qeM rro-
3AHee TaK 'IaCTO 6YAeT CTaAKHBaThC MHpOBa cpaYCTHaHa. TaKJKe
HeAb35I He YBHAeTb B 3TOH ApaMe CMMnTOMaTHQHOrO Af\5I eBponeMCKOH:
AH6epaAhHOH HHTeAAHreHIJ;HH OTBepJKeHHe KaKI1X-AM60 cpOpM caMO-
yrBep:/KAeHM5I, HacryIIaTeAbHOCTH, uTMTaHM3Ma".
Ot.JepeAHyro nonhITKY TMTaHH3HpOBaTb cpaYCTOBCKoro repo51 Ha
BOBOH BOAHe HaIJ;MOHa.J\113Ma, OKparneHHOH He TOAbKO arpeCCI1BIlOC-
TbJO, HO H )l(epTBeHHbIM MeCCMaHH3MOM, npeAnpHH5IAM BO BTOpOH IIO-
AOBMHe 1920-x H, B OCHOBHOM, B 1930-e rOAhI HeMeIJ;KHe, aBCTpl1:HCKHe
11 MTaAh5lHCKHe cpaIIlHCThI. npeAbICTOpH5I HaIJ;MCTCKOro <DaYCTa OCTO-
P0)l(HO nMCaJ\.aCb Y)I(e B HCTOpHqeCKHX pOMal-IaX Ha <t>aYCTOBCKMH CIO-
)KeT, B KOTOphIX 6AaropOAHhB1 M MY>KeCTBeHHbI:H <DaYCT OKa3bIBaAC5I
o6MaHyr MecpMCTocpeAeM - HOCHTeAeM Bpa>KAe6HOrO apHH:CKOMY AY-
xy u)I(HAO-MaCOHCKoro" HaqaAa, HO B KOHIJ;e KOHIJ;OB cnacaAC 6AarOAa-
p5I c06CTBeHHOH BHyrpeHHeH CHAe, 3acTynHHQeCTBY KpOTKOH fpeTxeH
H BcerAa 06pa eHHOMY K HeMY DO)KeCTBeHHOMY MMAocepAHIO. B no-
A06HbIX HHTepnpeTaIJ;M5IX repoeB "Bet.JHoro IIapH" OTcyrcTBOBaAa Aa-
)Ke MbICAb 0 B03MOJKHOM B3aHMOAOrrOAH eMOCTM, B3aHMHOH: Heo6xo-
AHMOCTH Af\JI rapMOHHM MMpa <!>aYCTa M Me<pHCTo<peM, uCBeTa" M 'Te-
EM", pe3KO OTqY>KAaeMhIX APyr OT APyra. OTCyrCTBOBaAM M rop5lt.Ja51
CTPY5I HpOHHl1, )KH3HepClAOCTHoro BeCeAh5I, HapOAHoro lOMopa, KaK H
Hrpa C npOCTpaHCTBOM M BpeMeHeM, CTI1AeBhIe 3KcnepMMeHThI, MHoro-
06pa311e KapTHH MMpa M np06AeM reTeBCKoro "<DaYCTa". Tep5lAHCb
HKYC KO uBceo6 eMY", yHMBepCaAhHOMY, npOCBeTHTeAbCKa5I YBepen-
HOCTh B "npaBMAbHOCTM" H u.eAecoo6pa3HOCTM l\'II1POYCTpOHCTBa 11
Bcex ero COCTaBMIOIIJ;MX. 3aTO BhICTpaMsaAaCb KapTHHa KOHTpaCTHO-
ro, HenpMMl1pMMOrO B caMOM ce6e MHp03AaHH5I, B KOTOpOM Bce 1.Jaw;e
4eAOBeQeCKa5I "BOM K BAaCTM" cpaKTMQeCKM rrpOB03rAalIldAaCh ABH-
)KMTeAeM HCTOpHQeCKOrO npou.ecca, 3al\leHH5I C060H unpOBHAeHHe",
IIEO)KeCTBeHHyro BOAlO", "eCTeCTBeHHhIM XOA C06hITJ1i1". npH 3TOM
aKIJ;eHTHpOBaAaCb MAe 51 npOTHBOCTO HHH <DaYCTa KOCHOCTM M Aerp<1Aa-
QHM Ha.J\11QeCTBYIOll ero 6bITH5I, Tpe6YI01LJ;erO BMeUlaTeAbCTBa <payc-
TOBCKOH Aep3alOru;eH CHAb!.
TaKOH npeACTaBaAa <PaYCTOBCKa5I KOMM3H5I B HCTOpl1'leCKOM pO-
laHe A. XYHhI "DOAeT BeAhMbI" (1928), B ony6AHKoBaHHorvI B 1932 r. B
BeRe pOMaHa 3. KpaTIJ;MaHa "<DaycT, KHHra 0 HeMeu.KOM Ayxe". B Apa-
Me f. lllBapIJ;a-EocryHH'la uTIapcMcpaAb M <DaycT" (1929) pacKphIBa-
AaCh aKryaAbHa5I AAJI Ha HcTcKOH lfAeOAOrl1M TeMa OpI'aHI1 eCKOro
pOAcTBa <DaycTa 11 HeMen;KOM MHcpoAorMM. Cal\1 aKT OCMe5IHI15I, u CHH -
>KeHH " 06pa3a <DaycTa B MHpOBOM AHTeparype HaqaAa BeKa M MeJKBO-
162
fAQBa V
eHHbIX AeT TpaKTOBaAC5I KaK 60pb6a IIpOTI1B TeBTOHCKOrO rep05I,
a KOHu;eIIU;H u3aKaTa EBpOIIhI" , CB 3aHHa5I C KOHqOM IIcpaYCTOBCKOH
3pbI" f KoppeKTHpOBaAaCh Hi3Ae)KAaMM Ha 3AOPOByID CHAY Ayxa rep-
MaHCKoro <DaYCTa, CYMelOrn;erO rrpOT11BOCT05lTh pa3AO)KeHHlO
Abendlandes. AHTHQHOCTh, 6J\.aropOAHoe AYXOBHoe l-IaCAeAMe ApeB-
HHX pHMA5IH A0A)l(HhI 6bTAH CAY>KHTb 3aAOrOM KpenOCTH, CPYHAaMeH-
TaAbHOCTI1 npa-OCHOBbI HeMeU;Koro Ayxa. 01.lMJl. eHMe H B03BhIlueHlle
nOCAeAHero nocpeACTBOM COI03a C uJ\.aTMHCKI1M" AYXOl\{ CTaAO Tel\10:H
rrpocpaWMCTCKoro no 0pI1eHTal\HH, <pHAOCo<pCKo-nOA11TH3I1pOBaHHoro
ApaMaTIl1.leCKOrO AMaAora C11AbBHO naraHH "<DaYCT B I1TaAHJ1" (1925).
B aHaAOrll1fHOM KJ\.101fe npH3bIBaA K rrpHlIIeCTBI1lO B COBpel\leHHbBi
npOrHI1BIlIHH l\IHp u01fHCTHTeAbHoM 6YP11" - apll:HCKOrO <!>aycTa H
A. /J.;>Kycco B n03Me "Bo3Bparn;eHHe <DaycTa" (1929). BbIAalOll HHC5I
IIopTyraAbCKHH n03T <DepHaHAY Decoa, OAHH 113 TOH1.laMIllHX AMpHKOB
COBpeMeHHOCTH, TeopeTHK H rrpaKTHK CCPOPMYJ\.l1pOBaHHoro 11M ca-
MllM IIMHTepCeKIJ;I10HH3Ma" (MHTeAAeKTYaAbHO-3CTeTMqeCKOM I1rphI co
BpeMeHeM, rrpOCTpaHCTBOM, cpaHTa311ei1 H peaAbHOCThlO, npeABOCXI1-
TMBllIei1, B QaCTHOCTI1, xYA0>KeCTBeHHble 3KcnepHMeHTbI BaAepM) B
CBOHX lI<t>aYCTOBCKHX" Ha6pocKax 1908 - 1935 fr. npoTHBonOCTaBA5IA
AYXOBHyIO AHCrapl\10HI1IO H nOTeHlJ;HaAbHYIO arpeccMlo CBoero <!>aYCTa
5lBHO MecpMCTocpeAbCKoro CKAaAa, norpY)KeHHOrO B fOpbKI1H IIeCCI1-
MH3M H COl\IHeHH5I (<<C11MBOA I'TeHll" )K113HI1 11 MhICAll»), al\10pcpHOH
"5ICJI0CTH" ero aHTHnoAoB, BeAyrqeH K 3aCTOIO H AerpaAa1J;HM.
Ha11;11CTCKI1e KYAbrypOAorM (AAbcppeA P03eH6epr, IIMllcp XX Be-
Ka", 1930; rlOHTep fp!OHAeAh. IIMl1cCH !OHoro nOKOAeHI151" , 1931)
pa3pa6aTbIBaAH KYAbT <DaycTa KaK HeMeJJ;Koro repo51 60Aee T aTeJ\b-
HO 11 nocAeAoBaTCAbHO, 1.JeM KYAhT caMoro feTe. HacTpoi1 oqeHKe ca-
Moro 3HarvleHHToro C03,L\aHH5I BeJU1KOI'O HeMqa AMI1 CAOBa rMTAepa: «)l
COBceM He AlO6J\!O feTe, HO BllOAHe npOm;aIO ero 3a OAHY TOAbKO cppa-
3Y: liB HaqaAe 6hIAO AeAo" ».
OAH03HaQHbIM I10AHT11QeCKHH HTor nopTpery rroAo6Horo <DaycTa
nOABeA KypT 3HreAb6pexT B KHHre u<DaycT B KOpH1.IHeBO:H py6alllKe"
( 1933). OCHOBHOH Te3I1C 3TOH pa60ThI pa3BHBaAJ1 HAyn He CAeAoM TPY-
AbI C KpaCHOpe1.Jl1BbIMl-I 3arJ\.aBH5IMI1: "Ha 1 IaAo Ii KOHe cpaycToBcKoro
TbIC5IQeAeTMH" (no aCCOIJ;HaU;HI1 C 'IThIC5IQeJ\eTHHM pCi1xoM". - r.Jl.)
EepHxapAa KYM!'rlepa, ony6.I\.MKoBaHHbI:H B J\.ei1rr llre B 1934 r.; KHHra
Pl1xapAa fpIOl'lJ;rvIdxepa "<DaYCT feTe. HeMel\KHM MHcp" (1936); HCCAe-
AondHHe KapJ\a fa6Acpa "<DaycT-JVlecpHcTocpeAb - HeMc KHH QeAO-
BeK" (1938), rAe BOCCTaHaBAHBaAaCb eAOCTHOCTh, OpraIII1"lJeCKa51 B3a-
}IJ\tl0CB5:l3h TpaAHIJ;HOHHOH napbI 1d C1.lPT coo6II eHn5I ct>aycry arpeccHH
11 HenpUI\1Hp:vn v IOCTI1 Ah51BOAa; CTilTh51 PnxapAa BHrrepa B >KypHaAe lip a-
ca" « 'lcDaycr" feTe - CMMBOA lIOP/\Vp-IeCKOrO perneHH5I» (1938) 11 T.A.
DpoIIaraHAHCTCKa5I "Yl'HAM '- d qv15I" feTe, 06ocHoBaBIUa51 BeAM"lJI1e
06pa3a CDaycTa He ero u;eAPllO/\d "clHJ1CM I1AM "CTpel\IAeHMe!\1" (1'5IrOI1
K HeM3BeAaHHoMY, 6eCKOlJC l l1l(P., y), HO "AI1Hal\[113MOM" II "aKTMBI13-
Om gerepou3upOBaHlloro cPaycma K cPaycmy ycmaAOM}'
163
MOl\I" He HCKAIQlJ l1i\a , TeM He MeHee, HeKOToporo pa3HOo6pa3115I <}::>ay-
CTOBCKoro rep05I B HeMeIJ;KOH AHTeparype nepHOAa "peHxa". Hap5IAY
c pMTOpH'-IeCK11-nacpOCHOH 11J\J\.IOCTpa HeH HalJ)1CTCKOro OCPvIlJ;I103a
B HaqaJ\e 1930-x rOAOB B repMaHI111 n05IBlUIJ\I1Cb 11 OTAei\bHble pa3pa-
_ v
OOTK11 TPClAHIJ;110HHOro ClO)KeTa, OJ\J13KHe IY!"laHI1CTHyeCKOH HanpaB-
AeHHOCTblO reTeBCKl1lVI (ApaMaTI1'-IeCKa51 1l03Ma A. fWTeTHcpa
"CTpaHHI1K", 1933), npOHl1KHyrbIe npH!\1I1pI1TeAbHO:H pei\HrJ.1031IOC-
'1'1>10 (PaA110TIheCa B. flfAb6pI1XTa "AoKTOp 110raHH <DaYCT" , 1934) HAM
BeceAbIM cpOAbKAOpHbIM AYXOIVI (HapOAHa5I ApaMa r. illBapl -EoCTY-
HMqa "<DaYCT B 3PCPypTe" , 1932). OTKAOHeHI1e1\l Ocpl1l HaALllOrO 06-
pa3d II arpeCCI1BHOrO" <DaycTa l'vIO)KHO Cl.U1TaTb 11 nocTdBACHIIYIO B
1942 r. B raMoypre onepy M. 3I1Ah-ct>YKca 11 X. XCpl\laHa jj ndpa-
u.eAbc", rAe l1l'vleHHO nocAeAHMH BblcryrraeT He TOAbKO, no Y)Ke 3HilKO-
1\1011 HaM TPdAUU.lfM, HOCI1TeAeM 6AaropOAHbIX CTpeMAeHHH, 1I0 11 BbI-
pa3HTeAeM MCT11HHOrO, " A0 6pOHanpaBAeHHoro" repMaHCKoro AI1Ha-
l\1113Ma - B npOTI1BOneC CBOel\lY aHTMnOAY qepnOKHI1.>KHHKY <DaYCTY,
ry65Irn;eMY ce65I C01030M C Ab}lBOAOM.
B u.eJ\OM KpaCHOpeQI1BOe HeCOOTBeTCTBl1e lHO)KeCTBa Al1Tepary-
pOBeAQeCKHX, Ha Ho-ny6AHU;HC'l'H-qeCKHX M KYAbTypOAOryJl-IeCKI1X
I13bICKaHI1H ° <DaYCTe KaK Bblpa3l1Tei\e HAeM Hal HcTcKoro rocYAapcT-
nil He3HaLJlfTeJ\.I:>HoMY, rIO cpaBHeH11lO C APyrHl\IH TIepI10Aa;\U1 B pa3BH-
'1'1111 HeMeIJ,KOH cpaycTl1aHhI, KOJ\.I14ecTBY xYA0>.KeCTBeHHblx np0I13Be-
AeH11M Ha cpaYCTOBcKHH ClO)KeT (Aa H TO nOCB5Ill eI-IHblX 13 OCHOBHOM
<Daycry HCTOpHQeCKOMY, a He ero COBpe!\1eHHOH MOAHcpI1Ka[ I1I1) CIH1-
AeTeALCTBOBaAH 06 orrpeAeAeHHoJ\.1 J1MMYHI1TeTe Hal MoHaAhHoi1 KYAL-
TypbI K <Daycry KOpHl!HeBOrO BeTa.
HMMYHHTeTe TeM 60Aee CTOHKOM, QTO paAHKaAbHOe KPl,IAO Hd-
IJ;HCTCKOro cpaycToBeAeHI15I AeKAapl1pOBaJ\.o pa3 phlB II Hel\leqKoro" cDa-
YCTa He TOi\bKO C cOBpel\1eHHoll EBponoH, lIO 11 C EBpOrrOI1 KdK lIPOT>I-
>KeHHbIl\1 BO BpeMeHH KYAhrypHo-HCTOp11l.leCKl1l\I KOHTI1HellTOI\I, Y'I'-
Bep a5I, QTO 3AOPOBhI:H AYX ApeBHl1x repl\ldHCKHX TIAel\lelI 6hlJ\ pa:3py-
lllClI 11 pa3Bpa eH XpI1CTl1aHCTBOi\-1. AOBeAeHHaH AO AOrJ1'-JeCKOrO KOII-
qa HI1IJ;WeaHCKa5I KOHIJ;enIJ;l151 "CI1AbHOH pacbI" AHKTOBaAa HOBOC lJpO-
lJTeH11e cpaycToBcKOH KO.i\AH3MI1 - KaK TpareAI111 Ayxa, BhIHY.>KAeHlIO
OTOlueAIllero OT CBOI1X npaHcToKoB 11 rroTep5lBlliero, paCTBOpl1BIJlerO
ce651 B Eore, 113 IeHI1B AOl\II1HaHTe cBoeH Cy:r.u;HOCTI1 - a6coAlOTY
II cTpe:MJ\.eHH5I" .
'TaKoll ct>aYCT He TOAhKO B03Bpa aA K cpeAHeBeKOBbIM npOKJ\5ITH-
5IM rOPAbIHe pa3YMa - OH Bo06 e BbIBOAMJ\ cpaYCToBCKoro repo5I 3a
npeAeAbI XpHCTJlaHCKOH: KYJ\.bTYpbI 11 MOpaAM, Ae3dBYI1pY5I npM 3TOM
npoCBeTHTeAbcKYIO CI1CTeMY IJ;eHHocTei1: AaJKe KaK TOY.KY OTC\.JeTa, Aa-
>Ke KaK npeAMeT AJ\..H crropa, KaK B031\10)l(HOCTb. TaKOl\1Y cDaycry He HY-
>Kerr 6bIJ\ DOl', a l\IleqH1cTocpeAb oAHTJ;eTBopSIA C060H AMI Hero TOAhKO
npOTHBHMKa, Bpara. I\1pa1.fHhIH, KOI-l'rpaCTHbH1:, "QepHo-6eAbIi1" l\IHp
6e3 TeHM, 0 KOTOpOM KaK 0 qel\l-TO Henpl1el\1J\.e 10M rOBOpl1A 6YAfaKOB-
164
IAana V
CKHll BOAaHA, <1JOpMHpOBaAC.SI B lIOA06HbIX 11HTepnpeTaqH5IX, nOAHO-
CTbIO pa3pymalOIIJ;HX CTPYKTYPY reTeBCKl1X repOeB.
HeYAI1BHTeAhHO rr03TOMY, lITO npOTI1BOCT05iHM5I TdKOIVIY <DaYCTY
I'HOPAI1lIeCKOrO PeHeCCaHCa" B eBpOrreHCKOM AHTepaType 30 - 40-x ro-
AOB HOCI1AI1 5IpKO Bblpa>KeHHbIM COIJ;HaAbHO-3Tl1QeCKI1H xapaKTep (3C-
ce nOM! KAoAeAH "06pa3hI 11 rrpI1TllH", 1936, rAe nHcaTeAh C rr03HlJ;I1H
KdTOAHKa-HeOTOMI1CTa Bblc1yrrHA C pe3KoH Kpl1THKOH "MpaQfIOrO BO-
06pa)KeHH5I" BblcTynl1A C pe3KoH KpI1TI1KOM "MpaQHOrO Bo06pa)Kc-
HI1H" - "l'imlnagination lugubre" BarHepa 11 HI1u;we, yrBepAI1BlllllX B
o6pa3e <DaycTa &I aTl\10ccpepy KAdA6I1 a H c)'1VlacrneAllIero AOIvla"). Cd-
THpa, CMeHHBllIaH B 3TH rOAbl M5IrKYlO 11pOHHlO YI AllpH3M npOw;aHI15I
EBponbI CO "CTapbIM" <DaYCTOM, CaTI1pa, OKparneHHa.H OTl.J:eTAl1HOH rro-
AI1TI1"4eCKOM TeHAeHIJ;I103HOCTbIO, aKu;eHT11pYlOll aH rrp06AervlbI He OH-
TOAOfl1l1, HO 06w;eCTBeHHOH MOpaAH, OTBeTCTBeHHOCTI1, BhI60pa CHK)-
MHHyrHoH )l(113HeHHOM n03HIJ;I1H CTdAa rrpe06AaAaTh B xYAO.>KeCTllCH-
HbIX TpaKTOBKax <DaYCTa H MecpI1CTocpeA5l, l\IaKCI1MaAbHO npH6AI1/KaH
I1X 06pa3bI K peaAI1CTI1lJ:eCKI1l\l H Aa)Ke peaAbHbIM npOTOTl1rraM, "AOKY-
l\leHTaAI13:H" PY5I HX. TIpHMepaMH TOMY - nOAI1T11l.J:eCKaH CaTI1pa
M. DAlOMeAbxy6epa "IOHbH1 <l>aYCT - K "4eAOBeQeCTBY", 1932; pOl\laH
KAayca MaHHa uMe<1JI1CTo<1JeAb. I1CTOpl1H OAHOM KapbepbI", 1936, rAe
"3AO" npHcIIoco6AeHHH K cpalllMcTcKOMY pe>KMMY He TOAbKO BAJ.151eT Ha
"4eAOBeKa, HO H BonAOrn;aeTCH B HeM, np1106peTaH 1.JepThI 06bIAeHHOCTH
M AeMHcTH<1JH I1PYHCh - HO npH 3TOM TepHH CBOlO aM6I1BaAeHTHOCTh,
CTaHOBHCb a6CO.l\lOTHbIM. CTaHOBHCb TaKOBbIM corAaCHO reTeBCKOH,
eCJ\.H BAYMaTbCH, TO"4Ke OTCt.J:eTa: "Meqn1CTocpeALCKOe", "Ab5lBOAbCKoe"
B "4eAOBeKe eCTb HMeHHO ero II )K11BOTHa.5I", Bce nepeC11AI1BalOru;a.5I
)J(a;KAa 6AaronoAyqH5I, AJ1QHorO npeycrre.5IHMH, H3-3a t.J:ero 11 npOAaeT
Aymy Ha :HCTCKOMY "Ab51BOAY" repOH KAayca MaHHa (CM. 06 3TOM B
rAaBe III).
KpaRHIOIO MAeOAorH3a HIO (a, cAeAoBaTeAbHO, H aKTYaAbHOCTb)
repoeB cpaycToBcKoro CIO)J(eTa BbIHBI1A ro611AeHHbIl1 "reTeBCKI1M"
1932 rOA, cOIIyrcTByro He eMY M rrocAeAyro 11e HHTepnpeTaQI1H 06-
pa3a <DaycTa B Ayxe KaK IIOQTHTeAbHOR HAeaAH3an;1111 M HeOIlAaTOHI13-
Ma, TaK H aHTpoIIoCOcpHH, cppaHKMacoHcTBa, COIJ;MaAHCTHt.J:eCKI1X HAeM,
YHI1BepCaAbHoro BHeBpeMeHHoro rYMaHl13Ma (B qaCTHOCTH,
X.-A. Kopcp rrpH3bIBaA B 1938 r. npHcBoMTb Bepe B "4eAOBeKa cTaTYc eA-
Ba JU1 He OC060H peAl1rI1H H Ha3BaTb ee "cpaYCTOBCKOH nepOM" 11 T.A.).
KaTOAllt.J:eCKHe KOMMeHTaTopbI, AOAToe BpeM51 Bpa;KAe6HO OTHOCHB-
lIIHeCH K <1JaYCTOBCKOMY clO)J(ery y reTe, YCMOTpeAlf B Hel\1 3HaK fOp-
)KeCTBa MHAOCTI1 DO/KbeR.
OOA06Hble TpaKTOBKH cpaYCTOBCKOH KO.i\AH3H11, BbI3BaHHble BO
MHorOM peaKIJ;l1ell Ha CKOMrrpOMeTHpOBaHHoe Ha HOHaJU1CTHt.J:eCKHM
<PaYCTOM "CTpeMAeHHe", Y)Ke c 1930-x rOAOB IIOATaAKHBaMf K rrOYICKY
B 1'011 HAM HHOH cpopMe CMHr"4eHH5I cpaYCTOBCKOI1 peIllHTeAbHOCTI1 npo-
pbIBa B He113BeAaHHoe H caMoocy ecTBAeHHH. OAHI1M H3 nepBhlX npo-
Om gel'CpOU3UponallllOJ'O (/Jayema I{ c:DaYClny ycnZaAOMY
165
5IBAeHHM 3TOM xapaKTepHOM M5I CepeAI1HbI H BTOpOM nOAOBI1HbI XX B.
TeHAeHIJ;l1H CfaAa IIAI1pl1qeCKa51 ApaMa" I-rOpBe/Ku;a rYIIHapa EeCKOBa
1/ <DaYCT" (1936). Ee repoH, COBpei\leHHbIH eHhII1, noJ\. YllHJ\. H06eAeR-
CKYIO npeMl1lO 3a pa60TbI B 06J\.aCTH reHHOM HH)KeHepI1H. DOA\aB-
1I1I1Cb BHywelIHlo CBoero HeCKOJ\.bKO Ab5IBOAOo6pa3Horo APyra B3HHe-
Ha, YBAeqeHHOrO )KeHOH ct>aYCTd MapHeH r eHbIM n03BOJ\5fCT ce6e 3a-
[35f3aTb ./\.I060BHYIO MIlTpvUY co c13oeI'1 J\.a60paHTKoM i\1aprJ1T, a 3aTe 'VI
c6eraeT 01' Hee, AOAI'Oe BpeM5I cTpaHcTBY5f, IIOAOOHO nep rIOI-fry. Ha-
KOHeq B paHoHe IO/KHbIX l'dopeH OH BCTpeQaeTC5I C HeKI1l\1 AI1KTaTOpOl\1,
KOTOpbIH rOTOB npeAocTallHTb el\lY lllHpoKHe B03l\10/KHOCTI1 npaKTI1KO-
BaTbC5I B eBreHMKe. I1crryraBIliI1Cb HenpeAcKa3yel\10CTI1 pe3YJ\bTaToB
CBOHX onbITOB (OT3BYK HayqHo-cpaHTaCTHQeCKOM aHTHyroIII1H B pOAe
pOMaHa fep6epTa Y3Mca '/OCTpOB I\OKTOpa Mopo" 11 npeABOCXI111 e-
HHe Toro lI<DaycTa OTKa3a 01' Ae5IHI1}1", 0 KOTOpOM rOBopHJ\.OCh B rAaBc
IV HaCT05I ei1 KHHrM), pa30qapOBaHHbII1 H 60./\.hHOH, repoH EecKoBa,
rrepe:>KHB IIOCAC npI1H5ITH5I HapKOTI1KOB HeqTO BpoAe BaJ\hIIyprHeBOH:
HOqH, fAe nepeA Hl1lVI, B03Bparn;eHHble H3 rJ\.y6HH rrOAC03HaIIl1H r rrpollo-
C5fTC5I B 60J\.e3HeHHoM BMAeHHI1 Aei1:cTBYI{) l1e AH a Apal\lbI, B03Bpa-
aeTC5I AOJ\10M, HaiiA5I nOMHHHoe CqaCTbe B .lU06BHr nOqTH l\IaTepHH-
CKOI1, cBoeM cynpyrH MapHH.
B 3TOM ApalVle, COel\l1HI1BllleM cpaycToBCKy-IO ./\.ereHAY C 6M6AeHcKo-
cpOAbKAOpHbIM MOTI1BOM "Bo3Bparu;eHI15I 6J\.YAHoro cbIHa", 3Ae1\1eH fbI
pOMaHa nyrellleCTBI15I, HayqHo-cpaHTaCTHqeCKOrO, rrAyroBcKoro H Tpl1-
Bl1aAbHOro Alo60BHoro pOMaHoB, OT'IeTAHBbf xapaKTepHble M5I Macco-
BOH AHTepaTypbI 30-x rOAOB qepTbI nOAHTHQeCKOM 3Ao60AHeBHOCTl1 H
CBoero pOAa 3CTeTHlfeCKOM AeMI1CTHcpI1KaIJ;HH: cpl1rypa Ab5IBo./\.a KaK
rrOCAaHIJ;a AAa cpaKTHqeCKH HCQe3aeT, TpaHccpopMl1PY5ICb B 06pa3 l1pO-
HI1IJ;aTeAbHO-CKerrTl1tIeCKOrO APyra <DaYCTd, a Bce cpaHTaCTI1'-leCKHe
npHKJ\.lOQeHI1H ynIeHoro HaxOA5IT pal\HOdaAhHOe 06'b5fCHeHHe. Cal\10
)l(e OTKpbITI1e I1CCAe/\OBaTe.l\.5I, n03BOMIloru;ee C rrOMOI.IJ;bIO rOpl\10HaAh-
Horo BMelilaTeAbCTBa H3MeHHTb QeJ\oBe1:.JeCKYIO rropOAY H 3THM KaK
6YATO BOl1AOTHTb B /KH3Hb Meqry reTeBCKoro <DaycTa 06 YAyt-IlIleHI1I1
3eMHoro 6bITI151, BHYlliaeT M306peTaTeAlO TaKoH Y)Kac CBOI1MM B03-
MO)l(HbI 111 nocAeACTBl15IMM B pYKax AHKTaTopa, 3a Qei1: CQeT BLIHy eH
)l(HTb H pa60TaTh HOBbIH <I>aycT, qTO OH npeAIIOql1TaeT qpeBaToMY
onaCHOCT5IMH nOHcKY YMa Tv:XHM ceMellHbIH O1..Jar. l.Jef\1 He TOAbKO rro-
BTOpl1A aHaAOl'H1.JHble CYAb6hI p5IAa ApyrMX COBpeMeHHbIX eMY <Dayc-
TOB (nepCOHa)l(eH nocTaBAeHHoll B PMMe B 1934 r. IIbeChI AApHaHo
fpaHAe u<I>aYCT He YMep" HAH Y)Ke yrroMHHaBllIei1:C5I KOMeAHH AAb6ep-
TO feplilyHOBa uKAMHl1Ka AOKTopa MecpHCTocpeMI", YBHAeBIllei1 CBeT B
1937 r. B CaHTb5IrO-Ae-l.}HAH), HO H npeABOCXI1THA THII Cal\IOrO norry-
A5IpHOrO cpaycToBcKoro repo5I eBpoal\1epl1KaHcKoll AI1TepaTypbI
50 - 60-x rr.
TaKYIM )Ke IIpeABOCXHru;eHI1el\1 BI1AaCb H ceHTHMeHTaAbHO-Ha3H-
AaTeAbHa5I KOMeAH}I BI1AHOM aMepl1KaHCKOM nHCdTeAbHHIJ;hI, 6A.f13KOM
166
rl1QBQ V
K KPYry "rrOTepRHHOrO nOKOAeHI15i", fepTPYAbI CTaHH "AOKTOp <DaYCT
3a.IKl1raeT OrHI1" (1938), C ycnexoM rneAllla51 Ha MHOI'HX cu;eHax Ml1pa.
Y6eAI1Te.l\.bHa5l, KaK M APyrI1e rrpeACTaBI1TeJ\J1 cBoeH AHTeparypHoH
BOAHhI, B OpraH}PleCKOH CB51311 II CO U;l1aAbHOrO" 11 'IAyxoBHoro" H, BCAeA
3d feTe, BOCrrpI1HI1Marnrn;a5i )K113Hb KaK OpraHI13M, pa3B11BaIOLQI1HC5I 01'
npocTbIX cpOpM K CAO)KHbIM, f. CTaHH, TeM He MeHee, pa 110HaAM3HpO-
BaAa H AorMaTH311pOBaAa npou;ecc 3eMHoro 6bITH5L TIepBoe rrpI1BOAH-
AO K CTpeMl\.eHHIO 'Il\IOAeAHpOBdTb" xapaKTepbI M cIfryaQHH, I1CKAlOQa51
H3 HHX (KaK 11 H3 Cal\10rO rrpOl\eCca )KH3HH) TOT MOMeHT Hen03HaBae-
1\10rO, HeH3BeAaHHoro, TaI1HCTBeHHO-l\laHRIl\erO, KOTOpbIH npl13HaBaA
feTe B Ka1.JeCTBe 1I0TeHI.J;HaAhHOH CcpepbI "CTpe 1AeHllH" qeAOneKa,
cTHMYAa Af\5I ero ABI1)KeHM5:I BrrepeA H caMopa3BMTI15I. BTopoe, TeCHO
CB5:l3aHHOe C nepBbIM, co06 aJ\.o l\1HpOB033peHQeCKOH KOHu;err HH rrM-
CaTeALHI1IJ;hI HeKI1I1 6110AOI'HQeCKI1:H AeTepMI1IlH3J\1, YBepel-IHOCTb B
TOM, 'ITO B eCTeCTBeHHOi\1 xOAe )KH3HII HI1QerO He HaAO )leH5:lTL IIrropbI-
BdMI1". TaK M3 MOAeAI1 CTaHHOBCKoro qeAOBeKa 113bIMaAC5I TYlTa-
HH3M, - a, COOTBeTCTBCHHO, MeA.bqaA H cpaYCTOBCKHH repOH.
HecAy-qaHHO B 3arraAH06epAHHCKOH nOCTaHOBKe Ha1.JaAa 1980-x
I'0AOB repOH KOMeAHH CTaHH, 31'01' He3dAaqAI1Bh[ f DpOMeTeH HOBoro
BpeMeHI1, HaCTOJ\bKO I1cnyraBlllHHC5I CBoero OTKpbITI15I - 3AeKTpH'Ie-
CKoro cneTa, qTO rOTOB no c06CTBeHHOH OXOTe 6e)KaTh B npel1crrOA-
I-IlOlO, BbICTYIIaA B OOAI1Ke CKpOMHoro KAepKa, B HapYKaBHHKax 11 Oq-
KdX. IIMaAeHbKHH", "l1crryraHHbIM:" <DaYCT repTPYAbI CTaHH OTAI-PIHO
BIIHCbIBaeTC51 B AerKYlO, BeceAyrn, .lUfIlleHHYlO KaKOW-AI160 MarHI1 "no-
TYCTopOHHero" HAlf HeIIOCTMrae]\.!Oro KOIVleAHlO, B KOTOpO:H "I1CKYCH-
TeAb" MecpHCTocpeAb - BIIOAIle paBHOBeAHKHH H paBH03HaQHbI:H Ae-
AOBOM rrapTHep rep05I, B KOTOpOH caMble CYIl\eCTBeHHbIe, .1 IlOCAeA-
HHe" BonpOCbI 6bITH5I ()KI13Hb, CMepTh, AI060Bh, He60, A.A, y6HHCTBO)
pelllalOTC51 llIyr5I, B KOPOTKHX, OCTPOYMHbIX All Cl./\.orax, H3J\.araCl\lbIX B
CBoHcTBeHIloH CTa:HH MaHepe IJ nOTOKa C03HaHJ1}I", B TO )Ke BpeM5I KaK
Obi 11pOHl1QeCKl1 06blrpbIBaeMOH, C nOCT05IHHO:H HrpOM CAOB, nOBTope-
}{l1eM AeKCHQeCKI1X KOHCTPYK I1H, KaAaM6ypal\lH, npeHe6pe)l(eHHeM
K CMHTaKCI1CY H TpaAH HOHHO opraHH3a HH ApaMaTyprH'IeCKOrO
cu;eHapH5I.
B niece fepTPYAbI CTaHH, CHH)KaIOI.u;eM - B PYCAe onpeAeAeHHhIX
YMoHacTpoeHllH BeKa, BnOAHe IIp05lBHBIllHXC51 B rrOCAeBoeHHoe BpeM5I,
HaKaA "npoMeTeeBcKoro" IIoABMra (H, MO)KeT 6bITb, npeABOCXHIl\alO-
JJJ;eH IOTMB To eCTBa OpOMeTe5I H J\.Io l1cpepa KaK IICBeTOHoc a",
60Aee QeTKO 0603HaqeHHbIH HeCKOAhKO AeC5ITHAeTHa cnYCT51 B pOMa-
He CTecpaHa feMMa "Araccpep", 1981), He QY*AaIOIl\eHC51 3CTpaAHoro
AHBepTHCMeHTa 11 Aa)l(e KAOYHClAbi (Harrpl1l\lep, AY3T AOKTopa <t>aYCTa
11 co6aKH B OAHOM 113 COHrOB, "pa36aBJ\5UOII HX" rrbecy), Cl\leAO MO:IKHO
CBeCTH KdK QaCTHhle (A1060BHhre), H TaK OCHOBHYIO KOAAH3HIO K eAH-
HOMY cpl1HaAY: "Bce TaHI.J;YIOT 11 Il010T"5. nOKa3aTeAbHbI MHOfHe cppar-
i\leI-IThI 113 KOMeAHH CTallH, B KOTOpOH HeTpYAHO YC 10TpeTb H 3AeMeH-
Om gerepou3upORaHHoro (/)aycma K $aycmy ycmGAOMY
167
TbI napOAHpOBaHMH, "KapHaBaAbHOrO" CH51TI1H BhICOKOrO HanpH)Kelllf5I
.. v ,..-
reTeBCKOI1 TpareAHH C ee rAYOOKMl\111 H MHOr03HaQl1TeAbHbIlVIM MOHO-
AOraMI1. AHaAOraMM M IIepBepCH:5IMM, IIpOHBJ\eHHe TOrO HpOHM'-leCKJ1-
I1rpOBoro OTHOllIeHI15I K KAaCCMqeCKOMY HaCAeAl1lO, KOTopOe CBOMCT-
BeHHO Boo6rn;e xYAO)KeCTBeHHOH KYJ\.brype XX B. (oco6eHHO npo-
HBMBIlIHCb B KYAl>rype TeaTpaAbHOH).
HOBbIM 3TanOM, KaK 6hI AOBOMIrn;I1M AO J\Orl1tIeCKOrO KOHu;a H 3a-
MhIKaIO MM Kpyr 6eCIIOAe3HhIX MCKaHMH <DaYCTa 5lBJ1J\aCb ApaMa 0A-
HOM H3 IIonYMIpHeHWMX C03AaTeAbHll COBpeMeHHOH aHfJ\I1MCKOM
cpaHTaCTl1tIeCKOH AMTeparyphI AOpOTH AM C3Hepc 'jIlAaTa Ab.HBOAY"
(1939). B 3TOH CTHAH3aU;MM cpeAHeBeKoBoH MI1CTepHH6, Hacblw.el-Il-IOI1
peMHHHCIJ;eHD;I1HMI1 M3 ApaMhI MapAo 11 pOMaHa I<AHHrepa, repoM, KaK
11 <DaycT r. EecKoBa, npOXOAJ1T ABa 3Tarra pa3BI1TI1H CBoero CTpei\JAe-
HHH. CHatIaAa OH, no6Y>KAaeMhIH Me cp11 CTOcpeJ\el\f, MelJTaeT rrpeo6pd-
3HTb Ml1p - HO nOTOM, npl1MI, C nOMOIII;bIO Ab5IBOAa 11 ocyw;ecTBJ\eHyUI
CBOMX cTpeMAeHHH K KaTacTpocPe, pernaeT 6e)KaTb B eCTecTBeHHbB1
MMp npl1pOAbI, HaMBHoro M qHCTOrO "He3HaHI151", 1\1l1p CTI1XMHHOro 611-
OAOfW3Ma. PeUIMTeAbHO OTKa3hIBaHCb OT tIeJ\OBelJeCKHX YCJ\oBI11i cy-
rn;eCTBOBaHMH H BMeCTe C TeM OT qeJ\OBetIeCKMX OrpaH11qeHIH1 11 YCA013-
HOCTPH, 3TOT <DaycT B KOHl\e KOHl\OB BeAeT o6pa3 )KH:3HH )K11110THOro,
)'MeHblIIa5I CBOlO "AYlliY" AO pa3MepoB C06aqbeH. MrHoBeHHo B03HH-
KalOrn;l1e peMI1HMCu;eHIJ;MM C "C06aQhI1M cepAu;eM" (1925) M.A. Ey Afa-
KOBa, "CKOTHhIM ABOpOM" (1945) A;1K. OpY3AJ\a, Aa)Ke p01\laH01\1 BepKo-
pa IIAlO AI1 MAM /KHBOTHble?" (1952) BbIBOMIT ql1TaTeA5l A.A. C3Hepc Ha
u;eAbIH PHA pa3lYlbIlIIAeHMH: 0 KOHeQHOH: IIo6eAe Mecpl1CTocpe.l\.5l B 3TOl\-I
cBoeo6pa3HoM rrpOAO.i\)KeHHH AaBHero "reTeBCKoro" napl1 0 )KMBOTHO-
CTH QeJ\OBeQeCKOH IIOPOAbI; 0 TOM, t.JTO 3Ta J. )KHBOTHOCTh,r, npOTI1BOnO-
AO)KHa51 I1HTeMeKTY, MOJKeT (B OTJ\HQMe OT BbIBOAd EYAfaKOBa) OKa-
3aTbCH 60Aee 6e30rraCHOH M5I Cal\10rO Cyrn;ecTBoBaHI1H J\lOAe:i1, lJe1\I no-
AeT t.JeAOBeQeCKOrO pa3YMa, 0 pa3MbITOCTH rpaHHIJ; MeX<AY QeAOBeKOl\l
M 3BepeM (MOTHB, CTaBlIIHH aKryaAhHbI1\1 B )'MOHaCTpOeHI1HX nOCAeBO-
eHHOM EBpOrrbI).
2. TPABECTUflHbIU rEPOU
3noxu nOCTMOAEPH113MA - /J (])AYCTO(])EJib"
Aerepol13aqMM 06pa3a reTeBCKoro <DaYCTa cnoco6CTBOBaAa AI1C-
KYCCJ1H, HaQaTaH B repJ\.laHMJ1 OAHHOKI1MM rOAocaMH (3. EOHTAep)
e e B 1940 r. H pa3BepHYBllla.HCH B nOCJ\eAHl1e BoeHHble 11 rrepBble
IIOCAeBoeHHble rOAbI 0 TO I, l\10)KHO AM Boo6rn.e ClJl1TaTb <1>aYCTa npl1-
MepOl\1 A,J\5I nOApa)KaHI1.H. [1oABepraACH KpHTI1Ke (c )Tl-IeTOM KOHu;eIJ-
U;HI1 <DaYCTa KaK apMHCKoro repOH) npe>KAe Bcero cpaYCTOBCKI1I1
aKTMBll3M KaK aKT 'J KO l\.OHH3aqMI1" r nOAaBAeHMH, YI.l\eMJ\eHI1H npaB
168
TAQnQ V
APyroro. HCnaCeHHe" <DaYCTa npeACTaBMlAOCb He3aCAY>KeHHhIM,
AO>KHbIM, a caMO CTpeMAeHHe 4eAOBeKa K peaAM3a lIH CBOHX nAaHOB,
Aa.>Ke KaK 6YATO HanpaBAeHHhIx Ha 6Aaro 6AMJKHerO, rrCHXOAOrHqeC-
KH arpeccHBHbIM M nOTeH Ha.AhHO onaCHbIM. VI3BecTHhIH TeOAor AAb-
cppeA AeAhrr B HIOHe 1944 r. 06'b5lBHA, TO B "<DaycTe HapoAHoH Ae-
reHAbI MhI HaXOAHM 60Aee 51CHoe H onpeAeAeHHoe Bhlpa)KeHHe Ha-
rneR peaKU;HH H Harnero MCKyweHH5I", "lIeM B "<DaYCTe" feTe. 3. EOHT-
Aep YBep5lA, qTO CBOHM rrepeBoAoM EH6AHH, 3aMeHoM HCAoBa" Ha
HAeMCTBJ1e" reTeBCKHH <DaycT HCKa3HA CB5I eHHOe nHcaHHe, H3Bpa-
THB Hallie npeACTaBAeHMe 06 OCHOBe EhITM5I (rrpHMeqaTeAbHbBi Te3HC
a CB5I3H C TeHA2HII.HeR, BnepBhle B03HHKllIeH B HarneR OTeqeCTBeH-
HOM AHTepa-rype e e B KOHu;e 1920-x rOAOB, 0 qeM rOBopHAOCb B fAa-
Be II HaCT05llQeH pa6oTbI).
06 ecTBeHHYlo onaCHOCTh cpaycTH3Ma KaK HeyrrpaBAHe!\10H 3KC-
rraHCMH oTAeAhHoH qeAOBeqeCKOH BOAR (HCTOK TOTaAHTapH3Ma) pac-
KphIBaA CO HOAor H 3KOHOMMCT B. PenKe, cpaYCTOBCKoe CTpeMAeHHe B
Ka"lleCTBe OAfIoro H3 BHAOB HHCTepMH" TpaKTOBaA K.f. IOHr.
«" cDaYCT" 6hIA AO CMX rrop CBoero pOAa CB5Im;eHHOM KHHTOH XX B.
OCTaeTC5I AH OH TaKOBhIM AMI Hac?» - BOrrpOllIaA BHAHbU'f HeMe KHH
reTeBeA P. lllHaHAep B rOA ABYXCOTAeTHero 106HAe51 feTe (1949) r H
MHOrOqHCAeHHbIe HCCAeAOBaHH5I Tex AeT AaBaAH oTpMIJ;aTeAbHhIH OT-
BeT Ha 3TOT Bonpoc. TaK, 3. XeMep nOA"lIepKHBaA "aM6HU;Mo3HOCTb"
<DaycTa; n.-B. BeHrep yrBep aA, qTO <DaycT - He "HAeM", HO
"HAOA", CHMBOA "BeAH"tJaHllIero HeMe Koro HeAopa3YMeHH5I", peaHH-
MHpyIO HH "B KYAhTe cpaycToBcKoro AMHaMH3Ma", aCCOIJ;HHpyeMoro C
3KcrraHcHeH TpeThero pel'ixa, pOMaHTHqeCKI1H HAeaAH3M H rraHrepMa-
HM3l\1.3pHX MIOAAep-raHrAocp YCMaTpHBaA B cDaycTe "AHTepdrypHhIH
THTI AHTHXPHCTd"; K. 3Hraccep OTBepraA "cpaycToBcKHM Ml1CP" KaK
II CB5I m;eHHYIO KHHry repMaH eB", a r. BIOpTeH6epr B KHHre IlOA CHMBO-
AH'IeCKHM Ha3BaHHeM "reTeBCKHH <DaycT CerOAl!51. KOHeu; cpaycToB-
CKoro "lJeAOBeKa", BhIBOA5l cnop a <DaycTe 3a paMKH AHCKYCCHH 0 rAaB-
HOM repoe HeMeLJ;KOrO Ayxa H B03Bpa aJlCh K llIrreHrAepoBcKoH TpdK-
TOBKe o6pa3d, 3a51, BMIA qTO <DaycT npMrneA B eBponeHcKoe C03HdHHe
KaK CHMBOA "3a6pomeHHocTH" (Geworfenheit), B xaHAerrepoBcKoM
CMhICAe CAOBa (T.e. B nAaHe MeTacpH3H"tJeCKoro HOBoeBporreHCKoro
CTpeMAeHH5I TIOA"lIHHHTh Bce cyrn;ee qeAOBeKY, npl1BOMIIJJ;ee K I1ppeAH-
r1103HOCTH, aMOpaAhHOCTH, yp6aHH3a HH H OrrOIllMlIOw;eMY Ol\1aCCOB-
AeHHIO), qeAOBeqeCKOM HarypbI, HapyrneHH5I ee BHyrpeHHero 6aAdHCa
nOTIhITKOM C rrOMOlQhIO Ab5lBOAa peaAM30BaTh CBOH "cYMacweAllIHe"
aM6HU;HH 1.
OqeBHAHhIH BhI30B, KOTopbrH 6pOCaAC5I rrOAo6HOH TpaKTOBKOH
reTeBCKOMY <DaycTy (AMI Koero CTpeMAeHMe K nporpeccy H CB5I3aH-
HOM C HHM yp6aHH3a HI1 KaK pa3 H COCTaBMlAO HCTl1HHYIO "tJeAOBeqe-
CKYIO Cyrh, a pacnpOCTpaHeHJ1e, "OMaCCOBAeHHe" rrporpecca - 6Aa-
ryIO u;eJ\.b qeAOBeqeCKOH )l(H3HI1), 6hIA CKoppeKTHpOBaH CO HaAbHO-
Om gerepoU3UpOBQHHOrO cPaycma K C1>aycmy ycmaAOMY
169
3TI1qeCKOH KOH en HeM rrpHBep/KeH a H6IOprepCKoro ryMaHH3Ma" 11
nOKJ\.OHHMKa feTe KaK CHMBOAa ero KYAbTyPHOM IlIMpOTbI KapJ\.a .Hc-
nepca ("reTe H Harne 6YAy ee", 1949). f1pOTHBHI1K UMpaqHOrO cPaHa-
TM3Ma" C. KbepKeropa H "3KcTpeMM3Ma" <D. HMIJ;rne, K. .5Icnepc Bbl-
BeA "KOMMYHMKan;HIO" (CB}I3b C UAPyrMM") B KaqeCTBe eHTpaAbHOrO
IIOH}ITI1H CBoero Ml1pOilOHlfMaHHH, OTOJKAeCTBMB ee C pa3yMOM. 3Ta
HOBaH MOAl1qH1Ka HH npOCBeTMTeAbCKOrO ryMaHH3Ma 6pocaAa OT-
CBeT Ha HcnepCOBCKoe TOAKOBaHHe reTeBCKoro repo}I, B KOTOpOM cPH-
AOCOcP OAo6pHeT TeHAeHIJ;MIO K rrpeOAOJ\.eHI1IO CO MaAbHOM I130J\.l1pO-
BaHHOCTM (UOAHHOtIeC rBa") qeAOBeKa M 110HCK MM CBoero "oceBoro
BpeMeHH" KaK OCHOBbI C03AaHMH 06 eqeJ\.OBeqeCKOrO .M51 Bcex Bpe-
MeH M HapOAOB 3aBeTa AMqHOll OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH. Ho B TO )l{e BpeM5I
cpMAOCOcp HaxOAHT B 3TOM repoe H qepTbI rAaBHoro "MecpHCTocpeJ\.b-
CKoro" (MOpaAbHOrO, CO HaAbHOrO, I1HTe.l\AeKryaAbHoro) 3Aa - He-
AOCTaTOqHCe BHHMaHMe K 'lJY)KOH 3K3HCTeH HM, qpeBarylO <!>aHaTH3-
MOM Hecnoco6HOCTb K "AHCKYCCI1M" ('lJTO, no MHeHMIO 51cnepca, ilOA-
MeqaA C OrOpqeHMeM B lfo6pa3 OBOM" repoe 61OprepCKOM 3nOXH H
caM feTe)2.
npOHMn;aTeAhHO OTMeqaH OpraHHqeCKyro CB5I3b Me>KAY Hecrroco6-
HOCTbID K "AHCKYCCHM" (yqery MHeHMH UAPyroro") M IIOBepXHOCTHbIM,
06e3AHqeHHbIM, "MaCCOBbIM" 06I.IJ;eHHeM KaK pa3HbIMH no cpopMe, HO
eAI1HblMM no CyrM npOHBAeHHH!vIH paBHOAYllIH5I K Ka;KAOH HerrOBTopl1-
MOH 'ieAOBetIeCKOH HHAMBMAYaAbHOCTM, HapyrneHH5I Me)J('lJeAOBeqeC-
KOH KOMMYHHKaIJ;MH, B KOHetIHOM CqeTe - AeryMaHl13a Hlf COQMYMd,
5Icrrepc, HeCMOTpH Ha BCIO CBOIO CI1MnaTHIO K eHHOCTHM 6IOprepcKoll
KYAbTyPbI, TeM caMbIM AaeT AOCTaTOqHO TOqHbIH nporH03 pa3BHTM5I
cpaYCTOBCKoro repOH B 3ll0XY ee KpM3Hca.
OAHH H3 BeKTopOB 3Toro pa3BMTH}I - B HarrpaBAeHHH B03BpaTa K
xpMCTMaHCKO:H: OHTOJ\.orMM (liB HaqaAe 6bIAO CAOBO") M "HeHaCI1AbCT-
BeHHoll" CO HaAbHOH 3THKe - npOCAeJKlfBaeTCH B c03AaHHI1 Ml1pOBOH
ARTeparypoH XX B. o6pa3a "xpMcTHaHM3MpoBaHHoro" <DaycTa (CM.
rAaBbI III H IV HacToH eH pa6oTbI).
MyroH JKe BeKTop 3Toro pa3BMTHH - B HanpaBAeHHH TPI1BHaAM-
3a MH, "OMaCCOBAeHM5I" He KaK TMIIH3HpOBaHHH, a KaK H3MeAbqaHMH,
nOTepM MHAMBHAYaAbHOCTH M CTpeMAeHHH K "a6coAlOry" (BblcrneM Qe-
AM) cpaycTOBCKoro repo.Sl, - BblCTpOHACH BCAeAcTBMe pOJKAeHI151 MHO-
JKeCTBa AerepOH3HpoBaHHblx <DaYCTOB. 1.JTO JKe KaCaeTC5I <DaYCTa Ae-
MOHMqeCKOM BHyrpeHHeM CHAbI, MOI.IJ;Horo 3apHAa 3HeprMI1 H Ta..AaHTa,
TO OH AM60 rM6HeT 6e3 "cnaceHMH" nOA THJKeCTbIO HenocHAbHoH Af\5I
Hero, o6peKaIO ell Ha HCKAJQQI1TeAbHOCTb He PaAOCTHoro Mo eCT-
Ba, HO TparH'lJeCKOrO OAHHOqeCTBa CA AKH C AbHBOAOM ("AOKTOP <Day-
cryc" TOMaca MaHHa), BblcrynaIOll.\HM, B Ayxe BpeMeHH, H KaK OAMIJ;e-
TBopeHHe "noMoralO ero 3Aa" 6eCQeJ\.OBeQHOH rOCYAapCTBeHHoll Ma-
llIHHbI ("MecpHCTocpeAb" KAayca MaHHa), AM60 YXOAHT B AypHyID 6ec-
KOHeqHOCTb co6CTBeHHoro 6eCIJ;eAbHO-3rOQeHTpI1QeCKOrO, "HrpOBO-
170
TAQBQ V
fO" ( .. BHPTYaAbHOrO") CyrQeCTBOBaHI151 (H MOM <DaYCT" nOM BaAe-
pM) - AM60 B03Be.MPIMBaeTC5I TeM, tITO OTKa3bIBaeTC5I OT CBoero BeAM-
"4M5I, COBeprna.H BbICllII1J1 aKT Ae5IHH.H OTKa30M OT Ae.HHHH (II AOKTOp
3aKC. <DaYCT, "tJaCTb TpeTb.H" Ax<eKa KepyaKa M T.n.) H AOCTHra.H BbICOT
np05lBAeHH5I CBoeM He3ayp.HAHOCTM B03Bpa eHMeM K 3ayp.HAHOCTM
ClAAbTMCT AaHHAOB" BJ\(lAMMMpa OpAOBa HAP.), 0 qeM rOBOpHTC.H B
fAaBax III 11 IV HaCT05lrn:ew KHMrM.
Aerep0l13a:o.l1.H <DaycTa B eBponeHcKoI1 AMTeparype 1940 - 1950-x
rOAOB, np05lBMBWa.HC5I B MHorO"tJMCAeHHbIX MeAoApaMax Ha cpaycToB-
CKMM ClO)KeT, rAe Aep3KMM AOKTOp AH60 3aKaHtJMBaA CBOIO JKM3Hb Ka-
TacTpocpoli - B Ayxe cpeAHeBeKoBoro MOpaJUiTe, AH60 OTKa3bIBaAC5I
OT cpaycToBcKMX npeTeH3MM, B HeKoTopbIX rrp0I13BeAeHM5IX npM06pe-
TaAa TparHqeCKOe 3ByqaHMe. TaK npOI1CXOAMAO B nOAMTH3HpoBaH-
HOM ApaMe aHrAMMcKoro ApaMa1)1Jra OpcoHa Y3AAeca 'IBpeM5I 6e-
.lKHT" (Heony6AMKoBaHHoH, HO rrocTaBJ\.eHHoH B 1946 r. B faM6ypre),
rAe B cOBpeMeHHoM nOCTKarrMTaAMCTMqeCKOM Ml1pe BCTpeqalOTC.H:
A;KOH <DaycT, HOBbIH TMn caMoYBepeHHoro "CBepXqeAOBeKa", MecpM-
cTocpeAe06pa3HbIH AeHeJKHbIH BopoTHAa, c06Aa3H5IlOIIJ;HH M ry65I-
M:H ero, cOBpeMeHHa5I J\.1060Bb, AMIlleHHa51 n033MM - M aTOMHaH
60M6a, nOQTI1 HenpeMeHHbIH MHrpeAMeHT cpaycToBcKoro CIO:>KeTa
BTOpOH nOAOBHHbI 1940 - 1960-x rOAOB. TparM3M cpaycToBcKoro re-
p05I, Hecnoc06Horo MAeHTMcpMU;HpoBaTb B cOBpeMeHHoM MMpe He
TOAbKO CBOM nopbIB (HdA KOTOpbIM CTOMT, KOTOpbIH "cKynaeT" M 06-
parn;aeT Ha YAOBOAbCTBHe "JKMBOTHOro" 3rOM3Ma HOBbIH KH.H3b Ml1pa,
MecpMcTocpeAb AMKTaTa BJ\.aCTM M KOpbICTH), HO M caMoro ce6.H, pac-
KpbIBaeT )KaH TapAbe B MMelOm.eM caMOCTO.5ITeAbHOe 3HaqeHMe
cpparMeHTe HeOKOHt.IeHHOrO rrpoM3BeAeHMH - c eHe u<I>aycT M 110-
PMK" (1955), B KOTOpO:H nOKa3aHO, KaK TOAbKO rrOCAe cMepTM eHo-
ro, OAep)KI1MOrO cTpacTHbIMM M 6e3ycrrellIHbIMM nOI1CKaMM 1.Jepena
"1.JeAOBeKa 6YAyrn;ero", 06HapY>KMBaeTC.H, tJTO o6AiiAaTeAb TaKoro qe-
pena - OH caM.
1940 - 1970-e rOAbI - BpeM5I 6eCKOHeqHbIX BeCeAbIX, B3aMMorre-
peXOAHbIX 11 MaAO OTAMqMMbIX APyr OT APyra, AerKMX, 6e33A06HbIX,
HMKOMY He onaCHbIX <DaYCTOB M MecpMCTocpeAeH eBponeHCKOH H
aMepMKfiHCKOH AHTepa1)1JbI. TaKHX, KaK KypTya3HbIe repOM rrepeHe-
ceHHoro B CpeAHMe BeKa AeMCTBa ApaMaTMqeCKOH n03MbI 3.-P. Peli-
HOAbAca uMecpMCTocpeAb M arreAbCMHbI" (1943). I1AH repoli HOBe.M.bI
A;KoHa KOAbepa "Cu;eHbI B dAY" (1951), cTaBIIlMH ApaMaryproM M co-
6Aa3HeHHbIH AbHBOJ\.OM HanMcaTb HeBepO.HTHbIM cl\eHapMH (clO>KeT,
OT1.JaCTM HanoMMHalOrn:MH paccKa3 ¥IAbM BapmaBcKoro "AYllia Ha-
npoKaT", 1971). MAR <DaYCT - yqacTHMK cpaHTaCTMqeCKOrO Kpyro-
CBeTHoro nAaBaHH.H M3 paCCKa3a A>KoHa MaHepca "Cepe6p.HHbIM
3aMOK", CTaBllIMM <DaYCTocpeJ\.eCOM (Faustopheles) - 60Aee MecpMC-
TocpeAeM, qeM <DaYCTOM, MpOHMqeCKMM rMAoM no Aopore, BeAYJ..QeM
B CiA.
Om gerepoU3UpOnQllllOrO C1>aycma K (/)aycmy ycmaAOMY
171
npHHIJ;HnHaAhHO Ba)KHbIM AMI cDaYCTOB MMpOBOR AHTeparypbI
BTOpOH nOAOBHHbI XX B. 5lBA5IeTC51 llOTep5I HMM CBOeR HCKJUO'IHTeAb-
HOCTH, " 0 6pa3IJ;OBOCTH" - He3aBMCHMO OT TOrO, H36HpaJOT AH OHM
CBOHM YAeAOM CTpeMAeHHe K n03HaHMJO TaHH npHpOAbI HAll HaCAa)K-
AeHMe rrOAHOTOH 6bITH5I.
Aa)Ke KpaTKOBpeMeHHbIl'1 BCllAeCK HaAe>KA Ha <DaYCTOB HayqHo-
TeXHH'IeCKOM peBOAJOIJ;HH, BbI3BaBlIlHX B AHTeparype H I1CKYCCTBe 06-
pa3 II <DaycTa-HH)KeHepa" , CAOBHO coeA11HHBlIlero B CBoeM 1l0MCKe Ha-
YKY H MarHJO (Mo:ryru;ecTBo COKpOBeHHoro, nOAqHHeHHOro BOAe 11 )Ke-
AaHH5IM eHoro), npeAllOAaraA "l\IHO)KeCTBeHHocTb", "06LIAeHHOCTb"
nOA06Horo cpaycToBcKoro rep05I. CMMllTOMaTI1QHbI B 3TOM CB5I3M ac-
Thle ny6J\MIJ;HCTHQeCKHe onpeAeAeHM51 yqeHhlx H 11H)KeHepOB-5IAep M-
KOB KaK "coBpeMeHHhJX <DaycToB" (TaK, H3BecTHhiH cppaIIl\Y3CKYIM HC-
cAeAOBaTeAb )KaH POCTaH xapaKTepH30BaAC5I B ra3eTe "napH-MaTlJ"
OT 20 cpeBpaA5l 1954 KaK "qeAOBeK, BblIIhITbIBaJOIlJ;J1M Y rrpMpoAbI TaM-
HbI 6hITM51, AOKTOp <DaYCT XX BeKa", a MHOrOTl1pa.IKHhIH llapH)J(CKHI1
)KypHaA "nAaHeTa" paccKa3hIBa5I B H05I6pbCKOM HOMepe 1967 f. 0 co-
TpYAHHKax 5lAepHOro IJ;eHTpa, npeAcTaBMA 11X KaK "1859 AOKTOpOB <1>a-
YCTOB").
Hap5IAY C AeMHcTMcpMKaIJ;HeM H AecaKpaAH3aIJ;Hci1 reTeBcKoM na-
pbI, 3Tl1M cBoe06pa3HbIM KaTapTMt.IeCKHl\'l CH5ITl1el\l Hanp5I)KeHHO-Tpa-
rMt.IeCKOrO BOCnpH5ITH}J CfOBopa , B3aHMOAeMCTBH5I M paClJeTa tJ:eAOBeKa
11 Ah51BOAa, HapHAY C "OC!vle5lHHeM" (HAM, TOt.IHee, "OIIlY1.IHBaHMe1VI -
MHrKMl\I, A06po>KeAaTeAhHO-HPOHHQHhIM, KaK 3TO 6bIBaeT rro OTHOllle-
HMJO K AaBHO ymeAIIlHM, npeOAOAeHHhIM CTpaxaM) cpnryp <DaYCTa 11
MecpHCTocpeMI (nOKa3aTeAhHO n05IBAeHHe 3THX 06pa30B Aa)Ke B peK-
AaMe H KOMHKcax - HanpHMep, B KOMMKce 113 KHHfYI KOHP<1Aa CTaHKO
"<DaYCT Ha A¥IKOM 3andAe" , H3AaHHOH B repMaHHH B 1969 r. 3 , rAe Ha
rrpHMepe "AyxoBHeMll1erO" H3 AJOAeH, caM03a6BeHHoro yqeHofo reH-
pH <DaYCTa AOKa3bIBaeTC5I, qTO '-IeAOBeK COCTOMT He TOAbKO H3 OAHOfO
Ayxa, HO H 113 llAOTH, H BhICllIee HaCAa>KAeHMe 6bITH5I - B AJ06BM MH-
AOM rpeTxeH, a MecpHCTocpeAlO-"Mecpy" OCTaeTC5I AHlIlh rrepeKBaAH-
cpMIJ;HpOBaTbC5I B MOHaXH) BO BTOpOH nOAOBHHe XX B. 1l05lBJ\5IeTC5I H
l'pOMaHTI1tJ:eCKHM" <DaYCT.
3Toro pOMaHTMt.IeCKOrO <DaYCTa, npeAllIeCTBeHHHKOM KOTOpOI'O
B onpeAeAeHHOM llAaHe 51BI1ACH II TpH )KAbI pOl\1aHTHt.IeCKHM MaCTep"
MI1XaHAa EYAfaKOBa, MO)KHO paCIJ;eHHBaTh M KaK CBoefO pOAa cpMry-
py IIcpaycToBcKoro nepeKpecTKa". Toro nepeKpecTKa, 01' KOToporo
BeAeT nyrh K ceHTHMeHTaAhHoMY <1>aycTY, <DaycT)' HHTHMHOH )KM3HI1
cepAu;a, AH60 K <Daycry-XpHcry. OepBbIH npeAcTaeT nepeA HaMH,
fAaBHbIM 06pa30M, B HCrraH05l3blt.{HbIX BapHaHTax, B onepeTO'-IHOM
.l\.H6peTTO X.-A. Ca3Hca Ae 3peAHH "KofAa cDaycTa 3BaAH <DaycTH-
HOlO", 1954 (aHaAorMtJ:HhIH KI1HOCu;eHapHM HcnaHCKoro cpH.l\.hMa
'l<DaycTHHa", 1957); B KOl'tleAHH 3Arapa HCBHAA5I II n5ITL KpaTKI1X AeT"
(1957), rAe nOCAC l\IHOrHX rrepl1neTYfM, IIo60lJHhIX YBAeQeHl1H H B3a-
172
r,QUQ V
l1MHbIX HeY3HaBaHl1H CDaYCT 11 ero cynpyra <DaYCTl1Ha COeAHH5IIOTC5I
B CtJaCTAHBOH CTapOCTl1; B Apa!\laT114eCKOM n03Me A. 3CKAaCaHa-H-
<DoAbKa II <DaYCT 11 <DaYCTa fI (1957).
flapa.M.eJ\bHo l1AeT YI "pOMaHT113a H.SI" MecpHcTocpeJ\5I (0I151Tb-Td-
KI1 OTCbIAaIOm;a5I Hac K "CeHTHI\IeHTaJ\.hHOl\IY Ab5lBOAY" BOAdHAY H3 PO-
lVlaHa EYMaKOBa), BOBAe\IeHI15I nOCAaH a aAa B Il1p eCTeCTBeI-H-IbIX
qYBCTB, 06HapY)KeHHe ero "qeAOBelJeCKOH" Y5I3BHMOCTI1 (MOTl1B, B
I'BbICOKOM" perI1CTpe 3Byqarn;HH B ApaMe C. AAelllJ1Ha II MeqH1cTo-
cpeAb", yrBep)KAaIOI.IJ;eM rrpeBOCXOACTBO 3el\1HOrO 6bITI151 co BCel\lH ero
CTPClAdHH5IMH 11 OrpaHl1\IeHH5IM11, HO corpeToro /KHBbIM "Y:eJ\OBeQeCKHl\l
TenAOM, BaA XOAOAHbI1YI Moryw;ecTBoIVl 6eCCMepTHoro 3Aa). TaKHlvl
}IBHJ\C5I Ab}1BOA KOMeAl1YI aMepHKaHCKoro aBTopa A. Pl1tJapAca "Ao 3a-
BTparnHero YTpa, <DaYCT !" (1962), B KOTOpOM cH1yaU;H5I pa306Aa1.IeHH5I
H, rAaBHoe, npHpyqeHH5I <DaycToM nOCJ\aH a J\IO l1cpepa (113-3a qero
HaAMHHl1CTpaTHBHblM CCBeT ClAa" IIpH3HaeT nocAeAHero 'J He CrrpaBI1B-
111l1MC5I co CBOHMl1 rrOAHOMO\IH5IMM" 11 M3rOH5IeT 113 CBOl1X p5IAOB) Hano-
MHHaeT CIO)KeTHble nOBopOTbI 60Aee rr03AHl1X OTeqeCTBeHHhlX np0l13-
BeAeHl1H Ha cpaYCTOBCKYIO Tel\1Y - ceHTHMeHTaJ\.bHoro pOMaHa BAaAH-
Ml1pa OpAOBa "AAbTI1CT AaHMAoB" (1980) I1 CaTHpHqeCKOM IIOBeCT:H
Hl1KOAa.H EJUfHa H BAaAHMl1pa KarnaeBa IIO llIl1 6Ka MecpHcTocpeJ\5I"
(1981) (CM. HH)I(e) , AaBa51 eI.IJ;e OAHO AOKa3aTeAbCTBO THnOAOrl1QeCKOH
06 HOCTl1 6AYJKAaHl1M cOBpeMeHHbIx <DaycToB YI Mecpl1CTocpeAeM no
pa3AHlJHbIM AHTepaTYpaM MHpa. ')
LITO )Ke KaCaeTC5I <DaYCTa M MecpHCTocpe.i\5i TpaAHIJ;110HHOH npo-
CBeTHTeAbCKOM Ml1cpOAoreMbI, TO OHl1 rr05lBA5IIOTC5I B l\1HpOBOM AJiTepa-
TYpe BTOpOM nOJ\OBMHbI XX BeKa pa3Be QTO KaK IInOCIIOl\IHHaHHe" - B
KOCTIOMl1pOBaHHbIX "6aJ\.ax" nOBepxHocTHbIX HCTopHtJecKMx CTHAH3a-
IJ;l-u'1, Tpl1JV\.epoB 11 cpaHTa311M (KOl\1I1lJeCKa.SI nbeca reHpMxa WTeI1H6ep-
fa "cDaycT nOTp.HCeHHbIM" 1984, H T.n.) HAM B Ka1.JeCTBe "3HaKOBOM"
TO\IKH OTClJeTa M5I co6CTBeHHbIX xYAO)KeCTBeHHbIX MAH KYJ\bTYPOAO-
rH\IeCKHX (cephe3HbIX, HpOHH\IeCKI1X, I1rpOBbIX) IIOCTpOeHHI1 (KOJV\.eK-
Tl1BHbIM COOpHHK AI1TeparypHhlx ynpa)KHeHl1M /I cDaycToBcKl1H KOH-
KypC. CerOAH.HlllHl1e BepCMM \IeAOBeKa rr03aBlJeparnHero AH5I", 113AaH-
HbIM B 1985 r. B repl\laHl1H)4.
"4eAoBeK II03aB\IepalllHero AH5I" - AOCTaTOllHO TOqHOe onpeAe-
AeHHe cpaycToEcKoro repo51 B BOCrrpH5ITl1l1 Ml1pOBOI1 J\I1TeparypbI KOH-
u;a XX B. "PeAYIJ;HpOBaHHhIe" <DaycT 11 MecpHcTocpeAb Tep5lIOT He TOAb-
KO CBOIO MaCllITa6HOCTb 11 "IIonYJ\5IpHOCTb" - 3a.AOr pCaAbHOrO B3aH-
MOAeHCTBH5I, BbIceKaIOll eH HCICPY ABH)KeHI1.H r HO 11, - Ka;KAbIH 113
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BHAeHHH H MOAeAH rrOBeAeHMH). TIo CyrH AeAa, Mhl BCTpet.JaeMCH BCerO
Al1111h C Te3KaMH reTeBCKMX repOeB - KaK 3TO npoMCXOAHT H B pHAe
nOAeMMQeCKHX IlrrpOAOA)l(eHHH" reTeBCKOM TpareAMH I Y)Ke caMoH )l(a-
HpOBOH AerKOCTblO (TparHKOMeAHH I napOAMM, cPapChI) OCrrapHBalO-
HX Tl1TaHM3M cpaYCTOBCKMX rrpeTeH3HH M Aa)Ke Cephe3HOCTh caMoro
AhHBOAbCKoro napH (KOMeAY.I5I TleTepa TyppHHH I' <PaYCT, III qaCTh. Ao-
CTOnpl1Me-qaTeAhHoe npOAO.J\JKeHHe" r 1971; nheca Tepe3hI AHreAocpcp
M TIeTepa MaHBaAbAa «"<DaycT" - neJ13BeCTHa51 -qaCTb TpareAMI1»,
1979, HAP.), M B aAanTaQY.I5IX K COBpeMeHHOCTH cpaYCTOBCKoro CIO)Ke-
Ta, - KOTOpbIH rrepeCTaeT 6bITb cpaYCTOBCKHM B c06CTBeHHOIV( CMbICAC
CAOBa. 1160 pe b B HMX HAeT 0 np06AeMax M cTpeMAeHI1HX 1\leAKI1X,
6YAHH-qHbIX, HarrpaB.l\.eHHhIX Ha nOAaBAeHHe (noA-qHHeI-IHe t.Jbero-AH60
cepAQa, OTTeCHeHMe OT BhIroAHoH AOA)KHOCTH M T.rr.) ce6e nOA06HhIX
BO Hl\lH c06cTBeHHoro 6Aara: HMu;meaHCKa51 II BO .l\5l K BAaCTH" I a6coAlo-
TH3HpOBaHHa5I H, rAaBHoe, BhIABMHyraSl 3a npeAeAbI MOpaAH B ccpepy
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qeAOBeqeCKOrO 6 hIT 1151 , BhlpO)KAaeTCH B cyeTY HHTpHf AMI AOCTM)KeHI151
CBoeKophICTHbIX Y.I He3Hat.JMTeAbHbIX u;eAeH.
TaK npOHCXOAMT B nceBAocpaYCTOBCKMX BapHaQHSlX Ha COBpeMeH-
HbIe TeMbI B 3arraAHOH .MlTepaTYPe 1980-1990-x rOAOB. npl1 3TOM
CMMnTOMaTM-qHa IIcpeMHHM3aQMH" He TOAhKO 06pa30B ct>aYCTa H Me-
cpHCTocpeA.5I (c qeM Y)Ke CTaAKMBaAaCh MHpOBaH cpaYCTHaHa, HMeH u;e-
AblO nOA-qepKHyrb B03paCTaHMe pOAH )l(eHIqMHhI KaK HOCI1TeAhHI1 hI,
nOMHMO TepneAl1BO-MMAocepAHoro II BeQHO-)KeHCTBeHHoro" , TaK)l(e
aKTHBHoro, AI1l-IaMI1QHOrO, TpaAHIJ;HOHHO-"MY)KeCTBeHHoro rr Ha1.Ja-
Aa) - HO 11, ITO CyrH, caMoro cpaYCTOBCKoro KOHcpAHKTa, rrepeHOCH e-
rOC51 B 06AaCTb IICllaAbHI1", B ccpepy IIAdMCKoro 1..JTeHH5I" 11 CAY)Ka aH
3HaKOM OTKpOBeHHOH TpMBMaAH3aIJ;I1M, nOqTH napOAI1HHOM, cpaYCTOB-
CKoro ClO)KeTa (HpKI1e npl1MepbI - KOMeAHH nOAbCKOH III1CaTeAbHHqhI
KpHCTHHbI KocpTa, IICaAOH npocpeccopa MecpHcTocpeA5I", 1993, B KO-
TOpOH AaMa - npocpeccop KOCMeTOAorHM nOl\10raeT CBoeH cTapelo-
IIJ;eH KAMeHTKe ct>aycTe c06Aa3HMTb MOAOAoro QeAOBeKa; ony6AMKo-
BaHHhIH B 1995 r. Ha HeMeU;KOM H3hIKe lI)KeHCKHH" pOl\laH HHHbI
<DHTI naTpMK II J\lo60Bb <DaycTMHbI").
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CTOH 1I5 j KorAd C 70-x rOAOB Hd"llaACH TOT Cal\lhIll npOLI.eCC 11rphI C AeHCT-
BHTeAbHOCTblO, BpeMeHeM H npOCTpaHCTBOM, 06paUJ;eHMH K apXeTl1rrH-
t.JeCKI1l\1 06pa3aM 11 l\ll1cpaM, - 6e3YCAOBHbIM 3HaKal\1 IIc60)l" B )KH3He-
nOA06HO 1 xYA0)KeCTBeHHOM OCBoeHHH COBpel\1eHHOro MMpa, CMMnTO-
10l\1 HeAOBOAbCTBa 111\'1, - -qTO 06YCAOBHAO 6YPHoe pa3BHTMe cpaHTac-
TMKH (CB5I3aHHOH, OAHaKO, He TOAbKO C 06IJJ;el\IHpOBOH l\1I1cpOl\.OrI13aIJ;l1-
eM xYA0)KeCTBeHHoro C03HaHHH, HO H co cne HcpHt.JeCKI1l\1 HapaCTaHI1-
elYr Kpl1THLI.H3l\la B OTeqeCTBeHHOM HCKyccTBe, KorAa cpaHTacTHlIecKHe
174
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AH3a HI1 Bo06 e H )KeCTKOM 3aKOHOI\lepHOCTw Bcero npowcxoNlw;ero,
cpaTaAbHOH 3aAaHHocTH rrapaMeTpoB 6hITH5I. B pe3YAhTaTe qero rroABo-
AWT 'IHTaTeA5l K MbICAH 0 TOM, 'ITO qeAOBeK HHQTO)l(eH (paCCKa3 HAbW
BaprnaBCKoro "Ayrna HanpoKaT", 1972), 1.JTO C03AaHHa..H HM QHBHAl13a-
I.J;H5I onacna Ii cal\10y6wHcTBeHHa (paccKa3 EopHca AarrwHa "KoH-
rpecc", 1976) II IITO AJ06bIe 113MeHeHH5I rrpHBeAyr TOAhKO K XYAIIlCMY
(paccKa3bI 11. BaprnaBcKoro "noe3AKa B neHcpHl\A", 1982; K. CeprHeH-
KO "D0601.JHhIH 3cpcpeKT", 1983).
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IJ;1111 K HeM CHW)KaeTC5I AO 6ycpcpOHaAHo-cpeAbeTOHHOM B CaTHpH"l{eCKO I
nOBecTH, I-IwKoAa51 EAHHil H BAaAI1lYIHpa KarnaeBa "OwH6Ka MeqH1c-
TocpeJ\5I" (1981 )6. fepOH ee, rneCTMAec5ITHAeTHMH rrpocpeccop "KAHHH-
KH He3apd3HbIX 60Ae3HeM" MBaH AMHTpMeBHQ XaYCTOB (<DaYCT), KO-
Toporo KOAAerH 3a6aAAOTHpOBaAH npl1 arreCTaQHH B nOJ\b3Y 60Aee
MOAoAoro BarwHa (BaI'Hepa?), pa30QapOBbIBaeTC5I B HaYKe 11 B C06CT-
BeHHolI )KH3HI1 J1 nbITaeTC5I rrOKOHIIHTh C C060M. Ho TYf 51BA5IeTC5I
BnOAHe cOBpeMeHHbIH MecpHCTocpeAb - pa3Be qTO C KOllhITOM rroA
rrpaBOH IlITaHHHoH H pOraMI1, nOKa3bIBaeT npocpeccopy cooTBeTcTBY-
IO ee YAOCToBepeHHe ("npeA'b5lBMTeAb cero rpaX<AaHHH MecpHCTO-
<peAL AeHCTBI1TeAbHO 51BA5leTC5I AYXOi\I OTpHI1;aHH5I 11 3Aa") Ii 6AaHK TM-
rrorpacpCKoro AOr0I30pa, no KOTOpOl\IY 06513yeTcH BeplIyrh XaYCTOBY
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Om gerepoU3UpOBQHllOrO (])aycma K C1>aycmy ycmQAOMY
175
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MecpMCTocpeJ\.b, a <DMMa), y605lBllII1Cb KapbI no B03BpaLQeHMI1 Ha IJ Me -
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pe1Il1, 06CTaHOBKe AeHCTBI1R M fAaBHoe, )KeAaHHHX 113MeAblJaBlllI1X <Da-
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II03TOMY 5lBHbLH nepeHOC aK eHTa aBTOpCKI1X CHMrraT.HM: Ha CTOPOHY
ne1II1CTOM Cl1AbI, nepeAa l1 eM CPYHKIJ;MH 3HeprMQHOrO AeHcTBOBaTeMl,
C006Il\eHMe el1: YMcTBeHHoro, Aa 11 HpaBcTBeHHoro npeBocxoAcTBa. B
3TI1X HOBbIX cMTYa M5IX reTeBCKI1H focnoAb npoI1rpaA 6bI B cnope C
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MeH Ha CBOlO AYillY aIITeQHble nY3blpbKM C IJxYAO)KeCTBeHHhIMM CMeC5I-
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nAoAbI CBOJ1X BeAHKI1X TPYAOB Ha 6Aaro A1OMI 1, a B OJKI1AaHI1M pe3YAb-
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YTO )Ke KaCaeTC5I HeQI1CTOM CI1AbI, TO OHa B np0I13BeAeH}UIX 3Toro
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Ha5l", T01IHee, o6eperaIO a5l, 3AopOBaH M pa3YMHa5I 1IaCTb npMpOAbI,
/KeCTOKO Ii 6e3AYMHO pa3pyrnaeMOl1: AIOAbMM C MX TeXHOAOfMQeCKI1M
a3apToM M HeAaAhHOBI1AHbIM, caMoy6J1HCTBeHHbIM BbICOKOMepMeM.
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CTOpOHbI C KpI1KaMH: "IlMBO IIpIfBe3AH!", "MoxepOBble llAaTKJ1 BbI6po-
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176
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qT06bI AOKa3aTb ero, qeAOBeqeCTBa, "He Ka1.IeCTBeHHOCTb", a 3aTeM,
qT06bI BepHyrb AIOAeH B rapMOHMIO TPdAIf IfOHHoro MHpa (acneKT aK-
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HeMY nOAHee peaAl130BaTb ce651. B COBeTCKO:H cpaHTacTIfKe
1970 - 1980-x rOAOB qepT I1CI10AH5IeT JKeAaHIfH repoeB M5I Toro, 1.ITo6bI
AOKa3aTb 11M, qTO MeH5ITh Hl1qerO He HY)KHO. B Ayqll1eM cAyqae 3TO 6ec-
nOAe3HO HAM )Ke BeAeT K YXYAllieHI1IO cHryaIJ;HM, K HeCqaCTbIO. TaK,
HanpHMep, repO:H paCCKa3a K. CeprHeHKO Hn060qHbIH 3cpcpeKT" Meq-
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Koe BpeMH, HO He COBMem;aIOTC5I 3nOXIf, nCIfXOAorHH, I1CTOpIfQeCKI1H
(a 3Ha HT, H COo;IfaJ\.bHbIH) OIIhIT.
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AbI)KHOH nporyAKIf norH6Aa ero IOHa5I )KeHa MHrpl1A, COpBaBllJl1Ch B
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TeXHOKpaTM"4eCKOM: MBKMI3aU;MM Ii MHepIJ;M5I 3aCT051 AI111IaeT B AlfTe-
pa1)1Je nOAo6Horo pOAa Harne MHp03AaHMe Heo6xOAHMOJ1: MJI ero pa3-
BHTM.H 6MnOMlpHOCTH, HeIIpepbIBHOM Ii B rrepcneKTMBe IIPOAYKTMBHOH
60pb6bI Ao6pa Ii 3Aa, 3HeprMI1 ABM>KeHli51, npH3bIBa51 HecnOKOHHble M
6YAopa)Karn;He CI1AbI TbMbI CAOBHO AI111Ib M5I Toro, qTo6bI YCMHPMTb
qeAOBeKa 11 BHYIlIMTb eMY HenpM5ITlie JU06bIX rrepeMeH.
napaAoKCaAbHO, HO <paKT: TOTaAbHOe pa30QapOBaHHe B pa3YMe B
O'-lepeAHOH pa3 OTHHMaeT Ii Aep3HoBeHHyro cpaHTa3liIO IIOI1CKa, Bepy B
qYAecHoe H Heli3BeAaHHoe. HOBoe 51BAeHMe Mecpl1cTocpeJ\.SI He TOAbKO
AerepOH3wpOBaHO - OHO nOAHOCTbIO AeMHCTHcpH MpOBaHO H pa HO-
HdAH3HpOBaHO (eCAM nOHMMaTb 3AeCb 'jpaIJ;HO" KaK H3ApaBhU1 CMbICA",
KaK no6eAY 06bIAeHHoro paccYAKa HClA BbICOKI1MM M He.HCHbIMI1. CTpeM-
AeHli5lMI1 Ayxa) .
BOT, K rrpliMepy, KaK 06'b.HCH5IeT CBoe nOKa3aHlie Ah5lBOA M3 pac-
CKa3a 11. BaprnaBCKoro HOoe3AKa B neHcpHAA": I' - npeACTaBI1TeAb
MBI1M{3a HIi, KOTOpa51 npeArneCTBOBaAa BallleR. To, qero AOCTHrAa
Harna HaYKa: J\.HqHOe 6eccMepTMe, cnoco6lIOCTh Y11paBMITb BpeMeHel\1,
Koe-KaKHe TpIOKH C TpaHccpopMaIJ;HeH, - HeH36e>KHO BbI3bIBaAO B He-
BeJKeCTBeHHblX YMax AIOAeH Barnero MKAa cyeBepHhIe rrpeACTaBAe-
HH.H 0 HeqliCTOH CliAe. TI03TOMY HeMHorMe coxpaHMBlllHeC5I AO cero
BpeMeHM npeACTaBI1Telill HarneR 3phI npeAnOqMTalOT He acpHlIIWpo-
BaTb CBoero cy ecTBOBaHH.H..." (46).
npenoAaBaTeAeM XMMliI1, Ha BrrOAHe HayqHoH OCHOBe COCTaBMHO-
HM 6yKeTbI 3anaXOB, KOTopbIe Bblpa>KalOT onpeAeAeHHhle 3MOIJ;HI1 Ii
CMHTe3HpyK>T TaKMM 06pa30M "AynIH r ', OKa3bIBaeTC51 Ab5lBOA H3 pac-
CKa3a "Ayrna HanpOKaT". 11 npeACTaeT OH nepeA nHcaTeAeM TeTepl1-
HbIM CAeAyK>IQHM np03aMQeCKHM 06pa30M: «HenporneHbn1 rOCTb Y>Ke
CHMMaA naAbTO... "Mo.H cpaMM.J\.H.H J\aHr6apA, J\.YKa EBCeeBHQ J\aHr-
6apA, B npOllIAOM npenOAaBaTeAb XHMI1H, a HbIHe neHCHOHep"». OAeT
He3HaKOMe 6bIA B 60TMHKM C 3aMllieBbIM BepXOM Ii MHO>KeCTBOM MeA-
KHX nyroBHU;, Hero "HeAena51 cpHrypa B CIOPTYKe", J\.HIJ;O II C OCTpeHb-
KMM HOCI1KOM, >KHAKI1MH CepbIMI1 BOAocaMM Ii 6eCKpOBHbIMH PYKaMH
C A,AHHHbIMH naAb aMIi" liCTOqaAO I.KaKOM-TO YAHBMTeAbHbIJ1: 3anax He
TO CTapHHHbIX AYXOB, He TO AdAaHa" (48).
BiioAHe pecneKTa6eAbHbIH BHA M leeT M Ab.HBOA H3 ynoMHHaBllIero-
C5I paccKa3a "noe3AKa B neHcpHAA". J\.lilllb B MMHyrhI HCKyrneHM.H OH
npeACTaeT nepeA repoeM B 06.J\.HKe "He3HaKOMoro QeAOBeKa B KpacHoM
KOCTIOMe, oOJ\.eraBllleM CYXOrn;aByK> CPHrypy, Ii QepHOM nAa e. HaKHHY-
TOM Ha nAeqM", a B 06blqHOe BpeMH 3TO - npH.HTeAb J\.HHa Kp3rra, Kor-
178
fAQBQ V
Aa-TO nOTep5lBllIerO )KeHY, 11 Al1111b OAHa rrp11MeTa BbIAaeT ero - e-
rOAhCKOe AdKHpOBaHHoe KonhITO, KOTopoe OH np5lQeT IlOA 6plOKarvlH.
B 06pa3e CTYAeHTa - MOAOAoro qeAOBeKa B QepHOIvI Y3KOM naJ\.hTO
H lllHpOKOIIOAOH lllMIIIe, nplIxoA11T qepT paCCKa3a K. CeprHeHKO "00-
60QHbU:f 3cpcpeKT", rrpeA"b.HBJ\5I.H BH311THYIO KapT04KY: JlPaHIVlOHA [pOT.
cDH3HK. J\aypeaT Ho6eAeBCKOM rrpeMHH..." (56).
D. J\an11H, aBTop paCCKa3a "KoHrpecc", CAOBHO nOABOMI HTor IIpO-
u;eccy HeMTpa.J\M3a 11H IIcaTaHHHcKoro" npoT11BOCT05lHll.H qeJ\OBeKa H
Ab.HBOAa TaK 06'b51CH.HeT "oAOMalUHI1BdHHe" Het.f11CTOM CHAbI: "...IIep-
Boe )KllBOe cyrn;ecTBo, nplirpeBIlleeC.H y ero (qeAOBeqeCKoro. - T.R.)
oqara 6hIAd He co6aKa - 3TO 6hIA "llepT, TIOKHH)'BIIIHM CBOH 60AoTa.
OocTeneHHO, I1CrrOABOAb CKJ\.{lAhIBaAC.H cBoeo6pa3HhIl'1 11 BeChMa cToH-
KHH K ./KM3HeHHhIl\1 neB3roAaM CHM6H03: qeAOBeK-QepT... 113ApeBAe
CTaA "llepT Ao6pbIM reHHeM ceMeHHOI'O oqara; H.HHbKO:H, rreAaroroM, Co-
BeTQllKOM, HCTOpHKOM 11 3THorpacpOM, a eCAM nOH(lAo611TC5I - CYAheM
11 rrOJ\H eliCKI1M" (84). OAHaKo "ceMeHHa.H" APY>K6a qeAOBeKa H Ah.HBO-
Aa, paBHo KaK H norrhITKa nOAHOCThlO OTKa3aThC5I OT B3aHMoAeHCTBH.H
co CBOMM BeqHhIM aHTHTIOAOM, OIIrrOHeHTOM 11 KpHTHKOM ("AAhTHCT
AaHHAoB" B. OpJ\oBa) HeH36e)KHO BeAeT K CH5ITHIO TOM u nO J\5IpHOCTH 11
nporpeCCHH", KOTopble feTe Ha3hIBaJ\. "rAaBHbIMI1 npY/KHHaMH np11po-
AhI", K cHTyaIJ;I1H HeeCTecTBeHHOH, AO)KHOH, 1yTIHKOBOH, KOTOpa51
HMeHHO KaK TaKOBCUI H oco3HaeTC5I, BOAbHO HAM HeBOAhHO, MHpOBOM
llliTepdTypOH Haluero CTOAeTH.H.
TparllqeCK11-6e3hICXOAHhIH HTor MY)I(eCTBeHHhIM nonhITKal\l PYC-
CKoro cDaYCTa XX BeKa BhH1TH H3 KpM3Hca npOCBeTHTeAhCKOH 3phI -
norrhITKdM 6e3ycnellIHbIM, 6YAh TO aAbTpyncTHt.£eCKoe OAYXOTBopeH11e
HayqHoro H TBOp"lleCKOrO Aapa HAM rrpH3hIB K "A06poTe", - nOABeA
0AlIH 113 HaH60Aee npOHHu;aTeAhHhIX OTe"lJeCTBeHHbIX A11pI1KOB-cpI1AO-
COcpOB lOpl1H A.eBI1TaHCKHH. B U;HKAe "f1HchMa KaTepl1He HAM Opo-
rYAKa C <DaycToM" (1981)7, COCT05l eM 113 CTHXOB pa3HhIX AeT 11 TeM,
TOHaAbHOCTeW H )l(aHpOB, OTpbIBKOB 113 co6CTBeHHbIX AHeBHJ1KOBhIX
3anHCel1, IJ;HTaT H3 COQHHeHHM APyrl1X aBTopOB, B TOM qllCAe feTe, H3
DI16AMH, XPOHHK, rry6J\.HIJ;HCTH"tJeCKHX pa60T 11 T.rr., rr03T Ha 3aKaTe
AHeM pa3MhIIllJUIeT 0 npO/KHTOH :iKH3HH, BMeCTe C <DaycTOM nOcelQaeT
rrpollieAllIee, 3arMIAhIBaeT B 6YAym;ee, AerKO Tacy.H BpeMeHa H npocT-
paHcTBa, Me"ll1Y, peaAbHOCTh, AHTeparypHhle peMHHHCIJ;eHIJ;HH, Bocno-
MHHaHH.H, nOAeMH"lJeCKHe AHaAOrH, onpo6y.H ce651 B pa3HbIx rrAaCTax
6hITM5I - "tJTo6hI OTBeTllTb Ha rAaBHbIM Bonpoc, nocTaBAeHHhIH B reTeB-
cKoM TpareA11H, Cyrh napH rOCIIOAa H MecpMCTocpeJUI: He HarrpaCHO AM
c03AaTeAb B033BaA "lJeAOBeKa H3 "ThMhI"?
Ho eCMi reTeBCKMH <DaYCT B KOHu;e KOHU;OB npHxOAHT K BhIBOAY 0
B03MOJKHOCTH TIOAH.HThC.H AO BhIClIlero MHra 6hITH.H B aKTe AelicTBll.H,
aKTe BOMi, aKTe )l(113HH, TO repol1 AeBHTaHCKoro B KOHIJ;e CBOHX 6AYJK-
AaHMH rrOCTl1raeT OAHY 11CTHHY: HeH3MeHHOCTb qeAOBeqeCKOM HarypbI,
Be"llHhlH KpyrOBOpOT OAHHX H Tex .>Ke cHryaIJ;I1M, Hecnoco6HOCTh II rrpo -
Om gerepou3upOBaHHoro CX>aycma K <1Jaycmy ycmQAOMY
179
If
rpecca pellll1Th KOpeHHble BOrrpOChI qeAOBeqeCKOrO cyr ecTBOBaHJ15I.
Y J\eBHTaHCKOrO HeT ABliJKeHM5I, HeT KaK 11 B "MaCCOBOH" AHTeparype
IIOCAeAHHX AeC5ITMAeTI1H, "nOA5IpHOCTI1" B npOTMBOrrOCTaBAeHI1H <Day-
CTa H MecpHCTocpeMl, A06pa Ii 3Aa, 3eMAl1 11 He6a - KOCMOC "OAO-
MalIIHeH" , <DaycT CTaHOBHTC51 crryrHHKOl\1 rep05I - T.e. KaK 6bI MecpH-
cTocpeAeM; Bce OTHOCHTeAhHO, 6YAHl1QHO, rrOBTOp5IeMO, He MaHRT He
HeH3BeAaHHOCTblO, HH TaMHOM, HH Aa)l(e CTpaXOM. Aa H KaTepHHa -
rpeTxeH 3Toro YCTaAOrO <DaYCTa, 5lBMleTC5I J\MIIIb KaK p06Ka5I HClAe)I(Aa
Ha "MI1Ayro AYillY" B 6YAy:rn;eM, KOTOpa51 rrpOQTeT 31'11 nl1Cbl\1a 0 6AYJK-
AaHHH pa30l.J:apOBaHHOM: AyTIlH C rrOHHMaHHeM M npo:rn;eHl1eM...
ECJ\M u<DaYCT" feTe, C03AaHHhIM Ha 3ape rrpOCBeTI1TeAbCKOH 3PbI,
rrOKa3hIBaA 3rroc AyrIll1 qeAOBeKa cmpeM5lUl,eroc.R - TO J\eBI1TaHCKYfH
rrOKa3hIBaeT 3110C AynIH qeAOBeKa CMupUBUlerOCR.
K nOAo6HOMY HTOry rrpHXOAHT OTeQeCTBeHHa5I rr03TMQeCKa5I reTC-
aHa H B caMOM KOHIJ;e XX B. ECAH B XIX B. YCTaMI1 BaCl1AI15I )KYKOBCKO-
fO 11 EBrCHH5I EapaTbIHcKoro pyccKa5I JUfTeparypa BOCXBaMlAa npe)KAe
Bcero 6e3rpaHH.qHYlO cB060AY Ayxa Hel\le KOro reHH51, TO B 3aKJ\JOQI1-
TeAbHOIVI CTHXOTBopeHMH J06HAe:H:HOrO C60pHI1Ka "feTe B PYCCKOH 110-
3311M. BeK XVIII - BeK XX" OHa np113hIBaeT CTpOKaMI1 MaAOH3BeCTHO-
fO aBTopa "yroMoHMThC5I 1f rAaBHoro reTeBCKOrO rep051, IIO a5I ero C
JiHTOHaIJ;H5IMH 6aTIOIIIKl1, npl1HHMalOIJJ;erO rrOKa5IHMe:
CBo6oAa pa3HeCAa
no MI1PY HeCBo6oAY
1160 cBo6oAa 3Aa
KOHeq nOAO>KVlT POAY...
TbI6 BblpBaAC5I \13 nyr
AereHA, rrpeAaHHH -
I1 co CTpaHHLJ; B CBOH rryrb
pBaHYA 6bI AdAhHI1:H!
VI VlCTI1HY 6 BKYCHA:
I1CKOMOe H(1AMl1pHO.
11 3a>KHA Ha PYCVI 6
MOAVlTBeHHo VI CMVlpH0 8 .
DOKa3aTeAhHO, C TOqKl1 3peHH5I IIrrpeBeHTHBHoro" YAaBAMBaHH5I
I\MCCI1AeHTCKoH cy6KYAbrypO:H: TeHAeHIJ;H:H: pa3BHTH51 OTeqeCTBeHHhIX
Y1\10HaCTpoeHHH, qTO CxoAHhle MhICJ\1i - rrepeAaHHhIe, OAHaKO, He
TOAbKO Ha 3HaQHTeAhHO 60Aee BbICOKOM xYA0)KeCTBeHHoM ypoBHe r 1-10
11 C 60Aee rAy60KHM cpMAOCOcpCKI1M 060cHOBaHHeM, rrpOQHTbIBalOTC5I y
Hocl1cpa EpOAcKoro, B CTHXOTBOpHOH 6a.AACiAe 0 croBope Honoro CDay-
CTa C MecpI1CTocpeAeM IIABa -qaca B pe3epByape", HarrMcaHHOH II03TOIVI
B apXaHre.l\hCKOH CChIAKe B 1965 f. 3rrl1rpacpoM K 6aJ\AaAe B35IThI CTpO-
KI1 M3 "c.paycToBcKOH" cu;eHhI A.e. DyrnKl1Ha (IIMHe CKY1..JHO, 6ec... If ),
CTHAb JrpOH3BeAeHH5I - rrapOAHM:HO-MaKapOHMQeCKMH, 5IBHO OTChIAa-
IOlI\ni1 K HeMe1J;KOJ1 pOAOCAOBHOH apXeTHrrl1QeCKOrO napl1, a I1pOHHQe-
CKI1ii nepecKa3 ci)l\ep>KaHH5I rrepBOH: QaCTM reTeBCKOrO "<DaycTa" (Ha-
180
rAOBQ V
tIaTOH CAOBaMM II)} eCTb aHTl1cpallIHCT 11 aHTMcpaYCT"9 co CBe)KeH xYAO-
x<eCTBeHHOM CMAOH nOABOAMT tIl1TaTeAH K 113BeCTHOl\1Y Y)Ke 11 OTetIeCT-
BeHHOM, M MMpOBOH KYAbType BbIBOAY 0 6eCqeAOBeQHOCTH, IIAh5fBOAb
CKOM" XapaKTepe CTpel\1J\.eHI1M "CHAbHOH JUPfHOCTlf" YAOBAeTBOplfTb
CBOM )l(eAaHyUI 3a CqeT cAa60ro 'IAPyroro" (tITO B npl1HU;Hne pOACTlleH-
HO Ha MCTCKOH MepapXHM eHHOCTeM tIeAOBe-qeCKMX >KM3Hei1), YCMaT
pMBa51 K TOl\-IY )Ke B 3TOM CTpeMAeHM11 JU111Ib 3f0l1CTMtIeCKOe )KeAaHMe
l.pa3BAeqb" ce651, BHeCTM pa3Ho06pa311e B CKYKY 11 6eCCMbICAeHHOCTb
)KM3HM - "6e360)KHOH" JKM3HI1, KOTOpa51 BcerAa 11MeHHO TaKOBa Aa)Ke
npM HaMrlJI111 MHorMX 3HaHMM M I1HTepeCOB (UHeBcpbe - CAenOTa, a
qaw;e - CBMHCTBO" - 100). flOAeMH"lJeCKI1 06pa a5ICb K BeAI1KoMY co-
3AaTeAIO <DaycTa ("rpoccep AI1XTep feTe"), EpOACKMi1 n1111IeT:
OH TOqHO 3HaA, oTKYAa B3HAMCb QepTI1.
01-1 C'beA Aep Aor B Vl6H-CHHe M B raAeHe.
OH Mor Aac Baccep OCyml1Tb B KOAeHe.
M B03pacT I\IOr OH YKa3aTb 13 IIOAeHe.
OH 3HaA, KYAa YXOMIT 3Be3A Aoporl1.
Ho AOKTOp <DaycT HHX He 3HaA 0 Dore...
Dor OpraHHqeH. Aa. A qeAOBeK? A qeAOBeK,
AOlVKHO 6bITb, OrpaHl1qeH.
Y qeAOBeKa eCTb CBOH IIOTOAOK... (100).
nOTIbITaTbC5I BbIHTM 3a npeAeAbI 3Toro unoToAKa", 3a HeKyro He
3PMMyK> qepTY, 3a KOTOpOH - qepT (TaKa5I Mrpa CAOB IIBBMHQMBaeTC5I"
EpOACKMM B TKaHb ero rpoTecKHo-l1pOHM"lJHOrO rroBecTBOBaHH5I) - 3TO
AMI TI03Ta 3HatfMT BOHTI1 B ccpepy Ab5IBOAa, KYAa TaK OXOTHO cTpeMHT-
C5I Macca IIrreBIJ;OB, I1HTeMMreHTOB YHA, YBbI, qMTaTeAei1 B cpeAe APyro-
ro KAacca" (100). A B pe3YAhTaTe - "noToK Cl\leTaeT" cAeAbI 3TMX HC-
KaTeAeH BMeCTe C MX "KoA6aMM", a "QeCTHbIH HeMeu;" caM "BaAbTep AO-
CTaeT 113 TenAbIX 6plOK / 11 HaBcerAa YXOAMT B BaTep-KA03eT" (101).
CMl\1llTOl\1aTI1'-IHa B 3TOM KAlOQe 11 nepeKJUPIKa ABYX cpaycToBCKI1X
ClO)KeTHbIX napacppa3 B PYCCKOH cOBeTcKoH 11 3apy6eJKHOH AI1Tepary-
pax - Y B5ItIeCAaBa 11BaHoBa 11 AaBMAa CaMoHAoBa. DepBbIH B cBoeM
rvIoAepHM3MpoBaHHoM CTMAI13aII;I1M II DpoAora Ha He6ecax" 113 reTeBCKO-
ro '.<DaYCTa" Y)Ke B HaQaAe BeKa nOABOA11T "tl11TaTeMI K lVlbICA11 0 TOM, tITO
cDaycT - 3TOT, no nepBOHaqaAbHOMY onpeAeAeHMlO, IIAyqIIIMH M3 A1O-
Ae11" - Ha nOBepKY OKa3bIBaeTC5J xY)Ke Ab5IBOAa, H60 TOT, KaK npH3Ha-
eT M caM reTeBCK1111 focnOAb, )KeAa5I 3Aa, TBOpl1T 6Aaro, a <t>aYCT, CTpe-
i\1}{Ch KaK 6YATO 6bI K A06py M COBeprneHCTBY, llpHHOC11T 3A0 1 0.
AaBI1A CaM011AOB CTI1AH3yeT no I v lOAeAM 2-ro aKTa 2-11 QaCTI1 rr<Day
CTa" 6eceAY YQI1TeNI M YtIeHHKd (n KOTOpOI1 BTOpOH, OQeB11AHO, CHM-
BOAI13MpyeT He rrpM3HalOIIJ.erO aBTOpl1TeTOB, 6YHTYlOw;ero II Cal\10Ha-
Ae5IHHOrO <DaYCTa, a nepBhIH - He4TO upOAe pynopa MAeM yrvrYApeHHO-
fO )KH3HeHHbIlYI onbITOM aBTOptl). 3TH: Auoe - cpl1rypbI aJ\J\eropI1Qec-
KMe M B TO )Ke BpelYI5I aKTyaAJ13HpOBClIIIIhle, - no 3apOCllIMM TpaBaM
f10A51r.1 HeAaBHeH BOHHbI, 11 YLlHTCAb, llo6Y)J(AaeI\IbII1 'I A0 6pOTOH", qYB-
GIn gerepoU3UpOBQHHOrO <Paycma K ct>aycn1Y YC111QAOMY
181
CTBOM, C OTKpOBeHHOH I1pOHI1eI1 BOCnpvn-II1Mael\1bI 1 Y"4eHHKOM, -
TI.QeTHO nbITaeTC51 np06YAI1TT"\ B nOCACAHeM COCTpaAaHl1e K nOrl16llIHM
CO.l\AaTaM - naBlln11\1 "A11CT0"4KaM" I1CTOpI111. B I1TOre HaCTaBHHK 3a-
KAlOllaeT: "]lpJ1po. a MbICAI1 TaKOBa, MOM APyr, / LITO AOBeAH A106YIO AO
KOHIJ;a - / 11 BAPyr naAeHbIM BOAOCOM 3anaXHeT...", BbIHOC5J CBOM np11-
rOBOp cpaYCTOBCKHM Aep3aH115IM, B KOTOpbIX Bl1AI1T I1CTOK 11 )KeCTOKHX
BOMH: HB 6eCCMbICAeHHO CTpeMAeHbe / BbI Bl1Al1Te BeAl1tJl1e AYWI1, /
A 51 - AHilih HeBOCnl1TaHHOCTb )'Ma" II,
MOTHB TpaBeCTHHHOM CB5J311 cDaYCTa C Ah51BOAOM nOJ\.yqaeT "I1Hqe-
CTYaAbHOe" pa3BMTHe B HOBeJ\.Ae Map1111 PbI6aKOBOH " <DaYCTI1Ha"
(1999) 12. 3AeCh B AOMhICAeHHOM no 11Hl1.ecryaAhHoM CB51311 nOBeCTBOBa-
HHM a B3a11MOOTHOIlleHl151X MOAOAoro feTe C ero J\.I0611l\10H ceCTpOH-
rrorOAKOM KOpHeJ\.HeM Ab5IBOAI130BaHHhH1: <DaYCT- feTe B HeYl\leCTHOc-
Tl1 CBoero B3hICKYlo ero 11 6eCCTpaIllHoro Ayxa I1cKywaeT, c06Aa3IH{-
eT 11 ry611T CBoe BTopoe, po6Koe, 1I0KopHoe 11 He)K113HeCnoco6Hoe
"51" - "MaTepI1IO", )KeHCTBeHHYIO MnOCTaCb <DaycTa, cDaycTMHY, Ty
KOTOPYlO MO)KHO 6bIAO 6hI pacQeHl1Th B KaqeCTBe lVIOAl1cpMKaQl111 fpeT-
xeH - eCAM 6hI He ee aHaA11TH"lJeCKa5J pecpAeKCH5I 11 C03HaTeAbHoe
CTpeMAeHMe K rl16eAl1 B orHe He3aKOHHOH H JKeAaHHOH CTpaCTl1, fM6e-
All 6e3 HaAe)!(AbI Ha B03pO)KAeHHe 11 npOI.QeHl1e, OCTaBA5IIO eH A11llIb
lIYBCTBO He1136bIBHOH BMHbll1 TOCKH Y ee BOAhHO-HeBOAhHoro, cpaTaJ\.b-
HO HeI136e.IKHOrO - no 06pHCOBaHHOMY apxeTHny Cl1ryaqMH, - B11-
HOBHMKa.
ECAl1 .lKe paCCMOTpeTh 3TOT CIO)KeT C TOllKI1 3peH115J OAHoro 113 QeH-
TpaAbHbIX Te3HCOB feTe - 0 "ABYX Aymax" B rpYAl1 <DaycTa, 0 B3al1l\10-
CB5J311 cDaycTa 11 MecpMcTocpeA5i, 0 IIABoHcTBeHHOCTl1 B eAI1HOl\I" caMO-
ro rr03Ta (CTHxoTBOpeHl1e "Gingo biloba") 13 - TO B03H11KaeT MhICAh 0
HeKoeH TeHAeHQI1M K caMOYHH"4TO>KeHYUO 3Toro aHAPorHHHoro cyrn;e-
CTBa - BCeMI1 B03MO)KHbIMH Y3aMH CB5I3aHHhIX 6paTa I1 ceCTphI, l\IY)K-
CKoro 11 )KeHCKOro Hallah, <t>aYCTa 11 <DaYCTI1HbI, naphI, KOTOpa51 B CBO-
eM B3aMMOAeHCTBI111 BhIceKaeT He I1CKPy ABH)KeHH5I, KaK 3TO npOl1CXO-
Al1AO y reTeBCKoro cDaYCTa 11 ero Ab5IBOJ\.bCKOrO cnyrHI1Ka, a BCIIbIlllKY
MppaQHOHahbHO-nOAC03HaTeAbHOrO, xaOTHt.JHoro .H TelVIHoro B Aywax
repoeB, KOTOpa5J ry611T Ka>KAoro 113 Hl1X: OAHY - cpI1311"4eCKI1, BTOpO-
ro - MOpaAhHO.
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183
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185
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B HeIi3BeAaHHoe, IiMeHHO 3Tl1fyl H 06HapY>KMBaeT CBoe npHH Mnl1aAb-
Hoe, HenpHiV1H:pHl\10e npoTllBOCT05IHIie DOry II qeAOBeKY, u Bblrr B.Aa5I" 113
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pOM fyll1.pOBOM BOI1:HhT 11 5IBJUIAO c0601i naH60Aee rrpoAYKTHBHYIO cpop-
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TocpeAh (OAHOHMeHHa5I rrbeca C. AACUll1l1a, rAe Ab5IBOA oTAaeT MOry-
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187
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npHHHMaeTC5I Bcepbe3, CaMl1 repOH OTJ\.HllalOTCH APyr OT APyra pa3Be
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188
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KaeT Bo06 e.
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phIll "\J160 pa30QapOBblBaeT (<I>aYCT "06bIAeHHoro C03HaHI1}f"), AH60 He
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1160 rAaBHoe B npOCBeTl1TeAbCKoM C03HaHHH HaM BI1AHTC5I He B
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06pa30BaTeAbCKOH Ae51TeAbHOCTM). TeM 60Aee QTO KdTerOpH"lIeCKOe
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1.feJ\.OBeKa B onpeAeAeHJ1H nymu pa3BumuR K AJtlweMY caMoro ce6.H 11
Ml1pa. VIAe5I, nepe)KHBaIO a.H KpH3HC B Hawy 3noxy pa301..J:apOBaHH51 B
A06pOKaQeCTBeHHOCTI1 cTpeMJ\.eHJ1H YMa 11 cepAu;a QeJ\OBeKa. B 3rroxy
KY AbTa II CTHXHU )K113HH" r II )K113HM KaK OHa eCTb", 3Toro HOBoro Bapl1-
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ll;HOHHo-pecpopMaTopCKOMY "HelTrYHH31VIY" )KeCTOKOCThIO 116HOAOrl1-
1..J:eCKOrO", "npHpOAHoro" (T.e. BIIepa3YMHoro H BHe1..J:YBCTBeHHoro)
rrpI1H Hrra, B HeM 3aAOJKeHHoro.
BeAUKUU apxemun, tJ.mo)/(e gaALWe?
189
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HbIX CTpaH y6e;KAalOT Hac B T11DOAOrHtIeCKOM 06rn;HOCTM 3T11X o6pa-
30B II HX 3BOJ\.1OU;11M B eBpOdMepMKaHCKOH J\.I1Tepalype XX B. Hecrvlo-
TP5I Ha pa3H11I Y B 3Tanax B03HHKHoneHHH, crvIblcAoBoro HanOJ\He-
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CKOH KOAAI1311M B pa3AI1tIHbIX HaQI10HaAbHblX AHTepaT'jpax (TaK,
11!\leHHO B OTe4eCTBeHHOM J\HTepaType rr05iBHAC5I rrepBbIH IlxpHCTMa-
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Ba, - 5Ipqe Beero BbIcTynaeT B AHTeparype l1.eHTpaAhHOH: EBponbl,
rrpe)KAe Bcero - HeiVle KOH, B HeM )Ke HaH6oJ\.ee nOAHO pacKpbIT ac-
rreKT nOAHTI13au.MI1 cpaYCTOBCKoro CIOJKeTa; 113CKeMTII1CTCKaHrr TeH-
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pa)KeHl1e B a lepHKaHCKO}I YI dHrJ\.I1HCKOM J\.IlTepaTypax, MrpOBoe
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TOll H cppaHIJ;Y3CKOH AMTepaTypax; B nOCAeAHCI1, a TaK)Ke B I1CnaHO-
}l3bIlfHhIX AHTepa1ypax qarn;e BCTpeqaeTC5I JU1pJ..p.leCKa51 pOl\-1 aHT113a-
IJ;H5I cpaYCTOBCKoro KOHcpAJ1KTa M T.rr.), HeTPYAHO BbP.J:epT11Tb eAI1HYIO
TpaeKTopHIO nyrH TpaA11IJ;MOHHbIX 06pa30B, 06YCJ\.OBAeHHYlO 06W;HO-
CTblO HCTOp11KO-KYAbTYPHOH C11Tyal l1l1, B KOTOPYlO OHH rrOnaAl1.
Ope)KAe Bcero 3TO Yl'paTa reTeBCKHlVIM rep05Il\-[I1 rrpOCBeTI1TeAbCKoro
YHI1BepCaAI13Ma H BMeCTe C HlfI\1 - CPYHKlI.YIH npOCBeTMTeJ\.bCK11X
CHMBOAOB. Pa3pYllielfl1e eAOCTHOCTYI c03AaHH5I Ir61OprepcKoi1" 3110-
XH, 0 KOTOpOH rOBOpHAM T. MaHH, n. BaAepH r M. 3apHHb (OTClOAa 11
ero IJ6apOtIHble" rrpOeKIJ;J1H Ha 3noxy MapJ\.o, J1 ceTOBaHM5I Ha u<!>par-
MeHTapHOCTb" HbIHelliHero Bpel"vleHH - HJ1BepeIllKI1", KOTopble MbI
uno KYCKY" co6MpaeM) nOpOA11AYI pa3HOHanpaBAeHHbIX H pa3HOKatIe-
CTBeHHbIX <DaYCTOB H MecpHCTocpeJ\.ei1, HOCMTeAeH He eAHHoro, HO
HCTpaTOBoro" (KJ\.aCCOBoro. paCCOBoro, nCMXOAOrH1.£eCKoro) C03Ha-
HHH. c:DaYCT AYHaqapCKOro, KAHM CaMrJ1H rOpbKoro, CDaYCT BaAep11,
J\.eBepKIOH TOMaca MaHHa, Xe<!>reH KAayca MaHHa 11 APyrHe rep011
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CKHe" KOpHH y6eJKAeHHOCTH B H3HatIaAbHOM II Ao 6pe" tIeAOBeKa, 0
KOTOpOl\1 eMY cAeAyeT pa3Be QTO HanOMHHTb IIXOPOlllHMH" 3aKOHal\IH.
(CHMIITOMaTM'-IHO, QTO BCAEA 3a feTe dBTOp uMaCTepa H Maprap11TbI"
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THITOB rep05I HapOAHOH AereHAbI, CDaYCTa-rrepHOrreqaTHYIKa, - BBe-
190
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repo51. He cA aHHo HJvleHHO B XX B. <DaycT TaK 1.IaCTO conOCTaBMIeT-
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CTBHe cTpaxa rrepeA npeHcnoAHeH), AOH KI1XOTOM (3:Hc.popHl.!eCKOe
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nepa, HeCl\tOTpH 1111 Ha QTO, B 6AaryK> npeAHa1.IepTaHHOCTb 6hITM5I),
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cpaKTM1.IeCKH BbIBOAl1TC5I 113 p5l,t\a aKTYaAbHhlX "Bet.n-IbIX 06pa30B", Aa-
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pa)KeHHaH TeHAeHU)1H K "npHIVIHpeHI1lO" <DaYCTa 11 MeqH1CTocpeA5I, KO-
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CTocpeAH, Bblc1ynalOIIJ.J1X QaCTO "ycpeAHeHHble" qeAOUetleCKMe THIlbI
(A06pbLH 11 3AOW, HaHBHbU1: H XMTpbIM, AOBep1.II1BbU1: H rrpoHHqaTeAb-
HblM, YBAeKalOrn.J1H:C51 J1 CKerrTI1QeCKHH H T.rr.), npOTMBOCT05l l1e APyr
APYry B 06bIAeHHOI1: )KHTeticKOH CHTyaU.HJ1 J1 HepeAKO IVleH5IIOW;He
CBOH ,. 3HdK" M CBOM CIQ)KeTHO-pOAeBble CPYHK I1I1.
3Ta B3al1MHaH TpaBeCTH5I - TOJKe IVICTacpopa YTpaTbI 6e3YC1\OBHOH
IIpOCBeTHTeAbCKOH BepbI B 6AarylO OCHOBY QeAOBeQeCKUH HaryphI,
11 3AO " KOTOpOH OTAe1\eHO OT Hee (HanOIVIHHM, l.!TO reTeBCKoro MecpJ1c-
TocpeA5i MbI Ct.IJ1TaeM He rr06YAHTeJ\eM, a llcnOllHumelleJ\.l /KeAaHu:ti <Da-
YCTa, MCTIblTbIBaIOW;HM HeYAOBAeTllopeHHOCTh, Cl\1YTHYJO T51ry K HHOlVIY
6bITJ1IO 11 AO BCTpe4:11 C Ah5IBOAOl\-I). 3Ta .lKe TpdBeCTM5I (H ClO)KeTHa5f Ii
nCHXOAOfJ111eCKa5l), AeAalOw.a51 HeB03MO)KHbIlVI HaCTO.H I1H cnop 1..Ie1\O-
BeKa co CBOHl\l rrpOTI1BHHKOM, CHHl\laeT H CTUAb Bd)KHYIO M5I feTe VI
npocBeTHTeAbcTBa HAelO gBUJKt:HU.H, MAClO pOCTa 1\111.IHOCTH. R03BpaT
BeAUKUU apxemun, 4mO)J(e gaAbUle?
191
<DaYCTa BTOpOH rrOJ\.OBI1HbI BeKa uK Cal\10MY ce6e" 3TO, eCJ\.M o6pa-
THTbC5I K Ha1ypcpHJ\.OCOcpCKOM KOHIJ;eIII.-'tI1H feTe, B03BpaT "6a6oQKI1" K
COCTOHHHlO u ryceHI1U;bI" .
MHoroo6pa3He AI1KOB <DaYCTa B Al1Teparype 3Toro BpeMeHH BOC-
rrpHHI1l\1aeTC.Sl rr03TOMY KaK MHoro06pa3He "ropH30HTaAhHOe" -
pa3J\.I1QHbIX HCTOpH1.JeCKHX, CO I1aAbHbIX, rrCHXO.l\.OrMt.JeCKMX THllOR 11
cH'ryal RH. XapaKTepHa 3AeCh rrpeI1MYlI eCTBeHHa.Sl I1AeHTl1cpHKaIJ;l15I
06pa3a ct>aYCTa C 06pa30M COBpeMeHHoro HHTeJ\AI1reHTa (I1CTOKI1 KO-
TOpOM BOCXOMIT K HaqaAY BeKa): yqeHoro (cpH3HKa, 6HoreHeTHKa, ry-
MaHHTapH.H H T.rr.), TIHCaTeMI, KOMfI03MTopa, Bpaqa... PaC"lJeT C npo-
CBeTHTe.l\.bCKHI\l ynoBaHHeM Ha carvIoHClAe5IHHbB1 pa3YM (B ClVIbICAe -
HA)rx", "Geist") Ii ero HocHTeAeH KaK "KOPMQI1X" I1CTOpHH, BeQHbIX
"6YAopaJKHTeAei1" (B nape C MecpHcTocpeAel\l) nporpecca rrpOQI1ThI-
BaeTC.Sl Ii B 3TO :lvI.
CHMllTOMaTHQHa Ii 110CT05IHHa.Sl HpOJU1}!, conYTcTBYIorqa5I xYA0)KC-
cTBeHHOl\lY BonJ\.OII eHHJO COCTaBMIlO HX Ab.SlBOJ\.bCKOH l1apbI B AHTe-
paType XX B. M.SlrKa.Sl HJ\.H OCTpa5I r .Sl3BI1TeJ\hlIa5I HAlf J\.J1pH'-IHa5I, CKphl-
Ta5I HAlf 5IBHaH, 060CTpeHHa5I AO CaTI1pbI M rpOTeCKa HJ\.1f HMCXOAHI a5i
1\0 ITIyroBcTBa r OHa HeH3MeHHO CBMAeTeAbCTByeT 0 AHCTaHl l1J1r 060-
3HaQaeMOH HalllI1M CTOJ\.eTHel\1 no OTHOIIIeHMlO K CI1MBOAaM 3apH rrpo-
CBeTI1TeAbCKOH 3Pbl, 0 ul1peoAoJ\.eHHH" 3THX CI1MBOJ\.OB "I1rpOBblIvI" OT-
HOliJeHI1eM K HH1\1.
3TO - BnOAHe 3aKOHOl\lepHOe .SlB.l\.eHHe r CPHKcHPYIorqee B 3CTeTI1-
qeCKOM, AHTepaT)'PHO-xYAO)KeCTBeHHoH ccpepe TOT rrpOl-'teCC oTxOAa OT
u;eHHocTeH XIX BeKa - anore.Sl l1pocBeTI1TeJ\.hcKoH 3Pbl, 0 KOTOpbIX
rOBOpJ1A X. 0pTera-H-racceT. B pa60Te "Tel\Ia Hall1erO BpelVleHH rr
(1950) TeopeTHK M nOKAOHHMK 3AHTapHOro I1CKyccTBa (KaK KpI1TepH51
BhIAeAeHH.Sl ero lJ,eHHTeJ\.eH - "A yrql11ero MeHbllll1HCTBa rr) npoHHqa-
Tel\bHO yrBepJKAaA., qTO H3 3IIOXH "060)KeCTBAeHH5I TPYAa" l\1LI npH-
lllAH B 3IIOXY "cnopTHBHoro H Jlpa3AHHqHOrO '-I)'BCTBa JKH3HM", rAe
"BKOHel-'t IIorycKHeeT IIOCTHoe J\.H O TPYAa" H HCKYCCTBO rrepe JeCTMT-
C5I 113 ccpepbl )KH3HCHHo-cepbe3Horo B MHp Mrpbl r UpOHMH, 3CTeTHllec-
Koro y AOBOAbCTBI1.Sl2.
TpareAlf5I feTe, orrpaBAanrna.Sl pHCKOBaHHbJe "6Ay aHH.Slrr QeAO-
BeKa BO MM5I npogyKmuHllocmu (aHTHporvlaHTI1'-1eCKOe reTeBCKOe orrpe-
AeJ\.eHHe reHI1ClJ\.bHOCTH), B CBOCH l\-lHOrOKpaCOllHOH rraAYlTpe I1CnOAb-
30BaAa 11 pOYtaHTHl.feCKYIO cpaHTa3HIO, H POl\fdHTHQeCKYB1: rrpOH3BO./\r H
pOMaHTI1QeCKYlO cpparlVleHTapHOCTb, HO Bce - B nOAt.JI1HeHI1H MAee no-
p5IAKa, 3aKOHOMepHOCTl1 r l-'teJ\.ecoo6pa3HoCTYI, Bce - KaK 3HaK He xao-
cat a pa3HOTIAaHOBOCTH MHp03AaHI1.Sl, B KOHet.JIIOM HTorc ynOp5lAOt.JHBa-
eMoro (B corAdCHH C rrpeAHa1.JCpTaHH5IMYI BhIcwero Tllopl a) Ae}lTeAb-
HOCTblO (opraHI13a[\11eH KaK CBoero BHYTpeHHero, TaK 11 BHCIllHeI'O
MHpa) Cal\10rO qeJ\OBeKa. 11MeHHO 3TOM opraHH3aL\YlH CJ\.y)l\]1T 11 Hl\{ 10-
HeI-ITHa5I CMAa )KI13HI1 <1>aYCTa, C YAOBJ\.eTBopeHHCM OTlVleQeHHd>1 OpTe-
I'OI1-H-raCceTOM KaK "OTKpbITHe" reTe 3 ,
192
3aKl110QeHUe
OAHaKO rrpOKAaMHpyeMaJI COBpeMeHHbI!\1 cpl1AOCOcpOM (UBMTaAh-
HOCTb" 6e3 u;eAH, JKM3Hh KaK Mrpa 03HaqaeT, no cyrl1, BXO./KAeHHe B
6e3peAHrl103HbIM MJlIp - ec.MI rrOHHMaTb peMifHIO B IlIl1pOKOl'-I, reTeB-
CKo-npOCBeTI1TeAhCKOM CMhICAe, KaK u6AarorOBeHHe" nepeA )l{Ii3HblO,
TpeneTHo-cephe3Hoe 11 OTBeTCTBeHHoe OTHOllIeHHe K HeM. 14eJ\h (pe-
AI1fH03HOe BOCnpl1HTl1e )l{M3HM) npeATIoAaraeT pa3BI1TI1e (pOCT, npe-
oAoAeHMe, M3MeHeHMe, uB03BhIllIeHl1e") 11 Tpe6yeT TpYAa. Eecu;eAh-
HOCTb ("6HOAof PleCKoe", BoCrrpWHTl1e )KH3HI1) CHHMaeT np06AeMY
pa3BMTM.H H npoAYKTHBHhIX YCMAHH.
Ho He 6YAeM cneIllHTh 06'bHBJUITb "MecpI1CTo<peAhCKI1M" (u)I{JiBOT-
HbIM") XX BeK - BeK nepel136bITKa MHpOBOM npOAYKU;I1I1, KorAa npo-
6AeMa npOM3BOAHTeAbHOH Ae5lTeJ\hHOCTI1 (60Aee 3cpc.peKTHBHOM npM
KOAAeKTHBMCTCKM-aAhTpYHCTHQeCKOM MeHT \MTeTe) YCTynl1Aa MeCTO
npo6AeMe pacnpeAeAeHI1H H nOTpe6AeHI15I (rrpOBOIJ;HpYlOw;eJ:t HHAI1BM-
AyaAI13M, MaAbTy311aHCTBO Ii 3J\HTapHOe C03HaHMe). HOBbIe rrp06J\ervlbI
(Aa)l(e 6e3 yqeTa Toro KaHTOBCKoro "HpaBCTBeHHoro 3aKOHa", "KaTero-
pl1QeCKOrO MMrrepaTMBa", KOTOphIM TaI1TC.5I B fAy6HHe KaJKAOrO 113
Hac), KaK TO: orraCHOCTb HAepHOH 3KOJ\orHQeCKOH KaTacrpocphI, He-
npeAcKa3yeMocTb rrOCAeACTBHH reHHOM HH)KeHepJlIM, 6MOXI1MMH 11
APyrl1X HaYK, pa3pYIlIHTeJ\hHhIX BOMH, BbI3bIBaeMhIX, B KOHeQHOM cqe-
Te, 11 1>51HaMH B npou;ecce ynoM51Hyroro pacrrpeAeAeHM5I, "rpynnoBhI!\-l
3rOH3l\10l\1", - 3aCTaBM:IIOT lleAOBeQeCTBO BHOBh H BBOBb 06pall\aThC5I
K CI1MBOAaM rrpOCBeTMTeAhCKOH 3rrOXI1, YAOBHBllieH caMYJO cyr.u;eCT-
BeHHYIO N\5I BbI)KI1BaeMOCTH QeAOBeqeCKOrO pOAa "KoHcTaHry": OIITH-
l\1113M CTpeMAeHI1H.
CaM cpaKT nOCT05IHHOrO 06par.u;eHH5I rrMcaTeAeM XX B. K I1MeHI1
<DaYCTa CBHAeTeAbcTByeT 0 >KeAaHI1H J\HTeparyphI coxpaHMTb 11 aKrya-
Mi311pOBaTb 3TOT 06pa3, KOJ\AH3HlO ero B3aI1MOAeHCTBH5I C Ao6po 1 Ii
3AOM B COBpeMeHHOM KYJ\.brypHOM C03IIaHI1I1. A pe3I1HhHu.I1>I HOBeH-
llIero <I>aycTa, B HaqaAe BeKa rOTOBoro BCTaTb uno TY CTOPOHY A06pa
M 3Aa", OTKa3aBllIerOCH OT rrpeo6pa3yroI.l\Hx AeHHI111, nOI1CKa, 60pb6hI
H Hec6bITOQHbIX )KeAaHHM, a B KOHQe BeKa OT 3TOH n03111\1111 6eCKOHeQ-
HO YCTaBlllero H OIToro CM5ITeHHOro 11 TocKYI0I.l\ero - pa3Be He 5IBA5I-
eTC5I OHa KOCBeHHbIlVl AOKa3aTeJ\hCTBOM Toro, 'ITO rpY3 Y>Ke AOCTMrHY-
Toro onhITa C6POCI1Th HeB03MO)KHO, HO qTO crrl1paAh cpaYCTOBCKHX
CTpeMAeHHH qeAOBeKa eII_\e He paCKpynIeHa AO KOHIJ,a, 1.ITO OAI1CCe.H
cDaycTa HOBOH 3phI ern;e AaAeKO He 3aKOHQeHa, KaK He I1CQeprraH npo-
CTOp ABI1)1{eHI15I "BrrepeA 11 BBhICh", KaK He Mor 3aKOHqHTbC.H Ii nOMCK
Toro, KTO 6bIA BeAMKHM npOTOTI1110M CerOAH5IllIHerO rep05I.
rIPl1ME I15I
BMecmo npegucAOBUR:
AEfEHAA 0 CDAYCTE -
nPABAA, BbIMbICEA VI BOOPOC
1 CM.: B KH.: )f(UPMYHCKUii B.M. (COCT.). AereHAa 0 AOKTOpe <DaYCTe. M., 1978.
2 TaM )l(e.
3 MapAO K. TparI-PleCKaH HCTOpHSI AOKTopa <DaYCTa. AKT V, cu;eHa 2.
4 reme 11.B. 0033HSI H npaBAa H3 MoeYt )l(VI3HJ:1. M., 1969. C. 307.
5 CM. rJ\.aBY I, 9 1 HacTOSIrn;eH pa60ThI.
6 3Ta c eHa, C03AaHHaH A.C. OYWKVIHbIM B 1830 f., HaQHHaeTC5I CJ\OBaMI1, ervl-
KO W TOQHO OilpeAeAHlOl.QVIMVI CMbICJ\. H TOHaAbHOCTh Bcero OTphIBKa: IIMHe
6 "
CKytlHO, ec....
TAQBQ I
CAEJ\KA C ME<1>I1CTO<DEJ\EM
B MMPOBOM C03HAHMM XX BEKA
1. FETEBCKAJI TOLJKA OTCl[ET A
B OL(EHKE AbHBOAbCKOrO nAPJ1
1 CM. EH6J\.VIorpacpVIIO K AaHHOH pa60Te (pa3AeJ\.hI "AHTeparypoBeA lJeCKHe
TPYAbI" B PYCCKOSI3hIQHOH H HHOSI3hIlJHOH cpaYCTMaHe).
2 Kirn O. Goethes Lebensweisheit in ihrem Verhaltnis zum Christentum.
Leipzig, 1900. S. 5, 9 - 13, 17, 23. MhICJ\.h O. KHpHa 0 COOTBeTCTBVIH reTeB-
CKO:H HAeH ABVI)I(eHVISI KaK CTOAKHOBeHMH "nO.I\..HpHOCTeli" xpVIcTVIaHcKoli
HAee ABH)I(eHHSI K cOBeprneHcTBoBaHHIO tJ.epe3 CTOJ\.KHOBeHVIe "Ao6pa" H
" 3Aa " HallIJ\a cBoeo6pa3Hoe I1pOAOA>KeHHe B KOH e XX B. B cpYHAaMeHTaAh-
HOM TpYAe 11J\.b3e fpaxaM "feTe. B3rJUIAhl H Bepa" (Graham I. Goethe,
Schauen und Glauben. Berlin; New York, 1988), rAe fOBOpHTC5I 0 pOACTBeH-
HOCTH I1pOCBeTHTeJ\.bcKoMY MHpoBo33peHVIID VI KOHQeII WVI J\.WtJ.HOCTH feTe
xpVICTHaHCKOH (eBaHreJ\.hCKOH), a B onpeAeJ\.eHHoM CMhICJ\.e VI CycpHHCKOH
HAee "B03pOJKAeHHSI Qepe3 CMepTh" (CM. TaKJKe: KecceAb A.M. <DHAococp-
CKO-3CTeTWQeCKJ1e HAeM feTe H HCKYCCTBO / / 3CTeTJ1Ka H HCKYCCTBO. M.,
1966; TempyaUlBUAu A.M. Opo6J\.eMa naHTeVI3Ma B J\.HpHKe feTe / / feTeB-
CKHe QTeHVISI. M., 1991; Korff H.A. Goethe im Bildwandel seiner Lyrik.
Leipzig, 1958). B 3TOM acneKTe VICCAeAoBaTeAbHHl.\a CTaBVIT B OAHH P5IA 06-
pa3hI <DaycTa, 3BcpopHoHa (EalipoHa), ugHinzenden Meteors" (WHAAepa),
<Da3ToHa (npoeK HSI Ha cpparMeHT EBpHIIVIAa).
3 CM.: y feTe: "Das eigentliche, einzige und tiefste Thema der Welt und
Menschengeschichte, dem aIle tibrigen untergeordnet sind, bleibt der
Konflikt des Unglaubens und Glaubens. AIle Epochen, in welchen der
Glaube herrscht, unter welcher Gestalt er auch wolle, sind gHinzend, herzer-
hebend und fruchtbar ftir Mitwelt und Nachwelt. AIle Epochen dagegen, in
194
npUMe1.laHUR
welchen der Unglaube, in welcher Form es sei, einen kilmmerlichen Sieg
behauptet, und wenn sie auch einen Augenblick mit einen Scheinglanze
prahlen sollten, verschwinden vor der Nachwelt, weil sich niemand gern mil
Erkenn tnis des U nfruch tbaren abqualen mag!"
4 Spiess B. Goethe und das Chrislentum. Fr. a. M., 1902. S. 6 - 9, 13 (0 "eCTe-
CTBeHHOM neAarHaHl13Me" - "natUrJichen Pelagianismus" feTe), 15 - 16. 23.
34,54 - 55,62 -71 (B T.Lf. Ha CTp. 7006 "3CTeTHQeCKOM KOCMOTIOAHTH3Me" -
'Iasthetischen Kosmopolitismus" feTe M WHJ\Aepa). XapaKTepeH 3Aech aK-
l eHT, KOTOphH1: HccAeAoBaTeAb AeAaeT Ha BJ\.HHHHI1 Ha MOAOAOfO feTe pycco-
HCTCKOH KOHqerrIJ;M.H B3aMMHOH COCTPdAaTeAbHOCTH. COIJ;HdAhHOH ry1'1aHHO-
CTM (B OAHOM M3 TIHCeM feTe cTpac6yprCKoro nepl10Aa fOBOpHTCH: "J)er
Mensch soil das thun. was wir gut nehmen" - S. 14).
5janzer G. Goethe und die BibeL Leipzig, 1929, S. 19, 121-134. npMMeLfa-
TeJ\.bHa CChIJ\.Ka MecJ\.eAoBaTeAhHln hI Ha TPYA KOHPdAa EypAaxa 'l<DaycT 11
MOHceH" (Burdach K. Faust und Moses: In 3 Bd. Berlin, 1922), B KOTOpOM ro-
BOpl1TCSI 06 0611.J;HOCTH MOTI1Ba "BhIBeAeHMSI AJOAeii: K CqaCTblO", dAhTPYHC-
TMqeCKOrO AMAepcTBa y BeTX03aBeTHoro M reTeBCKOrO repoeB.
6 Schanze W. Die Religion Goethes und das Evange1ium. Leipzig. 1932.
S. 15 - 19, 39 - 42. MOTMR KpecTa B "<Dayere" feTe B. WaHIJ;e CB5I3bIBaeT C
EBaHreAJ1eM ("KpeCT eCTb 3HaK eBaHreAI151" - "I)as Kreuz isl das Zeichen
des Evangeliums" - S. 37) M C MOTHBOM cnaCeHH5I tlepe3 cTpaAaHH5L B TO )Ke
BpeMSI CHMTITOMaTHLfHbIM AJ\..SI rrpl1HQl1rrMaAhHOH TpaHccpopMao.HI1 cpaYCTOB-
CKoro repo51 B rrepl10A KpM3Mca npOCBeTHTeAhCKOH 3phI HBA5.IeTC51 1\[OT11B
IIKpeC'ra" KaK HaKa3aHI151 3a rpex He06Y3AaHHbIX CTpeMAeHI1M:, KilK 6peMeHI1
"OAMHOtlKI1" (TBOpqeCKOH, BbIAalOI.IJ;eHCH AHl.J:HOCT.H, "THTaHa"); 3BYQl1T B PO-
MaHe T. MaHHa "AOKTOP c:t>aycryc" C'Auf meinen bettenden Trost antwortete
er wieder nur: "Spar dir's, spar dir's und mach dein Kreuz! Da oben geht's
zu. Mach's nieht fUr dich nur, sondern gleich auch fUr mich und meine
Schuld!..." - Mann Th. Gesammelte Werke: In 13 Bd. B., B. 6.1974. S. 633).
7 Troll W. Goethe und die Christliche Tradition des Abendlandes. Mainz, 1947.
!4HTI1PYSl CTHXM 113 "3andAHO-BOCTOQHOrO AI1BaHa" ("Unmoglich scheint
immer die Rose, / / Unbegreiflich die Nachtigall"), HCCAeAOBdTCAb B TO )Ke
BpeMH HeoAHOKpaTHO TIOALfepKMBaeT He TOAbKO npHMYJO. HO J1 06pdTHYIO
B3aMMOCB5I3h B MHpoB033peHMM feTe IlpI13HaH1151 "HenocTJ-DKI1l\10f'0" (OTKY-
Aa MO)KHO BhIBeCTI1 H cpaYCTOBCKoe "CTpeMJ\.eHHe" KaK )KeAaHl1e 31'0 Herro-
CTH)KHMOe nOCTH4h) - H "TIOCTl1raeMOro", KOTopoe AC)I(MT 13 ero OCHOBe
("Geheiminis" - "ruhige, klare, durchaus versUindliche und begreif1iche
Naturnotwendigkeit") .
8 !4MTaTa 113 M. AIOTepa, B3S1Ta5I MCCAeAoBaTeJ\.eM 13 Kal.J:eCTBe 3TIMfpacPa, B
opMfMHaAe qMTaeTCH TaK: "Wir sind's noch nicht, wir werde's aber, es ist
noch nicht getan und geschehen. es ist in Gang und Schwang. Es ist noch
nicht das Ende, es ist aber der Weg" (S. 24 - 25).
9 Saupe M. Goethe als Christ. Jena, 1949. S. 7, 14 - 17, 20 - 22.
10 Cl\I. pa60TLI M3BeCTHblX HeMeqKMx reTeBcAoB: E. Beutler, H. Flugel,
R. Schneider, J. Pinsk.
11 Kahle W. Goethe und dds Christentum. Dulmen, 1949. S. 22, 30, 32-37, 42,
44 - 45. B HeSlllHoH rrOAeMHKe C HMI UICaHCKI1M KYALTOM "Cl1AbHOH AHl.JHOC-
TH". aTIOAOrHeH 6pyraJ\.hHoro HaIJ;I1CTCKOro c:DaycTa 1930-x 11 rrepBoH IlOAO-
RMHhI 1940-x rOAOB MCCAeAoBaTeAb Y'l'Bep)KAilef 3TH4ecKYID KOBcepBaTHu-
npUMe4.QHUR
195
HOCTb B3rMIAOB feTe - B npoTHBOIIOAO)KHOCTb, KaK IIOAaraeT B. KaAe, CTO-
pOHHHKaM HOBOH MOpaAH, f. I16ceHY H <D. BeAeKHHAY (S. 46).
12 CM. B KH.: Strobel R. Adenauer und der Weg Deutschlands. Fr. a. M., 1965.
S. 31.
13 Mabus G. Die Christus-Frage in Goethes Leben und Werk. Osnabriick, 1964.
S. 35, 43 (IIHCbMO K W. cpOH lllTeHH), 64 (MOTHB H6oronoA06M5I rr , "60ropaB-
HOCTH" - uGotUihnlichkeit" AI060ro TBOp5lI.IJ;ero, C03HAalO ero qeAOBeKa),
176, 210, 286 (0 He06xoAliMOH M5I uQeAoro" CHAhI MeqnfcTocpeAbcKoro OT-
pHu;aHI151), 294-297,303 (H3 uPa3foBopOB C KaHl1.J\epoM MlOMepoM"), 323,
333, 351 - 352.
14 CM.: Ortega y Gasset J. Auf der Suche nach Goethe / / Die Neue Rundschau,
N 1. 1932 (Obers, von Helen Weil). HH>KenpHBeAeHHbH1 cpparMeHT nHCbMa
feTe W. cpOH lllTeHH B OpHrHHaAe: "In principiis ist er noch nieht fest und
strebt noch erst nach einem gewissen System... halt er sehr vie} von
Rousseau; ist jedoch nicht ein blinder Anbeter von demselben. Er ist nicht,
was man orthodox nennt. Jedoch nicht aus Stolz oder Caprice oder urn etwas
vorstellen zu wollen. Er aussert sich auch tiber gewisse Hauptmaterien gegen
wenige; start andere nicht gern in ihren ruhigen Vorstellungen. Er hasst den
Skeptizismus, strebt nach Wahrheit und nach Determinierung tiber gewisse
Hauptmaterien, glaubt auch schon tiber die wichtigsten determiniert zu sein.
Soviel ich aber bemerkt ist er es noch nicht. Er geht nicht in die Kirche, auch
nicht zurn Abendmahl, betet auch selten. Denn, sagt er, ich bin dazu nicht
genug Li.igner... Vor der christlichen Religion hat er Hochachtung, nicht aber
in der Gestalt, wie sie unsere Theologen vorstellen. Er glaubt an ein
ktinftiges Leben, einen besseren Zustand...
15 L(I1T. IIO BbIllleynOl\I5IHyroH KH. f. Me6yca (Mabus G. Gp. cit. S. 352).
16 Fliedner W. Goethe und Christentum. Gotha, 1930,31- 32,48,49,50,66,59,
111- 113 (npoeKQHH "CDaycTa" Ha EBaHreAl1e OT vtoaHHa, rAe CKa3aHO:
"Wer in der Liebe bleibt, bleibt in Gott"), 120 (06 3THT.J:eCKOH u;eA11 AI06oro
qeAOBeqeCKOfO AewcTBM5I KaK ero onpaBAaHww: II Alles was sich unter
Menschen im hoheren Sinn ereignet, muss allS dem ethischen Standpunkt
betrachtet und berurteilt werden" B "Zur Naturwissenschaft im
Allgemeinen" , 1830; HAH: "Wo ich aufhoren muss, sittlich zu sein, habe ich
keine Gewal t mehr" - S. 120 - 121).
17 Thielicke H. Goethe und das Christentum Mtinchen-Ztirich, 1982.
S. 50 - 51, 54, 85 - 86. r. THAbKe, npHMHp5l51 IIpOCBeTI1TeAbCKoe H XPHCTI1-
aHCKoe HaqaAa B MHpOB033peHHH feTe, cnpaBeAAHBO yrBepJKAaeT, '4'1'0
l1.eHTpaAbHOH np06AeMOH npOCBe eHH5I 5IBAReTC5I He '.pa3YM" (Vernunft),
a 1IryI\'laHHocTb" (Humanittit). Ho IYMaHHocTb Ae5lTeAbHa5l, OCHOBaHHd51
Ha y6e>KA,eHMH B Heo6xoAHMOCTM npe06pa30BaHH5I MHpa Ha OCHOBax pa-
3Y la.
18 Ibid. S. 126.
19 Rinck G. Goethe und das Christentum. Gottingen, 1982. S. 30 - 32. KaCa5lCb
Ba>KHOW N\5l feTe 11 era cpaycToBcKoro l'epo51 npo6AeMbI cB060AbI BOAH, HC-
cAeAoBaTeAb TaK)Ke npoTHBonOCTaB./\.5IeT aBl'ycTHaHcKoe ynoBaHHe Ha He-
rrpeAcKa3yeMYlO IIMHAOCTb 50>K111O" (KoTopoe r. PHHK CQHTaeT 60Aee KaTO-
AHT.J:eCKHM, T.J:eM eBaHreAbcKHM) reTeBCKOMY (no PMHKY, HCTHHHO xpHcTHaH-
CKOMY) y6e)KAeHHlO B He06xOAI1MOCTH c06cTBeHHblx C03HaTeAbHbIX YCH-
AHH qeAOBeKa Al\5i caMOB03BbIllieHH5I H '.crraCeHH5I". TaKa5l, 6AH3Ka51 K npo-
196
npUMe4QHUR
CBeTHTeAbCKOM TpaKTOBKa CBo6oAbI BOAM qeJ\OBeKa C6AH)KaeTC C onpeAe-
AeHHeM "60ronpH TH rr feTe (11 ero <DaYCTa) KaK np051BJ\eHH CTpeMAeHI1 K
"BhICOKOMY, HAeaAhHOMY H HeH3BeCTHOMY" (S. 32).
20 Henkel A. Mephistopheles - oder Der vertane Aufwand / / Gegenspieler /
Hrsg. von Thomas Cramer und Werner Dahlheim. MUnchen; Wien, 1993.
S. 144 - 145.
21 Goebbels J. Michael. Ein deutsches Schicksal in TagebUchern. MuncheD,
1934. S. 10.
2. (/)AYCTOBCKAJI KOA/\11311Jl B OTELJECTBEHHOM
J1l1TEPATYPOBEAEHMJ1 HOBEUWErO BPEMEHU
1 J1muM6aeBa r.r. Opo6AeMa cpaYCTHaHCTBa B repMaHHH. Ycpa, 1997; OHa )Ke.
PyccKa51 cpaycTHaHa XX BeKa: Yqe6HOe noco6Me ANI cTYAeHToB, aCl1MpaH-
TOB, npenoAaBaTeJ\eH-cpHAOAOroB. M., 2002.
2 AAeKcaHgpoBa H.K. TeMa cDaYCTa B 3arra,AHoeBporreMCKOH AHTeparype (K
rrpo6AeMe CTaHOBAeHH51 AYXOBHO-HCTOpHQeCKOrO cpeHOMeHa): Yqe6HOe no-
co6He M51 CTYAeHTOB rYMaHHTapHbIX cpaKYAbTeTOB YHHBepCI1TeTOB.
11>KeBCK, 1997; OHa )J(e. ABCTpHHCKMH "cDaycT" / / reTeBCKHe qTeHI1 / nOA
peA. C.B. TypaeBa. M., 1999. C. 50 - 57; OHa )J(e. <DaycToBCKa51 TeMa B cpl1J\.o-
COcpCKHX pOMaHax cD.M. KAHHrepa / / TaM )Ke. C. 90 - 98; TeAemOBa H.K.
POMaH cD.M. KAHHrepa 0 cDaycTe / / TaM )Ke. C. 80 - 89.
3 JlU6UH30H 3.£. <DaycT B MHTeprrpeTaQHH A.B. AYHaQapCKOro / / feTeBcKMe
QTeHM51. 1984 / nOA peA. A.A. AHMKcTa H C.B. TypaeBa. M., 1986.
C.246-258.
4 cDaYCT-TeMa B MY3bJKaAbHOM HCKYCCTBe M AHTepaType / PeA.-cocT.
B.A. WHHAHH. HOBOCH6HPCK, 1997. CM.: nemeHeBa E.C. "<DaYCT" feTe B
BOCrrpH51THH f eKTopa EepJUi03a (C. 140 - 160); ACuHOBCKa5l A.A. II <DaycT rr fe-
Te B CHMcpOHHqeCKOM TBOpqeCTBe AHCTa (c. 161-184); EpeMeHKo r.A. <Day-
CTHaHCKHe MOTMBbI B onepe 11. CTpaBHHcKoro "nOXO)KAeHH nOBecbI"
(c. 241 - 253); AUBQ30BQ r.B. <DaycI' AAbtPpeAa WHI1TKe: rrpeAynpe)KAeHl1e 11
BOCX0*AeHHe (c. 254 - 265).
5 BeAHKHH MaCTep CAOBa: feTe H npo6AeMbI MHpOBOH AHTeparypbl: C6. CT. H
MaT-J\.OB, rrOCB. 250-AeTHfO co AH pO;KAeHH51 H.B. feTe / PeAKOJ\AerH5I:
B.A. ABeTHc H, H.K. AAeKcaHAPoBa, A.B. EPOXMH (rA. peA.): BecTHHK YA-
MypTcKoro YHHBepcHTeTa. VI)KeBCK, 1999. NQ 11. CM.: AAeKCQHgpOBQ H.K.
ABCTpHMCKiliI cpaycTHaHa XIX BeKa (c. 21 - 51); rOAy6KOBQ O.H. MeABHM. I1
feTe (c. 91 - 102; 3AeCb cpaycToBcKa rrpo6AeMaTHKa 3aTparHBaeTC51 B CB513M
C onacHoH TeHAeHQHeH r nOAMeqeHHOH em;e B HaQ8.J\e XIX B. P.Y. 3Mepco-
HOM: 'J3acTaBMTb pa3YM pa60TaTb Af\Jf. YAoBAeTBOpeHH51 qYBCTB", u rropa 6o-
eHHe 1.IHCTOrO HHTeAAeKTa qYBcTBeHHocTblO" - c. 98).
6 feTe: )KH3Hb. TBOpqeCTBo. TPClAHU;HH: CaHKT-neTep6yprcKHe feTeBcKHe 1.ITe-
HM5I (1998-2001): C6. CT. / PeAKOl\AerH51: A.C. Eepe3HHa, P.IO. AaHHAeBcKHH,
f.B. CTClAHHKOB, f. CDHryr. C06., 2002. C. 95-115. B 3TOM)Ke C60pHMKe B ono-
pe Ha feTe TpaKTyeT I1rpy KaK )'HHBepCaAhHbIH npl1HIJ;Hll )K113HeCTpOeHH5I
(cpeACTBO cnaCeHH5:I OT caMopecpJ\.eKCHH, cnoco6 TBOpqeCTBa, MOAeAb COIJ;M-
aAbHorO YCTpOHCTBa, K qeMY npHxoAwT M COBpeMeHHa5:1 KOHTpKYAbrypa) H
A.f. ACTBaQarypoB B CTaTbe "feTe J1 MHp Hrphl" (c. 4 - 34).
flpUMellQHUR
197
7 CM. 06 3TOM TaKJKe B CTaTbe: HxymeBQ F.B. TpaHccpopMaQvUI 06pa30B <Dayc-
Ta Ii MecpHCTocpeMI B AIiTeparype XX BeKa / / I13B. AH. Cep. AHT. 11 513. 1998.
T. 57, NQ 4, C. 30 - 38 (<<1160 HaM BHAHTC5I 3noxa npOCBe eHvUI, B caMOM lllH-
pOKOM, "reTeBCKOM" CMbICAe 3Toro nOH5ITvUI, BbIXOA5lw;ei1 3a paMKH
XVIII B. - KaK BbIXOMlT 3a npeAeAbI 3T01'0 CTOAeTH5I HAe51 "ecTecTBeHHoro
paBeHcTBa" AIOAeH B H3HaqaAbHoH A06pOKaQeCTBeHHocTI1 1..IeAOBeQeCKOH.
nopoAbl, Bepa B cnoco6HoCTb tJeAOBeKa, IJ;IiB11AH30BaHHoro 3HaHHe1\1, onbI-
TOM H COOTBeTCTBYlOllI.HM BOCllMTaHHeM, "YAY'!IllHTb" MHP, npeo6pa3Y5! era,
aKTHBHO BTOpra5lCb B pa3AHtJHble, B TOM qHCAe npHpOAHble, ccpepbI 6bITH5I.
3Ta Bepa 11 3Ta HAe5! He pa3 nOABepraAJ1Cb COMHeHHI:O Ha npOT5!JKeHHH
XIX B" HO AHllIb B XX B., nOCAe p5lAd MOl.QHbIX 3KcnepHMeHTaAbHbIX nonbI-
TOK TaKoro npe06pa30BaH1151 H B COIJ;HaAbHO-nOAHTHQeCKoJ:i, 11 B eCTeCTBeH-
Ho-np11pOAHOH, Ii B HaY'!HO-TeXHHtJeCKOH 06AaCT5IX, OHH OKa3aAHCb peUH1-
TeAbHO nOKOAe6AeHHbIMH, p0)KAa51 CHMnTOMbI KpM3Hca BepbI B 6e3YCAOB-
BYIO 6AarOTBopHOCTb qeAOBeqeCKOrO pa3YMa 11 BOAH». - C. 30).
8 CM.: feTeBCKHe tJTeHH5I. 1984. M., 1986. C. 184-202.
9 TaM )Ke. C. 81 - 95.
10 CM.: reTeBCKHe QTeHH5I / nOA peA. C.B. TypaeBa. M., 1991. C. 193 - 206.
11 CM.: BeAHKHH MaCTep CAOBa... C. 81 - 90. npHMetJaTeAbHo, QTO A.VI. )Kepe-
6HH B CTaTbe "Ha cTopoHe feTe (PYCCKHH crrop C <DpeHAOM)" TaK)I(e nOAara-
eT feTe OAHIiM H3 HCTOtJHHKOB I'BbICOKoro", "nAaTOHOBCKoro" TOAKOBaHH5I
AI06BH KaK CMAbI, BAeKyrn;eH K COBeprneHCTBY, - H B 3TOM YCMaTpHBaeT
CB5I3b HeMeIJ;KOro n03Ta C aHTHcppeHAHCTCKOH KOHIJ;enIJ;HeH 3THKH npe06pa-
JKeHHOrO 3poca E.n. BbIlliecAaBIJ;eBa (feTe: )KH3Hb. TBOpQCCTBO. TPClAI1-
IJ;HH... C. 116-126).
12 TaM )J(e... C. 63 -73.
13 BeA11KHH MaCTep CAOBa... C. 156-168.
14 CM.: feTeBCKHe tJTeHH5I... M., 1999. C. 58-71.
15 CM.: feTe B PyccKOH KYAbTYpe XX BeKa / nOA peA. f.8. 5IKYllieBoH. M.,
2001. C. 110 - 125.
16 CM.: <DaYCT-TeMa... C. 48-68.
17 CM. bH6AHorpacpIilO K AaHHOH pa60Te.
rAQBQ II
<DAYCT KAK CVIMBOA npOCBETVlTEJ\.bCKOfI 3PbI:
DPEOAOJ\.EHHOE DPOKNITHE PA3YMY
9 1. AEMJ1CTl1<PMKA1.Jl1Jl /l3AA" n03HAHMfl
1 Naude G. Apologie pour les grands personnages qui ant ete faussement
accuses de magie, 1625 (CM.: Dabezies A.Visages de Faust au XX e siecle. P.,
1973, P. 51); Neumann J. -C., Kirchner C. -C. Disquisitio Historica prior De
Fausto Praestigiatore..., Wittenberg, 1683.
2 Widmann G.-R. Erster Teil der Warhafftigen Historien van den grewlichen
und abschewlichen Stinden und Lastern (...): So D. Johannes Faustus (...).
Hamburg, 1599; Pfitzer J.N. Das argerliche Leben und schreckliche Ende dess
vielberuchtigen Ertz-Schwartzkiinstlers D. Johannis Fausti. Ntirnberg, 1674.
198
npUMe4QHUR
3 Kohler J.-F. Historisch kritische Untersuchung tiber das Leben und die
'Thaten des als Schwartzktinstler verschriebenen Landfahrers Dr Johann
Fausts. Leipzig, 1791.
4 AeCCUHr r.3. V136p. npOH3B. M., 1953. C. 374.
5 TaM JKe. C. 382.
6 TaM JKe. C. 378.
7 TaM JKe.
9 2. OnPABAAHl151 CX>AYCTA - "EYPHOrO rEHJ1Jl"
1 Weidman P. Faust. Wien, 1775.
2 Muller F. (Maler Muller). Die Situationen aus den Fausts Leben. 0.0., 1776.
3 Miiller F. Die Dramen aus den Fausts Leben. 0.0., 1778.
4 Lenz J.-M.-R. Faust im Holle. Leipzig, 1777.
5 0 CDaycTe <D.NI. KAHHrepa C'BepHoro, TBepAoro, HeycrynqHBOrO MdAOrO" no
xapaKTepHCTHKe VI.B. feTe) KaK 0 lIlTlOpMepCKoM repoe C1\1. B CTdTb5IX:
H.K. TeAemOBa. POMaH <D.-M. MI1Hrepa 0 <DaYCTe / / feTeBCKHe t..rreHH5i. M.,
1991; AAeKCQHgpoBa H.K. <DaycToBCKa}I TeMa B cpl1AOCOcpCKHX pOMaHax
<D.M. MI1Hrepa / / TaM )Ke.
6 KAUHrep CP.M. COq. M.; A. , 1961. C. 46.
3. CPAYCT rETE - APXETun HOBoro BPEMEHJ1
1 uQuadruple Conjuration du Dokteur Faust ll .
2 3AeCb H AdAee PYCCKHH TeKCT "<Daycra" y1.B. feTe (KpOMe oroBopeHHhlx U;H-
TaT) AaeTC}I B nepeBOAax E.A. naCTepHaKa no 113A.: Teme M.B. <DaYCT / / fe-
Te VI.B. Co6p. COq.: B 10 T. T. 2. M., 1976; cTpaHHQhI YKd3aHhI B 'feKCTe.
3 npl1MeqaTeAbHO CAeAY.EOl.l.\ee BbICKa3bIBaHHe feTe 0 MepKe. BilOAHe AO)l(a-
l.l.\eec5I B PYCAO 6AH3K0I1 HaM no 113BeCTHoM MaKCJ1Me nyrnKHHa KOHQern.\HH
HeCOBMeCTHMOCTH 'IreHHSl" H 113AOAeHcfBa": "MbI C I\-1epKOM... OTHOCHAI1Cb
APyr K APyry, KaK <DaYCT H MeqH1cTocpeAh... Bce... 110Mpa3HHBaHI151 y Mep-
Ka, HecoMHeHHO, 1111\11 01' HblCOKOH KYAbryphl r HO TaK KaK TBOp4eCKOe Halla-
AO B HeIvl OTCY'fCTBOBd/\..O H, HarrpOTMB, 6bIAO npKO BbIpaJKeHO Ha4dAO Hera-
THBHOe, TO OB BcerAa 6bIA MeHee CKAOHeH K rrOXBaAe, qeM K xYJ\e..." (CM.: 3K-
Kept.-laH u.n. Pa3rOBopbI C feTe... EpeBaH, 1988. C. 418).
.} Crvl. B KH.: Cassirer E. Philosophie der symbolischen Formen: In 3 Bd. B.,
1923 - 1929.
TAQBQ III
<DAYCTOBCKI111 fEPOIlI
11 3AKAT npOCBETI1TEAbCKOIlI 3PbI
1. METAHI1JI 11 nOl1CK n03AHEEYP)f(YA3HOrO (/)AYCTA
HA 3AnAAE 11 B POCCJ1l1
1 3KKepMaH M.n. Pa3roBopbI 0 feTe B nOC1\eAHHe rOAbI ero JKI13HI1. M.; 1\.,
1934. C. 19.
2 CM. EH6AMorpaqH1l0 PYCCK05l3blqHOH H 3apy6eJKHOH xYAO)KeCTBeHHOH cpa-
YCTI1aHbI XX B., IIpHAO:>KeHHYlO K AaHIIOH pa60Te.
llpUMellGHUR
199
: CM. B KH.: COAOBbeB C.M. feTe 11 xpHCTwaHCTBO. CeprweB floCCiA, 1916.
CM. B KH.: AHT. HaCAeAcTBO. M" 1932. NQ 4-6. C. 116.
5 nOAP06Hee 06 3TOM ApaMe CM. B CT.: AH6HH30H 3.E. cDaYCT B HHTepnpeTa-
U;UH A.B. AYHaqapCKoro (reTeSCKl1e qTeHIUI. 1984. 1\11., 1986, c. 246 - 258),
a l'aK)f(e B KH.: Leschnitzer F. Goethes "Faust" und die sowjetische Literatur.
Rostock, 1964.
nacmepHQK E..I1. MecpHcTocpeAb / / C06p. COq.: 8 5 T. T. 1. M., 1989. C. 50.
nOCAeAHee BllOAHe COlJeTaAOCb C MI1CTHqeCKO-CJ1MBOAHCTCKI1l\1 reTeaHCT-
BOM paHHero OacTepHaKa, KOTopoe, B qHCAe npoqero, MorAO Onl1paThC5I 11
Ha cAeAYIO YIO MaKCHMY feTe: "... c)'MMa Harnero 6hITl1H HHKorAa He Ae-
AHTCSI Ha pa3)'M 6e3 OCTaTKa, HO BcerAa OCTaeTCH KaKaH-HI16YAb YAWBH-
TeAbHaH AP06h" (reme I1.B. C06p. COq,: B 13 T. / nOA 06 eM peA. A.B. Ay-
HaqapCKoro H M.H. P03aHoBa. M. , 1935. T. 7. C. 151. Oep. C.r.3aHJ\10B-
CKoro).
9 2. CHMBOAJ1CTCKAJ/ "BEPTJ1KAAb"
(/)AYCTOBCKOrO FEPOJl
J CM.: nAexaHoB F.B. COq.: B 15 T. M.; A., 1926. T. 15. C. 426.
2 CM. CAOBa B5Pl. HBaHOBa B ero nOAeMMKe C M.a. repJ1IeH30HoM: "MO>KeT
6hITh, nocAeAHee 113 <DaYCTOBhIX 060AbIl\eHHH A0A)l(HO 6bIAO 6bJ CTaTh M5I
Bac nepBbIM: KaHaAbI H HOBbH1 CBeT, H 11Al\103H5I CBo60AHO:H 3eMAM M5I OC-
B06o>KAeHHoro HapOAa. MaAO JU1 CKOAhKO nAaHHMeTpHqeCKI1X qepTe>KeH 11
Y30POB B03MOJKHO HatlepTHTb Ha I'OpH30HTaJ\.bHOH ITAOCKOCTI1? Cy ecTBeH-
HO, qTO OHa ropH30HTaAbHa..." (HBQHOB BR4. H replueH30H M.O. OepenHCKd
3 H3 ABYX yrAOB. n6' r 1921. C. 28).
CM.: HBaHoB BR4. EOp03AbI H MeJKH: OnhITbI 3CTeTHQeCKHe H KpMTHqeCKHe.
M., 1916. C. 158.
46plOCOB B.J/. C06p. COq.: B 7 T. / IlOA 06rn;eJi peA. n.r. AHTOKoAbcKoro.
A.C. M5ICHJ1KOBa, C.C. HapOBqaTOBa, B.C. rrHxoHoBa; nOCAeCA. .6.11. nYPM-
meBd "EplOCOB H He eqKa51 KYAbTypa XVII BeKa". M., 1974. T. 4. C. 232. Aa-
Aee MTaTbI 113 "OrHeHHoro aHreAa" AalOTC5I no 3TOMY I13A., CTpaHH bI YKa-
3aHbI B TeKCTe.
OAHO.HMeHHaH orrepa C.C. npOKocpbeBa (1919-1927) no pOMaHY
B.5I. EpIOcoBa 6bJAa BnepBble 1I0CTaBAeHa B EOAblilOM TeaTpe (MocKBa) B
anpeAe 2004 r. BOT t.zTO, B qaCTHOCTI1, nl1CaAa nonYMIpHa5I ra3eTa "Moc-
KOBCKHM KOMCOMoAeu;" 27 arrp. 2004 r. (c. 4) B CTaTbe EKaTepMHhI KpeTO-
ROM "113 EOAbIlJoro 113fHaJ\.H 6eCOB": "CBoe npOlJTeHMe npeMO>KHAl1 B
.60AbIliOM TeaTpe pe>KHCcep <I>paHtIeCKa 3aM6eAAO, XYA0)KHJ1K feoprHM
blnl1H H Al1pH>Kep AAeKcaHAP BeAepHJ1KOB. YAO)KHB n5lTHaKTHYlO onepy
B ABa AeHCTBHH, rrOCTaHOB I1KJ1 rrOt.JTH He CAeAaAH KynJOp, 3a QTO HM or-
pOlvIHoe cnacH60. napTHrypa npOKocpbeBa HaCTOAbKO 3Heprl1lJHa, AHHa-
I\-IHt{Ha H .JMO HOHaJ\.hHa, qTO ABa C rrOAOBHHOM qaca MY3hIKH npOAeTaIOT Ha
°AHO 1 AblxaHHH... BorrpeKH O)KHAaHH5IM 3aM6eJ\AO 11 WbIIIJ1H He CTaAH
Oco6eHHO yrAy6A51ThC5I B TeMY reHe3Hca ABYX IHCTMtIeCKI1X HalJaA, KOTO-
phle XPHCTHaHCTBO OAl1 eTBOpSieT KaK 60)KeCTBeHHoe 11 AeMOHHlfeCKoe.
BMeCTO 3Toro OHI1 BOfU\.OTHAH B "AHreAe" Ae>KypHoe AMI eBponeMCKOH pe-
>KI1CCypbI nOBepXHOCTHoe "pemeHHe": AeMCTBl1e BH3YaAbHO IIepeHeceHO
R COBeTCKMe peaAJ1H 20-x rOAOB. AeMOHbI npeACTaBAeHbI B BH,l\e KaKHX-TO
200
npUMe4.QRUR
MOAOAbIX AIOAeH B A/UiHHbIX WHHeMIX H cpypaJKKaX - TO AI1 rHMHa3HCTbI,
TO AM IOHKepa. PbIU.aPb PynpexT BblrMAHT 3AaKHM XeMHHIY3eM - B raAH-
cpe, 3anpaBAeHHbIX B CarrOrH, H B5I3aHOM CBHTepe. I1HKBI13HQH5I, HaTYpaAh-
HO, IJ03HU.HOHHpyeTC5I KaK HKBA, caM HHKBJ13HTOp COBepwaeT 3K30p-
H3M (rrpou.eAypa H3rHaHH5I AeMOHOB) B KO>KaHOM IJaAbTO J1 C Ay6HHKOM: B
pyxe, Aa H Bce B TaKOM JKe Ayxe - AaJKe HeAOBKO OI1HChIBaTb. reHpHX, OH
JKe MClAH3Ab - TOT CaMbIM: aHreA, KOTOpbIM OAep)KHMa PeHaTa, - 3Ae-
raHTHbIH MOAOAOH qeAOBeK B MMHHOM IlaJ\.hTO, 51BMnO HHC5I Ha cu.eHY,
KaK Ha IJOAHYM. l-IH1.Jero 60Aee. OTBeTa Ha I1HTpHrylO HH Bonpoc, KOMY B
AeHCTBHTeAhHOCTI1 rrOKAOH5IeTCR PeHaTa, IJOCTaHOB I1KH He TOAbKO He Aa-
lOT, HO 11 BbIC1'paHBalOT 31'01' 06pa3 TaK, KaK 6YATO HX 31'0 BOBce He HHTe-
pecyeT. B CrreKTaKAe Bo06 e C.MflllKOM IvIHoro cpapca - 6e3YCAOBHO, He
tJY>KAoro rrpOKocpbeBCKOH 3CTeTHqeCKOH n03HL1;HI1. OAHaKO rrpeACTaBHTb
ce6e, 1.JTO COJK)KeHHe PeHaTbI npeBpaTHTCR B nOCTaHOBKe EOAbworo TeaT-
pa B IIOAeT Ha AJ1cpTe, AYMaeTC5I, He !vlor 6bI Aa)Ke TaKOH nparMaTHK, KaK
CepreM: CepreeBHtJ...
5 B "HOBOM-3H HKAOrreAHtJeCKOM CAOBape", BbIIJYll eHHOM H3AaTeAbCTBOM
"EpOKraY3 - EcppOH" B 1913 - 1916, EpIOCOB, KOTOpbIM, IJO YBepeHI1HM
D.M. nypHllleBa (CM. BbIweYKa3. nOCAeCA., c. 328), IJOAb30BaAC5I npH c03Aa-
HHH "OrHeHHoro aHreAa", Mor npOtIeCTb cAeA)'IOw;ee: «Arpl1nna (Agrippa)
reHpHx KOpHe.MfH HeITeCreHMCKHM:, OAHH 113 j"-IeHeMlilHX AIOAeM: CBoero
BpeMeHH, xapaKTepHbIM IJpeACTaBHTeJ\.h HeMeL1;KOro B03pO>KAeHH5I, OCTaA-
C5I B naM5ITH IJOTOMCTBa rrpeHMym;ecTBeHHO KaK tJepHOKHH>KHMK. HapOA-
Ha.H MOABa CB5I3dAa C ero I1MeHeM MHOJKeCTBO AereHA: rOBopHAM, '-ITO Y He-
ro B AOMe JKHAJ1, nOA BHAoM co6aK, AeMoHbI, Coo6I..QaBlllHe eMY BeCTH CO
Bcex KOH OB 3eMAH: tJTO B MarHtJeCKOM 3epKdAe OH rrOKa3bIBdA 06pa3bI
yMepIllHx: tITO eMY cAyqaAOCb OAHOBpeMeHHo 6bIBaTb B HeCKOAbKHX Mec.
Tax; qTO OH BAClAeA TaHHOH aAXl1MHtIeCKOrO KaMH5I H T.A. 3TH AereHAbI...
CAeAaJ\J1 ArpHIJrry THIJOM Mara Bo06m;e H COBepllleHHO 3aCAOHHAH ero I1C-
THHHbI:H 06pa3. ArpHllIJa pOAHAC5I B KeAhHe B 1486 f., B He3HaTHOH ceMbe
KOpHeAHCOB. Ero AHqHOe HM.H 6bIAO reHpl1X; ArpHIJnOIO OH Ha3BaA ce6R no
HMeHH pOAHoro ropOAa (Colonia Agrippina), H 3TO HMR coxpaHHAH ero Ae-
TH; apHCTOKpaTHtIeCKOe IJp03BHI.IJ;e <poH-HeITeCreHM, IJO I1MeHH MdAeHbKO-
fO MeCTetIKa rrOA KeAbHOM, IJpHCBOHA OH ce6e IJ03AHee, 6e3 BC5IKOrO Ha TO
npaBa. BhICWYIO lllKOAY OH rrOce aA B KeAhHe 11 B OapH)Ke. B 1508 r. OH IJO-
crynHA Ha cAYJK6y K KOpOAlO aparoHcKoMY <I>epAHHaHAY... CKOpO yexaA BO
<DpaH HIO... B 1509 f. ArpHIJna tJHTdA B AOAe AeKQHH 0 COtIHHeHHH Pei1x-
AHRa (V1oraHH PeM:XAHH - HeMen.KHH ryMaHHcT, 1.JbH IJpOH3BeAeHHR CllO-
C06CTBOBaJU1 pa3BHTHIO Kpl1THQeCKOH MbICAH B H3yqeHHH EH6AHH, nOAe-
M113HpOBaA C KaTOAMtIeCKHMH 60focAoBaMH. - T.R.)... HO MeCTHbIe 60ro-
CAOBbI 06BHHHMt ero B epecH, H OH IJpI1HY)KAeH 6hIA nocnelllHO nOKHHyrb
EypryHAI1IO. OKOAO Toro JKe BpeMeHH ArpHnIJa BbIIJYCTHA TpaKTaT "0 oAa-
ropoAcTBe H IJpeBOcxoAcTBe JKeHCKOro nOAa" , 3aI.IJ;Hm;aBllIHH KpaHHe napa-
AOKCaAhH)'IO Af\JI ero BpeMeHH TeMY, H IJepBYIO peAaKQHlO CBoero COtJHHe-
H115I uO cOKpoBeHRoH CPHAOCO<PHH" ("De occulta philosophia) - CHCTeMa-
THtIeCKOe H3AO)KeHHe Bcex TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX "TaHHbIx" 3HaHHH. 06e KHH-
fH aBTopoM 6bIMf HaIJeqaTaHbI MHoro IJ03)Ke, HO IJOAytIMAI1 pacnpocrpaHe-
HHe B CllHCKax, H BTOpa51 H3 HHX AOCTaBHAa ArpHIJTIe lIlHpOK}'lO H3BeCT-
HOCTb. CeMb AeT ArpHTIlla npoBeA B HTaAHH... OocAe HaweCTBHR cppaHQY-
npUMeilaHUR
201
30B B VITaAHIO I1PHH5IA rrpeMO)KeHHe ropoAa Me a 6bITb rOpOACKHM lOpH-
CKOHCYAbTOM, XOT5I HHKOrAa paHbllle He 3aHHMaACH IOpHAHQeCKHMH Ha)'Ka-
MH, rrOCAe ABYX AeT CAY>K6bl,... paCCOpHAC5.I C )l(HTeA5.1MH I\1eIJ.a, rrOKI1HYA ro-
POA... )KI1B5I B )KeHeBe, nOTOM BO <Dpei16ypre, e e rr03)Ke B AHoHe, ArpMI1-
rra 3aHHACH MeAHIJ.MHCKO:H rrpaKTHKOM, HOCH... 3BaHHe "KopOAeBCKoro Bpa-
t.la rr ... B AHoHe ... HanMCaA caMoe 3Ha\.lHTeAbHoe M3 CBOMX COQI1HeHHH:
"0 HeAocToBepHocTH M cyeTHocTH Ha)'K" j"De incertitudine et vanitate sci-
entiarum") ... B KHl1re MHoro cYJKAeHHM KpaHHe npOH3BOAbHbIX, HO eCTb
KpHTI11.J:eCKMe 3aMetfaHHH, AJ\.5I Toro BpeMeHH rrepeAOBble... rrepeeXaA B HH-
AepAaHAbI, rAe JKHA C 1528 rro 1532... YTpaTI1B paCrrOAO>KeHMe J\YI13bI Ca-
BOHCKOM (KopoAeBbI B J\.HoHe, MaTepH <DpaH McKa I - OAHoro H3 caMblX
Mory ecTBeHHblx KopoAei1 <DpaHIJ.HH. - r.H.)... >KMA... CHaqaAa B AHTBep-
IIeHe, B MexeAbHe, rAe rrocT}'TIHA Ha cAY>K6y K MMnepaTopy KapAY V, npl1-
H5IB 3BaHHe ero HCTopMorpa<pa... npHcrynHA K rre1.J:aTaHHIO CBOHX COlJHHe-
HHM" ... rrapH>KCKOe H3AaHHe TpaKTaTa "0 HeAocToBepHocTH HaYK" 6bIAO
CO>K>KeHO no nOCTaHOBAeHMlO <PaKYAbTeTa... TeCHHMbIH KpeAI1TOpaMM, KO-
TopbIe Ha BpeM5I rrOCaAl1AM ero B TIOPbMY, ArpHrrna IIepeCeAHAC5I B bOHH...
B 1535 r.... rrepeexaA B AMoH. 3Aecb era apeCTOBaAH, 06BI1HHH B TOM, lJTO B
rrMCbl\fax M COlJHHeHH5IX OH oCKop6HTeAbHO OT3bIBaAC5I 0 <ppaHU;Y3CKOM KO-
pOAeBCKOM AOMe. nOA MB cB060AY, rrepeeXaA B rpeHo6Ab, rAe B TOM )Ke
rOAY M CKOHlJaAC5I. ArpHrrna 6bIA MCTHHHhIM CbIHOM CBoero HeKa. OH 6bIA
KpaHHe caMOHClAeHH, rrOCT05IHHO CTpeMMAC5I K HOBOMY. n03HaHH5I ero 6hI-
AM 3HIJ.IiKAOrreAMlJHhI. OonepeMeHHO 5IBJ\JIACH OH BOHHOM, rrpo<peccopOM,
lOpMCTOM r TeOAOrOi\I, <pHAOCO<pOM, MeAI1KOM, HCTOpMKOM, rOCYAapCTBeH-
HbIM t.leAOBeKOM, MarOM. OH YMeA rrHcaTb CTHXH, HeAypHO pMCOBaA, M306-
peA KaKYIO-TO BoeHHYIO MalllHHY. OH 3HaA MHoro 5I3bIKOB... YMeA rOBopHTb
KpaCI1BO, 06AClAaA, oc06eHHO B MOAOAOCTM, BKPdAqHBbIMH MaHepaMH,
a, KorAa TO 6bIAO HY)J(HO, 60HKOH HpOHHeH H capKa3MOM. B C01.J:HHeHM5IX
ArpMnrrbI rociioAcTByeT AYX orrII03HU;I1H. OH AI06HA BbICKa3bIBaTb CY>KAe-
HH5I cnopHbIe, COMHHTeAbHbIe, QTo6bI BbI3BaTb nOAeMI1KY. OH He TepIIeA
HHKaKHX aBTopHTeTOB... OH rpOMKO 3a Hl..lJ;aA onbIT KaK OCHOBY 3HaHM5I,
nOHOCMA cXOJ\aCTIlKY, HO caM OXOTHO TeIIIHAC5I ee HrpolO. OpH )l(H3HH Ar-
pHIIna rrOAh30BaAC5I 60AblllOH H3BeCTHOCTbIO. fopOAa H rOCYAapH rrpMrAa-
IIIaAH ero Ha CAY>K6y. EWTb ero yqeHMKoM A06MBaAHCb KaK 1.J:eCTM; HHbIe
rrpHe3>KaAH HapOlIHO H3 ApyrHX CTpaH, lIT06bI rrOCMOTpeTb Ha ArpMIIny.
OH 6blA B rrepenHCKe CO BceMM 3HaQMTeAbHeHlllHMH AJOAbMH CBoero Bpe-
l\leHH ... EOAbIlIHHCTBO BHAeAH B ArpHIIrre BOAIIle6HHKa H Mara. CaM OH HH-
TepeCOBaAC5I "TaHHbIMH" HayxaMH AHIIIb B paHHeH MOAOAOCTH, BrrOCAeACT-
BMI1 )Ke H B CO'4HHeHM5IX H B rrHCbMax BbICKa3bIBaAC.H 0 HHX O'4eHb pe3KO.
ACTpOAorHJO OH rrp5lMO Ha3bIBaA npeApaCCYAKOM H 06MaHOl\f. B 1519 r. Ar-
pHrrrra BCryIIHAcH B Meu;e 3a >KeHrn;HHY, KOTOpyJO HHKBM3HTOp 06BHHHA B
BeAoBCTBe, M, He 6e3 orraCHOCTH AI\5I ce65I AH1.J:HO, crrac ee OT KocTpa. CpeAM
Y'IeHHKoB ArpHnrrbI 6bIJ\ I10raHH BeHep (BHp), 3HaMeHMTbH1: BrrOCAeACTBMM
Bpa1.J:, HarrMcaBIIlHH KHHry rrpoTHB rrpecAeAoBaHM5I BeAbM. BHp ycepAHo 3a-
rn;M aA CBoero yqHTeJ\Jl OT 06Bl1HeHHM B CHOIIleHHHX C Ab5IBOAOM. B AH'4HOH
)K113HM ArpMnna He 6bIA CQaCTAJ1B. OH 6bIA >KeHaT TPHJKAbI, ABYX >KeH IIO-
TepHA, C TpeTbeH pa3BeAC5I. BclO >KH3Hb OH HYJKAaAC5I M YMep B 6eAHocTH...»
(IJ.HT. rro perrpHHTHoMY M3AaHHIO: 3HIJ.MKAOrreAM1.J:eCKMH cAoBapb: EpoKraY3
H E<pPOH: EHorpacPHH. M., 1991. T. I. C. 87 - 88).
202
npUMe4QIlUR
01.IeBHAHO, \.ITO EpIOCOB BI1AeA 11 o.eHI1A H ArpHnIIe npe;KAe BCerO Aep3-
HOBeHHyID CTpaCTb K 3HaHI1IO, He CKOBaHHYIO cpaHTOMHbIMH MOHCTpaMI1
TPClAI1QHH H aBTopHTeTa, H npOBHA1.IeCKyro TpaKTOBKY MHp03AaHH.H KaK
B3aHMOCB.H3aHHOro 11 B3al1MOnepeXOAHoro cy ero eAI1HOrO - 1.ITO COOT-
BeTCTBOBaAO H CI1MBOAHCTCKOMY pa3pbIBY C TpClAHI.J;HOHHbIM peaAHCTl14:eC-
KI1M HCKYCCTBOM, H, rAaBHoe, HeonAaTOHl1'l1eCKH-CMMBO.iUfCTCKOMY npeA-
craBAeHl1lO 0 peaAbHOCTl1 KaK OTpa)l(eHI1H "COKpOBeHHOI'O", 60Aee 3Ha1.Il1-
TeAhHoro H I1CnOAHeHHOrO rJ\.y60Koro CMbICAa 6blTI15I, 0 paBHonpaBHOCTI1
".HBHOrO" 11 "TaI1HOrO" B Ml1pe, 0 He06xoAHMOCTl1 "lln1cppa", "CHMBOAa",
"3HaKa" AJ\..5.I: 6oJ\.ee T01.IHOrO 0603Ha'-leHH.H cyrH, a He nOBepXHOCTH 5IBAe-
HI1.H. TpaKTaT Arpl1nnbI "0 6AaropoACTBe H npeBOCXOACTBe (APyroH nepe-
BOA - npeI1Myrn;ecTBe) )KeHCKOro nOJ\.a", ny6Al1KaU;H.H KOToporo B 1784 r.
Ha PYCCKOM .H3bIKe BbI3BaAa HeYAoBoAbcTBHe EKaTepl1HbI II, MO)KHO pac-
CMaTpl1BaTb KaK OAHY 113 npeAIIOCbIAOK n03AHeMlllero cPOpMHpOBaHI1H B
cpHAOCOCpHI1 H 3CTeTI1Ke CHMBOJ\.I1CTOB (yqeHHe BA.C. COAOBbeBa 11 AP.)
KOHI.J;enU;HH B03BbIlllalOlQerO "Be1.IHO-JKeHCTBeHHoro" Ha1.IdJ\.a 6hITl1.H (Ha:/K-
HO OTMeTl1Tb, 1.ITO HeKOTopwe HCCJ\.eAOBaTeJ\.H HaCTaHBalOT Ha nepeBOAe
TepMI1Ha KaK "BelIHO-/KeHCKOe", AeJ\.a.H aKu;eHT He Ha cne4HcpHt..{eCKOM Ha-
oope Ka1.IeCTB, HO Ha "CPYHKQHOHaAbHO"i1" pOJ\11 JKeH I1HhI B 1.IeAOBe1.IeCKOM
OOll eCTBe) .
6 CM.: bQAbMOHm K. HeCKOJ\.bKO CAOB 0 THoe "<DaYCTa" / / ./KH3Hb. 1899. NQ 7.
C. 171 - 174; OH )Ke. ¥136paHHI1K 3eMAH / / )K113Hh. 1899. NQ 9. C. 16 (".. .01-1
(feTe. - r.R.) - p e 3 K a 51 n pOT H Bon 0 J\. 0 )K HOC T L KOpeH.HI1 e-
MYC5I B Hac T par H 3 M y. B HeM Bpa>KAeOHoe 1.IeAOBet..{CCKOH npHpOAe,
Bcryua}l B Me)KAoyco6HYIO 60pb6y M C03AaBa.H J\.HpHlJeCKl1e rp03bI, BcerAa
npJ.1BOAl1T K PdAYI'e").
7 CM.: J-1WU1H6aeBa r.T. <DaYC'l'OBCKHe KOHTaMl1HaU;HH B. 6plOCOBa H C. Opo-
KocpbeBa / / feTe B PYCCKOi1 KYAb1ype XX BeKa / nOA peA. f.B. 51KYllleBoH.
I'lL, 2001. C. 89 - 93.
8 WI1T. no KH.: feTe B PYCCKOH n033HH. BeK XVIII - BeK XX / Coef. I-Ll/1. Ao-
naTI1Ha. M., 1999. C. 55.
g EaAbMOHm K. HeCKOAhKO CJ\.OB 0 THue uCDaycTa" / / )KH3Hb. 1899. NQ 7.
C. 171.
10 TaM )l(e. C. 172.
11 TaM >Ke. C. 172-174.
12 TaM )Ke.
13 JluXQ4eB A.C. 60pl1C J\eOHHAOBH'-l DaCTepHaK: )KJ13Hb / / naCTepHaK Eo-
pl1C. Co6p. COli.: B 5 T. M., 1989. T. 1. C. 11. CM. AaAee: I'UepeHOCHoe 11
np.Hl\10e 3Hat..{eHl1e B 06pa3e Y Hero (naCTepHaKa. - r.JI.) KaK ObI MeU.HlOT-
C5I MeCTaMH. CpaBHeHHe CTaHOBHTC.H 6bITJ1eM, a 6hITHe cpaBHeHHel\1... no-
AytIaeTC}I CBoeoopa3Hoe BTOp)KeHHe AeI1CTBHTeAbHOCTl1 He '-lepe3 AeHCT-
Bl1e np.HMOrO CMbICAa, a 1.Iepe3 orpOMHoe pa3paCTaHHe BTOpHQHOrO CMbIC-
Aa. VI 31'0 l\Ioryqee BTOp)KeHl1e, COBepmalOrn.eeC5i KaK 6bI C qepHOrO XOAa,
BeAeT K TOMY, t..{TO B "I1033I1H BToporo CMbICAa" AOMHHI1PYlOT MOHYMeH-
TaJ\.bHble 11 AHHaMH'-leCKl1e OO'beKTLl: AHBeHb, AaBl1Ha. AaBa, 06BaA, H3Bep-
>KeHl15f, orHeAhIlllalQa5I ropa, rp03a, aTaKa, rpClA, rpOM... H T.A.... CA aH-
HOCTb B n03311H nacrepHaKa CTdHOBMTCH nOtITI1 3aKOHOM... eMY Kd3aAOCb,
'liTO BeAeT ero n03Tl1lJeCKYIO MhICAb He OH caM, d 4TO-TO BHelllHee - TO AM
CAOHO, TO AM aCCOl..\MaU;HH, BbI3bIBilel\1LIe I1peAMeTaMM, AeHCTB1151MH, TO 1\11
npUMellQHUR
203
caMa npl1poAa... BTOpa51 AeHCTBJ1TeAhHOCTb - 3TO BHOBb OTKpbITaH AeHCT-
BI1TeAhHOCTb... nepeCTaBllIaH 6bITb npI1BhIQHOH, npHT)'ITHBIlleHCH 11 06-
peTllla5I nepSOHa1.IaAhHOCTb 1.IYAa". CI1MrrTOMaTH1.IHb£M rrpeACTaBA5IeTC5I
rrepeBoA B 3TH rOAbI naCTepHaKOM - B 6YA eM OAHOM H3 AyqllIl1X nepe-
BOAqHKOB uCDaYCTa" feTe, - reTeBCKOH MI1CTHt.IeCKOH n03MbI "TaHHa",
CB5I3aHHOH C YBAeqeHHeM feTe, YHI1BepCaJ\..hHhII1 xapaKTep MhIIllAeHI151
KOToporo BKAlO1.IaA HHTepec KO BceIvI aKryaAbHhIM B ero BpeM5I YMoHacr-
poeHHHM 11 AYXOBHbIM TeHAeH HHM, MI1CTHKO-HaTYPCPI1AOC0cPCKI1MI1 I1Ae-
51MH 5IK06a EeMe.
14 CM. B KH.: )/(UPMYHCKUU B.M. "feTe B PYCCKOH AI1TepaTYpe .. (A., 1981.
C. 453): "KaK MHCTI1K B5I1.I. I1BaHoB CTaBHT rrepeA cOBpeMeHHbIM CI1MBOAH3-
MOM 3aAaqy - "BbI3BaTb HenocpeACTBeHHoe nOCTH)KeHYIe COKpOBeHHOJ-1
)K113HI1 c ero CHI1MalOlllHM Bce rreAeHbI 11306pa/KeHHeM 5IBHOrO TaHHCTBa
3TOH )K113HH" (l1BQHOB BRtl. no 3Be3AaM. C06., 1909. C. 270).
15 I1T. no KH.: feTe B PYCCKOH n033I1H... C. 42.
16 TaM :>Ke. C. 43. 3Aecb - HpOHI1QeCKOe 06bIrphIBaHHe reTeBCKOrO orrpeAe-
J\.eHH5I (caMoxapaKTepl1CTI1KI1 MecpHcTocpeJ\5l KaK "CI1AbI TOH, 1.ITO 6e3 'l£HC-
J\.a / TBOpl1T A06po, BceMY:>KeAa51 3Aa". <DaycT, >KeJ\.alOI..IJ;I1H 6J\.ara l HO TBO-
p5lIU;I1H 3AO, OKa3hIBaeTC5I, TaKHM 06pa30M, xY/Ke QepTa). Cpo 6J16J\.eHcKoe:
"EJ\.arHMH HaMepeHHHMI1 YCTJ\.aHa Aopora B aA" / (BeTXI1M 3aBeT. KH. bhl-
TH5I. 4. 1).
17 TaM )Ke. AaJ\.ee QI1TaTbI 113 II PYCCKoro <DaYCTa" (Ha3BaHl1e YCJ\.OBHoe, AaHO
ny6J\.HKaTopOM M. BaxTeAeM B c6. MI1HYBllIee. M.; C06., 1993. BhIn. 12)
rrpHBOMITC51 IIO AaHHoMY 113AaH, 111O CTpaHl1qbI YKa3aHbI H TeKCTe.
3. nEPBAJI COLIl1AAUCTl1LJECKi Jl npl1'J1lA
o <DAYCTE
1 Y:>Ke B CTaTbe .", 3J\AI1HH3M H IJ;epKOBb" (1913) C. COJ\.oBbeB OTMeqaeT Y feTe
"CKpbIThIM KYAbT {.IeAOBe1.IeCKOH rOPAOCTI1 11 6e36o>KHOrO caMoyrBep>KAe-
HI151", "OAI1MIU1HCKoe" 3nI1KypeHcTBO, &lrrOQTI1 BcerAa AeMOHHQeCKHH" MI1C-
TI1IJ;H3M, TpaKry51 3TH KaQeCTBa C rr0311U;I1H XpHCTl1aHCKOro OPTOAOKCHH H
3TI1lJeCKOrO MaKCI11VlaAI13Ma, rpaHH1.IalIJ;erO C pHrOpI13MOM. (COAOBbeB C. 60-
rOCJ\.OBCKHe 11 Kpl1THQeCKHe OtIepKH: Co6p. cTaTeH H ny6J\.I11.IHbIX AeKIJ;I1H.
M., 1916. C. 8-9). B CTaTbe "feTe 11 XpHCTl1aHCTBO" (EorOCJ\.OBCKHH BeCT-
HHK. 1917. AnpeAh - Mali) COAOBbeB, pa3BI1Ba51 KOHLJ;err1J;1110 "3AAHHCTBa"
{"513bIQeCTBa" feTe, - BnOAHe cnpaBeMI1BO 11M 060CHOBaHHyro, - YCMaT-
pWBaeT liB YCBoeHHI1 3 J\. J\. 11 H C K 0 rOB 3 r A 51 A a HaM Ii Pi B 30pKO-
CTI1 K npl1poAe, B C03AaHI111 I1CKyccTBa Ha OCHOBaHl111 BHHKaHI151 B 3aKOHhI
npHpoAHOM >KH3HH" feTe ero HpaBCTBeHHYJO HHAHcpcPepeHTHOCTb H Hecno-
C06HOCTb K COCTPaAaHHIO 11 Aa:>Ke npH3HaHHH "3J\.a" Ml1pa (COJlOBheB C.
YKa3. COtI. C. 239, 244). no CyrH, 3AeCL - Y)Ke 3HaKOMa5I Hai\ll1 oCY>KAaeMa51
HeOllAaTOHH1.IeCKOH 11 XpHCTl1aHCKOH MbICJ\.blO PYCCKoro cepe6p5lHOrO ReKa
"MHpOrrpl1eMJ\.IOrn;aH" KOHCTaHTa reTeBCKOrO Ayxa 11 TBOpQeCTBa, Bce C HeH3-
MeHHbIM OrrTI1MI13MOM CBONI I1X K "PClAyre", K KOHe1.IHOMY onpaBAaHHlO Qe-
J\.OBeKa KaK TaKOBoro. 113Ha'-IaAbHO He rpeXOBHoro, HO 60ropaBHoro.
2 CM. B BbIllleynoM5IHyroli (cHocKa 1) CT. CO.l\OBbeBa "feTe H XpI1CTl1aHCTBo":
«Ero tIepHOKHI1>KHI1K He rrorl16aeT, HO H He KaeTC5I. Hao6opoT, 3a 3TO-TO ero
AeJ\.o, 3a ero QepHOKHI1)Kl1e, 3a ero KOAAoBCTBO, 3a ero llIaraHHe Qepe3 Qe.l\O-
204
npUMellQHUR
BetJeCKHe )1013HI1, OH 06b BA5IeTC5I .'qeAOBeKOM CTpeMAeHI1 ", Ab5lBOA 06Ma-
Hyr H I10CpaMAeH, a <DaYCT B03HOCHTC.H aHI'eAaMH 11 CB5IThIMI1 K caMOMY rrpe-
CTOAY npeCB TOH AeBhI... Anocpe03 KOAAYHa 11 y6111 IlJ;b], - tJTO 3TO, KaK He
Ha'4aAO HI1U;llIeaHCKOH I1epeO eHKH Bcex u.eHHOCTeH, cpHAOCOcpl1H H Il0 TY
CTOPOHY A06pa 11 3Aa»? .j... CTpeMAeHl1e, HaIlp >KeHl1e, aKTHBHOCTb caMa no
ce6e 5lBA.5IeTC5J TaKI1M 06pa30M AOCTaTOqHbIM OCH013aHl1eM AI\5i CI1aCeHH5i... C
xpHCTHaHCKOH TOqKH 3peHH5J aKTI1BHOCTh BeAeT K CIlaCeHHIO TOAhKO TorAa,
KorAa OHa HaIlpaBAeHa K A06pOM I.J;eAH... naccHBHoCTb AytIIlle, '4eM aKTI1B-
HOCTb BO 3Ae... fepMaHM rrOIlIAa 3a <DaYCTOM, POCCH5I - rpeTxeH"
(C. 484 - 485,497,503).
AaHHhlM rracca>K BOCI1pI1HHMaeTC.H KaK 06pa3eu; HAeOAOfHqeCKOM nOATa-
COBKI1: CDaYCT feTe KaK pa3 OIlpaBAaH 3a TO, qTO He YAOBAeTBOp5JAC.H HI1 AI1'4-
HhIM Il0KOeM, HH '4)'BCTBeHHbIMI1 P<lA0CT}1MH, HI1 60raTCTBOM, HI1 CAaBOM, HH
HHTeMeKryaAhHhIMH I1AI1 3CTeTHqeCKI1MH PClAOCT5JMH, HI1 I1rpOH CO BpeMe-
HeM H IlpOCTpaHCTBOM - HH'4eM, KpOMe C03HaHI15J (IlYCTb HJV\1030pHOfO) 1'0-
fO, '41'0 OH npHHOCHT 6Aaro AIOMIM. B 31'01\1 rrAaHe ero CTpeMJ\.eHHe, ero aK-
TI1BHOCTb KaK pa3 j.rro-xpHCTHaHCKl1 rr HaIlpaBAeHhI K A06pOH u;eAH (APyroe
AeAO - HaCKOAbKO OHa 6bIAa OCYI..l..\eCTBHMa). HeCIlpaBeA;\HBbIM 6hIAO 6bJ
TaK)Ke 06BHH5JTh reTeBCKoro rep05J B 6eCqYBCTBeHHOCTI1: ero fAy60Koe CO-
CTp<lAaHl1e, MYKH COBeCTl1, qYBCTBO BHHhI, IIOTp5JCeHI1e, nepe)KMTOe B CB5J3H
C TpareAl1eH fpeTxeH, paCKpbIThI B "CDaYCTe rr C AOCTaTO'4HOM 5JCHOCThlO H 5Jp-
KOCThlO (B 6eC'4YBCTBI1H KaK pa3 CDaYCT ynpeKaeT MecpHCTocpeA.5l, rOBOp5J 0
TOM, KaK ero BOAHYJOT CTPaAaHH5J 1'3TOM eAI1HCTBeHHOM" 11 qTO YCIl0KaHBaTb
ce65J TeM, '41'0 TaKOBa )'1IaCTh "MHMI10HOB", MO)KeT TOAbKO qYAOBHI..Qe, 3Beph
("nec! OTBpaTI1TeAbHOe '4YAOBMrn;e!... M03f MOM 11 Moe cepAu;e Tep3aIOTC5J,
KOfAa 51 CMOTpIO Ha OAHY 3TY CTP<lAaAl1U;Y, a TbI H3AeBaelllbC5J XAMHOKpOBHO
BaA CYAb60IO TbIC5Jq c eCTB!" - nep. H. XOAOAKoBcKoro, 1-51 4aCTb UCDay-
cTa", cu;eHa 23). T5J)KKOM cBoew BI1HOH: BOCIlpHHHMaeT <DaycT 11 113BeCTHe 0
fH6eAI1 6AarotJecTHBoH cyrrPY)KecKoH naphI - <1>l1AeMOHa H EaBKHAbI. CHa-
'4aAa OH nepe)KI1BaeT Y)Ke OTTOfO, qTO BhIHY)KAeH I1pOCI1Tb HX CMeHHTb Ha
HOBoe CBoe I1pHBbI'4HOe )KHAMI..Qe: MeCTO, fAe OHO CTOHT, AOJUKHO 6bITh 3a-
TOIlAeHO BOAaMM llAOTHHbI ("41'0 TaM 3a I1Aaq BBepxy neBY4HH? / .>KaAeTb
Y)K rr03AHO!... / B BbIlliHHe / OH CTOHeT - H AOCClAOI1 )KryqeH / BHOBb cepA-
u;e MYQl1TC5J BO MHe. / 5I nocrreUIHA.., Ho I1YCTb 30AOIO / VI I1errAOM CTdH)T"f AM-
nbI Te, - / 5I CKOpO 6alllHIO TaM I10CTpOIO, / 41'06 BAaAh cMoTpeTb Ha BbICO-
Te. / A CTapl1KOB HaHAY TOfAa 51 / Ha HOBOCeAbe - H rrpOCT5JT / OHH 06HAY
MHe, BCTpeq<lil / B AOBOAbCTBe AHeI1 CBOHX 3aKaT" - "CDaycT", '4aCTb 2-51,
AeMcTBHe 5-e, Cl.\eHa '.rAy60KCUI HOqb"). KOfAa >Ke MecpMcTocpeAb c006rn;aeT
<Daycry 0 TOM, 1.11'0 CTapl1KI1 BOCI1pOTHBHAl1Cb rrepeceAeHHIO H YMepAl1 01'
cTpaxa Olforo, QTO OH, MecpHCTocpeAb, CO CBOI1MH 110MOI..l..\HI1KaMH (I.TpeM5I
CHAbHbIMI1") "npOQb rHHAyK> ABepb CHeCAI1" H I1bITaAI1Cb BbIHeCTI1 HX CH-
AOM, feTeBCKI1I1 repOH BOCKMiI.J;aeT B fHeBHOM OTqa5IHHH: ilK MOI1M CAOBaM
BbI fAYXH 6bIAH? / He MeHa 31'0, a pa36oM! / npOKMlTbe BallieM AMKOM CH-
Ae!..," - TaM >Ke; 3Aecb H BblllIe rrep. H.A. XOAOAKOBCKoro.
3 ./lYHQ4QPCKuii. A.B. CDaycT 11 ropoA / / AYHaqapCKI1M A. Vt36paHHbIe ApaMbI.
M., 1935. AaAee U;HTaTbI 113 IIbeCbI AYHaQapCKOfO AalOTC5J I10 3TOMY H3Aa-
HHIO, CTpaHHI.J;hI )'Ka3aHbI B TeKCTe.
4 no MHeHHlO f.f. VlIlIHM6aeBOH, OKOHtJaTeAbHbU1 BapHaHT IICDaYCTa 11 fopo-
Aa fl CAOJKHAC5I Y A YHa'4apCKOro HMeHHO B nOAeMHKe C aBTopaMH C60pHHKa
npUMellQHUR
205
IIBexH" (OC06eHHO H.A. EepASieBhIM H C.H. EYAI'aKOBhIM), ony6AHKOBaH-
HhIM B MOCKBe B 1909 r. (UzuuM6aeBa r.r. "<I>aycT H rOpOA" AYHalIapCKO-
ro / / feTe B PYCCKOH KYJ\.hrype XX BeKa. M., 2001).
5 AYHallQPCxuii A. nepeA AI1QOM pOKa / / AYHaqapCKHH A. 3TIOAbI. M., 1922.
C.180.
6 B qaCTHOCTH, 3Ta rrpo6AeMa BOAHOBMa OAHoro H3 AYXOBHhIX .l\HAepOB 3a-
nClAHOH EBponhI rrepBhIX AeC5ITHAeTHH XX BeKa, BHAHoro HeMeO;Koro nH-
CaTeA51 reHpHxa MaHHa, KOTOphIM, - Bep05ITHee Bcero, caM Toro He rroAo-
3peBa5I, - pelliM rrp06AeMY "reHH5I" H "HapoAa" B 60rocTpoHTeAhHoM
PycAe, )'Bep5lH, qTO "BeAHKHe JUOAH" 3a6HpalOT Y HaO;HH ee CHAY, ee TBOp-
qeCKHH nOTeHQHa./\., 3rOHCTHqeCKH " 0 6eCKpOBAHBa5I" MaCCbI, K cYAh6e KO-
TOpbIX OHH paBHoAyuIHhI. npHMepoM TaKoro reHH5I - IIBal\fIIHpa" f. MaHH
cqHTa./\. feTe (3cce IIAYX H AeMCTBHe", "BoJ\.hTep H feTe" 06a - 1910).
CrrpaBeA;\HBoCTH PaAH He06xoAHMO OTMeTHTh, qTO Y)Ke K 1932 r. f. MaHH
nepecMoTpeA CBOH B3rMA Ha feTe, B KOTOpOM CTa./\. - oc06eHHO C npHXO-
AOM K BJ\.aCTH cpalllHCTOB, - o;eHHTh IlIHpOry B3rJ\..5lAOB, TepIIHMOCTh, crro-
C06HOCTh nepemarHyrh qepe3 "Hau,HOHa./\.hHyro OrpaHHQeHHOCTh" (CTaTb5I,
nOCBHmeHHaH 100-AeTHIO co AH5I CMepTH feTe B 1932 r. - IIfeTeBCKHe TOp-
)KeCTBa"; nOAP06Hee 06 3TOM CM.: JIxyzueBQ r.B. feHpHx MaHH H feTe / /
feTeBCKHe QTeHH5I, 1984. M., 1986).
OTQaCTH CXOAHyro TpaKToBKY 0603HaQeHHOH rrp06J\.eMbI MO)KHO npo-
qeCTh B HalllyMeBIIIHx B CBoe BpeMH IInporyAKax C nyrnKHHhIM" (1975)
A.A. CHHHBCKoro If B pOMaHe OAHoro H3 HaH60J\.ee 3Hat..£HTeAhHbIX COBpe-
MeHHhIX PYCCKlfX nHcaTeAeH, AaypeaTa npeMHH Eyxepa B.C. MaKaHHHa
II rAe CXOAHAOCb He60 C XOJ\.MaMH" (1984).
7 HecAyqaHHo B 3TOT )Ke rrepHoA MaKCHM rOphKHH, B CBoeM 60rOCTpOHTeJ\.h-
HOM nacpoce a6COAlOTH3Hpyro HH "KOMeKTHB" KaK 3aAOr 6eCCMepTHH H
nporpecca Ii HeHCTOBO 60plOrn;HHC5I C J\.J06hIMH np05IBAeHHHMH HHAI1BliAya-
AI13Ma - rro ero y6e)KAeHlilO, 3dAep)KHBalOrn;eMY nOCTynaTeAbHhIH XOA 1\1i-
BHAI13aO;HH, YBepeHHO npOKAaMHpyeT rrpHHHTHe npOJ\.eTapHaTOM, 3TO:H Ha-
CTYIIaTeAhHO:H CHAOH 6y Aym;ero, reTeBCKOrO BeMp.IH5I KaK KBHHT3cceHQHIi
HapOAHOH MOmH, CB5I3hIBaJI THTaHH3M reHHeB ypOBH5.I feTe C KOM.eKTHBHbIM
TBOpQeCTBOM Macc (CTaTh5.1 "Pa3pyrneHlie .lU1qHOCTH", 1909, HAP.). nOAaraH
HHAHBHAYaAH3M 60Ae3HblO "6YP)Kya3HoH" 3rrOXH B n03AHeHrneH CTaThe
"HCTOPH5I MOAOAoro lIeAOBeKa" (1931) - npeAHcAoBHH K I1HHQliHpoBaHHoH
HM H3AaTeAhCKO:H cepliH IIVIcTOpH5I MOAOAoro QeAOBeKa XIX cTOAeTH5.I", -
fOpbKHH nHCM, B cneO;HcpHtJecKoM acneKTe 06parn;a5.lCb K TeMe <I>aycTa: "VIc-
KA1QlIWTeAhHhIe J\.liQHOCTH" - 3TH "AHIIIHHe J\.lOAH" 6YP)Kya3HH... 6bIAH H OC-
Ta./\.HCh ee KpOBHhIMH AeThMIi... OQeHb xapaKTepHO, 'lTO XIX BeK B J\.HTepary-
pe MHoroKpaTHoro BOCCTaHOBliA H pa3pa60TaA cpeAHeBeKoBYIO qepKoBHYIO
J\.ereHAY 0 qeAOBeKe, KOTOpbIH B JKa)KAe CAaBbI H HaCAa)KAeHHH npOAaA Aymy
CBOIO AbHBOAY. AereHAY 31)' o6pa6aTbIBaJUi feTe, KAHHrep, AeHay, nOJ\.h
MlOcce B pOMaHe "flaH TBapAOBCKHH", IIpwnHChIBaeMOM KparneBCKOMY; OHa
Y Hac BhIAepJKaAa 6eCKOHeQHOe KOAHQeCTBO U Ay 60QHbIX" H3AaHHH. HacToH-
rn;HM repoeM 3TOH AereHAhI HBMeTCH, B cym;HOCTH, He <I>aYCT, a AhHBOA, CHM-
BOA Toro caMoro pa3YMa, pa60Ta KOToporo B XVIII BeKe pa3pyrnHAa epKoB-
Ho-cpeOAaAhHYIO HAeOAorHlO rocYAapcTBa ABOp5IH. Bo Bcex <I>aycTax paccKa-
3hIBaeTC5I, qTO H3 AoroBopa, H3 C0103a C AhHBOAOM - pa3YMo 1 QeAOBeK HH-
KaKoH nOAb3hI Af\5I ce6H He H3BAeK, a TOAbKO npe)KAeBpeMeHHO nonaA B CiA.
206
npUMe4.QHUR
31'0 COBepweHHO BepRo, eCAH <JAOM Cql1TaTb )K113Hb, TaK 6eCCMbICAeHHO 11
6eCQeAOBeQHO YCTpoeHHYIO Mern;aHI1HOM EBponbI 11 AMepI1KM" (rOpbKUii M.
C06p. C01J.: B 30 T. T. 26. M., 1953. C. 164 - 165). 3aMeTI1M, OAHaKO, 1JTO nOMH
MO Henpl1MHpl1MOrO OTIOp)KeHM5I Bcex cPOpM l1HAMBl1AYaAM3Ma, BbIweCKa-
3aHHoe o6HapYJKHBaeT He3HaHMe rOpbKH:H reTeBcKoro "<DaycTa" - He TOJ\.b-
KO BTOPO:H, HO If nepBOH QaCTI1 TpareAMM, rAe 0AH03HaQHO 11 HeOAHOKpaTHO
rOBOpI1TC5I 0 TOM, QTO Mecpl1CTOcPeAb 51BI1ACH OTHIOAb He KaK HOCHTeJ\.b pa3Y-
Ma, a MMeHHO KaK npOBOAHl1K COMHeHl1H B Ha.A.HQI1I1 11, fJ\.aBHoe, "CPYHKlI;HO-
HaAbHOM" MCnOJ\.h30BaHI1H nocAeAHero 1.IeAOBeKOM; 06 3TOM AbHBOA coo6u a-
eT I1 B "npOAore Ha He6e", 11 B "Pa601.IeH KOMHaTe <DaycTa" (IJMOrn;b QeAOBe
Ka, pa3YM npe3HpaH"). reTeBCKI1:H )Ke <DaycT, HanpoTMB, AOKa3bIBaeT, 1.ITO
I1MeHHO nOMCK pa3YMa BbIBOA,l1T 1.IeAOBeKa 3a IIpeAeAbI ">KMBOTHOro" 3r0113-
Ma K BbICOKI1M aA.bTPYI1CTI11.IeCKI1M ABI1JKeHI1HM AYIllI1 I1 AeHCTBI1HM (OCAO)K-
HeHHbIM CBOHMI1 npo6AeMaMl1 - HO 31'0 Y)Ke ApyrOH Bonpoc).
cDaKTl1QeCKI1 rOpbKMH aneMl1pyeT K AOI1pOCBeTMTeAbCKOMY, AOreTeB-
CKOMY TeKCTY 0 <DaYCTe M ero MOAI1CPI1, KalI;I1HM OCYJKAaH B repoe cpeAHeBe-
KOBOH J\.ereHAbl He rOPAbIHIO pa3YMa, HO reAOHMCTMqeCKHH "6YPJKya3HbB'1"
3rOM3M, CaMOH(1,AeHHHOCTb M CaMOBAJ06AeHHOCTb. TaK, B CTaTbe "Pa3pyrne-
Hl1e AI14HOCTH", yrBep)KAaH, "41'0 "KOJ\AeKTI1B He l1rn;eT 6eCCMepTl151, OH ero
HMeeT", rOpbKHH, YCMaTpl1BaH B 06pa3e cDaYCTa I1pe)KAe Bcero I10nbITKY AO-
6MTbCH AI1QHO Af\5I ce6H "CBepX1JeAOBeQeCKHX" I1pl1BHJ\.erM:H, I111111eT 0 cpeA-
HeBeKOBOM cPaYCTOBCKOM I1peAaHMH: IIC03AaBaH 31)' AereHAY, HapOA KaK 6bI
XOTeA OTMeTI1Tb AYXOBHoe 6eCCMAMe AMQHOCTl1, Y)Ke 51BHO 11 AaBHO Bpa>KAe6-
HOM: eMY, OCMe5lTb ee JKa>KAY HaCAa/KAeHl-tH H I10I1bITKl1 I103HaTb HeI103HaBa-
eMoe M5I Hee" (TaM )Ke. T. 24. C. 33).
npMMe1.IaTeJ\.bHo, QTO BCAeA 3a fOpbKI1M 3apa)Ka5lCb l1AeeH KOJ\AeKTHBa
KaK BbIClllero 6bITl1:HHOrO Ha1JaAa, MMeHHO Y feTe B 3aBepmeHMl1 BTOpOM lIa-
CTI1 "<DaYCTa" AAeKcaHAP EJ\.OK BI1AMT I1peoAoJ\.eHMe l1HAHBI1AYaAH3Ma. B
CTaTbe "KpyrneHMe ryMaH113Ma" (1919, 0I1y6J\.. B 1921) DJ\.OK rHiweT: "feTe
CTOJ\.bKO >Ke KOHelI;, CKOAbKO HaQaAO. B ero 3aCTbIBllleM 06pa3e YMl1palO lIi1.
ryMaHI13M (I1HAI1BHAYaAI13M, aHTI14HOCTb, CB513b HaYKM C l1CKYCCTBOM) KaK
6bI I1pOHH3aH 1'011: MY3bIKOH, KOTOpa}{ nOAHI1MaeTCH 113 TYMaHHOH 6e3AHbI
6YAyw.ero, - MY3bIKOH Macc (2-51 qaCTb "cDaYCTa")" (EAOKA.A. Co6p. cotJ.: B
8 T. M., 1962. T. 5. C. 95). Ta)Ke MbICAb I10BTOpHeTcSl HM)Ke: «CTHXM:HHbIH xa-
paKTep ABI1)KeHliH Macc, BCTynHBllll1x HOBbIM cpaKTopoM B HCTOpMIO, n01JYB-
CTBOBaAH reHHI1 Toro BeKa. MY3bIKaJ\.bHbIM OTKAMKOM Ha 31'0 ABI1)KeHl1e 6bI-
Aa BTOpa51 QaCTb "cDayC'ra"» - TaM )Ke. C. 460).
4. "OEPATHAJI <PAYCTl1AHA fI
PYCCKOrO J1HTEA/lJ1fEHTA
1 AeoHoBA.M. Co6p. COq.: BlOT. M., 1981. T. 1981. T. 1. C. 215. AaAee CCbIA-
KI1 Ha TPYAbI AeoHoBa AaIDTC}J no 3TOMY 113AaHI11O, CTpaHI1lI;bI YKa3aHbI B
TeKCTe.
2 CM.: VtCTOpHSI PYCCKOH COBeTCKOH AMTepaTypbI. M., t 979. C. 553.
3 CM.: Schroder R. Gorkis Erneuerung der Fausttradition, Berlin, 1971; 3amoH-
CKUU A. ")K113Hb KJ\.HMa CaMrl1Ha" H HeKoTopble npo6AeMbT cOBpeMeHHoro
3apy6e)KHOrO pOMaHa. M., 1968. Motyliowa T.L. Klim Samgin und Doktor
Faustus / / Sonntag. 1968. Okt. 6. S. 10.
npUMellQHUR
207
4 TOpbKUU M. C06p. COq.: B 30 T. M., 1950. T. 3. C. 447. AaAee CChIAKM Ha TPY-
AbI r opbKoro AaIoTcH no 3TOMY H3AaHI1lO, TOM H CTpaHI1QbI )'Ka3aHbI B TeKC-
Te.
5 AYHa4apcKuu A.B. C06p. COq.: B 8 T. T. 2. M., 1964. C. 180.
6 nep. E.A. naCTepHdKa. CM. y feTe: "Vom Hinmel fordert er die schonsten
Sterne / Und von der Erde jede hochste Lust..." ("OpoAor Ha He6e"). MOTHB
"IlITIOpMepcTBa", "6YHTa", pOAHHr.u;I1H 06pa3 <DaycTa C 06pa3aMI1 6aIipoHoB-
CKI1X repoeB - KaI1Ha H MaHcppeAa, oOAyqI1A oc06eHHoe pa3BI1TMe B I1H-
TepnpeTa HHx cpaycToBcKoro CIO)I(eTa AMTeparypoBeAeHHeM XX B. (CM.
pa3AeA DH6AHorpacpMM lI<DaycT M APyrHe AMTepaTYPHble THIIbI").
9 5. cDAYCT-XYA0)J(HUK HALJMHAET
11 npOMTPbIBAET
1 Valery P. Mon Faust. Paris, 1947. AaAee CChIAKH Ha TeKCT 1103MbI AaIOTC5.I
no 3TOMY I13AaHMlO (P. 4, 18, 131,243). CCbIAKH Ha "Beqep C rOCnOAI1HOM
TecToM" AalOTC5i no H3AaHM:IO: Valery P. Oeuvres. Paris, 1971. T. 1.
P.25-26.
2 06 YMoHacTpOeHI1HX, conyrcTB)'IO M:X rr05IBAeHMlO II Moero <DaycTa" n. Ba-
ACpl1, CM. TaK)Ke: BeAUKOBCKUU C. B nOMCKax yrpatIeHHOrO CMbICAa: Oy.ep-
KH AI1TeparypbI TparMqeCKOrO ryMaHM:3Ma BO <DpaHQI1I1. M., 1979.06 3CTe-
THlJeCKOM MHAI1BHAYaAI13Me n. BaAepM: CM.: TapacoB b.U. VIHTeMeKTYaAb-
HbIM "AeMOHI13M" H n03TI1QeCKa5I "rHMHacTHKa": 3CTeTI1l1eCKI1e B033peHI15I
nOM! BaAepI1 / / Bonp. AI1T-pbI. 1978. NQ 6. C. 164 - 192. 0 BAI15IHM:I1 TBoplle-
CTBa feTe Ha BaAepM CM.: Garrigue F. Goethe et VaJery. Paris, 1955;
Steiner H. Goethe und Valery / / Begegnungen mit Dichtern. TUbingeo,
1963. S. 44 - 59. CM. TaK)I(e: Richthofen E. Yon. Commentaire sur IJMon
Faust" de Paul Valery, Paris,1961.
3 Fecce T. CTenHOM: BOAK / nep. C AnTa / / fecce f. Yl36paHHoe. M., 1973.
C. 227. AaAee QI1TaTbI H3 pOMaHa AaIOTC5I no 3TOMY H3AaHI1IO, CTpaHI1QbI
)'Ka3aHbI B TeKCTe.
4 Tecce T. KpaTKoe )KI13HeOTII1CaHHe / / fecce f. Yl36paHHoe. M., 1971. C. 79.
5 Hesse H. Der Steppenwolf. ZUrich, 1974. S. 8.
6 CM.: Valery P. Oeuvres. T. 2. P. 42.
7 Ibid. T. 1. P. 89.
8 Ibid. T. 2. P. 67.
9 Ibid. T. 1. P. 46.
10 CM.: cDegopoB A.A. TOMac MaHH: BpeM5I rueAeBpoB. M., 1981. C. 298, a TaK-
>Ke: Blume B. Th. Mann und Goethe. Bern, 1949.
11 3KKep1\IZaH u.n. Pa3fOBopbI C feTe B rroCAeAHHe fOAhI ero )KM3HI1. M" 1981.
C. 155, 165, 323, 562 - 563. 06 OTHOllleHI1I1 feTe K npo6AeMe reHI1aAhHOCTI1
CM. TaK>KC: MumlOwuH A.A. YQeHI1e feTe 0 rrpHpoAe reHI1H / / <DMAOCOcpH5I
I1CKyccTBa B OpOlllAOM H HaCT05Im;eM. M., 1981.
12 MaHR T. AOKTOp <Daycryc / nep. C. AnTa 11 H. MaH / / MaHH T. C06p. COq.:
B 10 T. T. V. C. 86. AaAee QHTaTbI 113 pOMaHa Ha PYCCKOM H3bIKe AaIOTC5I no
3TOMY I13AaHM:IO, CTpaHI1QbI YKa3aHbI B TeKCTe.
13 CTM:X. "nOCB5Ill eHMe" (1784) B nep. B.B. AeBI1Ka (feme 11.B. AMpMKa. M.,
1978. C. 18).
208
npUMe4.QHU.R
6. (])AYCT C KOPWlHEBbIM OKPACOM
1 Mann K. Mefisto. Berlin, 1958. S. 351 ("Alle Fehler des Menschen verzeih ich
dem Schauspieler, keine Fehler des Schauspielers verzeih ich dem
Menschen").
2 3apUHb M. <1>aAbllIHBblH <DaYCT, HAH nepepa60TaHHa.51 nOBapeHHa.51 H npH-
CneIlIHHQb.51 KHHra / nep. C AaTbIlliCKoro BMAbI BOhKOBCKOH / / ApY)K6a Ha-
pOAOB, 1981. NQ 7 - 8. WHTaTbI H3 "<DaAbllIHBOrO <DaycTa" AaIOTC.5I no 3TOMY
H3AaHMlO, HOMep )KypHaAa H CTpaHHQbI YKa3aHhI B TeKCTe.
3 Apu,bl6aweB M.n. BeQHbI:H MHpa)K. EepAl1H, 1922. C. 8. Aa.J\.ee HTaTbI M3
npoH3BeAeHH:H Ap bI6allIeBa AalOTC.5I ITO 3TOMY 113AaHHlO, CTpaHHIJ;hI YKa3a-
HbI B TeKCTe.
4 3KKepMQH M.n. Pa3rOBophI c feTe B nocAeAHHe rOAbI ero )KH3HH. M.; A.,
1934. C. 719.
5 CM. 06 3TOM nOAPo6Hee: AaBblgoBQ T. T. <DaYCTOBCKa KOMH3H.5I B pOMaHe
EBfeHH.5I 3aM.5ITHHa u MbI " / / feTe B PYCCKO:H KYAbrype XX BeKa. M., 2001.
2-e Aon. H3A. M., 2004.
rJ1.QBQ IV
OT <DAYCTA PA3YMA K <DAYCTY CEPA A
t. XPUCTMAHM3J1POBAHHbIM C1)AYCT
B HEMMAOCEPAHOM MUPE
1 Mann Th" Kerenyi K. Gesprach in Briefen. ZUrich, 1960. S. 146.
2 CM.: b3A3Q M.(/). reHeaAOrH5I "MaCTepa 11 MaprapHThI" / / KOHTeKCT-78: .1\11-
TeparypHo-TeOpeTHqeCKHe HCCAeAOBaHH.5I. M., 1978. C. 156 - 248.
3 CM.: lfygaKOBQ M.O. TBopqecKaR HCTOpH.5I pOMaHa M. EYJ\I'aKOBa uMaCTep H
MaprapHTa" / / BonpOCbI AJ1T-pbl. 1976. NQ 1. C. 218 - 253.
4 EYAraKOB M.A. EeAa.51 rBapAH.5I. TeaTpaAbHbI:H pOMaH. MacTep 11 MaprapHTa.
M., 1975. C. 235. AaAee QHTaTbI H3 6YAraKOBCKl1X pOMaHoB AalOTCR no 31'0-
MY H3AaHHIO, CTpaHH bI )'Ka3aHbI B TeKCTe.
B CB5I3H C TeMO:H Meqn1CTocpeMI B pOMaHe IIMaCTep H MaprapMTa"
npHMeqaTeAbHa cAeAYIOIl.\a51 penAHKa rAaBHoro repo51 B OTBeT Ha paccKa3
VlBaHa Ee3AOMHoro: "Bqepa Ha naTpHaplIlHX nPYAax BbI BCTpeTHAHCb C Ca-
TaHOH... Hy BOT... BeAb Aa)Ke JUlQO, KOTopoe BhI OITHCbIBClAI1... pa3Hble rAa3a
6pOBH! npOCTHTe, MO>KeT 6bITb, BnpOqeM, BhI Aa)Ke onepbI "<DaYCT" He CAbI-
XaAH?" (C. 551).
5 CM.: I1CTOpHR PYCCKOI1 COBeTCKO:H AHTeparypbI. M., 1979. C. 155.
6 Rosenthal R. Bulgakov's Sentimental Devil / / The New Leader. 1967. Nov.
20.
7 Ha BOAHe 06w;eCTBeHHoro 060CTpeHHOrO HHTepeca K MHQ:>Y, peAHfHH, npa-
HCTOKaM qeAOBeqeCKOrO C03HaHH.5I, xapaKTepHoro AJ\Jl BTOpOH nOAOBHHbI
XX B., B cepeAHHe 1980-x rOAOB B OTeqeCTBeHHOI1 AHTepaTYPe 51BHAOCb cpa-
3Y HeCKOAbKO npOAOJUKaTeAeH AeAa (TOqHee, CAOBa) IIMOCKOBCKoro <Dayc-
Ta" - 6YAraKOBCKoro MaCTepa, 6hIAM HanHcaHbI HOBbIe lJeBaHreAH.5I" -
"6AarHe BeCTH" 0 )KH3HH npaBeAHHKOB, CTpeM.5Irn;HXC.5I HanOMHHTb Tep.5lIO-
J.l.J.HM Ayrny AIOAHM 0 cocTpClAaHHH H MHAocepAHH: pOMaHbI LIHHrH3a AHTMa-
npU letl.aHUR
209
TOBa "nAaXa" 11 PYCAaHaKHpeeBa "KpOBMiAaAeKOrOrOpOAa" (06a - 1986),
pOMaH.TpaKTaT BAClAHMHpa TeHAPHKoBa unOKYllIeHHe Ha MHpa>KH" (1987).
Bo Bcex 3THX rrp0113BeAeHl1HX - ABa nAaCTa rroseCTBOBaHH5I (COOTHOC5II.QJ1X
COBpeMeHHOCTb C HOBhIM, Y KHpeeBa - C BeTxHM: 3aBeTOM). Be3Ae repOH
nhITaeTCH cnaCTH MHp A06pOTOH, coeAHHHSI B CBoeM 06pa3e qepTbI 6YAHHq-
HOCTH, "06bIKHOBeHHOCTl1" - H oc06eHHOCTH KaK 3HaK TpdHccpopMaQHH
npOCBeTHTeAbCKoro TI1TaHH3Ma B OTMeQeHHOe BAHHHHeM 3K311CTeHQHa-
AHCTCKOH 3THKH MY>KeCTBeHHoe npOTHBOCTOHHl1e 06bI"llHOrO QeAOBeKa PO-
KOBOMY 3AY rrOBceAHeBHOCTH. Be3Ae repOH-rrpaBeAHHKl1 rH6Hyr, He CYMeB
HHTerpl1pOBaTbCH B 3TOT MHp. OTBepralOID;HX He TOAbKO HX CAOBO, HO H I1X
HCKynHTeAbH}'lO >KepTBY, rrpeACTaBMH TeM caMhlM eII.J;e OAHO AOKa3aTeJ\bCT-
BO rynHKoBOCTI1 rryrH xpHCTHaHH311pOBaHHoro <DaYCTa.
8 CM.: AAeKcaHgpoBa H.K. TeMa <DaYCTa B 3anaAHoeBponeHCKOH AHTeparype
(K rrp06AeMe CTaHOBAeHHSI AYXOBHO-HCTOPHQ. cpeHOMeHa): Yq. noc06He.
Yf>KeBCK, 1997. C. 81 (ynoMHHaHHe: Eellu K. MHpoBble HrpbI. Ml1pOBble MeQ-
TbI: nHTb cpaycToBcKMX nbec - Weltenspiele. Weltentraume: Flinf Faust..
StUcke).
9 AAeUlUH C. Mecpl1CTocpeAb. naAaTa. M., 1963. C. 4.
9 2. C1>AYCTbI EAArOPOAHOrO AEMCTBUJI
11 CPAYCTbI OTKA3A OT A EflHl1fl
1 CeAbBUHCKUU U. C06p. COq.: B 6 T. M., 1973. T. 5. UHTaThI H3 ApaMaTHQeCKOH
n03MbI CeAhBHHCKOro AaIOTC5I no 3TOMY H3AaHHIO, CTpaHHQbI YKa3aHbI B
TeKCTe.
2 CM. 06 3TOM, B qaCTHOCTH, B CTaTbHX: XOBpuRa (51KyrlIeBa) r.B. 0 MoryII.J;eCT-
Be H 3a6AY>KAeHl1HX pa3yMa (3cce r. MaHHa "AYX H AeHCTBHe" H "BOAhTep 11
feTe") / / BecTHHK MocK. YH-Ta. Cepe X. <DHAoAorHH. 1969. NQ I; 5IKYUle-
Ba r.B. HHTepHaL\I10HaA Ayxa: MAeH eBpOne:HCKOrO eAHHCTBa H HeMeL\KaH
Mi6epaAhHaH I1HTeMHreHL\I1H 10- 20-x rOAOB XX B. / / EBponeHCKHH aJ\.b-
MaHax. M., 1991.
3 CM.: MuxaiiAoB A.B. KAacCHqeCKHH CTHAb feTe H pOMaH HJ136HpaTCAbHoe
CpOACTBO" / / reTeBCKl1e QTeHI1H. M., 1997.
4 AeBaga A.C. <DaYCT 11 CMepTb: nbeChI / nep., H yxpal1HCKOrO A. CeAbIX. M.,
1 978. HTaThI 113 ApaMbI "<DaYCT H CMepTb" npHBOMITC5I no AaHHO'l\tY 113Aa-
HMIO, CTpaHHL\hI yt<a3aHhI B TeKCTe.
5 CM.: Bynswanger H. o.K. Die moderne Wirtschaft als alchimistischer
Prozess / / Neue Rundschau. 1982. NQ 3. S. 6 -7, a TaK)Ke: JIKYUleBa r.B.
CMepTb H B03pO)KAeHHe AOKTopa <DaycTa / / AHT. ra3. 16.02.1983.
6 TeURp ge lllapgeH n. <I>eHoMeH QeAOBeKa. M., 1965. C. 112.
7 POMaH JJAOKTOp 3aKC...", He rrpHHaA,he>KaI.IJ;HH K qHCAY HdH60Aee H3BeCTHbIX
pOMaHOB A;>K. KepyaKa, QaCTl1QHO OCBell\eH B pa60Tax 0630pHoro xapaKTe-
pa A.A. EAHcTpaToBoH H 5I.H. 3acYPcKoro. CM. TaK>Ke: Tytell J. The naked
angels. N.Y., 1966; Hunt T. Kerouac's Crooked Road. Harnden, 1981.
83AeCb, BhIlIle H AaAee CM.: Kerouac J. Doktor Sax. Faust, Part Three. N.Y.,
1959. P. 4, 5, 51-52, 83, 244-245.
9 AlOppeHMamm (]). KOMeAHH. M., 1969. C. 397. AaAee l1TaTbI 113 nbeCbI AlOp.
peHMa'ITa (Ha PYC. 513.) npHBOAHTCSI no 3TOMY H3AaHHIO, CTpaHH4hI YKa3aHbI
B TeKCTe. CM. TaIOKe KOMMeHTapHH IO.M. ApxHnoBa K AaHHOMY H3AaHHIO
210
npUMellQHUR.
1114 Te311COB K <DpI1APHXY AlOppeHMaTIY" H KH. H.C. naBhoBoH H<DpHAPMX
A,IoppeHMa'IT". M., 1967.
10 Dllrrenmatt F. Die Physiker / / Dtirrenmatt F. Werkausgabe: In 13 Bd. Zurich,
1985. Bd. 7. S. 72.
11 06 3TOM npoH3BeAeHHH <D. EpaYHa, a TaK)Ke 0 pOMaHe IJKpa6aT" IO. Epe3a-
Ha CM.: c:t>opmYllamoBa B.A. Peu;enQH.H lI<DaYCTa" feTe B IIp03e rAP (70-e ro-
AbI) / / feTeBcKl1e 1JTeHM.H. M., 1991.
12 0 pOMaHe A. AlOpKO HCqaCTAHBoe nyrernecTBHe AOKTopa cDaYCTa B npeHC-
nOAHeH" (TaK )Ke, KaK If 06 ynoMHHaeMoM HH)l(e pOMaHe C. Epe3aHa "Kpa-
6aT...") CM. B KH.: ryceB 1O.fT. COBpeMeHHa.H BeHrepCKa5i hl1Teparypa B KOH-
TeKCTe AHTepaTYP COQUaMiCTHqeCKHX CTpaH EBponbI: AHHaMHKa xYA0)Ke-
CTBeHHoro KOHcpAHKTa. M., 1987.
13 5pe3QH 10. Kpa6aT, HAM npe06pa)KeHHe Ml1pa. M., 1979. UI1TaTbI 113 3Toro
pOMaHa npIfBOMITC.H 110 AaHHOMY H3AaHHlO, cTpaHHu.bI YKa3aHbI B TeKCTe.
14 OpAOB B. AAbTHCT AaHHAOB / / HOBbLll Mlfp. 1980. NQ 3, 4. l\I1TaTbI H3 pOMa-
Ha npHBOMlTC.H no AaHHoMY 113AaHIfIO, HOMep )KypHaJ\a H cTpaHHu.bI YKa3a-
HbI B TeKCTe.
FAana V
OT AErEP0113HPOBAHHOrO <DAYCTA
K cDAYCTY YCT AJ\OMY
1. 3BOAIOL(UJI (/)AYCTOBCKOrO LJEJ10BEKA:
CYITEPMEH, EIOPTEP 11 nAPOAUJI
1 CM.: naBAOB C. <DaYCT B "06 eCTBe nOTpe6AeHH.H" / / AHT. ra3. 03.04.1974,
a TaK)Ke: (B.a.) "HoBoe np01JTeHHe" feTe (TaM )Ke. 08.10.1986).
2 <DaYCT IIOABepraeTC.H OCY)KAeHlflO KaK "cynepMeH, nonHpalOll B1: Bce 1JehO-
BeqeCKHe H. COQI1aJ\.bHbIe 06.H3aTeAbcTBa" (Mason E.C. Superman or human-
ity's symbol? / / The Times Literary Supp1. 1968. Dec. 12. P. 1402), KaK caMO-
HaAe.HHHbIM rOPAeQ, OAep)l(HMbIM onacHoM 6e3rpaHH1JHOCTblO )KeAaHI1I1
(Strobel R. Adenauer und der Weg Deutschlands... S. 31), KOTOPOMY He XBa-
TaeT A06pOAeTeAH TepneHI1.H, 1Jb.H cTpacTb K HccAeAoBaHHlO 3rOHCTI11JHa,
1160 npOAI1KTOnaHa cTpeMAeHHeM "TOp)KeCTBOBaTb H BAacTBoBaTb"
(Phillips D.Z. Knowledge, patience and Faust / / A Nat. Quarterly. N. Haven,
1980. NQ 3. Vol. 69. P. 321 - 341 ), a IIoTpe6HocTb AellcTBoBaTb, B03HHKllla.H
IIPH nOHCKax nOAXOMl ero CAOBa B nepeBoAe bH6AMIf, y)l(e eCTb IIaKT C Ab51-
BOhOM, n01JeMY <DaycT H SIBA5leT C060H U He npMMep, a npeAOCTepe)KeHHe"
(Rosenfeld H.Fr. Der Eingang des Johannes-Evangeliums im Mittelalter: !vIit
einem Seitenblick auf Goethes "Faust" / / Stoffe. Formen. Strukturen:
Studien zur d. Literatur. Munchen, 1962. S. 178 - 205).
3 npe,M-O)KeHHa.H raynTMaHoM B 3TOM 3cce KOHQen H.H cpaYCTOBCKoro rep051,
npOHI1KHyraSI MIfcpOJ\.orHQeCKHM I1ppaqHOHaJ\H3MOM 11 AYXOM HJ1QlIJeaHCKO-
ro arpeCCMBHoro M30J\.5II MOH1l3l\1ar I3IIOAHe AO)l(HTC5I B PYCAO xapaKTepHbIX
M5I Me)KBOeHHOH repMaHHI1 TpaKToBKH <DaYCTa KaK 6AaropOAHoro 11 o6pe-
1JeHHOrO (H3-3a CBoero 6AaropOACTBa) apHHCKoro rep05l, OKpY)KeHHOrO Bpa-
raMH qY;KAhIX pac.
npUMetl.aHUR
211
4 B.A. 30preH<t>pei1 B npeAHcJ\oBI1H K PYCCKOMY 113AaHHlO 31'011 ApaMbI 06Ha-
PY>KHBaeT TaK)Ke peMMHMcqeHIJ.1111 CIO)I(eTa, rep05I 11 II03TI1KYI Y BepcpeMl C
"MOM" AaHTe 11 uOOpTpeTOM AOpl1aHa fp35I" O. YaH:AbAa (BepcjJeAb (/). "4e-
AOBeK 113 3epKaAa. 06.; M., 1922. C. 12 - 13).
5 Stein G. Doktor Faustus lights the lights / / Stein G. Last operas and plays.
N.Y., 1975. P. 90-91, 92, 116-118.
6 0 1l03THKe CTI1AM3aU;IlM CpeAHeBeKoBoM MHcTepl1H B AaHHOM npOH3BeAe-
HI1H CM.: Dabezies A. Visages de Faust au XX siecle... P. 189 - 190.
9 2. TPABECTMJ1HbIU TEPOU
3nOXU nOCTMOAEPHM3MA - IIC1>AYCTO(])EAb"
1 nOAP06Hee 06 31'011 AHCKYCCI1M CM. B KH.: Dabezies A. Op. cit P. 96 - 118.
2 JIcnepc K. feTe 11 Halle 6YAYll\ee. M., 1949. C. 24 - 31.
3 Faust im Wilden Westen / / Stanko K. Goethe als solcher. Bergisch
Gladbach, 1969. S. 60. TaKoro pOAa KOMIfKCOM BbIrMIAIfT 11 CrreK1'aKAb "cDa-
YCT feTe" B TeaTpe K.C. CTaHYICAaBCKoro BecHoH (2004) B "HoBaTopcKoi1"
nOCTaHOBKe pe>KMCCepa Dopl1ca IOxaHaHoBa.
BOT cppar:MeH1'bI pe eH3l1M KaTepJ1HbI KpoHraY3 (ra3. " KYAh1ypa" ,
NQ 12 OT 20-26 MapTa 2001 r.) Ha rrpeMbepHbIl1: cneKTaKJ\b pe)KHCCepa 60-
pHca IOxaHaHoBa "<DaYCT feTe", COC1'OHBIllMHC5I Ha cu;eHe ApaMaTl'p.:IeC-
Koro TeaTpa K.C. CTaHHCAaBCKoro B HaqaAe 2001 r. - peu.eH3HI1, OCTpO-
YMHO Ha3BaHHO:H "Be"lJHhI:H <DaycT Ha rrpI1KoJ\e" - C yqeToM cOllpeMeHHo-
ro "CA3HfOBOfO" 3HaqeHJ151 fIOCAeAHero CAOBa: II ...EOpHC IOxaHaHoB fOTO-
BHAC5I K npeMbepe AOAro 11 YCHAeHHo. Yyrb 60Ahrue ABYX AeT... PerreTHpo-
BaA, perreTl1pOBaJ\. 11 B arrpeAe 1999 rOAa BbIAaJ\ B paMKax cpec'l HBaA5I
IInYU1KI1H & feTe" IIJeCTl-p.:IaCoRYIO BepCMlO CneKTaKMI "<DaYCT feTe II .
B HOH6pe Toro :>Ke rOAa COKpaTI1A BepC1110 pOBHO B ABa pa3a. A 3a OCTaB-
rneeC5I Bpervl51 CBeA K npHAI1QHhIM ABY1"1 C IIOAOBHHOM qaCaM. 3a q1'O, C06CT-
BeHHO, M cnacM60.
HalJMHaJ\och Bce OqeHb rrpl151THO Ii KpacMBo. MHoro H3BeCTHbIX, Hap5lA-
HhIX 11 KY AhTYpHO rroAKoBaHHbIx AIOAeH B <t>oHe TeaTpa /KAaJ\H qerO-TO He
MJI cpeAHMX yMOB. Yero BcerAa *-Ayr 01' CTpaHHhIX pe)KHCCepOB, B35IBllIHX-
C5II1HTeprrpeTMpOBaTb BeQHO JKMBYlO KAaCCHKY. npH 3TOM )KAMl'L.. 06MeHH-
Ba5ICh rrOCJ\eAHHMI1 H3BeCTHhlMI1 <paKTaMM 0 6YAym;eM CneK1'aKAe. BpOAe
KaK <DaYCT - 31'0 H eCTb MeQ:>MCTOQ:>eJ\b, a MeqH1CTOQJeJ\b - He \.ITO HHoe,
KaK OAHa 1'13 KOlueK KYKAaqeBa. norOBapHHMI1 1'aK.lKe, \ITO <DaYCTa 11 MecpM-
CToct:>eJ\..H MrpalOT COBeprneHHO pa3HhIe aKTephI, HO no XOAY cneKTaKMi <Da-
YCT CTaHOBl1TC5I MecpMCTo<peAeMr MeqHifCTo<t>eAb - nYAeAeM r a nYAeAh -
onHTh-1'aKI1 KOlllKO:H KYKAalleBa. CKOpO Bce Ha'-lMOCh, 11 tfTO-TO He MJI cpeA-
Hl1X YMOB He 3aCTaBMAO ce651 /KAaTb.
Ha cu.eHY BhIeXaA Dor. OpOCTOH 1'aKoH, CYIMnaTMqHbIH MY>KqHHa cpeA-
HHX J\eT Ha TpexKoAecHoM BeAOCHIIeAe M C rneCTblO KOlllKaMl1 Ha rrpMu;ene.
nepeA Hl1M rrOCTaBI1AI1 cToJ\6 C IIOAYIllKOH HaBepxy 11 3aneJ\Jif qTO-TO OqeHb
onepHoe. OpMBeA KAOYH, rrpHHec KOlliKYr rrOBeC11A Ha CTOA6 If CTaA J\erOHh-
KO nOrAa>KHBaTb no CIIHHe. KOlliKa 51BHO HaCJ\a;KAMaCb MOMeHTOM CAaBbI 11
n03TOMY HMKaKV1X 1'eJ\OABM)KeHMH cOBepruaTb He C0611paAaCb. KAOYH e e
pa3 AerOHhKO ee rrOfAdAMJ\, Xop noneA, 3M Y.lKe Ae:>KaA. KAOYH CH51A KOlllKY
co CTOA6a H nOKpyrHAC5I C HeM: B TaKT neHMlO r nOBeCMA 06paTHO Ha C1'01\6 H
212
npUMeqaHUR
xopomeHbKO nHYA. KOIllKa BCKapa6KaAaCh HaBepx, CTOA6 TYT JKe HaKAOHH-
Jill - OHa CBaARhaCb H ynIAa co c eHbI...
Ha BeAOCHneAe npHeXaA Me<pHCTocpeAb, n060ATaA C EorOM 0 qeM-TO
CBoeM If noeXaA K <Daycry. TOT, KaK IIOAOJKeHO, CTPdAaA. 4TO-TO AOJU'O rOBO-
pMA. nOTOM B 3aAe rpOMKO 3a3BeHeA M06HAbHbH1 TeAe<pOH - 3pHTeJ\M npocHY-
ARCb. HAa" I - rpoMKO CKa3aA MOAOAOR qeAOBeK. <DaYCT 3aMOAqaA 1'1 YCTaBRA-
CH B 3aA. H5I B TeaTpe, - eI..l\e rpOMtIe CKa3aA tIeAOBeK B 3aAe, OrJ\.5lAeACH, H3BH-
HHAC5I 1'1 BCTaA co cryAa. - 51 <DaYCTa CMOTpIO", - CKa3aA OH, nOAHHACH Ha
cu;eHY, BCYHYA <t>aycry cHrapery B pOT, AaA npHKypHTh M ymeA 3a cu;eHY.
AaAhIlle onHTb n05lBHACH MeqHICTocpeAb, a 3a HMM OtIeHb CTpaHHhIl'1 ny AeAh.
Xop 3aneA qTO-TO npo nYAe.MI. OYAeAb CTpaHHO BepTeA XBOCTOM. C Hero CHH-
J\M napHK - OKa3aAaCh ern;e OAHa KOlliKa KYKl\..atIeBa. 4epe3 HeKOTopoe Bpe-
M5I CTaAO HCHO, qTO Y IOxaHaHOBa AeHCTBHTeAbHO KaKaH-TO np06AeMa C aKTe-
paMH, nOTOMY KaK HH MapThI, HH MaprapHThI cpeAw Ael'1cTBYlOIl\HX JillU; 3aMe-
qeHO He 6hIAO. BAPyr Me<pHcTocpeAb 3aneA: UA 51 HAY, maraIO no MOCKBe".
KorAa MecpH.CTocpeAb C <DaYCTOM OqepeAHOH pa3 MeHHAMCh pOJ\.5lMM, <DaYCT
CKa3aA npo MecpHCTocpeJ\.51 H rpeTXeH: HQH 3HaeT, KaK nOAKaTHTb". E e BbI-
IlIAa >KeHIIJ.HHa H CKa3aAa, qTO J\.106HT OTKphIBaTh 3aHaBec, BaIllY MaTh. A no-
TOM CAyqHAC5I aHTpaKT. ...3pHTeAeH nOCAe aHTpaKTa OCTaAOCb KaK-TO Aa>Ke AO
HenpHAHtIHOrO MaAO. Ho npeAYCMOTpHTeAhHblH lOxaHaHoB Ha BTOPO¥l aKT
BhICcJAHA Ha cu;eHY ABaAI-\aTb qeAOBeK-aHreAOB, KaK B CepHaAaX, tITo6hI BOBpe-
MSI XAOnaAH M CMeHAHCh. OHM XAOnaAH H CMe5lAHCh. MecpHcTocpeAb oqepeA-
HOR pa3 nOMeHHAC5I C <I>aYCTOM. )KeHrn;HHa On5lTb BblIlIAa H CKa3aAa, qT06hI
OTKpblAH 3aHaBec, Hamy MaTh. nOTOM onHTb 3aneAH, H eIl\e pa3, 1'1 eI..l\e HeMHO-
ro... 3aneA HA.MMAyfIlO", nOCAe qero Bce aKTepbI BhIlllAH Ha cu;eHY H nOKAOHH-
AHCb. A nOTOM JKeHI..l\HHa On5lTh CKa3aAa 3aKpblTh 3aHaBec Ii CHOBa PyrHYAaCb.
M 3TO 6h1Ad Hacr05lIIJ.aJI peJKHCCepCKdSI HaxoAKa. He TO, qTO OHa nOBTO-
pHAa CBOIO HeBeceA}'IO rnyrKY B TpeTHH pa3, qTo6bI AO OCTaBlllHXC5I 3pHTe-
AeH HaKoHeQ AOlIIAO, KaK cBo60AHO IOxaHaHoB 06paIl\aeTCH C KAdCCHKOM.
npaKTHtIeCKH Ha PdBHblX, :.sanaHH6paTa H C KOIIIaqhI1M IOMOpKOM.
A TO, tJTO 3aHaBec 60AbllIe He OTKpbIBaAH, MaTh HX" .
4 Faust im Wettbewerb. Versionen von Heute tiber einen Mann von
Vorvorgestern / Hrsg. von G. Mahal. Mtihlacker, 1985 (CTHXH, PHCYHKH,
KpOCCBOPAbl, H peqb 3aIIJ.HTHHKa", HnepenHcKa" feopra <I>aycTa C H3AaTeAeM
HAP. HrpOBbIe BepCHH cpaycroBcKoro CIOJKeTa).
5 CM. HH>Ke: BapwaBCKuii U. TpeBOJKHbIX CHMnTOMOB HeT. nOBeCTH H paCCKa-
3hI. M., 1972; AanuH E. KOHrpecc / / 3eAeHblH noe3A. <DaHTacTbI CH6HpH.
M., 1976; CeprueHKo K. n060tIHbIH 3cpcpeKT / / MHp npHKAlOqeHHR.
M., 1983. OrAaAeHHbIe MOTHBbI A,b5lBOAhCKOrO napH MOJKHO BCTpeTHTh TaK-
)Ke B aHfJillHCKOH <paHTacTHKe xx B. (paccKa3 YHACOHa OMAHcca 'IKoMH-
tJecKHH MH<pePHO", 1973 - CM. B ABTopecpepaTe AHCC. Ha COI1CKaHHe )"Ie-
HOR CTeneHH KaHAHAaTa <pRAOA. Hayx A.K. Ky6aTHeBd uCOBpeMeHHhIH <paH-
TaCTHQeCKHH paCCKd3 BeJ\.HK06pHTaHHI1 (50 -70-e rr.)". M., 1980).
6 EAUH H.t KawaeB B. OllII16Ka MecPHCTo<peMi / / MocKBa. 1981. NQ 3, 4. M-
TaTbI AalOTcH no 3TOMY H 3,¥.H 1'110, HOMep JKypHaAa H cTpaHHQhI YKa3aHhI B
TeKCTe.
7 AeBumcmcKuii /0. nHCbMa KaTepHHe, HAH nporyAKa C <I>aYCTOM. M., 1981.
814HT. no KH.: feTe B PYCCKOH n033HH... C. 141.
9 L(HT. no KH.: feTe B PYCCKOR n033HH (CTpaHHQhI YXd3aHbI B TeKCTe).
npUMellQHUR
213
10 CM.: TaM JKe. C. 48.
11 CM.: TaM >Ke. C. 112.
12 Pbl6aKoBa M.A. CDaycTI1Ha / / 3HaM5I. 1999. NQ 12.
13 JlCaM 51 - ABOHCTBeHHO eAHH" (rrep. H.H. BI1AbMoHTa) - KaK H AHCTOK 3K-
30TvPleCKoro paCTeHM5I, C KOTOpbIM CpaBHI1BaeT n03T CBOIO AYWY. Ta /Ke
MbICAb - B MOHOAore reTeBCKOrO <DaYCTa: JlZwei Seelen, ach, in meinem
Brust" ("Ax, ABe Ayul" B MOeM: rPYAI1! If).
3aKAlO4.eHue:
BEJ\HKHM APXETI1TI, liTO )KE AAAbIIlE?
1 AKryaAeH B XX B. TaKJKe MOTI1B OTO)I(AeCTBAeHH5I 06pa3a <DaYCTa C CaMI1M
feTe (CM.: Hauptmann G. Goethe und die Volksseele. Berlin, 1922). npHMephI
IllHpOKoro TOAKOBaHH5I TpaHccpopMaIJ;I1H QJaycToBcKoro repo51 B J\.MTeparype
XX B., npeMaralOT KH. H. 30AOTyCCKoro "CDaYCT 11 QJI13HKH" (M., 1968).
B. <DoPTYHaToBoH JlrepoH 11 AeHCTBMTeAbHOCTb" (KyJi6bIllIeB, 1985), 06pa-
rn;eHH5I HeMeQKoH KPHTHKI1 (CM. B c6.: "Faust. Annaherungen einen Mythos",
1995) K pOMaHY I1pMrapA MoprHep ")KH3Hb 11 npHKAlOqeHH TPy6a.AypllIM
EeaTpMc no cBHAeTeAhCTBY ee HanepCHHIJ;hI )\aYPbI" ("Leben und Abenteuer
der Trobadora Beatriz nach Zeugnissen ihrer Spielfrau Laura", Berlin, 1974).
2 Ortega y Gasset J. EI tema de nuestro tiempo, Madrid, 1964.
3 Opmera-u-Faccem X. B nOI1CKaX feTe. nMCbMO HeMeIJ;KoMY APYry (1932) / /
0pTera-M-facceT X. 3cTeTMKa. <DHAOCOQJI151 KYJ\.brypbI / Oep. C Mcn. M..
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1916-1918
1 918 - 1 922
1922
1925
1 929 - 1940
1942
1947
1960
1965
1966
1972
1973
1976
1980
1981
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1983
1997
1999
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215
3APYEE)/(HAJI <PAYCTUAHA
1902 Morphy M. Faust et Marguerite: Roman. Paris
Giobbe M. Mefistofele: Tragedie. Napoli
Fe]decke H. Der neue Faust: Drama. Wien.
1903 Maragall J. La Margariteda: Drama. Barcelona
1904 Farrere C. La Fin de Faust: Nouvelle. Paris
1905 Grat A. Una sosta dell'Ebreo errante: Dialog dramatique. Torino
1907 Wefers R. Nirwana, Fausts erster Teil: Dramatisches Gedicht
Hamburg
Briiggemann A. Faust: Drei Singspiele (nach Goethe). Milano
1907 -1910
1908 Focillon H. Faust: Fragments. Paris
Soto y Calvo F. EI Demiurgo: Poeme. Paris
Bartsch R.-H. Der neue Faust. Wien
1910 Gaulke J. Der gefesseIte Faust: Roman (satir.). Berlin
1911 Wedekind F. Franziska: Drama. Berlin
Jarry A. Gestes et opinions du docteur Faustroll. Paris
Micinski T. Ksiadz Faust: Roman. Varsovie
1913 Ficke A.-D. Mr. Faust: Drama. New York
Eflimiu V. Cocosul Negru: Fantezie dramati<::a. Bucarest
1916 Engelhardt E.-L. Faust, ein deutscher Mythos: Epopoe. Altern
1918 Benavente J. Mefistofela: Comedia. Madrid
1919 Payer Van Thurn R. Doktor Faust, ein Gelehrtenschicksal: Novelle
Wien
Beerbohm M. Enoch Soames: Story (fant). London
Cabe] J.-B. Jurgen, a comedy of justice: Novel. New York
A venarius F. Faust: Ein Spiel. Milnchen
1920 Werte] F. Spiegelmensch: Dramatische Trilogie. Munchen
Pannwilz R. Faustus und Helena: Epos. Mlinchen
1921 Hjorl K. Faust: Roman: Copenhague
Burg P. Hexe, ein heiterer Harz-Roman. Hagen
Stahn H. Faustus redivivus: Drama. Leipzig
1922 Baroja R. La leyenda de Jaun de Alzate. tv1adrid
1923 Crane H.-H. For the Marriage of Faustus and Helen: Poem. Detroit
Bartsch R.-H. Der Satangedanke: Roman. Wien
1924 Degen P. Doktor Faust: Ein Spiel. Greifswald
1925 Klabund (Henschke A.). Das Histerliche Leben des weiland bekan
nten Erzzauberers Christoph Wagners: Volksspiel. Berlin
Pagani S. Faust in Italia: Drama. Torino.
Baring M. Doctor Faust's last day: Short story. London
Wieprecht E. Jung-Faust: Satire. Grossenhain
1926 Coelho De Carvalho P. 0 gran doutor, Psicose de Fausto: Tragico
media. Lisboa
Mac-Orlan P. Marguerite de la nuit: Nouvelle. Paris
Chelderode M. La Mort du Dr. Faust: Tragedie pour music-hall. Pari
1927 Zerzer J. Johannes, eine Faust-Legende. Munchen
1928 Huna L. Hexenfahrt: Roman (histor). Leipzig
Bennet E.-A. The Return Journey: Comedy. London
216 Eu6AuorpacjJuR
1929 Schwartz-Bostunitch G. Parsifal und Faust: Drama. Pforzheim
Niox-Chateau E. Faust: Drame. Paris
1930 Prothero J.-H. John Faust Ph.D. or Faust as you like it: Musical. co-
medy. Philadelphie
1931 Ribemont-Dessaignes G. Faust: Drame. Paris
1932 Kratzmann E. Faust, ein Buch vom deutschen Geiste: Roman. Wien
Blumelhuber M. Jung-Faust an die Menschheit: Satire. Wien
Schwarz-Bostunitch G. Faust in Erfurt: V olksspiel. Erfurt
Soya C.E. Hvem ar jeg? Comedie. Copenhague
1933 Gstottner A. Der Wanderer: Dramatische Dichtung. Salzburg
1934 Gilbricht W. Doktor Johann Faust: Horspiel. Radio-Hamburg
Grande A. Faust non e morto: Passatempo teatrale. Roma
1936 Beskov G. Ett Faustspel: Lyrikst drama. Stockholm
Mann K. Mephisto: Roman. New York
1937 Gerschunoff A. La clinika del Doctor Mephistopheles: Comedia.
Santiago
1938 Stein G. Doktor Faust lights the light: Dramatic poem. New York
1939 Sayers D.-L. The Devil to pay: Sacred play. Oxford
1941 Valery P. Mon Faust: Poeme dramatique; texte definitif en 1945.
Paris.
1943 Reynolds E.-R. Mephistopheles and the golden apples: Drama. (fant.)
Cambridge
1944 Ward R.-H. Faust in hell: Melodrama. London
Hayes A. The imitation of Faust: Poem. New York
1945 Casona A. La Barca sin pescador: Drama. Madrid
1946 Welles O. Time runs: Drama. Urauf. in Hamburg
1947 Mann T. Doktor Faustus: Roman. Stockholm
1948 Conzalez Paredes R. Fausto: Poema. Caracas
i 949 Grasmayr A. Das Faustbtichl. Salzburg
Beguin G., Monsieur Faust, Madame et l'autre: Comedie. Bruxelles
Myers J. Silverlock. New York
Webels W. Ein Spiel vom Doktor Faust. Essen
1950 Fisson P. Les Certitudes equivoques: Roman. Paris
Herbst W. Luther und Faust, ein Kampf urn Wittenberg: Drama. Berlin
Clair R., Salacrou A. La Beaute du diable: Scenario. Paris
1951 Hellens F. L'Homme de soixante ans: Roman. Paris
Engelmann H.-U. Dr Faust's Hollenfahrt: Radio-Opera. Hamburg
Terra D. EI Faustino: Comedia. Roma
Eisler H. Johann Faustus: Libretto. Berlin
Lepage A. Faust et Don Juan: Radio-comedie. Pub!. 1960, Bruxelles
Collier J. Pictures in the fire. New York
1953 Thiry M. Juste ou la quete D'Helene: Recit. Bruxelles
1954 Saenz de Heredia J.-L. Si Fausto fuera Faustina: Operetta. Madrid
Neville E. Veinte anitos: Comedia. Madrid
Shapiro K. The progress of Faust: Poem. New York
1955 Tardieu J. Faust et Yorick: Drame en 1 acte. Paris
Ciardi J. Doctor Faustus: Poem. New Brunswick
Thomas D. The Doctor and the Devils: Scenario. London
5u6AuorpacjJUR
217
1956 Villalonga L. Faust: Comedia. Palma de Mallorca
Segonne M. Faustus: Poeme. L'Isle-sur-Sorgue
1957 Schwarze H. -D. Faustens Ende. Dtisseldorf
Eftimiu V. Doctor Faust Vrajitor: Drama. Bucarest
Borrow A. John Faust: Drama. London
Esclasans A. Faust i Fausta: Poeme. Barcelona
Wallace R. Faust 57: Fantasy for TV. London
1958 Olson E.-J. Faust, a masque. Chicago
Byng E.-J. Die Wiederkehr des Dr Faust: Erzahlun . Mtinchen
Bednat K. Johanes Doktor Faust: Drama (marion.). Praha
Korn K. Faust ging nach Amerika. Olten
Duncan R.-E. Faust Foutu: An entertainment. Publ. 1958 - 1960, San
Francisco
1959 Kerouac J. Doktor Sax. Faust, Part three: Roman. New York
Hochwiilder F. Donnerstag: Drama. Salzburg
Evelyn J. The Tragedy of Faust. London
1960 Ehbauer M. Der Faust in den Krachledern: Dramatische Dichtung.
Miinchen
1962 Butor M., Pousseur H. Votre Faust: Fantaisie variable. Paris
Richards I.-A. Tomorrow morning, Faustus!: Comedia. New York
Mampell K. Die Geschichte des beruchtigsten Zauberers Dr Faust.
Berlin.
1963 Durrell L. An Irish Faustus: Morality in Nine Sce les. London.
Becsi K. Faust in Moskau: Drama. Wien
1964 Igo J. A Ghamber Faust: Poem. San Antonio, Texas.
1965 Lee L. The American as Faust: Reading drama. Pittsburgh
1966 Hersey J. Too far to walk: Novel. London
1967 Landolfi T. Faust 67: Comedia. Milano
1968 Braun V. Hans Faust: Drama. Weimar;
Bellati E. II Fidanzato cattolico: Roman. Milano.
Gripari P. La Damnation de Mephisto: Comedia. Paris
Meysenburg K.A. "Mini - Faust": musikalische Drama
1969 Paris-Gutersloh A. Die Fabel von der Freundschaft: Ein sokratischer
Roman. Wien
[Stanko K.] Faust im Wilden Westen: Ein Goethe-Comic.
1910 Habeck F. Taten und Abenteuer des Dr Faustus. Wien
1971 Turrini P. Faust. III Teil, eine merkwtirdige Fortsetzung: Eine
Komodie. Mtinchen
1972 Dimitrowa Bl. Doktor Faustina: Roman. Sofia
1974 Povelle L., Kerkbronne J. FAUST -74: Melodrame. Paris
1979 Angeloff Thor Maiwald P. Faust - Der Tragodie unbekannter Teil.
Berlin
Gyorko L. Doctor Faust's gltickliche Hollenfahrt: Roman. Budapest
1982 Snajder Sl. Kroatischer Faust: Drama. Split
1983 Becst K. Weltenspiele. Weltentraume: Flinf Faust-stticke. Wien
1984 Steinberg H. Faust-geschtittelt: Ein vorwiegend heiteres Spiel in
zwolf Bildern ziemlich frei nach Faust 1. Berlin
1992 Gearey J. Goethes other "Faust": The drama, part II. Toronto u.a.
218 5u6AuorpacpuR
1993 Kalta K. Salon profesora Mefisto. Warscawa
1994 Ehbauer M. Der bauerische Faust: Drama. Mlinchen
1995 Fitzpatrik N. Die Lieben der Faustyna: Roman. Warsowie
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TPYAbI CnPABOYHOrO XAPAKTEPA
Faust - Bibliographie / Bearb. von Hans Henning. Teil!. Berlin, 1966; Teil II.
Berlin. 1968 - 1970
ABC urn Faust: Ein Amtisantes Glossarium / Hrsg. von G. Mahal. Freiburg;
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HAPOAHA5I AErEHAA
Tille A. Die Faustsplitter in der Literatur des 16. bis 18. Jahrhunderts. Berlin,
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Bruckner F., Hadamowsky F. Die Wiener Faustdichtungen von Stranitzky bis zu
Goethes Tod. Wien, 1932
Palmer P.-M., More R.-P. The Sources of the Fausts-Tradition from Simon
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Wendriner K.G. Die Faustdichtung vor, neben und nach Goethe: In 4 vol.
Berlin, 1914
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Henning H., Middell E. Faust, eine Anthologie: In 2 vol. Leipzig, 1967
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Theens K. Doktor Johann Faust: Geschichte der Faustgestalt vom 16.
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Vitens S. Die Faustgestalt in der Weltliteratur. Minden, 1949
Butler E.-M. The Fortunes of Faust. Cambridge, 1952
Bianquis G. Faust a travers quatre siecles. Paris, 1935; 2-e ed. 1955
Adolf-Altenberg G. La figura storica del Doctor Faust ed il motivo faustiano
nelle letterature europee. Milano, 1960
Aler J., Henning H., van de Waal H., Jaffe H.L.C., Dedeyan C. Viif Eeuwen
Faust. Elf Belichtingen. Den Haag r 1963
Dedeyan C. Le theme de Faust dans la liUerature europeenne: En 6 vol. Paris,
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Dabezies A. Visages de Faust au XX siecle. Paris, 1957; 2-e ed. 1967; 3-e ed.
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Smeed J. Faust in Literature. London, 1975
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Petsch R. Faustsage und Faustdichtung. Dortmund, 1925; 2-e ed. 1966
Mayer H. Faust, AufkUirung, Sturm und Drang I I Klassik und Romantik.
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Meek H. Johann Faust. The Man and the Myth. London, 1930
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Kretzenbacher L. Teufelsbtindner und Faustgestalten im Abendlande.
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Hohlenberg J. Goethes Faust im 20. Jahrhundert. Basel, 1931
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Faust Through Four Centuries. Retrospect and Analysis - Vierhundert JahrE
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TEMA 1J3J\A" B TPArEAvB1 fETE
MUller J. Die dramatische Funktion von Mephistos Monolog in Goethes
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11 CLlEHl1YECKOM I1CKYCCTBE
Petersen J. Goethes IIFaust" auf der deutschen Btihne. Eine Jahrhundertbetra-
chtung. Leipzig, 1929
Klett A.M. Der Streit urn Faust II seit 1900. Jena, 1939
Frantz A. Half a Hundred Thralls to Faust. A Study Based on the British and
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die Gegenwart. Freiburg (Schweiz), 1978
Faust und Mephisto. Goethes Dramenfiguren auf dem Theater: Ausstellung
und Katalog / Helmut Grosse u.a. Kaln, 1983
Scholz R. Goethes "Faust" in der wissenschaftlichen Interpretation von
Schelling und Hegel bis heute. Rheinfelden, 1983
Jasper W. Faust und die Deutschen. B., 1998
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Goethe-Jahrbuch. Bd. 116. Weimar, 1999 (2000)
Michelsen P. 1m Banne Fausts: zw6lf Faust-Studien. Wurzburg, 2000
'I<I>AYCT" rETE B KOHTEKCTE M11POB0I1 KYAbTYPbl
Windelband W. Goethes Faust und die Philosophie der Renaissance / /
Windelband W. Praludien. 3. Ttibingen, 1907
Birven H. Goethes Faust und der Geist der Magie. Leipzig, 1923
Burdach K. Faust und Moses / / Burdach K. Berliner Akademieschriften
(1902-1935). Leipzig, 1935
Mann Th. Aus dem Princetoner Kolleg tiber Faust / / Mann Th. Adel des
Geistes. Stockholm, 1945
Vermeil E. Revolutionare Hintergrtinde in Goethes Faust, 1946; 2 Ausg. Dtissel-
dorf, 1957
Schroder R.A. Zur Formenwelt des Faust / / Schroder R.A. Gesammelte Werke.
Bd. 2. Berlin, 1952
Busch E. Goethes Religion: Die Faustdichtung in christlicher Siehl. Tubingen,
1949
Jantz H. Goethe's Faust as a Renaissance Man: Parallels and Prototypes.
Princeton 1951; New York, 1974
Politzer H. Vom Baum der Erkenntnis und der Sunde der Wissenschaft. Zur
Vegetationsproblematik in Goethes Faust / / Politzer H. Das Schweigen
der Sirenen. Stuttgart, 1968
Gollwitzer G. Die Geisterwel t ist nicht verschlossen: Swedenborgs Schau in
Goethes Faust. Stuttgart, 1968
Forster L. Faust und die Ii acedia". Mephisto und die II superbia" I / Dieh tung,
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Manfred / / Engelberg E. The Unknown Distance. Cambridge (Mass.), 1972
224
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Metscher Th. Faust und die Okonomie: Ein literarhistorischer Essay I I Das
Argument. Sonderbd. 3. 1976: Vom Faustus bis Karl Valentin
Neumann M. Das Ewig-Weibliche in Goethes Faust. Heidelberg, 1985
Marotzki W. Der Bildungsprozess des Menschen in Hegels Phanomenologie
des Geistes und Goethes Faust I I Goethe-Jahrbuch. 104. 1987
Naumann W. Auflosung und Neugeburt in Goethes Faust I I Das neuzeitliche
Ich in der Literatur des 18 und 19. Jahrhunderts I Hrsg. von Ulrich
Fulleborn. Miinchen, 1988
Garner R. Yom Wort zur Tat in Goethes Faust - Paradigmenwechsel oder
Metamorphose? I I Goethe-Jahrbuch. 106. 1989.
Holzheimer G. Faust, der historische, der Goe hesche: ein deutscher Faust I I
Konturen. 4. 1993
Wilczek G. Weltanschauliche Deutung grosser deutscher Dichtung. Gera, 1993
Brough N. New perspectives of Faust: studies the origins and philosophy of the
Faust theme in dramas of Marlow and Goethe. Frankfurt a.M., 1994
Mies F. Faust ou L'Autre en question: Dieu, la femme, Ie mal. Namur, 1994
Prokhoris S. The witch's kitchen: Freud, Faust and the transferense. Ithaca,
1995
<DAYCT nOCAE fETE
Ancker I. Deutsche Faustdichtungen nach Goethe. Berlin, 1937
Beutler E. Der Kampf urn die Faust-Dichtung I I Essays urn Goethe. Leipzig,
1941
Garrigue F. Goethe et Valery. Paris, 1955
Henning H. Faust im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert, ein Versuch I I Theens K. Faust
im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert: Festschrift. Knittlingen, 1964
Ros€nthal R. Bulgakov's Sentimental Devil I I The New Leader. 1967. Nov. 20
Motyljowa T.L. Klim Samgin und Doktor Faustus I I Sonntag, 1968. Okt. 6.
Schroder R. Gorkis Erneuerung der Fausttradition. Berlin, 1971
Liitzeler P.M. Goethes Faust und der Sozialismus I I Basis. Frankfurt a. I tvt,
Bd.5. 1975
Ulrich R. Goethes UFaust" und der "Faust" -Stoff in der DDR. Greifswald,
1984
Druxex H. The feminization of Dr. Faustus. Pennsylvania, 1993
Frizen W. Fausts Tod in Venedig II Wagner-Nietzsche-Thomas Mann
Hrsg. von H. Gockel. Frankfurt aiM., 1993
Van der Laan J.M. Die Faustfigur bei Goethe und Nietzsche im Hinblick auf die
Postmoderne II Euphorion. Heidelberg, Bd. 88. H. 4.1994
<I>AYCTOBCKI111 CIO)KET
B AYiTEPATYPE PA3HhIX CTPAH
Baldensperger F. Goethe en France: Etude de litterature, comparee. Paris,
1904
Hauhart W.-F. The Reception of Goethe's Faust in England in the first half of
the 19 th century. New York, 1909
Carre J.-M. Goethe en Angleter. Paris, 1920
Knopf J. Goethes "Faust" in Frankreich. Berlin, 1920
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225
Betts W.- W. The Fortunes of Faust in American Literature. Philadelphia. 1951
Schirmer-Imhoff R. Faust in England / / Anglia. LXX (1951)
Riikser U. Goethe in der hispanischen Welt. Stutgart, 1959
Leschnitzer F. Goethes "Faust" und die sowjetische Literatur. Rostok, 1964
Koskimies R. Der nordische Faust. Adam Homo, Peer Gynt, Hans Alienus.
Helsinki, 1965
Isbasescu M. Die Rezeption des Faust-Themas und-Dramas in der rumanischen
Literatur / / Faust-Blatter. 1968. NQ 3
Dabezies A. Faust en France au XX siecle / / Etudes litteraires (Quebek). III.
1970
Adel K. Die Faust- Dichtung in Oesterreich. Wien, ] 971
Theens K. Wandlungen des Faustbildes im 20. Jahrhundert / / Faust-Blatter.
Stuttgart, 1971. H. 9
Smeed J. W. Faust in Literature. London; N.Y.; Toronto, 1975
Faust-Rezeption in Russland und in der Sowjetunion / Einf. und hrsg.
von G. Mahal. Knittlingen, 1983
Roland U. Goethes "Faust" und der "Faust"-Stoff in der DDR, Greifsvvald, 1984
Victor-Englander D. Faust in der DDR. Frankfurt a.M., 1987
CDAYCT VI APyrvtE AYITEPATYPHbIE TYInbI
Turck H. Faust, Hamlet, Christus. Berlin, 1917
Gundolf F. Paracelsus. Berlin, 1927
Bickermann J. Don Quijote und Faust. Die HeIden und die Werke. Berlin,
1929
Boudout J. Faust et Ahasverus (Goethe et Quinet) / / Revue de litterature
comparee. XVI. 1936.
Kiihnemund R. Faust and Zarathustra in our time, Germanic Review. XV.
1940
Baumer G. Die drei gottlichen Komodien des Abendlandes, Wolframs Parsifal,
Dantes Divina Commedia, Goethes Faust. Munster, 1949
Sauvage M. Le Cas Don Juan. Paris, 1953
Wilczek G. Weltdeutung grosser deuscher Dichtungen: Niebelunglied,
Parzival, Faust. Ingolstadt a/Donau, 1975, 2 Ausg. Gera, 1993
Lecourt D. Promethee, Faust, Frankensstein: fondements imaginaires, de
I' ethique. Paris, 1996
Watt J. Myths of modern individualism: Faust, Don Quixote, Don Juan, Robins
Crusoe. Cambridge, 1996
Heidenreich G. Lear und Faust: zwei Narren? / / Shakespeare-Jahrbuch. Bd. 136.
Bochum, 2000
nAPVI C MECDYlCTO<DEAEM
B MVIPOBOM AHTEPATYPE
Wincklhfer A. Traktat tiber den Teufel. Frankfurt. 1961
Fishwick M.-W. Faust revisited: Some thoughts on Satan. New York, 1963
Mason E.-C. Die Gestalt des Teufels in der deutschen Literatur seit 1748 / /
Tradition und Urspriinglichkeit (call.) Bern, 1966
Kretzenbacher J. Teufelsbiindner und Faustgestalten im Abendlande.
Klagenfurt, 1968.
226
Dut5/1uOrpQ(pUR
Maha] G. Mephistos l\tlelamorphosen. Goppingen, 1972; 2-te Ausg. 1982
GegenspieJer / / Hrsg. von Thomas Cramer u. Werner Dahlheim. Mtinchen;
Wien, 1993
Eibl K. Zur Bedeutung der Wette im "Faust" / / GoeLhe-Jahrbuch. Bd. 116.
Weimar, 1999 (2000)
Baumann H.-H. Shylock und Mephisto: tiber den jurist. Mechanismus der
"Wette" im "Faust" / / Wirkendes Wort. Trier, 2002. H. 1
<DAYCTOBCKl1l1 MJ.1<D
B J.1HTEPOPET AUVII1 XX BEKA
tvlayer E. Das Ewigmannliche im Faust / / Deutsche Welt. 3. 1901
Griitzmacher R.-H. Goethes Faust; Ein deutscher My thus. Berlin, 1936
Korff H.-A. Faustischer Glaube: Versuch tiber das Problem humaner
Lebenshaltung. Leipzig, 1945
Schneider R. Fausts Rettung. Berlin, 1946
Rathers L.-J. Une critique de l'homme faustien / / Diogene. 1959. NQ 25
Mason E.5. Superman or humanity's symbol? / / Times Literary Supplement.
1968. Dec. 12
Dabezies A. Le My the de Faust. Paris, 1972
Kohlharnmer V. Ansichten zu Faust. Stuttgart, 1973
IVichols F.J. Faust. New Haven; London, 1977
Faust im Wettbewerb: Versionen van heute tiber einem Mann von
Vorvorgestern / Hrsg. von G. Mahal. MUhlacker, 1991
Volker K. Faust: ein deutscher Mann (die Geburt einer Legende). Berlin, 1991
Faust. Annaherung an einen Mythos / Hrsg. von Frank Mobus u.a. Gottingen,
1995
YKA3ATEAb I1MEH
A6paMOB <DeAop AAeKCaHAPOBI-PI -
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ABWIJ;eHHa - CM. 116H ClifHa (M6H-
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Arpl111Ua HerrecreHMCKlifH - 58, 59,
61,67,200,201,202
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AAoAhcp-AAbTeH6epr r. - 14
AHBa30Ba r.B. - 196
AAroy /11K. - 144
AAeKcaHAPoBa H.K. - 29, 30, 196,
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AAeuIHH C.M. - 121, 128, 130, 133,
143, 172, 186, 209
AHreAocp<t> T. - 173, 188
AHApeeB A.H. - 73
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202, 204, 205
Ka3aHu;eB A. - 159
KaMe B. - 7
KaH3ep X. - 158
KaAe B. - 18-20
KaAbAepOH Ae Aa EapKa n. - 26, 39
KaAhMa K. - 138
KaHT VI. - 34, 53
KapAaHo,tvK. - 34
KapAyq'lH,/:l)K. - 27
Kappe A. - 156
Kappe )K. M. - 27
KaccHpep 3. - 53
KawaeB B.r. - 172,174,187,213
KeAep JII. - 38
KepeHbH K. - 112
KepK6poH >K. - 150
KepyaK ,tvK. - 122, 134-137, 142,
170, 210, 185
KecceAh A.M. - 193
KHpeeB P.T. - 209
KHpH O. - 15,16,193
KHpxHep K.K. - 37
KAa6YHA (A. XeHwKe) - 183
KAep P. - 134
KAHHrep <D.M. - 8, II, 29, 42-44,
47,49, 152, 167, 198,205
KAoAeAh n. - 164
MorrwToK <1>.r. - 26, 43
KHorrcp 10. - 27
Ko6hIAHHCKI1H A.A. - CM. 3J\MiC
KOAbep,tvK. - 170, 187
KOMMepeAh M. - 14
KoneAeB A.3. - 14
KOpH K. - 137, 185
Kopcp X.A. - 14, 164
KocpTa K. - 25, 173, 188
K03AbO Ae KapBaAbO n. - 156
KpaTIJ;MaH 3. - 161, 183
KpaweBcKHH IO.VI. - 205
KpeTu;eH6axep A. - 24
KpoHraY3 K. (E.) - 211
Ky6aTHeB A.K. - 213
KYKAalleB IO.A. - 212
KYMMep E. - 162
KbepKerop C. - 169
K36eJ\A,/:l)K. - 156
AaHr3ccep 3. - 27
AanHH E.M. - 174, 175, 178,213
AaWKeBl1l1 A. B. - 33
AeBClAa A.C. - 128,129,131-133,
142, 146, 147, 186,210
230
YKa3ameAb UMeH
AeBHK B. B. - 207
AeBHTaHcKHH IO.A. - 178, 179, 213
J\ei16HHQ r.B. - 34, 35
AeHay H. - 128,205
AeHQ 51.-M.-P. - 8, 14
AeoHapAo Aa BHHqM - CM. BI1Ht.JH A.
Aa
AeoHoB A.M. - 69, 70, 74, 183. 206
AeOHTbeB K.H. - 73
AeorrapAM A;>K. - 27
AeCCHHr r.3. - 9, 38, 197, 198
AelIlHHTu.ep cD. - 27
A:H6HH30H 3.E. - 29, 196, 199
AHoTap )K.cD. - 33
AHXaqeB A.C. - 202
AOnaTI1Ha H.M. - 202
A YH3a CaBOMCKa51 - 201
AYHat.JapcKMii A.B. - 12, 29, 57, 58,
66,68-71,109,110,112,182,189,
199,204,205,207,209
J\.YHIJ; A.H. - 110
AlOTep M. - 5, 18, 94, 194
MaHBdAbA n. - 173,188
tvlaMep K. - 14
Maliep X. - 14
MaIiepc A;>K. - 170, 187
MaKaHHH B.C. - 205
MaK-OpJ\aH n. - 157,183
MaAep r. - 154
MaAb6paHili H. - 34
MaMneJ\b K. - 144
MaH H.C. - 207
MaHH f. - 92, 103, 141, 205, 209
MaHH K. - 74, 103, 104, 130, 164,
170, 184, 189
MaHH T. - 12,56,71,77,81,89-92,
94-98, 102, 104, 112,113, 135,
136. 142. 145, 147, 148, 169, 184,
189, 194, 207
MapJ\o K. - 7, 9, 13, 35, 36, 56, 106,
107,134,167,189,198
MaxaJ\ f. - 24, 26, 27
Me6yc r. - 20,21, 195
MeHblllHKoB M.O. - 57
Mepe)KKOBCKHH A.C. - 73, 108
MepK VI.f. - 24, 48, 198
MeTHep H.K. - 57,63
MeTHep 3.K. - 57, 63
MHJ\bTOH A;>K. - 26, 36, 43
MHC <D. - 14
MMTlOIllHH A.A. - 207
MHQI1HbCKHH T. - 152
MHxaHJ\oB A.B. - 209
MOHcei1 (6H6J\.) - 194
MoprHep M. - 213
MOTI CDYKe CD. Ae J\a - 53
MOTbIJ\eBa T .A. - 71
Mou;apT B.A. - 81, 84
MYPHay <D. - 158
MlOAAep cD. (XYAO)KHHK MlOJ\Aep) -
8, 41
MlOAAep-raHfJ\ocp 3. - 168
MlOcce n. - 205
M5.lCHI1KOB A. C. - 199
Ha)KHBHH M.<1>. - 110
HapoBt.JaToB C.C. - 199
HeBHMh 3. - 171, 187
HHKoJ\aH K.-<1>. - 40
HI1KoJ\aM KY3aHcKHH - 34
HHQIIIe CD. - 27, 43, 57, 60, 90, 151,
164, 169
HOBaAHC - 83
HOAe r. - 37
HOHMaH B. - 14
HOHMaH H.-f. - 37
HOAAb A. - 32
OAeH Y.-X. - 138
OMAHCC Y. - 213
OrrneHreHMep P. - 133
OpJ\OB B.B. 147 -149,210
OpTera-I1-raCCeT (faceT) X. - 20,
97, 184, 191, 213
OpY3J\A A;>K. - 167
llaBJ\OB C. - 210
OaBJ\oBa H.C. - 210
naraHH C. - 162
nai1ep cpOH TYPH P. - 159, 183
naJ\Mep n.M. - 14
naHBHTQ P. - 158, 183
nanl1HH - 26
napaU;eJ\bC'- 5, 158
nacKaJ\b E. - 145
nacrepHaK E.A. - 9, 11, 51, 57, 63,
64, 198, 199, 202, 203, 207
necoa cD. - 162
YKa3ameAb UMeH
231
neTeHeBa E.C. - 196
neTpOBCKa51 HJ1. - 61
nHHCK III. - 18
nAexaHoB r.B. - 58, 199
nOBeAb A. - 150
nOAHTu;ep X. - 14
nOHTlfI1 nHAaT - 117, 118
npOKocpheB C.C. - 199
npoyrpo A;K.-X. - 157, 183
Oypl1111eB 6.11. - 199, 200
nyrnKMH A.C. - II, 179
ncpHTl\ep HJ1. - 7,37
PacrryrMH B.r. - 110
PeHHOJ\bAC 3.-P. - 170
PellXAMH VI. - 200
PeM60 A. - 26
PerrKe B. - 168
PI16MOH-Aecc3H)K. - 160
PMHK r. - 23, 24, 195
PI1l..J:apAC A. - 172, 187
P03aHoB M.H. - 199
P03eH6epr A. - 162
PocTaH )1(. - 1 71
PYAOAhcp II - 119
Pycco )K.)K. - 43
Pyru. M.A. - 33
PbI6aKoBa M.A. - 181, 213
PlOK3ep Y. - 27
Ca6eAAHKYc r. - 6
CaBoHapoAa A;K. - 143
CCiA A.A.<D. Ae, MapK113 - 37
CaKc r. - 26
CaAaKpy A. - 134
CaMoHAoB A.C. - 180
Ca3Hca Ae 3peAH5I X.A. - 171
CBMcpT A;K. - 37, 142
CeAbBHHCKI1H 11. (K.) A.
122 - 125, 127 - 132, 185,209
CepBaHTec M. Ae CaaBeApa - 13,
52, 159
Ceprl1eHKO K.A. - 174, 176, 178, 213
CHH5IBCKHH: A.A. - 205
CKAOAOBCKa5l-KlOpH M. - 129
CMI1AA;K.B. - 26
COAoBbeB B.C. - 26,62,63,66, 120,
202
COAoBbeB C.M. - 57, 66, 108, 110,
198,203
COAOl'y6 <D.K. - 70, 73
CTaHH r. - 166, 185, 211
CTaAHHKOB r.B. - 196
CTaHKo K. - 171, 187-
CTpaBHHcKHM VI.<D. - 138
C3Mepc A.A. - 167,185
TaHHA3aKI1 A31OH"LI1Tl1pl1 - 26
TapacoB 6.11. - 207
TapAbe)l(. - t 40, 170
Tacco T. - 26
TeeHC K. - 14
Tei151p Ae WapAeH O. - 133, 138,
186,209
TeAAep 3. - 133
TeAeToBa H.K. - 29
Teppac K. - 156
TeAP5IKOB B.<"D. - 209
TeTpyaJJIBYlAYI A.I\1. - 193
TI1AhKe (TI1AMKe) X. (r.) - 23, 195
TI1XOHOB B.C. - 199
TOACTOH A.I-I. - 57.92, 114
Topo r. - 136
TpHTeMHH 11. - 6
TpYlcpOHOB fO.B. - 144
TpOAAb B. - 18
TypaeB C.B. - 14, 196, 197
TypreHeB VI. C. - 12, 73
TYPpl1HH n. - 173, 188
YaMAhA 4. - 211
YHTMeH Y. - 136
YOAAec P. - 137, 185
YOPA P. - 134,186
Y3MecO. - 170,186
Y3AAC r. - 26, 159, 165
appep K. - 152, 182
<DaycT (<DYCT) 11. (r.) (HCTOPMq.) - 5,
6,8,38 1 189,193,212
<DeAopoB A.A. - 207
<DeAopoB H.<D. - 120
<DepAHHaHAr KOpOAL AparoHcKHM -
200
<DHryr r. - 196
<DHKe A.-A. - 153
<DHAAI1Hr r. - 142
<DHCCO n. - 134r 186
<DMTIJ;naTpHK H. - 173, 188
232
Yxa3ameAb UMeH
<DAI1AHep B. - 22
<DAo6ep r. - 87
<DAIOreAh X. - 18
<DoreAb f. - 142
<DopT)'HaToBa B.A. - 32,210,213
<DpaHc A. - t 59
<DpaH I1CK ACCH3CKHI1 - 84
<DpaHIJ.I1CK I - 201
<DpeHA 3. - 32, 94
<DpOMM 3. - 32
<DYKcf. - 14
<DYCT ¥1. - CM. <DaYCT VI.
Xa6eK <D. - 144
XaMAHHrccpeAhA J\.. - 154
Xal13e (XeM3e) B. - 14
XaPTYHr r. (X.) - 14
XeMep 3. - 168
XeMHHry3H 3. - 200
XeHKeAh A. - 24
XeHHHr /1)1<. - 22
XeHHHHr X. - 14
XepMaH X. - 163
XOBpl1Ha f.B. - CM. 5lKymeBa f.B.
XOAOAKOBCKI1I1 H.A. - 204
Xpl1CTOC (Vll1cyc XpI1CTOC) - 100,
113,114,120,128,171,185,190
XYHa J\.. - 161
XbepTe K. - 157
X3H3 A. - 137
Qep4ep 11. - 159
WHOAKOBCKI1H K.3. - 129
qHPHKOB E.H. - 111
4YAaKoBa M.O. - 208
lIIarHHHH M.C. - 57,63
illaMHcco A. - 11, 45, 53
illaHIJ.e B. - 17, 194
ilIanl1po K. - 137
ilIBapu;-EocryHl1tI f. - 161, 163
ilIBepTe X. - 14
IlleKcIIHp Y. - 39, 106
ilIeMH M. - 130
UleH6epr A. - 90
WecToB A.VI. - 73
llle<pTc6epl1 A.3.K. - 35
lllHAhep VI.K.<D. - 92, 132, 193, 194
WHHAI1H E.A. - 196
l.I.IAel1epMdXep <D. - 23
WHdl1Aep P. - 18, 168
illHI1TKe A.f. - 11
Woy E. - 26
WneHrAep O. - 31, 157, 158, 183
illueT f.f. - 64
illul1c E. - 16, 17
illul1c VI. - 6
WpeAep P. - 71
WTel1H ill. cpOH - 195
illTeMHep (WTaHHep) P. - 63, 120
WTeMH6epr r. - 172, 188
WYKIllI1H B.M. - 114, 144
3ifcAep r. - 134, 185
3.lVllic (3MHC-Ko6blJUiHCKI1H) A.A. -
57, 63, 64
3KKepMaH H.n. - 198,207,208
3Hraccep K. - 168
3HreAh6peXT K. - 162
3HI'eAhrapAT A. - 155
3MepcoH P.Y. - 196
3nIlITeHH M.H. - 32
3CKAaCaH-H-<DoAhK A. - 172, 187
IOHf K.f. - 92, 168
IOHrep 3. - 26
lOxaHaHoB E. - 211,212
.HKymeBa f.B. - 197, 202, 205, 209
5IHOBCKI1H B.C. - 120
5IHT X. - 14
5IHu.ep f. - 17
5IceHCKI1H E. - 124
5Icuepc K. - 169, 185,21 1
Adenauer K. - 195
Beutler E. - 194
Bl time B. - 207
Burdach K. - 194
Bynswanger H.-K. - 209
Cassirer E. - 198
Cramer Th. - 196
Dabezies A. - 197,211
Dahlheim W. - 196
Durrenmatt F. - 210
Fliedner W. - 195
Flugel H. - 194
Garrigue F. - 207
YKa3ameAb UMeH
233
Goebbels J. - 196
Graham I. - 193
Hauptmann G. - 213
Henkel A. - 196
Hesse H. - 207
Hunt T. - 210
Janzer G. - 194
Kahle W. - 194
Kerenyi K. - 208
Kerouac J. - 210
Kirn O. - 193
Kirschner C.-C. - 197
Kahler J.-F. - 198
Korff H.A. - 193
Lenz J.-M.-R. - 198
Leschnitzer F. - 199
Mahal G. - 212
Mann K. - 208
Mann Th. - 194, 208
Mason E.C. - 210
Mabus G. - 195
Moses (bibl.) - 194
Motyliowa T.L. - 206
Muller F. (Maler Muller) - 198
Naude G. - 197
Neumann J.-C. - 197
Ortega y Gasset J. - 195,213
Pfitzer J.N. - 197
Phillips D.Z. - 210
Pinsk J. - 194
Richthofen E. von - 207
Rosenfeld H.Fr. - 211
Rosen thai R. - 208
Saupe M. - 194
Schanze W. - 194
Schneider R. - 194
Schroder R. - 206
Spiess B. - 194
Stanko K. - 211
Stein G. - 211
Steiner H. - 207
Strobel R. - 195, 210
Thielicke H. - 195
Troll W. - 194
Tytell J. - 210
Valery P. - 207
WeidmanP. - 198
Widmann G.R. - 197
orAABAEHl1E
BMecmo npeguC;\OnUR: J\CreHAa 0 CDaYCTe - npaBAa, BbIMbICeA I1 BOnpOC
TAQBQ I. CAeAKa C 1eq)l1cTocpeAeM B MHpOBOM C03HaHHH XX BeKa .........
9 1. reTeBCKd51 T01.IKa OTcy:eTa B oqeHKe Ah}{BOAbCKoro napH ..........
2. <DaycToBCKa51 KOJ\.AH3I1JI B OTeqeCTHeHHoH repMaHHcTHKe
HOBeHll1erO BpeMeHH ..... .................. .......... .......... ................. ... ......
TAQBQ fl. <DaycT KaK CI1MBOA npocBeTHTeAhcKoH 3pbI: npeoAoAeHHoe
npOKA5lTHe pa3YMY .... .... .... ......... ......... ....... ..... ... .......... ..... ................ ... ...........
1. AeMHcTHcPHKaI IuI "3Aa" n03HaHHH .............................................
9 2. OnpaBAaHH51 <DaycTa - "6ypHoro reHluI" ....................................
3. <DaycT feTe - apxeTHn HOBoro BpeMeHH ...................................
rAQBQ 1/1. <J:>aycToBcKHH repoH: H 3aKaT npocBeTHTeAhcKoH 3phI ..............
9 1. MeTilHIU! H nOHCK "rr03AHe6YP)Kya3Horo" <DaycTa Ha 3andAe
H R POCCHI1 ......................................................................................
9 2. CHMBOAl1CTCKa5I "BepTHKaAh" cpaycToBcKoro repo}l .................
3. nepBa5I COL J1aJ\.YlCTH1.IeCKa51 npHT1.Ia 0 <DaycTe ...........................
t "06paTHa5I cpaycTHaHa" pyccKoro HHTeAAHreHTd .....................
9 5. <DaycT-"xYAO>KHHK" HallHHaeT H IIpoHrpbIBaeT .........................
9 6. <DaycT C KOpH"l.JHeBhIM oKpacoM ....................................................
TAQBQ IV. 01' <DaycTa Pa3YMa K <Daycry CepAQa .........................................
9 1. XpHcTHaHH3HpoBaHHbIH <DaycT B HeMHAocepAHOM l\1Hpe ........
9 2. <DaycThI 6J\aropoAHoro AeHcTBHH H cDaycThI OTKa3a OT Ae5I-
Ii HH .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
rllQBQ V. 01' AerepOH3upOBaHHoro <DaYCTa K <DaYCTY YCTaJ\OMY ..............
1. 3BO/\101 yHI cpaycToBcKoro 1.IeAOBeKa: cynepMeH, 610prep
H na P OAH51 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9 2. TpaBeCTI1HHblH repoH 3IIOXH nocTMoAepHH3Ma - 'I <DaYC'f 0-
rh "
\..peAh . .... .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . ..... . . . .. .. . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . ..... .... . . .. . . . ... . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . . .. . .
3QKAJOlleHue: BeAHKI1M apXeTHTI, 1.ITO )Ke AaAhll1e? ...... ............... ................
n p 11 1\1 e l( aHH51 ...... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . ...... . . . ..... .. . .. .... ... ......... ..... . . . . . ... ..... . ...... . . . . . . ... . . . .
E 11 6 AM 0 rp a ct> 11 51 ................................................................................................
J;I T\'lelfHOH: YKa3dl'eJ\h .......................................................................................
5
13
13
28
34
34
40
44
55
55
58
66
69
77
103
112
112
121
150
150
167
182
193
214
227
INHAL TSVERZEICHNIS
Stall Einleitung: Die Fclustsage - Wahrheit, Dichtung und Frage............ J
Abschnitt 1. Der Pakt mit Mephistopheles im Weltbewusslsein des XX.
Jahrhunderts...1 ... I.... .... ,., 1...1. II......... II ..... ..... ...... I' ... ......... II..... ...... I........ ...... 13
9 1. Goethischer Ausgangspunkt bei der Einschatzung der Teufels-
wet te ..................,.............................................................................. 13
9 2. Faust-Kol1ision in der russischen Germanistik der neuesten
Zei t ... . . . .. ". . . . . . . .. .. . .. . ... . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . ... . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . , . . . 28
Abschnitl If. Faust als Symbol der Aufklarungszeit: Die Uberwundene
Verfluchung der Vernunft ......................................................................... 34
9 1. Demystifikation des uUbels" des Wissens. .................................. 34
9 2. Freisprechung des Faust-"Sturmers" ............................................ 40
9 3. Goethes FausL-Bi1d als Archctyp der Neuzeit.............................. 44
Abschnitt Ill. Faust-Gestalt und LJntergang der Aufklarungszeit ............... 55
9 1. Unlherirren und Suchen der "spatbOrgerlichen" Fausts im Abend-
I and un din J u f31 all d ................................................................................... 55
2. Symbolistische "Vertika]e" des Faust-Bildes............................... 58
9 3. Die erste sozialistische Faust-Parabel .......................................... 66
9 4. Die .'Rlickfaustiana" des russichen Intellektuellen..................... 69
9 5. Faust als r'Ktinstler": Anfanger und Verlierer.............................. 77
96. Fausl mil braunlicher Farbung ..................................................... 103
Abschnitl IV. Vom vernunftlichen Faust zurn herzlichen Faust ................. 112
9 1. Der christianisierte Faust in der unbarmherzigen \ lelt.............. 112
2. Die edeHcHigen Faustgestalten und die bewuss1. untaligen
Fa u s tf i 9 t 1 r en. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 1
Abschnitt V. Vom deheroisierten Faust zurn ermudeten Faust................... 150
9 1. Evolution des Faust-Bildes: Oberrnensch, Burger und Selbstpa-
rod i e. . . . . ... ... . . . ..... . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. ... .. . . ...... ..... .. . .. . . . . . ..... . . .. .. . . . . .. , . ... . . . . . . . . . . ,. .. 150
9 2. Travestie-Held des Postmodernismus - "FaustupheJes" .......... 167
Schlussabschnill: Der grosse Archetyp, was nun? ........................................ 182
Anmerk ungen .................................................................................................. 193
Bib I i 09 rap hie... . . . . . .. .... . ........ . . ... . ... . . ... ....... ........ .. ...... . .. ...... .... ... .. ... .. ... . . . . . .... ... . . 21.4
NamenV0ri'.eichnis ............ .................. ......... ................... ......... ....... ..... ..... ....... 227
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G. jakuschewa
Faust
in den Versuchungen
des 'tX. jahrhunderts
ISBN 5-02-032707- 7
II I
NAU KA 9 785020 327078